title: TVR

text: The TVR model series that would replace the Vixen-based cars was known as the M Series. Mike Bigland would design its chassis, which was superior in every way to the outgoing Vixen chassis; it was more rigid, would provide better safety for the car's occupants, and could be produced more economically. Over several months, the design was finalised and the factory prepared for production. The 2500M, 3000M, 1600M, Taimar and 3000S models (as well as turbocharged variants of the V6 cars) were all built for various spans of time between 1972 and 1980. This period saw significant improvements in both efficiency and quality, with Mike Penny performing a quality control inspection on every car that left the factory. Also during M Series production, both Jack Pickard and Stanley Kilcoyne returned to work at the company. TVR had enough faith in the cars' quality to begin offering a five-year no-corrosion guarantee in 1974. Exports were strong, with sixty percent of TVR's production going to continental Europe and the United States.


title: TVR

text: On the evening of 3 January 1975, a fire broke out in the TVR factory, likely caused by faulty wiring in a 3000M factory demonstrator car. Several complete and nearly complete cars were destroyed, as well as many components in the company's stores. Soot and ash covered every surface, and the damage was estimated to be £200,000. A small team of office workers came in to clean and perform administrative tasks while the insurance company made its assessment. The factory walls were sandblasted to remove the coating of soot, but the sand damaged many pieces of equipment that were not moved out first. Despite the lack of heat and electricity in the building, some limited amount of car construction began again. Four cars were completed in April, and then eight in May. Total production for the year was approximately 150 cars, and only about 20 of those were exported to the US, where Gerry Sagerman's business suffered as a result.


title: TVR

text: In late 1975 and 1976, the newly hired sales manager Stewart Halstead was charged with the task of expanding the home and European markets to stabilise TVR's future. Enthusiasm for the cars was high in the US, tempered by the fact that the cars' pricing had crept up over recent years to the point where the same money could buy a new Corvette. Opportunities continued to expand in Europe, where dealerships opened in Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Switzerland.


title: TVR

text: In the late 1970s, TVR's leadership felt that the next model should represent a modern departure in styling from the Vixen and M Series cars. It was also important that the replacement model could be economically produced and that it would be easier to bring into compliance with safety and emissions regulations. TVR management met with Oliver Winterbottom in August 1977, and it was decided that he would style a new two-seat coupe. Ian Jones, formerly of Lotus Cars and then of Larkspur Design near Southampton, was to design the chassis. The prototype project initially showed slow progress while it was being worked at the Topolec facility in Norwich, so it was moved to a unit that TVR began renting at Bamber Bridge. The prototype car began road testing in January 1979, powered by the 2.8-litre fuel injected Ford Cologne V6 engine. The name for the car, Tasmin, was created by blending the female name "Tamsin" with the name of the Australasian racing Tasman Series.


title: TVR

text: During the course of Tasmin development, TVR was short of funds to pay suppliers and this problem was compounded in late 1979 with the short-term loss of £100,000 worth of M Series cars that were impounded by the US federal government for non-compliance with emissions regulations. When the car's styling was finalised, it was not especially well received by TVR management (being described later by Martin Lilley and Stewart Halstead respectively as "a big disappointment" and "absolutely dreadful"), but time and budget limitations forced the company to proceed with the design.


title: TVR

text: After the Tasmin was released in 1980, it did receive a number of positive reviews from motoring journalists who praised its chassis and handling, sales were very lackluster due to the car's controversial styling and comparatively high price (£5,000 more than the discontinued Taimar). The car's disappointing sales coincided with the early 1980s recession in the UK, and the result was that TVR was again on the brink of financial collapse. In December 1981, Martin Lilley transferred control of the company to wealthy businessman and TVR customer Peter Wheeler.


title: TVR

text: In the 1980s, under the ownership of Peter Wheeler, a chemical engineer who had specialised in manufacturing components for the oil industry and TVR enthusiast, TVR moved away from naturally aspirated and forced induction V6 engines to large V8 engines, namely the Rover V8. In that time, engine capacity grew from 3.5 to 5 litres.


title: TVR

text: In 1988, TVR sourced a 5.0 litre Holden V8 through Tom Walkinshaw at Holden Special Vehicles. The engine was installed in the TVR White Elephant, a prototype car built for Wheeler by John Ravenscroft. The Holden powered TVR White Elephant was later superseded by the Rover V8 powered Griffith prototype.


title: TVR

text: With the TVR S Series, first produced in 1986, Wheeler re-introduced the traditional design elements from the M-series. This became a great success for the company, and he followed up by introducing a number of new and bold body designs including the Chimaera, Griffith, Cerbera, Tuscan, Tamora, T350, Typhon and Sagaris.


title: TVR

text: In the 1990s, TVR modified a number of Rover V8s, but subsequently an in-house engine design was developed. The AJP8 engine, a lightweight alloy V8, was developed by engineering consultant Al Melling along with John Ravenscroft and Peter Wheeler (hence the AJP initials). The new engine was originally destined for the Griffith and Chimaera models, but development took longer than expected and eventually became available in the Cerbera and the Tuscan race car.


title: TVR

text: Wheeler subsequently directed the design of a straight-six derivative of the AJP8 that would be cheaper to produce and maintain than the eight. This engine, designed initially by Al Melling and then significantly altered before final production by John Ravenscroft of TVR, became known as the TVR Speed Six engine, and, with the exception of the Cerbera (which could be specified with the AJP8), powered all the late model TVRs.


title: TVR

text: In July 2004, Nikolay Smolensky bought the company from Wheeler. Despite his Russian nationality, Smolensky said he intended TVR to remain a British company.


title: TVR

text: In April 2006, responding to falling demand and with production rumoured to have dropped from 12 cars a week to 3 or 4, TVR laid off 300 of its staff members. At the same time, the firm announced plans to move to updated facilities in the Squires Gate district of Blackpool, citing impending expiry of the lease of the current factory in late 2006, where owner Peter Wheeler was said to be planning to build a housing estate.


title: TVR

text: In October 2006 Smolensky announced that body production and final assembly for TVR would move to Turin with only engine production remaining in the UK. In protest at this and to show support for the workers, a large number of TVR owners paraded through central London on 26 November 2006. Dubbed "London Thunder", it was also an attempt at the official world record for the biggest one-marque convoy on record.


title: TVR

text: By December 2006, it emerged that Smolensky had split TVR into a number of different companies: the brand and intellectual property rights had been transferred to a core Smolensky company; TVR Motors held the licence to the brands and intellectual property in the UK, as well as sales and marketing of the brand; TVR Power - the automotive parts business - had been sold to outside investors; and Blackpool Automotive which held the factory and manufacturing assets.


title: TVR

text: On 13 December 2006, Smolensky and production director Mike Penny resigned as directors of Blackpool Automotive, being replaced by Smolensky's UK personal assistant Roger Billinghurst and 25-year-old Austrian Angelco Stamenkov. By 24 December, Blackpool Automotive was in administration.


title: TVR

text: On 22 February 2007 it was revealed that Smolensky was once again the owner of the company, having been the highest bidder.


title: TVR

text: On 8 October 2007, it was realised that Smolensky was still in control of the company and was hoping to restart production, with a target of 2,000 cars to be sold in 2008. and on 11 July TVR announced the relaunching of the Sagaris as the Sagaris 2, at its new centre near Wesham in Lancashire, though this did not happen and the company took no action for another two years.


title: TVR

text: In June 2010, German manufacturer Gullwing, a specialist German firm which held a minority share in TVR, said they would start producing a new car from September 2010. Boss Juergen Mohr said "Having been a TVR owner, I think this will be the best TVR ever." He also confirmed the company was planning new models, possibly with alternative drivetrains. "I can imagine everything, even electric-powered cars," Mohr said.


title: TVR

text: On 6 June 2013, it was reported that Nikolay Smolensky had sold his entire ownership of TVR to TVR Automotive Ltd, a UK company led by Les Edgar and John Chasey.


title: TVR

text: To coincide with the 2014 Classic Car Show, TVR announced a TVR Genuine Parts initiative to guarantee continuity of supply of parts for classic TVRs and the formation of a new company TVR Parts Ltd which is exclusively licensed to sell genuine parts worldwide, taking over the last stock remaining when the factory closed and the previous TVR parts business operations of Racing Green, Clever Trevor and Multipart Solutions. This was augmented the following year with the purchase of the parts business of David Gerald/Classic World Racing who had held the licence for pre 1980's TVRs.


title: TVR

text: On 3 June 2015, it was revealed that development of the new car had been underway for more than a year, with partners Gordon Murray and Cosworth, that would be launched in 2017, followed by additional models as part of a 10-year plan. The new car boasted an impressive specification, front engined, rear wheel drive, normally aspirated Cosworth V8 mated to a manual transmission, that caused it to be described as "God’s own sports car". Codenamed T37, deposits were taken in anticipation for delivery in 2017.


title: TVR

text: Further details of the engine were revealed on 7 October 2015 as being based on the 5.0 L Ford Coyote V8, with modifications by Cosworth including lighter flywheel, dry sump lubrication and unique engine management, to generate from , depending on the variant.


title: TVR

text: On 22 March 2016, the First Minister of Wales Carwyn Jones announced that TVR would build its factory in Ebbw Vale adjacent to the Circuit of Wales, creating 150 jobs, with TVR also receiving an undisclosed investment from the Welsh Government.


title: TVR

text: On 5 June 2017, it was announced the first public viewing and launch of the car would take place at the Goodwood Revival on 8 September 2017, to coincide with the marque's 70th anniversary year. On 8 September 2017, at the Goodwood Revival, the TVR Griffith was unveiled, featuring designwork by Gordon Murray, a 5.0 L Ford Cosworth V8 engine, and a carbon fibre ground effect chassis.


title: TVR

text: It was announced in January 2018 that the Welsh Government had previously acquired a minority 3% stake in TVR in early 2016, following independent and specialist due diligence, for the sum of £500,000. With this share purchase, it also provided a £2 million repayable commercial loan to the company, alongside a private sector lender, Fiduciam. According to the Welsh Government, the minority stake will "ensure the Welsh tax payer will benefit from the company's successes".


title: TVR

text: In June 2020, Autocar reported that TVR was owed more than £8.23 million from debtors, and has net assets slightly exceeding £2.1 million. TVR needed to pay off a £2 million loan from the Welsh government and a £3 million loan from financial firm Fiduciam. To fulfill its obligations and put the Griffith into production, TVR launched a £25m bond on Euronext Dublin, Ireland's main stock exchange, through Irish firm Audacia Capital. In January 2021, Fiduciam granted TVR a new £2 million loan through the UK's Coronavirus Business Interruption Loan Scheme.


