title: Savoy Hotel

text: The hotel has two well-known restaurants: the Grill Room (usually known as the Savoy Grill), on the north side of the building, with its entrance off the Strand, and the Savoy Restaurant (formerly known as the River Restaurant, now named Kaspars), on the south side, overlooking the River Thames. The latter has long been famous for its inventive chefs, beginning in 1890, with the celebrity chef Auguste Escoffier. Escoffier created many famous dishes at the Savoy. In 1893, he invented the "pêche Melba" in honour of the Australian singer Nellie Melba, and in 1897, Melba toast. Other Escoffier creations were "bombe Néro" (a flaming ice), "fraises à la Sarah Bernhardt" (strawberries with pineapple and Curaçao sorbet), "baisers de Vierge" (meringue with vanilla cream and crystallised white rose and violet petals) and "suprêmes de volailles Jeannette" (jellied chicken breasts with foie gras). Another signature dish is the Omelette Arnold Bennett, created by the chef Jean Baptiste Virlogeux.


title: Savoy Hotel

text: Under Ritz and Escoffier, evening dress was required in the restaurant, and Ritz was innovative in hiring popular musicians to play background music during dinner and in printing daily menus. Even today, elegant dining at the Savoy includes formal afternoon tea with choral and other performances at Christmastime. The Savoy has a Sunday brunch, which includes free-flow champagne, and special events, such as New Year's Eve dinner. August Laplanche was head chef at the hotel from 1946 to 1965, Silvino Trompetto was maître-chef from 1965 to 1980, and Anton Edelmann was maître chef des cuisines for 21 years, from 1982 to 2003.


title: Savoy Hotel

text: As part of the 2010 refurbishment, the restaurant was completely redecorated in the Art Deco style, with a leopard print carpet. In 2013, the restaurant became Kaspar's Seafood Bar & Grill. The menu features oysters, cured and smoked fish. The interior design follows the hotel's 1920s style and its black and green livery, and the room offers views of the Thames and some of London's landmarks. The restaurant is open all day, seven days a week. Reviews for the restaurant have improved since the re-opening: "The smoked and cured fish here is to die for, and a whole roast sea bream for two was simply brilliant."


title: Savoy Hotel

text: Since Gordon Ramsay employed his former protégé Marcus Wareing in the less formal Savoy Grill, the restaurant earned its first Michelin star. The Grill was originally "where people go to eat a modest luncheon or to dine on the way to the theatre without spending too much time or too much money". Since 2010, the chef patron has been Stuart Gillies. From 2015 to 2017, Kim Woodward, a former contestant on the TV show "", became the Grill's first female Head Chef. The Thames Foyer serves breakfast, morning coffee, light lunch and supper, as well as afternoon tea, accompanied by the hotel's resident pianist. Also part of the hotel buildings is Simpson's-in-the-Strand, featuring classic British style cuisine. Its specialties are aged Scottish beef on the bone, potted shrimps, roast saddle of lamb and steak and kidney pie.


title: Savoy Hotel

text: The American Bar at the Savoy Hotel was one of the earliest establishments to introduce American-style cocktails to Europe. The term "American Bar" was used in London to designate the sale of American cocktails from the late 19th century.


title: Savoy Hotel

text: The American Bar is decorated in a warm Art Deco design, with cream and ochre walls, and electric blue and gold chairs. The walls feature the photos of famous guests. A pianist plays classic American jazz every day on a baby grand piano in the centre of the room.


title: Savoy Hotel

text: The Beaufort Bar is a new bar created in the 2010 renovation, specialising in champagne as well as cocktails. Decorated in an Art Deco design of jet-black and gold, it offers a nightly cabaret.


title: Savoy Hotel

text: In 1930, the Savoy Hotel first published its cocktail book, "The Savoy Cocktail Book", with 750 recipes compiled by Harry Craddock of the American Bar and Art Deco "decorations" by Gilbert Rumbold. The book has remained in print since then and was subsequently republished in 1952, 1965, 1985, 1996, and expanded in 1999 and 2014.


title: Savoy Hotel

text: In Savoy Court, vehicles are required to drive on the right. This is said to date from the days of the hackney carriage when a cab driver would reach his arm out of the driver's door window to open the passenger's door (which opened backwards and had the handle at the front), without having to get out of the cab himself. Additionally, the hotel entrance's small roundabout meant that vehicles needed a turning circle of to navigate it. This is still the legally required turning circle for all London cabs.


title: Marc Cohn

text: Marc Craig Cohn (; born July 5, 1959) is an American singer-songwriter and musician. He won the Grammy Award for Best New Artist in 1992. Cohn is best known for the song "Walking in Memphis" from his eponymous 1991 album, which was a Top 40 hit.


title: Marc Cohn

text: Cohn was born on July 5, 1959, in Cleveland, Ohio to a Jewish family. He graduated from Beachwood High School in Beachwood, Ohio, a Cleveland suburb. Cohn learned to play guitar and started writing songs when he was in junior high school, playing and singing with a local band called Doanbrook Hotel. While attending Oberlin College, he taught himself to play the piano. He transferred to UCLA and began to perform in Los Angeles-area coffeehouses.


title: Marc Cohn

text: Cohn released his debut solo album, "Marc Cohn", in February 1991. The album was successful due to the hit single "Walking in Memphis", which was nominated for Song of the Year and Best Pop Vocal at the 34th Annual Grammy Awards. The song is autobiographical and shares Cohn's experience visiting Memphis, Tennessee in 1985. "Walking in Memphis" reached number 13 in 1991 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It is his only Top 40 hit.


title: Marc Cohn

text: "Marc Cohn" was certified gold by the RIAA in February 1992 and was certified platinum in 1996. The album featured two other charting singles: "Silver Thunderbird" and "True Companion". Cohn won the 1992 Grammy Award for Best New Artist.


title: Marc Cohn

text: In May 1993, Cohn released his second studio album, "The Rainy Season", which included notable guest appearances by David Crosby, Graham Nash, and Bonnie Raitt. "Walk Through the World" (1993), the first song from that album, reached the Top 30 on Billboard's Adult Contemporary chart. Cohn released his third solo effort, "Burning the Daze", in 1998. The compilation "The Very Best of Marc Cohn" was released in June 2006.


title: Marc Cohn

text: Cohn's track "Dance Back from the Grave", from the album "Join the Parade" (October 2007), relates to the events of Hurricane Katrina and to the post-traumatic stress Cohn suffered after being shot in the head in an attempted carjacking in August 2005.


title: Marc Cohn

text: In 2010, Cohn returned with "", a collection of cover songs that were originally released during the titular year. The album peaked at number 28 on the "Billboard" 200 album chart. In addition to crossing genres from rock to soul to folk and pop, it featured vocal performances from India.Arie, Jim Lauderdale, Aimee Mann, and Kristina Train. As of September 2018, "Listening Booth: 1970"--which peaked at number 28--was Cohn's highest-charting album.


title: Marc Cohn

text: Cohn released his first original song in more than seven years, "The Coldest Corner in the World", in 2014. The song was the title track for the documentary "Tree Man". Cohn released the album "Careful What You Dream: Lost Songs and Rarities" in 2016 in celebration of the 25th anniversary of his platinum-selling debut album. Cohn simultaneously released a bonus album, "Evolution of a Record", which featured never-before-heard songs and demos. In 2017, Cohn worked with William Bell on his Grammy Award-winning album "This Is Where I Live". He co-wrote several tracks on the album, including the opener, "The Three Of Me". Cohn also collaborated with the Blind Boys of Alabama on their Grammy-nominated song "Let My Mother Live".


title: Marc Cohn

text: In 2019, Cohn performed at Carnegie Hall at "The Music of Van Morrison" show, which benefited music education programs for the New York City school system. Other performers included Patti Smith, Glen Hansard, Bettye LaVette, Blind Boys of Alabama, and Josh Ritter. Cohn performed "Walking in Memphis" alongside Miley Cyrus at the 2019 Memphis in May Festival as part of the "More Together" Facebook campaign. "Walking in Memphis" was also the center of a national commercial for the "More Together" campaign. Cohn released "Work to Do", a collaboration with the Blind Boys of Alabama, on August 9, 2019.


title: Marc Cohn

text: Cohn and ABC News journalist Elizabeth Vargas married on July 20, 2002. The pair met at the 1999 U.S. Open after Vargas sought an interview with Cohn's friend, Andre Agassi. They have two sons, Zachary (born January 31, 2003) and Samuel (born August 16, 2006). Cohn and Vargas divorced in 2014, days after Vargas came out of rehabilitation for alcoholism for a third time.


title: Marc Cohn

text: On August 7, 2005, Cohn was shot in the head during an attempted carjacking in Denver, Colorado, while on a concert tour with Suzanne Vega. The bullet "barely missed Cohn's eye and lodged near his skull." Cohn survived and was hospitalized for observation, but was released after eight hours. According to Cohn, "Doctors told me I was the luckiest unlucky guy they had met in a long, long time." A police spokesperson surmised that the car's windshield may have significantly impeded the bullet's force, and added: "Frankly, I can't tell you how he survived." The shooter was sentenced to 36 years in prison.


title: Saarbrücken

text: Saarbrücken (; ; Rhine Franconian: "Saarbrigge" ; ; ) is the capital and largest city of the state of Saarland, Germany. Saarbrücken is Saarland's administrative, commercial and cultural centre and is next to the French border.


title: Saarbrücken

text: The modern city of Saarbrücken was created in 1909 by the merger of three towns, Saarbrücken, St. Johann, and Malstatt-Burbach. It was the industrial and transport centre of the Saar coal basin. Products included iron and steel, sugar, beer, pottery, optical instruments, machinery, and construction materials.


title: Saarbrücken

text: Historic landmarks in the city include the stone bridge across the Saar (1546), the Gothic church of St. Arnual, the 18th-century Saarbrücken Castle, and the old part of the town, the "Sankt Johanner Markt" (Market of St. Johann).


title: Saarbrücken

text: In the 20th century, Saarbrücken was twice separated from Germany: from 1920 to 1935 as capital of the Territory of the Saar Basin and from 1947 to 1956 as capital of the Saar Protectorate.


title: Saarbrücken

text: In modern German, "Saarbrücken" literally translates to "Saar bridges" ("Brücken" is the plural of "Brücke"), and indeed there are about a dozen bridges across the Saar river. However, the name actually predates the oldest bridge in the historic centre of Saarbrücken, the "Alte Brücke", by at least 500 years.


title: Saarbrücken

text: The name "Saar" stems from the Celtic word "sara" ("streaming water"), and the Roman name of the river, "Saravus".


title: Saarbrücken

text: There are two hypotheses about the origin of the second part of the name Saar"brücken". Most popular states that the historical name of the town, "Sarabrucca", derived from the Celtic word "briga" ("hill", or "rock", "big stone"), which became "Brocken" (which means "rock" or "boulder") in High German. The castle of "Sarabrucca" was located on a large rock by the name of "Saarbrocken" overlooking the river Saar. Another opinion holds that the historical name of the town, "Sarabrucca", derived from the Old High German word "Brucca" , meaning "bridge", or more precisely a corduroy road, which was also used in fords. Next to the castle, there was a ford allowing land-traffic to cross the Saar.


