title: Education in the Netherlands

text: A national system of education was introduced in the Netherlands around the year 1800. The "Maatschappij tot Nut van 't Algemeen" ("Society for the Common Good") took advantage of the revolutionary tide in the Batavian Republic to propose a number of educational reforms. The School Act of 1806 encouraged the establishment of primary schools in all municipalities and instated provincial supervision. It also introduced a mandatory curriculum comprising Dutch language, reading, writing, and arithmetics. History, geography, and modern languages such as French, German and English were optional subjects. All newly established schools needed consent from the authorities or would be disbanded as freedom of education was not proclaimed until the Constitutional Reform of 1848. In addition to primary education, gymnasia (or Latin schools) and universities constituted higher education. What could be considered secondary education or vocational training was unregulated.


title: Education in the Netherlands

text: This situation changed in the second half of the nineteenth century in the wake of social and economic modernisation. In 1857, a Lower Education Act replaced the 1806 act, supplementing the mandatory curriculum with geometry, geography, history, natural sciences, and singing. Modern languages, mathematics, agronomy, gymnastics, drawing and needlework for girls were included as elective subjects. Schools offering one or more of these elective subjects were known as "meer uitgebreid lager onderwijs" ("more comprehensive lower education") or mulo, which became a new type of secondary education. The Middle Education Act of 1863 introduced more types of secondary education at an intermediary level between mulo and gymnasium: the two-year "burgerschool" ("civic school"), the three or five-year "hogere burgerschool" ("higher civic school" or hbs) and the "middelbare meisjesschool" ("middle girls' school" or mms).


title: Education in the Netherlands

text: The 1857 Lower Education Act retained the strictly secular nature of public education, but introduced the right of religious communities to establish private schools of an explicitly religious nature. However, these "special schools" received no funding from the government. In 1878, the liberal government introduced a bill that significantly increased the quality of education school were required to offer. While for public schools the accompanying costs were compensated by the government, special schools were still expected to bear the costs themselves, which threatened the continued existence of many special schools. This led the confessionals to start a campaign for the equal funding of special religious education that would become known as the school struggle. Equal funding was achieved in the Pacification of 1917.


title: Education in the Netherlands

text: What resulted from the 1857 and 1863 acts was a stratified system where school types were grouped into three "layers" intended for different socioeconomic classes and designed around different educational philosophies. Lower education (primary schools, mulo and vocational schools) was designed to prepare children from working class or lower middle class backgrounds for a specific vocation. "Middle" education (mms, hbs and polytechnics) was intended to equip children from middle class backgrounds with general knowledge about modern society with which they could occupy leading positions in areas such as commerce and technology. Finally, higher education (gymnasium and university) was intended for the classical and intellectual education of children from upper middle and upper class backgrounds. This distinction between middle and higher education based on the type of education rather than the students' age would gradually alter in the twentieth century. From 1917 onward, an hbs diploma would grant access to a number of courses at universities, while the lyceum, combining hbs and gymnasium, became an increasingly common type of school.


title: Education in the Netherlands

text: The introduction of the so-called "Kinderwetje" (literally "little childrens' act") by legislator Samuel van Houten in 1874 forbade child labour under the age of 12. An amendment in 1900 led to compulsory education for children aged 6 to 12 in 1901. The introduction of compulsory education, in combination with the increasing complexity of the economy, led to a significant increase in children attending secondary education, especially from the 1920s onward.


title: Education in the Netherlands

text: The different forms of secondary education were streamlined in the "Wet op het voortgezet onderwijs" (literally "law on secondary education") in 1963 at the initiative of legislator Jo Cals. The law is more widely known as the "Mammoetwet" (literally, "mammoth act"), a name it got when ARP member of parliament Anton Bernard Roosjen was reported to have said "Let that mammoth remain in fairyland" because he considered the reforms too extensive. The law was enforced in 1968. It introduced four streams of secondary education, depending on the capabilities of the students (lts/vbo, mavo, havo and vwo) and expanded compulsory education to 9 years. In 1975 this was changed to 10 years.


title: Education in the Netherlands

text: The law created a system of secondary education on which the current secondary school is based albeit with significant adaptations. Reforms in the late 1990s aimed at introducing information management skills, increasing the pupils' autonomy and personal responsibility, and promoting integration between different subjects. Lts/vbo and mavo were fused into vmbo, while the structure of havo and vwo were changed by the introduction of a three-year "basisvorming" (primary secondary education; literally, "basic forming"), followed by the "tweede fase" (upper secondary education; literally, second phase"). The "basisvorming" standardized subjects for the first three years of secondary education and introduced two new compulsory subjects (technical skills and care skills), while the "tweede fase" allowed for differentiation through profiles.


title: Education in the Netherlands

text: The influx and emancipation of workers from Islamic countries led to the introduction of Islamic schools. In 2003, in total 35 Islamic schools were in operation.


title: Education in the Netherlands

text: By 2004, the municipalities of the Netherlands were obliged to activate a regional care structure for individual students dealing with health and social problems. Each school was obliged to activate a care team at least composed by a physician/nurse, a school social worker and the school care coordinator. In the context of the schoolBeat project, each primary and secondary school of the Maastricht region designated a professional advisor who was employed by a drug prevention, welfare or mental health organization closely linked to the regional public health institute.


title: Education in the Netherlands

text: In general, all schools in the Netherlands observe a summer holiday, and several weeks of one or two-week holidays during the year. Also schools are closed during public holidays. Academic terms only exist at the tertiary education level. Institutions are free to divide their year, but it is most commonly organized into four quadmesters.


title: Education in the Netherlands

text: The summer holiday lasts six weeks in elementary school, and starts and ends in different weeks for the northern, middle and southern regions of the country to prevent the national population from all going on vacation simultaneously. For the six-week summer holidays of all high schools, the same system applies. Universities have longer holidays (about 2 months, but this may include re-examinations) and usually start the year in late August or early September. The summer holiday is followed by a one-week autumn holiday in the second half of October at all levels except for most research universities. At elementary and high school levels, the week depends on the north/middle/south division also used around the summer holidays. There is a two-week Christmas holiday that includes New Year's in the second half of December, and a one-week spring holiday in the second half of February (around Carnival). The last school holiday of the year is a one- or two-week May holiday around 27 April (Kings Day); sometimes including Ascension Day. Easter does not have a week of holiday, schools are only closed on Good Friday and Easter Monday. The summer holiday dates are compulsory, the other dates are government recommendations and can be changed by each school, as long as the right number of weeks is observed.


title: Education in the Netherlands

text: The Dutch educational system divides children in educational levels around the age of 12. In the last year of primary school, a test, most commonly the “Cito Eindtoets Basisonderwijs”, is taken to help choose the appropriate level of secondary education/school type. Although the ensuing recommendation is not binding, it does have great influence on the decision making process. Unless caretakers identify the need, in most cases an IQ test is not given to a child, which may result in some children who for various secondary reasons do not function well at school, but who do have the academic ability to learn at the higher levels, mistakenly being sent to the lower levels of education. Within a few years these children can fall far behind in development compared to their peers who were sent to the higher levels.


title: Education in the Netherlands

text: It is possible for students to move up (or down) from one level to another level. If there is doubt early on about the level chosen, an orientation year may be offered. However, moving up a level later on may require a lot of extra effort, motivation and time resulting in some students not reaching their full potential.


title: Education in the Netherlands

text: Research has shown that 30% of gifted children are (mistakenly) advised to attend the VMBO, the lower level to which 60% of twelve-year-olds are initially sent. In this particular group of children there is a higher than normal percentage of drop-outs (leaving school without any diploma).


title: Education in the Netherlands

text: Although IQ testing may aid to reduce mistakes in choosing levels, research has also shown that IQ is not fixed at the age of 12 and may still improve with exposure to the proper educational stimuli, which the current Dutch system by design (early separation into levels) may fail to provide.


title: Education in the Netherlands

text: Another area of concern is that although parents have the right to have their voice heard in the school's decision making process, not all parents make use of this right equally, resulting in unequal opportunities for children.


title: Education in the Netherlands

text: A recent study by the University of Groningen has also shown strong correlation between lower parental income and advise given to students to follow lower education


Education in the Netherlands


title: Education in the Netherlands

text: The Programme for International Student Assessment has found that the Netherlands' educational standing compared to other nations has been declining since 2006, and is now only slightly above average. School inspectors are warning that reading standards among primary school children are lower than 20 years ago, and the Netherlands has now dropped down the international rankings. A similar trend is seen in arithmetic, maths and science.


title: Danny Nucci

text: Daniel Nucci (born September 15, 1968) is an American actor. He is best known for his supporting roles in blockbuster films, including his roles as Danny Rivetti in "Crimson Tide" (1995), Lieutenant Shepard in "The Rock" (1996), Deputy Monroe in "Eraser" (1996), and Fabrizio de Rossi in "Titanic" (1997), as well as his lead role as Mike Foster in the Freeform series "The Fosters" (2013–2018).


title: Danny Nucci

text: Born in Klagenfurt, Austria, to a French Moroccan mother and an Italian father, Nucci was raised in Italy until the age of seven, when his family relocated to the United States.


title: Danny Nucci

text: After temporarily living in Queens, New York, the family settled in the San Fernando Valley of California, where Nucci graduated from Grant High School. He married Terre Bridgham in 1995, and they had a daughter before their divorce in 1998. He played lovers with Paula Marshall in the 1997 film "That Old Feeling"; they married in 2003, and have a daughter.


title: Danny Nucci

text: During the 1990s, Nucci played characters who are unceremoniously killed off in three blockbuster films — "Eraser", "The Rock" and "Titanic" (as Fabrizio De Rossi, Jack Dawson's Italian friend) — which were released within 20 months of each other between 1996 and 1997. His character in "Alive" (also known as "Alive: The Miracle of the Andes") (1993) survives.


title: Danny Nucci

text: Elsewhere in film, he starred as Spider Bomboni in "Book of Love" (1990) and as Petty Officer Danny Rivetti in the Gene Hackman-Denzel Washington thriller "Crimson Tide" (1995). He played the roles of Benny Rodriguez in the straight-to-video film "" (2007) and a Port Authority police officer in "World Trade Center" (2006).