title: TVR

text: In November 2021 TVR announced a joint venture with Ensorcia Metals a green lithium mining company to both fund production on the Griffith and ensure the supply chain for TVR's future battery requirements.


title: TVR

text: In April 2022, TVR announced that a multi-million pound investment by Ensorcia had taken place and it had repaid the debt owed to the Welsh Government. It was further announced TVR would become a sponsor for the 2021–22 Formula E rounds at Monaco and London to promote the forthcoming second generation of the Griffith.


title: TVR

text: Autocar exclusively revealed in July 2022 that with the support of investment from Ensorcia, in addition to a Griffith EV there were plans for TVR to produce an electric SUV and saloon.


title: Crocus

text: Crocus (; plural: crocuses or croci) is a genus of seasonal flowering plants in the family Iridaceae (iris family) comprising about 100 species of perennials growing from corms. They are low growing plants, whose flower stems remain underground, that bear relatively large white, yellow, orange or purple flowers and then become dormant after flowering. Many are cultivated for their flowers, appearing in autumn, winter, or spring. The flowers close at night and in overcast weather conditions. The crocus has been known throughout recorded history, mainly as the source of saffron. Saffron is obtained from the dried stigma of "Crocus sativus", an autumn-blooming species. It is valued as a spice and dyestuff, and is one of the most expensive spices in the world. Iran is the center of saffron production. Crocuses are native to woodland, scrub, and meadows from sea level to alpine tundra from the Mediterranean, through North Africa, central and southern Europe, the islands of the Aegean, the Middle East and across Central Asia to Xinjiang in western China. Crocuses may be propagated from seed or from daughter cormels formed on the corm, that eventually produce mature plants. They arrived in Europe from Turkey in the 16th century and became valued as an ornamental flowering plant.


title: Crocus

text: "Crocus" display the general characteristics of family Iridaceae, which include basal cauline (arising from the aerial stem) leaves that sheath the stem base, hermaphrodite flowers that are relatively large and showy, the perianth petaloid with 2 whorls of 3 tepals each and septal nectaries. The flowers have 3 stamens and a gynoecium of 3 united carpels and an inferior ovary, 3 locules and axile placentation with fruit that is a loculicidal capsule.


title: Crocus

text: Plants produce several basal linear bifacial green leaves that arise from the corms. These are adaxially (upper surface facing axis) flat or channelled with pale median stripes, while the opposite (abaxial) surface is strongly keeled, with two grooves on either side. The leaves have a distinctive shape in cross-section, being boat-shaped with two lateral arms with margins recurved inwardly towards the central riged keel, forming the sides of the "boat". The keel may be square or rectangular, but is lacking in "C. carpetanus". The pale central stripe is caused by parenchymatous cells which lack chloroplasts and may contain air spaces. The leaves are from wide and long. The leaf-like bracts are membranous, while the smaller bracteoles are either membranous or absent. The leaf bases are surrounded by up to 5 membranous sheaths called cataphylls, a specialised leaf. The bases of the cataphylls form the corm tunic, and their number varies from 3 to 6, and enclose the true leaves (euphylls), bracts, bracteoles and flowering stalk.


title: Crocus

text: The number of peduncles (flower stems) vary from one to several and remain underground, emerging only at the fruiting stage, bearing flowers that are solitary or several, so that a true scape is absent. The flowers are pedicellate (attached to the peduncle by a short subterranean pedicel stalk). The pedicel is sometimes subtended (below pedicel) by a membranous, sheathing prophyll (leaf-like structure).


title: Crocus

text: The fruit is a small membranous capsule, ellipsoid or oblong-ellipsoid in shape and the many seeds are globose to ellipsoid. The seed surface is highly variable, including papillate (covered in small protuberances), digitiform (finger-like) and other epidermal cell types. In some species the seeds are arillate, with fleshy appendages. Crocus seeds have both inner and outer integuments and in some species the outer epidermis may display long papillae. Embryo-sac development is Polygonum type. Dehiscence (splitting of the capsule to release the seed) is of the loculicidal type in which it splits through the wall of the locules leaving the septa that separate them intact.


title: Crocus

text: "Crocus" has extensive aneuploidy (abnormal number of chromosomes), with some uncertainty as to the base number of chromosomes. The chromosome numbers shows extreme variability,ranging from 2n=6 to 2n=70 even within a single species.


title: Crocus

text: The Iridaceae contain a wide range of phenolic compounds. However, 6-Hydroxyflavones are found only in "Crocus", which is also characterised by the presence of crocins, water-soluble yellow carotenoids, in the floral tissues. Crocin is a diester of crocetin, responsible for the colour of the styles and stigma of "C. sativus", and hence saffron. A few species contain mangiferin, a glucosylxanthone.


title: Crocus

text: The crocus was well known to the ancients, being described at least as early as Theophrastus (c. 371c. 287 BC), and was introduced into Britain by the Romans, where the saffron crocus was used as a dyestuff. It was reintroduced into Western Europe by the Crusaders. The crocus is mentioned in mediaeval and later herbals, one of the earliest being the 14th century "Tractatus de Herbis." William Turner (1548) states that the crocus is referred to as saffron in English, implying that only "C. sativus" was known at that time. However, by 1597 John Gerard writes of "sundry sorts" and uses the term saffron and crocus as interchangeable. He included both spring and autumn flowering crocus, but distinguished Wild Saffron (Crocus) from Meadow Saaffron (Colchicum). He described eleven forms. Some of his specimens were obtained from Clusius. In the following century, John Parkinson in a more detailed account was more careful to include separate chapters for "Colchicum", with the common name of meadow saffron, from "Crocus" or saffron. Parkinson (1656) states that there are "divers sorts of saffrons" describing 27 spring flowering plants and 4 autumn flowering ones, pointing out that only one of those was the true saffron crocus, which he called "Crocus verus sativus autumnalis". Similar accounts are found in continental European herbals, including those of l'Obel in Flanders (1576) and Besler's "Hortus Eystettensis" in Bavaria (1613).


title: Crocus

text: The genus "Crocus" was first formally described by Linnaeus in 1753, with three taxa, and two species, "C. sativus" (type species), var. "officinalis" (now treated as a synonym of "C. sativus") and var. "vernus" (now "C. vernus") and "C. bulbocodium" (now "Romulea bulbocodium"). Thus Linnaeus recognised two taxa that are accepted as separate species in modern classifications, one vernal and one autumnal crocus, but incorrectly assumed they were only varieties of a single species, while his second species was actually from a closely related genus that was only recognised later (1772). However a subsequent re-examination of Linnaeus's specimens suggested the presence of several different species that he did not recognise as being separate. Linnaeus' system, based on sexual characteristics, "Crocus" was classified as Triandra Monogynia (Three stamens, Single pistil). Linnaeus's system was supplanted by the "natural" system which used a hierarchy of taxonomic ranks based on weighting of the importance of structural characteristics of the plant. Jussieu (1789) placed the genus Crocus in his "Ordo" (family) Irides or "Les iris", as a member of the class "Stamina epigyna" (stamens inserted above the ovary) as part of the monocotyledons, the first level of the division of the flowering plants.


title: Crocus

text: One of the first monographs of the genus appeared in 1809, by Haworth, followed in 1829 by that of Sabine, and Herbert in 1847. In 1853, Lindley continued the placement of "Crocus" as one of 53 genera in Iridaceae, which he included in a higher order of monocotyledons, the Narcissales. Baker published a monograph on the genus in 1874, adopting a very different schema to that of Herbert. In 1883, Bentham and Hooker described the Irideae (Iridaceae) as having more than 700 species, and divided it into 3 tribes and further into subtribes. Tribe Sysyrinchieae as having 2 subtribes, including Ixieae. The latter was circumscribed with four genera, "Crocus", "Syringodea", "Galaxia" ("Moraea") and "Romulea". This circumscription has remained stable since, with the exception of "Moraea" which properly belongs in a separate tribe. The most influential monograph of the nineteenth century was that of Maw (1886), which forms the basis of modern understanding of the genus. Maw built oin the work of Herbert, rejecting Baker's classification. The availability of molecular phylogenetic methods in the late twentieth century has shown that the Iridaceae properly belong within the order Asparagales.


title: Crocus

text: The scientific study of the genus in the late eighteenth century was accompanied by detailed descriptions with Botanical illustrations, such as those of William Curtis (1787) and Sims (1803), that appeared in Curtis' Botanical Magazine, with illustrations by Sydenham Edwards. Other illustrations are found in monographs such as those of Haworth (1809) and Sabine (1830), illustrated by Charles John Robertson. The largest collection is found in the most comprehensive monograph, that of Maw (1886). other sources include the portfolios of plates, such as the survey of the plants of France by Masclef (1891). At that time only "C. sativus" and "C. vernus" were included in the Flora of France.


title: Crocus

text: The genus "Crocus" belongs to the monocot family Iridaceae (iris family), specifically the large subfamily Crocoideae. Within that subfamily, crocus is placed on the tribe, Ixieae (synonym Croceae), one of five. The Ixieae are then subdivided into subtribes, with the genera "Crocus", "Romulea" and "Syringodea" forming subtribe Romuleinae. The Romuleinae have been characterised within the Ixieae by progressively reduced aerial stems. solitary flowers on the stem branches and woody tunics on the corms. They also often have divided style branches. However "Crocus" corm tunics are fibrous and membranous rather than woody as in "Syringodea", also "Crocus" has a ridged and often keeled abaxial leaf surface, while that of "Syringodea" is rounded, and the midline adaxial translucency of "Crocus" is lacking in "Syringodea". "Romulea" is principally distinguished from the other two genera by generally having aerial stems or at least an ovary at ground level, compared with the other acaulescent genera, other differences include unifacial rather than bifacial leave and the pollen structure.


title: Crocus

text: Within the Romuleinae, "Crocus" is a sister group to "Syringodea", the two genera forming a sister group to "Romulea".


title: Crocus

text: The genus Crocus consists of about 200 accepted species, which continue to increase, and has undergone a large number of taxonomic classifications. The genus has often been divided into sections, beginning with that of Haworth (1809) who described two sections based on the presence or absence of hairs in the throat of the flower, while Sabine was the first to realise the importance of the presence or absence of a basal spathe (prophyll) in dividing the genus into two sections, a practice followed by Herbert However Sabine's practice of using trinomials for varieties such as "C. sulphureus concolor" is no longer accepted, although Herbert somewhat similarly used varieties and subvarieties, eg "C. vernus" var.1 "Communis" subvar. 1. "Obovatus". Herbert also used geographical distribution as a basis of classification. By the late 19th century Maw (1886), following Herbert, subdivided the genus into two divisions, the "Involucrati" and the "Nudiflori", and then further divided it into six sections and lastly by flowering times (spring or autumn). Although rejecting the concept of subvarieties, he placed even more emphasis on geography.