title: Saarbrücken

text: In the last centuries BC, the Mediomatrici settled in the Saarbrücken area. When Julius Caesar conquered Gaul in the first century BC, the area was incorporated into the Roman Empire.


title: Saarbrücken

text: From the first century AD to the fifth century, there was the Gallo-Roman settlement called "vicus Saravus" west of Saarbrücken's "Halberg" hill, on the roads from Metz to Worms and from Trier to Strasbourg.


title: Saarbrücken

text: Since the first or second century AD, a wooden bridge, later upgraded to stone, connected "vicus Saravus" with the south-western bank of the Saar, today's St Arnual, where at least one Roman villa was located.


title: Saarbrücken

text: In the third century AD, a Mithras shrine was built in a cave in "Halberg" hill, on the eastern bank of the Saar river, next to today's old "Osthafen" harbor, and a small Roman camp was constructed at the foot of Halberg hill next to the river.


title: Saarbrücken

text: Toward the end of the fourth century, the Alemanni destroyed the castra and "vicus Saravus", removing permanent human presence from the Saarbrücken area for almost a century.


title: Saarbrücken

text: The Saar area came under the control of the Franks towards the end of the fifth century. In the sixth century, the Merovingians gave the village "Merkingen", which had formed on the ruins of the villa on the south-western end of the (in those times still usable) Roman bridge, to the Bishopric of Metz. Between 601 and 609, Bishop Arnual founded a community of clerics, a "Stift", there. Centuries later the "Stift", and in 1046 "Merkingen", took on his name, giving birth to "St Arnual".


title: Saarbrücken

text: The oldest documentary reference to Saarbrücken is a deed of donation from 999, which documents that Emperor Otto III gave the "castellum Sarabrucca" (Saarbrücken castle) to the Bishops of Metz. The Bishops gave the area to the Counts of "Saargau" as a fief. By 1120, the county of Saarbrücken had been formed and a small settlement around the castle developed. In 1168, Emperor Barbarossa ordered the slighting of Saarbrücken because of a feud with Count Simon I. The damage cannot have been grave, as the castle continued to exist.


title: Saarbrücken

text: In 1321/1322 Count Johann I of Saarbrücken-Commercy gave city status to the settlement of Saarbrücken and the fishing village of St Johann on the opposite bank of the Saar, introducing a joint administration and emancipating the inhabitants from serfdom.


title: Saarbrücken

text: From 1381 to 1793 the counts of Nassau-Saarbrücken were the main local rulers. In 1549, Emperor Charles V prompted the construction of the "Alte Brücke" (old bridge) connecting Saarbrücken and St Johann. At the beginning of the 17th century, Count Ludwig II ordered the construction of a new Renaissance-style castle on the site of the old castle, and founded Saarbrücken's oldest secondary school, the "Ludwigsgymnasium". During the Thirty Years' War, the population of Saarbrücken was reduced to just 70 by 1637, down from 4500 in 1628. During the Franco-Dutch War, King Louis XIV's troops burned down Saarbrücken in 1677, almost completely destroying the city such that just 8 houses remained standing. The area was incorporated into France for the first time in the 1680s. In 1697 France was forced to relinquish the Saar province, but from 1793 to 1815 regained control of the region.


title: Saarbrücken

text: During the reign of Prince William Henry from 1741 to 1768, the coal mines were nationalized and his policies created a proto-industrialized economy, laying the foundation for Saarland's later highly industrialized economy. Saarbrücken was booming, and Prince William Henry spent on building and on infrastructure like the "Saarkran" river crane (1761), far beyond his financial means. However, the famous baroque architect Friedrich Joachim Stengel created not only the "Saarkran", but many iconic buildings that still shape Saarbrücken's face today, like the "Friedenskirche" (Peace Church), which was finished in 1745, the "Old City Hall" (1750), the catholic "St. John's" "Basilica" (1754), and the famous "Ludwigskirche" (1775), Saarbrücken's landmark.


title: Saarbrücken

text: In 1793, Saarbrücken was captured by French Revolutionary troops and in the treaties of Campo Formio and Lunéville, the county of Saarbrücken was ceded to France.


title: Saarbrücken

text: After 1815 Saarbrücken became part of the Prussian Rhine Province. The office of the mayor of Saarbrücken administered the urban municipalities Saarbrücken and St Johann, and the rural municipalities "Malstatt", "Burbach", "Brebach", and "Rußhütte". The coal and iron resources of the region were developed: in 1852, a railway connecting the Palatine Ludwig Railway with the French Eastern Railway was constructed, the Burbach ironworks started production in 1856, beginning in 1860 the Saar up to Ensdorf was channeled, and Saarbrücken was connected to the French canal network.


title: Saarbrücken

text: At the start of the Franco-Prussian War, Saarbrücken was the first target of the French invasion force which drove off the Prussian vanguard and occupied Alt-Saarbrücken on 2 August 1870. Oral tradition has it that 14-year-old French Prince Napoléon Eugène Louis Bonaparte fired his first cannon in this battle, an event commemorated by the "Lulustein" memorial in Alt-Saarbrücken. On 4 August 1870 the French left Saarbrücken, driven away towards Metz in the Battle of Spicheren on 6 August 1870.


title: Saarbrücken

text: In 1909 the cities of Saarbrücken, St Johann and Malstatt-Burbach merged and formed the major city of Saarbrücken with a population of over 100,000.


title: Saarbrücken

text: During World War I, factories and railways in Saarbrücken were bombed by British forces. The Royal Naval Air Service raided Saarbrücken with 11 DH4s on 17 October 1917, and a week later with 9 HP11s. The Royal Air Force raided Saarbrücken's railway station with 5 DH9s on 31 July 1918, on which occasion one DH9 crashed near the town centre.


title: Saarbrücken

text: Saarbrücken became capital of the Saar territory established in 1920. Under the Treaty of Versailles (1919), the Saar coal mines were made the exclusive property of France for a period of 15 years as compensation for the destruction of French mines during the First World War. The treaty also provided for a plebiscite, at the end of the 15-year period, to determine the territory's future status, and in 1935 more than 90% of the electorate voted for reunification with Germany, while only 0.8% voted for unification with France. The remainder wanted to rejoin Germany but not while the Nazis were in power. This "status quo" group voted for maintenance of the League of Nations' administration. In 1935, the Saar territory rejoined Germany and formed a district under the name Saarland.


title: Saarbrücken

text: In total 1,234 people (1.1 percent of the population) in Saarbrücken were killed in bombing raids 1942–45. 11,000 homes were destroyed and 75 percent of the city left in ruins.


title: Saarbrücken

text: The British Royal Air Force (RAF) raided Saarbrücken at least 10 times. Often employing area bombing, the RAF used total of at least 1,495 planes to attack Saarbrücken, killing a minimum of 635 people and heavily damaging more than 8,400 buildings, of which more than 7,700 were completely destroyed, thus dehousing more than 50,000 people. The first major raid on Saarbrücken was undertaken by 291 aircraft of the RAF on 29 July 1942, targeting industrial facilities. Losing nine aircraft, the bombers destroyed almost 400 buildings, damaging more than 300 others, and killed more than 150 people. On 28 August 1942, 113 RAF planes raided Saarbrücken doing comparatively little damage due to widely scattered bombing. After the RAF mistakenly bombed Saarlouis instead of Saarbrücken on 1 September 1942, it raided Saarbrücken with 118 planes on 19 September 1942, causing comparatively little damage as the bombing scattered to the west of Saarbrücken due to ground haze. There were small raids with 28 Mosquitos on 30 April 1944, with 33 Mosquitos on 29 June 1944, and with just 2 Mosquitos on 26 July 1944. At the request of the American Third Army, the RAF massively raided Saarbrücken on 5 October 1944, to destroy supply lines, especially the railway. The 531 Lancasters and 20 Mosquitos achieved these goals, but lost 3 Lancasters and destroyed large parts of Malstatt and nearly all of Alt-Saarbrücken. From 13 to 14 January, the RAF raided Saarbrücken three times, targeting the railway yard. The attacks with 158, 274, and 134 planes, respectively, were very effective.


title: Saarbrücken

text: The 8th US Air Force raided Saarbrücken at least 16 times, from 4 October 1943, to 9 November 1944. Targeting mostly the marshalling yards, a total of at least 2,387 planes of the 8th. USAF killed a minimum of 543 people and heavily damaged more than 4,400 buildings, of which more than 700 were completely destroyed, thus depriving more than 2,300 people of shelter. Donald J. Gott and William E. Metzger, Jr. were posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for their actions during the bombing run on 9 November 1944.


title: Saarbrücken

text: On the ground, Saarbrücken was defended by the 347th Infantry Division commanded by Wolf-Günther Trierenberg in 1945.


title: Saarbrücken

text: The US 70th Infantry Division was tasked with punching through the Siegfried Line and taking Saarbrücken. As the fortifications were unusually strong, it first had to take the Siegfried Line fortifications on the French heights near Spicheren overlooking Saarbrücken. This "Spichern-Stellung" had been constructed in 1940 after the French had fallen back on the Maginot Line during the Phoney War.


title: Saarbrücken

text: The 276th Infantry Regiment attacked Forbach on 19 February 1945, and a fierce battle ensued, halting the American advance at the rail-road tracks cutting through Forbach on 22 February 1945. The 274th and 275th Infantry Regiments took Spicheren on 20 February 1945. When the 274th Infantry Regiment captured the Spicheren Heights on 23 February 1945, after a heavy battle on the previous day, the Germans counter-attacked for days, but by 27 February 1945, the heights were fully under American control. A renewed attack on 3 March 1945, allowed units of the 70th Infantry Division to enter Stiring-Wendel and the remainder of Forbach. By 5 March 1945, all of Forbach and major parts of Stiring-Wendel had been taken. However, fighting for Stiring-Wendel, especially for the "Simon" mine, continued for days. After the German defenders of Stiring-Wendel fell back to Saarbrücken on 12 and 13 March 1945, the 70th Infantry Division still faced a strong segment of the Siegfried Line, which had been reinforced around Saarbrücken as late as 1940. After having the German troops south of the Saar fall back across the Saar at night, the German defenders of Saarbrücken retreated early on 20 March 1945. The 70th Infantry Division flanked Saarbrücken by crossing the Saar north-west of Saarbrücken. The 274th Infantry Regiment entered Saarbrücken on 20 March 1945, fully occupying it the following day, thus ending the war for Saarbrücken.