title: Danny Nucci

text: Nucci appeared as Gabriel Ortega on the CBS soap opera "Falcon Crest" from 1988 to 1989, and as Vincent Sforza in the television miniseries "" (2002). Other notable TV appearances include "Growing Pains", "Out of This World", "Quantum Leap", "Family Ties", "The Twilight Zone", "Tour of Duty", "Snoops", "Just Shoot Me", "House", "Without a Trace", "Criminal Minds", "The Mentalist", "", three episodes of "Castle" and one episode of "Arrow". Along with Ernie Hudson, he co-starred in the short-lived police drama series "". He provided the voice of Alberto the Chihuahua in "The Brave Little Toaster to the Rescue".


title: Danny Nucci

text: In 2010, he portrayed John Gotti in "Sinatra Club", and Dante McDermott in the science-fiction film "Nephilim". In 2011, he co-starred in the mystery thriller "Escapee". Until 2018, Nucci played Mike Foster on the Freeform (formerly ABC Family) drama "The Fosters".


title: Danny Nucci

text: Nucci portrayed Pop, the father of main character Felix Funicello, in the 2014 Lifetime television movie "Wishin' and Hopin'".


title: Emily Prentiss

text: Emily Prentiss is a fictional character on the CBS crime drama "Criminal Minds", portrayed by Paget Brewster. Prentiss first appeared in "The Last Word" (episode nine of season two), replacing Agent Elle Greenaway (Lola Glaudini), who had quit in "The Boogeyman". Her role in the show's sixth season was reduced, for what Brewster believed to be financial reasons. Brewster returned to her role for the show's seventh season. Her final episode as a main cast member was the May 16, 2012 episode "Run." Brewster reprised the role again in 2014 for the 200th episode. She returned as Prentiss following the departure of co-star Shemar Moore for the season 11 episode "Tribute".


title: Emily Prentiss

text: Brewster returned as series regular in season 12. She was brought back soon after co-star Thomas Gibson had been dismissed from the show.


title: Emily Prentiss

text: Prentiss was born on October 12, 1970 to her unnamed father Prentiss and wife Elizabeth, a US Ambassador. Due to her mother's job postings, Prentiss spent her childhood in numerous places, including Ukraine, France, Italy, and various countries in the Middle East. Her father has never been referred to in any way.


title: Emily Prentiss

text: Because her family moved so often, Prentiss had few friends growing up, and as a teenager sought the sense of belonging she craved in sexual promiscuity. She eventually became pregnant at age 15, while living in Rome with her parents, and had an abortion at a reproductive health clinic, accompanied and helped by her then most intimate friend, Matthew Benton, who later, ostensibly, makes her sit in the church's front seat with him, despite the common knowledge of what she did and against the priest's will. Matthew's devoted but fanatically religious parents forbade him to see her again, responsabilizing her for having deviated him, and made him feel so guilty about helping her get an abortion that he descended into drug addiction. Years later, they become convinced that his addiction was caused by demonic possession, and hire a sanctioned Catholic exorcist priest, Father Paul Silvano (Carmen Argenziano), to perform an exorcism that results in his death from a heart attack.


title: Emily Prentiss

text: Learning about it from a common teenage friend of hers and Benton, who had remained in touch with the last, John Cooley (Walton Goggins), Prentiss leads the BAU team in bringing her friend's killer to justice. Father Silvano appears to be performing intentionally fatal exorcisms, Benton's and two previous, as a revenge against their "dark souls", open to possession, for, according to him, having caused the death of his colleague priest Father Del Toro to prevent pilgrimages from occurring. Father Del Toro was, in turn, seemingly killed by Father Silvano's victims with a powerful drug that induced a heart attack, and, as such, he allegedly uses the same drug in his Holy Water during the exorcisms. Cooley is exorcised as the fourth and last target by Father Silvano, showing possession signs to him, but is interrupted by the team and extradicted to the Vatican, while leaving them the warning they are allowing a dangerous enemy to escape. At the end, Cooley apologizes to Emily for not having been in Rome for her when she aborted, which might mean as a friend or suggest that he was the one who got her pregnant.


title: Emily Prentiss

text: She graduated from Chesapeake Bay University with a B.A. in Criminal Justice, a fictitious university which is implied to be located in the Georgetown section of Washington, D.C., and then from Yale University before joining the FBI, and had worked at its field offices in the Midwest before coming to the Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU). Prentiss is extremely well-travelled due to her upbringing as an ambassador's daughter and her previous assignments while at Interpol. She is fluent in Arabic, Spanish, French, Italian, Russian (can hold a conversation but is limited), and Greek.


title: Emily Prentiss

text: Prentiss first appeared in the season two episode "The Last Word". Her appearance surprises both SSA Aaron Hotchner (Thomas Gibson) and Jason Gideon (Mandy Patinkin), as neither supervisor had signed off on the transfer. Hotchner is immediately suspicious of the new agent, but Prentiss, insisting that her mother had not pulled any strings for her to get the assignment, convinces him to let her join the team on a probationary basis, and eventually proves her competence and gains the team's trust.


title: Emily Prentiss

text: Prentiss was originally written as a lesbian and had a storyline where she woke up in bed next to a woman, which the creative team and Brewster were on board for, but CBS reportedly nixed the idea. In a 2016 interview, following Brewster's return to the show, she stated that she would still "be happy to play Emily as bisexual or gay."


title: Emily Prentiss

text: Initially upon joining the BAU, Prentiss feels like an outsider and often worries that people doubt her ability as a profiler. Over time, Prentiss proves herself through her sharp profiling skills, competence, and dedication to the work, gradually earning the trust and respect of her fellow BAU team members.


title: Emily Prentiss

text: Prentiss has a good relationship with her supervisor Aaron Hotchner and establishes herself as one of the most reliable and capable agents on the BAU. Hotchner had previously worked as the Head of Security for Prentiss's Ambassador mother, Elizabeth Prentiss, but did not cross paths with Prentiss, because she was off to Yale University. When she joins the BAU, they get off to a rocky start, but after a confrontation in his office about her feelings and opinions regarding politics and after she resigns instead of secretly feeding reports to Section Chief Erin Strauss (Jayne Atkinson), Hotchner begins to understand and trust Prentiss. Before leaving to be with the BAU on a case despite his suspension from the field, Hotchner stops by Prentiss' apartment to convince her to get on the plane with him to help their team solve the case they are currently working on.


title: Emily Prentiss

text: In "52 Pickup", Hotchner is seen asking Prentiss for advice on how to deal with Agent Jordan Todd (Meta Golding), and acts on her suggestions, even giving Todd another chance to prove herself.


title: Emily Prentiss

text: For the most part, Prentiss has also developed friendly relationships with the other members of the BAU team.


title: Emily Prentiss

text: Prentiss immediately bonds with Agent Derek Morgan (Shemar Moore) due to their mutual love of Kurt Vonnegut, and they develop a close relationship. Their strong bond is most evident in the episodes leading up to and after Prentiss' faked death. Morgan is able to detect that Prentiss is worried about something and tries to get her to tell him what is bothering her. He also feels betrayed when Prentiss does not reveal the extent of her involvement with Doyle and the case and assumes she does not trust him enough. Rossi later tries to reason with him that Prentiss is merely trying to protect the BAU team. Morgan is also with Prentiss, holding her, when she is dying after being seriously injured by Doyle, and tells her that he understands what she did, and that she is brave, and he is proud of her. When he believes she has died, Morgan takes her death quite hard and expresses anger toward Doyle. When Emily returns to the BAU in season 7, Morgan shows concern for her safety and ability to protect herself in the field by making her sign up for re-certification.


title: Emily Prentiss

text: Over time, she also forms a close relationship with Agent Jennifer "JJ" Jareau (A.J. Cook), especially when they are the only two female agents in the BAU in the field for several seasons. When Prentiss has to fake her death for the team's safety, Jareau is the only one (aside from Hotchner) who knows the truth. Jareau also flies to Paris and is involved in getting fake passports and setting up bank accounts for Prentiss to stay incognito. In the rare moments outside work, Jareau and Prentiss have been seen talking about children and the men, or lack thereof, in Prentiss' life. Prentiss is also the first to congratulate Jareau when she reveals she is pregnant for the first time.


title: Emily Prentiss

text: After Agent Spencer Reid (Matthew Gray Gubler) returns to work following his abduction by serial killer Tobias Hankel (James Van Der Beek), Prentiss experiences a falling out with Reid when he begins behaving erratically; it is later revealed that Reid is suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder as a result of his kidnapping, and has been abusing prescription drugs to numb the pain. Eventually, however, Prentiss helps him confront his personal demons and get help for his addiction. Prentiss sometimes joins in with Morgan in good-naturedly teasing Reid about his social awkwardness. She also amazes Reid when she beats him at poker, which he has never lost at before. Another turning point in their relationship is when Prentiss and Reid are held captive by a cult and Prentiss admits she is an FBI agent, causing her to suffer a beating from the cult's leader, Benjamin Cyrus (Luke Perry). As a result, Reid feels guilty, but Prentiss reassures him everything is all right and that her injuries are not his fault. Prentiss is also the only one Reid tells about his recurring headaches. Reid is one of the most affected by Prentiss' "death", sobbing on Jareau's shoulder because he never got to say goodbye. Later, when Prentiss comes back, Reid feels betrayed by Prentiss for not telling him the truth, but Prentiss confronts him and they eventually reconcile.


title: Emily Prentiss

text: Prentiss is often seen hanging out with Jareau and Technical Analyst Penelope Garcia (Kirsten Vangsness) outside of work. Garcia looks up to Prentiss, admiring her fluency in Arabic, her wit, and the fact she took up salsa dancing classes. Garcia also notes that after four years with the team, Prentiss is a part of the "BAU family"; they have a close friendship.


title: Emily Prentiss

text: Prentiss is shown to be an extremely competent, level-headed agent. She is not as affected by the nightmares that come with the job and manages to keep her cool in hostile confrontations. She is also shown to put herself in the line of fire, for example, volunteering to enter into the unsub's house to rescue his young son, and sacrifice herself for her teammates, as she does for Reid once in the season 4 episode, "Minimal Loss". She does not act rashly and there is only one rare occasion where she allows her personal feelings to interfere with investigations. It has been mentioned by Morgan that she has problems trusting others, preferring to handle things independently instead of asking for help, but it is revealed that this reluctance is due to her background as an undercover agent.


