title: Artemisia I of Caria

text: A legend, quoted by Photius, some 13 centuries later, claims that Artemisia fell in love with a man from Abydos (), named Dardanus (), and when he ignored her, she blinded him while he was sleeping, but her love for him increased. An oracle told her to jump from the top of the rock of Leucas, but she was killed after she jumped from the rock and buried near the spot. Those who leapt from this rock were said to be cured from the passion of love. According to a legend, Sappho killed herself jumping from these cliffs too, because she was in love with Phaon.


title: Artemisia I of Caria

text: Pausanias, in the third book of his work "Description of Greece" (), entitled "Laconia" () mentioned that in the marketplace of Sparta the most striking monument was the portico which they called "Persian" (), because it was made from spoils taken in the Persian wars. Over time, the Spartans altered it until it became very large and splendid. On the pillars were white-marble figures of Persians, including Mardonius. There was also a figure of Artemisia.


title: Artemisia I of Caria

text: Artemisia was succeeded by her son Pisindelis, who became the new tyrant of Caria. He would himself later be succeeded by his son Lygdamis.


title: Artemisia I of Caria

text: Several modern ships were named after Artemisia. An Iranian destroyer (Persian: ناوشکن) purchased during the Pahlavi dynasty was named "Artemis" in her honour. This destroyer was the largest ship in the Iranian Navy. The previous name of the Greek ferryboat, "Panagia Skiadeni", was "Artemisia" (ex-Star A, Orient Star and Ferry Tachibana).


title: Artemisia I of Caria

text: In the municipality of Nea Alikarnassos in Crete there is a cultural association founded in 1979 named "Artemisia", after Queen Artemisia.


title: Artemisia I of Caria

text: Artemisia appears in Gore Vidal's 1981 (and 2002 release) historical novel "Creation". In Vidal's depiction, she had a long relationship with the Persian general Mardonius, who at some


title: Artemisia I of Caria

text: periods lived in Halicarnassus and acted unofficially as her consort – but that she refused to marry him, determined to preserve her independence.


title: Artemisia I of Caria

text: In the 2014 film, "", Artemisia is featured as commander of the invading navy that the Greeks must fight, and serves as the main antagonist. She is portrayed by Eva Green.


title: Chernozem

text: Chernozem (from ; "black ground"), also called black soil, is a black-colored soil containing a high percentage of humus (4% to 16%) and high percentages of phosphorus and ammonia compounds. Chernozem is very fertile soil and can produce high agricultural yields with its high moisture storage capacity. Chernozems are a Reference Soil Group of the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB).


title: Chernozem

text: The name comes from the Russian terms for black and soil, earth or land ("chorny" + "zemlya"). The soil, rich in organic matter presenting a black color, was first identified by Russian geologist Vasily Dokuchaev in 1883 in the tallgrass steppe or prairie of European Russia.


title: Chernozem

text: Chernozem cover about 230 million hectares of land. There are two "chernozem belts" in the world. One is the Eurasian steppe which extends from eastern Croatia (Slavonia), along the Danube (northern Serbia, northern Bulgaria (Danubian Plain), southern and eastern Romania (Wallachian Plain and Moldavian Plain), and Moldova, to northeast Ukraine across the Central Black Earth Region of Central Russia, southern Russia into Siberia. The other stretches from the Canadian Prairies in Manitoba through the Great Plains of the US as far south as Kansas. Similar soil types occur in Texas and Hungary. Chernozem layer thickness may vary widely, from several centimetres up to 1.5 metres (60 inches) in Ukraine, as well as the Red River Valley region in the Northern US and Canada (location of the prehistoric Lake Agassiz).


title: Chernozem

text: The terrain can also be found in small quantities elsewhere (for example, on 1% of Poland). It also exists in Northeast China, near Harbin. The only true chernozem in Australia is located around Nimmitabel, with some of the richest soils in the nation.


title: Chernozem

text: Previously, there was a black market for the soil in Ukraine. The sale of agricultural land has been illegal in Ukraine since 1992 until the ban was lifted in 2020, but the soil, transported by truck, was able to be sold and bought. According to Kharkiv-based "Green Front" NGO, the black market for illegally acquired chernozem in Ukraine was projected to reach approximately US$900 million per year in 2011.


title: Chernozem

text: Chernozemic soils are a soil type in the Canadian system of soil classification and the World Reference Base for Soil Resources.


title: Chernozem

text: As seen in the list above, the 19th and 20th-century discussions on the pedogenesis of Chernozem originally stemmed from climatic conditions from the early Holocene to roughly 5500 BC. However, no single paleo-climate reconstruction could accurately explain geochemical variations found in Chernozems throughout central Europe. Evidence of anthropomorphic origins of stable pyrogenic carbon in Chernozem led to improved formation theories. Vegetation burning could explain Chernozem's high magnetic susceptibility, the highest of the major soil types. Soil magnetism increases when soil minerals goethite and ferrihydrite convert to maghemite on exposure to heat. Temperatures sufficient to elevate maghemite on a landscape scale indicates the influence of fire. Given the rarity of such natural phenomenon in the modern-day, magnetic susceptibility in Chernozem likely relates to control of fire by early humans.


title: Chernozem

text: Humification can darken soils (melanization) absent a pyrogenic carbon component. Given the symphony of pedogenic processes that contribute to the formation of dark earth, the term Chernozem summarizes different types of black soils with the same appearance but different formation histories.


title: Javier Saviola

text: Javier Pedro Saviola Fernández (; born 11 December 1981) is an Argentine former professional footballer who played as a forward.


title: Javier Saviola

text: He represented both Barcelona and Real Madrid, also having notable spells with Benfica and Olympiacos, and was named as the youngest player on Pelé's FIFA 100 list of the 125 greatest living footballers in 2004. Due to his ancestry he also holds Spanish nationality since 2004, and he amassed La Liga totals of 196 games and 70 goals over the course of eight seasons; he started and finished his career at River Plate.


title: Javier Saviola

text: Saviola won league titles in Argentina, Spain, Portugal and Greece during his playing career, as well as a UEFA Cup. An Argentine international for seven years, he represented his country at the 2006 World Cup and the 2004 Copa América, where Argentina reached the final. He also won a gold medal at the 2004 Olympics in Athens.


title: Javier Saviola

text: Nicknamed "El Conejo" ("The Rabbit"), Buenos Aires-born Saviola made his debut for Club Atlético River Plate at the age of 16, and went on to be a prolific goalscorer for the club.


title: Javier Saviola

text: He helped River to the 1999 "Apertura" and 2000 "Clausura" championships, and earned the 1999 South American Footballer of the Year award. Still only 18, he gained a reputation as a phenomenal prospect, and was even regarded as a potential heir to Diego Maradona, in particular after he broke the latter's 1978 record by becoming the youngest player to win the Golden Boot award.


title: Javier Saviola

text: In 2001, aged 19, Saviola moved abroad to play for FC Barcelona in a £15 million transfer. He obtained Spanish citizenship shortly after, thereby not being restricted by the Spanish league maximum on the number of non-European Union citizens allowed in each team; under coach Carles Rexach, he scored 17 goals in his first season, finishing joint-fourth top scorer in La Liga.


title: Javier Saviola

text: Saviola's second year at the Camp Nou did not start well, as he only scored two goals in the first half of the season. Radomir Antić became the new coach after Louis van Gaal was fired, and he went on to net 11 goals in the latter half of the campaign; Frank Rijkaard was subsequently appointed as new manager for 2003–04, and the player scored 14 times in the league alone, but was deemed surplus at the club as was longtime attacking partner Patrick Kluivert.


title: Javier Saviola

text: Saviola was sent on loan in the summer of 2004, moving to AS Monaco FC in Ligue 1. As he did not fit into Rijkaard's plans he was again loaned out the following year, this time to Sevilla FC who were seeking to replace Real Madrid-bound Júlio Baptista; with the Andalusians he won his first title in Europe, conquering the UEFA Cup — he also scored nine times in the league, good enough for fifth.


title: Javier Saviola

text: Saviola returned to Barcelona for 2006–07, playing in 18 league games, six as a starter, and netting five goals. He benefited greatly from injuries to teammates, most notably to Samuel Eto'o, and added five in as many matches in that season's Copa del Rey, notably a hat-trick against Deportivo Alavés (3–2 win at home, 5–2 aggregate).


title: Javier Saviola

text: On 10 July 2007, Real Madrid signed Saviola after his Barcelona contract expired, on a three-year deal. Although on a financially lucrative contract, he endured a difficult time at Real, being mainly restricted to cup matches and sporadic appearances (mainly as a substitute) in the league and the UEFA Champions League.


title: Javier Saviola

text: The arrival of Klaas-Jan Huntelaar limited Saviola's opportunities even more, and he finished his Real Madrid spell with five goals in 28 overall appearances.


title: Javier Saviola

text: On 26 June 2009, S.L. Benfica and Real Madrid agreed on a €5 million deal that would see Saviola play in Portugal for the next three years, with an option for one more; a €30 million clause was added. On 16 July, he scored two goals to send his team into the Guadiana Trophy finals after defeating Athletic Bilbao.


title: Javier Saviola

text: Saviola netted twice on 22 October 2009, guiding his side to a 5–0 victory over Everton for the UEFA Europa League (he would also score in their 2–0 win in Liverpool in the second match), adding another brace four days later in a 6–1 routing of C.D. Nacional for the Primeira Liga.


title: Javier Saviola

text: On 6 December 2009, Saviola scored through a chip shot against Académica de Coimbra in a 4–0 home win. On 20 December he netted the game's only goal as Benfica defeated rivals FC Porto at home; during the victorious campaign, he formed a deadly attacking partnership with Paraguayan Óscar Cardozo, with the pair combining for more than 50 goals overall.


title: Javier Saviola

text: On 3 January 2010, shortly before receiving the SJPF Player of the Month award, Saviola scored another winning goal against Nacional, now for the Taça da Liga, again being the game's only scorer in an away defeat of Rio Ave FC, netting in the 48th minute. He scored his 19th goal overall in a 3–1 home triumph against F.C. Paços de Ferreira on 7 March, and the Lisbon club was eventually crowned league champions


title: Javier Saviola

text: In the last hours of the 2012–13 summer transfer window, Saviola agreed on a move to Málaga CF. He played 45 minutes in his first appearance, a 1–0 win at Real Zaragoza on 1 September.


title: Javier Saviola

text: On 15 September 2012, Saviola scored once and provided one assist in a 3−1 home win against Levante UD. He continued with his streak the following game, Málaga's first-ever in the Champions League group stage, netting in a 3–0 home win over FC Zenit Saint Petersburg.