title: Saarbrücken

text: In 1945, Saarbrücken temporarily became part of the French Zone of Occupation. In 1947, France created the nominally politically independent Saar Protectorate and merged it economically with France to exploit the area's vast coal reserves. Saarbrücken became capital of the new Saar state. A referendum in 1955 came out with over two-thirds of the voters rejecting an independent Saar state. The area rejoined the Federal Republic of Germany on 1 January 1957, sometimes called "Kleine Wiedervereinigung" (little reunification). Economic reintegration would, however, take many more years. Saarbrücken became capital of the "Bundesland" (federal state) Saarland. After the administrative reform of 1974, the city had a population of more than 200,000.


title: Saarbrücken

text: From 1990 to 1993, students and an arts professor from the town first secretly, then officially, created an invisible memorial to Jewish cemeteries. It is located on the fore-court of the Saarbrücken Castle.


title: Saarbrücken

text: On 9 March 1999 at 4:40 am, there was a bomb attack on the controversial Wehrmachtsausstellung exhibition next to Saarbrücken Castle, resulting in minor damage to the Volkshochschule building housing the exhibition and the adjoining "Schlosskirche" church; this attack did not cause any injuries.


title: Saarbrücken

text: Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).


title: Saarbrücken

text: Some of the closest cities are Trier, Luxembourg, Nancy, Metz, Kaiserslautern, Karlsruhe and Mannheim. Saarbrücken is connected by the city's public transport network to the town of Sarreguemines in France, and to the neighboring town of Völklingen, where the old steel works were the first industrial monument to be declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1994 – the Völklinger Hütte.


title: Saarbrücken

text: The current mayor of Saarbrücken is Uwe Comradt of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) since 2019. The most recent mayoral election was held on 26 May 2019, with a runoff held on 9 June, and the results were as follows:


title: Saarbrücken

text: The city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019, and the results were as follows:


title: Saarbrücken

text: The city is served by Saarbrücken Airport (SCN), and since June 2007 ICE high speed train services along the LGV Est line provide high speed connections to Paris from Saarbrücken Hauptbahnhof. Saarbrücken's Saarbahn (modelled on the Karlsruhe model light rail) crosses the French–German border, connecting to the French city of Sarreguemines.


title: Saarbrücken

text: Saarbrücken is also the home of the main campus of Saarland University ("Universität des Saarlandes"). There are several research institutes and centres on or near the campus, including:


title: Saarbrücken

text: The Saarland University also has a "Centre Juridique Franco-Allemand", offering a French and a German law degree program.


title: Saarbrücken

text: The Botanischer Garten der Universität des Saarlandes (a botanical garden) was closed in 2016 due to budget cuts.


title: Saarbrücken

text: The main campus of the Saarland University also houses the office of the Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik computer science research and meeting centre.


title: Saarbrücken

text: Furthermore, Saarbrücken houses the administration of the Franco-German University ("Deutsch-Französische Hochschule"), a French-German cooperation of 180 institutions of tertiary education mainly from France and Germany but also from Bulgaria, Canada, Spain, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Great Britain, Russia and Switzerland, which offers bi-national French-German degree programs and doctorates as well as tri-national degree programs.


title: Saarbrücken

text: With the end of coal mining in the Saar region, Saarbrücken's Fachhochschule for mining, the "Fachhochschule für Bergbau Saar", was closed at the beginning of the 21st century. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Trier's "Katholische Hochschule für Soziale Arbeit", a Fachhochschule for social work, was closed in 2008 for cost cutting reasons. The Saarland's Fachhochschule for administrative personnel working for the government, the "Fachhochschule für Verwaltung des Saarlandes", was moved from Saarbrücken to "Göttelborn" in 2012.


title: Saarbrücken

text: Saarbrücken houses several institutions of primary and secondary education. Notable is the Saarland's oldest grammar school, the "Ludwigsgymnasium", which was founded in 1604 as a latin school. The building of Saarbrücken's bi-lingual French-German "Deutsch-Französisches Gymnasium", founded in 1961 and operating as a laboratory school under the Élysée Treaty, also houses the "École française de Sarrebruck et Dilling", a French primary school which offers bi-lingual German elements. Together with several Kindergartens offering bi-lingual French-German education, Saarbrücken thus offers a full bi-lingual French-German formal education.


title: Saarbrücken

text: The city is home to several different teams, most notable of which is association football team based at the Ludwigsparkstadion, 1. FC Saarbrücken, which also has a reserve team and a women's section. In the past a top-flight team, twice the country's vice-champions, and participant in European competitions, the club draws supporters from across the region.


title: Saarbrücken

text: The Saarland Hurricanes are one of the top American football teams in the country, with its junior team winning the German Junior Bowl in 2013.


title: Saarbrücken

text: Various sporting events are held at the Saarlandhalle, most notable of which was the badminton Bitburger Open Grand Prix Gold, part of the BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix tournaments, held in 2013 and 2012.


title: Saarbrücken

text: Saarbrücken is a fellow member of the QuattroPole union of cities, along with Luxembourg, Metz, and Trier (formed by cities from three neighbouring countries: Germany, Luxembourg and France).


title: Jordan Rodgers

text: Jordan Edward Rodgers (born August 30, 1988) is an American sports commentator, television personality, and former professional American football quarterback. Rodgers signed with the Jacksonville Jaguars as an undrafted free agent in 2013, and also played on practice and preseason squads for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Miami Dolphins, as well as the BC Lions in the Canadian Football League. He is the younger brother of Green Bay Packers quarterback Aaron Rodgers.


title: Jordan Rodgers

text: Rodgers was born in Chico, California, and raised there with eldest brother Luke and their middle brother, Green Bay Packers quarterback Aaron Rodgers. Rodgers attended Pleasant Valley High School in Chico, where he started at quarterback and led the team to an 8–3–1 record as a senior while also lettering in basketball and track.


title: Jordan Rodgers

text: After completing high school, he attended and played quarterback at Butte College. At Butte, he was the backup quarterback when the team won the 2008 junior college national title with a 12–0 record. The following year as a starter, he broke the school record for total offense, passing for 2,219 yards and 19 touchdowns. He also earned academic honors.


title: Jordan Rodgers

text: After completing his two years at BCC, he transferred to Vanderbilt University after also considering the University of Kansas and Western Kentucky University.


title: Jordan Rodgers

text: In 2011, he began the season as the second-team quarterback and finished the season with seven starts. He completed 108 passes in 216 attempts for 1,524 yards with nine passing touchdowns and 10 interceptions and finished with a QBR of 113.80. He was also the team's second-leading rusher with 420 yards on 117 carries.


title: Jordan Rodgers

text: In 2012, he was named offensive co-captain. He started 11 games, becoming the first quarterback to lead the Commodores to back-to-back bowl appearances and a 9–4 record. His quarterback statistics were among the best in Vanderbilt history, with 191 completions, 2,539 yards and 15 touchdowns, completing 59.9 percent of his passes. Rodgers also threw for two touchdowns and ran for one in the team's win over North Carolina State in the Franklin American Mortgage Music City Bowl, which was the team's seventh consecutive win to end the season. His 2012 statistics rank #8 in the school's single season leaders.


title: Jordan Rodgers

text: Rodgers was an instrumental part of a SEC record while playing for the Commodores, serving as the primary quarterback for career SEC leading wide receiver Jordan Matthews. Once Rodgers became the starting quarterback in 2011, Matthews production rapidly increased. In 2012, the two combined for 90 completions in a season where Matthews set the school record for receiving yards in a season with 1,323, a record he would break again the following year.


title: Jordan Rodgers

text: Despite playing only two seasons at Vanderbilt, he currently ranks 7th in school history in career total offense. He finished his career with 299 completions, 4,063 passing yards and 24 touchdown passes. His honors include the 2010, 2011 and 2012 SEC Academic Honor Roll and the 2012 Unitas Award Watch List.


title: Jordan Rodgers

text: His record as a starter was 11–8, with victories over fellow SEC teams Kentucky, Missouri, Tennessee, Auburn, and Mississippi.


title: Jordan Rodgers

text: He was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars as an undrafted free agent after the 2013 NFL Draft. He was released on July 22, 2013.


title: Jordan Rodgers

text: The Tampa Bay Buccaneers signed Rodgers to the team's practice squad on October 7, 2013 after releasing quarterback Josh Freeman. He remained on the practice squad for the remainder of the season as Mike Glennon became the starter and Dan Orlovsky the backup. Jordan was cut by the Buccaneers on February 10, 2014.


title: Jordan Rodgers

text: On April 3, 2014, Rodgers was signed by the Miami Dolphins to challenge third-string quarterback Pat Devlin. He was cut on May 12, 2014.


title: Jordan Rodgers

text: On October 20, 2014, Rodgers was signed as a member of the BC Lions practice roster. After attending the team's mini-camp in April 2015, he quit.


title: Jordan Rodgers

text: Rodgers was a contestant and the eventual winner on season 12 of "The Bachelorette", starring Joelle "JoJo" Fletcher which aired from May–August 2016. Rodgers proposed; the two were married on May 14, 2022.


title: Jordan Rodgers

text: In September 2018, it was announced that Rodgers and Fletcher would appear in a Kin web series "Engaged with JoJo and Jordan", described as a combination of reality TV and DIY home decor.


title: Jordan Rodgers

text: Beginning in July 2019, Rodgers and Fletcher hosted the CNBC reality show "Cash Pad". A combination of house flipping and investment shows, the hosts partner with homeowners hoping to turn their properties into ideal short-term rentals.


title: Jordan Rodgers

text: Rodgers and Fletcher hosted "The Big D", a dating reality show for TBS that was set to premiere on July 7, 2022. However, the show was canceled on June 16, three weeks before the premiere. Ten episodes were produced.


title: Jordan Rodgers

text: On August 2, 2016, Rodgers was hired by ESPN as a college football analyst for the news program "SEC Now" on the SEC Network.


title: TK Maxx

text: TK Maxx is a subsidiary of the American apparel and home goods company TJX Companies based in Framingham, Massachusetts. The stores operate throughout the United Kingdom, Australia, Ireland, Germany, Poland, Austria and the Netherlands, totalling 515 stores in Europe (up from 407 in December 2014) and 35 in Australia in April 2017. In Poland, there are a total of 44 stores. The chain uses a slightly different name from that of the TJ Maxx stores in the United States, to avoid confusion with the British retailer T. J. Hughes.


title: TK Maxx

text: In 1976, TJ Maxx was founded in Framingham, Massachusetts, United States, by Bernard Cammarata. The first international store opened in Bristol, UK, in 1994. The company modified the name to TK Maxx to avoid confusion with the established British retail chain T. J. Hughes (which is not affiliated with TJX).


title: TK Maxx

text: In 2007, TK Maxx began winding down new store openings within the United Kingdom. Focus was given to revamping older inner city stores, or relocating them. This decision led to the creation of Maxx Maxx, moving from a budget reputation into a large department store format with a wider product range.


title: TK Maxx

text: Opening of stores in the Netherlands between 1999 and 2001 was not as successful as the company wished. The first store in Germany opened on October 4, 2007, in Lübeck.