title: Emily Prentiss

text: In the sixth season, Prentiss is notified by her former superiors at Interpol that arms dealer Ian Doyle (Timothy V. Murphy) has escaped from prison in North Korea. Later, after returning home from work, Prentiss receives several hang-up calls on her home phone from an unknown caller. She then realizes that someone might be watching her, so she sets up noise traps and sits in a chair in front of the door with a gun. Upon her return home on a subsequent night, she finds an anonymous gift on her doorstep, containing a single purple flower. She experiences a flashback to a past undercover job in a Tuscan "villa" in Italy under the alias Lauren Reynolds, during which she was acting as his girlfriend and observing Doyle. Recognizing that the gift of the purple flower means Doyle knows where she lives, Prentiss flees. In "Coda", Prentiss enlists two former Interpol colleagues in hunting Doyle. In "Valhalla", Tsia Mosely (Siena Goines), one of her former Interpol colleagues, is shot in the head by Doyle. At the end of that episode, Prentiss sneaks out of a meeting in order to save her BAU colleagues from Doyle.


title: Emily Prentiss

text: At the beginning of "Lauren", it is revealed that Prentiss had been a spy eight years previously, on a task force profiling terrorists; while undercover, she met Doyle and became his lover. Her betrayal of Doyle led to his arrest and subsequent imprisonment, including time in a North Korean prison. Prentiss tracks down Doyle in Boston and tries to kill him, but he takes her hostage. Later, Rossi realized that she left their team meeting suddenly in order to protect them from Doyle as it was Prentiss that Doyle was after. Hotch says they will treat Doyle as an "unsub" (unidentified subject) and Prentiss as his victim, and profile them just as they would in any other case.


title: Emily Prentiss

text: They eventually track them down to an abandoned building in Boston and arrive with a SWAT team. Prentiss reveals to Doyle that his son, Declan Jones, whom Doyle believed had been killed with his pretending mother and Doyle's former housekeeper Louise Jones, is actually alive with her, and that she herself staged photos of executing them both in order to get Doyle to break under interrogation in North Korea. After an intense fight, Doyle manages to stab Prentiss in the abdomen with a broken table leg. Even though she is dying, she refuses to tell him where his son is hiding, and Doyle escapes shortly before Morgan reaches her. In the hospital, the BAU team is notified by JJ that Prentiss has never made it off the table. They are seen attending her funeral, on March 7, 2011. The last scene, however, reveals she is alive and in Paris, where JJ meets her and gives her an envelope with "passports from three different countries, and a bank account in each one to keep [her] comfortable". Her pet cat Sergio is then adopted by Garcia.


title: Emily Prentiss

text: In the season seven premiere, Morgan captures Doyle, and Prentiss returns to the BAU to assist the team in finding who kidnapped Doyle's son, Declan, namely his mother, another felon, Chloe Donahy. The team comes under fire from the judiciary panel for their retaliatory actions to avenge Prentiss' death, but everyone stands their ground to protect the team. Section Chief Erin Strauss later reveals to them that the committee was persuaded by Prentiss' defense and eventually decided to lift the BAU's suspensions although they will still be "keeping a close eye" on the members. Reid, who is still angry over her "death", refuses to speak to her or Jareau, or even look them in the eye. At the end of "Proof", Prentiss talks it through with him and they make amends. In the premiere it is also revealed that Garcia has been taking care of her cat, Sergio, and when she inquires about him, Garcia jokingly states that she wants visitation rights.


title: Emily Prentiss

text: In the season seven finale, Prentiss receives an offer to run Interpol's London office. While still pondering her decision on the offer, Prentiss decides to leave the BAU. In the season eight premiere, Morgan and Garcia mention seeing her while they were in London.


title: Emily Prentiss

text: Brewster returned for guest appearances in the season 9 episode "200" in 2014 and the season 11 episode "Tribute" in early 2016 before returning as a regular cast member in the season 12 episode "Taboo" later in the year.


title: Galatia

text: Galatia (; , "Galatía", "Gaul") was an ancient area in the highlands of central Anatolia, roughly corresponding to the provinces of Ankara and Eskişehir, in modern Turkey. Galatia was named after the Gauls from Thrace (cf. Tylis), who settled here and became a small transient foreign tribe in the 3rd century BC, following the Gallic invasion of the Balkans in 279 BC. It has been called the "Gallia" of the East.


title: Galatia

text: Galatia was bounded on the north by Bithynia and Paphlagonia, on the east by Pontus and Cappadocia, on the south by Cilicia and Lycaonia, and on the west by Phrygia. Its capital was Ancyra (i.e. Ankara, today the capital of modern Turkey).


title: Galatia

text: The terms "Galatians" came to be used by the Greeks for the three Celtic peoples of Anatolia: the Tectosages, the Trocmii, and the Tolistobogii. By the 1st century BC, the Celts had become so Hellenized that some Greek writers called them "Hellenogalatai" (Ἑλληνογαλάται). The Romans called them "Gallograeci". Though the Celts had, to a large extent, integrated into Hellenistic Asia Minor, they preserved their linguistic and ethnic identity.


title: Galatia

text: By the 4th century BC, the Celts had penetrated into the Balkans, coming into contact with the Thracians and Greeks. In 380 BC, they fought in the southern regions of Dalmatia (present day Croatia), and rumors circulated around the ancient world that Alexander the Greats father, Philip II of Macedonia had been assassinated by someone using a dagger of Celtic origins. Arrian writes that "Celts established on the Ionic coast" were among those who came to meet Alexander the Great during a campaign against the Getae in 335 BC. Several ancient accounts mention that the Celts formed an alliance with Dionysius I of Syracuse who sent them to fight alongside the Macedonians against the Thebans. In 279 BC, two Celtic factions united under the leadership of Brennus and began to push southwards from southern Bulgaria towards the Greek states. According to Livy, a sizable force split off from this main group and headed toward Asia Minor.


title: Galatia

text: For several years, a federation of Hellespontine cities, including Byzantion and Chalkedon, prevented the Celts from entering Asia Minor. During the course of the power struggle between Nikomedes I of Bithynia and his brother Zipoetes, the former hired 20,000 Galatian mercenaries. The Galatians split into two groups headed by Leonnorius and Lutarius respectively, which crossed the Bosporus and the Hellespont respectively. In 277 BC, when the hostilities had ended the Galatians came out of Nikomedes' control and began raiding Greek cities in Asia Minor while Antiochus was solidifying his rule in Syria. The Galatians looted Cyzikus, Ilion, Didyma, Priene, Thyatira and Laodicea on the Lycus, while the citizens of Erythras paid them ransom. Either in 275 or 269 BC, Antiochus' army faced the Galatians somewhere on the plain of Sardis in the Battle of Elephants. In the aftermath of the battle, the Celts then settled in northern Phrygia, a region that eventually came to be known as Galatia.


title: Galatia

text: The territory of Celtic Galatia included the cities of Ancyra (present day Ankara), Pessinus, Tavium, and Gordion.


title: Galatia

text: Upon the death of Deiotarus, the Kingdom of Galatia was given to Amyntas, an auxiliary commander in the Roman army of Brutus and Cassius who gained the favor of Mark Antony. After his death in 25 BC, Galatia was incorporated by Augustus into the Roman Empire, becoming a Roman province. Near his capital Ancyra (modern Ankara), Pylamenes, the king's heir, rebuilt a temple of the Phrygian god Men to venerate Augustus (the Monumentum Ancyranum), as a sign of fidelity. It was on the walls of this temple in Galatia that the major source for the "Res Gestae" of Augustus were preserved for modernity. Few of the provinces proved more enthusiastically loyal to Rome.


title: Galatia

text: Josephus related the Biblical figure Gomer to Galatia (or perhaps to Gaul in general): "For Gomer founded those whom the Greeks now call Galatians, [Galls], but were then called Gomerites." Others have related Gomer to Cimmerians.


title: Galatia

text: Paul the Apostle visited Galatia in his missionary journeys, and wrote to the Christians there in the Epistle to the Galatians.


title: Galatia

text: Although originally possessing a strong cultural identity, by the 2nd century AD, the Galatians had become assimilated (Hellenization) into the Hellenistic civilization of Anatolia. The Galatians were still speaking the Galatian language in the time of St. Jerome (347–420 AD), who wrote that the Galatians of Ancyra and the Treveri of Trier (in what is now the Rhineland) spoke the same language ("Comentarii in Epistolam ad Galatos", 2.3, composed c. 387).


title: Galatia

text: In an administrative reorganisation ("c." 386–395), two new provinces succeeded it, "Galatia Prima" and "Galatia Secunda" or "Salutaris", which included part of Phrygia. The fate of the Galatian people is a subject of some uncertainty, but they seem ultimately to have been absorbed into the Greek-speaking populations of Anatolia.


title: City College of New York

text: The City College of the City University of New York (also known as the City College of New York, or simply City College or CCNY) is a public university within the City University of New York (CUNY) system in New York City. Founded in 1847, City College was the first free public institution of higher education in the United States. It is the oldest of CUNY's 25 institutions of higher learning, and is considered its flagship college.


title: City College of New York

text: Located in Hamilton Heights overlooking Harlem in Manhattan, City College's 35-acre (14 ha) Collegiate Gothic campus spans Convent Avenue from 130th to 141st Streets. It was initially designed by renowned architect George B. Post, and many of its buildings have achieved landmark status. The college has graduated ten Nobel Prize winners, one Fields Medalist, one Turing Award winner, three Pulitzer Prize winners, and three Rhodes Scholars. Among these alumni, the latest is a Bronx native, John O'Keefe (2014 Nobel Prize in Medicine). City College's satellite campus, City College Downtown in the Cunard Building at 25 Broadway, has been in operation since 1981. It offers degree programs for working adults with classes in the evenings and Saturdays.


title: City College of New York

text: Other primacies at City College that helped shape the culture of American higher education include the first student government in the nation (Academic Senate, 1867); the first national fraternity to accept members without regard to religion, race, color or creed (Delta Sigma Phi, 1899); the first degree-granting evening program (School of Education, 1907); and, with the objective of racially integrating the college dormitories, "the first general strike at a municipal institution of higher learning" led by students (1949). The college has a 48% graduation rate within six years. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".


