title: Microsoft OneNote

text: Users can move pages within the binder and annotate them with a stylus or word-processing or drawing tools. Users may add embedded multimedia recordings and hyperlinks. They can also add embeddable content like YouTube videos. OneNote also integrates search features and indexing into a free-form graphics and audio repository. It can search for images (e.g. screen captures, embedded document scans, photographs) for embedded text content. It also searches "electronic ink" annotations as text and phonetically searches audio recordings on a text key. It can replay audio concurrently with notes taken during the recording. It can also extract or copy texts from images and documents using Optical Character Recognition


title: Microsoft OneNote

text: Its multi-user capability allows offline paragraph-level editing with later synchronization and merging. This allows collaboration among multiple individuals in a notebook when they are offline. More than one person can work on the same page at the same time using OneNote as a shared whiteboard environment.


title: Microsoft OneNote

text: On March 17, 2014, Microsoft released the OneNote cloud service API that enables third-party application developers to integrate the service into their apps. The API runs on Microsoft's globally available cloud and sends data from applications into the user's OneDrive. OneNote can perform optical character recognition on images of text and can render webpages as snapshot images.


title: Microsoft OneNote

text: A OneNote notebook is stored as a folder with a separate data file for each section. A .one file can be a OneNote notebook or a OneNote section. OneNote files have a codice_2 filename extension.


title: Microsoft OneNote

text: Microsoft upgraded the file format twice after it had introduced OneNote 2003 — first in OneNote 2007, then in OneNote 2010. OneNote 2003 files can be opened by both OneNote 2007 and OneNote 2010 in read-only mode and subsequently upgraded to the later versions of the file format. OneNote 2010 can read and write OneNote 2007 file formats. It can also convert back and forth between the 2010 and the 2007 formats.


title: Microsoft OneNote

text: Microsoft has documented the OneNote file format. It is an open format that can store varied multimedia content in a single codice_2 file. OneNote file format is also supported by the Outline note-taking application for IPad and Mac. Outline can open, edit and save notebooks in the OneNote file format.


title: Microsoft OneNote

text: Multiple .one files can be exported to a .onepkg file, which stores multiple .one files (corresponding to the individual notebooks) in cabinet file format.


title: Microsoft OneNote

text: OneNote supports simultaneous editing of shared OneNote documents by multiple users when the document is stored in a shared folder in OneDrive. Dropbox was supported for some time as a sync protocol, but after Windows Live Mesh was discontinued, OneNote supported it for cloud-based storage and synchronization of OneNote files. OneNote clients, including the OneNote web app of Office Online, can view and edit them.


title: Microsoft OneNote

text: Microsoft made OneNote 2013 for Windows desktop available fore free. OneNote for Windows and Mac are both based on a freemium model. Premium features such as SharePoint support, version history and Microsoft Outlook integration were previously available only to Office 365 and Office 2013 customers, but on February 13, 2015, Microsoft removed all feature restrictions, except creation of local notebooks — the free edition only stores notebooks on OneDrive — from the programs, essentially making the program completely free to use.


title: Microsoft OneNote

text: The first version, OneNote 2003, was only sold as a separate product for Windows compatible with Windows XP and Windows 2000 as well as for Microsoft Tablet PCs with pen input. Starting with Office 2007 it was then included as part of the Office suite, as the software was positioned more as a student tool rather than business.


title: Microsoft OneNote

text: A Microsoft Store version of OneNote (formerly known as OneNote MX) was available for Windows 8 and RT, using OneDrive as a storage place. It is optimized for use on tablets by implementing a pie menu interface and invoking operating system's tablet-specific functionality.


title: Microsoft OneNote

text: In 2018, Microsoft announced that for OneNote on Windows, the Universal Windows Platform (UWP) based OneNote for Windows 10, would be the default experience for Office users on Windows. The Win32/Win64 "desktop" version would remain known as OneNote 2016 despite the release of Office 2019, would no longer receive new features, and would not be installed with Office by default, but remain available as an option.


title: Microsoft OneNote

text: However, Microsoft reversed this decision in 2019; in the same year, the company announced that both versions would receive active development and the desktop version would once again be installed with Office by default. The desktop application was renamed to simply OneNote, matching the other programs in Office 365. OneNote is no longer installed with Windows starting from Windows 11, but is still available from Microsoft Store.


title: Microsoft OneNote

text: In 2021, Microsoft announced that OneNote for Windows 10 would be discontinued and that they were working on migrating users and features to the desktop version. They also announced that it would be receiving some user interface changes to be more in line with Windows 11.


title: Microsoft OneNote

text: OneNote is also available for cell phones. Microsoft currently has a stand-alone OneNote app for iOS and Android.


title: Microsoft OneNote

text: OneNote Mobile for older Windows Mobile smartphones and pocket PCs was included with OneNote 2007. It was released with Windows Phone 7 in 2010. In 2011, OneNote Mobile went multi-platform as it was released for iPhone followed by a version for Symbian as part of Microsoft Apps. In 2012 Microsoft released OneNote for Android in a surprise move.


title: Microsoft OneNote

text: On July 1, 2013, Microsoft released version 2 of its app for iPad, containing significantly updated features, to correspond more closely to those available on the Windows platform. On August 19, 2014, Microsoft updated OneNote for Android tablets to include handwriting support and touch-friendly navigation. This version supports notebooks stored on OneDrive or SharePoint. In 2022, the Android version got a major refresh.


title: Microsoft OneNote

text: On March 17, 2014, Microsoft released OneNote for Mac. It is compatible with OS X Mavericks and above and can be downloaded for free from the Mac App Store.


title: Microsoft OneNote

text: The desktop OneNote and OneNote for Windows 10 have different functionality and user interfaces, which also differ from the versions for other platforms. Compared to OneNote for Windows 10, the desktop OneNote: has a full Office ribbon interface, features the most customization options, runs on multiple versions of Windows, and provides the possibility of local notebook support as opposed to OneDrive cloud storage; it is the only version for any platform to offer the latter feature, even as a paid option.


title: Microsoft OneNote

text: In addition to the version differences, OneNote features on Windows and Mac vary according to whether it is installed as a free or paid program. If a "compatible" Office license (whether for the subscription Office 365 or the perpetual Office 2019) is present on the machine, the Windows desktop, Windows 10, and Mac versions all unlock additional functionality, which varies depending on the version: the desktop OneNote adds local notebook support, the Mac version adds stickers and OneNote for Windows 10 gains several features including stickers, ink replay, Researcher and Math Assistant. More premium features are in development for the Mac and Windows 10 versions.


title: Microsoft OneNote

text: Christopher Dawson reviewed OneNote 2010, titling his favorable review "OneNote is Office 2010's killer app in education". He speculated that the app would be particularly useful as a tool for student notetaking.


title: Microsoft OneNote

text: All release dates pertain to general availability. Release to manufacturing is usually two or three months in advance. This table only includes editions released for Windows.


title: LNB Pro A

text: The LNB Pro A, currently known for sponsorship reasons as Betclic Élite, is the top-tier men's professional basketball league in France. The competition has existed since 1921. Since 1987, the Ligue Nationale de Basket has governed the league. The bottom two placed teams from each season are relegated to the second tier level Pro B. The winner of the play-offs of the Pro A is crowned the French national champion.


title: LNB Pro A

text: All 16 Pro A League teams play each other twice during the regular season. At the end of the regular season, the top eight teams qualify for the playoffs. The two teams with the worst regular season records are relegated to the 2nd-tier Pro B.


title: LNB Pro A

text: Through the 1985–86 season, the league championship was determined by a one-off final, or solely by league play. Since then, the format for the league finals has changed many times:


title: LNB Pro A

text: From the 2003–04 season, through the 2006–07 season, the Pro A League had 18 teams. Through the wild-card system, it will have 18 teams again from 2014–15 season. From the 2023–24 season, the league will be reduced to 16 teams.


title: LNB Pro A

text: In each Pro A season, individual honors are given to players and head coaches in the Pro A Awards ceremony who performed well during a given season. The awards that are handed out include:


title: Marc Singer

text: Marc Singer (born January 29, 1948) is a Canadian-born American actor best known for his roles in the "Beastmaster" film series, as Mike Donovan in the original 1980s TV series "V", and as Matt Cantrell in "Dallas".


title: Marc Singer

text: Singer was born in Vancouver, British Columbia and raised in Corpus Christi, Texas. He has two brothers (Claude and Gregory) and one sister, Lori, an actress. His father, Jacques Singer, was a symphony conductor; his mother, Leslie (née Wright), a concert pianist; and his sister, Lori, is an actress and cellist. Singer is of Jewish descent.


title: Marc Singer

text: Before the height of his career, Singer appeared in the to the miniseries "Roots" as Col. Warner's elder son Andy. He had originally auditioned for the role Jim Warner, but the producers felt he was better suited for the Andy Warner role.


title: Marc Singer

text: In the 1970s, Singer had a small breakthrough role in the "Planet of the Apes TV series" playing a gladiator.


title: Marc Singer

text: He found fame in the early '80s with the movie "The Beastmaster" and its sequels, in which he played the title role, Dar, and as Mike Donovan in the 1983 miniseries "V", the 1984 sequel "V: The Final Battle", and the TV series "V: The Series".


title: Marc Singer

text: Other roles include the 1982 film "If You Could See What I Hear" (where he portrayed blind musician Tom Sullivan), "Body Chemistry", "Something for Joey" (as football star John Cappelletti), "Watchers II", "High Desert Kill", "The Fighter", "Go Tell the Spartans" and "Dead Space", as well as General Klaus Von Kraut in "A Man Called Sarge".


title: Marc Singer

text: Singer voiced the character of Man-Bat on "". He has guest-starred on television series, such as "Barnaby Jones", where he played in the episode titled “Trap Play” (01/07/1975). This is a role he played alongside Nick Nolte in the earlier years. He also appeared in another episode of "Barnaby Jones", titled “Price of Terror” (10/10/75). He also starred as Matt Cantrell in season nine ("the dream season") of "Dallas"; "The Twilight Zone"; "The Hitchhiker"; "Simon & Simon"; "Murder, She Wrote"; "The Young and the Restless"; "The Ray Bradbury Theater" and "".