title: TK Maxx

text: In August 2008, TK Maxx opened a store on Kensington High Street, London, England, its first central London store, on a site formerly occupied by Habitat. In the following year, TK Maxx became locked in a dispute over its plans to open a store at Piccadilly Circus, London. It had signed an agreement in February 2009 to occupy a unit, formerly used by Virgin Megastores and later Zavvi, with a rent of £1.55 million per year.


title: TK Maxx

text: The freehold to the land is owned by the Crown Estate which had the final decision over allowing the company to move in to the unit. The Crown Estate rejected the plans, saying that it did not fit in with the strategy it had for the site, which was meant to give the area an upmarket appeal.


title: TK Maxx

text: The decision was met with condemnation from publicist Max Clifford, who launched a campaign in conjunction with "Look" to persuade the Crown Estate to allow the store to open in the unit. A court appeal by TK Maxx against the decision failed; Dutch retailer "The Sting" took the building as their first store in the United Kingdom.


title: TK Maxx

text: In March 2009, the TK Maxx e-commerce site was launched, initially selling only handbags, but later also selling other accessories. In October 2015, the first Dutch store opened in Eindhoven. Followed by two more stores in Groningen and Rotterdam.


title: TK Maxx

text: In April 2017, the brand was launched in Australia, when it took over the thirty five Trade Secret discount department stores. The stores opened in April in Brisbane, Sydney and Melbourne with stores in Cairns, Townsville, Toowoomba, Canberra, Newcastle, Wollongong, Albury, the Sunshine Coast and the Gold Coast by the end of May.


title: TK Maxx

text: In November 2018, a mass brawl between hostile extended families took place at a TK Maxx outlet in Osnabrück, Germany, during Black Friday sales.


title: TK Maxx

text: In June 2007, TK Maxx was an active participant of UK Comic Relief, having been the sole retailer of the Red Nose Day T-shirts which generated £2 million for the Comic Relief cause. In June 2009, TK Maxx was again the sole retailer of the Red Nose Day T-shirts, with exclusive designs by Stella McCartney, raising a total of £3,200,589.


title: TK Maxx

text: TK Maxx also worked with the Woodland Trust by starting to charge for plastic carrier bags in August 2008 and donating the proceeds to the Trust. The proceeds allowed the Woodland Trust to plant 30,000 new trees on a site near Elmstead Market, Essex. The usage of carrier bags from TK Maxx dropped by 73% since the scheme was launched.


title: TK Maxx

text: At the time, shops usually provided free carrier bags; since 2015 a charge, usually donated to charity, is required by law throughout the United Kingdom. Since 2004, TK Maxx has held a Christmas card recycling scheme in conjunction with the Trust. TK Maxx also runs a 'Give Up Clothes For Good' campaign, where customers are encouraged to bring in unwanted clothes for Cancer Research UK.


title: TK Maxx

text: In Ireland, TK Maxx actively supports Enable Ireland, a charity which helps provide free services to children with disabilities.


title: Malcom (footballer)

text: Malcom Filipe Silva de Oliveira (born 26 February 1997), or simply Malcom (), is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Russian club Zenit Saint Petersburg. He is mostly deployed as a right winger.


title: Malcom (footballer)

text: He began his career at Corinthians, making his professional debut in 2014 and winning the 2015 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A. In January 2016, he transferred to Bordeaux, where he played 96 total games and scored 23 goals over the next two-and-a-half years. He signed for Barcelona for an initial fee of €41 million in 2018. A year later, he signed for Zenit for a fee of €40 million.


title: Malcom (footballer)

text: Born in São Paulo, Malcom began his career in the youth of hometown club Corinthians. In early 2014, he starred in the side that came runners-up to Santos in the Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior.


title: Malcom (footballer)

text: He was called by coach Mano Menezes into the first team and made his professional debut on 19 March 2014 in a Copa do Brasil first round game away to Bahia de Feira, playing the last ten minutes of the 2–0 win in place of Jádson. Four days later he made his sole appearance of the Campeonato Paulista season, coming on around the same mark for Luciano in a 3–0 home win over Atlético Sorocaba.


title: Malcom (footballer)

text: Malcom made his Campeonato Brasileiro Série A debut on 27 April 2014, as a substitute for Romarinho in a 2–0 home win over Flamengo. He scored his first professional goal on 18 September, opening a 1–1 draw with Chapecoense at Arena Corinthians.


title: Malcom (footballer)

text: He was a regular first team player during the 2015 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A championship campaign. He played a total of 70 games and scored 10 goals during his tenure at the club.


title: Malcom (footballer)

text: French team Bordeaux signed Malcom on 31 January 2016, replacing Sunderland-bound Wahbi Khazri. The club paid €5 million for half of his economic rights.


title: Malcom (footballer)

text: He made his Ligue 1 debut a week later, starting in a 4–1 home loss to Saint-Étienne and being substituted for Thomas Touré after 69 minutes. On 10 February, he scored his first goal in the last 16 of the Coupe de France, putting the "Girondins" 3–2 up in extra time in a 3–4 loss to Nantes, also at the Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux. It was not until 30 April that he made an assist, for Cheick Diabaté in a 4–2 win at Troyes, and the following week he scored his lone league goal of the season to open a 3–0 home victory against Lorient.


title: Malcom (footballer)

text: On 27 September 2017, Malcom signed a new contract, tying him to the club until June 2021. His final season was his most prolific, with 12 goals, all in the league. This commenced with two on 19 August in a 3–3 draw at Lyon, including a long-distance equaliser in added time.


title: Malcom (footballer)

text: With several influential displays he quickly became a fan favourite at the club, spending three seasons and scoring 23 goals in 96 appearances across all competitions. His long-range goal against Dijon on 1 December 2017 was voted Goal of the Season at the Trophées UNFP du football.


title: Malcom (footballer)

text: On 24 July 2018, Spanish club Barcelona announced the signing of Malcom on a five-year contract for a reported transfer fee of €41 million plus an additional €1 million in bonuses. Corinthians received 2.5% of the fee.


title: Malcom (footballer)

text: He was previously close to joining Roma, with fans waiting for him to arrive at the airport and sporting director Monchi stating that the Italians would consider taking legal action against Barcelona.


title: Malcom (footballer)

text: Due to limits on players without European Union passports, Malcom was left out from the Barcelona squad that won the 2018 Supercopa de España. On 25 August, he made his official debut for the club in a 1–0 victory over Real Valladolid at the José Zorrilla, replacing compatriot Philippe Coutinho with six minutes left. On 6 November, Malcom scored his first competitive goal for Barcelona in a 1–1 away draw against Inter Milan in the UEFA Champions League. On 6 February 2019, Malcom was given a surprising start against Real Madrid in the Copa del Rey semi-finals first leg, scoring the equalizer in a 1–1 draw. On 2 April 2019, Malcom scored his first La Liga goal in a 4–4 draw away against Villarreal CF.


title: Malcom (footballer)

text: On 2 August 2019, Malcom joined Zenit Saint Petersburg on a five-year deal for a €40 million fee with an additional €5 million in variables. He made his debut the next day in a 1–1 home draw with FC Krasnodar, as a 71st-minute substitute for Alexey Sutormin. Due to injuries, he only played 64 minutes up to 4 October. He came back to the field on 29 February 2020 when he played 90 minutes in a goalless home draw with Lokomotiv Moscow.


title: Malcom (footballer)

text: On 2 May 2021, he scored the final goal of the game as Zenit secured their third title in a row in a 6–1 victory over second-place FC Lokomotiv Moscow.


title: Malcom (footballer)

text: Malcom was called up to Brazil's under-20 national team to compete at the South American Youth Football Championship in Uruguay, where he scored one goal in six matches as the "Seleção" finished in fourth place.


title: Malcom (footballer)

text: Later that year, he was called as a replacement for Kenedy for the 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup in New Zealand. Malcom appeared in five matches, including the final, where Brazil lost to Serbia.


title: Malcom (footballer)

text: In September 2018, Malcom was called up by coach Tite for the senior team, ahead of friendlies against Saudi Arabia and Argentina.


title: Malcom (footballer)

text: On 17 June 2021, Malcom was named in the Brazil squad for the 2020 Summer Olympics, but was replaced after having his participation in the tournament vetoed by his club Zenit. On 14 July, however, following an injury to Douglas Augusto and the opening of a spot, it was announced that he had been cleared by Zenit and rejoined the team. On 7 August 2021, he scored the winning goal in a 2–1 victory over Spain in the Olympics Final after extra time.


title: Malcom (footballer)

text: In July 2015, state authorities in São Paulo discovered a fraud scheme when it was revealed that Malcom had obtained his driving licence – which usually takes three months of practice – only twenty days after his 18th birthday.


title: Malcom (footballer)

text: Malcom received criticism for his social media actions at Bordeaux in September 2017, when he posed for a photo with opponent Neymar after a heavy loss to Paris Saint-Germain, and three months later he and his compatriot teammates recorded a light-hearted video outside the stadium after a defeat.


title: Heath Slater

text: Heath Wallace Miller (born July 15, 1983) is an American professional wrestler. He is currently signed to Impact Wrestling, where he performs mononymously as Heath, and is also active on the independent circuit. He is best known for his time in WWE from 2006 to 2020, most notably performing under the ring name Heath Slater.


title: Heath Slater

text: After debuting in 2004, Miller signed to WWE in 2006 and competed in its developmental territories Deep South Wrestling (DSW) and Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW) before appearing on the first season of "NXT" in 2010. He debuted on WWE's main roster later that year as a member of The Nexus, becoming a three-time WWE Tag Team Champion with fellow Nexus member Justin Gabriel in the process. In 2016, he began a storyline which saw him form a tag team with Rhyno, leading the two to become the inaugural WWE SmackDown Tag Team Champions. He is the first wrestler to have won both the SmackDown and Raw Tag Team Championships. Overall, he is a four-time tag team champion in WWE.


title: Heath Slater

text: Heath Wallace Miller was born in Pineville, West Virginia, on July 15, 1983. He was raised by his mother, stepfather, and grandparents.


title: Heath Slater

text: Miller was trained by Curtis Hughes at the wrestling school of World Wrestling Alliance (WWA4). He made his debut in 2004, wrestling for WWA4 and other Georgia-based wrestling promotions.


title: Heath Slater

text: In December 2006, Miller signed a developmental contract with WWE and was assigned to Deep South Wrestling (DSW), a WWE developmental territory. When the WWE ended its relationship with DSW in the spring of 2007, Miller was one of over twenty developmental wrestlers to be sent for further training at the new Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW) territory. At a June 2007 FCW show, Miller appeared as the manager of fellow developmental talent Shawn McGrath under the name Heath Wallace Miller Esq., but he reverted to using his real name and resumed his singles career while continuing to manage McGrath.