title: Javier Saviola

text: On 25 July 2013, Saviola signed a two-year contract with Greek champions Olympiacos FC. He scored his first goal in the Superleague on 25 August, coming on at half-time and helping his team come from behind to win 2–1 at home to Atromitos F.C. On 10 December he netted a brace – and also missed a penalty – in a 3–1 success over R.S.C. Anderlecht also at the Karaiskakis Stadium in the group stage's last round, which helped the Piraeus team finish second and qualify at the expense of former side Benfica.


title: Javier Saviola

text: On 2 September 2014, Saviola joined Serie A club Hellas Verona FC. He made his official debut on 22 September, starting in a 2–2 home draw against Genoa CFC, and scored his first goal on 2 December, netting the only in a home win over Perugia Calcio for the Coppa Italia. His sole goal of the league season came on 25 January 2015, the only one in a home victory over Atalanta BC.


title: Javier Saviola

text: On 30 June 2015, River Plate announced that Saviola had returned to the club. He left in January of the following year, after failing to find the net in his second spell, and subsequently retired from professional football at the age of 34.


title: Javier Saviola

text: Immediately after retiring, Saviola settled in Andorra with his family and was appointed assistant manager at FC Ordino in the Primera Divisió. In February 2018, he joined local futsal team Encamp. In April of that year, he won the principality's futsal league with the side.


title: Javier Saviola

text: Saviola starred in the 2001 edition of the FIFA U-20 World Cup, held in Argentina. He was top scorer and was voted player of the tournament, as the national team won the competition; with 11 goals in seven games, he became the record goal-scorer in the tournament's history.


title: Javier Saviola

text: Two years later, Saviola played in the 2004 Olympic Games and won the gold medal. Under coach Marcelo Bielsa he was given few playing opportunities for the senior team but, after the former's resignation in 2004, new manager José Pékerman, who also worked with him at youth level, turned the tide in the player's favour; he was also a member of the squads that reached final of the 2004 Copa América and the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup, netting three times in the former tournament and one in the latter.


title: Javier Saviola

text: Saviola was called up to represent Argentina at the 2006 World Cup – Luciano Figueroa and Luciano Galletti were also in contention for a place on the roster, but his excellent form for Sevilla secured his place in the squad. He scored against Ivory Coast in the country's opening game, and made two assists in the 6–0 victory over Serbia and Montenegro also in the group phase.


title: Javier Saviola

text: Saviola retired from international football on 5 December 2009, although not yet 28. He stated that he felt his career as an Argentina player had come to an end, and that he wanted to concentrate on club football.


title: Javier Saviola

text: Saviola was known for his speed, agility, dribbling and ability to score from almost any attacking position on the field. A diminutive, talented, and prolific forward, with a slender build, he was capable of playing as a striker, in a more creative role as a second striker, or even in a playmaking role as an attacking midfielder. Throughout his career, Saviola was nicknamed "El Conejo" ("The Rabbit", in Spanish), due to his appearance, and also "El Pibito" ("The Little Kid", in Spanish), a reference to compatriot Diego Maradona, who was nicknamed "El Pibe de Oro" ("The Golden Kid", in Spanish), and to whom Saviola was often compared in his youth.


title: Javier Saviola

text: Saviola was sponsored by sportswear company Nike, and appeared in commercials for the brand. In a global advertising campaign in the run-up to the 2002 World Cup in Korea and Japan, he starred in a "Secret Tournament" commercial (branded "Scopion KO") directed by Terry Gilliam, appearing alongside footballers such as Luís Figo, Thierry Henry, Hidetoshi Nakata, Roberto Carlos, Ronaldinho, Ronaldo and Francesco Totti, with former player Eric Cantona the tournament "referee".


title: Jumia

text: Jumia is a Pan-African technology company that is built around a marketplace, logistics service and payment service. The logistics service enables the delivery of packages through a network of local partners while the payment services facilitate the payments of online transactions within Jumia’s ecosystem. It has partnered with more than 100,000 active sellers and individuals and is a direct competitor to Konga in Nigeria and Amazon in Egypt.


title: Jumia

text: In 2012, Jeremy Hodara and Sacha Poignonnec, ex-McKinsey consultants, founded Jumia along with Tunde Kehinde and Raphael Kofi Afaedor.


title: Jumia

text: Jumia was launched in Nigeria in 2012 and expanded to five other countries : Egypt, Morocco, Ivory Coast, Kenya and South Africa. In 2014, the company launched offices in Tunisia, Tanzania , Ghana , Cameroon , Algeria and Uganda , and by 2018 it was present in 14 African countries. In Egypt, Jumia has been trying to categorize itself as one of the leading e-commerce websites.


title: Jumia

text: In June 2013, Jumia launched Jumia Travel, a hotel booking platform, and Jumia Food, a food delivery platform. Jumia Deals was launched in April 2015. In 2017, Jumia launched Jumia One, an app that enables customers to pay bills such as airtime. The same year, Jumia launched JumiaPay, a secure payment for people to shop on all Jumia services. This was followed by the Jumia lending program, an initiative that allows its vendors to access business loans.


title: Jumia

text: In South Africa, Jumia operates under the brand name Zando (zando.co.za), focusing only on online fashion retail.


title: Jumia

text: At the end of 2015, the founders of Jumia appointed Juliet Anammah as the CEO of Jumia Nigeria so that they could concentrate on global control of the company. Massimiliano Spalazzi took over from Juliet as CEO in Nigeria in January 2020 and Juliet was appointed as the chairwoman of Jumia Nigeria and the Head of Institutional Affairs, Africa.


title: Jumia

text: In late November 2018, Jumia partnered with cryptocurrency company Telcoin to enhance payment service capabilities throughout their areas of operation. The same month, Jumia and Carrefour signed a partnership to sell online products in Africa.


title: Jumia

text: In April 2019, Jumia went public on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and raised $196 million in net proceeds. The share price, initially offered at $14.50, rose more than 200% in the first three trading sessions. The first analyst papers release 21 days after the IPO rated the company at stock targets between 27 and 40 USD. After reaching a peak of nearly $50 on 1 May 2019, the share value has declined to under $5/share by year's end.


title: Jumia

text: In November 2019, Jumia announced the suspension of its e-commerce operations in Cameroon effective on 18 November as the company concluded that its transactional portal is currently not suitable to the current environment in Cameroon.


title: Jumia

text: As part of the portfolio optimization effort, Jumia later ceased operations in Tanzania effective on 27 November 2019. While Jumia operations in Tanzania provided many opportunities for customers and vendors, the company said it needed to focus its resources on other markets that can bring the best value and help Jumia thrive. The decision, the company affirmed, would help it achieve greater success in the future.


title: Jumia

text: On 9 December 2019, Jumia suspended Jumia Food in Rwanda, making it the 3rd country in two months as part of a continuous monitoring of the business environment and operating costs in the markets in which it operates. Jumia, however, vowed to continue doing business online in those countries on the classifieds portals, previously called Jumia Deals.


title: Jumia

text: On 9 December 2019, Travelstart entered into a distribution and commercial agreement with Jumia Travel, Jumia’s hotel booking platform, to power the latter’s pan-African online travel booking portal. Under the agreement, Travelstart took control of the sales, fulfilment and customer service aspects of Jumia Travel online booking websites in all its operating territories.


title: Jumia

text: In 2020, Jumia experienced a shift in shopping habits across its markets in Africa as more shoppers bought everyday products as opposed to electronics. Shopping for essentials such as foodstuff, fashion and beauty products saw Jumia’s total sales value of Fast-Moving Consumer Goods grow by 13 percentage points last year, from 44% in 2019, according to the Jumia Africa E-commerce Index 2021.


title: Jumia

text: In 2021, Jumia launched its technology centre in Egypt to provide its services to the Egyptian market as well as Africa at large.


title: Jumia

text: COVID-19 accelerated the growth of e-commerce and digital entrepreneurship in Africa and more women have embraced digital business. On the Jumia platform, over a third of businesses in Côte d'Ivoire and over half in Kenya and Nigeria are owned by women according to IFC.


title: Jumia

text: In November 2022, Jumia announced leadership changes to support its journey towards profitability with the appointment of a new Management Board and Acting CEO, while Jeremy Hodara and Sacha Poignonnec, Co-CEOs, resigned from their roles. The Supervisory Board appointed Francis Dufay as Acting CEO and elevated Antoine Maillet-Mezeray to Executive Vice President Finance & Operations.


title: Jumia

text: On 16 March 2020, Jumia announced a major partnership with Reckitt Benckiser, a global health products manufacturer, to provide a steady supply of hygiene products at affordable pricing and help hamper the spread of the Coronavirus.


title: Jumia

text: In May 2020, The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in partnership with Jumia Uganda, launched an online platform to enable small and medium enterprises to connect with consumers to sustain livelihoods in view of restrictions on movement, stay at home measures and social distancing guidelines which were instituted as part of the measures to curtail further transmission of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.


title: Jumia

text: In September 2020, the Moroccan Ministry of handicrafts teamed up with Jumia to help artisans sell their products online and alleviate the impact of the coronavirus pandemic, which affected the craft industry and other sectors of the economy of the North African Kingdom.


title: Jumia

text: In December 2020, Jumia announced a partnership with Egypt Post to boost and develop e-commerce trade flows and industry in Egypt.


title: Jumia

text: In December 2021, UNICEF and Jumia partnered to help Giga connect schools in Africa to the Internet and every young person to information, opportunity, and choice.


title: Jumia

text: In February 2022, Jumia announced a partnership with LocQar, a smart locker company, to bring online deliveries closer to its consumers in Ghana, ensuring that customers who order items on Jumia get to pick up their packages quicker, safer and conveniently.


title: Jumia

text: In September 2022, a partnership was announced with Zipline for deliveries dropped from their robotic aircraft. In addition, a partnership with Coca Cola was announced to provide online shopping to consumers in Africa.


title: Jumia

text: Jumia has a logistics network, which includes among its physical locations over 20 warehouses and more than 1,300 drop-off stations and pick-up stations, located across Jumia’s 11-country market, including remote areas. In 2020, Jumia announced that its logistics service is now available for use by third parties who wish to leverage its network, technology and expertise for last-mile deliveries across 11 countries in Africa.


title: Jumia

text: In August 2021, Jumia partnered with modern eco-friendly mobility company, Solar Taxi to provide affordable and eco-friendly delivery of online orders for consumers in Ghana as the company looks to achieve a fully green footprint through the use of clean and sustainable renewable energy.