title: City College of New York

text: The City College of New York was founded as the Free Academy of the City of New York in 1847 by wealthy businessman and president of the Board of Education Townsend Harris. A combination prep school, high school / secondary school and college, it would provide children of immigrants and the poor access to free higher education based on academic merit alone. It was one of the early public high schools in America following earlier similar institutions being founded in Boston (1829),


title: City College of New York

text: The Free Academy was the first of what would become a system of municipally-supported colleges – the second, Hunter College, was founded as a women's institution in 1870; and the third, Brooklyn College, was established as a coeducational institution in 1930.


title: City College of New York

text: In 1847, New York State Governor John Young had given permission to the state Board of Education to found the Free Academy, which was ratified in a statewide referendum. Founder Townsend Harris proclaimed, "Open the doors to all… Let the children of the rich and the poor take their seats together and know of no distinction save that of industry, good conduct and intellect."


title: City College of New York

text: Dr. Horace Webster (1794–1871), a United States Military Academy at West Point graduate, was the first president of the Free Academy. On the occasion of The Free Academy's formal opening, January 21, 1849, Webster said:


title: City College of New York

text: The experiment is to be tried, whether the children of the people, the children of the whole people, can be educated; and whether an institution of the highest grade, can be successfully controlled by the popular will, not by the privileged few.


title: City College of New York

text: In 1847, a curriculum was adopted which had nine main fields: mathematics, history, language, literature, drawing, natural philosophy, experimental philosophy, law, and political economy. The Academy's first graduation took place in 1853 in Niblo's Garden Theatre, a large theater and opera house on Broadway, near Houston Street at the corner of Broadway and Prince Street.


title: City College of New York

text: Even in its early years, the Free Academy showed tolerance for diversity, especially in comparison to its urban neighbor, Columbia College, which was exclusive to the sons of wealthy families. The Free Academy had a framework of tolerance that extended beyond the admission of students from every social stratum. In 1854, Columbia's trustees denied distinguished chemist and scientist Oliver Wolcott Gibbs a faculty position because of Gibbs's Unitarian religious beliefs. Gibbs was a professor and held an appointment at the Free Academy since 1848. (In 1863, Gibbs went on to an appointment at Harvard College, the Rumsford Professorship in Chemistry, where he had a distinguished career. In 1873, he was awarded an honorary degree from Columbia with a unanimous vote by its Trustees with the strong urging of Columbia president Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard.) Later in the history of CCNY, in the early 1900s, President John H. Finley gave the college a more secular orientation by abolishing mandatory chapel attendance. This change occurred at a time when more Jewish students were enrolling in the college.


title: City College of New York

text: In 1866, the Free Academy, a men's institution, was renamed the "College of the City of New York". In 1929, the College of the City of New York became the "City College of New York". Finally, the institution became known as the "City College of the City University of New York" when the CUNY name was formally established as the umbrella institution for New York City's municipal-college system in 1961. The names City College of New York and City College, however, remain in general use.


title: City College of New York

text: With the name change in 1866, lavender was chosen as the college's color. In 1867, the academic senate, the first student government in the nation, was formed. Having struggled over the issue for ten years, in 1895, the New York state Legislature voted to let the City College build a new campus. A four-square block site was chosen, located in Manhattanville, within the area which was enclosed by the North Campus Arches; the college, however, quickly expanded north of the Arches.


title: City College of New York

text: Like President Webster, the second president of the newly renamed City College was a West Point graduate. The second president, General Alexander S. Webb (1835-1911), assumed office in 1869, serving for almost the next three decades. One of the Union Army's heroes at Gettysburg, General Webb was the commander of the Philadelphia Brigade. In 1891, while still president of the City College, he was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for heroism at Gettysburg. A full-length statue of Webb, in full military uniform, stands in his honor at the heart of the campus.


title: City College of New York

text: The college's curriculum under Webster and Webb combined classical training in Latin and Greek with more practical subjects like chemistry, physics, and engineering. One of the outstanding Nineteenth Century graduates of City College was the Brooklyn-born George Washington Goethals, who put himself through the college in three years before going on to West Point. He later became the chief engineer on the Panama Canal project (1903–1914) with one of the excavation cuts named for him. General Webb was succeeded by John Huston Finley (1863–1940), as third president in 1903. Finley relaxed some of the West Point-like discipline that characterized the college, including compulsory religious chapel attendance.


title: City College of New York

text: Phi Sigma Kappa placed its sixth oldest chapter on the campus in 1896, flourishing until 1973, and whose alumni still provide scholarships to new students entering the CCNY system.


title: City College of New York

text: Delta Sigma Phi was founded at CCNY in 1899 as a social fraternity based on the principle of the brotherhood of man. It was the first national organization of its type to accept members without regard to religion, race, color or creed. The chapter flourished at the college until 1932 when it closed as a result of the Great Depression. The founding of another national fraternity, Zeta Beta Tau, took place at City College in December 1898 by Dr. Richard Gottheil who aimed at establishing a Jewish fraternity with Zionist ideals. This chapter, however, has become defunct.


title: City College of New York

text: Education courses were first offered in 1897 in response to a city law that prohibited the hiring of teachers who lacked a proper academic background. The School of Education was established in 1921. The college newspaper, "The Campus", published its first issue in 1907, and the first degree-granting evening session in the United States was started.


title: City College of New York

text: Separate Schools of Business and Civic Administration and of Technology (Engineering) were established in 1919. Students were also required to sign a loyalty oath. In 1947, the college celebrated its centennial year, awarding honorary degrees to Bernard Baruch (class of 1889) and Robert F. Wagner (class of 1898). A 100-year time capsule was buried in North Campus.


title: City College of New York

text: Until 1929, City College had been an all-male institution. During that time, specifically in 1909, the first chapter of Sigma Alpha Mu fraternity was founded. In 1930, CCNY admitted women for the first time, but only to graduate programs. In 1951, the entire institution became coeducational.


title: City College of New York

text: In the years when top-flight private schools were restricted to the children of the Protestant establishment, thousands of brilliant individuals (including Jewish students) attended City College because they had no other option. CCNY's academic excellence and status as a working-class school earned it the titles "Harvard of the Proletariat", the "poor man's Harvard", and "Harvard-on-the-Hudson".


title: City College of New York

text: Even today, after three decades of controversy over its academic standards, no other public college has produced as many Nobel laureates who have studied and graduated with a degree from a particular public college (all graduated between 1935 and 1963). CCNY's official quote on this is "Nine Nobel laureates claim CCNY as their Alma Mater, the most from any public college in the United States." This should not be confused with Nobel laureates who teach at a public university; UC Berkeley boasts 19. Many City College Alumni also served in the U.S. Armed Forces during the Second World War (1939/41–1945). A total of 310 CCNY alumni were killed in the War. Prior to World War II, a large number of City College alumni—relative to alumni of other U.S. colleges—volunteered to serve on the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). Thirteen CCNY alumni were killed in Spain.


title: City College of New York

text: In its heyday of the 1930s through the 1950s, CCNY became known for its political radicalism. It was said that the old CCNY cafeteria in the basement of Shepard Hall, particularly in alcove 1, was the only place in the world where a fair debate between Trotskyists and Stalinists could take place. Being part of a political debate that began in the morning in alcove 1, Irving Howe reported that after some time had passed he would leave his place among the arguing students in order to attend class. When he returned to the cafeteria late in the day, he would find that the same debate had continued but with an entirely different cast of students. Alumni who were at City College in the mid-20th century said that City College in those days made the famous radicalism at the University of California at Berkeley in the 1960s look like a school of conformity.


title: City College of New York

text: The municipality of New York was considerably more conformist than CCNY students and faculty. The Philosophy Department, at the end of the 1939/40 academic year, invited the British mathematician and philosopher Bertrand Russell to become a professor at CCNY. Members of the Roman Catholic Church protested Russell's appointment. A woman named Jean Kay filed suit against the state Board of Higher Education to block Russell's appointment on the grounds that his views on marriage and sex would adversely affect her daughter's virtue, although her daughter was not a CCNY student. Russell wrote "a typical American witch-hunt was instituted against me." Kay won the suit, but the Board declined to appeal after considering the political pressure exerted. Also see "The Bertrand Russell Case".


title: City College of New York

text: Russell took revenge in the preface of the first edition of his book "An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth", which was published by the Unwin Brothers in the United Kingdom (the preface was not included in the U.S. editions). In a long précis that detailed Russell's accomplishments including medals awarded by Columbia University and the Royal Society and faculty appointments at Oxford, Cambridge, UCLA, Harvard, the Sorbonne, Peking (the name used in that era), the LSE, Chicago, and so forth, Russell added, "Judicially pronounced unworthy to be Professor of Philosophy at the College of the City of New York."


title: City College of New York

text: In 1945, Professor William E. Knickerbocker, Chairman of the Romance Languages Department, was accused of anti-semitism by four faculty members. They claimed that "for at least seven years they have been subjected to continual harassment and what looks very much like discrimination" by Knickerbocker. Four years later Knickerbocker was again accused of anti-semitism, this time for denying honors to high-achieving Jewish students. About the same time, Professor William C. Davis of the Economics Department was accused by students of maintaining a racially segregated dormitory at Army Hall. Professor Davis was the dormitory's administrator. CCNY students, many of whom were World War II veterans, launched a massive strike in protest against Knickerbocker and Davis. The "New York Times" called the event "the first general strike at a municipal institution of higher learning." Also see the Knickerbocker Case.


title: City College of New York

text: In 1955, a City College student named Alan A. Brown founded the economics honor society, Omicron Chi Epsilon. The purpose of the society was to confer honors on outstanding economics students, organize academic meetings, and publish a journal. In 1963, Omicron Chi Epsilon merged with Omicron Delta Gamma, the other economics honor society, to form Omicron Delta Epsilon, the current academic honor society in economics.


title: City College of New York

text: As student radicalism increased in the late 1960s, with the Civil Rights Movement and anti-Vietnam War feelings increased. culminating at CCNY during a 1969 protest takeover of the South campus, under threat of a riot, African American and Puerto Rican activists and their white allies demanded, among other policy changes, that the City College implement an aggressive affirmative action program to increase minority enrollment and provide academic support. At some point, campus protesters began referring to CCNY as "Harlem University." The administration of the City University at first balked at the demands, but instead, came up with an open admissions or open-access program under which any graduate of a New York City high school would be able to matriculate either at City College or another college in the CUNY system. Beginning in 1970, the program opened doors to college to many who would not otherwise have been able to attend college. The increased enrollment of students, regardless of college preparedness, however, challenged City College's and the university's academic reputation and strained New York City's financial resources.