title: Marc Singer

text: Singer is active in theater and played Petruchio in the American Conservatory Theater (A.C.T.) production of Shakespeare's "Taming of the Shrew", as well as Christian in "Cyrano de Bergerac". Both "Taming of the Shrew" and "Cyrano" were filmed.


title: Marc Singer

text: Singer appeared in the last episode of season 2 of the new version of "V", airing on March 15, 2011; however, instead of reprising his role of Mike Donovan, he plays a new character called Lars Tremont. He was in a recurring role as General Matthew Shrieve on The CW television series "Arrow"'s third season.


title: Marc Singer

text: 2. Demetria Fulton; previewed Marc Singer on Barnaby Jones, in the episode titled “Trap Play”(01/07/1975). Marc Singer also appeared in another episode of Barnaby Jones, titled “Price of Terror”(10/10/1975).


title: Jamie Laing

text: James Robin Grant Laing ( ; born 3 November 1988) is an English presenter, television personality and investor. He is the founder of the confectionery company Candy Kittens and best known for appearing on the reality television series "Made in Chelsea" since the second series in 2011. He runs and hosts two podcasts, "Private Parts" and a BBC Radio 1 podcast, "6 Degrees from Jamie and Spencer". As an actor, he has appeared in shows such as "Hollyoaks", "Murder In Successville" and "Drunk History".


title: Jamie Laing

text: Laing was born in Oxford in 1988. His parents are named Penny and Nicholas. He has an older brother, Alexander and a younger sister, Emily.


title: Jamie Laing

text: He attended Summer Fields School (1997–2002), Radley College and, later, the University of Leeds, where he studied Theatre and Performance.


title: Jamie Laing

text: Laing is a great-great-grandson of Sir Alexander Grant, 1st Baronet, who created the McVitie's digestive biscuit in 1892, and a great-nephew of the Lord Laing of Dunphail.


title: Jamie Laing

text: In 2011, Laing came to fame through the E4 reality show "Made in Chelsea", joining the show in the second series.


title: Jamie Laing

text: He launched his own confectionery company, Candy Kittens, in 2012, which specialises in vegan and vegetarian sweets.


title: Jamie Laing

text: Laing's acting credits include playing a fashion show attendee in 2016's "" and a doctor in a 2017 episode of Channel 4 soap opera "Hollyoaks".


title: Jamie Laing

text: He also beat the previous world record in ‘amount of jelly beans thrown in mouth per 30 seconds’ on Series 12 Episode 3 of "8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown" with a groundbreaking 18 jellybeans; beating the previous record by 3.


title: Jamie Laing

text: In 2017, he appeared on the first series of "Celebrity Hunted" alongside his "Made in Chelsea" co-star Spencer Matthews. In 2018, he appeared in the third episode of the first season of "The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake Off". Laing was named as one of the celebrities to star in the seventeenth series of "Strictly Come Dancing" in August 2019; however a foot injury led him to withdraw on 5 September, two days before the launch show was aired, where he was paired with professional dancer Oti Mabuse. He was replaced by Kelvin Fletcher, who went on to win the series. The following year, he was announced as a contestant on the eighteenth series, where he was re-partnered with Karen Hauer, making the final and finishing as one of the runners-up.


title: Jamie Laing

text: In 2018, he filmed a Channel 4 documentary called "Famous and Fighting Crime", in which he became a volunteer police officer in Peterborough.


title: Jamie Laing

text: Since early 2017, he has hosted a podcast, "Private Parts", with his friend Francis Boulle, as well as starting a podcast on BBC Sounds in May 2020, "6 Degrees from Jamie and Spencer", with Spencer Matthews.


title: Jamie Laing

text: Laing lives with his girlfriend, Sophie Habboo, whom he has been with since April 2019, in London and Gloucestershire.


title: Lava lamp

text: A lava lamp is a decorative lamp, invented in 1963 by British entrepreneur Edward Craven Walker, the founder of the lighting company Mathmos. It consists of a bolus of a special coloured wax mixture inside a glass vessel, the remainder of which contains clear or translucent liquid. The vessel is placed on a base containing an incandescent light bulb whose heat causes temporary reductions in the wax's density and the liquid's surface tension. As the warmed wax rises through the liquid, it cools, loses its buoyancy, and falls back to the bottom of the vessel in a cycle that is visually suggestive of pāhoehoe lava, hence the name. The lamps are designed in a variety of styles and colours.


title: Lava lamp

text: A classic lava lamp contains a standard incandescent or halogen lamp which heats a tall (often tapered) glass bottle. A formula from a 1968 US patent consisted of water and a transparent, translucent, or opaque mix of mineral oil, paraffin wax, and carbon tetrachloride. The clear water or mineral oil can optionally be coloured with translucent dyes.


title: Lava lamp

text: Common wax has a density much lower than that of water and would float on top at any temperature. However, carbon tetrachloride is denser than water (also nonflammable and miscible with wax) and is added to the wax to make its density at room temperature slightly higher than that of the water. When heated, the wax mixture becomes less dense than the water, because it expands more than water when both are heated. It also becomes fluid, causing blobs of it to ascend to the top of the lamp. There, they cool, increasing their density relative to that of the water, and descend. A metallic wire coil in the bottle's base breaks the cooled blobs' surface tension, allowing them to recombine.


title: Lava lamp

text: Since 1970, lava lamps made for the US market have not used carbon tetrachloride, whose use was banned that year due to toxicity. Haggerty, their current manufacturer, has stated that their current formulation is a trade secret.


title: Lava lamp

text: The bulb is normally 25 to 40 watts. It generally takes 45–60 minutes for the wax to warm up enough to form freely rising blobs, when operating the lamp at standard room temperature, and as long as 2 to 3 hours if the room is cooler.


title: Lava lamp

text: Once the wax is molten, the lamp should not be agitated, or the two fluids may emulsify, and the fluid surrounding the wax blobs will remain cloudy rather than clear. Some recombination will occur as part of the normal cycle of the wax in the container, but the only way to recombine all of the wax is to turn off the lamp and wait for a few hours. The wax then settles back to the bottom, forming one blob once again. Severe cases can require many heating-cooling cycles to clear.


title: Lava lamp

text: British entrepreneur Edward Craven Walker had the idea for the lava lamp in 1963 after watching a homemade egg timer, made from a cocktail shaker filled with liquids, as it bubbled on a stovetop in a pub. He hired British inventor David George Smith to develop the device and the chemical formula it required. Smith is credited as the inventor on the original for a "Display Device" filed and assigned to Craven-Walker's company in 1965, and subsequently issued in 1968. Craven Walker's company, Crestworth, was based in Poole, Dorset, United Kingdom. He named the lamp "Astro" and had variations such as the "Astro Mini" and the "Astro Coach" lantern.


title: Lava lamp

text: In 1965, Adolph Wertheimer and Hy Spector were intrigued by Walker's product when they saw it at a German trade show. They bought the American rights and began the Lava Manufacturing Corporation in Chicago to sell what they called the Lava Lite Lamp. In the late 1970s, US rights were sold to Larry Haggerty, who created a subsidiary of his company, Haggerty Enterprises, called Lava World International, which produced American lava lamps for over 30 years.


title: Lava lamp

text: In 2003, American lava lamp maker Lava World International (formerly Lava-Simplex-Scribe Internationale) moved its production to China. In 2008, it was acquired by Talon Merchant Capital and its name was changed to Lava Lite LLC. As of 2016, lava lamps were being sold under Lifespan brands in North America. In 2018, the 'Lava Lamp' brand was acquired by toy and gift maker Schylling Inc. of North Andover, MA. who continue to hold the US trademark rights to both the shape and name of LAVA lamp.


title: Lava lamp

text: When the American rights were sold, Craven Walker retained the rights for the rest of the world, and took on two business partners in the late 1980s, Cressida Granger and David Mulley. They eventually took over the company and changed its name to Mathmos in 1992. Edward Craven Walker remained a consultant to them until his death in 2000. Mathmos continues to make Lava Lamps and related products. They have won two Queens Awards for Export, and the Best Multi-Media prize at the Design Week awards. Astro lava lamp was launched in 1963 and celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2013. Mathmos lava lamps are still made in the original factory in Poole, Dorset.


title: Taylor York

text: Taylor Benjamin York (born December 17, 1989) is an American musician who is the guitarist of rock band Paramore. His brother Justin was a touring member of Relient K and was a touring guitarist for Paramore until 2022.


title: Taylor York

text: York was born the youngest of three boys on December 17, 1989, and raised in Nashville, Tennessee. His father is Peter York, chairman and CEO of Capitol Christian Music Group. Peter is also a guitarist and taught the instrument to both Taylor and his elder brother Justin. Taylor's eldest brother, Chris, is the Senior Director of A&R at Capitol Records.


title: Taylor York

text: York had been in a band with the Farro brothers (Josh and Zac) months before the two met Hayley Williams. Zac Farro introduced York to Williams at a high school football game, and they hit it off right away. York took part in writing songs such as "Conspiracy" for Paramore's debut album, "All We Know Is Falling", and bonus track "O Star", which was the first song York wrote with Williams alone just after they met, when they were 12 and 13 years old. York has "officially" played with Paramore since 2007.


title: Taylor York

text: York has stated that his favorite artists include mewithoutYou, Radiohead, Kent, Yann Tiersen, At the Drive-In, Failure, Björk, Kadawatha, and Paper Route. More recently in interviews, he has cited Afrobeat music as a big influence in his writing for After Laughter. Talking Heads, Fleetwood Mac, Blondie, Paul Simon, The Strokes, Thomas Mapfumo, Tame Impala, and The Cure were also named influences and favorite artists of his.


title: Taylor York

text: York had done backup vocals when he was younger for the band, before "All We Know Is Falling". He joined Paramore after the departure of Hunter Lamb in 2007 as their rhythm guitarist. In the liner notes for the group's second album, "Riot!", Hayley Williams, Josh Farro, and Zac Farro included him on their list of "thank yous". He also helped write "That's What You Get" and bonus track "Stop This Song", which his brother Justin York helped write.