title: Jumia

text: In November 2022, Jumia announced that it will be scaling back its logistics-as-a-service offering and will only be available in 3 countries (Nigeria, Ivory Coast and Morocco). Jumia Prime will also be suspended.


title: Jumia

text: In December 2021, Jumia launched a payment service provider (PSP), JumiaPay in Egypt upon regulatory approval. The PSP came as part of Jumia’s strategic partnership with the National Bank of Egypt, with an objective of facilitating online payments as well as the distribution of various digital and financial services.


title: Jumia

text: Jumia Nigeria's ecommerce website, Jumia.com.ng, is ranked number 1,503 in global internet engagement and the thirteenth most visited website in Nigeria in late April 2020, according to Alexa.com - a global internet traffic ranking firm. It is the sixth most-visited local website in Nigeria, as of April 2020, following a recent listing by IABC Africa Media.


title: Jumia

text: In May 2019, the short-seller Andrew Left of Citron Research referenced Jumia as a "securities fraud", citing material discrepancies regarding key financial metrics among a confidential investor presentation and Jumia’s F-1 filing to the SEC from its April 2019 IPO. Andrew Left is known on Wall Street for making several claims of fraud and has faced calls to be investigated.


title: Jumia

text: Jumia's share price sank more than 50% in one week after the report was published. Citigroup, one of Jumia’s IPO underwriters, released a report debunking most of Citron’s allegations but noted that, “Jumia could do more to provide disclosure on some aspects of its operations, as a matter of transparency and best practice.”


title: Jumia

text: In 2012, Kasuwa (which means Market in Hausa Language) was launched with the support of Rocket Internet, MTN, and Millicom, and was later renamed Jumia Group. In March 2016, Jumia Group secured over €300M of funding from MTN, Rocket Internet, AXA, Goldman Sachs, Orange and CDC.


title: Tatooine

text: Tatooine () is a fictional desert planet that appears in the "Star Wars" franchise. It is a beige-colored, desolate world orbiting a pair of binary stars, and inhabited by human settlers and a variety of other life forms. The planet was first seen in the original 1977 film "Star Wars", and has to date featured in a total of six "Star Wars" theatrical films, three live-action television series, and two animated series.


title: Tatooine

text: It is the home planet of the protagonist of the Star Wars Trilogy, Luke Skywalker, and also of his father, Anakin Skywalker (Darth Vader). It is also the planet where Obi-Wan Kenobi takes up residence under the name "Ben Kenobi" in to watch over Luke during his exile following the events of Order 66 and Anakin's fall to the dark side. Shots of the binary sunset over the Tatooine desert are considered to be an iconic image of the film series.


title: Tatooine

text: In his early drafts of the "Star Wars" story, author George Lucas changed the names of planets and characters several times. In his early treatment, Lucas opened the story on the fourth moon of the planet Utapau, the home of a young warrior called Annikin Starkiller. In Lucas's rough draft, "The Star Wars" (1974), the escaping droids land in a desert on the planet Aquilae; in later drafts the planet again takes the name of Utapau. Prior to production, early artwork commissioned by Lucas from conceptual illustrator Ralph McQuarrie show robots lost on a desert world, scorched by twin suns and mysterious, masked Tusken Raiders riding large horned Banthas.


title: Tatooine

text: George Lucas originally envisaged filming the Utapau/Tatooine scenes in Algeria (inspired by Michelangelo Antonioni's 1975 film "The Passenger"), Libya or Iran, but these locations were rejected by 20th Century Fox. When production began on "Star Wars", production designers John Barry and Robert Watts scouted for filming locations in Morocco and Tunisia. Lucas, accompanied by producer Gary Kurtz visited the Tunisian island of Djerba with them and were impressed by the desert landscape and the unusual architecture, and selected Tunisia to provide the desert planet setting. Lucas was also keen to shoot at the Hotel Sidi Driss in Matmata, a decision which extended the shoot, and consequently the budget, by a day. Filming in Tunisia began on March 22, 1976, and immediately ran into difficulty: the region was experiencing its first heavy rainfall in seven years, which disrupted the setting of an arid desert planet. The Matmata hotel consisted of a troglodyte dwelling in a large hole in the ground. Combined with shots at Chott el Djerid, near Nefta, this formed the setting for the Lars homestead and moisture farm. The landing site for and escape pod was filmed in sand dunes at La Grande Dune, near Nefta, and exterior shots of Mos Eisley spaceport were shot on Djerba. The name "Tatooine" is not actually mentioned in the final screenplay of "Star Wars"—Lucas was still working on his fourth draft while scouting locations, and adapted the name from a town in southern Tunisia called Tataouine (French spelling, or "Tataween" spelling in Tunisian Arabic).


title: Tatooine

text: Certain scenes filmed on Djerba were subsequently deleted from the final cut of the film in order to improve the narrative pace. The most significant material cut was a series of scenes set in the township of Anchorhead which served to introduce the characters of Luke Skywalker and Biggs Darklighter. Lucas asked film editor Richard Chew to cut these scenes as they had been likened to ""American Graffiti" in outer space" by Fox executives (in reference to Lucas's 1973 film).


title: Tatooine

text: Footage filmed at Sidi Bouhlel in Tunisia was combined with 1977 second unit filming at Death Valley National Park in California to create the rocky canyon scenes featuring Jawas and Tusken Raiders.


title: Tatooine

text: When crews returned to Tunisia to film for the Star Wars prequel films in 1998, locations at Onk Jemal (Ong Jmal) in Tozeur, Ksar Ouled Soltane and Ksar Hadada, Ghomrassen were used for Tatooine scenes. Abandoned sets for the filming have been left in the desert but can be visited.


title: Tatooine

text: Tatooine originally featured in the 1977 film "Star Wars", and was the first planet to be seen in the film franchise. In the opening scene, the planet and two of its moons are seen in space against a sea of stars, forming the backdrop of a space battle which sets in motion the events of the film. Two robots, and , jettison in an escape pod from a captured spaceship, the "Tantive IV", and land on the surface of Tatooine. The droids lose their way in a sparse desert and are captured by small scavenger creatures called Jawas. When the robots are sold on to human settlers, protagonist Luke Skywalker is introduced as a young man living with his aunt and uncle on a farm. The hostility of the arid desert environment is emphasised by the depiction of sandstorms and the heat of the binary stars, as Luke watches a twin sunset over the sand dunes. Humans are constantly threatened by violent bandit creatures called Tusken Raiders. As the film progresses, various leading characters are introduced to the story in scenes set on Tatooine: Obi-Wan Kenobi, Han Solo and Chewbacca. Later Tatooine scenes take place in Mos Eisley, a gritty bustling spaceport on the planet which is a centre of smuggling and organised crime. One of the most celebrated scenes in the "Star Wars" saga is in the Mos Eisley cantina, a shady saloon populated by exotic alien species. Composer John Williams wrote music for the alien band in this scene in the style of swing musician Benny Goodman, and arranged with unusual instrumentation to convey an other-worldly sound. Tatooine features once again in the 1983 film "Return of the Jedi", in which the story's heroes return to Tatooine to rescue Han Solo from Jabba the Hutt, a fearsome gangster who dominates the criminal underworld on Tatooine.


title: Tatooine

text: When the prequel trilogy revived the film franchise in 1999, the action returned to Tatooine for "" as the setting for the childhood of Luke's father, Anakin Skywalker. Living as a slave in another spaceport, Mos Espa, Anakin competes in pod races, long-distance airborne races across the desert. The Jedi master Qui-Gon Jinn meets Anakin after making an emergency landing on the planet, and helps him win his freedom. In "" (2002), an older Anakin returns to Tatooine to search for his mother, Shmi, who has been kidnapped by Tusken Raiders. The prequels depict a vast expanse of desert with jagged rock formations. Tatooine features once more in the final prequel film, "" (2005); in the closing scene, Obi-Wan Kenobi takes the infant Luke Skywalker and delivers him to his adoptive parents on the Tatooine moisture farm while he goes into hiding by residing in the Junland Wastelands which are in Tatooine's mountainous areas, thus explaining his first appearance in that location in the "Episode IV".


title: Tatooine

text: Tatooine appears briefly at the end of "The Rise of Skywalker", when Rey visits the remains of the Lars moisture farm.


title: Tatooine

text: Located in an unknown galaxy's desolate Outer Rim, Tatooine orbits a pair of binary stars,  I and  II. The planet's indigenous lifeforms such as the womp rat, bantha, Sarlacc, and Krayt dragon are well-adapted to its arid climate. Though its proximity to the suns makes life difficult, it is located near key hyperspace routes, making it a smuggler and gangster haven; debris from shipwrecks also provides resources for scavengers. Annual sandstorms wipe out landmarks and make nomadic life dangerous, with the planet's populations clustered into distinct settlements.


title: Tatooine

text: A small Imperial presence brings the planet an additional source of water, its most precious commodity. Though tasked to enforce the law, stormtroopers often overlook crime; an efficient black market also enables the procurement of illegal goods. Human settlers often become moisture farmers and live in subterranean dwellings in order to survive. Pipe systems distribute most of the harvested moisture to indoor crops supplying food for the farmers. Rare water sources such as springs in badlands (e.g. Beggar's Canyon) provide hydration for hermits and Tusken Raiders.


title: Tatooine

text: The planet is dominated by the Hutts, a clan of gangsters and crime lords. Since Tatooine was beyond the reach of the Galactic Republic, the Hutts presided over the lawless planet with little outside interference. When the Galactic Empire subsumed the Old Republic, the new regime established only a token presence on Tatooine, which left Jabba the Hutt's reign unchallenged until his death during the events depicted in "Return of the Jedi". The planet gained notability in what is an unknown galaxy as the homeworld of Luke Skywalker.


title: Tatooine

text: Because Tatooine features so prominently in the "Star Wars" film series, a wide range of locations has been represented on-screen.


title: Tatooine

text: Although the planet is sparsely populated, settlements of varying size have provided the settings for many scenes in "Star Wars" films.


title: Tatooine

text: The first settlement to be shown is Anchorhead where many human settlers on Tatooine pursue a difficult agrarian existence on remote "moisture farms" in the desert, collecting water vapor from the atmosphere to grow crops. Among these moisture farmers is the young hero of the film, Luke Skywalker, who resides with his Uncle Owen and Aunt Beru at the Lars Homestead. The region is dangerous, with kidnappings by Tusken Raiders being a major problem, as shown in "Attack of the Clones" (2002), when Luke's father Anakin, lost his mother to Tusken Raiders. In the original film, Luke also mentions Tosche Station (or Toshi Station), which was a mechanical repair shop featured in scenes that were deleted from the final cut of the original 1977 film. In the deleted scenes, Luke meets his young friends and bids farewell to Biggs Darklighter, who is about to leave to the Imperial Academy. The Jedi Obi-Wan Kenobi is also exiled near that region, although his house is remote from other houses, as he is hiding under the alias Ben.