title: City College of New York

text: City College began charging tuition in 1976. But after three decades, by 1999, the CUNY Board of Trustees voted to eliminate remedial classes at all CUNYs senior colleges, thereby eliminating a central pillar of the policy of Open Admissions and effectively ending it. Students who could not meet the academic entrance requirements for CUNY's senior colleges were forced to enroll in the system's community colleges, where they could prepare for an eventual transfer to one of the 4-year institutions. Since this decision, all CUNY senior colleges, especially CCNY, have begun to rise in prestige nationally, as evinced by school rankings and incoming freshman GPA and SAT scores. In addition, the end of open admissions sparked a change in CUNY's student demographics, with the number of Black and Hispanic students decreasing and the number of White Caucasian and Asian students increasing.


title: City College of New York

text: As a result of the 1989 student protests and building takeovers concerning tuition increases, a community action center was opened on the campus called the Guillermo Morales/Assata Shakur Community and Student Center, located in the NAC building. The center was named after CUNY alumni Assata Shakur and Guillermo Morales, both of whom are now in exile in Cuba. Students and neighborhood residents who used the center for community organizing against issues of racism, police brutality, and the privatization and militarization of CUNY faced constant repression or opposition from the City College administration for years. After a long controversy, on October 20, 2013, City College seized the Guillermo Morales/Assata Shakur Community and Student Center in the middle of the night, provoking a student demonstration.


title: City College of New York

text: Harvard and Yale at the "Super Bowl" of the American Parliamentary Debate Association in 1996. In 2003, the college's Model UN Team was awarded as an Outstanding Delegation at the National Model United Nations (NMUN) Conference, an honor that it would repeat for four years in a row.


title: City College of New York

text: The U.S. Postal Service issued a postcard commemorating CCNY's 150th anniversary, featuring Shepard Hall, on Charter Day, May 7, 1997.


title: City College of New York

text: The City University of New York began recruiting students for the University Scholars program in the fall 2000, and admitted the first cohort of undergraduate scholars in the fall 2001. CCNY was one of five CUNY campuses, on which the program was initiated. The newly admitted scholars became undergraduates in the college's newly formed Honors Program. Students attending the CCNY Honors College are awarded free tuition, a cultural passport that admits them to New York City cultural institutions for free or at sharply reduced prices, a notebook computer, and an academic expense account that they can apply to such academic-related activities as study abroad. These undergraduates are also required to attend a number of specially developed honors courses. In 2001 CUNY initiated the CUNY Honors College, renamed Macaulay Honors College in 2007. Both the CCNY Honors Program and the CCNY chapter of the Macaulay Honors College are run out of the CCNY Honors Center.


title: City College of New York

text: In October 2005, Dr. Andrew Grove, a 1960 graduate of the Engineering School in Chemical Engineering, and co-founder of Intel Corporation, donated $26 million to the Engineering School, which has since been renamed the Grove School of Engineering. It is the largest donation ever given to the City College of New York.


title: City College of New York

text: In August 2008, the authority to grant doctorates in engineering was transferred from the CUNY Graduate Center to City College Grove School of Engineering.


title: City College of New York

text: In 2009, the School of Architecture moved into the former Y Building, which was gutted and completely remodeled under the design direction of architect Rafael Viñoly. Also in 2009, school was renamed the Bernard and Anne Spitzer School of Architecture in honor of the $25 million gift the Spitzers gave to the school.


title: City College of New York

text: On July 1, 2018, the authority to grant doctorates in clinical psychology was transferred from the CUNY Graduate Center to City College.


title: City College of New York

text: On December 13, 2021, the Board of Trustees voted to accept a gift of $180,000 cash mailed by an anonymous donor, to be directed to funding two full tuition scholarships each year for at least ten years.


title: City College of New York

text: CCNY's Collegiate Gothic campus in Manhattanville was erected in 1906, replacing a downtown campus built in 1849. This new campus was designed by George Browne Post. According to CCNY's published history, "The Landmark neo-Gothic buildings [...] are superb examples of English Perpendicular Gothic style and are among the first buildings, as an entire campus, to be built in the U.S. in this style. Groundbreaking for the Gothic Quadrangle buildings took place in 1903". There were five original neo-Gothic buildings on the upper Manhattan campus, which opened in 1906:


title: City College of New York

text: Shepard Hall, the largest building and the centerpiece of the campus, was modeled after a Gothic cathedral plan with its main entrance on St. Nicholas Terrace. It has a large chapel assembly hall called the Great Hall, which has a mural painted by Edwin Blashfield called "The Graduate" and another mural in the Lincoln Hallway commissioned by the class of 1901 called "The Great Teachers" painted by Abraham Bogdanove in 1930. The building was named after Edward M. Shepard. One of Ernest Skinner's earliest organs was installed in the Great Hall in the early 1900s.


title: City College of New York

text: Baskerville Hall for many years housed the Chemistry Department, was also known as the Chemical Building, and had one of the largest original lecture halls on the campus, Doremus lecture hall. It currently houses HSMSE, The High School for Mathematics, Science, and Engineering.


title: City College of New York

text: Harris Hall, named in the original architectural plans as the Sub-Freshman Building, housed City College's preparatory high school, Townsend Harris High School, from 1906 until it moved in 1930 downtown to the School of Business.


title: City College of New York

text: Wingate Hall was named for George Wood Wingate (Class of 1858), an attorney and promoter of physical fitness. It served as the college's main gymnasium between 1907 and 1972.


title: City College of New York

text: The sixth campus, Goethals Hall, was completed in 1930. The new building was named for George Washington Goethals, the CCNY civil engineering alumnus who, as mentioned above in the section on the history of the college, went on to become the chief engineer of the Panama Canal. Goethals Hall housed the School of Technology (engineering) and adjoins the Mechanical Arts Building, Compton Hall.


title: City College of New York

text: The six Gothic buildings are connected by a tunnel, which closed to public use in 1969. Six hundred grotesques on the original Gothic buildings represent the practical and the fine arts.


title: City College of New York

text: The North Campus Quadrangle contains four great arches on the main avenues entering and exiting the campus:


title: City College of New York

text: The New York Landmarks Preservation Commission made the North Campus Quadrangle buildings and the College Gates official landmarks in 1981. The buildings in the Quadrangle were put on the State and National Register of Historic Places in 1984. In the summer of 2006, the historic gates on Convent Avenue were restored.


title: City College of New York

text: Steinman Hall, which houses the School of Engineering, was erected in 1962 on the north end of the campus, on the site of the Bowker Library and the Drill Hall to replace the facilities in Compton Hall and Goethals Hall, and was named for David Barnard Steinman (CCNY Class of 1906), a well known civil engineer and bridge designer.


title: City College of New York

text: The Administration Building was erected in 1963 on the North Campus across from Wingate Hall. It houses the college's administration offices, including the President's, Provost's and the Registrar's offices. It was originally intended as a warehouse to store the huge number of records and transcripts of students since 1847. The first floor houses the admissions office and the registrar's office, while the upper floors house the offices of the president and provost. The first floor of the Administration Building was given a postmodern renovation in 2004. In early 2007, the Administration Building was formally named the Howard E. Wille Administration Building, in honor of Howard E. Wille, class of 1955, a distinguished alumnus and philanthropist.


title: City College of New York

text: The Marshak Science Building was completed in 1971 on the site of the former Jasper Oval, an open space previously used as a football field. The building was named after Robert Marshak, renowned physicist and president of CCNY (1970–1979). The Marshak building houses all science labs and adjoins the Mahoney Gymnasium and its athletic facilities including a swimming pool and tennis courts.


title: City College of New York

text: In the 1970s, construction of the massive North Academic Center (NAC) was initiated. It was completed in 1984, and replaced Lewisohn Stadium and Klapper Hall. The NAC building houses hundreds of classrooms, two cafeterias, the Cohen Library, student lounges and centers, administrative offices, and a number of computer installations. Designed by architect John Carl Warnecke, the building has received criticism for its lack of design and outsize scale in comparison to the surrounding neighborhood. Within the NAC, a student lounge space was created outside the campus bookstore, and murals celebrating the history of the campus were painted on the doors of the undergraduate Student Government. Founded in 1869, it claims to be the oldest continuously operating student government organization in the country.


title: City College of New York

text: In 1953, CCNY bought the campus of the Manhattanville College of the Sacred Heart (which, on a 1913 map, was shown as The Convent of the Sacred Heart), which added a south section to the campus. This expanded the campus to include many of the buildings in the area between 140th Street to 130th Street, from St. Nicholas Terrace in the east to Amsterdam Avenue in the west. Former buildings of the Manhattanville College campus to be used by CCNY were renamed for City College's purposes: Stieglitz Hall; Downer Hall; Wagner Hall, the prominent Finley Student Center, which contained the very active Buttenweiser Lounge; Eisner Hall; Park Gym; Mott Hall; and others.


title: City College of New York

text: As a result of this expansion, the South Campus of CCNY primarily contained the liberal arts classes and departments of the college. The North Campus, also as a result of this expansion, mostly housed classes and departments for the sciences and engineering, as well as Klapper Hall (School of Education), and the Administration Building.


title: City College of New York

text: In 1957, a new library building was erected in the middle of the campus, near 135th Street on the South Campus, and named Cohen Library, after Morris Raphael Cohen, an alumnus (Class of 1900) and celebrated professor of philosophy at the college from 1912 to 1938. When the Cohen Library moved to the North Academic Complex in the early 1980s, the structure was renamed the 'Y' building, and housed offices, supplies, the mail room, etc. The building was eventually gutted and renovated to become the home of the School of Architecture in 2009 (see below).


title: City College of New York

text: In the 1970s, many of the old buildings of the South Campus were demolished, some that had been used by the Academy of the Sacred Heart. The buildings remaining on the South Campus at this time were the Cohen Library (later moved into the North Academic Center), Park Gym (now the Structural Biology Research Center (NYSBC)), Eisner Hall (built in 1941 by Manhattanville College of the Sacred Heart as a library, later remodeled and housed CCNY's Art Department and named for the chairman of the Board of Higher Education in the 1930s), the Schiff House (former President's residence, now a child care center), and Mott Hall (formerly the English Department, now a New York City Department of Education primary school).