title: Crocus

text: The most widely accepted system, that proposed by Brian Mathew in 1982 was based on Maw's system, but with less emphasis on flowering times. This mainly depended on three character states:


title: Crocus

text: and included 81 species, however, one of these, "Crocus medius" was later recognized as a synonym of "Crocus nudiflorus".


title: Crocus

text: The genus, as described by Mathew, consisted of two subgenera, "Crocirus" (monotypic for "Crocus banaticus") and "Crocus" including the remainder of the species, based on whether the anthers were introrse or extrorse (dehiscence directed towards or away from centre of flower) respectively. Subgenus "Crocus" was then divided into two sections, "Crocus" and "Nudiscapus", based on the presence or absence of the prophyll. Each section was then further divided into six series of "Crocus" and nine of "Nudiscapus". These series were defined by the division of the style, the corm tunic, flowering time, leaf structure, presence of a bracteole and anther colour. Mathew also introduced the concept of subspecies, including 50 in all, by giving similar but different forms subspecies status if geographically separated, resulting in about 140 distinct taxa. The seven species and ten subspecies discovered since then have been integrated into revisions of this classification, though new species continue to be described, leading to estimates of at least 200 species.


title: Crocus

text: Crocus populations have extremely high infra-specific variability with a very diverse spectrum of morphological and phenotypical varieties, while many individual specimens from different species may closely resemble each other. Based on such morphological differences between isolated populations many new species have been named, but without a definition of new species based on molecular and/or karyological information, species can not be confirmed, creating difficulties in determining speciation and hence the exact number of species. The situation is even more complex once hybridisation (combination of taxa) and introgression (transfer of genetic material) are considered.


title: Crocus

text: The availability of molecular phylogeny methods revealed problems with the traditional systems based on morphology alone. The first analysis of the complete genus was carried out by Mathew and colleagues in 2008 using nucleotide sequences from plastid regions. In particular, the DNA data suggest there are no grounds for isolating "C. banaticus" in its own subgenus "Crociris", though it is a unique species in the genus. Because it has a prophyll at the base of the pedicel, it therefore would fall within section "Crocus", although its exact relationship to the rest of the subgenus remains unclear.


title: Crocus

text: Of the 15 series in the Mathew scheme, only seven were monophyletic, and in particular the largest series, "Biflori" and "Reticulati", which include a third of all species, were non-monophyletic. Another anomalous species, "C. baytopiorum", should now be placed in a series of its own, series "Baytopi". "C. gargaricus" subsp. "herbertii" has been raised to species status, as "C. herbertii". The autumn-flowering "C. longiflorus", the type species of series "Longiflori" (long regarded by Mathew as "a disparate assemblage"), appeared to lie within series "Verni". In addition, the position of "C. malyi" was currently unclear.


title: Crocus

text: DNA analysis and morphological studies suggest further that series "Reticulati", "Biflori" and "Speciosi" are "probably inseparable", "C. adanensis" and "C. caspius" should probably be removed from "Biflori", "C. adanensis" falls in a clade with "C. paschei" as a sister group to the species of series "Flavi" and "C. caspius" appears to be sister to the species of series "Orientales".


title: Crocus

text: The study showed "no support for a system of sections as currently defined", although, despite the many inconsistencies between Mathew's 1982 classification and the current hypothesis, "the main assignment of species to the sections and series of that system is actually supported". The authors state, "further studies are required before any firm decisions about a hierarchical system of classification can be considered" and conclude "future re-classification is likely to involve all infrageneric levels, subgenera, sections and series". A further study, using the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA), together with a chloroplast marker, broadly confirmed these findings.


title: Crocus

text: "Crocus" forms a monophyletic clade, with a basal polytomy of four subclades. The first clade (A) corresponding to section "Crocus", but including "C. sieberi" and several closely related species (originally included in section "Nudiscapus" series "Reticulati"). The remaining three clades (B-D) include all the remaining species of section "Nudiscapus". Of these, B and C are small, corresponding to series "Orientales" and "Carpetani" respectively, with all remaining series in the large D clade. The exception is "C. caspius", originally in series "Biflori", which segregates in clade B. Thus, although division of the genus into two sections is well supported, no single morphological character defines these two groups. The "C. sieberi" group are assumed to have lost their prophyll secondarily. Of the series, eight could be shown to be monophyletic; "Crocus", "Kotschyani" and "Scardici" (section "Crocus") and "Aleppici", "Carpetani", "Laevigati", "Orientalis" and "Speciosi" (section "Nudiscapus"). Flowering season did not correspond to molecular groupings and nor did any of the previously used morphological characteristics, indicating a high degree of homoplasy, in which traits are gained or lost independently in different lineages. The remainder of the series could not be supported as natural groupings. Mathew's concept of subspecies status within "C. biflorus" could not be supported, each being considered a separate species, resulting in the genus having at least 150 species.


title: Crocus

text: A more detailed molecular and morphological study of series "Verni" (section "Crocus") allowed it to be better characterised and circumscribed, as well as the closely related series "Longiflori". Series "Verni" "sensu" Mathew was found to consist of two groups, the first being "C. vernus" "sensu" Mathew and the other consisting of "C. etruscus", "ilvensis", "kosaninii" and "longiflorus". The taxonomic status of "C. vernus" had been uncertain for some time, given the observation that the name was more properly applied to "C. albiflorus", requiring a new designation of "C. neapolitanus" for those previously known as "C. vernus". Subsequently "C. vernus" was split into 5 separate species. The incorporation of "C. longiflorus" into series "Verni" resulted in making series "Longiflori" no longer a legitimate taxonomic unit.


title: Crocus

text: In section "Nudiscapus", series "Reticulati" was polyphyletic with species intermingled with series "Biflori" and "Speciosi", requiring a recircumscription, confining "Reticulati" to 8 species, to obtain monophyly. Among the thereby displaced species, are a number of very closely related taxa, referred to as the "Crocus sieberi" aggregate, which has been proposed as a new series "Sieberi". Other new series, such as "Isauri" and "Lyciotauri", continue to be created out of the "Biflori" series.


title: Crocus

text: Mathew's circumscription of "Crocus" introduced the rank of subspecies, of which the largest number (14) were those of "Crocus biflorus" , the type species of series "Biflori", a number which continued to grow. Molecular methods identified these as a polyphyletic assemblage rather than closely related subordinate infraspecific taxa. This necessitated a complete taxonomic revision of series "Biflori", elevating each subspecies to species status. A similar issue occurs with "C. reticulatus" "sensu" Mathew, who created two subspecies, resulting in 9 newly defined species.


title: Crocus

text: The classification of Brian Mathew (1982), as amended in 2009 divides the genus into two sections, further divided by series. The number of series, continues to evolve.


title: Crocus

text: Some crocus species, known as "autumn crocus", flower in late summer and autumn, during (autumnal) rains, after summer's heat and drought, the name autumn crocus is also often used as a common name for "Colchicum", which is in its own family (Colchicaceae) in the lily order Liliales. "Colchicum" are also known as meadow saffron, though unlike true saffron, the plants are toxic. "Crocus" species have three stamens while "Colchicum" species have six stamens. In addition, crocus have one style, while "Colchicum" have three.


title: Crocus

text: Some Pulsatilla species are also called "prairie crocus" (previously "Anemone patens)" or "wild crocus", but they belong to the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). Pulsatilla species, which are commonly called pasqueflowers, in contrast to crocus's, have rhizomes, the foliage is covered with long soft hairs, and the flowers are produced on above-ground stems.


title: Crocus

text: "Crocus", the name of the genus is Late Middle English (late 14th century) and also denotes saffron. It is derived via Latin "crocus "from the Greek κρόκος ("krokos"). This, in turn, is probably a loan word from a Semitic language, related to Hebrew כרכום "karkōm", Aramaic ܟܟܘܪܟܟܡܡܐ "kurkama", and Arabic "kurkum", meaning saffron ("Crocus sativus"), "saffron yellow" or turmeric (see "Curcuma"), another yellow dye. The word ultimately traces back to the Sanskrit "kunkumam" () for "saffron". The English name is a learned 16th-century adoption from the Latin, but Old English already had "croh" for saffron, introduced by the Romans.


title: Crocus

text: Crocuses are distributed from the Mediterranean, from the Iberian peninsula and North Africa, through central and southern Europe, the islands of the Aegean, the Middle East and across central and southwest Asia to Xinjiang in western China, but most species are restricted to Turkey and Asia Minor and the Balkans, with the Balkan Peninsula having the largest number of species ( with at least 31), forming the centre of diversity, however they are widely introduced. The distribution of species is described over five contiguous areas from west to east ("see map").


title: Crocus

text: Habitats range from sea level as high as subalpine altitudes, and in a wide range of habitats from woodlands to meadows and deserts, often on stony mountain slopes with good drainage. The majority of species are native to areas with cold winters and hot summers with little rain, and active growth is typically from fall to mid-spring. The natural habitats of crocus species are threatened by human activities, including urbanization, industrialization, and other land disturbances and recreational uses. They are negatively impacted by uncontrolled gathering and heavy grazing by livestock.


title: Crocus

text: The life cycle of "Crocus" species begins with the seed, germinating to a seedling, and a mature plant in 3–5 years, however seeds may remain dormant in the soil for several years. The germination stages was first described and illustrated by Maw in his 1886 monograph. In its first year, the crocus produces only a single leaf and creates a corm covered by a thin tunic, about 5–8 mm in size, dependent on the species. In the northern hemisphere, the autumnal crocuses flower between September and November. The vernal (spring) crocuses flowering time depends both on climate and habitat, but is usually mid-winter to spring. Leaves may be synanthous (produced during flowering) or hysteranthous (when the flowers wither away). In the summer, with hot and dry conditions the plant becomes dormant, with all the above ground parts dying back. Colder temperatures in winter then activate the corms. Propagation occurs sexually by seed and asexually by small corms, called cormels or cormlets, produced in the axils of the corms (between tunic scales and body of corm). As the fruit capsule ripens, it emerges from the soil at the base of the flowering stem before dehiscing (splitting open) and releasing the seeds. Seed dispersal may be enhanced by ants, at least in species with arillate seeds.


title: Crocus

text: At night and in overcast weather, the perianth closes. The ovary produces nectar which attracts bees (particularly female bumblebees) and Lepidoptera.