title: Heath Slater

text: In 2007, Miller was given a talk show called "The Happy Hour" during some FCW shows. During one segment, Billy Kidman was the guest; Miller claimed to idolize Kidman but then commented that Kidman's career was declining. This created a feud and led to a series of matches between the two. In January 2008, Miller started defending the FCW Southern Heavyweight Championship on behalf of the champion Ted DiBiase, Jr., who was injured. DiBiase soon forfeited the belt and Miller was declared the champion.


title: Heath Slater

text: Miller and his tag team partner Steve Lewington lost to John Morrison and The Miz for the WWE Tag Team Championship on February 15, 2008, at an FCW show. Miller and Lewington then advanced to the finals of a tournament for the inaugural Florida Tag Team Championship in February 2008. Miller and Lewington defeated Brandon Groom and Greg Jackson and The Thoroughbreds (Johnny Curtis and Kevin Kiley) to reach the finals. On February 23, 2008, Miller and Lewington lost to The Puerto Rican Nightmares (Eddie Colón and Eric Perez) in the finals. On September 11, teaming with Joe Hennig, he won the FCW Florida Tag Team Championship. As champion, he changed his ring name to Sebastian Slater. On October 30, 2008, Slater and Hennig lost the title to The New Hart Foundation (Harry Smith and TJ Wilson) in Tampa, Florida. He later returned from injury and defeated Justin Angel. On August 13, 2009, at the 50th FCW TV taping, Miller defeated Tyler Reks to become FCW Heavyweight Champion. Slater lost the FCW Heavyweight Championship to Justin Gabriel in a two out of three falls match at the September 24, 2009, TV taping.


title: Heath Slater

text: On February 16, 2010, Miller, now using the ring name Heath Slater, was one of eight FCW wrestlers to compete on the first season of the new "NXT" show, with Christian as his storyline mentor. On the inaugural episode of "NXT", Slater debuted as a face as he and Christian defeated Carlito and Michael Tarver in a tag team match. Two weeks later, Slater defeated Carlito, becoming the first NXT rookie to defeat a WWE pro. On the March 30 episode of "NXT", he came fourth out of eight rookies in the first Pros' Poll. On the April 6 episode, Slater won a keg-carrying contest against all other rookies. This resulted in him being in the main event that night, a match against Kane, which he lost. In an upset victory on April 20, Slater defeated Chris Jericho in the main event of "NXT". However, Slater remained at fourth in the second Pros Poll, revealed on May 11. He was eliminated from "NXT" on May 25, coming in last in the Pros' Poll.


title: Heath Slater

text: On the June 7 episode of "Raw", Slater and the other season one "NXT" rookies established themselves as heels by interfering in the main event match between John Cena and CM Punk, attacking both competitors, Jerry Lawler and Justin Roberts before dismantling the ring area and surrounding equipment. On the June 14 episode of "Raw", the rookies (sans Daniel Bryan, who had been released from his contract) attacked General Manager Bret Hart, when he refused to give them contracts. At the Fatal 4-Way pay-per-view, the seven rookies interfered in the WWE Championship match, and as a result costing Cena the championship to Sheamus. The following week on "Raw", Vince McMahon fired Hart and installed the Anonymous General Manager, who signed the seven season one "NXT" rookies to contracts. The following week, the group was named The Nexus. On the July 12 episode of "Raw", The Nexus competed in their first match together, without Darren Young, a six–on–one handicap match against John Cena, which they won when Gabriel pinned Cena. The Nexus continued to feud with Cena and the Raw roster, resulting in a seven-on-seven elimination tag team match at SummerSlam. Slater eliminated both Chris Jericho and Edge but was eliminated from the match by Daniel Bryan, with Team Cena winning the match.


title: Heath Slater

text: In October 2010, Cena was forced to join The Nexus as a result of losing to Barrett at Hell in a Cell and at Bragging Rights, Cena and David Otunga won the WWE Tag Team Championship. On the October 25 episode of "Raw", Barrett made a tag team match, with Gabriel and Slater facing Otunga and Cena for the championship. Gabriel and Slater won when Barrett ordered Otunga to allow Slater to pin him, winning the title. Gabriel and Slater held the title for nearly two months, before losing it to Santino Marella and Vladimir Kozlov in a four-way elimination match also involving The Usos and Mark Henry and Yoshi Tatsu on the December 6 episode of "Raw". Gabriel and Slater received a championship rematch at but lost by disqualification when Nexus member Michael McGillicutty interfered. On the January 10, 2011, episode of "Raw", Gabriel and Slater refused to take part in new Nexus leader CM Punk's initiation and walked away from the group.


title: Heath Slater

text: The following day, at the January 11 taping of "SmackDown", Gabriel and Slater helped their former leader Wade Barrett and Ezekiel Jackson attack Big Show. The following week, Gabriel, Slater, Barrett, and Jackson formed The Corre, and later that night Gabriel defeated World Heavyweight Champion Edge in a non-title match, following interference from the other members of The Corre. After winning a non-title match against the champions Kozlov and Marella on the February 4 episode of "SmackDown", Gabriel and Slater received a match for the WWE Tag Team Championship two weeks later, but lost via disqualification when the other members of The Corre interfered. They received a rematch at the Elimination Chamber pay-per-view on February 20 and defeated Marella and Kozlov to win the WWE Tag Team Championship for the second time. The following night on "Raw", Gabriel and Slater lost the championship to John Cena and The Miz, but won the championship back minutes later after Barrett invoked The Corre's rematch clause and The Miz quickly turned on Cena. The match ended with Slater pinning Cena. The Corre began a feud with Big Show and at WrestleMania XXVII, the team of Big Show, Kane, Santino Marella and Kofi Kingston defeated The Corre. At the April 19 taping of "SmackDown", the duo of Gabriel and Slater lost the Tag Team Championship to the team of Kane and The Big Show. In a backstage segment following the match, Gabriel was attacked by Slater, who thought Gabriel blamed him for their loss. On the May 6, 2011, edition of "SmackDown", Gabriel, Barrett and Slater attacked Jackson, removing him from the group. Barrett walked out on Gabriel and Slater in a 6-man tag team match against Jackson and The Usos on the June 10, 2011, edition of "SmackDown", leading to Gabriel and Slater telling Barrett that The Corre was over. Slater and Gabriel then started a feud with The Usos. On the June 17, 2011, episode of "SmackDown", Gabriel and Slater were defeated by The Usos, later defeating them in a rematch on the June 24, 2011, edition. The next day, he and Gabriel were added to the "SmackDown" Money in the Bank ladder match.


title: Heath Slater

text: They were again defeated by The Usos on the July 8, 2011, episode of "SmackDown", having a visible disagreement and argument in the ring following the match. On the July 15, 2011, episode of "SmackDown", Slater started a feud with Gabriel when he verbally berated him saying that Gabriel was holding him down. That same night, Slater lost to Gabriel. At Money in the Bank on July 17, he and Gabriel participated in the SmackDown Money in the Bank ladder match, which was won by Daniel Bryan. On October 17, WWE suspended Slater due to a Wellness Violation for 30 days.


title: Heath Slater

text: On the June 11, 2012, episode of "Raw", Slater began appearing in segments involving WWE veterans returning to "Raw" as a build-up to "Raw's" 1000th episode on July 23. 2012. In the segments, Slater would enter the ring and issue challenges to "the so-called legends" or "any former WWE champion", which resulted in him losing a series of squash matches, with the first two losses to Vader and Sycho Sid. He was further humiliated in a comedic segment by Roddy Piper, Wendi Richter and Cyndi Lauper. He defeated Doink the Clown on the July 2, 2012, edition of "Raw", but following the match, Diamond Dallas Page came to the ring and performed the Diamond Cutter on Slater. On the July 9, 2012, episode of "Raw", after losing to Sin Cara, Slater berated the audience and issued a challenge "to any former champion" and guaranteed he would defeat him; Bob Backlund accepted the challenge. Shortly after Backlund entered, Slater hit him with a cheap shot. Backlund then applied the crossface chickenwing submission hold and kept it locked in long after Slater had tapped out. In following matches Scotty 2 Hotty, Rikishi and Road Warrior Animal all defeated Slater in further matches.


title: Heath Slater

text: On July 23, 2012, during the 1000th episode of "Raw", he demanded a "no disqualifications, no countout" match and guaranteed his own victory. Lita responded to the challenge, however before the match could begin, Lita said she had "hired herself a little protection", after which APA emerged. Slater attempted to leave; however, he was forced back to the ring by all of the legends who had humiliated Slater in the preceding weeks on "Raw". Lita performed a twist of fate on Slater, followed by a clothesline from hell by Bradshaw. Lita then pinned Slater after performing a moonsault. As Slater lay prone in the ring, the legends celebrated while Farooq taunted him with his catchphrase "Damn!".


title: Heath Slater

text: On the September 21, 2012, episode of "SmackDown", Drew McIntyre and Jinder Mahal interfered in Slater's match against Brodus Clay by attacking Clay. The trio later settled for the name of the Three Man Band, or 3MB for short. Slater would then go on to become the brash and confident leader of the 3MB. From October 2012, 3MB racked up many wins against Team Co-Bro (Santino Marella and Zack Ryder) and the Usos, all of them due to illegal interference. At , 3MB's winning streak came to an end at the hands of The Miz, Alberto Del Rio and the Brooklyn Brawler. The next night at the Slammy Awards, 3MB lost again to Miz, Del Rio, and Tommy Dreamer. McIntyre and Mahal often interfered in Slater's matches on Slater's behalf, defending the leader of the trio. On the "20th Anniversary of Raw" on January 14, 3MB won an Over the Top Challenge against Sheamus. Slater and McIntyre represented 3MB in the NXT Tag Team Championship tournament to crown the inaugural champions, but lost in the first round by Adrian Neville and Oliver Grey on the January 23 "NXT". He competed in the Royal Rumble coming from number 10, but was eliminated by John Cena. On the April 12 episode of "SmackDown" Slater, along with the rest of 3MB, attempted to ambush Triple H as he was addressing Brock Lesnar, however The Shield then came out and attacked them. On the April 15 episode on "Raw", 3MB called out The Shield but instead, Brock Lesnar came out and attacked the three of them, delivering the F-5 on Slater twice on the barricade. Two weeks later on "Raw", 3MB attacked The Shield, who would quickly turn the tables on them. Team Hell No came to the ring, seemingly to aid 3MB, but The Shield escaped and Team Hell No attacked 3MB instead. Over the next couple months, the group continued being used as part-timers but mostly as jobbers, while doing that on the main brand TV shows they would feud with Zack Ryder on "Superstars".