title: City College of New York

text: Some of the buildings that were demolished at that time were Finley Hall (housed The Finley Student Center, student activities center, originally built in 1888–1890 as Manhattanville Academy's main building, and purchased in 1953 by City College), Wagner Hall, (which housed various social science and liberal arts departments and classes, originally built as a dormitory for Manhattanville Academy, and was named in honor of Robert F. Wagner Sr., member of the Class of 1898, who represented New York State for 23 years in the United States Senate), Stieglitz Hall, and Downer Hall, among others.


title: City College of New York

text: Several new buildings were erected on the South Campus, including Aaron Davis Hall in 1981 and the Herman Goldman sports field in 1993. In August 2006, the college completed the construction of a 600-bed dormitory, called "The Towers." There are plans to rename The Towers after a distinguished alumnus or donor.


title: City College of New York

text: The building that formerly housed Cohen Library, the "Y" building, became the new home for the School of Architecture, with the renovation headed by architect Rafael Viñoly. Near the 133rd Street gate, the Herman Goldman sports field was eliminated in favor of two new scientific education and research facilities.


title: City College of New York

text: In 2007, two new buildings had been proposed for the South Campus site by the Dormitory Authority of the State of New York (DASNY). One was a four-story Science Building, to serve as an adjunct to the Marshak Science Building on the North Campus, and the other was a six-story Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC).


title: City College of New York

text: Designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates, a pair of new buildings on the site of the Herman Goldman sports field: the Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC), serving visiting scientists and the whole CUNY system; and the Center for Discovery and Innovation. The buildings are linked by a tunnel. In total, these two buildings 400,000 square feet of laboratories, offices, an auditorium, and meeting rooms.


title: City College of New York

text: City College's original campus, the Free Academy Building, existed from 1849 to 1907. The building was designed by James Renwick, Jr. and was located at Lexington Avenue and 23rd Street in Gramercy Park. According to some sources, it was the first Gothic Revival college building on the East Coast. Renwick's building was demolished in 1928, and replaced in 1930 with a 16-story structure that is part of the present-day Baruch College campus.


title: City College of New York

text: In the early 1900s, after most of the Gothic campus had been built, CCNY President John H. Finley wanted the college to have a stadium to replace the existing inadequate facilities. New York City did not provide the money needed to build a stadium, but donated two city blocks south of the campus which were open park land. In 1912, businessman and philanthropist Adolph Lewisohn donated $75,000 for the stadium's construction and Finley commissioned architect Arnold W. Brunner to design Lewisohn Stadium.


title: City College of New York

text: Lewisohn Stadium was built as a 6,000-seat stadium, with thousands more seats available on the infield during concerts, and was dedicated on May 29, 1915, two years after Dr. Finley had left his post at the college. College graduation services were held in Lewisohn for many years, with the last graduation held in 1973 shortly before it was demolished. Deep under the grandstand seats was the college rifle range, used by ROTC students for basic handling of firearms.


title: City College of New York

text: A separate library building originally planned in 1912 for the campus was never built but ground was broken on March 25, 1927, for a free-standing library to be built on St. Nicholas Terrace, between St. Nicholas and 141st Streets. Only 1/5 of the original library plan was constructed at a cost of $850,000, far above the $150,000 alumni had collected to establish a library at the original Amsterdam Avenue and 140th Street site. The Bowker/Alumni Library stood at the present site of the Steinman Engineering building until 1957.


title: City College of New York

text: The Hebrew Orphan Asylum was erected in 1884 on Amsterdam Avenue between 136th and 138th Streets, and was designed by William H. Hume. It was already there when City College moved to upper Manhattan. When it closed in the 1940s, the building was used by City College to house members of the U.S. Armed Forces assigned to the Army Specialized Training Program (ASTP). From 1946 to 1955, it was used as a dormitory, library, and classroom space for the college. It was called "Army Hall" until it was demolished in 1955 and 1956.


title: City College of New York

text: In 1946, CCNY purchased a former Episcopal orphanage on 135th Street and Convent Avenue (North campus), and renamed it Klapper Hall, after Paul Klapper (Class of 1904) Professor and the Dean of School of Education and who was later the first president of Queens College/CUNY (1937–1952). Klapper Hall was red brick in Georgian style and it served until 1983 as home of the School of Education.


title: City College of New York

text: The college is located between West 130th and West 141st Streets in Manhattan, along Convent Avenue and St. Nicholas Terrace, between Amsterdam and St. Nicholas Avenues. The campus is served by the following transportation:


title: City College of New York

text: The City College of New York is organized into five schools, plus the Macaulay Honors College. The five schools of the City College of New York are The Colin Powell School for Civic and Global Leadership, The Bernard and Anne Spitzer School of Architecture, The School of Education, The Grove School of Engineering, and The CUNY School of Medicine. In addition to the five schools, there's the Division of Humanities and Arts, the Division of Science, and the Division of Interdisciplinary Studies at the Center of for Worker Education.


title: City College of New York

text: The college offers the Bachelor of Arts (B.A.), Bachelor of Science (B.S.), Bachelor of Science in education (B.S. Ed.), Bachelor of Engineering (B.E.), Bachelor of Fine Arts (B.F.A.), Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch.) degrees at the undergraduate level, and the Master of Arts (M.A.), Master of Science (M.S.), Master of Science in education (M.S.Ed.), Master of Engineering (M.E.), Master of Fine Arts (M.F.A.), Master of Architecture (M.Arch.), Master of Landscape Architecture (M.L.A.), Master of Urban Planning (M.U.P.), Master of Professional Studies (M.P.S.), Master of Public Administration (M.P.A.), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degrees at the graduate level.


title: City College of New York

text: For the fall 2016 entering class of freshman, the average SAT score was 1260/1600 and the average high school GPA was 90/100%.


title: City College of New York

text: For the 2022 - 2023 academic year, the City College of New York achieved earned the following national rankings:


title: City College of New York

text: The City College of New York has had a long and distinguished history in physics. Three of its alumni went on to become Nobel laureates in physics: Robert Hofstadter in 1961, Arno Penzias in 1978, and Leon Lederman in 1988. Albert Einstein gave the first of his series of United States lectures at the City College of New York in 1921. Other distinguished alumni and past faculty in the field are Mark Zemansky, Clarence Zener, Mitchell Feigenbaum, Myriam Sarachik and Leonard Susskind. Current faculty include Robert Alfano and Michio Kaku.


title: City College of New York

text: CCNY hosts a research center focusing on nanotechnology, structural biology, photonics, neuroscience and environmental sciences.


title: City College of New York

text: Part of CCNY's Colin Powell School for Civic and Global Leadership, the CUNY Dominican Studies Institute is the nation's only university-based research center devoted to "the history of the Dominican Republic and people of Dominican descent in the United States and across the wider Dominican diaspora."


title: City College of New York

text: The design of the three-faced college seal has its roots in the 19th century, when Professor Charles Anthon was inspired by views of Janus, the Roman god of beginnings, whose two faces connect the past and the future. He broadened this image of Janus into three faces to show the student, and consequently, knowledge, developing from childhood through youth into maturity.


title: City College of New York

text: The seal was redesigned for the college's Centennial Medal in 1947 by Albert P. d'Andrea (class of 1918). Professor d'Andrea, having immigrated from Benevento, Italy, in 1901, joined the faculty immediately after graduation and was Professor of Art and Chairman of the Art Department from 1948 to 1968.


title: City College of New York

text: In 2003, the college decided to create a logo distinct from its seal, with the stylized text "the City College of New York."


title: City College of New York

text: Olympic gold medalist Henry Wittenberg was co-captain of the CCNY wrestling team in 1939 during his undergraduate studies. After participating in two Olympics, he then taught wrestling at CCNY. In 1977, he was inducted into the National Wrestling Hall of Fame.


title: City College of New York

text: CCNY is the only team in men's college basketball history to win both the National Invitation Tournament and the NCAA Tournament in the same year (1950). However, this accomplishment was overshadowed by the CCNY point shaving scandal in which seven CCNY basketball players were arrested in 1951 for taking money from gamblers to affect the outcome of games. The scandal led to the decline of CCNY from a national powerhouse in Division I basketball to a member of Division III, and damaged the national profile of college basketball in general.


title: City College of New York

text: From 1934 until 1941, future NFL Hall of Famer Benny Friedman was the football coach at City College.


title: City College of New York

text: In 1938, future four-time Olympican Daniel Bukantz was the intercollegiate foil champion. Future Olympian James Strauch fenced for CCNY, graduating in 1942. In 1948, future Olympian Abram Cohen was a member of the NCAA Champion CCNY team. That same year future five-time Olympian Albert Axelrod was U.S. Intercollegiate Fencing Association and NCAA Champion in foil. Harold Goldsmith, a future three-time Olympian, won the 1952 NCAA foil championship while at CCNY.


title: City College of New York

text: The college currently fields seven men's teams (Baseball, Basketball, Cross Country, Indoor/Outdoor Track and Field, Soccer, Volleyball) and seven women's varsity athletic teams (Basketball, Cross Country, Fencing, Indoor/Outdoor Track and Field, Soccer, Volleyball). The department also offers a men's and women's Lacrosse clubs. The Beavers have won 1 NCAA Division I championship (Men's Basketball) and over 70 City University of New York Athletic Conference (CUNYAC) Championships since 1966. The Beavers have won 2 Division III Eastern College Athletic Conference (ECAC) Championships in the program's history: Men's Volleyball and Women's Basketball. The Beavers also have a successful history in NCAA Division III Track and Field. The Lady Beavers have placed within the top 3 multiple times, 5 times for Indoor Women, 2 times for Outdoor Women. The Men's and Women's Track teams combined have over 25 All-Americans since 1980.


title: City College of New York

text: The City College of New York and its resident art collection were founded in 1847. The collection contains roughly one thousand eight hundred works of art ranging from the historical to the contemporary. There were two major points in the college's history when most of the artwork in the collection was obtained; the first was at the founding of the institution and the second was in the 1970s when much of the campus underwent renovation and expansion. Also a larger portion of the collection was obtained through donations and "Percent for Art," a program established in 1982 to offer New York City agencies the opportunity to acquire or commission artwork for properties owned by the City of New York.