title: Crocus

text: Cultivated plants may have their corms consumed by mice and other rodents, including voles, squirrels, and chipmunks; they are also attacked by mildew, gray mold, botrytis, and fusarium rot; root rot may also occur, caused by "Stromatinia gladioli" and "Pythium" species - the nematode "Pratylenchus penetrans" may also cause root rot. Viruses that are known to infect "Crocus" spp include: Potyviruses, especially bean yellow mosaic virus and also tobacco rattle virus, tobaccos necrosis virus, and cucumber mosaic virus. The foliage may experience rot, rust, and scab diseases and be fed upon by aphids, mites, snails, and slugs. The foliage is eaten by hares, rabbits, and deer; the flowers are sometimes removed by birds, including crows, jackdaws, and magpies.


title: Crocus

text: The economic importance of the genus is largely dependent on the single species, "Crocus sativus", now known only in cultivation. "C. sativus" is grown for the production of saffron, an orange-red derivative of its dried stigma, and among the most expensive spices in the world. The estimated worldwide production of "C. sativus" plants is 205 tons. About 180,000 stigmas from 60,000 flowers are required to produce saffron, which sells for about $10,000US (2018). Modern saffron production is widely cultivated in Kashmir, Iran, Turkey and the Mediterranean from Spain to Asia Minor. An important center is the eponymous town of Krokos, in the Kozani region of Greece. The saffron product, Krokos Kazanis is a PDO (Protected Designation of Origin). production is largely indigenous and Iran accounts for 65% of global production, covering 72,162 ha.


title: Crocus

text: Saffron is thought to have been used in embalming in Ancient Egypt. it is mentioned in the Old testament, in the Song of Songs as a precious spice and has featured as a dye and fragrance throughout written history, with mention in The Iliad.


title: Crocus

text: Cultivation and harvesting of "C. sativus" for saffron was first documented in the Mediterranean, notably on the island of Crete. Frescos showing them are found there at the Bronze Age Minoan site of Knossos, as well as from the comparably aged Akrotiri site on the Aegean island of Santorini, and formed an important part of the Minoan economy and culture and had both a sacred role and use as a psychoactive drug and food additive. Women still gather crocuses in the Akrotiri region.


title: Crocus

text: Crocuses were described in Turkish gardens in the early sixteenth century, gathered from the far reaches of the Ottoman Empire, where they were seen by visiting European botanists and explorers, among the first of whom was Pierre Belon who arrived in Constantinople in 1547. The first crocus seen in the Netherlands, where crocus species were not native, were from corms brought to Vienna in 1562 from Constantinople by the Holy Roman Emperor's ambassador to the Sublime Porte, Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq. A few corms were forwarded to Carolus Clusius at the botanical garden in Leiden. These were almost certainly cultivated varieties rather than wild species. European visitors to Turkey continued to bring back specimens for gardens in their own country. Prominent among the latter were the gardens at Middelburg in the Netherlands. Jehan Somer, a Middelburg merchant, brought back crocuses among his other specimens in 1592, where they attracted the attention not only of Clusius but of the early Dutch flower painters, notably Ambrosius Bosschaert. By 1620, new garden varieties had been developed, and featured in contemporary illustrations, such as that of Crispijn van de Passe in his "Hortus floridus" of 1614. and there are accounts of crocus gardens in the seventeenth century, such as the Saffron Garth of Walter Stonehouse at Darfield, Yorkshire.


title: Crocus

text: Crocuses are among the most important ornamental geophytes in the global flower industry, ranking sixth in terms of Dutch bulb production (2003–2008) with 463–668 ha under cultivation. The crocus is one of the most popular flowers found in the garden in the late winter and early spring. About 30 of the species are cultivated, among the most popular being "C. chrysanthus, C. flavus, C. sieberi, C. tommasinianus and C. vernus", together with hundreds of cultivars derived from them. Both fall and spring blooming crocus's are cultivated for their flowers. Among the first flowers to bloom in spring, their flowering time can vary from fall to the late winter blooming "C. tommasinianus"; the earliest fall blooming species, "C. scharojanii", may flower during the last weeks of July.


title: Crocus

text: The varieties cultivated for decoration in gardens and pots mainly represent six species: "C. vernus", "C. chrysanthus", "C. flavus", "C. sieberi", "C. speciosus" and "C. tommasinianus". During the horticulture production year 2009/2010, more than 70 cultivars were grown in Holland, covering an area of 366 hectares; the most common ones were 'Flower Record and 'King of the Stripes' which accounted for 42 hectares, other species grown included "C. chrysanthus", "C. tommasinianus", and "C. flavus" - all are spring blooming plants. But the most commonly grown plants are the Dutch hybrids with large flowers in a rich palette of colors.


title: Crocus

text: Both sexual and asexual means are used to increase the number of plants; seeds and multiplication of corms are the most common means of production, but tissue culture can be used, most commonly for saffron crocus. New corms are formed on top of the older corm which withers away, and cormels are produced from axillary buds. The production of new plants begins with harvested corms in late June to early July, after being graded by corm size the corms are stored around 22 Celsius until early October when they are moved to 17 Celsius until planted later in October and November; flowering occurs in March and the flowers are not removed. Crocuses are also forced to produce flowering plants out of season and the most common species used are "C. vernus" and "C. flavus", and most of the corms used for forcing come from the Netherlands.


title: Crocus

text: Spring flowering types are planted in fall, while fall-blooming types in late summer; typically, the corms are placed 3 to 4 inches deep in well-draining soil in areas with full sun exposure. They do not thrive in heavy clay soils or those that are damp, especially during their summer dormancy period. Commercial crops are produced on raised beds and slopes, to ensure adequate drainage, while horticulturalists often plant on sand beds for the same purpose. Spring flowering types also do well in areas with deciduous trees, where they flower and produce leaves before the trees completely leaf-out. Crocuses are grown in USDA winter zones 3–8. Not all species are hardy in the upper zones; "C. sativus" is winter hardy in USDA zones 6 through 8, and "C. pulchellus" is hardy in zones 5 through 8.


title: Crocus

text: Some are suitable for naturalizing in grass, but mowing off the foliage before it turns yellow produces short lived plants. Some crocuses, especially "C. tommasinianus" and its selected forms and hybrids (such as 'Whitewell Purple' and 'Ruby Giant'), seed prolifically and are ideal for naturalizing. They can, however, become weeds in rock gardens, where they will often appear in the middle of choice, mat-forming alpine plants, and can be difficult to remove. Crocus flowers and leaves are protected from frost by a waxy cuticle; in areas where snow and frost occasionally occur in the early spring, it is not uncommon to see early flowering crocuses blooming through a light late snowfall.


title: Crocus

text: "C. laevigatus" has a long flowering period which starts in late autumn or early winter and may continue into February.


title: Crocus

text: The corms of crocuses have been used as foodstuffs in Syria. The carotenoids found in the styles of "Crocus" species, particularly "C. sativus" have been shown to inhibit cancer cell proliferation, and have led to interest in potential pharmaceutical applications.


title: Crocus

text: The crocus or krokos has been known since ancient times, and used in decorative arts, such as the Minoan wall paintings in Santorini from ca. 1,600 BC. Representations of the saffron crocus appear frequently in Minoan art[and pervade Aegean art from the Early Bronze Age to the Mycenaean period. Theophrastos (4th century BC) described the saffron crocus as being valued as a spice and dye, while Homer compares a sunrise to the flower colour. Saffron coloured robes were much admired by women in antiquity and gave the garment Crocota its name. The oil was also valued as a cosmetic. According to Greek legend Crocus or Krokus (), was a mortal youth the gods turned into a plant bearing his name, the crocus, after his death caused by his great desire and unfulfilled love for the shepherdess Smilax. Other versions state that as he died three tears fell into the flower becoming its three stigmata.


title: Crocus

text: Crocuses occur in many flower paintings, one of the earliest being that of Ambrosius Bosschaert's "Composed Bouquet of Spring Flowers" (1620). In this painting the cream-colored crocus feathered with bronze at the base of the bouquet reflected varieties on the market at that time. Bosschaert, working from a preparatory drawing to paint his composed piece spanning the whole of spring, exaggerated the crocus so that it passes for a tulip, but its narrow, grass-like leaves give it away.


title: Crocus

text: The crocus is used in many contexts to symbolically denote spring and new beginnings. For instance, it was used as the emblem of the 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Poland to symbolise the emergence of new talent.


title: Karen Valentine

text: Karen Valentine (born May 25, 1947) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as young idealistic schoolteacher Alice Johnson in the ABC comedy drama series "Room 222" from 1969 to 1974, for which she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series in 1970, and received a Golden Globe Award nomination in 1971. She later went to star in her own short-lived sitcom "Karen" (1975), and played leading roles in the Disney films "Hot Lead and Cold Feet" (1978) and "The North Avenue Irregulars" (1979).


title: Karen Valentine

text: Valentine was born in Sebastopol, California, in 1947. She is of Portuguese heritage, and her grandfather changed the family name from Valentin before her birth.


title: Karen Valentine

text: In 1966–1967, she started her television career as "The Resident Dream Girl" on "The Dream Girl of 1967", replacing Beverly Adams from the first weekday broadcast opposite hosts Dick Stewart and Wink Martindale, and during that time, she appeared on another Chuck Barris show, "The Dating Game".


title: Karen Valentine

text: In 1969, Valentine won her breakthrough role as a student teacher and then a new teacher on the ABC television series "Room 222" with Lloyd Haynes, Denise Nicholas, and Michael Constantine. She was discovered by Gene Reynolds, the director of "Room 222", who saw her lip-synching in rehearsal and realized she was funny. She was nominated twice for an Emmy and once for a Golden Globe, winning an Emmy in 1970 for Outstanding Actress in a Supporting Role.


title: Karen Valentine

text: Valentine later starred in her own television series, "Karen", in 1975. She played Gidget in the 1969 film "Gidget Grows Up", and the title role in the critically acclaimed true story "Muggable Mary, Street Cop" (1982). Valentine appeared in many other movies for television including "The Daughters of Joshua Cabe" (1972); "Coffee, Tea or Me?" (1973); "The Girl Who Came Gift-Wrapped" (1974); "Murder at the World Series" (1977); "Go West, Young Girl" (1978); and "Skeezer" (1982). Valentine was a semi-regular on "The Hollywood Squares" from 1971 to 1977 on both NBC-TV and in syndication, often trading quips with Paul Lynde. She guest-starred on many series, including "Starsky & Hutch"; "Baretta"; "McMillan & Wife"; "Cybill"; and "Murder, She Wrote"; as well as multiple episodes of "The Love Boat" and "Love, American Style". She had a starring role in the 25th episode of the third season of the 1985 revival of "The Twilight Zone", entitled "Many, Many Monkeys".