title: Taylor York

text: After the release of "Riot!", Paramore released a live album, "The Final Riot!". York was credited as a member of the band in the liner notes of the latter and was later officially acknowledged by Paramore as an official member on June 15, 2009. After Josh and Zac Farro left the band, Williams said that she was sure York would leave the band as well. York said in interview: “When it went down, it was hard for me to make a decision. I just wasn't ready. I broke down, and started crying at one point, and I just knew that I wasn't done and that I loved being in a band with Jeremy and Hayley so much. I still had a lot more to do with the band, so I just looked forward and did it.” Williams also stated that she was not that close to Taylor at the time. They finally met up for coffee after attending a show together, and Williams recalls crying in her car afterward and knew the band was going to be okay with York staying. Since then, they became close again and have since grown closer. York has taken part in the writing and recording of their albums since.


title: Taylor York

text: In 2015, lead vocalist Hayley Williams quietly left Paramore for a brief period due to depression. York then remained the only member of Paramore, as bassist Jeremy Davis later left the band and embroiled York and Williams in a lawsuit over ownership and authorship of songs on Paramore's self-titled fourth record. Williams has praised York as someone who helped keep her alive during her depression. She also cites him as the reason Paramore is still a band and did not break up.


title: Yiruma

text: Lee Ru-ma (; born 15 February 1978), better known by his stage name Yiruma (), is a South Korean pianist and composer.


title: Yiruma

text: Yiruma was born in Seoul to a pastor. At age five, he began learning the piano and moved to the United Kingdom, where he attended the Purcell School for Young Musicians and graduated from King's College London.


title: Yiruma

text: After graduation, Yiruma returned to South Korea and released his debut album, "Love Scene", in 2001. He gained wider public recognition for performing the piano versions of the soundtracks from the popular 2006 drama "Spring Waltz". On 1 January 2009, he became a DJ for KBS 1FM "Yiruma's Music from All Around the World".


title: Yiruma

text: Yiruma's 2011 compilation album "The Best: Reminiscent, 10th Anniversary" debuted at number 3 in the "Billboard" classical charts in July 2020 and reached number 1 just two weeks later; "Billboard" classical charts had done away with its rules of only counting albums sold in the United States and recognizing albums released in the last 18 months. His music has seen a resurgence in popularity due to the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns in 2020. Several videos of his compositions posted on YouTube and other social media platforms have garnered millions of views.


title: Yiruma

text: Yiruma previously held British citizenship, which he voluntarily renounced in order to enlist for mandatory military service. He enlisted in the Republic of Korea Navy in July 2006 and was assigned to public relations duties. He was discharged in August 2008.


title: Yiruma

text: In April 2007, while on leave, Yiruma married his girlfriend Son Hye-im, the older sister of actress and former Miss Korea contestant Son Tae-young. They have a daughter (born in 2008).


title: Tungnath

text: Tungnath (IAST:tuņgnāth) is one of the highest Shiva temples in the world and is the highest of the five Panch Kedar temples located in the Rudraprayag district, in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. The Tungnath (literal meaning: Lord of the peaks) mountains form the Mandakini and Alaknanda river valleys. It is located at an altitude of , and just below the peak of Chandrashila. It has a rich legend linked to the Pandavas, heroes of the Mahabharata epic.


title: Tungnath

text: According to Hindu mythology, Shiva and his consort, Parvati both reside in the Himalayas: Shiva resides at Mount Kailash. Parvati is also called Shailaputri, which means 'Daughter of the Mountain'.


title: Tungnath

text: Many folk legends related to the Garhwal region, Shiva and the creation of the Panch Kedar temples are narrated.


title: Tungnath

text: A folk legend about Panch Kedar relates to the Pandavas, the heroes of the Hindu epic Mahabharata. The Pandavas defeated and slayed their cousins — the Kauravas in the epic Kurukshetra war. They wished to atone for the sins of committing fratricide ("gotra hatya") and Brāhmanahatya (killing of Brahmins — the priest class) during the war. Thus, they handed over the reins of their kingdom to their kin and left in search of Shiva and to seek his blessings. First, they went to the holy city of Varanasi (Kashi), believed to be Shiva's favourite city and known for its Kashi Vishwanath Temple. But, Shiva wanted to avoid them as he was deeply incensed by the death and dishonesty at the Kurukshetra war and was, therefore, insensitive to Pandavas' prayers. Therefore, he assumed the form of a bull (Nandi) and hid in the Garhwal region.


title: Tungnath

text: Not finding Shiva in Varanasi, the Pandavas went to Garhwal Himalayas. Bhima, the second of the five Pandava brothers, then standing astride two mountains started to look for Shiva. He saw a bull grazing near Guptakashi (“hidden Kashi” — the name derived from the hiding act of Shiva). Bhima immediately recognized the bull to be Shiva. Bhima caught hold of the bull by its tail and hind legs. But the bull-formed Shiva disappeared into the ground to later reappear in parts, with the hump raising in Kedarnath, the arms appearing in Tungnath, the face showing up at Rudranath, the nabhi (navel) and stomach surfacing in Madhyamaheshwar and the hair appearing in Kalpeshwar. The Pandavas pleased with this reappearance in five different forms, built temples at the five places for venerating and worshipping Shiva. The Pandavas were thus freed from their sins.


title: Tungnath

text: A variant of the tale credits Bhima of not only catching the bull, but also stopping it from disappearing. Consequently, the bull was torn asunder into five parts and appeared at five locations in the Kedar Khand of Garhwal region of the Himalayas. After building the Panch Kedar Temples, the Pandavas meditated at Kedarnath for salvation, performed yagna (fire sacrifice) and then through the heavenly path called the Mahapanth (also called Swargarohini), attained heaven or salvation.. The Panch Kedar Temples are constructed in the North-Indian Himalayan Temple "Katyuri" architecture with the Kedarnath, Tungnath and Madhyamaheshwar temples looking similar.


title: Tungnath

text: After completing the pilgrimage of Shiva's darshan at the Panch Kedar Temples, it is an unwritten religious rite to visit Vishnu at the Badrinath Temple, as a final affirmatory proof by the devotee that he has sought blessings of Shiva.


title: Tungnath

text: Legend also states that Rama, the central character of Ramayana, meditated at the Chandrashila peak which is close to Tungnath, in India. It is also said that Ravana performed penance to Shiva, the lord of the peaks, when he resided here.


title: Tungnath

text: The priest at this temple is a local Brahmin from Makkumath village, unlike the other Kedar temples where the priests are from South India, a tradition set by the eighth century Hindu seer Sankaracharya. It is also said that the Maithani Brahmins of Makkumath Village officiate as priests at this temple. During the winter season, the temple is closed and the symbolic image of the deity and the temple priests are moved to Markandeshwar Temple in Makkumath village, which is 29km from here. It is near Duggalbitha before Chopta towards Ukhimath.


title: Tungnath

text: Tungnath is at the top of the ridge dividing the waters of the Mandakini River (raising from Kedarnath) from those of the Alaknanda River (raising above Badrinath). The Tungnath peak on this ridge is the source of three springs, which form the Akashkamini River. The temple lies about below the Chandrashila Peak (). The road to Chopta is just below this ridge and hence provides the shortest bridle approach path for trekking to the temple from Chopta, over a short distance of about . From the top of the Chandrashila peak, picturesque views of the Himalayan range comprising snow peaks of Nanda Devi, Panch Chuli, Banderpoonch, Kedarnath, Chaukhamba and Neelkanth on one side, and the Garhwal valley on the opposite side could be witnessed. The valley between Chopta and Tunganath temple has wooded hills with rich alpine meadows with rhododendron coppices and also agricultural fields. The rhododendrons, when they are in full bloom during March, display dazzling colours ranging from crimson to pink. A high-altitude botanical station of the Garhwal University is located here. Nearing the top of the temple, there is a forest resthouse at Dugalibitta, just opposite to the Kedarnath range of hills. The Kedarnath Wild Life Sanctuary, also called the Kedarnath Musk Deer Sanctuary, set up in 1972 to preserve the endangered musk deer, which lies in the region, also has a musk deer breeding centre at Kharchula Kharak near Chopta.


title: Tungnath

text: Climate is generally cool throughout the year. Summers are pleasant with average temperature hovering around 16 degrees Celsius during the day time. Winters are very chilly and temperature drops below the freezing point very frequently. The best time to visit the temple is from April to September. Due to heavy snowfall, the Tungnath Temple remains closed for around 6 months during winter.


title: Tungnath

text: The trek starts from Chopta (), the nearest place on the NH 58. Chopta is from Rudraprayag towards Karnaprayag and is reached from Rishikesh via Devprayag, Srinagar and Rudraprayag.


title: Tungnath

text: Of all the Panch Kedar trek routes, the route to Tungnath is the shortest: only from Chopta (on the Ukhimath-Gopeshwar road) that can be covered in approximately 4–5 hours (depending on the trekker's physical ability). Trek is a steep climb (), the trek path is stone paved with benches provided en route at intervals. The path is surrounded by scenic views and captivating flora and fauna on both sides. Generally, the pilgrimage to Tunganath is undertaken as part of the Panch Kedar trekking covering all five temples over a route (road cum trek length) starting from Rishikesh in the order of: Kedarnath, Tungnath, Rudranath, Madhyamaheswar and Kalpeshwar. The few pilgrims who undertake this trekking pilgrimage to the shrine do so in summer months (end April or early May to October) as the temple remains snow bound and unapproachable. During this period even Chopta, the nearest road head remains deserted. But it is said that few adepts come to the area during the winter avoiding the pilgrims. The steep climb to Chandarshila is for .


title: Tungnath

text: Ravana shila is above Tungnath temple, there is a small temple which is known as Chandra Shila. Ravana Shila or Speaking mountain have his own historical importance related to the Ramayana. After killing Ravana, Rama felt guilty for what he had done. He then started austerities for Shiva and requested Shiva to release him from the guilt of killing Ravana. During his penance, he built the Ramanathaswamy Temple in Rameshwaram, in Tamil Nadu. The temple in Rameshwaram is one of the 12 Jyotirlingas.


title: Judy Loe

text: Judith Margaret Loe (born 6 March 1947) is an English actress. She was married to actor Richard Beckinsale until his death in 1979, and later married director Roy Battersby. She is the mother of actress Kate Beckinsale, and the stepmother of Kate's half-sister, Samantha.