title: Heath Slater

text: On the November 11, 2013, edition of "Raw", while on tour in the UK, 3MB changed their name to The Union Jacks, but were defeated by Santino Marella and Los Matadores. On the November 13, 2013, episode of "Main Event", Slater and McIntyre would defeat The Prime Time Players. On the November 15, 2013, episode of "SmackDown", The Union Jacks were defeated by R-Truth and The Prime Time Players. On the November 18, 2013 country music episode of "Raw", 3MB competed as The Rhinestone Cowboys. McIntyre and Mahal lost to R-Truth and the debuting Xavier Woods in Nashville, Tennessee. Similarly, this trend of name changes continued to amount the group losses as they also lost to The Prime Time Players on "SmackDown", as The Fabulous 3Birds, which was a play on legendary tag team, The Fabulous Freebirds. On the November 29, 2013, episode of "SmackDown", they were billed as The Plymouth Rockers, a play on The Rockers tag team, even coming out to the Rockers' theme music and faced Los Matadores, along with their mascot, El Torito in a losing effort. Shortly after that match, Slater took time off from WWE to deal with personal issues. He returned on the January 6, 2014, edition of "Raw", which saw 3MB defeated by Rikishi and Too Cool. On April 4, 2014, Slater broke his losing streak, picking up the win against Kofi Kingston on "Superstars". At WrestleMania XXX, all three members entered the Andre the Giant Memorial Battle Royal and eliminated both The Great Khali and Xavier Woods as a unit, before all three were eliminated by Mark Henry. After WrestleMania, 3MB entered a feud with Los Matadores, which saw Hornswoggle ally himself with the trio so as to feud with El Torito. 3MB won their first match since December 2012 after Slater and McIntyre beat Los Matadores on the April 28, 2014, edition of "Raw". On June 12, 2014, both Mahal and McIntyre were released from their WWE contracts, thus disbanding 3MB.


title: Heath Slater

text: On the June 16, 2014, edition of "Raw", Slater showed signs of a face turn as he stood up to Rusev and Lana by responding to their anti-American promos. However, he was quickly defeated by Rusev, who applied the "Accolade" on Slater to get the win. On the June 26, 2014, episode of "Superstars", Slater faced Adam Rose in a losing effort. On the July 11, 2014, edition of "SmackDown", Slater teamed up with Titus O'Neil to face The Usos in a match which Usos won. At Battleground, Slater competed in a battle royal for the vacant Intercontinental Championship; Slater managed to eliminate Cesaro but was then quickly eliminated by Sheamus. On the July 21, 2014, episode of "Raw", Slater confronted Flo Rida about their previous confrontation. This resulted in Flo Rida once again pushing Slater to the ground. Slater then began to regularly team up with Titus O'Neil. On the July 29, 2014, episode of "Main Event", Slater and O'Neil became known as "Slater Gator" and picked up their first win over Tyson Kidd and Zack Ryder.


title: Heath Slater

text: On the August 4, 2014, episode of "Raw", thanks to a distraction from Dean Ambrose, Slater scored an upset victory over Seth Rollins and he followed it up a week later with a count-out victory over Dolph Ziggler thanks to yet another distraction, this time from The Miz. During this period, Slater Gator also scored victories on "Main Event" over Los Matadores and Gold and Stardust. Slater's brief winning streak was ended when Slater Gator were defeated by Los Matadores on the August 25, 2014, edition of "Raw". Slater Gator then began a feud with Adam Rose and his bunny, who has attacked Slater on many occasions. In his return to "Raw" on November 17, 2014, he returned in Uncle Sam attire and became the next victim against Rusev. Later at Survivor Series, Slater remained and Titus O'Neil lost to Adam Rose and The Bunny. In December 2014, a warrant for Slater's arrest was issued, rendering him inactive until all legal issues are resolved. The charges were dropped on January 15, 2015. Slater returned to action in a dark match against Luke Harper on February 3, 2015. On the February 12, 2015, edition of "SmackDown", Slater Gator competed in a tag team turmoil match, where they were quickly defeated by the team of Daniel Bryan and Roman Reigns.


title: Heath Slater

text: On the February 16, 2015, episode of "Raw", O'Neil made a face turn and reformed the Prime Time Players with Darren Young, effectively disbanding Slater Gator. Later that night, Slater stated on social media, "I'm going to start focusing on ME!!! I'm better on my own ... It's about time I get what I deserve," cementing their breakup. Shortly afterwards, Slater debuted a shorter haircut. At WrestleMania 31, Slater competed in the 30-man Andre the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, which was won by Big Show. Slater returned to the scenes on the April 20, 2015, edition of "Raw" when he was at catering, only to receive an "RKO" through the table by Randy Orton. On the May 28, 2015, edition of "Superstars", Slater picked up a victory against Adam Rose. Slater would appear mostly on "Superstars" and "Main Event" losing to the likes of Fandango, Neville, R-Truth, and Zack Ryder. Slater started appearing on "Raw", trying to answer John Cena's United States Championship Open Challenge, but was denied each week.


title: Heath Slater

text: On the January 4, 2016 "Raw", Slater debuted a new stable of himself, Curtis Axel, Adam Rose and Bo Dallas calling themselves "social outcasts". Slater went on to defeat Dolph Ziggler after interference from his stablemates. On the January 11 episode of "Raw", now billed as The Social Outcasts, the group would face The Wyatt Family to a no contest when Ryback got involved. On the January 14 episode of "SmackDown", the four defeated the team of Goldust, Damien Sandow, Jack Swagger and Zack Ryder in an eight-man tag match. On the February 15 episode of "Raw", Slater defeated Zack Ryder with the help of The Social Outcasts. On April 3, Slater competed in the 3rd annual André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal at WrestleMania 32 but was eliminated. In May, The Social Outcasts began filming , taking them out of action.


title: Heath Slater

text: The Social Outcasts returned on the June 27 episode of "Raw", confronting Enzo Amore and Big Cass. The following week on "Raw", The Social Outcasts faced Enzo Amore and Big Cass in a losing effort.


title: Heath Slater

text: While his fellow Social Outcast members got drafted by the end of the 2016 WWE draft, Slater was the only active Superstar not selected by either show. Slater appeared on the July 26 episode of "SmackDown", cutting a highly acclaimed worked shoot promo addressing the issue, only to be attacked by a returning Rhyno shortly after. During the next few weeks, Slater faced other wrestlers to win a contract, but he was defeated. Despite not appearing at the event, WWE audiences chanted "we want Slater" during the brawl between Roman Reigns and Rusev at SummerSlam, as well as the following night on "Raw".


title: Heath Slater

text: During this time, Slater started a gimmick as a desperate father with several children to support, including the catchphrase "I got kids", this would slowly transition Slater to a fan favorite for the first time since 2010. He eventually signed with "SmackDown" and found an unlikely ally in Rhyno, with the two emerging victorious in the finals of a tag team tournament at Backlash, defeating The Usos and becoming the inaugural SmackDown Tag Team Champions. On October 9 at No Mercy, Slater and Rhyno successfully defended the titles against The Usos. At Survivor Series, Slater and Rhyno were the team captains for Team SmackDown in the 10–on–10 Survivor Series Tag Team Elimination match, where they were defeated by Team Raw. At , Slater and Rhyno's reign came to an end at 84 days after they were defeated by Randy Orton and Bray Wyatt. Two days later on "SmackDown", Slater and Rhyno received their rematch but failed to regain the titles. At Elimination Chamber on February 12, 2017, the duo were the first entrants into the tag team turmoil match for the titles, eliminating Breezango and The Vaudevillains before being eliminated by The Usos. At WrestleMania 33, Slater and Rhyno both competed in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, but neither were able to win.


title: Heath Slater

text: On the April 10 episode of "Raw", both Slater and Rhyno were sent to the "Raw" brand as part of the Superstar Shake-up. On the June 5 episode of "Raw", Slater and Rhyno unsuccessfully challenged Cesaro and Sheamus for the Raw Tag Team Championship. After pinning The Miz in a tag team match on the June 12 episode of "Raw", Slater was awarded an Intercontinental Championship match against Miz on the July 3 episode of "Raw", which he lost. On the October 30 episode of "Raw", Slater and Rhyno defeated The Club in an All Hallow's Eve Trick or Street Fight. He entered the 2018 Royal Rumble as the fifth entrant, but was attacked by Baron Corbin before he could enter the ring. He would then repeatedly be attacked by incoming entrants, keeping him from entering the ring. The eleventh entrant, Sheamus, inserted him to the ring and Slater immediately eliminated him in a huge upset, but was eliminated seconds later by Bray Wyatt. At WrestleMania 34, Slater entered the fifth annual André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, but did not win. He also participated in the 50-man Royal Rumble match at the Greatest Royal Rumble, where he entered at number 36. However, he was eliminated by eventual winner Braun Strowman.


title: Heath Slater

text: On the December 3 episode of "Raw", acting general manager Baron Corbin forced Slater and Rhyno to fight each other with the stipulation that the loser will be fired. Slater won, but Corbin immediately repositioned him as a referee instead of a competitor. The following week on "Raw", Slater refereed a match between Elias and Lio Rush, where he allowed Bobby Lashley to attack Elias, leading to Rush's win. Later that same night, he attempted to cost Seth Rollins the Intercontinental Championship by helping Corbin during their match, but failed. At , Slater was scheduled to referee a TLC match between Braun Strowman and Baron Corbin, but during the match Slater took off his referee shirt (with help from Apollo Crews, Bobby Roode, Chad Gable, Finn Bálor, and Kurt Angle) and attacked Corbin, allowing Strowman to win the match. The next night, the McMahon family (Vince, Stephanie, Shane, and Triple H) announced that they will collectively be in charge of Raw and SmackDown. Corbin begged to be the permanent Raw general manager, but the family announced that he would have to win a no disqualification handicap match against Angle, Crews, Roode, and Gable with Slater as referee, which he lost. After Corbin was removed from power, Rhyno returned to aid Slater against an attack from Jinder Mahal on the December 24 episode of "Raw". The following week on "Raw", Slater and Rhyno faced Mahal and The Singh Brothers in a losing effort. At WrestleMania 35, Slater competed in the sixth annual André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, but failed to win. On July 17, their team ended after Rhyno left WWE.


title: Heath Slater

text: On the June 24 episode of "Raw", Slater briefly captured the 24/7 Championship from R-Truth before immediately losing it to back to Truth. This marked Slater's first singles championship win in WWE. As part of the 2019 draft, Slater was drafted to SmackDown brand. On the February 7, 2020, episode of "SmackDown", Slater appeared in backstage segment with Daniel Bryan, trying to sympathize with the latter following a recent loss to Bray Wyatt. Slater's poor choice of words led to a match between him and Bryan, where Bryan emerged victorious. The two had a rematch two weeks later, where Bryan was once again the victor.


title: Heath Slater

text: On April 15, 2020, he was released from his WWE performers contract due to budget cuts resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, ending his 14-year tenure with the company. On the July 6 episode of "Raw", Slater, still under a 90-day no-compete clause, appeared to confront his former 3MB teammate Drew McIntyre, and he demanded a match against McIntyre, which he lost easily. After the match, Slater was attacked by Dolph Ziggler before being saved by McIntyre as the two embraced and shared a moment in the ring together. His no-compete clause expired on July 14, 2020.