title: Karen Valentine

text: Her feature films include "Forever Young, Forever Free" (1975); "Hot Lead and Cold Feet" (1978); "The North Avenue Irregulars"; (1979) and "The Power Within" (1995). She also has had many leading roles in made-for-television movies.


title: Karen Valentine

text: Valentine has continued to work in television and on stage. She co-starred with John Larroquette in a 2004 Hallmark Channel TV movie, "Wedding Daze". She has starred on stage in many productions, including "Romantic Comedy" on Broadway and National Tour, "Breaking Legs" Off-Broadway and National Tour, and the Los Angeles production of "Steel Magnolias".


title: In Treatment

text: In Treatment is an American drama television series for HBO, produced and developed by Rodrigo Garcia, based on the Israeli series "BeTipul" (), created by Hagai Levi, Ori Sivan and Nir Bergman.


title: In Treatment

text: The series is about a psychotherapist, 50-something Paul Weston, and his weekly sessions with patients, as well as those with his own therapist at the end of the week. The program, which stars Gabriel Byrne as Paul, debuted on January 28, 2008, as a five-night-a-week series. Its executive producer and principal director was Paris Barclay, who directed 35 episodes, the most of any director on the series, and the only one to direct episodes in all three seasons. The program's format, script and opening theme are based on, and are often verbatim translations of "BeTipul". HBO Canada aired the program simultaneously with HBO in the U.S. Season 1 earned numerous honors, including Emmy, Golden Globe and Writers Guild awards.


title: In Treatment

text: The series was renewed for a second season on June 20, 2008, and production on Season 2 wrapped in early 2009. According to "The New York Times", production relocated to New York City from Los Angeles at the insistence of Byrne, who otherwise threatened to resign. The move and the addition of Sunday night to the schedule were considered votes of confidence in the series by HBO executives. Season 2 premiered on April 5, 2009. The second season built on the success of the first, winning a 2009 Peabody Award. The third season premiered on October 26, 2010, for a seven-week run, with four episodes per week. The 24-episode season premiered on May 23, 2021, and aired four episodes weekly.


title: In Treatment

text: Psychotherapist Paul Weston has a private practice where he carries out sessions with his patients in his Baltimore home. He begins to question his own abilities and motives, so he seeks help from his former mentor and therapist Gina Toll, whom he has not seen for ten years.


title: In Treatment

text: Gabriel Byrne portrays Paul Weston, a charming, relentless psychologist, who is seeking a peaceful existence, free of self-doubt and ambivalence. He is a graduate of Georgetown University, where he earned his undergraduate degree, Columbia University, where he earned a master's degree, and The New School, where he received his PhD (though a season one scene shows two diplomas from the University of Pennsylvania displayed near the door to Paul's office). In summer 1988, he moved to Maryland, where he worked at the Washington–Baltimore Psychoanalytic Institute and later established his private practice in Baltimore.


title: In Treatment

text: Dianne Wiest portrays psychotherapist Gina Toll, Paul's former mentor and clinical supervisor whom Paul avoided for nine years after an argument over reservations Gina expressed in a letter of recommendation on Paul's behalf. She acts as a sounding board for Paul's doubts about his motives and abilities.


title: In Treatment

text: Each episode of "In Treatment" focuses on one patient, including Paul, who is seeing his clinical supervisor and psychotherapist, Gina.


title: In Treatment

text: Therapy patient Laura professes her love for Paul, which causes their relationship to grow more complex and difficult to control. Laura's personal issues include being seduced by a much older man when she was a teenager. She begins an unsatisfying sexual relationship with Alex, another of Paul’s patients. Paul reflects on his own feelings for her and believes that he is in love with her; sessions with Gina fail to resolve his inner conflict over his desire and professional responsibility. Midway through the season, Laura ends her therapy with Paul after he continues to reject her advances. Paul and Laura encounter each other at Alex's funeral, and Paul decides to pursue Laura at the risk of destroying his marriage, but a panic attack prevents him from going through with it.


title: In Treatment

text: A fighter pilot who finds it impossible to express his internal struggles, Alex meets Laura and has a brief affair with her. Paul tries to get Alex to break through to his reasons for running himself to exhaustion and examine his feelings about killing Iraqi schoolchildren during a sanctioned mission. Alex drifts into instability, eventually deciding to end his therapy, and returns to the military just as Paul begins to make progress with Alex's repressed insecurities. Alex is killed during a training exercise, and although his death is ruled an accident, some indications suggest that Alex's death was a suicidal reaction caused by the trauma of therapeutic reflection.


title: In Treatment

text: Sophie's ambivalence about life is elicited and broken down by Paul, who examines her underage sexual relationship with her much older gymnastics coach, Cy, and its effects on her, in addition to her conflicted feelings about her divorced parents and her father's distance from her. Eventually, Sophie benefits greatly from the therapy and begins to repair her relationship with her parents. At the end of the season, Sophie leaves Baltimore to pursue further gymnastic training in Denver.


title: In Treatment

text: Jake and Amy's debate about whether she should have an abortion is the prologue to what is revealed to be an extremely volatile, dysfunctional relationship. During their second session, Amy has a miscarriage, but the couple return to therapy to work on their issues. Amy's inability to hold emotional connection leads her to have an affair with her boss, a man she finds "gross" but uses as a buffer against Jake. Jake and Amy each have an individual session, and finally and sadly decide to end their marriage and share custody of their son. Jake believes the therapy was helpful, but Amy thinks it hurt their marriage.


title: In Treatment

text: Throughout the season, Gina and Paul confront each other over issues in their shared history and opposing views, but by the finale Paul realizes he needs her input and agrees to continue therapy.


title: In Treatment

text: The first season consists of 43 episodes, with each episode airing on its allotted day of the week, Monday to Friday. The episodes were spread over nine weeks for most of the characters, except in the final week, which did not have Monday or Tuesday installments.


title: In Treatment

text: Paul, now divorced and quite lonely, has moved to Brooklyn, and uses the living room of his small refurbished walk-up brownstone for patient visits. Alex's father, Alex Sr., serves him with a malpractice lawsuit in the first episode, and he becomes preoccupied with it.


title: In Treatment

text: Alex Sr. sues Paul for negligence, charging him with failing to prevent the death of his son, who voluntarily discontinued therapy and was killed in a plane crash that was either an accident or suicide. Alex Sr. and his lawyers contend that Paul's professional responsibility was to contact the military and report Alex Jr. unfit for duty. Alex Sr. later meets with Paul and makes a loaded offer: if Paul writes a letter taking blame for Alex Jr.'s death, he will drop the lawsuit, satisfied to have his belief that Paul is 100% at fault confirmed. Paul considers the offer but later concurs with Gina's advice and rejects it. The lawsuit is dismissed as frivolous, and Paul's angst about his professional competence is at least temporarily alleviated.


title: In Treatment

text: The season had seven episodes for each character. The Monday and Tuesday sessions aired back-to-back on Sundays, while the remaining three ran on Mondays. HBO repeated the episodes in sequence, several times each week. The season's executive producer was Warren Leight, who previously worked on "".


title: In Treatment

text: After the final episode of the second season, Leight said in an interview that a third season remained possible, but that the show had been exhausting for everyone involved and also something less than a "breakout hit" for HBO. On October 23, 2009, HBO announced that it had picked up "In Treatment" for a third season. Production began in early 2010 for a premiere in late October.


title: In Treatment

text: The third season is the first not based on the original Israeli series "Be'Tipul", which had only two. The format is similar: each week, a series of patients visit Paul in half-hour episodes, while in the last, Paul visits his own therapist, Adele Brouse.


title: In Treatment

text: There are only three patients this season. Paul still lives in Cobble Hill, Brooklyn and has a young girlfriend, Wendy.


title: In Treatment

text: On Mondays, Paul sees Sunil, a widower transported to New York from Calcutta after his wife's death to live with his son, his son's wife, and their two young children.


title: In Treatment

text: Tuesday's patient is Frances, a self-described successful actress who has returned to the stage but has difficulty remembering her lines. She is also coping with a dying sister, a broken marriage and a scornful teenage daughter.


title: In Treatment

text: On Wednesdays, Paul sees Jesse, a high school student who believes his adopted parents hate him because he is gay.


title: In Treatment

text: Paul eventually reenters therapy with the young psychoanalyst Adele Brouse, initially seeking a prescription for sleep medication. Adele perceives that lack of sleep is not his real problem.


title: In Treatment

text: The show remains set in Paul's apartment. Unlike the first two seasons, the third season has only four episodes per week. The show aired on Mondays and Tuesdays and, like season 2, had seven weeks of sessions.


title: In Treatment

text: On March 30, 2011, HBO said "In Treatment" would not continue in its existing form but might continue in a different format.


title: In Treatment

text: In July 2020, it was reported that HBO was developing a reboot of the series. In October 2020, HBO confirmed the revival and production began in late 2020. The 24-episode season premiered on May 23, 2021, on HBO and HBO Max. Jennifer Schuur and Joshua Allen are the fourth season's co-showrunners.


title: In Treatment

text: The series was generally well-received, attaining positive reviews. On the review aggregator website Metacritic, the first season scored 70/100, the second 85/100, the third 83/100, and the fourth 73/100.


title: In Treatment

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has a 78% approval rating with an average score of 6.1/10 based on 36 reviews; the critical consensus reads, ""In Treatment" has finely-written scripts that develop with raw emotion while unspooling engrossing suspense." The second season has a 100% approval rating with an average score of 8.9/10 based on 19 reviews; the critical consensus reads, ""In Treatment" continues to hone in on its characters in the second season, allowing the cast to find more nuances in their performances." The third season has an 87% approval rating with an average score of 8.6/10 based on 23 reviews; the critical consensus reads, ""In Treatment" offers some of the tightest dramatic writing and purest performances on television." The fourth season has a 96% approval rating with an average score of 7.5/10 based on 24 reviews; the critical consensus reads, ""In Treatment" returns with a solid fourth season that captures the spirit of the original while giving its new ensemble—led by an outstanding Uzo Aduba—plenty of room to shine.


title: In Treatment

text: The "Los Angeles Times"s Mary McNamara called "In Treatment" "cleverly conceived," well-written and -acted, but "stagey" and "strain[ing]... believability". "Variety"s Brian Lowry deemed it "more interesting structurally than in its execution". On "Slate", Troy Patterson found it tiresome for its "nattering" and "ambitious hogwash". In "Entertainment Weekly", Ken Tucker gave it a "B+", with "lots of great soapy intrigue". "The New York Times" wrote, ""In Treatment" [...] is hypnotic, mostly because it withholds information as intelligently as it reveals it. [...] The half-hour episodes are addictive, and few viewers are likely to be satisfied with just one session at a time. [...] "In Treatment" provides an irresistible peek at the psychopathology of everyday life—on someone else's tab."