title: Tatooine

text: Bestine is the "capital" of Tatooine; although it does not appear in any films, it is mentioned as "Bestine township" in the 1976 novelisation "" and is featured prominently in "Star Wars Galaxies" video games. In the Expanded Universe, there is also a separate planet named "Bestine".


title: Tatooine

text: Mos Pelgo briefly known as Freetown, was a town located in the northern hemisphere of the planet Tatooine. Seen in both ": Knights of the Eternal Throne" and "The Mandalorian".


title: Tatooine

text: Tatooine is mostly a desert environment. Characters in the films make reference to the deserts by name: the Jundland Wastes, a rocky region, is the location of the Tusken Raider attack in "Star Wars" (1977), and the neighboring Dune Sea (the basin of an ancient ocean) is the setting for Jabba the Hutt's palace has the Rancor pit inside the palace. Also situated in the Dune Sea is the Great Pit of Carkoon, the lair of the deadly omnivorous Sarlacc creature.


title: Tatooine

text: Tatooine also appeared in the theme park attraction Star Tours - The Adventures Continue in Disney's Hollywood Studios in Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando, Florida and Disneyland Park in Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California.


title: Tatooine

text: The discovery of exoplanets in the real universe gained pace in the early 21st century. In 2015, the US space agency NASA published an article which stated that many of the newly discovered astronomical bodies possessed scientifically confirmed properties that are similar to planets in the fictional "Star Wars" universe. Among them, the planets TOI 1338 b, Kepler-16b and Kepler-453b have been likened to Tatooine because they have been discovered orbiting binary star systems.


title: Tatooine

text: The desert planet of Jakku in the "Star Wars" sequel trilogy film "The Force Awakens" (2015) has been noted as being very similar to Tatooine.


title: Tatooine

text: In August 2019, rapper Kanye West announced that he was designing prefabricated homes inspired by the settlements on Tatooine seen in "A New Hope" to serve as low-income housing. His prototypes in Calabasas, California were torn down after he was cited for not obtaining the proper permits and receiving complaints about the "gumdrop-shaped" structures. On July 5, 2020, West tweeted a photograph of similar structures being built to promote his presidential campaign.


title: Ultimate Marvel

text: Ultimate Marvel, later known as Ultimate Comics, was an imprint of comic books published by Marvel Comics, featuring re-imagined and modernized versions of the company's superhero characters from the Ultimate Marvel Universe. Those characters include Spider-Man, the X-Men, the Ultimates (the Ultimate Marvel Universe counterpart of the Avengers), the Fantastic Four, and others. The imprint was launched in 2000 with the publication of the series "Ultimate Spider-Man" and "Ultimate X-Men" in 2001, followed by "The Ultimates" and "Ultimate Fantastic Four" in 2002 and 2004 respectively providing new origin stories for the characters. The reality of Ultimate Marvel is designated as Earth-1610 as part of the Marvel Comics Multiverse.


title: Ultimate Marvel

text: The Ultimate Universe, as a part of a large-scale reboot of the All-New, All-Different Marvel multiverse, ended at the conclusion of the 2015 "Secret Wars" storyline, when select characters from the Ultimate Universe moved to the mainstream universe. However, writer Brian Michael Bendis established at the end of the 2017 miniseries "Spider-Men II" that the universe and its superheroes still exist.


title: Ultimate Marvel

text: In the late 1990s, the US comic book industry had declining sales. Annual combined sales from all publishers, which had been close to a billion dollars in 1993, had declined to 270 million. The bubble that held comic books as valuable collectible items burst. In addition, the poor reception of the "Batman & Robin" film cast doubts on the prospects of any other comic book cinematic adaption. Marvel Comics went through a Chapter 11 bankruptcy, many notable artists left the company, and their rival, DC Comics, topped them in sales. Brian Michael Bendis, who was hired to start the imprint, said that "when I got hired, I literally thought I was going to be writing one of the last — if not the last — Marvel comics".


title: Ultimate Marvel

text: Comic book continuity, which had been a key to the success of Marvel Comics in its early years, turned into a problem for some readers. All stories had to fit into a sixty-year continuity, a bar that not all fans could reach and which scared away some new readers. The usual style of superhero comics with pages of garish colors, fantastical villains and convoluted plots was of little interest to young adult audiences, who preferred the style set by the "Matrix" franchise. Most superheroes were adults, even those that started as teenagers, such as Spider-Man and the X-Men. Previous attempts to cut the long continuity did not work as expected: DC's "Crisis on Infinite Earths" and "" caused several plot contradictions, and Marvel's "Heroes Reborn" was panned by critics and fans. The Dark Age of Comic Books tried to counter the campiness of the Silver Age with violence and shocking content, but the trend was declining as well.


title: Ultimate Marvel

text: The idea for the Ultimate imprint was developed by Bill Jemas. A lawyer who had worked mainly at the collectible-trading-card industry before that point, he had little interaction with the production of comic books. In his perspective, the main problem of Marvel Comics was that it was "publishing stories that were all but impossible for teens to read — and unaffordable, to boot". He worked on an idea given by a CEO of the "Wizard" magazine: reboot the heroes to their original character premise. Marvel's editor-in-chief Joe Quesada preferred to start an imprint with new heroes, but accepted Jemas' proposal. The working title for the imprint at that point was "Ground Zero". Unlike previous reboots, there was no in-story explanation for the existence of the imprint, and the standard comic books were still being published, unaffected by the new project. Thus, "Ultimate Spider-Man" would contain the stories of a new teenager Spider-Man starting his career, and the usual Spider-Man titles would still contain the stories of the adult Spider-Man with nearly forty years worth of continuity.


title: Ultimate Marvel

text: Quesada then hired Brian Michael Bendis, an artist from indie publishers, for the first comic book of the imprint, "Ultimate Spider-Man". One of the previous auditioners had made a word-by-word rewrite of the "Amazing Fantasy" #15 comic (the debut of Spider-Man), in a modern setting. Bendis preferred to avoid that writing style completely. Instead, he changed the narration style, so that it resembled a TV series more than a classic superhero comic book. There were no thought bubbles or long expositions, and the first issue did not feature any superhero costume. Jemas tried to bring more notice into the comic book by distributing it at chain stores like Payless Shoes and Walmart. The sales rose, and the comic book was acclaimed by critics. The art was created by Mark Bagley, known for his work on Spider-Man and Venom stories in the 1990s. The Bendis/Bagley partnership of 111 consecutive issues made their partnership one of the longest in American comic book history, and the longest run by a Marvel creative team, beating out Stan Lee and Jack Kirby on "Fantastic Four".


title: Ultimate Marvel

text: "Ultimate X-Men" was also launched in 2001. It was initially delayed by the search for a creative team, and even Bendis' proposed scripts were rejected. The new title was finally given to Mark Millar, who had a controversial run in DC's "The Authority". The two authors had conflicting styles: Bendis sought to modernize the old superhero tropes, and Millar sought to critique them. While Bendis tried to write atemporal stories, Millar preferred to set his stories amid the political tensions of the time, with edgy, quick action-driven stories and making the relationship between humans and mutants more realistic and distrustful. The first issue of "Ultimate X-Men" sold 117,085 copies in a month. Lacking previous knowledge about the characters, Millar based his general draft of the series on the 2000 "X-Men" film.


title: Ultimate Marvel

text: Jemas and Quesada paired Millar with artist Bryan Hitch, who had also worked with "The Authority", but in a run that did not overlap with Millar's. They would reimagine the Avengers, who were renamed as "the Ultimates". Unlike the simple updates of the Spider-Man and X-Men titles, the Ultimates were a complete reimagination of the Avengers, with very little in common with the mainstream title. Ultimate Captain America got a rash soldierly (and until the final events of "The Ultimates 2", jingoist) personality, Hulk was written as a murderous and cannibalistic monster that kills hundreds of civilians, and Thor was ambiguously introduced as either an actual Norse god (as in the main comics) or a man with stolen weapons and a psychiatric disorder. Nick Fury, originally a caucasian character in the Marvel-616 Universe, was modeled after the actor Samuel L. Jackson, and the new design eventually overshadowed the original one, being incorporated into the mainstream Marvel-616 universe and all new media adaptions of the characters. The main premise was to write a comic that looked the way a superhero film about the Avengers should look. At that point, the Marvel Cinematic Universe had not been created, and the prospect of a film about the Avengers was remote. The series was a huge success, and became the single best-selling comic of the year.


title: Ultimate Marvel

text: The "Ultimate Marvel" imprint was benefited by the contemporary topics that took place. Terrorism resurfaced into the public perception as a clear, dangerous and complex menace, which reduced the credibility of the usual supervillains of superhero fiction. Fictional conflicts involving explosions and property damage became more ominous. The "Ultimate Marvel" comics incorporated those topics into their plots, which would eventually become commonplace in the whole comic book industry.


title: Ultimate Marvel

text: Jemas was fired from Marvel in 2004, and Millar and Hitch left the "Ultimates" after writing a second miniseries. Sci-fi writer Orson Scott Card wrote a miniseries, "Ultimate Iron Man", which was poorly received and later retconned as an in-universe TV show. In 2008, Quesada considered that the Ultimate imprint needed a big crossover event to keep the interest of the audiences, and hired Jeph Loeb for a third "Ultimates" miniseries that would lead to such event. This miniseries relied on shock value and gratuitous amounts of death and violence, instead of the political overtones of the first two. The art by Joe Madureira was standard superhero art, instead of the cinematic action provided by Hitch. The miniseries had decent sales, but was near-universally panned by critics.


title: Ultimate Marvel

text: The series was followed by 2009's "Ultimatum", a crossover between the Ultimate titles. In five issues, the story kills off thirty-four characters with an increased amount of graphic violence. The series was both a critical and commercial failure, and it has since been regarded as one of the worst comic books of all-time. The sales of the whole imprint were decreased, and never returned to their pre-"Ultimatum" figures. After the crossover, "Ultimate X-Men" and "Ultimate Fantastic Four" were cancelled, with a last issue for each title named "Ultimate Requiem" to give closure to their plots.


title: Ultimate Marvel

text: The "Ultimate Marvel" imprint was re-launched, as "Ultimate Comics". "Ultimate Spider-Man" was renamed as "", and the line was joined later by "" and "". "New Ultimates" featured the reconstruction of the team, and was made by Loeb and Frank Cho. "Avengers" features a black-operations superhero team, and was made by Millar and several artists.