title: Judy Loe

text: Loe was born in Urmston, Lancashire, the daughter of Norman Scarborough Loe, who worked in equipment business, and a mother Nancy (née Jones) who was a department store worker and model. She attended Urmston Grammar School and the University of Birmingham, where she graduated with a BA degree in English and Drama.


title: Judy Loe

text: Loe was in the original British cast of the rock musical "Hair". In 1970 she made her debut on British television and her first role was in the ITV Thames Television programme "Ace of Wands" broadcast 1970–72 as Lillian 'Lillu' Palmer. Following this, Loe made guest appearances on other series such as "Z-Cars", "Dixon of Dock Green", "Man at the Top", "Armchair Theatre" and "ITV Playhouse".


title: Judy Loe

text: In 1973, Loe was cast in the role of Alice Lee in a short-lived BBC Television programme "Woodstock", which only lasted for a single five-episode series. The same year she gave birth to actress Kate Beckinsale and in 1974 took time off acting to look after her then baby daughter. In 1975, after a couple months off, Loe appeared in the role of Princess May in the ATV drama series "Edward the Seventh" (1975). Loe began making guest appearances in comedies such as "Ripping Yarns", "Robin's Nest", "The Upchat Line" and "Miss Jones and Son". In 1978, Loe appeared in an episode of the television drama "Crown Court" shortly before landing the role of Dr Helen Sanders in the final two series of the television drama "General Hospital" playing the role from 1978 until 1979.


title: Judy Loe

text: In 1980, Loe appeared in one episode each of "Heartland" and "The Gentle Touch" before appearing in two episodes of "Sunday Night Thriller" and three episodes of "When the Boat Comes In" (1981). She starred alongside Donald Churchill in the ITV sitcom "Goodnight and God Bless". She also made a brief appearance as a nurse in "Monty Python's The Meaning of Life" (1983). In 1984, Loe starred as the abandoned house wife Allison in a six-part BBC1 serial called "Missing from Home" by Roger Marshall and directed by Douglas Camfield. Loe continued to make guest appearances in drama programmes up to 1985 shortly before landing the role of Diane in the television programme "Yesterday's Dreams" in 1987. In 1988, Loe gained the role of Pamela in the Yorkshire Television sitcom "Singles" with Roger Rees; this was the first sitcom which Loe had ever starred in and this lasted three series until 1991. In 1990, she took a regular role in "The Chief", playing Dr Elizabeth Stafford from 1990 to 1993.


title: Judy Loe

text: In 1997, she played Adele Cecil in "Death Is Now My Neighbour", an episode of "Inspector Morse", reprising her role the following year in "The Wench is Dead".


title: Judy Loe

text: Between 2001 and 2002, she played Jan Goddard in "Casualty" and its spin off "Holby City" from 2002 to 2003. In 2009 Loe appeared in the medical drama "Doctors".


title: Judy Loe

text: Judy Loe has been married twice: first to Richard Beckinsale, from 1977 until his death in 1979. She married TV director Roy Battersby on 6 March 1997, which was her 50th birthday.


title: Paralytic illness of Franklin D. Roosevelt

text: Franklin D. Roosevelt, later the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 to 1945, began experiencing symptoms of a paralytic illness in 1921 when he was 39 years old. His main symptoms were fever; symmetric, ascending paralysis; facial paralysis; bowel and bladder dysfunction; numbness and hyperesthesia; and a descending pattern of recovery. He was diagnosed with poliomyelitis and underwent years of therapy, including hydrotherapy at Warm Springs, Georgia. Roosevelt remained paralyzed from the waist down and relied on a wheelchair and leg braces for mobility, which he took efforts to conceal in public. In 1938, he founded the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, leading to the development of polio vaccines. Although historical accounts continue to refer to Roosevelt's case as polio, the diagnosis has been questioned in the context of current medical science, with a competing diagnosis of Guillain–Barré syndrome proposed by some authors.


text: On August 9, 1921, 39-year-old Franklin D. Roosevelt, at the time a practicing lawyer in New York City, joined his family at their vacation home at Campobello, a Canadian island off the coast of Maine. Among those at Campobello when Roosevelt arrived were his wife, Eleanor, their children, his political aide Louis Howe, Howe's wife, and their young son. On August 10, after a day of strenuous activity, Roosevelt came down with an illness characterized by fever, ascending paralysis, facial paralysis, prolonged bowel and bladder dysfunction, and numbness and hypersensitivity of the skin. Roosevelt came close to death from the illness. He faced many life-threatening medical problems including the possibility of respiratory failure, urinary tract infection, injury to the urethra or bladder, decubitus ulcers, clots in the leg veins, and malnutrition. Eleanor's nursing care was responsible for Roosevelt's survival. Most of the symptoms resolved themselves, but he was left permanently paralyzed from the waist down.


text: Roosevelt traveled to Campobello with his friend and new employer, Van Lear Black, on Black's ocean-going yacht.


text: Roosevelt spent the day physically active. Afterward, he complained of chills, nausea, and pain in his lower back. He skipped dinner and went to bed. Chills lasted through the night.


text: Dr. Eben H. Bennet, a general practitioner in the nearby village of Lubec who had known the Roosevelts for years, visited Roosevelt and diagnosed a bad summer cold. By the evening, one leg was paralyzed, and the other had become weak.


text: Both legs were paralyzed. His temperature was 102 °F (39 °C). Pain shot through his legs, feet and back.


text: Bennet suggested a consultation with Dr. William W. Keen, an eminent retired neurosurgeon vacationing nearby.


text: Roosevelt's legs were numb. They then became painfully sensitive to touch, "so painful that he could not stand the pressure of the bedclothes, and even the movement of the breezes across his skin caused acute distress." He could not pass urine.


text: Roosevelt was paralyzed from the chest down. On that day and the following, his hands, arms, and shoulders were weak. He had difficulty moving his bowels and required enemas.


text: Roosevelt continued to be unable to pass urine for two weeks, and required catheterization. His fever continued for a total of six to seven days.


text: Keen repeated his examination, a bending and prodding that Elliott later termed "excruciating" for his father.


text: Frederic Delano, Roosevelt's uncle, had received a letter from Louis Howe requesting to find a doctor to come see Roosevelt. Delano called his son-in-law, a physician, who recommended he speak to another physician, a Dr. Parker. Parker told Delano that the case sounded like infantile paralysis, and that the leading authorities on the disease were at the Harvard Infantile Paralysis Commission in Boston. Delano caught a train and arrived the next morning.


text: Dr. Samuel A. Levine was at his office when Delano telephoned Brigham Hospital on Saturday morning. Levine said the senior members of the Harvard Infantile Paralysis Commission, Dr. Lovett and Dr. Peabody, were out of town, but he would try to answer Delano's questions. After reviewing the messages Delano had received from Campobello, Levine thought Roosevelt had acute poliomyelitis. He urged that a lumbar puncture be done, with the goal of making a diagnosis, but mainly because Levine believed there could be acute benefit from the procedure. Delano phoned and wrote Eleanor the same day, advising her to stop massaging Roosevelt's legs, and to disregard Keen's advice: "I think it would be very unwise to trust his diagnosis where the Inf. Paralysis can be determined by test of the spinal fluid." Eleanor communicated with Keen, who "very strenuously" resisted the idea of poliomyelitis. Keen asked Lovett to visit Campobello.


text: Lovett met Levine for dinner. Lovett asked how to distinguish whether paralysis was caused by poliomyelitis or by a clot or lesion of the spinal cord.


text: Lovett saw Roosevelt and performed a "more or less superficial" examination since Roosevelt was highly sensitive to touch. The arms were weak; the bladder was paralyzed; the left thumb indicated atrophy. Roosevelt could not stand or walk, and Lovett documented "scattered weakness, most marked in the hips".


text: Roosevelt's temperature was 100 °F (38 °C). Both legs were paralyzed. His back muscles were weak. There was also weakness of the face and left hand. Pain in the legs and inability to urinate continued.


text: After a brief conference with Keen, Lovett saw Roosevelt. Lovett informed him that the "physical findings" presented a "perfectly clear" diagnosis of poliomyelitis.


text: Lovett ordered an end to massage, which had no benefit and caused pain, and recommended a trained nurse to care for Roosevelt.


text: Roosevelt was admitted to Presbyterian Hospital in New York City for convalescence, under the care of Dr. George Draper, an expert on poliomyelitis and Roosevelt's personal physician. Lovett continued to consult from Boston.


text: There was pain in the legs, paralysis of the legs, muscle wasting in the lower lumbar area and the buttocks, weakness of the right triceps, and gross muscle twitching in both forearms.


text: Roosevelt was transferred from Presbyterian Hospital to his house on East 65th Street. His chart still read "not improving".


text: Roosevelt exercised daily. His hamstrings tightened, and his legs were encased in plaster to straighten them by degrees.


text: After falling ill, Roosevelt was seen by four doctors. Eben Homer Bennet, the Roosevelt family doctor, diagnosed a heavy cold. William Keen, a retired neurosurgeon, thought Roosevelt had a blood clot. Robert Lovett, an expert on the orthopedic management of children paralyzed from poliomyelitis, diagnosed "infantile paralysis", as did George Draper, Roosevelt's personal physician.


text: Roosevelt's physicians never mentioned Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) in their communications concerning Roosevelt's case, indicating that they were not aware of it as a diagnostic possibility. All reports before 1921 of what is now called GBS were by European physicians, in European journals. The result was that very few American physicians knew that GBS was a separate disease. For example, Lovett mistakenly believed that Landry's ascending paralysis, now termed GBS, was one of the clinical presentations of paralytic polio. In 1921, an American physician would assume that if an individual developed a sudden, non-traumatic flaccid paralysis, it was due to paralytic polio. The concept of GBS as a separate disease was not widely accepted in the United States until after the Second World War.


text: Roosevelt was totally and permanently paralyzed from the waist down, and unable to stand or walk without support. For the next few months, he confined himself to indoor pursuits, including resuming his lifelong hobby of stamp collecting. In December 1921, after he had recuperated for several months, a physiotherapist began working with him to determine the extent of the damage. He was able to perform small exercises on his own, moving one muscle and then another. He was fitted with heavy steel braces that locked at the knee and provided enough stability that he could stand with crutches. In 1922, at Springwood, he worked diligently to make his way across the room. He set himself the goal of getting down the long driveway, managing to do it once, but never trying again.