title: Heath Slater

text: On July 18, 2020, at Slammiversary, Miller, now known as Heath, made his Impact Wrestling debut, declaring himself as a free agent before being interrupted by Rohit Raju, who insulted Heath before Heath attacked him. Heath would then run in to his former tag team partner Rhino backstage before being told to leave the building by Impact executive Scott D'Amore as he was not an Impact employee. On the August 4 episode of "Impact!", Heath made his in-ring debut by challenging Moose for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship and a spot on the roster, but was defeated. Despite this, he and Rhino began a "#Heath4IMPACT" campaign to convince the company to sign Heath, even getting celebrity endorsements from David Hasselhoff, Flava Flav, Nancy Kerrigan and Chuck Norris.


title: Heath Slater

text: At Victory Road, Heath and Rhino teamed for the first time in Impact, where they defeated Reno Scum (Adam Thornstowe and Luster the Legend). Three days later, Scott D'Amore offered Heath a contract, however, contract talks broke down. D'Amore eventually allowed Heath and Rhino to enter the Call Your Shot Gauntlet match at Bound for Glory, and if either man won, Heath would get his contract, and if neither won, Rhino would be fired. At Bound for Glory, Rhino won the match, thus winning Heath an Impact contract, however, Heath suffered an injury during the match.


title: Heath Slater

text: After an absence of almost a year, he returned from injury on the September 30, 2021, episode of "Impact!", saving Rhino from a potential attack by Violent By Design, a stable that Rhino used to be a part of. Heath and Rhino decided to challenge VBD to one more match at Turning Point, which was accepted. At the event Rhino and Heath were defeated. On October 8, 2022, during the "Impact!" taping, Heath and Rhino defeated The Kingdom to become to the new Impact World Tag Team Champions - marking his first title in Impact Wrestling.


title: Heath Slater

text: On October 10, 2020, at Xtreme Intense Championship Wrestling, Heath and Rhino defeated DBA and Jaimy Coxxx to become XICW Tag Team Champions, their first title win since becoming the inaugural SmackDown Tag Team Champions in 2016.


title: Heath Slater

text: Miller was one of the main cast members of "The JBL and Renee Show" from 2013 to 2015 on WWE.com, where he played "Big" Clem Layfield, a storyline nephew of John "Bradshaw" Layfield.


title: Heath Slater

text: Miller, as Heath Slater, is a playable character in the video games "WWE '12", "WWE '13", "WWE 2K14", "WWE 2K16", "WWE 2K17", "WWE 2K18", "WWE 2K19", and "WWE 2K20".


title: Heath Slater

text: Miller married his high school girlfriend Stephanie Jean in 2011; they have two children and reside in Fort Mill, South Carolina.


title: Heath Slater

text: Miller remains friends with Scottish wrestler Drew McIntyre and Indo-Canadian wrestler Jinder Mahal, who were his stablemates in the team 3MB during his time in WWE.


title: Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

text: The Fugitive Slave Act or Fugitive Slave Law was passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern interests in slavery and Northern Free-Soilers.


title: Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

text: The Act was one of the most controversial elements of the 1850 compromise and heightened Northern fears of a slave power conspiracy. It required that all escaped slaves, upon capture, be returned to the slaver and that officials and citizens of free states had to cooperate. Abolitionists nicknamed it the "Bloodhound Bill", after the dogs that were used to track down people fleeing from slavery.


title: Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

text: The Act contributed to the growing polarization of the country over the issue of slavery, and was one of the factors that led to the Civil War.


title: Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

text: By 1843, several hundred enslaved people a year escaped to the North successfully, making slavery an unstable institution in the border states.


title: Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

text: The earlier Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 was a Federal law that was written with the intent to enforce , which required the return of escaped enslaved people. It sought to force the authorities in free states to return fugitives of enslavement to their enslavers.


title: Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

text: Many Northern states wanted to disregard the Fugitive Slave Act. Some jurisdictions passed personal liberty laws, mandating a jury trial before alleged fugitive slaves could be moved; others forbade the use of local jails or the assistance of state officials in the arrest or return of alleged fugitive slaves. In some cases, juries refused to convict individuals who had been indicted under the Federal law.


title: Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

text: The Missouri Supreme Court routinely held with the laws of neighboring free states, that enslaved people who had been voluntarily transported by their enslavers into free states, with the intent of the enslavers' residing there permanently or indefinitely, gained their freedom as a result. The 1793 act dealt with enslaved people who escaped to free states without their enslavers' consent. The Supreme Court of the United States ruled, in "Prigg v. Pennsylvania" (1842), that states did not have to offer aid in the hunting or recapture of enslaved people, greatly weakening the law of 1793.


title: Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

text: After 1840, the Black population of Cass County, Michigan, grew rapidly as families were attracted by white defiance of discriminatory laws, by numerous highly supportive Quakers, and by low-priced land. Free and escaping Blacks found Cass County a haven. Their good fortune attracted the attention of Southern slavers. In 1847 and 1849, planters from Bourbon and Boone counties, Kentucky led raids into Cass County in order to recapture people escaping slavery. The raids failed but the situation contributed to Southern demands in 1850 for passage of a strengthened fugitive slave act.


title: Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

text: Southern politicians often exaggerated the number of people escaping enslavement, blaming the escapes on Northern abolitionists, whom they saw as stirring up their allegedly happy slaves, interfering with "Southern property rights". According to the "Columbus" [Georgia] "Enquirer" of 1850, The support from Northerners for fugitive slaves caused more ill will between the North and the South than all the other causes put together.


title: Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

text: In response to the weakening of the original Fugitive Slave Act, Democratic Senator James M. Mason of Virginia drafted the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, which penalized officials who did not arrest someone allegedly escaping from slavery, and made them liable to a fine of $1,000 (). Law enforcement officials everywhere were required to arrest people suspected of escaping enslavement on as little as a claimant's sworn testimony of ownership. was declared irrelevant, and the Commissioner before whom the fugitive from slavery was brought for a hearing—no jury was permitted, and the alleged refugee from enslavement could not testify—was compensated $10 if he found that the individual was proven a fugitive, and only $5 if he determined the proof to be insufficient. In addition, any person aiding a fugitive by providing food or shelter was subject to six months' imprisonment and a $1,000 fine. Officers who captured a fugitive from slavery were entitled to a bonus or promotion for their work.


title: Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

text: Enslavers needed only to supply an affidavit to a Federal marshal to capture a fugitive from slavery. Since a suspected enslaved person was not eligible for a trial, the law resulted in the kidnapping and conscription of free Blacks into slavery, as purported fugitive slaves had no rights in court and could not defend themselves against accusations.


title: Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

text: The Act adversely affected the prospects of escape from slavery, particularly in states close to the North. One study finds that while prices placed on enslaved people rose across the South in the years after 1850 it appears that "the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act increased prices in border states by 15% to 30% more than in states further south", illustrating how the Act altered the chance of successful escape.


title: Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

text: According to abolitionist John Brown, even in the supposedly safe refuge of Springfield, Massachusetts, "some of them are so alarmed that they tell me that they cannot sleep on account of either them or their wives and children. I can only say I think I have been enabled to do something to revive their broken spirits. I want all my family to imagine themselves in the same dreadul condition."


title: Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

text: In 1855, the Wisconsin Supreme Court became the only state high court to declare the Fugitive Slave Act unconstitutional, as a result of a case involving fugitive slave Joshua Glover and Sherman Booth, who led efforts that thwarted Glover's recapture. In 1859 in "Ableman v. Booth," the U.S. Supreme Court overruled the state court.


title: Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

text: Jury nullification occurred as local Northern juries acquitted men accused of violating the law. Secretary of State Daniel Webster was a key supporter of the law as expressed in his famous "Seventh of March" speech. He wanted high-profile convictions. The jury nullifications ruined his presidential aspirations and his last-ditch efforts to find a compromise between North and South. Webster led the prosecution against men accused of rescuing Shadrach Minkins in 1851 from Boston officials who intended to return Minkins to slavery; the juries convicted none of the men. Webster sought to enforce a law that was extremely unpopular in the North, and his Whig Party passed him over again when they chose a presidential nominee in 1852.


title: Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

text: In November 1850, the Vermont legislature passed the Habeas Corpus Law, requiring Vermont judicial and law enforcement officials to assist captured fugitive slaves. It also established a state judicial process, parallel to the federal process, for people accused of being fugitive slaves. This law rendered the federal Fugitive Slave Act effectively unenforceable in Vermont and caused a storm of controversy nationally. It was considered a nullification of federal law, a concept popular in the South among states that wanted to nullify other aspects of federal law, and was part of highly charged debates over slavery. Noted poet and abolitionist John Greenleaf Whittier had called for such laws, and the Whittier controversy heightened pro-slavery reactions to the Vermont law. Virginia governor John B. Floyd warned that nullification could push the South toward secession, while President Millard Fillmore threatened to use the army to enforce the Fugitive Slave Act in Vermont. No test events took place in Vermont, but the rhetoric of this flare-up echoed South Carolina's 1832 nullification crisis and Thomas Jefferson's 1798 Kentucky Resolutions.


title: Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

text: In February 1855, Michigan's legislature also passed a law prohibiting county jails from being used to detain recaptured slaves, directing county prosecutors to defend recaptured slaves, and entitling recaptured slaves to "habeas corpus" and trial by jury. Other states to pass their own personal liberty laws include Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin.


title: Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

text: The Fugitive Slave Law brought the issue home to anti-slavery citizens in the North, as it made them and their institutions responsible for enforcing slavery. "Where before many in the North had little or no opinions or feelings on slavery, this law seemed to demand their direct assent to the practice of human bondage, and it galvanized Northern sentiments against slavery." Moderate abolitionists were faced with the immediate choice of defying what they believed to be an unjust law, or breaking with their own consciences and beliefs. Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote "Uncle Tom's Cabin" (1852) in response to the law.


title: Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

text: Many abolitionists openly defied the law. Reverend Luther Lee, pastor of the Wesleyan Methodist Church of Syracuse, New York, wrote in 1855:


title: Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

text: There were several instances of Northern communities putting words like these to action. Several years before, in the Jerry Rescue, Syracuse abolitionists freed by force a fugitive slave who was to be sent back to the South and successfully smuggled him to Canada. Thomas Sims and Anthony Burns were both captured fugitives who were part of unsuccessful attempts by opponents of the Fugitive Slave Law to use force to free them. Other famous examples include Shadrach Minkins in 1851 and Lucy Bagby in 1861, whose forcible return has been cited by historians as important and "allegorical". Pittsburgh abolitionists organized groups whose purpose was the seizure and release of any enslaved person passing through the city, as in the case of a free black servant of the Slaymaker family, erroneously the subject of a rescue by black waiters in a hotel dining room. If fugitives from slavery were captured and put on trial, abolitionists worked to defend them in trial, and if by chance the recaptured person had their freedom put up for a price, abolitionists worked to pay to free them. Other opponents, such as African-American leader Harriet Tubman, simply treated the law as just another complication in their activities.