title: Ultimate Marvel

text: There was a new relaunch shortly afterwards, named "Ultimate Comics Universe Reborn". Both teams met in "Avengers vs. New Ultimates", where Nick Fury is reinstalled as director of SHIELD and the teams merge again into a single team, the Ultimates. This team would then be featured in "", written by Jonathan Hickman. "The Death of Spider-Man" features the death of Peter Parker and his nemesis, the Green Goblin. An Afro-Hispanic teenager, Miles Morales, becomes the new Spider-Man. He was featured in "", still written by Bendis. The X-Men were relaunched in the miniseries "", which introduced Jimmy Hudson, the son of Wolverine. This miniseries was followed by "", written by Nick Spencer, who explored the X-Men mythos in a setting where both Charles Xavier and Magneto are dead.


title: Ultimate Marvel

text: Initially, Marvel resisted the idea of crossovers between the Ultimate and the mainstream universes (although the idea had been teased for what turned out to be the beginning of the "Marvel Zombies" series), but eventually relented. The first crossover was the "Spider-Men" miniseries, between Miles Morales and the adult Peter Parker. It was made for the 50th anniversary of Spider-Man. "All-New X-Men", also written by Bendis, had a story where the main characters got stranded in the Ultimate universe and teamed-up with Morales. However, Bendis and Fialkov agreed that crossovers should be done sparingly, to keep them interesting, and cited the creative decay in the Marvel/DC intercompany crossovers as a justification.


title: Ultimate Marvel

text: The "Age of Ultron" crossover, between the mainstream comics, ended with Galactus displaced into the Ultimate universe. This premise started the ""Cataclysm"" crossover in the Ultimate imprint, which was followed by yet another new relaunch. The Ultimates disbanded after the crossover, and were replaced by a completely different team, led by Miles Morales. This team starred in "All-New Ultimates", by Michel Fiffe and Amilcar Pinna. Spider-Man was relaunched in "Miles Morales: The Ultimate Spider-Man", which included the return of Peter Parker and the Green Goblin. "Ultimate FF" ("FF" standing for "Future Foundation", not "Fantastic Four") featured the "incursions", a multiversal threat that was being used in Hickman's run on the main universe's Avengers, and which would lead to the "Secret Wars" crossover. "Ultimate FF" was cancelled, alongside the "Fantastic Four" comic book, as a result of the disputes between Marvel and 20th Century Fox over the film rights over the characters.


title: Ultimate Marvel

text: The 2015 "Secret Wars" storyline concluded the "Ultimate Marvel" imprint. In the plot, it was destroyed alongside all the other alternate realities in the multiverse, and then recreated as a region of the Battleworld. "Ultimate End", set in such region, is the last story of the Ultimate imprint. It was produced by Bendis and Bagley, the team that started the imprint. Miles Morales, a character that originated in the Ultimate Universe to take over the mantle of Spider-Man when the Ultimate Universe's Peter Parker died, was migrated to the Marvel-616 universe, along with his supporting cast, a development that saw his mother restored to life, following her death in a 2013 storyline. The story, however, is largely a team-up of characters from the Ultimate and mainstream Marvel universes, with only a superficial relation with the plot of the crossover. Matt Little from CBR suspects that the story may have been conceived at some earlier point, and then slightly modified to serve as a tie-in for "Secret Wars".


title: Ultimate Marvel

text: Aaron Davis, Morales' uncle, makes his first Marvel-616 appearance in "Spider-Man" #234. The Maker, an evil Reed Richards, is also restored to life and moved to Marvel-616, where he is a recurring villain in the "Infamous Iron Man" comic book. The hammer of Ultimate Thor (lost in the "Cataclysm" crossover) is found by Thor Odinson, who is not capable at the time to wield his classic hammer, owned by Jane Foster. He refuses to take the new hammer, which is then lifted by Volstagg in the "Unworthy Thor" miniseries. Jimmy Hudson, the son of Ultimate Wolverine, is also revealed to be alive in the new continuity, though this was not explained at first, it was eventually established that during the final incursion that caused the clash between Earth-616 and Earth-1610, with both universes' planets Earth acting as the collision point of this phenomenon, Jimmy Hudson, Quicksilver, Mach-II, Armor and Guardian fell from their reality into the other. When the Multiverse was eventually rebuilt, these mutants became stranded in the Prime Earth, suffering from amnesia as a by-product of their transition from one reality to another.


title: Ultimate Marvel

text: After "Secret Wars", Marvel published a new comic book named "Ultimates", though it bore no relation with the imprint beyond the name. The "Ultimates" 2 #10, renumbered as #100 under the Marvel Legacy relaunch, features the Ultimates from the Ultimate universe. Bendis left Marvel Comics in 2017, and moved to DC Comics. One of his last comic books was a second volume of "Spider-Men", featuring Peter Parker and Miles Morales. The miniseries ends with the Marvel-616 Miles Morales emigrating to the Ultimate Universe to be reuniting with his lost love, following the death of her Marvel-616 counterpart, confirming that the universe still exists. A brief glimpse of the still-extant Ultimate universe is provided by artist Mark Bagley, showing that Ultimate Peter Parker, who had been revealed alive in one of the last issues, has returned to the role of Spider-Man, and that he is a member of the Ultimates, as is Riri Williams and a gray Hulk. The return of the Ultimate universe was used again in 2019, in story arcs at the "Venom" and "Miles Morales: Spider-Man" comic books.


title: Ultimate Marvel

text: Brian Michael Bendis wrote the first comic book of the Ultimate imprint, "Ultimate Spider-Man", launched in 2000. This was his first work for Marvel Comics. He later worked in other comics of the imprint, such as "Ultimate Marvel Team-Up" (2001-2002), "Ultimate X-Men" (2003-2004), "Ultimate Fantastic Four" (2003-2004) and "Ultimate Origins" (2008). He is recognized as the main author of the whole Ultimate imprint. Most characters were reimaginations of classic Marvel characters; Miles Morales was an original character of his own creation. Given the success of the Ultimate imprint, Marvel asked him to write mainstream Marvel comics as well. He started a successful run on "The Avengers", starting with "Avengers Disassembled". He created Jessica Jones in the "Alias" comic book, part of the R-rated MAX imprint. He wrote major crossover events such as "House of M", "Age of Ultron" and "Civil War II". He wrote "Cataclysm", the last crossover event within the Ultimate imprint, and "Ultimate End", that closed it. He moved to DC Comics in 2017.


title: Ultimate Marvel

text: Mark Millar is a Scottish comic book writer, and started his career with British comics such as "Judge Dredd". He was hired by DC Comics, and worked in several titles. His most successful work was "", which reimagined Superman as a newborn alien whose ship fell in the Soviet Union instead of Kansas. This work was published in 2003, two years after his departure from DC. Millar started the "Ultimate X-Men" comics, the "Ultimate Fantastic Four", and "The Ultimates". Stan Lee, creator of many characters of Marvel comics, praised his work, but also advised him: "That's great, but you should do your own characters instead of doing mine. I didn't do Superman and Batman and Tarzan and Sherlock Holmes. I went off and did the X-Men". Dave Gibbons, artist of "Watchmen", was impressed by his work and started working with him in "Kingsman", published by Marvel at the Icon Comics imprint, which allowed Millar to retain the rights. Millar then created Millarworld, with his own comic books, such as "Wanted" and "Kick-Ass". "Wanted", "Kingsman", and "Kick-ass" had cinematic adaptations. Millarworld was acquired by the American streaming media company Netflix in August 2017.


title: Ultimate Marvel

text: The only adaptations of the Ultimate Marvel works to other media are two direct-to-video films by "Marvel Animated Features", "Ultimate Avengers" and "Ultimate Avengers 2: Rise of the Panther", based on the Ultimates. The plot was simplified and the political aspects of the original work were removed, turning it into a standard superhero animated film. Other animated series incorporated aspects of the Ultimate comics, despite not being direct adaptations. The 2008 animated series "The Spectacular Spider-Man" shared many similarities with the Ultimate version of the titular character, including his age, his personal relationship with Eddie Brock, and a supporting cast largely based on their Ultimate counterparts. Despite the name and the involvement of Bendis, "Ultimate Spider-Man" is a different work (although Peter Parker is modeled after his appearance in the comics though with a slightly bulkier build), aimed primarily at a younger audience. Being criticized by this, Bendis said: "I don't know what to say — 'You know, you're watching Disney XD'. It's not on Showtime. I want you to like it too, but like it in the context of what it's for. It's for kids. We're thinking of them while we write it". The series adapted some specific storylines such as the episode "Freaky" where Spider-Man and Wolverine switch bodies as in "Ultimate Spider-Man" #66-67. Miles Morales appeared in that TV series as well first in a cameo before becoming a major character later on for the series adaptation of "Spider-Verse". Also in this series, the host for Venom is Harry Osborn instead of Eddie Brock, and takes the form of Spider-Man's black suit. As for the Avengers, some character designs from "" were based on the Ultimate comics, such as Captain Marvel and the suit of Captain America during the second season. Nick Fury was based on Ultimate Nick Fury since season 2, which was kept for the following series, "Avengers Assemble" which also drew influence from Ultimate Marvel Comics. As for the X-Men, the 2000 animated series "" also had important members reimagined as teenagers, and eventually incorporated costumes from the comics as well. Similarly, "Wolverine and the X-Men" in 2009 had Magneto disassemble and reprogram the Sentinels like in the Ultimate X-Men storyline "Tomorrow People".