text: In October 1922, Roosevelt visited his law office at the Equitable Building, where a welcome-back luncheon had been arranged. The chauffeur assisting him failed to brace the tip of his left crutch and Roosevelt fell onto the highly polished lobby floor. Laughing, he asked two young men in the crowd of onlookers to help get him back on his feet. After the luncheon, he told friends it was a "grand and glorious occasion". He did not return to his office for two months.


text: Roosevelt believed that warmth and exercise would help rebuild his legs. He bought a run-down 71-foot (21.6 m) houseboat and, in February 1923, sailed to Florida with friends and a small crew. Eleanor found it dull and left, but Roosevelt sailed for weeks, fishing and spending time with a succession of friends who came to visit. He designed a pulley system that lowered him into the water to swim. In May 1923, Lovett documented no overall improvement over the preceding year, but Roosevelt would not accept his doctors' determination that further progress was unlikely. He tried a range of therapies and made two more voyages on his houseboat, but his efforts had no effect.


text: "Between 1925 and 1928, Franklin would spend more than half his time—116 of 208 weeks—away from home, struggling to find a way to regain his feet," wrote biographer Geoffrey Ward. "Eleanor was with him just 4 of those 116 weeks, and his mother was with him for only 2. His children hardly saw him."


text: Roosevelt lost the use of his legs and two inches of height, but the subsequent development of the rest of his body gave him a robust physique, and he enjoyed many years of excellent health. Jack Dempsey praised his upper-body musculature, and Roosevelt once landed a 237-pound (107.5 kg) shark after fighting it on his line for two hours.


text: Roosevelt first traveled to Warm Springs, Georgia, on October 3, 1924. For many years to come Warm Springs would be where he would retreat in comfort for hydrotherapy. With his physiotherapist at Warm Springs, Roosevelt laboriously taught himself to walk short distances while wearing iron braces on his hips and legs, by swiveling his torso. For this "two-point walk", he would grip the arm of a strong person with his left hand, and brace himself with a cane in his right.


text: On April 29, 1926, he bought Warm Springs with the intention of making it into a rehabilitation center for polio patients.


text: Roosevelt was twice elected Governor of New York, on November 6, 1928, and November 4, 1930. He moved into the Governor's Mansion in Albany in January 1929. Before he moved in, the mansion was made wheelchair-friendly with ramps and an elevator.


text: Roosevelt won the 1932 presidential election in a landslide and became the first (and, as of 2021, only) physically disabled person to be President of the United States. Before he moved into the White House, ramps were added to make it wheelchair-friendly. Any pictures of the President were taken at certain angles and at a distance.


text: Roosevelt took great care to convince even close confidants that he was getting better, which he believed was essential if he was to run for public office again. To Richard E. Byrd, he wrote "By next autumn I will be ready to chase the nimble moose with you." To General Leonard Wood: his leg muscles "were all coming back." His public appearances were carefully choreographed to avoid the press covering his arrival and departure, which would have shown him getting into or out of a vehicle or train. In private he used a wheelchair, but was careful not to be seen using it in public, although he sometimes appeared on crutches. He usually appeared in public standing upright, supported on one side by an aide or one of his sons. For major speaking occasions, an especially solid lectern was placed on the stage so that he could support himself on it; as a result, in films of his speeches, Roosevelt can be observed using his head to make gestures because his hands were gripping the lectern.


text: Journalist John Gunther reported that in the 1930s, he often met people in Europe, including world leaders, who were unaware of Roosevelt's paralysis. David Brinkley, who was a young White House reporter in World War II, stated that the Secret Service actively interfered with photographers who tried to take pictures of Roosevelt in a wheelchair or being moved about by others. The Secret Service commonly destroyed photographs they caught being taken in this manner; however, there were occasional exceptions.


text: Disability advocate Hugh Gallagher posited that Roosevelt was desperate to appear able-bodied. "FDR did not want the public to be aware that he was forced to use a wheelchair." When discussing Roosevelt's limited use of a wheelchair in public, Gallagher stated, "This was not by accident. It was a strategy that served to minimize the extent of his handicap: To make it unnoticed when possible and palatable when it was noticed." In contrast, historian James Tobin argued that Roosevelt used his disability to his advantage. Tobin stated, "But he could, instead, show himself to be something he had never been seen as before: A fighter and, and better yet, an underdog. Not a man to pity; not a man to envy; but a man to cheer."


text: When Roosevelt addressed the Congress in person on March 1, 1945, about a month before his death, he made public reference to his disability for almost the first time in 20 years. "I hope that you will pardon me for this unusual posture of sitting down," Roosevelt began, "but I know you will realize that it makes it a lot easier for me not to have to carry about ten pounds of steel around on the bottom of my legs."


text: On January 3, 1938, Roosevelt founded the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, now known as the March of Dimes. Basil O'Connor, an attorney and close associate of Roosevelt, helped establish the foundation and was its president for more than three decades. The organization's annual fundraising campaign coincided with Roosevelt's birthday on January 30. The organization initially focused on the rehabilitation of victims of paralytic polio and supported the work of Jonas Salk and others that led to the development of polio vaccines. Today, the March of Dimes focuses on preventing premature births, congenital disabilities, and infant mortality.


text: Because he founded the March of Dimes, a dime was chosen to honor Roosevelt after his death. The Roosevelt dime was issued on January 30, 1946.


text: Roosevelt's center at Warm Springs operates today as the Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute for Rehabilitation, a comprehensive rehabilitation facility operated by the state of Georgia. A center for post-polio treatment, it provides vocational rehabilitation, long-term acute care, and inpatient rehabilitation for amputees and people recovering from spinal cord injuries, brain damage, and stroke.


text: The Roosevelt Memorial in Washington, D.C., includes a statue of Roosevelt in a wheelchair. The wheelchair statue was not originally included in the memorial. The statue was added in January 2001 because of the concerns of historian and disability-rights advocates and fundraising by the National Organization on Disability.


text: A 2003 peer-reviewed study by Armond Goldman and others reconsidered the diagnosis of Roosevelt's illness, using three diagnostic methods – pattern recognition, reconstructing the pathogenesis, and Bayesian analysis – and found Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) more probable than poliomyelitis. For the Bayesian analysis, the best estimate of the annual incidence of GBS was 1.3 per 100,000. For paralytic polio in Roosevelt's age group, an annual incidence of 1.0 per 100,000 was used. The paralytic polio rate was derived from the exceptionally severe polio epidemic that struck New York City in 1916, to tilt the odds in favor of polio. The prior probability of paralytic polio in Roosevelt's age group in the United States in 1921 was likely much lower because paralytic polio was at one of its lowest ebbs in the Northeastern region of the country at that time. In July 1921, three cases were reported in New Jersey. By late August some 100 cases were reported in the state of New York. Based on the incidence rates for GBS and paralytic polio, and symptom probabilities from the medical literature, Roosevelt's symptoms were analyzed by Bayesian analysis to obtain posterior probabilities, as listed below.


text: Goldman and his co-authors found that six of eight symptoms favored GBS, with the posterior probability of GBS shown for each:


text: Using a Bayesian analysis with all eight symptoms, Goldman obtained an overall probability above 99% that Roosevelt had GBS.


text: It is possible Roosevelt was exposed to an infectious agent at the Boy Scout Jamboree in late July. The two-week interval before the onset of his neurological illness was in keeping with both the incubation period of poliomyelitis, and with exposure to an infectious agent leading to GBS. There are no reports that any scouts or personnel at the camp developed polio around the time of Roosevelt's visit. In 1912 and 1915, Roosevelt had illnesses compatible with "Campylobacter jejuni", a major causative agent of GBS.


text: It has been stated that Roosevelt may have been predisposed to paralytic polio by genetic inheritance. However, such a genetic predisposition has never been discovered. Several authors have stated that Roosevelt was more vulnerable to polio since he was raised on an isolated family estate and had little contact with other children until he entered Groton at age 14. However, Roosevelt was not a "boy in a bubble". He had many possible exposures to polioviruses before 1921. Most polio cases are asymptomatic or a mild illness. Yet those asymptomatic individuals can transmit the viral infection. Goldman explored the predisposition thesis by increasing the increasing the prior probability of polio in his analysis by a factor of 100, and still obtained a 99.4% overall probability of GBS (99.97% posterior probability).


text: A 2014 biography of Roosevelt by James Tobin focused on his paralysis, accepting the original diagnosis of polio. Tobin believed that Lovett had tested the diagnosis with a lumbar puncture, based on excerpts from an "unpublished note" by Dr. Samuel A. Levine of the Harvard Infantile Paralysis Commission. The book stated, "Levine's private note indicates that Dr. Lovett did examine the cerebrospinal fluid and knew very well that a high level of white blood cells was consistent with poliomyelitis... If Lovett had discovered a low white blood cell count, he would have doubted that poliomyelitis was the cause of Roosevelt's illness. Yet Lovett wrote George Draper that 'I thought [the diagnosis] was perfectly clear as far as the physical findings were concerned.


text: Goldman and his co-authors reviewed the note to which Tobin referred and other surrounding correspondence. In response to Tobin's interpretation, they pointed out that the note was written well after 1921, that no one present during Roosevelt's illness mentioned the invasive procedure being done, that it would have demanded resources not available at Campobello, and that the note made no mention of results. They further stated that such fluid testing is most effective within the first several days of paralysis onset, and Lovett did not see Roosevelt until about 15 days had passed.


text: John F. Ditunno, of the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Bruce E. Becker, and Gerald J. Herbison challenged the retrospective diagnosis of GBS primarily on the basis that several of the symptoms that Goldman highlighted as atypical in polio were quite typical in adult cases identified as polio. They noted that the form of GBS most resembling Roosevelt's symptoms is not otherwise known to require permanent wheelchair use. The authors concluded that Roosevelt's case provided sufficient information to differentiate his condition from GBS, and that the polio diagnosis was properly made by physicians familiar with the then-common disease.