title: Publishers Clearing House

text: Publishers Clearing House (PCH) is a direct marketing company that markets merchandise and magazine subscriptions with sweepstakes and prize-based games.


title: Publishers Clearing House

text: It was founded in 1953 by Harold Mertz to replace door-to-door magazine subscription sales by a single vendor offering multiple subscriptions by mail. It introduced its sweepstakes in 1967. In the early 1990s, the company was the subject of concerns and legal actions regarding whether consumers were misled about their odds of winning the sweepstakes and whether purchases increased their chances. By 2010, the company had reached settlements with all 50 states.


title: Publishers Clearing House

text: The company acquired search company Blingo in 2006, online gaming company Funtank in 2010, mobile marketing company Liquid Wireless in 2012, and internet news aggregator Topix in 2019.


title: Publishers Clearing House

text: Publishers Clearing House was founded in 1953 in Port Washington, New York, by Harold Mertz, a former manager of a door-to-door sales team for magazine subscriptions. The company started in Mertz's basement with help from his first wife LuEsther and daughter Joyce. Its first mailings were of 10,000 envelopes from Mertz's home in Long Island, New York, and offered 20 magazine subscriptions. 100 orders were received. Within a few years the company moved out of Mertz's basement into an office building and started hiring staff. When PCH moved its headquarters in 1969, its prior location was donated to the city and renamed the Harold E. Mertz Community Center. The company revenue had grown to US$50 million by 1981, and $100 million by 1988.


title: Publishers Clearing House

text: In 1967 PCH started its first sweepstakes as a way to increase subscription sales, based on the sweepstakes held by "Reader's Digest". The first prizes ranged from $1 to $10 and entrants had a 1 in 10 chance of winning. After the sweepstakes increased response rates to mailings, prizes of $5,000 and eventually $250,000 were offered. PCH began advertising the sweepstakes on TV in 1974. It was the only major multi-magazine subscription business until 1977. Former client Time Inc. and several other publishers formed American Family Publishers (AFP) to compete with PCH after the company refused repeated requests by Time for a larger share of sales revenue from magazine subscriptions.


title: Publishers Clearing House

text: AFP and PCH competed for exclusive rights to magazines and for the better promotion and prize ideas. When AFP increased their jackpot to $1 million, and then to $10 million in 1985, PCH raised its prizes to match. $7 million in prizes were distributed by 1979, $40 million by 1991, and $137 million by 2000. In 1989 two members of its advertising team, Dave Sayer and Todd Sloane, started the Prize Patrol, a publicized event where winners are surprised with a check at their home. The idea was inspired by the 1950s television series "The Millionaire". The two companies were often mistaken for each other, with "Star Search" host Ed McMahon and "The $25,000 Pyramid" host Dick Clark, the spokespeople for AFP, mistaken for representatives of the better-known PCH.


title: Publishers Clearing House

text: In 1992 thousands of discarded sweepstakes entries from contestants who had not bought magazine subscriptions were found in the company's trash, reinforcing beliefs that the company favored those who made purchases in selecting a sweepstakes winner. PCH said this was done by a disgruntled employee at their mail processing vendor. A class action ensued, which PCH settled by giving discarded entrants a second chance to win.


title: Publishers Clearing House

text: In the 1990s PCH and its primary competitor, AFP, experienced a series of legal troubles due to concerns that their mailings misled consumers about their odds of winning and implied that magazine purchases increased their chances. This led to the Deceptive Mail Prevention and Enforcement Act of 2000, which regulates direct mail businesses. At the senate hearings regarding this Act, PCH said most consumers were not confused about their chances of winning or that purchases did not increase their chances. The company said that fewer than five percent of participants spend more than $300. Government officials from California said 5,000 local consumers paid more than $2,500 each in magazine purchases under the false belief that they were increasing their odds of winning the sweepstakes.


title: Publishers Clearing House

text: Industry sources estimated PCH's response rates decreased by 7 to 12 percent and its sales volume by 22 to 30 percent in response to the bad publicity from the lawsuits. In 2000, PCH laid off a quarter of its 800-person work force.


title: Publishers Clearing House

text: In 1994 PCH sent mailings telling recipients they were all "finalists", which led to a lawsuit involving the attorneys general of 14 US states. Later that year, PCH denied wrongdoing, but agreed to pay a settlement of $490,000 and to change their practices. Under the agreement, PCH said it would define terms like "finalist" and disclose the chances of winning.


title: Publishers Clearing House

text: In 1997, a contestant of competitor AFP flew to Tampa, Florida, thinking he had won, though he had not. The resulting publicity caused more lawsuits for both companies. PCH reached a $30 million national settlement in 1999. In 2000, another $18 million settlement was reached with 24 states, after the company sent mass mailings that said "You are a winner!" and used mock personalized checks. PCH agreed to avoid similar mailings in the future, and add a "sweepstakes fact box" to mailings.


title: Publishers Clearing House

text: State attorneys spoke out against the national settlement from 2000 and additional lawsuits were filed by individual states. Another $34 million settlement was reached in 2001 in a lawsuit involving 25 states, bringing the total settlements since 1999 to $82 million. As part of the settlement, PCH was required to avoid terms like "Guaranteed Winner," add disclaimers to mailings saying that the recipient has not won and that purchasing merchandise won't increase their chances. PCH reached settlements with all fifty states and agreed to work with a "compliance counsel." PCH apologized in the settlement and said it would contact customers who had spent more than $1,000 on merchandise the prior year.


title: Publishers Clearing House

text: PCH also reached an agreement with Iowa in 2007. In 2010 the company paid $3.5 million to the attorneys general of 32 states and the District of Columbia to settle possible contempt charges that it had violated the terms of the 2001 agreement. The company denied wrongdoing, but agreed to work with both an ombudsman and a compliance counsel who would review its mailings quarterly.


title: Publishers Clearing House

text: In April 2014, an investigation by the Senate Special Committee on Aging concluded that PCH had "pushed the limits" of prior agreements and that additional legislation may be needed.


title: Publishers Clearing House

text: PCH began selling merchandise in 1985 with two products. After a Hershey's Chocolate Cookbook and a diet cookbook sold more than other products, the company began expanding into jewelry, media, collectibles, household products, and others. The company also shifted its focus online. It began selling magazine subscriptions and merchandise on PCH.com in 1996. In 2006, it acquired Blingo Inc., an ad-supported metasearch engine that was later re-branded as PCH Search and Win. PCH ran contests on Twitter, Facebook, and Myspace. iPhone apps for slot games and trivia were developed. The company created online play-and-win sites like PCH Games (formerly Candystand) and PCHQuiz4Cash, with air-hockey and video poker games.


title: Publishers Clearing House

text: In December 2010, PCH acquired Funtank and its online gaming site Candystand.com. In 2011, PCH promoted a "$5,000 every week for life" sweepstakes in TV ads and the front page of AOL.com. The following year the company acquired a mobile marketing company, Liquid Wireless. The company utilized, then stopped then started again utilizing coregistration (through other websites) to expand its customer base.


title: Publishers Clearing House

text: In 2008, a PCH spokesperson said the digital properties were intended to attract younger consumers. By 2013, the internet had become PCH's primary channel of interaction with consumers. "The New York Times" described the digital transition as "part of an overall effort to collect information on Web users, show them advertisements and use the registration information for PCH’s mailing lists."


title: Publishers Clearing House

text: PCH is a direct-marketing company that sells merchandise and magazine subscriptions and operates several prize-based websites. While best known for the sweepstakes and Prize Patrol it uses to promote its magazine subscriptions, the majority of the company's revenue now comes from merchandise. The company has been selling books, media, jewelry, and other consumer items since the 1980s. PCH operates eight websites, including PCH Search and Win, PCH Lotto, PCH Games, PCH Save and Win, and Candystand.


title: Publishers Clearing House

text: The company also sells magazine subscriptions at a discount and advertises subscriptions along with its sweepstakes. It's estimated that companies like PCH keep 75 to 90 percent of the fees from the original subscription, while publishers use the increased distribution to improve circulation numbers and revenue from renewals. PCH popularized the idea of using sweepstakes to sell magazine subscriptions in the direct-marketing market and became known by detractors as a producer of junk mail for advertising through mass-mailings. Documents filed with the New York State Department in 1993 said that year the company mailed 220 million envelopes. Frequent buyers can receive 30 to 40 mailings a year.


title: Publishers Clearing House

text: Although PCH advertises its sweepstakes along with magazine subscriptions, no purchase is necessary to enter or win. In 1995, PCH began the tradition of announcing winners of its $10 million prize just after the Super Bowl. As of 2012, $225 million in prizes have been distributed. Some of its larger prizes are for $5,000 a week for life, or $10 million. Prizes can also range from $1 Amazon gift cards to $2,500, $1 million or $3 million. The larger cash prizes are paid in installments, typically with a balloon payment at 30 years, reducing the present value of prizes to much less than their nominal values.


title: Publishers Clearing House

text: According to the official rules, as of June 2020, the odds of winning "$5,000 a Week for Life" in Giveaway 16000 are 1 in 6.2 billion.


title: Publishers Clearing House

text: The Prize Patrol surprises sweepstakes winners at their homes, work, or other locations with cash prizes and captures the event on video. Since their introduction in 1989, these reality TV-style videos of prize-winners surprised at their doorstep with checks for $1,000 to $10 million have been used in widely broadcast television commercials, and, more recently, in the company's online acquisition efforts, websites and social media communications. In 2013, a $5 million television campaign modified the traditional prize patrol commercial by digitally altering video from classic sitcoms like "The Brady Bunch" and "Gilligan's Island" to show the prize patrol visiting characters in the show. Major winners are never contacted in advance; any letters, telephone calls, and social media messages claiming that a person may have already won a major prize, or claiming that they need to pay a fee to collect the prize, are always scams.


title: Publishers Clearing House

text: The Prize Patrol has made in-person appearances or delivered prizes on TV programs such as "The Oprah Winfrey Show", "The Price Is Right", and "Let's Make a Deal". Their surprise winning moments have been spoofed by Jay Leno, Conan O'Brien, and the cast of "Saturday Night Live"; woven into the plots of movies such as "Let's Go to Prison", "The Sentinel", and "Knight and Day"; Early Edition, and the subject of cartoons.


title: Publishers Clearing House

text: In the summer of 2020 Marie Osmond became a spokesperson for PCH with television advertisements, online, and direct-to-home mailings.