title: City College of New York

text: There is currently no art museum at City College, thus much of the collection is not on view for the student population or public. The collection includes works by Edwin Howland Blashfield, Walter Pach, Charles Alston, Raphael Soyer, Louis Lozowick, Stephen Parrish, Paul Adolphe Rajon, Mariano Fortuny, Marilyn Bridges, Lucien Clergue, Elliott Erwitt, Andreas Feininger, Harold Feinstein, Larry Fink, Sally Gall, Ralph Gibson, Jerome Liebling, Robert Mapplethorpe, Mary Ellen Mark, Joel Meyerowitz, Dorothy Norman and Gilles Peress.


title: City College of New York

text: The drawings, prints and photos which comprise the collection are housed within the libraries as a part of the City College archive, where individuals can make appointments to view the works. Some notable works from the collection include several Keith Haring prints and Edward Curtis's "The North American Indian".


title: City College of New York

text: Student involvement with the collection is minimum but there is some. At the moment graduate students in museum studies are working to develop an inventory of the collection. There are times when they host small exhibitions of works in the collection but there is no allotted gallery space for this. Undergraduate students mostly interact with the collection through their classes; aside from that most of their experiences with this collection come from the public sculptures around campus.


title: Glossary of Mafia-related words

text: This is a glossary of words related to the Mafia, primarily the Italian American Mafia and Sicilian Mafia.


title: Monty Oum

text: Oum attracted attention within the gaming community after releasing an animated video in 2007, titled "Haloid", where characters from the "Halo" and "Metroid" video game franchises fight against each other"," which went viral. In October of the same year, he released a follow-up, "Dead Fantasy". Oum began working for Rooster Teeth, serving as the lead animator for "Red vs. Blue", and creating the original animated series "RWBY".


title: Monty Oum

text: Oum had a severe allergic reaction and fell into a coma in January 2015. He died on February 1, 2015, in Austin, Texas.


title: Monty Oum

text: Oum was born in Providence, Rhode Island in 1981. He was of Cambodian, Vietnamese, Chinese, and Japanese heritage. He had four older brothers (including Neath, who took over voicing RWBY character Lie Ren after Oum's death) and two older sisters. As a teenager, he was a student at New Urban Arts, a community art studio for high school students in Providence.


title: Monty Oum

text: Oum dropped out of high school and began putting together fan videos as early as 2002. In January 2007, he discovered some reverse engineering techniques online that allowed him to extract models from "Halo 2" and, utilizing assets from "Super Smash Bros. Melee", created the "ultimate showdown" between a SPARTAN ("Halo") and Samus Aran ("Metroid") in "Haloid", a portmanteau of their respective franchises. The videos garnered a significant number of views online. Later in 2007, Oum produced a series called "Dead Fantasy" in which characters from "Final Fantasy" and "Dead or Alive" fight.


title: Monty Oum

text: Two months after the premiere of "Haloid", many gaming companies sought Oum, and he was eventually hired by Midway Games as a combat designer. In 2008 he was hired by Namco Bandai Games as a combat designer and animator for "Afro Samurai". The brief experience in the gaming industry frustrated Oum, and in 2009, he met Rooster Teeth co-founder Burnie Burns at a panel during San Diego Comic-Con International and the two discussed the possibility of Monty working for the company. It wasn't until PAX East 2010 that it was announced that Oum had been hired as an animator for the company's long-running web series "Red vs. Blue".


title: Monty Oum

text: His next work, the animated series "RWBY", featured highly involved and fantastical combat sequences between super-powered characters that garnered a following online. "RWBY" was a commercial success for Rooster Teeth, and critical reviews highlighted the high quality of its animated fight scenes. Two seasons of the show were produced, with a third in production at the time of Oum's death in early 2015. The show has now run for eight seasons, with a ninth in production.


title: Monty Oum

text: On January 22, 2015, Oum had an unspecified severe allergic reaction during a "simple medical procedure". On January 30, Rooster Teeth co-founder Burnie Burns stated that Oum was "in critical care and it is not known if he will recover". A donation page was set up for the medical expenses on GoFundMe, which received over $210,000. On February 1, 2015, at 4:34 PM, Oum reportedly died as a result of said allergic reaction. He was 33 years old.


title: Security (film)

text: Security is a 2017 American action thriller film directed by Alain DesRochers and written by Tony Mosher and John Sullivan. The film stars Antonio Banderas, Gabriella Wright, Ben Kingsley, and Chad Lindberg.


title: Security (film)

text: Eddie Deacon is a former Marine Corps Security Captain who has been unable to find a decent job since retiring from the corps and consequentially grown distant from his wife and daughter. Searching for jobs to support his family, he finally gets a job as a mall security guard through a welfare officer. He starts that same night and gets a hands-on orientation by Vance, the head of a small group of on-duty mall cops, including Ruby, Mason and Johnny.


title: Security (film)

text: Meanwhile, a US Marshal convoy transporting a little girl named Jamie is ambushed by professional, heavily armed mercenaries. She is the main witness in an organized crime trial. Though all the marshals are killed in the ensuing battle, Jamie manages to escape and finds refuge at the mall, where she is taken in by Eddie and Vance. The mercenaries leader Charlie arrives at the mall and poses as Jamie's father to gain access to her. The ruse subsequently fails when she frantically tries to get away from him. Charlie then offers them 1.25 millions dollars to turn Jamie over to them. Eddie refuses and Charlie prepares to storm the mall, setting a perimeter and disabling their cars. Mason informs Eddie and the other guards that Jamie's father was the money man for a cartel who chose to inform on them and was subsequently killed. Jamie witnessed the murder and was placed in witness protection so she is able to testify against them. Eddie places her in a storage room to keep her safe and stays in touch with her by radio, promising to protect her.


title: Security (film)

text: Eddie and the guards make homemade bombs and various other traps to defend the mall. They are somewhat successful and manage to kill quite a few of the mercenaries, but Johnny is killed by a sniper whilst trying to signal the police and Ruby is mortally wounded whilst aiding Vance's escape. Eddie bonds with Jamie and gives her a taser for protection. Meanwhile, several US Marshals arrive, and Eddie signals Mason to bring Jamie down to them, but in the process notices a telltale tattoo on their necks, leading him to realise they are part of the gang luring them out, and is able to kill them all, but not before they kill Mason. Vance eliminates the remaining mercenaries aiding Jamie's exit, but is badly wounded and is presumed dead.


title: Security (film)

text: Eddie tells Jamie to go and fetch a radio in order to signal for help, and then goes to take out the gang's van outside that is jamming the outside radio signal, but is attacked by Charlie's second in command Dead Eyes. He is able to subdue him long enough to escape on a motorised trike that was in the mall and then uses that to crash into the radio van, taking it out. Dead Eyes attacks again, but Eddie is able to kill him and the sniper using a gun that Vance kept in his car, being shot himself in the process.


title: Security (film)

text: Meanwhile Charlie stalks Jamie in the mall and tells her how he too was abandoned by his father, and offers to look after her in return for her silence. She escapes briefly, but Charlie finds her hiding. Eddie staggers in wounded and Charlie tells him he should have just taken the money and raises his gun. Jamie however is able to shock him with the taser Eddie gave her, enabling him to shoot Charlie in the head with Vance's pistol, killing him.


title: Security (film)

text: The police arrive and take Jamie to safety. She embraces Eddie, who sees Vance being taken into an ambulance, having survived his injuries. She visits Eddie in the hospital and tells him his daughter is lucky to have a father like him. Her uncle then arrives to take her home. In the last scene, Eddie is shown reuniting with his wife and daughter.


title: Security (film)

text: Principal photography on the film began in November 2015 in Bulgaria and ended on January 22, 2016. Alain DesRochers directed the $15 million budgeted film for Nu Image / Millennium Films.


title: BMW Z4 (E89)

text: The BMW Z4 (E89) is the second generation of the BMW Z4 range of two-door roadsters, and was produced from 2009 to 2016. The E89 replaced the E85/E86 Z4 and is the fourth model in the BMW Z Series.


title: BMW Z4 (E89)

text: that there were no longer separate roadster and coupé versions of the car. There was no Z4 M model for the E89 generation.


title: BMW Z4 (E89)

text: The E89 was the first BMW automobile to be completely designed by two female designers — Juliane Blasi (exterior) and Nadya Arnaout (interior) — in 2006.


title: BMW Z4 (E89)

text: The Z4 (E89) was officially announced on 13 December 2008 and was unveiled at the 2009 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, alongside the MINI Convertible. The Z4 (E89) was then launched in markets in May 2009.


title: BMW Z4 (E89)

text: A total of €130 million was spent from 2007 to 2009 in expansion of the Regensburg plant for production of the Z4 (E89). Although its predecessor was produced in the Spartanburg plant in the United States, the E89 was produced in the BMW's Regensburg plant alongside the E93 3 Series convertible making it the third Z series car to be manufactured in Germany since the Z1 and Z8.


title: BMW Z4 (E89)

text: The E89 Z4 was offered with the base level sDrive or optional M Sport trim. The M Sport trim included 18-inch alloy wheels, leather upholstery, sports seats, redesigned front and rear bumpers, sports steering wheel and sports suspension. An optional Design Pure Impulse package was also offered, having colour matching Alcantara or Nappa leather, and BMW Individual anthracite roof lining.


title: BMW Z4 (E89)

text: The 2013 facelift also introduced the Design Pure Traction and Pure Fusion Design package, which had the choice of the exclusive Valencia Orange and Sparkling Brown metallic paintwork respectively (alongside regular colours), and colour matching interior design elements. The Design Pure Traction package also featured a black hardtop roof.


title: BMW Z4 (E89)

text: The E89 Z4 came standard with BMW EfficientDynamics technologies, such as regenerative braking and electric power steering. Models also feature an electric parking brake, engine start-stop system, directional headlights, and a driving mode selector with Comfort, Sport, and Sport+ modes which adjust throttle and gearbox behaviour, power steering weighting, and the adjustable dampers (with the optional 'Electronic Damper Control'). The models could also be ordered with the iDrive infotainment system with BMWConnected services and keyless entry.


title: BMW Z4 (E89)

text: The Z4 sDrive35is is not available with a 6 speed manual. It was only available with a 7-speed dual-clutch transmission (DCT) in the M Sport trim, and uses an upgraded version of the N54 engine shared with the 1 Series M Coupé. The engine has a computer-controlled overboost function for 3rd to 7th gears. The boost function activates after each gear change with full throttle, and lasts for 7 seconds between 1,500 and 4,500rpm. Peak torque during overboost is , compared to without overboost.