text: Biographer Jonathan Alter observed that "in any event, there was no cure for either disease in 1921." Levine mistakenly thought that the main benefit of a spinal tap, if done, would be to improve the outcome by lowering elevated CSF pressure. Even today, some authors mistakenly believe that Roosevelt's paralysis, assuming a polio diagnosis, could have been prevented with early intervention. However, there is no objective evidence that a spinal tap lessens the possibility of paralysis in polio, and it is unlikely Roosevelt's physicians would have tried human serum injections into the CSF, or that such injections would have helped. Lovett did not think the injections were useful, and there were alarming meningeal symptoms associated with them, probably secondary to the formation of antigen-antibody complexes. Concerning GBS, virtually all of the effective measures that are currently standard practice for the medical management of GBS were not developed until many decades after Roosevelt's 1921 illness, so Roosevelt's prognosis would not have improved even if GBS had been diagnosed.


title: Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment

text: Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment Pvt Ltd (NGE) is an Indian film production company based in Mumbai.


title: Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment

text: The Nadiadwala family have been in film production since 1955, continuing this legacy Sajid Nadiadwala established the company in 2005. It is a part of the Hindi film industry that is involved in Motion picture, radio, television and other entertainment activities. Rakesh Madhotra is the current CEO of the company.


title: Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment

text: The Nadiadwala family, who migrated to Mumbai from Nadiad, Gujarat, have been in the film industry for three generations, starting with A. K. Nadiadwala followed by his son Sulieman Nadiadwala and now grandson Sajid Nadiadwala. Presently, they are celebrating 63 years of their existence in the film industry. The first film to be produced under their legacy was "Inspector" (1956) by Abdul Karim Nadiadwala. He further went on to produce movies like "Taj Mahal" (1963) and "Chitralekha" (1964).


title: Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment

text: The company's first production came in 1992 with Bharat Rangachary's "Zulm Ki Hukumat", starring an ensemble cast including Suniel Shetty and Govinda, which was not well appreciated. The next two produced films were Rangachary's "Waqt Hamara Hai" (1993) starring Akshay Kumar as well as Suniel Shetty, and Aziz Sejawal's "Andolan" (1995) starring Govinda, Mamta Kulkarni and Sanjay Dutt. Both these films performed moderately well at the box office. The former marked Sajid Nadiadwala's first production to star Kumar.


title: Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment

text: In August 1996, Raj Kanwar's action thriller "Jeet" starring Sunny Deol, Karisma Kapoor and Salman Khan, which was produced by NGE, was released to positive critical reviews, and eventually proved as a breakthrough for the banner, as it grossed over at the worldwide box office to become one of the year's highest earning films. "Jeet" was also Nadiadwala's first production to star Salman Khan. David Dhawan's comedy "Judwaa", released in February 1997, marked the next film of NGK. Featuring Salman Khan as twin brothers who were separated at their birth and reunite in youth, "Judwaa" starred Karisma Kapoor & Rambha as Khan's love interests, and had a successful box-office run with lifetime earnings of over .


title: Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment

text: NGK began the 2000s decade by reteaming with Raj Kanwar to produce the romantic comedy "Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega" (2000) starring Salman Khan opposite Preity Zinta and Rani Mukerji. It went on to gross worldwide and was the sixth highest-grossing film that year. From 2001 to 2003, NGK didn't produce any films.


title: Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment

text: The banner came back in 2004 by collaborating with David Dhawan for the second time on the musical romantic comedy "Mujhse Shaadi Karogi" which featured Salman Khan, Akshay Kumar and Priyanka Chopra and was declared a "Super Hit" by "Box Office India". Its final worldwide earnings reached to . This was followed by Shirish Kunder's directorial debut "Jaan-E-Mann" in 2006. The feature which saw Preity Zinta, Salman Khan and Akshay Kumar play lead roles. was critically and commercially unprofitable.


title: Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment

text: In 2007, NGK produced Sajid Khan's comedy "Heyy Babyy" starring Akshay Kumar, Vidya Balan, Riteish Deshmukh and Fardeen Khan. "Heyy Babyy", which marked the first collaboration between Nadiadwala and Deshmukh, was a critical and commercial success with revenues of but received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics. The banner next produced Sabbir Khan's directorial debut "Kambakkht Ishq" (2009) which saw Akshay Kumar and Kareena Kapoor star as pivotal characters and earned over in global markets to become a box-office hit despite earning overwhelmingly mixed reviews from film critics.


title: Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment

text: NGK achieved further success in 2010, producing the Sajid Khan-directed comedy "Housefull", which consisted of an ensemble cast including Akshay Kumar, Deepika Padukone, Riteish Deshmukh, Lara Dutta, Arjun Rampal and Jiah Khan.. The movie grossed over worldwide, thus becoming NGK's highest-grossing release at that point, and was the fourth top-earning Bollywood production of the year, but its response was generally mixed. "Housefull" was the first installment of the "Housefull film franchise" as well. The company's second production of the year was Siddharth Anand's "Anjaana Anjaani", a romantic comedy featuring Ranbir Kapoor and Priyanka Chopra, which was profitable at the box office.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: Córdoba () is a city in central Argentina, in the foothills of the Sierras Chicas on the Suquía River, about northwest of Buenos Aires. It is the capital of Córdoba Province and the second most populous city in Argentina after Buenos Aires, with about 1.3 million inhabitants according to the 2010 census. It was founded on 6 July 1573 by Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera, who named it after Córdoba, Spain. It was one of the early Spanish colonial capitals of the region that is now Argentina (the oldest city is Santiago del Estero, founded in 1553). The National University of Córdoba is the oldest university of the country. It was founded in 1613 by the Jesuit Order. Because of this, Córdoba earned the nickname "La Docta" ("the learned").


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: Córdoba has many historical monuments preserved from Spanish colonial rule, especially buildings of the Catholic Church. The most recognizable is perhaps the Jesuit Block (Spanish: "Manzana Jesuítica"), declared in 2000 as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO which consists of a group of buildings dating from the 17th century, including the Colegio Nacional de Monserrat and the colonial university campus. The campus belongs today to the historical museum of the National University of Córdoba, which has been the second-largest university in the country since the early 20th century (after the University of Buenos Aires), in number of students, faculty, and academic programs. Córdoba is also known for its historical movements, such as Cordobazo and La Reforma del '18 (known as University Revolution in English).


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: In 1570, Viceroy Francisco de Toledo entrusted the Spanish settler Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera, with the task of populating and founding a settlement in the Punilla Valley. Cabrera sent an expedition of 48 men to the territory of the Comechingones. He divided the principal column that entered through the north of the provincial territory at Villa María.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: The one hundred man expedition set foot on what today is Córdoba on 24 June 1573. Cabrera called the nearby river San Juan (today Suquía). The settlement was officially founded on 6 July of the same year and named Córdoba de la Nueva Andalucía, possibly in honour of ancestors of the founder's wife, originally from Córdoba, Spain. The foundation of the city took place on the left bank of the river on Francisco de Torres' advice.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: The settlement was inhabited by aboriginal people called Comechingones, who lived in communities called Ayllus. After four years, having repelled attacks by the aborigines, the settlement's authorities moved it to the opposite bank of the Suquía River in 1577. The Lieutenant Governor at the time, Don Lorenzo Suárez de Figueroa, planned the first layout of the city as a grid of 70 blocks. Once the city core had been moved to its current location, it acquired a stable population. Its economy blossomed due to trade with the cities in the north.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: In 1599, the religious order of the Jesuits arrived in the settlement. They established a Novitiate in 1608 and, in 1610, the Colegio Maximo, which became the University of Córdoba in 1613 (today National University of Córdoba), the fourth-oldest in the Americas. The local Jesuit church remains one of the oldest buildings in South America and contains the Monserrat Secondary School, a church, and residential buildings. To maintain such a project, the Jesuits operated five "Reducciones" in the surrounding fertile valleys, including Caroya, Jesús María, Santa Catalina, Alta Gracia and Candelaria.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: The farm and the complex, started in 1615, had to be vacated by the Jesuits following the 1767 decree by King Charles III of Spain that expelled them from the continent. They were then run by the Franciscans until 1853, when the Jesuits returned to the Americas. Nevertheless, the university and the high-school were nationalized a year later.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: Each Estancia has its own church and set of buildings, around which towns grew, such as Alta Gracia, the closest to the Block.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: In 1776, King Carlos III created the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, in which Córdoba stays in 1785 as the Government Intendency of Córdoba, including the current territories of the provinces of Córdoba, La Rioja and the region of Cuyo.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: According to the 1760 census, the population of the city was 22,000 inhabitants. During the May Revolution in 1810, the widespread opinion of the most notable citizens was of continuing respecting the orders of Fernando VII, attitude assumed by the local authorities, which led to the Liniers Counter-revolution. This position was not shared by the Dean Gregorio Funes, who was adhering to the revolutionary ideas, beside supporting contact with Manuel Belgrano and Juan José Castelli.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: In March 1816, the Argentine Congress met in Tucumán for an independence resolution. Córdoba sent Eduardo Pérez Bulnes, Jerónimo Salguero de Cabrera, José Antonio Cabrera, and to the Canon of the cathedral Michael Calixto of the Circle, all of them of autonomous position.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: The 1820s belonged to caudillos, since the country was in full process of formation. Until 1820 a central government taken root in Buenos Aires existed, but the remaining thirteen provinces felt that after 9 July 1816 what had happened it was simply a change of commander. The Battle of Cepeda pitted the commanders of the Littoral against the inland forces.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: Finally, the Federales obtained the victory, for what the country remained since then integrated by 13 autonomous provinces, on the national government having been dissolved.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: From this way the period known like about the Provincial Autonomies began. From this moment the provinces tried to create a federal system that was integrating them without coming to good port, this mainly for the regional differences of every province.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: Two Córdoba figures stood out in this period: Governor Juan Bautista Bustos, who was an official of the Army of the North and in 1820 was supervised by the troops quartered in Arequito, a town near Córdoba, and his ally and later enemy, General José María Paz. In 1821, Bustos repelled the invasion of Córdoba on the part of Francisco Ramírez and his Chilean ally, General José Miguel Carrera. The conflict originated in a dispute with the power system that included the provinces of Buenos Aires, Córdoba and Santa Fe; according to the 1822 census the total population of Córdoba was of 11,552 inhabitants.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: At the end of the 19th century the process of national industrialization began with the height of the economic agro-exporting model, principally of meats and cereals. This process is associated with the European immigration who began to settle the city, generally possessing the education and enterprising capacity appropriate for the development of industry. The majority of these European immigrants came from Italy (initially from Piedmont, Veneto and Lombardy; later from Campania and Calabria), and Spain (mostly Galicians and Basques)