title: Publishers Clearing House

text: In January 2021, Steve Harvey made his debut in television commercials as Publishers Clearing House spokesperson.


title: Dorothy Bridges

text: Dorothy Louise Bridges (née Simpson; September 19, 1915 – February 16, 2009) was an American actress and poet. Bridges was the matriarch of an acting family, which included her husband, Lloyd Bridges, two of their three sons, Beau Bridges and Jeff Bridges, and her grandson, Jordan Bridges. Bridges was sometimes credited as Dorothy Dean.


title: Dorothy Bridges

text: Bridges was born Dorothy Louise Simpson in Worcester, Massachusetts. Her father was an immigrant from the United Kingdom, born and raised in Liverpool, England. Her mother was of Irish and Swiss-German ancestry. Her family moved to Los Angeles when she was two years old. Bridges made her film debut in the movie "Finders Keepers".


title: Dorothy Bridges

text: She attended the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) where she met her future husband, Lloyd Bridges, while acting in a small theatrical play on campus. Lloyd Bridges, who was a UCLA upperclassman at the time, appeared in the production as her "leading man."


title: Dorothy Bridges

text: The couple married in 1938 in New York City. Dorothy and Lloyd Bridges remained married for 60 years, until he died in 1998 at the age of 85. They had four children: Beau Vernet, Garrett Myles, Jeffrey Leon, and Lucinda Louise. Garrett died of sudden infant death syndrome on August 3, 1948.


title: Dorothy Bridges

text: Bridges and her husband moved to New York City, where they continued to pursue their acting studies and careers. Dorothy and Lloyd Bridges both studied under the acting teacher Michael Chekhov.


title: Dorothy Bridges

text: Bridges occasionally returned to acting throughout her life, often in roles where she was able to work with members of her family. She was sometimes credited as Dorothy Dean. She appeared in "Sea Hunt", a television series which starred her husband. Bridges also appeared in "The Thanksgiving Promise", a 1986 television movie directed by her son, Beau Bridges, and the 1989 film, "See You in the Morning", which co-starred her son, Jeff Bridges. Dorothy Bridges credits also included the 1993 television movie, "Secret Sins of the Father", which was directed by Beau Bridges, who cast other members of the Bridges family in main and supporting roles.


title: Dorothy Bridges

text: In addition to raising her children, Bridges also introduced them to the acting profession as their first drama teacher. She encouraged each of her children to "pretend" for an hour each day. Her son, Jeff Bridges, later said that the playtime "pretend" games were "basically the basis of acting." Jeff Bridges notes that both his parents studied under Michael Chekhov and that "and a lot of things my mom learned with him were passed down to all of us." Two of Dorothy Bridges' sons, Jeff and Beau, and grandson, Jordan, ultimately became actors while her daughter, Lucinda, is an artist.


title: Dorothy Bridges

text: Bridges also wrote poetry, later publishing some of her work. She was known to write love poems to her husband every Valentine's Day during their 59-year marriage. Dorothy and Lloyd exchanged vows again for their 50th wedding anniversary.


title: Dorothy Bridges

text: Dorothy Bridges released her memoirs, "You Caught Me Kissing: A Love Story", in 2005. Much of the book centered on her marriage to Lloyd Bridges. It included commentary from her children and family photos. Bridges was 89 years old at the time of the book's release.


title: Dorothy Bridges

text: Dorothy Bridges died of "age-related causes" in Holmby Hills, Los Angeles on February 16, 2009, in the same home where she and her husband raised their children. She was 93 years old.


title: Dorothy Bridges

text: Her son, Jeff Bridges, called her the "hub" of their family in an interview with the "Los Angeles Times" following her death.


title: Dorothy Bridges

text: She was survived by her brother Frederick Simpson, Jr.; sons, Beau Bridges and Jeff Bridges; and her daughter, Lucinda. Her eleven grandchildren include actors Jordan Bridges, Casey, Dylan and Emily. She was also survived by two great-grandchildren Lola and Orson Bridges.


title: Edo State

text: Edo, commonly known as Edo State, is a state located in the South-South geopolitical zone of Nigeria. As of 2006 National population census, the state was ranked as the 24th populated state (3,233,366) in Nigeria, However there was controversy over the population census figures, for example this same state that was ranked 24, population wise in 2006, was number 16 in terms of voters registration in the country in 2019, That shows strongly that the census conducted in 2006 is not a testament of reality on ground. The state population figures is expected to be about 8,000,000 in 2022. Edo State is the 22nd largest State by landmass in Nigeria. The state's capital and city, Benin City, is the fourth largest city in Nigeria, and the centre of the country's rubber industry. Created in 1991 from the former Bendel State, is also known as the heart beat of the nation. Edo State borders Kogi State to the northeast, Anambra State to the east, Delta State to the southeast and southsouth and Ondo State to the west.


title: Edo State

text: The modern borders of Edo State encompass regions that were formerly the site of various empires and kingdoms formed in the 11th century AD, the Benin Empire. The ancient city of Edo, the site of modern-day Benin City, was home to some of the largest earthworks in the world. In 1897, the British Empire conducted a punitive expedition of the region, destroying most of the ancient city of Edo and incorporating the territory into what would become the Southern Nigeria Protectorate.


title: Edo State

text: Edo State is a diverse state that is predominantly inhabited by the Edoid peoples, including the Edo (or Bini), Esan, Owan and Afemai people. The most common Edoid language spoken is the Edo language, which is commonly spoken in Benin City. Christianity is the dominant religion in Edo State. It was first introduced to the region by Portuguese missionaries during the 15th century. Islam and traditional religions are also practised.


title: Edo State

text: The Mid-Western Region was a division of Nigeria from 1963 to 1991, formally known as Bendel state from 1976. It was formed in June 1963 from Benin and Delta provinces of the Western Region, and its capital was Benin City. It was renamed a province in 1966, and in 1967 when the other provinces were split up into several states, it remained territorially intact, becoming a state.


title: Edo State

text: During the Nigerian Civil War, the Biafran forces invaded the new Mid-Western state, en route to Lagos, in an attempt to force a quick end to the war. While under Biafran occupation, the state was declared as the “Republic of Benin” as Nigerian forces were to retake the region. The republic collapsed a day after the declaration as Nigerian troops overtook Benin City. Edo State was established on 27 August 1991 when Bendel State was split into Edo and Delta States.


title: Edo State

text: With Benin City as capital, the population of the entire state is approximately 8 million. It is made up of four major ethnic groups; namely Edo (Binis), Owan, Esan and Afemai (Etsako & Akoko Edo). However the State has a high presence of residents from across the country and the world because of its cosmopolitan tendencies. Benin City has a history of being one of the foremost destinations of Europeans during their exploration of Africa continent many centuries ago. Some of these flash points have remained enviable tourists’ attraction sites for the state.


title: Edo State

text: The main ethnic groups in Edo State are Bini, Etsako, Esan, Owan, and Akoko Edo. Virtually all the groups trace their origin to Benin City, hence their dialects vary with their distance from Benin City. The Bini speaking people occupy seven out of the 18 Local Government Areas of the state and constitute 57.54% of the total population. Others are as follows: Esan (17.14%), Etsako (12.19%), Owan (7.43%), and Akoko Edo (5.70%). There are also Igbira speaking communities in Akoko Edo, Itsekiri communities in Ikpoba-Okha, and Ijaw Izons and Urhobos in Ovia North East and South West Local Government Areas, especially in the borderlands. Also, Igbo speaking communities exist in Igbanke (Ika) in Orhionmwon LGA.


title: Edo State

text: The Judiciary is the third arm of Government in the State, vested with the power to interprete the laws and resolve disputes in both civil and criminal matters in the State. The State Judiciary is headed by a Chief Judge. On the 16 of May, 2021, Edo State Governor, Godwin Obaseki swore in Justice Joe Acha as Acting Chief Judge of Edo State, following the retirement of Justice Esther Edigin


title: Edo State

text: Governor Godwin Obaseki is the current governor of Edo State and was sworn into office on the 12th November, 2016. His deputy is Rt. Hon. Comrade Philip Shaibu. The Edo State House of Assembly is the legislative body.


title: Edo State

text: English is the official language of the state. The major tribal languages spoken in the state are Edo language, Igarra, Etsako/Afemai, Esan and Okpamheri. Edo State is home to several ethnicities, they are the Edo, Okpe, Esan, Afemai/Etsako, Ora, Akoko-Edo, Igbanke, Emai.


title: Edo State

text: The Etsako/Afemai people of Edo state have the highest population of Muslims. They live in Six local government areas within the state and their major occupation is farming.


title: Edo State

text: Christianity and Islam are the major religion Practiced in Edo State, although minority of the population are traditional worshippers.


title: Edo State

text: Tourist attractions in Edo State include the Emotan Statue in Benin City, Ise Lake and River Niger Beach in Agenebode, Etsako-East; Mike Akhigbe Square at fugar, Ambrose Alli Square, Ekpoma, River Niger Beaches at Ilushi, BFFM Building at Ewu, Igun Bronze Caster at Igun Street in Benin City, College of Agriculture and Aqua Culture Technology, Agenebode, Okpekpe with its hills and scenes and the Usomege Hills at Apana-Uzairue, Somorika hills in Akoko Edo, where a government-run tourist center at Ososo is set among spectacular scenery.


title: Edo State

text: The state produces crude oil, and other mineral resources like limestone and quarry. The state has a cement factory at Okpella and a Flour Mill at Ewu which is moribound.


title: Kimberley Nixon

text: Kimberley Nixon (born 24 September 1985) is a Welsh actress. Nixon is known for her role as Sophy Hutton in the BBC One period drama "Cranford", and appearances in various films such as "Wild Child" and "Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging". More recently she has starred as Josie Jones in the Channel 4 comedy-drama "Fresh Meat" and as Sarah Pearson in the BBC Two comedy "Hebburn".


title: Kimberley Nixon

text: Born in Bristol to Welsh parents, Nixon and her six brothers were raised in Pontypridd, Wales, where she attended Coedylan Comprehensive School, now known as Pontypridd High School.


title: Kimberley Nixon

text: After high school, Nixon trained at the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama in Cardiff alongside Tom Cullen and Aneurin Barnard. Before her graduation in 2007, she signed to Universal Studios after appearing in a college production of "The Comedy of Errors". She is a former member of the National Youth Theatre of Wales.


title: Kimberley Nixon

text: Nixon's career began in 2007, when she starred as the motherless Sophy Hutton in the BBC One costume drama series "Cranford". In 2008, she had supporting roles in the films "Wild Child" and "Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging".


title: Kimberley Nixon

text: In September 2008, she made her stage debut as Griet in a tour and London run of an adaptation of "Girl with a Pearl Earring".