title: Ultimate Marvel

text: Ultimate Marvel has also been a strong influence in the early stages of the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Joss Whedon said that "it's my feeling that Ultimates brought Marvel into the modern age in a way no other book did". Tony Stark's personality was based on that of his Ultimate counterpart, and Millar and Bendis were included in the staff as consultants. Samuel L. Jackson, whose likeness was used to create the new version of Nick Fury, was cast as the character in a multi-picture deal, starting in a post-credits scene in "Iron Man". The script of the scene was written by Bendis. As a comic book fan, Jackson had noticed the use of his likeness and asked to be included in some eventual film. Bruce Banner's origin story in "The Incredible Hulk" is based on his origin story from the Ultimate Universe, as both versions become the Hulk while attempting to recreate the Super Soldier Serum that turned Steve Rogers into Captain America. Hawkeye and Captain America's costumes were based on their Ultimate uniforms as well and Captain America's origin story is partially adapted from the Ultimate comics such as Bucky Barnes being his childhood friend who protected him from bullies and being around the same age, him found and being thawed out of ice by S.H.I.E.L.D. rather than the founding members of the Avengers. Hawkeye also has a family, a context exclusive to the Ultimate comics. The film "The Avengers" featured the Ultimate take on the team, as a military operation organized by S.H.I.E.L.D. rather than an autonomous superhero group. Kevin Feige based the script of the film broadly on the first miniseries of the Ultimates and the ending of the second. The S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier's design throughout the films is also modeled after the Ultimate Marvel version. The depiction of Falcon in the films is derived from the Ultimate incarnation, Rogers' relationship with Nick Fury in "" is reminiscent of the one in the comics with the Triskellion, a notable landmark in the comics being featured in the film. "" also had aspects of the comics like Parker's age, a younger Aunt May, introducing Aaron Davis and revealing the presence of Miles Morales and Stark mentoring Spider-Man though without S.H.I.E.L.D. and other heroes being involved like in the comics, and in the same film where Stark sports an armor reminiscent of the Ultimate version. This also extends to "" where Nick Fury is seen mentoring Spider-Man. Thor has similar traits to his Ultimate counterpart, such as his personality, powers, costume elements, and hammer. Thor ends up getting a new hammer during "" which is based on the Ultimate version of Mjolnir.


title: Ultimate Marvel

text: Other films based on Marvel comics were also influenced by Ultimate Marvel, albeit in a less notable degree. The film "Spider-Man" was released in 2002, two years after the start of "Ultimate Spider-Man", and also provided a higher character development for Uncle Ben before killing him in Spider-Man's origin story, while also modifying the character's origin story, by writing a genetically-modified spider, instead of a radioactive spider, as the source of his spider-powers and replacing Mary Jane-Watson, as the main character's primary love interest. The series was rebooted with "The Amazing Spider-Man" in 2012, and Sony asked Bendis for suggestions. He proposed that Spider-Man should use artificial web-shooters, as in the comics, instead of portraying the ability as a part of the character's mutation, through the form of organic web-shooters in his wrists, as was depicted in the Raimi trilogy. The film series also featured elements and aesthetics borrowed from his Ultimate counterpart's personality and background, such as the emphasis and focus on his parents and their subsequent disappearance; his father Richard Parker being a scientist specializing in biology, who worked on a secret project/experiment regarding the procurement of a special serum that was intended to cure terminal illnesses (which is depicted as being derived from the blood of genetically-modified spiders, encoded to the bloodline of Peter's family, instead of the Venom symbiote in the comics); his signature wise-cracking and motor-mouthed sense of humor, his uncle's speech on responsibility and subsequent argument with Peter, moments before his death; a genetically-modified spider being responsible for Peter's spider-powers; his relationship with Gwen Stacy, mirroring his relationship with Mary Jane-Watson from the comics, and Gwen also being somewhat rebellious like her Ultimate incarnation and sticking up for Peter, albeit non-violently when he was being bullied by Flash (though in the comics it was Kenny Kong), in addition Flash having a crush on her like he did in the Ultimate comics; his friendship with Harry Osborn being modeled after that of Eddie Brock Jr. in the comics, being childhood friends who have not seen each other in a long time and whose fathers had worked together on a project (with the name Spider-venom being a slight nod to the Venom project and both were intended as a cure for diseases) and it is implied that Norman Osborn betrayed Richard much like Eddie Brock Sr. had in the comics when they both selfishly wanted the research for their own ends and being responsible, even if indirectly in Norman's case for the deaths of Peter's parents. The villains featured in the films are modeled after their Ultimate counterparts, Electro in particular being a blue being of energy and the depiction of Harry's transformation into Green Goblin. The 2007 sequel "" is based on the "Ultimate Galactus Trilogy", in particular the design of Galactus. The franchise was rebooted in 2015 with "Fantastic Four", which is strongly based on the first arcs of "Ultimate Fantastic Four". Sony made an animated Spider-Man film, "", which starred Miles Morales. The plot is an adaptation of the 2014 storyline "Spider-Verse", and was released in December 2018.


title: Ultimate Marvel

text: The 2005 video game "Ultimate Spider-Man" is a direct adaptation of the storylines and characters from the eponymous comics. The game is centered around the Ultimate Marvel versions of Spider-Man and Venom, but also features appearances from The Human Torch, Wolverine, and Nick Fury, and the 2006 prequel "" features the retelling story of Spider-Man and Green Goblin, the game features appearances from The Ultimates and Kingpin. The 2004 video game "" and its 2005 sequel "" have the titular characters wear their Ultimate costumes as do the Brotherhood of Mutants. Other Marvel video games have also featured Ultimate influences such as "Marvel Ultimate Alliance" and its sequel "Marvel Ultimate Alliance 2" likewise have elements from the Ultimate Marvel Universe such as the main costumes of Captain America, Thor, Colossus, Invisible Woman, Mr. Fantastic, the Human Torch based on their Ultimate counterparts as well as alternate costumes for Iron Man, Elektra, Storm, Wolverine, Moon Knight, Doctor Strange, Nick Fury, Deadpool, Magneto, Doctor Doom, Venom, Sabretooth, The Thing, Nightcrawler, Cyclops, and Hawkeye also based on the Ultimate versions of the characters for the first game. The 2010 video game "" features the Ultimate version of Spider-Man possessed with a symbiote.


title: The 700 Club

text: The 700 Club is the flagship television program of the Christian Broadcasting Network, airing each weekday in syndication in the United States and available worldwide on CBN.com. The news magazine program features live guests, daily news, contemporary music, testimonies, and Christian ministry. Celebrities and other guests are often interviewed, and Christian lifestyle issues are presented. The program additionally features world news stories plus investigative reporting by the CBN News team.


title: The 700 Club

text: "The 700 Club" has been in production since 1966 and was initially hosted by Jim Bakker, as well as being hosted by Gordon Robertson, Terry Meeuwsen, Ashley Key and Wendy Griffith. Previous co-hosts include Pat Robertson (1966–1987; 1988–2021), Ben Kinchlow (1975–88, 1992–96), Sheila Walsh (1987–92), Danuta Rylko Soderman (1983–88), Kristi Watts (1999–2013), and Lisa Ryan (1996–2005). Tim Robertson served as host for a year (1987–88) along with Kinchlow and actress Susan Howard, while Pat Robertson ran unsuccessfully for President in the 1988 campaign.


title: The 700 Club

text: In 1960, Pat Robertson, the son of former U.S. Senator Absalom Willis Robertson, purchased the license for WTOV-TV, channel 27 in Portsmouth, Virginia (unrelated to the current WTOV-TV in Steubenville, Ohio), which had ceased operation because of poor viewership. Renamed WYAH-TV (known today as CW affiliate WGNT), the station began broadcasting Christian programming to the Hampton Roads area on October 1, 1961.


title: The 700 Club

text: In 1962, the station suffered financially and almost closed. It had a total operating budget of $700 per month. To keep the station on the air, WYAH produced a special telethon edition of the show. For the telethon, Robertson set a goal of 70 members each contributing $10 per month (), which was enough to support the station. Robertson referred to these members as the "700 Club" and the name stuck. The telethon was successful and is still held annually.


title: The 700 Club

text: After the telethon in 1966, "The 700 Club" continued as a nightly, two-hour Christian variety program of music, preaching, group prayer, Bible study, and interview segments. The music was hymns, instrumental pieces, southern gospel music, and urban gospel music.


title: The 700 Club

text: The first permanent host of the program was Jim Bakker, who, along with his then-wife Tammy Faye Bakker, also hosted a children's show on WYAH called "Come On Over" (later retitled "Jim and Tammy"). The couple left CBN in 1972; reportedly, Jim Bakker was fired by Pat Robertson over philosophical differences. The Bakkers then moved on to help launch the Trinity Broadcasting Network (TBN) before starting their own television ministry and signature show, "The PTL Club". After the Bakkers left, some staffers at the station reportedly responded by destroying the Bakkers' sets and puppets. Pat Robertson took over as host, and evolved his "700 Club" by cutting back on music and preaching and heading toward the talk show format developed by Bakker. Robertson transformed the "700 Club" from a nightly religious-themed telethon to a Christian talk show.


title: The 700 Club

text: "The 700 Club" originally aired only on WYAH-TV and other CBN-owned stations in Atlanta (WANX-TV) and Dallas (KXTX-TV), and later Boston (WXNE-TV). The program entered national syndication in 1974, as CBN purchased airtime on stations such as WPIX in New York City, KTLA in Los Angeles, WPHL-TV in Philadelphia, and WDCA in Washington, D.C., among others. The roster of stations carrying the program grew to over 100 markets by 1976. In some markets, the show aired on multiple stations, choosing between either the full 90-minute version or an edited 60-minute version. In 1977, "The 700 Club" received additional exposure nationally on the newly launched CBN Cable Network where, like CBN's broadcast outlets, it aired three times daily.


title: The 700 Club

text: In 1979, "The 700 Club" moved its studios from WYAH's facilities in Portsmouth into CBN's then-new campus in neighboring Virginia Beach, from where the program continues to originate. During the 1980s, the show evolved into more of a format resembling a magazine show like Group W's "PM Magazine", with news/opinion and lifestyle segments interspersed with interviews. In some markets, "The 700 Club" aired during the morning hours, competing head-to-head with the major network "breakfast television" programs such as NBC's "Today" and ABC's "Good Morning America".


title: The 700 Club

text: After CBN sold its group of terrestrial stations later in the decade, "The 700 Club" continued to air on CBN Cable as well as many commercial secular stations and Christian stations nationally. CBN was re-branded as The Family Channel in 1988. The Family Channel was packaged as part of a sale of International Family Entertainment to News Corporation and television producer Haim Saban in 1998. The channel was renamed Fox Family Channel, but only three years later Fox Family was sold to The Walt Disney Company and was subsequently re-branded ABC Family. Disney later rebranded ABC Family as Freeform on January 12, 2016; Freeform was later reunited with many of its former corporate siblings from News Corporation in 2019. , "The 700 Club" airs on Freeform three times daily, part of a contractual obligation originally made as part of the Family Channel's sale to News Corporation. As of 2009, the first airing of the show in the morning (only) has been preceded by a half-hour show called "700 Club Interactive", which utilizes Internet user-generated videos and comments by viewers of the show.


title: The 700 Club

text: Between 1978 and 1980, discussions on current political issues became a part of the program, and news segments were added in the first 20 minutes of the show. "The 700 Club" strongly supports Israel, especially in its conflicts with the Palestinians and the United Nations. Among its frequent Jewish guests are Michael Medved and Rabbi Daniel Lapin, who share "Club" conservative Judeo-Christian beliefs.