title: Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

text: On April 5, 1859, Daniel Webster after being seized in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, on the accusation that he was actually Daniel Dangerfield, an escaped slave from Loudoun County, Virginia, had a court hearing. The federal commissioner in Philadelphia, J. Cooke Longstreth, set him free because, in his opinion, it had not been proven that Daniel Webster was the fugitive slave. Webster promptly left for Canada.


title: Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

text: One important consequence was that Canada, not the Northern free states, became the main destination for escaped slaves. The black population of Canada increased from 40,000 to 60,000 between 1850 and 1860, and many reached freedom by the Underground Railroad. Notable black publishers, such as Henry Bibb and Mary Ann Shadd, created publications encouraging emigration to Canada. By 1855, an estimated 3,500 people among Canada's black population were fugitives from American slavery. In Pittsburgh, for example, during the September following the passage of the law, organized groups of escaped people, armed and sworn to "die rather than be taken back into slavery", set out for Canada, with more than 200 men leaving by the end of the month. The black population in New York City dropped by almost 2,000 from 1850 to 1855.


title: Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

text: On the other hand, many Northern businessmen supported the law, due to their business ties with the Southern states. They founded the Union Safety Committee and raised thousands of dollars to promote their cause, which gained sway, particularly in New York City, and caused public opinion to shift somewhat towards supporting the law.


title: Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

text: In the early stages of the American Civil War, the Union had no established policy on people escaping from slavery. Many enslaved people left their plantations heading for Union lines, but in the early stages of the war, fugitives from slavery were often returned by Union forces to their enslavers. General Benjamin Butler and some other Union generals, however, refused to recapture fugitives under the law because the Union and the Confederacy were at war. He confiscated enslaved people as contraband of war and set them free, with the justification that the loss of labour would also damage the Confederacy. Lincoln allowed Butler to continue his policy, but countermanded broader directives issued by other Union commanders that freed all enslaved people in places under their control.


title: Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

text: In August 1861, the U.S. Congress enacted the Confiscation Act, which barred enslavers from re-enslaving captured fugitives. The legislation, sponsored by Lyman Trumbull, was passed on a near-unanimous vote and established military emancipation as official Union policy, but applied only to enslaved people used by rebel enslavers to support the Confederate cause. Union Army forces sometimes returned fugitives from slavery to enslavers until March 1862, when Congress enacted legislation barring Union forces from returning anyone to slavery. James Mitchell Ashley proposed legislation to repeal the Fugitive Slave Act, but the bill did not make it out of committee in 1863. Although the Union policy of confiscation and military emancipation had effectively superseded the operation of the Fugitive Slave Act, the Fugitive Slave Act was only formally repealed in June 1864. The "New York Tribune" hailed the repeal, writing: "The blood-red stain that has blotted the statute-book of the Republic is wiped out forever."


title: Quantico, Virginia

text: Quantico ( or ; formerly Potomac) is a town in Prince William County, Virginia, United States. The population was 480 at the 2010 census. Quantico is approximately 35 miles southwest of Washington, DC, bordered by the Potomac River to the east and the Quantico Creek to the north. The word Quantico is a derivation of the name of a Doeg village recorded by English colonists as "Pamacocack".


title: Quantico, Virginia

text: Quantico is surrounded on its remaining two sides by one of the largest U.S. Marine Corps bases, Marine Corps Base Quantico. The base is the site of the HMX-1 presidential helicopter squadron, the FBI Academy, the FBI Laboratory, the Marine Corps Combat Development Command, the Officer Candidates School, The Basic School, The United States Drug Enforcement Administration training academy, the Naval Criminal Investigative Service, the United States Army Criminal Investigation Division, and the Air Force Office of Special Investigations headquarters. A replica of the United States Marine Corps War Memorial stands at one of the entrances to the base.


title: Quantico, Virginia

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which, of it is land and none of the area is covered with water.


title: Quantico, Virginia

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 561 people, 295 households, and 107 families living in the town. The population density was . The racial makeup was 61.32% White, 20.32% African American, 10.16% Asian, 0.36% Native American, 2.32% from other races, and 5.53% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.53% of the population. The median income for a household in the town was $26,250. About 22.4% of families and 21.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 39.4% of those under the age of 18.


title: Quantico, Virginia

text: The headquarters of the FBI Academy at the Quantico Marine Corps Base are featured in the 1991 film "The Silence of the Lambs", the 2013–2015 TV series "Hannibal", and the 2015–2018 series "Quantico". The headquarters of the FBI Behavioral Analysis Unit are also featured in the 2005–2020 series "Criminal Minds" and the 2017–2019 series "Mindhunter".


title: Quantico, Virginia

text: There are no significant highways passing through Quantico. All road vehicles must pass through Marine Corps Base Quantico in order to reach the town. Therefore, all vehicle drivers must present a valid driver's license to the military security officer stationed at the gate, and may be required to state their destination and reason for visiting. More thorough searches and checks may also be undertaken, according to the discretion and authority of base security.


title: Quantico, Virginia

text: Amtrak's Northeast Regional and Piedmont services, as well as the local Virginia Railway Express, all stop at Quantico station.


title: Quantico, Virginia

text: Stafford Regional Airport is the closest non-military airport, though the airfield exclusively serves general aviation and has no regularly scheduled commercial flights. Airports serving Washington, D.C. are the primary commercial air links for Quantico, with the closest being Reagan National Airport and the primary hub for international flights being Dulles International Airport.


title: Austin Chick

text: Austin Chick (born 1971) is an American film director, screenwriter and producer, who made the films "XX/XY", released in 2002, and "August", which premiered at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival.


title: Austin Chick

text: Although born in Hartford, Connecticut, Chick moved to New Hampshire as a youngster. In the late 1980s he attended high school at High Mowing School, a boarding school in Wilton, NH. He went on to Sarah Lawrence College in Yonkers, where he specialized in literature and psychology with the aid of grants from the King Foundation. Chick spent a number of years unsure of what he wanted to do with his life and took on a life of a wanderer for some time. He said watching "Kings of the Road" helped him find direction:.


title: Austin Chick

text: His first major film, which he wrote and directed, was released in 2002. It was titled "XX/XY", and it starred Mark Ruffalo and Kathleen Robertson. It examined the complex relationship between three Sarah Lawrence College students, both during their time at the school and then many years later. It was an independent production, which was shown at the 2002 Sundance Film Festival (where it was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize) and subsequently taken up by IFC Films.


title: Austin Chick

text: He co-produced Sidney Lumet's 2007 film "Before the Devil Knows You're Dead", which featured Ethan Hawke and Philip Seymour Hoffman as two brothers who stage the robbery of their parents' jewelry shop in an effort to get rich quick, with tragic consequences.


title: Austin Chick

text: He then produced a movie called "August", was released by ContentFilm International in 2008. The cast list is headed by Josh Hartnett, and features Adam Scott, Naomie Harris, Rip Torn, and David Bowie. The plot centered on two brothers, with one of them, Tom (Hartnett), involved in a struggle to save his internet company on the stock market just before the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Chick directed the film and was also executive producer.


title: Austin Chick

text: In 2012, he wrote and directed "Girls Against Boys" (starring Danielle Panabaker and Nicole LaLiberte); it was released by Anchor Bay Entertainment in 2012.


title: Austin Chick

text: Chick married actress Morena Baccarin over Thanksgiving in 2011. Their son Julius was born October 22, 2013, in Glendale, California. Chick filed for divorce in 2015, citing irreconcilable differences.


title: Leda (mythology)

text: In Greek mythology, Leda (; Ancient Greek: Λήδα ) was an Aetolian princess who became a Spartan queen. According to Ovid, she was famed for her beautiful black hair and snowy skin. Her myth gave rise to the popular motif in Renaissance and later art of Leda and the Swan.


title: Leda (mythology)

text: Leda was the daughter of the Aetolian King Thestius hence she was also called Thestias. Her mother was either Leucippe, Deidameia, daughter of Perieres, Eurythemis, daughter of Cleoboea, or Laophonte, daughter of Pleuron. According to Alcman, Leda's parents were Glaucus and Laophonte while Eumelus attested that they are Sisyphus and Panteiduia or Paneidyia.


title: Leda (mythology)

text: She married king Tyndareus of Sparta and by him became the mother of Helen of Troy, Clytemnestra, Castor, and Pollux (also called "Polydeuces"). Leda also had three other daughters by Tyndareus: Timandra, Phoebe, and Philonoe.


title: Leda (mythology)

text: Leda was admired by Zeus, who seduced her in the guise of a swan. As a swan, Zeus fell into her arms for protection from a pursuing eagle. Their consummation, on the same night as Leda lay with her husband Tyndareus, resulted in two eggs from which hatched Helen (later known as the beautiful "Helen of Troy"), Clytemnestra, and Castor and Pollux (also known as the Dioscuri). Which children are the progeny of Tyndareus the mortal king, and which are of Zeus and thus half-immortal, is not consistent among accounts, nor is which child hatched from which egg. The split is almost always half mortal, half divine, although the pairings do not always reflect the children's heritage pairings. Castor and Pollux are sometimes both mortal, sometimes both divine. One consistent point is that if only one of them is immortal, it is Pollux. It is also always stated that Helen is the daughter of Zeus.


title: Leda (mythology)

text: In Homer's "Iliad", Helen looks down from the walls of Troy and wonders why she does not see her brothers among the Achaeans. The narrator remarks that they are both already dead and buried back in their homeland of Lacedaemon, thus suggesting that at least in the Homeric tradition, both were mortal.


title: Leda (mythology)

text: Another account of the myth states that Nemesis (Νέμεσις) was the mother of Helen, and was also impregnated by Zeus in the guise of a swan. A shepherd found the egg and gave it to Leda, who carefully kept it in a chest until the egg hatched. When the egg hatched, Leda adopted Helen as her daughter. Zeus also commemorated the birth of Helen by creating the constellation Cygnus (Κύκνος), the Swan, in the sky.


title: Leda (mythology)

text: Leda and the Swan, Leda and the Egg, and Leda with her children were popular subjects in ancient art. In the post-classical arts, it became a potent source of inspiration. It is the subject of William Butler Yeats' poem Leda and the Swan. She is also the main subject in Honoré Desmond Sharrer's "Leda & the Folks", a large painting focusing as well on the parents of entertainer Elvis Presley and currently located at the Smith College Museum of Art.


title: Leda (mythology)

text: Australian artist Sidney Nolan produced at least a dozen interpretations of Leda and the Swan in the 1950s and 1960s, connected with his work on the myths of the Trojan War and World War I.


title: Leda (mythology)

text: Recently, the myth inspired Hozier to write a song about the Dobbs v. Jackson decision, which repealed Roe v Wade. The song is called "Swan Upon Leda".


title: Duchy

text: A duchy, also called a dukedom, is a medieval country, territory, fief, or domain ruled by a duke or duchess, a ruler hierarchically second to the king or queen in Western European tradition.