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: At the beginning of the 20th century the city had 90,000 inhabitants. The city's physiognomy changed considerably following the construction of new avenues, walks and public squares, as well as the installation of an electrified tram system, in 1909. In 1918, Córdoba was the epicentre of a movement known as the University Reform, which then spread to the rest of the Universities of the country, Americas and Spain.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: The development of the domestic market, the British investments that facilitated European settlement, the development of the railways on the pampas rapidly industrialized the city. Córdoba's industrial sector first developed from the need to transform raw materials such as leather, meats and wool for export.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: In 1927, the Military Aircraft Manufacturer (FMA) was inaugurated. The facility would become one of the most important in the world after World War II with the arrival of German technical personnel. From 1952, its production began to diversify, to constitute the base of the former Institute Aerotécnico, the state-owned company Aeronautical and Mechanical Industries of the State (IAME). Córdoba was chosen as the site of The "Instituto Aerotécnico" that later became the "Fábrica Militar de Aviones". It employed the Focke Wulf men until President Juan Perón was ousted by a coup in 1955. Lockheed Martin purchased FMA in 1995.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: Córdoba, according to the census of 1947, had almost 400,000 inhabitants (a quarter of the province's total). Subsequent industrial development led thousands of rural families to the city, doubling its population and turning Córdoba into the second largest city in Argentina, after Buenos Aires, by 1970. The city's population and economic growth moderated, afterwards, though living standards rose with the increase in the national consumption of Córdoba's industrial products, as well as the development of other sectors of economic activity.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: At times rivaling Buenos Aires for its importance in national politics, Córdoba was the site of the initial mutiny leading to the 1955 "Revolución Libertadora" that deposed President Juan Perón and the setting for the 1969 "Cordobazo", a series of violent labor and student protests that ultimately led to elections in 1973. Córdoba's current economic diversity is due to a vigorous services sector and the demand for agro-industrial and railway equipment and, in particular, the introduction of U.S. and European automakers after 1954.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: The city's geographic location is , taking as a point of reference San Martín Square in downtown Córdoba. The relative location of the municipal common land, is in the south hemisphere of the globe, to the south of the South American subcontinent, in the geographical centre – west of Argentina and of the province of Córdoba; to a distance of from Buenos Aires and from the city of Rosario


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: As per the provincial laws No. 778 14 December 1878, Not. 927 20 October 1883, and Not. 1295 29 December 1893, the limits of the city of Córdoba are delineated in the northern part, South, East and West located to from San Martín Square which means that the common land has from side. The city, adjoins in the northern territory with Colón Department summarizing a total surface of 562.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: The city is located in the plain of the Humid Pampa, to the east of the oriental cord of Córdoba Hills or Sierras Chicas, also known as the Sierras Cordobesas, which has an average height of 550 m. It spreads at the foot of the mount, on both banks of the River Suquía, and flows into the San Roque reservoir; from there, the Primero River goes east into the plains surrounding the city of Córdoba.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: Once inside the city, the "La Cañada" stream meets the Rio Primero near the city centre area. Two kilometers to the east, "Isla de los Patos" (Ducks Island) was repopulated with ducks and swans in the 1980s. It was reported in March 2006 that a large number of ducks had died due to unspecified causes. Pollution caused by chemical waste is suspected as the cause, but avian influenza is also being investigated.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: Beyond the city limits, the river flows towards the Algarrobos swamp and ends its course on the southern coast of the Mar Chiquita (or Mar de Ansenuza) salt lake. All in all, the river has a length of approximately and carries, on average, 9.7 m³/s, with minimum of 2 m³/s and maximum of 24 m³/s with a peak during the summer months.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: Pollution of the water and of the riverbank is a major environmental issue in Córdoba. Periodic cleaning operations are carried out to increase the quality of the water and to preserve the viability of fishing, both in the San Roque reservoir area and downstream.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: The climate of the city of Córdoba, and that of most of the province, is humid subtropical ("Cwa", according to the Köppen climate classification), moderated by the Pampas winds, cold winds that blow from the South-western quadrant, which originate in Antarctica.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: There are four marked seasons. Summers run from late November till early March, and bring days between and and night between and with frequent thunderstorms. Heat waves are common, and bring days with temperatures over and hot, sticky nights; however, Pampero winds are sure to bring relief with thunderstorms and a day or two of cool, crisp weather: nighttime temperatures can easily descend to or less, but the heat starts building up right away the next day.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: By late February or early March, nights start getting cooler and, in March, highs average and lows ; after cold fronts, lows below and highs below are recorded in this month.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: April is significantly drier already; highs reach on average and lows , creating very pleasant conditions. In some years, temperatures can approach or even reach the freezing point in late April; however, heat waves of up to are still possible, but nights are rarely as hot as in the summer.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: May usually brings the first frosts, and very dry weather, with under of rain expected. Highs average and lows average ; however, when cold waves reach the area, highs may stay below and lows can be well below freezing.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: Winter lasts from late May till early September, and bring average highs of and lows of . However, strong northwesterly winds downsloping from the mountains can bring what is known as "Veranito" (little summer) with highs of up to or more and dusty, windy weather (but dry, pleasant nights) for 2–3 days. Conversely, when storms stall over the Atlantic coast, there may be several days of drizzle and cool weather, and when cold air masses invade the country from Antarctica (several times every winter), there may be one or two days with temperatures around , drizzle and high winds (which combined make it feel very cold), followed by dry, cold weather with nighttime lows between and and daytime highs between and . Snowfall is very rare in the city, but more frequent in the outskirts where the Sierras begin ; sleet may fall every once in a while. The record low temperature for Córdoba is . In June, only of rain are expected, compared to in January.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: Spring is extremely variable and windy: there may be long stretches of cool, dry weather and cold nights followed by intense heat waves up to , followed by the most severe thunderstorms with hail and high winds. It is not unusual to see temperatures drop from one day to another, or to have frost following extreme heat. Drought is most common in this season, when the normal summer rainfall arrives later than expected.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: By October, days are warm at but nights remain cold at , by late November, the weather resembles summer weather with cooler nights.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: The wealthier suburbs west of the city are located at slightly higher altitudes, which allows cool breezes to blow in the summer, bringing drier, comfortable nights during hotter periods, and more regular frost in the winter. Generally speaking, Córdoba's daytime temperatures are very slightly warmer than Buenos Aires' but nighttime lows are usually cooler, especially in the winter. This, combined with a lower humidity and the possibility of fleeing to higher altitudes minutes away from the city centre, makes the climate a bit more comfortable than in the capital.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: The variations or thermal extents are greater than in Buenos Aires, and lower in annual rainfall: / year. The annual average temperature calculated during the 20th century was 18 °C. In January, the hottest month of the austral summer, the average maximum is 31 °C and the minimum 17 °C.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: In winter it is very frequent that temperatures rise above 30 °C, due to the influence of the wind Zonda.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: Due to the extension of the metropolitan area, there exists a difference of 5 °C between the central area and the Greater Córdoba. The central district, a dense high-rise area is located in a depression, and it is the core of an important heat island. In addition the city presents a phenomenon of smog, but not so dense as to present health concerns.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: The largest ethnic groups in Córdoba are Italians/Italian Argentine and Spaniards/Spanish Argentine (mostly Galicians and Basques/Basque Argentine). Waves of immigrants from other European countries arrived in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. From the rest of Western Europe came immigrants from Switzerland, Germany, United Kingdom, Ireland and Scandinavia (especially Sweden). Other Europeans also arrived from nations such as Croatia, Poland, Hungary, Russia, Romania, Ukraine, Armenia and the Balkans (especially Greece, Serbia and Montenegro). By the 1910s, 43 percent of the city population was non-native Argentine after immigration rates peaked. Important Lebanese, Georgian, Syrian and Armenian communities have had a significant presence in commerce and civic life since the beginning of the 20th century.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: Most immigrants, regardless of origin, settled in the city or around Greater Córdoba. However, in the early stages of immigration, some formed settlements (especially agricultural settlements) in different parts of the city, often encouraged by the Argentine government and/or sponsored by private individuals and organizations.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: Córdoba is the second largest city in the country in population and concentrates 40.9% of the Córdoba Province population of 3,216,993 inhabitants and represents almost 3.3% of the Argentine population, which according to estimates to June 2008, reached 39,745,613 inhabitants. Driven by migration both domestic and from abroad, the city's rate of population growth was an elevated 3.2% annually from 1914 to 1960; but, it has been declining steadily since then, and has averaged around 0.4% a year, since the national census of 2001.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: According to the last provincial census of 2008, the city has 1,315,540 inhabitants, representing an increase of 3.78% with regard to the 1,267,521 registered during the national census of 2001.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: Greater Córdoba is the metropolitan area of the city of Córdoba, a union of medium localities of the department Colón, from the north to the south. Greater Córdoba is the second-largest urban agglomeration in Argentina in both population and surface area.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: The growth of the metropolitan area was not equal in all directions, it spreads approximately up to to the northwest of the Córdoba city centre in a thin succession of small localities. This is almost the maximum distance from the Buenos Aires city center to the most distant of its metropolitan area points; whereas in the rest of the cardinal points it comes to .