title: BMW Z4 (E89)

text: The Zagato Coupé was a concept car based on the Z4 (E89) developed in collaboration with Italian design house Zagato. It was unveiled at the Concorso d'Eleganza Villa d'Este on 25 May 2012. As the then BMW chief designer Adrian van Hooydonk and Zagato chief designer Norihiko Harada were friends, the decision was quickly made when Andrea Zagato proposed a collaboration with BMW. The body of the Zagato Coupé was built entirely by hand and includes a double-bubble roof and Rosso Vivace paint which changes colour depending on the lighting, ranging from a near black to a bright red. The Zagato Coupé also incorporates the letter "z" in its design, with the kidney grille composed of small matte "z" letters, with "z" letters embroidered into the seats.


title: BMW Z4 (E89)

text: The Zagato Roadster was the roadster version of the Zagato Coupé that was unveiled three months earlier, and was introduced at the Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance on 19 August 2012. The Zagato Roadster was manufactured in six weeks, from the first design idea to the finished model. Similar to the Zagato Coupé, the paint work of the Roadster changes appearance according to the lighting, ranging from dark grey to a light silver. The roadster does away with the retractable hard-top of the Z4 and incorporated a tonneau cover for protection of the interior which incorporates a double-bubble shape. The Zagato roadster has a black interior, with a strip of brown leather trim extending to the roll-over hoops.


title: BMW Z4 (E89)

text: The E89 Z4 comes with electronic stability control, cornering brake control, emergency brake assist, rollover hoops, and airbags for the driver and passenger.


title: BMW Z4 (E89)

text: The Z4 GT3 was an FIA GT3-specification model available to private teams. It is powered by the P65B44 V8 engine based on the production engine used in the E92 M3 and generates a power output of . The weight of the Z4 GT3 is approximately .


title: BMW Z4 (E89)

text: In its 2010 debut season, the Z4 GT3 won the Dubai 24 Hour GT3 endurance event and finished second at the 2011 24 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps event by the Need For Speed Team Schubert. The Z4 GT3 achieved several victories in the FIA GT3 Championship and Blancpain Endurance Series.


title: BMW Z4 (E89)

text: In the 2011 Super GT season, Nobuteru Taniguchi and Taku Bamba won the GT300 class in a Z4 GT3. Tatsuya Kataoka and Nobuteru Taniguchi repeated this in 2014.


title: BMW Z4 (E89)

text: The Z4 GTE competed in the GT class of the 2013 American Le Mans Series, the GT Le Mans class of the 2014-2015 United SportsCar Championship and the 2014-2015 European Le Mans Series. It is also powered by the P65B44 V8 engine.


title: BMW Z4 (E89)

text: Turner Motorsport won the inaugural 2014 Tudor United SportsCar GT-Daytona Championship with an altered version of the Z4 GT3.


title: Man vs. Bee

text: Man vs. Bee is a 2022 British comedy streaming television series created and written by Rowan Atkinson and William Davies. The show consists of nine episodes, each of them directed by David Kerr. Atkinson stars as a down-on-his-luck man who finds himself entrenched in a battle with a bee while house sitting a rich couple's modern mansion. Jing Lusi, Claudie Blakley, Tom Basden, Julian Rhind-Tutt, Greg McHugh and India Fowler also feature. "Man vs. Bee" premiered on Netflix on 24 June 2022 and received generally positive reviews from critics.


title: Man vs. Bee

text: A house sitter named Trevor finds himself entrenched in an ongoing battle with a bumblebee while lodging amidst an elegant mansion.


title: Man vs. Bee

text: Additionally, Gediminas Adomaitis appears as Marek, Christian Alifoe as Karl, and Daniel Fearn as Lewis, the three burglars. Chizzy Akudolu appears as the judge, and Aysha Kala as the detective.


title: Man vs. Bee

text: "Man vs. Bee" was created by Atkinson and William Davies. The series was written by Davies, and directed by David Kerr. Davies had "been unsuccessfully pitching bee battles to Atkinson for years". Atkinson described the process as creating a story "roughly the length of a movie", then editing to 10 episodes. The series was originally designed for a different network, but when they rejected the series, it was offered to Netflix. Atkinson said the series was inspired by a of "Mr. Bean" from 1992. The editing process included creating cliffhangers for the end of episodes, that would not be needed for a movie. Atkinson described his character as "different" to Mr. Bean, "much nicer and much sweeter and more normal person" with a "weak spot" of "obsessiveness", compared to Mr. Bean's "self-centred, narcissistic anarchist". The first script meeting occurred just over three years before, and filmed a year before, release. While promoting the series, Kerr left the possibility of a second season open.


title: Man vs. Bee

text: The series was filmed over 12 weeks, the interior scenes at Bovingdon Studios, Hertfordshire, and exterior scenes throughout Hertfordshire and Buckinghamshire. They could not film in a real house due to Covid concerns by homeowners. Branded products were used to illustrate "the couple's luxury lifestyle", though were not paid for by brand owners. The show borrowed "the oldest surviving Jaguar E-type" from its owner, but created a replica for Atkinson's character to destroy. The Bee was either a physical model, or computer-generated by Framestore, depending on whether the Bee was static.


title: Man vs. Bee

text: The series was composed by Lorne Balfe, and the 20-track soundtrack was released alongside the series on 24 June 2022.


title: Man vs. Bee

text: The series was announced 13 December 2020. The cast and release date were announced on 14 April 2022. The trailer for the series was released 26 May 2022. Nine episodes were released on Netflix 24 June 2022. Promotion for the series included a billboard in Manchester, and a Beano comic strip by Nigel Parkinson. Three sculptures of Atkinson were created and unveiled at St Paul's Cathedral to promote the series and raise awareness for the issues faced by "native species of British bees and pollinators".


title: Man vs. Bee

text: The series was viewed for 18.2 million hours across its opening weekend, ranking tenth globally on Netflix for the week ending 26 June 2022. By 3 July 2022, the series had been viewed for 25.4 million hours and risen to seventh on Netflix globally for the preceding week.


title: Man vs. Bee

text: Atkinson's performance has been praised by critics. Stuart Jeffries of "The Guardian" argued Atkinson was "intentionally funny in all nine episodes". James Hibbs of "Radio Times" argued he "doesn't stray from his trademark, cringe-inducing slapstick hijinks" and he "does it better than anyone". Anita Singh of "The Telegraph" said he has "lost none of his skill". Joel Keller of Decider argued "this series shows off all the skills that have made his career so successful" and "the times when Atkinson gets very physical" is a highlight. Ben Dowell of "The Times" described Atkinson's performance as "reassuringly familiar" and "commandingly skilful as you would expect", but less enjoyable to watch screw things up than Mr. Bean can be. Steve Bennett of Chortle said "Atkinson remains a master of this genre".


title: Man vs. Bee

text: However, Imogen West-Knights of "New Statesman" argued Atkinson in "Man vs. Bee" does not reach "the queasy delights of Bean". Hibbs criticised the series for being too long and pacing lulling in the middle, West-Knights similarly criticised the release format. Vicky Jessop of "Evening Standard" argued the plot wears thin by the end of the first episode, and the others are too long. Jeffries, and West-Knights, criticised the lack of characterisation for the Bee. Jeffries, Sean O'Grady of "The Independent", and Camilla Long of "The Times", criticised the product placement.


title: Black Spot (TV series)

text: Black Spot () is a French-Belgian television supernatural thriller that premiered on France 2 on 10 April 2017, following its debut in February at the 2017 . Created by Mathieu Missoffe via co-production of Ego Productions, Be-Films, and RTBF, the series stars Suliane Brahim, Hubert Delattre, and Laurent Capelluto.


title: Black Spot (TV series)

text: In November 2017, Amazon Prime acquired the rights to stream Season 1 globally outside of Denmark, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg — a first for any French series. A second season was commissioned by France 2 and was released globally on Netflix on June 14, 2019.


title: Black Spot (TV series)

text: Police-Major Laurène Weiss is the head of the Gendarmerie (police) of her hometown of Villefranche, a small, isolated, fictional town surrounded by a forest in the mountains. Prosecutor Franck Siriani arrives to learn why the town's murder rate is six times the national average; he also has an interest in investigating the major's clouded past. The forest is a strange and exceptionally dangerous place, in which many of the murders take place.


title: Reddy

text: Reddy (also transliterated as "Raddi", "Reddi", "Reddiar", "Reddappa", "Reddy") is a caste that originated in India, predominantly settled in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. They are classified as a forward caste.


title: Reddy

text: The origin of the Reddy has been linked to the Rashtrakutas, although opinions vary. They were feudal overlords and peasant proprietors. Historically they have been the land-owning aristocracy of the villages. Traditionally, they were a diverse community of merchants and cultivators. Their prowess as rulers and warriors is well documented in Telugu history. The Reddy dynasty (1325–1448 CE) ruled coastal and central Andhra for over a hundred years.


title: Reddy

text: According to Alain Daniélou and Kenneth Hurry, the Rashtrakuta and Reddy dynasties may both have been descended from the earlier dynasty of the Rashtrikas. This common origin is by no means certain: there is evidence suggesting that the Rashtrakuta line came from the Yadavas in northern India and also that they may simply have held a common title. Either of these alternate theories might undermine the claim to a connection between them and the Reddys.


title: Reddy

text: The varna designation of Reddys is a contested and complex topic. Even after the introduction of the varna concept to south India, caste boundaries in south India were not as marked as in north India, where the four-tier varna system placed the priestly Brahmins on top followed by the Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. In south India, on the other hand, there existed only three distinguishable classes, the Brahmins, the non-Brahmins and the Dalits. The two intermediate dvija varnas—the Kshatriyas and Vaishyas—did not exist.


title: Reddy

text: The dominant castes of south India, such as Reddys and Nairs, held a status in society analogous to the Kshatriyas and Vaishyas of the north with the difference that religion did not sanctify them, i.e. they were not accorded the status of Kshatriyas and Vaishyas by the Brahmins in the Brahmanical varna system. Historically, land-owning castes like the Reddys have belonged to the regal ruling classes and are analogous to the Kshatriyas of the Brahmanical society.