title: Kimberley Nixon

text: Nixon appeared in "Easy Virtue" and played one of the leads in "Cherrybomb" opposite Rupert Grint and Robert Sheehan, before starring in "Black Death". In 2011, Nixon played Josie in the Channel 4 TV comedy-drama series "Fresh Meat", and starred alongside Michael Sheen, Andrea Riseborough and Iwan Rheon in "Resistance", an adaptation of an Owen Sheers novel, which was released in the UK in November 2011.


title: Kimberley Nixon

text: Nixon appeared in the musical film "Hunky Dory", which is set in 1976 Swansea, with Minnie Driver, Aneurin Barnard and George MacKay, directed by Marc Evans. The film premièred at the 55th BFI London Film Festival on 25 October 2011, and was released officially on 2 March 2012 in the UK.


title: Kimberley Nixon

text: Nixon starred alongside Jaime Winstone and Aneurin Barnard in "Elfie Hopkins and the Gammons", a horror film about an aspiring teen detective who stumbles into her first real case when investigating the mysterious new family, the Gammons, in her neighbourhood. The film was released on 20 April 2012.


title: Kimberley Nixon

text: In 2012, Nixon starred in the movie "Offender", a thriller about a man who sets up his own imprisonment in order to avenge the assault of his girlfriend. She also had leading roles in the ITV drama series "Kidnap and Ransom" and the BBC Two comedy-drama series "Hebburn", alongside Chris Ramsey and Vic Reeves. The sitcom is written by stand-up comic Jason Cook and is based on his experiences of growing up in the north-east of England.


title: Kimberley Nixon

text: In June 2013, Nixon starred in "Greenshaw's Folly" in the sixth series of ITV's "Agatha Christie's Marple", with Matt Willis, Fiona Shaw, Julia Sawalha, Vic Reeves and Martin Compston.


title: Kimberley Nixon

text: She starred in the 2014 BBC One Wales television remake of Dylan Thomas' radio drama "Under Milk Wood" as Myfanwy Price.


title: Kimberley Nixon

text: She also starred in the "Playhouse Presents" one-off episode "The Dog Thrower", with Matthew Perry and Tim Key, which aired on 1 May 2014 on Sky Arts.


title: Kimberley Nixon

text: Nixon starred in the medical drama "Critical", with Lennie James, Emma Fryer and Paul Bazely, that debuted on Sky 1 on 24 February 2015. She also starred in a Welsh thriller titled "Kingdom of Rain", with Julian Lewis Jones and Robert Kazinsky. She took a lead role in the third season of Outlander.


title: World Tag Team Championship (WWE)

text: The World Tag Team Championship was the original professional wrestling world tag team championship in the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) promotion, and the promotion's third tag team championship overall. Originally established by the then-World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF) on June 3, 1971 (renamed World Wrestling Federation in 1979), it served as the only title for tag teams in the promotion until the then-World Wrestling Federation (WWF) bought World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in March 2001, which added their tag team championship. Both titles were unified in November 2001, retiring WCW's championship and continuing WWF's.


title: World Tag Team Championship (WWE)

text: In 2002, the company was renamed WWE. Following the introduction of the WWE brand extension, where wrestlers and championships became exclusive to a WWE brand, the World Tag Team Championship became exclusive to the Raw brand, while a second WWE Tag Team Championship was established for the SmackDown brand. Both titles were unified in 2009 into the "Unified WWE Tag Team Championship", but remained independently active until the World Tag Team Championship was decommissioned in 2010 in favor of continuing the newer championship.


title: World Tag Team Championship (WWE)

text: The championship was contested in professional wrestling matches. Bouts for the title headlined WWF events including In Your House 3, , and 2001's Backlash. The inaugural champions were the team of Luke Graham and Tarzan Tyler, and the final champions were The Hart Dynasty.


title: World Tag Team Championship (WWE)

text: When the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF) formed in 1963, their first tag team championship was the WWWF United States Tag Team Championship, which was originally an NWA championship established in 1958 and used by the WWWF's predecessor, Capitol Wrestling Corporation. After then-WWWF World Heavyweight Champion Bruno Sammartino and his tag team partner Spiros Arion won the titles in 1967, the U.S. Tag Team Championship was abandoned and deactivated due to Sammartino being the world champion. Two years later, The Rising Suns (Toru Tanaka and Mitsu Arakawa) arrived in the WWWF with the WWWF International Tag Team Championship, which they claimed to have won in a tournament in Tokyo in June of that year. This became the WWWF's tag team title until 1971 when The Rising Suns left the WWWF and took the titles with them.


title: World Tag Team Championship (WWE)

text: The WWWF then established their own original world tag team championship, the "WWWF World Tag Team Championship" in 1971. Following the title's introduction, Luke Graham and Tarzan Tyler became the inaugural champions on June 3. In 1979, the title became known as the "WWF Tag Team Championship" when the promotion was renamed World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It was subsequently renamed "WWF World Tag Team Championship" in 1983, but was often referred to as the "WWF Tag Team Championship" for short.


title: World Tag Team Championship (WWE)

text: In March 2001, the WWF purchased World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and its championships were now also defended on WWF programming. Soon after, "The Invasion" took place in which the WCW/ECW Alliance was ultimately dismantled. At the 2001 Survivor Series pay-per-view, the title was unified with the WCW Tag Team Championship in a steel cage match. Then-WCW Tag Team Champions, the Dudley Boyz, defeated then-WWF Tag Team Champions, the Hardy Boyz, and were named the last WCW Tag Team Champions, as that title was deactivated, while becoming the new WWF Tag Team Champions.


title: World Tag Team Championship (WWE)

text: After the WWF/WWE name change in 2002, the championship was subsequently renamed "WWE Tag Team Championship". During the initial WWE brand extension, the WWE Tag Team Championship was assigned to the SmackDown! brand as the reigning champions at the time of the initial expansion, Billy and Chuck, were both drafted to SmackDown! together. In July of that year, shortly after defeating Hollywood Hulk Hogan and Edge for the titles, the reigning champion team of Lance Storm and Christian (The Un-Americans) left SmackDown! for Raw, leaving SmackDown! without a tag team title. As a result, then-SmackDown! General Manager Stephanie McMahon commissioned a new tag team title, also called the WWE Tag Team Championship, to be the exclusive tag team titles for the SmackDown! brand. With the introduction of the World Heavyweight Championship on the Raw brand after the WWE Championship became exclusive to SmackDown!, the WWE Tag Team Championship on Raw was renamed "World Tag Team Championship". This was done so that the names of both tag team titles would mirror the names of the top championships on their respective brands. When the WWE Championship and World Heavyweight Championship switched brands during the 2005 WWE draft lottery, however, neither of the tag team titles were renamed.


title: World Tag Team Championship (WWE)

text: In late 2008 through early 2009, then-WWE Tag Team Champions The Colóns (Carlito and Primo) engaged in rivalry with then-World Tag Team Champions John Morrison and The Miz, with the two teams exchanging victories in non-title matches and retaining their respective titles against each other. On the March 17 episode of "ECW on Syfy", it was announced that at WrestleMania 25, both teams would defend their titles against each other and the winning team would hold both titles. The Colóns defeated Morrison and Miz, and thus unified the titles into the "Unified WWE Tag Team Championship", although both championships remained independently active.


title: World Tag Team Championship (WWE)

text: As the Unified WWE Tag Team Championship, the champions could appear and defend the titles on any WWE brand, regardless of the brand that the holders belonged to. On August 16, 2010, the World Tag Team Championship was decommissioned in favor of continuing the lineage of the WWE Tag Team Championship (which dropped the "unified" moniker), following Bret Hart's presentation of new championship belts to then and final World Tag Team Champions, The Hart Dynasty (David Hart Smith and Tyson Kidd).


title: World Tag Team Championship (WWE)

text: Following the events of the WWE brand extension, an annual WWE draft was established, in which select members of the WWE roster were reassigned to a different brand. After the World Tag Team Championship was unified with the WWE Tag Team Championship as the Unified WWE Tag Team Championship, the champions could appear and defend the titles on any WWE brand.


title: World Tag Team Championship (WWE)

text: The inaugural champions were Crazy Luke Graham and Tarzan Tyler, who defeated Dick the Bruiser and The Sheik on June 3, 1971. The record for longest reign was held by Demolition, whose first reign lasted 478 days. Three teams tied for a record with shortest reigns. Jules Strongbow and Chief Jay Strongbow had their titles taken away shortly after winning them on June 28, 1982 when it was determined that Mr. Fuji, one half of the reigning champions with Mr. Saito, was pinned with a foot on the ropes. Owen Hart and Yokozuna lost their titles on September 25, 1995, to the Smoking Gunns shortly after having the titles returned to them. On March 19, 2001, Edge and Christian defeated The Hardy Boyz to win the titles only to lose them later that night to The Dudley Boyz.


title: World Tag Team Championship (WWE)

text: The Dudley Boyz held the record for most reigns as a team with eight. Edge held the record for overall reigns as an individual with 12, seven with Christian. He also won the titles with Hulk Hogan, Chris Benoit, Randy Orton, and Chris Jericho (after the titles were unified).


title: World Tag Team Championship (WWE)

text: The final champions were The Hart Dynasty (David Hart Smith and Tyson Kidd), who won the titles from ShoMiz (Big Show and The Miz) on the April 26, 2010 episode of "Raw". After the World Tag Team Championship was deactivated, the duo continued to serve as the WWE Tag Team Champions until their loss at Night of Champions on September 19, 2010, to Drew McIntyre and Cody Rhodes.


title: Imperial Brands

text: Imperial Brands plc (formerly Imperial Tobacco Group plc), is a British multinational tobacco company headquartered in Bristol, England. It is the world's fourth-largest international cigarette company measured by market share after Philip Morris International, British American Tobacco, and Japan Tobacco, and the world's largest producer of fine-cut tobacco and tobacco papers.


title: Imperial Brands

text: Imperial Brands produces over 320 billion cigarettes per year, has 51 factories worldwide, and its products are sold in over 160 countries. Its brands include Davidoff, West, Gauloises Blondes, Montecristo, Golden Virginia (the world's best-selling hand rolling tobacco), Drum (the world's second-largest-selling fine-cut tobacco), and Rizla (the world's best-selling rolling paper).


title: Imperial Brands

text: Imperial Brands is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. It had a market capitalization around £18.5 billion as of 4 June 2019, the 28th-largest of any company with a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange.


title: Imperial Brands

text: Imperial Tobacco Canada, the Canadian subsidiary of British American Tobacco, has no relationship to Imperial Brands.