title: The 700 Club

text: As a commentator and minister on "The 700 Club", Robertson made many controversial statements attracting criticism.


title: The 700 Club

text: Robertson's service as a minister has included the controversial belief in the healing power of God. He credited his prayers for steering the course of Hurricane Gloria in 1985. On March 23, 1995, Pat Robertson led a television program in which he attacked Hinduism, calling it "demonic". He has also referred to Islam as "Satanic". Robertson has denounced views of feminism, activism regarding homosexuality, abortion, and liberal college professors. Critics claim Robertson had business dealings in Africa with former presidents Charles Taylor of Liberia and Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire who both had been internationally denounced for claims of human rights violations. Robertson was criticized worldwide for his call for Hugo Chávez's assassination and for his remarks concerning Ariel Sharon's ill-health as an act of God.


title: The 700 Club

text: Former "700 Club" co-host Danuta Rylko Soderman later criticized Robertson for having no room on the show for profiling people with progressive illness, who were overweight, had facial blemishes, used wheelchairs, crutches, were blind or had blindness, no disabilities that could not be healed as Robertson viewed people with such problems as "failures of the faith" and that "Robertson offers the Reader’s Digest version of answers to difficult and demanding religious, social, financial, marital, political, sexual and moral concepts." She also accused the show of faking a piece that had Robertson walking into a Contras camp in the Nicaraguan jungle during the Nicaraguan Civil War, claiming that the camp was actually a "prop" built by an airfield specifically for Robertson's visit.


title: The 700 Club

text: The week of September 11, 2001, Robertson discussed the terror attacks with Jerry Falwell, who said that "the ACLU has to take a lot of blame for this" in addition to "the pagans, and the abortionists, and the feminists, and the gays, and the lesbians [who have] helped [the terror attacks of September 11th] happen". Robertson replied, "I totally concur". Both evangelists were seriously criticized by President George W. Bush for their commentary, for which Falwell later issued an apology.


title: The 700 Club

text: In October 2003, while interviewing State Department critic Joel Mowbray about his book "Dangerous Diplomacy", Robertson appeared to suggest that destroying the Harry S Truman Building with a nuclear bomb would enhance United States security by eliminating a nest of liberal traitors who secretly yearn for Islamic world domination. After officials condemned his remarks, Robertson aired a "clarifying" segment which he described as "issu[ing] a correction to the State Department" in which he reiterated his previous comments.


title: The 700 Club

text: On November 9, 2009, Robertson said that Islam is "a violent political system bent on the overthrow of the governments of the world and world domination". He went on to elaborate that "you're dealing with not a religion, you're dealing with a political system, and I think we should treat it as such, and treat its adherents as such as we would members of the communist party, members of some fascist group".


title: The 700 Club

text: Robertson's response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake also drew worldwide controversy and was met with international condemnation. Robertson claimed that Haiti's founders had sworn a "pact to the Devil" in order to liberate themselves from the French slave owners and indirectly attributed the earthquake to the consequences of the Haitian people being "cursed" for doing so. CBN later issued a statement saying that Robertson's comments "were based on the widely-discussed 1791 slave rebellion led by Dutty Boukman at Bois Caiman, where the slaves allegedly made a famous pact with the devil in exchange for victory over the French". Various figures in mainline and evangelical Christianity have on occasion disavowed some of Robertson's remarks.


title: Means of production

text: The means of production is a term which involves land or labor, which can be used to produce products (such as: goods or services); however, it can also be used with narrower meanings, such as anything that is used to produce products. It can also be used as an abbreviation of the "means of production and distribution" which additionally includes the logistical distribution and delivery of products, generally through distributors, or as an abbreviation of the "means of production, distribution, and exchange" which further includes the exchange of distributed products, generally to consumers.


title: Means of production

text: This concept is used throughout fields of study including politics, economics, and sociology to discuss, broadly, the relationship between anything that can have productive use, its ownership, and the constituent social parts needed to produce it.


title: Means of production

text: From the perspective of a firm, a firm uses its capital goods, which are also known as tangible assets as they are physical in nature. Unfinished goods are transformed into products and services in the production process. Even if capital goods are not traded on the market as consumer goods, they can be valued as long as capital goods are produced commodities, which are required for production. The total values of capital goods constitute the capital value.


title: Means of production

text: The social means of production are capital goods and assets that require organized collective labor effort, as opposed to individual effort, to operate on. The ownership and organization of the social means of production is a key factor in categorizing and defining different types of economic systems.


title: Means of production

text: The means of production includes two broad categories of objects: instruments of labor (tools, factories, infrastructure, etc.) and subjects of labor (natural resources and raw materials). People operate on the subjects of labor using the instruments of labor to create a product; or stated another way, labor acting on the means of production creates a good. In an agrarian society the principal means of production is the soil and the shovel. In an industrial society the means of production become social means of production and include factories and mines.


title: Means of production

text: In a knowledge economy, computers and networks are means of production. In a broad sense, the "means of production" also includes the "means of distribution" such as stores, the internet and railroads (Infrastructural capital).


title: Means of production

text: The means of production of the firm may depreciate, which means there is a loss in the economic value of capital goods or tangible assets (e.g. machinery, factory equipment) due to wear and tear, and aging. This is known as the depreciation of capital goods.


title: Means of production

text: The analysis of the technological sophistication of the means of production and how they are owned is a central component in the Marxist theoretical framework of historical materialism and in Marx critique of political economy, and later in Marxian economics.


title: Means of production

text: In Marx's work and subsequent developments in Marxist theory, the process of socioeconomic evolution is based on the premise of technological improvements in the means of production. As the level of technology improves with respect to productive capabilities, existing forms of social relations become superfluous and unnecessary, creating contradictions between the level of technology in the means of production on the one hand and the organization of society and its economy on the other.


title: Means of production

text: In relation to technological improvements in means of production, new technologies and scientific breakthroughs can rearrange the market structure, create massive economic impact and disrupt the profit pool in the economy. Further impact of disruptive technologies may lead to certain forms of labour power economically unnecessary and uncompetitive and even widening income inequality.


title: Means of production

text: These contradictions manifest themselves in the form of class conflicts, which develop to a point where the existing mode of production becomes unsustainable, either collapsing or being overthrown in a social revolution. The contradictions are resolved by the emergence of a new mode of production based on a different set of social relations including, most notably, different patterns of ownership for the means of production.


title: Means of production

text: Ownership of the means of production and control over the surplus product generated by their operation is the fundamental factor in delineating different modes of production. Capitalism is defined as private ownership and control over the means of production, where the surplus product becomes a source of unearned income for its owners. Under this system, profit-seeking individuals or organizations undertake a majority of economic activities. However, capitalism does not indicate all material means of production are privately owned as partial economies are publicly owned.


title: Means of production

text: By contrast, socialism is defined as social ownership of the means of production so that the surplus product accrues to society at large.


title: Means of production

text: Marx's theory of class defines classes in their relation to their ownership and control of the means of production. In a capitalist society, the bourgeoisie, or the capitalist class, is the class that owns the means of production and derives a passive income from their operation. Examples of the capitalist class include business owners, shareholders and the minority of people who own factories, machinery and lands. Countries considered as the capitalist countries include Australia, Canada and other nations which hold a free market economy. In modern society, small business owners, minority shareholders and other smaller capitalists are considered as "Petite bourgeoisie" according to Marx's theory, which is distinct from bourgeoisie and proletariat as they can buy the labour of others but also work along with employees.


title: Means of production

text: In contrast, the proletariat, or working class, comprises the majority of the population that lacks access to the means of production and are therefore induced to sell their labor power for a wage or salary to gain access to necessities, goods and services.


title: Means of production

text: According to Marx, wages and salaries are considered as the price of labour power, related to working hours or outputs produced by the labour force. At the company level, an employee does not control and own the means of production in a capitalist mode of production. Instead, an employee is performing specific duties under a contract of employment, working for wages or salaries. As for firms and profit-seeking organizations, from a personnel economics perspective, to maximize efficiency and productivity there must be an equilibrium between labour markets and product markets. In human resource practices, compensation structure tend to shift towards pay-for-performance bonus or incentive pay rather than base salary to attract the right workers, even if conflicts of interest exist in an employer-worker relationship.


title: Means of production

text: To the question of why classes exist in human societies in the first place, Karl Marx offered a historical and scientific explanation that it was the cultural practice of ownership of the means of production that gives rise to them. This explanation differs dramatically from other explanations based on "differences in ability" between individuals or on religious or political affiliations giving rise to castes. This explanation is consistent with the bulk of Marxist theory in which Politics and Religion are seen as mere outgrowths (superstructures) of the basic underlying economic reality of a people.


title: Means of production

text: Factors of production are defined by German economist Karl Marx in his book "Das Kapital" as labor, subjects of labor, and instruments of labor: the term is equivalent to means of production plus labor. The factors of production are often listed in economic writings derived from the classical school as "land, labour and capital". Marx sometimes used the term "productive forces" equivalently with "factors of production"; in "Kapital", he uses "factors of production", in his famous Preface to his "Critique of Political Economy: A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy", he uses "productive forces" (that may depend on the translation).


title: Means of production

text: Production relations (German: "Produktionsverhältnis") are the relations humans enter into with each other in using the means of production to produce. Examples of such relations are employer/employee, buyer/seller, the technical division of labour in a factory, and property relations.


title: Means of production

text: Mode of production (German: "Produktionsweise") means the dominant way in which production is organised in society. For instance, "capitalism" is the name for the capitalist "mode of production" in which the means of production are owned privately by a small class (the bourgeoisie) who profits off the labor of the working class (the proletariat). Communism is a mode of production in which the means of production are not owned by anyone, but shared in common, without class-based exploitation. Besides capitalism and communism, there is another mode of production which is called a Mixed Economic System. In a mixed economy, private ownership of capital goods are protected and a certain level of the market economy is allowed. However, the government has the right to intervene the market and economic activities for social objectives. Different from the pure capitalism, the government regulation exists to control particular means of production over the private business sector. Different from communism, the majority of means of production are privately owned rather than shared in common.


title: Luke Treadaway

text: Luke Antony Newman Treadaway (born 10 September 1984) is a British actor and singer. He won an Olivier Award for Best Leading Actor for his performance as Christopher in the National Theatre's production of "The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time" in 2013. He has also been nominated for an "Evening Standard" Theatre Award.