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: The city receives a constant flow of students from the northeastern and southwestern regions of Argentina and of other South American countries, owed principally to the National University of Córdoba, which increases gradually the city population. Córdoba grows constantly, expanding especially towards the southern areas of Alta Gracia and Villa Carlos Paz.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: The use of the city soil is regulated by the municipality, which determines and destines 26,177 hectares to urban area (40.24%), 12,267 hectares to the industrial dominant area (21.3%), 16,404 hectares to rural area dominant (28.45%) and 5,750 hectares to other uses as military proposes, or institutional spaces (9.98%) of the total area of the city.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: Green spaces include different types of spaces, from squares, small squares, up to urban, green linear parks of different scales as the river Suquia, bicycle pathways and highways). The surface supported by the Municipality of Córdoba in character of green Urban adds approximately 1645 hectares.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: The historical centre is shaped by quadrangular blocks of some hundred thirty meters of side. The disposition of the neighborhoods and principal avenues is radial. From the city centre district large avenues that lead to the most peripheral neighborhoods are born. In conformity with the demographic growth the city has expanded principally to the northwest and to the southeast, following the trace of the National Route 9.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: The governor, Juan Schiaretti, finalized the Circunvalaciónon 6 July 2019, by building the last 2,8 km from La Cañanada to Fuerza Aerea. This ended the construction of the 47 km long ring road motorway, which takes almost 34 minutes to complete.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: Córdoba is home to one of the most important financial districts in South America. The district is home to the Bank of Córdoba and other private banking institutions. Sightseeing places include San Martín Square, the Jesuit Block (declared UNESCO World Heritage Site) and the Genaro Pérez Museum. The streets mostly follow a regular checkerboard pattern, and the main thoroughfares are Vélez Sarsfield, Colón, General Paz, Dean Funes Avenue, and 27 April Street. The point of origin of the city is the San Martin Square, surrounded by the Municipality and Central Post Office.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: Downtown Córdoba is home of large shopping malls, notably Patio Olmos. This mall is the result of a massive regeneration effort, recycling and refurbishing the west side old warehouses into elegant offices and commercial centres. An important cultural point of interest is the Palacio Ferreyra, a mansion built in 1916 based on plans by the French architect, Ernest Sanson. The Ferreyra palace was converted into the Evita Perón Museum of Fine Arts (the city's second) in 2007. Located at the corner of Hipólito Yrigoyen and Chacabuco Avenues, it has now been restored and adapted to house the city's principal art gallery.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: New Córdoba has a number of important avenues such as "Yrigoyen" and "Vélez Sarsfield". Most of the university students in this growing city live in this neighbourhood, and a recent construction boom has been transforming this upscale area into the fastest-growing section in the city.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: Ciudad Universitaria is a district located in the southern area of the city, next to the Sarmiento Park, the city's most important one. The Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC) has most of its facilities in this area. The UNC was the first university built in Argentina, founded by Jesuits around 1622. The Universidad Nacional de Córdoba is also famous for the "Reforma Universitaria", a student-led protest that started in March 1918 in the Medical School, in which the students rebelled against the prevailing university system. This was an old anachronistic system in which professors were authoritarian and inefficient, with a religiously oriented curriculum. Eventually this revolt lead to a more secular curriculum and some significant re-structuring of the university government. The distinctive nature of the movement derived not only from its radical demands, but also from its extremist tactics, the level of sophistication of its organization, and its major continental impact. In fact, the Reform Movement rapidly spread from Córdoba to Lima (1919), Cuzco (1920), Santiago de Chile (1920), and Mexico (1921). Another important university, the UTN, dedicated to the teaching of engineering sciences, is located in this part of the city. There are also a gym and football stadium and tennis courts for the students. The "Córdoba Zoo" is located in this district.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: Located about from downtown Córdoba is the Cerro de Las Rosas. This very affluent neighborhood is famous for its schools, shops and educational institutions. This neighborhood's economic activity centers around the Rafael Núñez Avenue, a long wide road that stretches for a few kilometers and has restaurants, boutiques, banks and other shops. Over the last decade, this neighborhood has experienced steady growth; however, some of its most affluent inhabitants have moved to gated communities for security reasons. Some of these communities, such as "Las Delicias" and "Lomas de los Carolinos", are in the old Camino a La Calera.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: The Córdoba public transport system includes trains, buses, trolleybuses and taxis. Long-distance buses reach most cities and towns throughout the country. Many residents own and drive the city’s official car, the Chrysler Cordoba.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: The city is served by the nation's third-largest airport, Ingeniero Ambrosio L.V. Taravella International Airport.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: Buses are, by far, the most popular way of transportation around Córdoba Province. There are many different companies that provide long distance, short distance and urban services. They all have their own prices, that are not cheap compared to the rest of Argentina. Córdoba is one of the Provinces with higher transportation rates. Urban buses used to be paid with a card called RedBus


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: Rail transport in Córdoba has commuter and long-distance services, all operated by state-owned Trenes Argentinos. From the Mitre railway station depart trains to Villa María while the Tren de las Sierras connects the district of Alta Córdoba with Cosquín.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: From Retiro station of Buenos Aires trains reach Córdoba twice a week with an estimated journey time of 18 hours. Many people choose the train because of the low cost, but it takes almost twice the time that would take to do the same trip by bus (around eight hours).


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: The Tren de las Sierras is a tourist service that crosses part of the Valle de Punilla, Quebrada del Río Suquía and borders the Dique San Roque's Lake. It has two services per day with an additional service on weekends. It takes between 2 and 3 hours to go from Alta Córdoba Station to Cosquín.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: Córdoba has two railway stations, the Córdoba (Mitre) originally built by the Central Argentine R. in 1886. That station has been an intermediate stop for trains to Tucumán, successively operated by Ferrocarriles Argentinos and then by private consortiums such as Ferrocentral. The other station is Alta Córdoba, built and operated by British-owned Córdoba North Western in 1891, and currently terminus of Tren de las Sierras.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: The Argentine government had projected to build a high-speed train between Buenos Aires-Rosario-Córdoba. It would eventually join Córdoba and Buenos Aires, with an intermediate stop in Rosario, in about 3 hours at speeds of up to . Originally scheduled to be started in 2008, with its inauguration in 2010, the project was finally dismissed in December 2012. The total cost of the rail had been estimated at US$4,000,000,000. French company Alstom, that had won the tender to build high-speed rail, admitted to have paid bribes to the Argentine authorities.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: On 10 December 2007 it was announced that a consortium of Iecsa/Gela companies was to build a US$1.1 billion metro system in Córdoba. In April 2008, President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, signed the project into law. The project has been suspended since 2012.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Córdoba, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 64 min. 13.8% of public transit riders, ride for more than two hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 21 min, while 43.% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 5 km, while 4% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: Since World War II, Córdoba has been developing a versatile industrial base. The biggest sectors is car and car parts manufacturing: Renault has a factory which produces a range of cars and Volkswagen has a factory specialized in the production of gearboxes. The capital goods company CNH Industrial has also a factory in the city. Many suppliers (both local and foreign) manufacture car parts for these operations. Additionally, starting in 2017–2018, Nissan and Mercedes-Benz will begin the production of their new pickup truck at the Renault factory. Railway construction (Materfer) and aircraft construction (Fábrica Militar de Aviones) were once significant employers, but their activities have greatly diminished. Furthermore, there are some textile, heavy and chemical industries (e.g. Porta for alcohol).


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: Areas around Córdoba produce vast amounts of agricultural products, and some of these are processed around the city. Additionally, the province is one of the main producers of agricultural machinery in the country, although most of these operations are not in the city itself. Candy company Arcor is headquartered in the city.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: Córdoba has been considered the technological centre of Argentina. The Argentine "spaceport" (Centro Espacial Teófilo Tabanera), where satellites are being developed and operated for CONAE, is located in the suburb of Falda del Carmen. The software and electronic industries are advancing and becoming significant exporters; among the leading local employers in the sector are Motorola, Vates, Intel, Electronic Data Systems, and Santex América.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: The city also has a service-based economy focused on retail, professional services and financial services, where the main local player is credit card provider Tarjeta Naranja. It has recently emerged as a start-up hub with a growing number of angel investors, in part due to the availability of people with technology-oriented skills.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: Association football is the most popular sport in Córdoba as well as in Argentina. Several leagues and divisions compete in the local championship annually. The city currently has one representative in the Argentine First Division, Talleres. Other lower-division sides in Córdoba include Belgrano, Instituto de Córdoba and Racing de Córdoba.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: Basketball is the second-most popular sport in Córdoba. Asociación Deportiva Atenas is the most popular club, and one of the most successful in Argentina, having won the National League (LNB) seven times, and being three times winner of the South American League. Córdoba was one of the host cities of the official Basketball World Cup for its 1967 and 1990 editions.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: Rugby union is also a very popular sport in Córdoba, which has close to 20 teams with many divisions. Tala Rugby Club, Club La Tablada, Córdoba Athletic Club (one of the oldest clubs in Argentina and founded by the British who worked in the building of the Argentine Railroads around 1882), Jockey Club Córdoba, and Club Universitario de Córdoba are some of the most prestigious teams. Córdoba is one of the strongest rugby places in Argentina, and is the home of many international players. Many of the great players in Argentina and Italy began their careers in the Córdoba's rugby clubs.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: Golf and tennis are also very popular; notable players that started playing in Córdoba include Ángel "Pato" Cabrera and Eduardo "Gato" Romero (b. 1954) in golf and David Nalbandian in tennis.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: Motorsport events also take place at Autódromo Oscar Cabalén, such as TC2000 but has hosted Stock Car Brasil and Formula Truck.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: Córdoba has long been one of Argentina's main educational centers, with 6 universities and several postsecondary colleges. Students from the entire country, as well as neighbouring countries attend the local universities, giving the city a distinct atmosphere.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: The National University of Córdoba, established since 1613, is the 4th oldest in the Americas and the first in Argentina. It has about 105,000 students, and offers degrees in a wide variety of subjects in the sciences, applied sciences, social sciences, humanities and arts.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: The Córdoba Regional Faculty is a branch of the National Technological University in Córdoba, offering undergraduate degrees in engineering (civil, electrical, electronic, industrial, mechanical, metallurgy, chemical and information), as well as master's degrees in engineering and business, and a PhD program in engineering and materials.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: The Catholic University of Córdoba is the oldest private university in Córdoba, it has nearly 10,000 students.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: The Aeronautic University Institute, run by the Argentine Air Force, offers degrees in aeronautical, telecommunications and electronic engineering, as well as information systems, accounting, logistics and administration.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: The Instituto Tecnológico Córdoba was created jointly by the six universities located in the city to support technological development in the region.


title: Córdoba, Argentina

text: Furthermore, the Universidad Siglo 21 and Universidad Blas Pascal are private universities in the city.