title: Luke Treadaway

text: Born at the Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital in Exeter, Treadaway was brought up in Sandford, Devon. His father is an architect and his mother a primary school teacher; he has two brothers, older brother Sam Treadaway who is an artist and curator and a slightly younger twin, actor Harry. His first acting role was in the village Christmas pantomime "Little Red Riding Hood", that of a daffodil while his father was the Big Bad Wolf. Luke and Harry attended Queen Elizabeth's Community College in Crediton, where he played scrum half in the twice Devon-Cup-winning rugby union team.


title: Luke Treadaway

text: Inspired by a love of Eddie Vedder and with support from their secondary school drama teacher, Phil Gasson, the twins formed a band called Lizardsun with Matt Conyngham and Seth Campbell. They also both joined the National Youth Theatre, for whom Luke played Prince Ivan in "The Firebird". He was also in the ensemble for a production of "Murder in the Cathedral".


title: Luke Treadaway

text: While still at drama school he and his twin brother recorded roles in their first feature film, "Brothers of the Head", in which they played conjoined twins. Luke played Barry Howe, the band's singer, and his brother Harry played Tom Howe, the guitarist and songwriter. During rehearsals and throughout the shoot Luke and Harry were connected to each other for fifteen hours a day, wearing sewn-together wet suits or a harness. They also slept in one bed to simulate the conjoined nature of their characters. The Treadaways performed all tracks featured in the film themselves live on stage as well as recording nine tracks for the soundtrack album.


title: Luke Treadaway

text: After graduating from the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art in 2006 he played a series lead in "The Innocence Project" for BBC television. He also appeared as a 14-year-old Theo in the hard-hitting Channel 4 drama "Clapham Junction".


title: Luke Treadaway

text: He made his stage debut in "Saint Joan" at the Royal National Theatre, followed by playing Albert in the original production of "War Horse" at the same venue. In 2008 he appeared in "Piranha Heights", a new play by Philip Ridley, at the Soho Theatre, and in "Cradle Me", a new play by Simon Vinnicombe, at the Finborough Theatre. He also played Albert in John Tams' adaptation of "War Horse" for BBC Radio 2 on 8 November 2008.


title: Luke Treadaway

text: In 2009 he appeared in the play "Over There" at the Royal Court Theatre alongside his twin brother from 25 February to 21 March. He spent November 2009 in Romania filming "The Whistleblower" with Rachel Weisz, Vanessa Redgrave and Monica Bellucci.


title: Luke Treadaway

text: He played Prokopion in the 2010 film "Clash of the Titans". He played Lee in Philip Ridley's "Heartless", also starring Jim Sturgess and Noel Clarke, released in May 2010. He appeared in "Killing Bono", starring Ben Barnes and Pete Postlethwaite. He also had a leading role in the independent Scottish film "You Instead", which was filmed at T in the Park 2010.


title: Luke Treadaway

text: In 2011 he played the eponymous hero of "The History of Titus Groan", a cycle of six BBC Radio 4 dramas based on the books of Mervyn Peake dramatised by Brian Sibley. He also filmed "Late Bloomers" with William Hurt and Isabella Rossellini. He also starred in "Attack the Block", a Film Four production, alongside John Boyega, Nick Frost and Jodie Whittaker. He also directed a music video for girl band Boxettes, whose lead singer Bellatrix comes from Sandford.


title: Luke Treadaway

text: In 2012 Treadway starred in "Cheerful Weather for the Wedding", the ITV adaptation of the Ruth Rendell thriller "Thirteen Steps Down", and the National Theatre's acclaimed adaptation of Mark Haddon's novel "The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time". On 28 April 2013 Treadaway won the Laurence Olivier Award for best actor for his performance in "The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time", which by winning seven Oliviers equalled "Matilda the Musical's" record win in 2012.


title: Luke Treadaway

text: In April 2018 Luke played the part of Dr Arthur Calgary in a BBC One three-part adaptation of the Agatha Christie novel "Ordeal by Innocence".


title: Toad (Nintendo)

text: Toad, known in Japan as is a fictional character who primarily appears in Nintendo's "Mario" franchise. A humanoid with a mushroom-like head, Toad was created by Japanese video game designer Shigeru Miyamoto, and is portrayed as a citizen of the Mushroom Kingdom and is one of Princess Peach's most loyal attendants, constantly working on her behalf. They are usually seen as a non-player character who provides assistance to Mario and his friends in most games, but there are times when Toad takes center stage and appears as a protagonist, as seen in "Super Mario Bros. 2", "Wario's Woods" and "Super Mario 3D World."


title: Toad (Nintendo)

text: While Toad is the name of an individual, it also refers to their entire race (much like Yoshi and Birdo). However, in early games, the species was called Mushroom Retainers, in Japan they were called , literally "Mushroom People" (which is an alternate name used in earlier localizations, along with "Mushroom Retainers"). In the "Mario" franchise, there are also some other individual Toad characters (e.g., Toadette, Toadsworth, Toadbert, and Captain Toad). The most prominent trait of a Toad is its large head that resembles a mushroom in shape and color – historically speculated as them wearing a mushroom hat, as portrayed in "The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!", but eventually ruled out by "Super Mario Odyssey" director Yoshiaki Koizumi. Another common point of most Toads is their traditional vest.


title: Toad (Nintendo)

text: The Toads usually play assisting roles in the "Mario" franchise and its action games, such as Toadsworth introduced in "Super Mario Sunshine" and the "Toad Brigade" association in "Super Mario Galaxy" and "Super Mario Galaxy 2" (they have not made a main game appearance since). Despite this, Toads also play the role as heroes in some games. Such a case included the 2 Toads (yellow and blue) who were featured as playable characters along with Mario and Luigi in "New Super Mario Bros. Wii". The 2 Toads (yellow and blue) return as playable characters later on in "New Super Mario Bros. U" as well as "New Super Luigi U". Toad themself (in a blue palette in reference to his original sprite from "Super Mario Bros. 2") returns as one of the playable characters in "Super Mario 3D World". "" cast Captain Toad into the spotlight, thus marking it as the first game in 20 years (since "Wario's Woods") to have a Toad as the star of a game, as well as the first game to have Toad as the titular character.


title: Toad (Nintendo)

text: Toad and the mushroom people were first seen in the game "Super Mario Bros." where the species was revealed to comprise the majority of the population of the Mushroom Kingdom. Toad's design was made directly from the power-up, the Super Mushroom, as well as the game's general association with mushrooms. Shigeru Miyamoto, the creator of the "Mario" franchise, reasons that Toad's creation was that of being a character that has a simplistic design; yet, still appears cute and lovely and pleasing to everybody. In the game, the peaceful Toads of the Mushroom Kingdom had been turned into various objects such as bricks and pipes by the evil King Bowser; however, some of Princess Toadstool's loyal servants, known as the "Mushroom Retainers," were simply kidnapped.


title: Toad (Nintendo)

text: During the development of "New Super Mario Bros. Wii", the developers at Nintendo decided between four characters to be playable in the game: Princess Peach, Toad, Wario and Waluigi (all suggestions made by fans). Two Toads (yellow and blue) were eventually included as playable characters in "New Super Mario Bros. Wii" due to their physical similarity to Mario and Luigi.


title: Toad (Nintendo)

text: Toad's English name appears to have been inspired by the word "toadstool", a word used to describe mushrooms, including those featuring umbrella-like cap-and-stem form characteristics, which Toad's design portrays along with the character's general resemblance to a mushroom. Toad's Japanese name, "Kinopio", appears to be a combination of the Japanese word for mushroom ("kinoko") and the Japanese name for Carlo Collodi's character, Pinocchio ("Pinokio"), which both roughly blend together to form the meaning of "a real mushroom boy" (as evidenced through Pinocchio's dream to become a real boy in his own tale).


title: Toad (Nintendo)

text: Though Toad's signature mushroom cap is a hat in the non-canon "Mario" cartoons, "Super Mario Odyssey" producer Yoshiaki Koizumi confirmed that since the creation of the character in 1985, the cap was intended to be part of his head.


title: Toad (Nintendo)

text: During an interview in 2014, Nintendo director Koichi Hayashida who produced the game "", revealed that the appearance of a Toad does not represent his gender, explaining it has never been decided what gender could be associated with any Toad. He clarifies later that the gender of the Toads will remain a mystery.


title: Toad (Nintendo)

text: Toad bears a similar appearance to the rest of his species with his large mushroom caps and clothes. He is very small in size, and has no legs visible, with just his typical brown shoes showing. Unlike other Toads, he features five red spots on his mushroom cap and wears a blue and yellow vest; however, his coloration will change if he gets a fire flower, as his cap's colors will be reversed while his clothes turn red. A yellow outline was added to his vest in the recent "Mario" games, starting with "Super Mario Sunshine". Sometimes, Toad appears with a red vest, though he is most often seen with his blue vest. In the non-canonical "Mario" cartoons, Toad has on occasion removed his mushroom cap, revealing three strands of hair. Toad is also seen with pants of a white color that resemble the base of a mushroom or toadstool stalk.


title: Toad (Nintendo)

text: At most times, Toad is portrayed as timid and cowardly. Despite his fears, in many games such as "Super Mario 64", he is helpful to Mario and his crew on their search for Peach, supporting him on his adventures, from providing items to adventuring alongside the hero on his quest. Although he is usually seen as a cheerful character, he can become distressed when a major event occurs, such as the kidnapping of Princess Peach.


title: Toad (Nintendo)

text: Toad demonstrates a strong loyalty to his Princess and friends and is depicted as hard working. In "Luigi's Mansion", he is seen crying in certain places because he cares so much about Mario getting kidnapped by ghosts and fears he could get captured too. He was sent by Princess Peach to the mansion to look for Mario. In "", five colored Toads are trapped in paintings by King Boo.


title: Toad (Nintendo)

text: Through the various games that Toad is playable in, he has been shown with different unique abilities that differ from the other characters in the series. In "Super Mario Bros. 2", the game describes him as being the strongest and fastest character in the game with 5 out of 5 stars each, but with a weak jumping ability, rated at 2 stars. In "Wario's Woods", Toad has the unique ability to run up walls and make strong kicks. Toad is once again given superhuman strength in the game, as he is able to lift and throw enemies around; however, these abilities have not been seen since this game. In "New Super Mario Bros. Wii", Toad shares many of the moves and abilities of Mario and Luigi, such as the ground pound and wall jumping as represented by the yellow and blue Toads. Toad has access to Mario's power ups, but unlike the other games Toad has starred in, this game gives him all-round stats similar to those of the Mario Bros. In "Super Mario 3D World", Toad is again the fastest playable character; however, his weakness includes his weaker jumps in comparison to the other playable characters.