title: Ilocano language

text: Stops are pronounced without aspiration. When they occur as coda, they are not released, for example, 'answer', 'response'.


title: Ilocano language

text: Ilokano is one of the Philippine languages which is excluded from - allophony, as in many cases is derived from a Proto-Austronesian *R; compare (Tagalog) and (Ilokano) 'new'.


title: Ilocano language

text: The language marginally has a trill which is spelled as "rr", for example, 'to enter'. Trill is sometimes an allophone of in word-initial position, syllable-final, and word-final positions, spelled as single , for example, "ruar" 'outside' [] ~ []. It is only pronounced flap in affixation and across word boundaries, especially when vowel-ending word precedes word-initial . But it is different in proper names of foreign origin, mostly Spanish, like "Serrano", which is correctly pronounced . Some speakers, however, pronounce "Serrano" as .


title: Ilocano language

text: The placement of primary stress is lexical in Ilocano. This results in minimal pairs such as ('wood') and ('you' (plural or polite)) or ('class, type, kind') and ('see'). In written Ilokano the reader must rely on context, thus and . Primary stress can fall only on either the penult or the ultima of the root, as seen in the previous examples.


title: Ilocano language

text: While stress is unpredictable in Ilokano, there are notable patterns that can determine where stress will fall depending on the structures of the penult, the ultima and the origin of the word.


title: Ilocano language

text: Vowel length coincides with stressed syllables (primary or secondary) and only on open syllables except for ultimas, for example, 'tree' versus (second person plural ergative pronoun).


title: Ilocano language

text: As primary stress can fall only on the penult or the ultima, suffixation causes a shift in stress one syllable to the right. The vowel of open penults that result lengthen as a consequence.


title: Ilocano language

text: Ilokano is typified by a predicate-initial structure. Verbs and adjectives occur in the first position of the sentence, then the rest of the sentence follows.


title: Ilocano language

text: Ilocano uses a highly complex list of affixes (prefixes, suffixes, infixes and enclitics) and reduplications to indicate a wide array of grammatical categories. Learning simple root words and corresponding affixes goes a long way in forming cohesive sentences.


title: Ilocano language

text: Foreign accretion comes largely from Spanish, followed by English and smatterings of much older accretion from Hokkien (Min Nan), Arabic and Sanskrit.


title: Ilocano language

text: Ilocano uses a mixture of native and Spanish numbers. Traditionally Ilocano numbers are used for quantities and Spanish numbers for time or days and references.


title: Ilocano language

text: The names of the units of time are either native or are derived from Spanish. The first entries in the following table are native; the second entries are Spanish derived.


title: Geats

text: The Geats ( ; ; ; ), sometimes called "Goths", were a large North Germanic tribe who inhabited ("land of the Geats") in modern southern Sweden from antiquity until the late Middle Ages. They are one of the progenitor groups of modern Swedes, along with Swedes (the tribe) and Gutes. The name of the Geats also lives on in the Swedish provinces of and , the Western and Eastern lands of the Geats, and in many other toponyms.


title: Geats

text: The Swedish dialects spoken in the areas that used to be inhabited by Geats form a distinct group, "Götamål".


title: Geats

text: The etymology of the name "Geat" (Old English "", from a Proto-Germanic *"Gautaz", plural *"Gautōz") is similar to that of "Goths" and "Gutes" (*"Gutô", plural *"Gutaniz"). The names derive from ablaut grades of the Proto-Germanic word *"geutaną", meaning "to pour". They have the literal meaning "they who pour their seed". (For more information see Goths § Etymology.) The names could also allude to watercourses in the land where they were living, but this is not generally accepted to be the case, partly because that would mean that the names' similarity would be coincidental.


title: Geats

text: A more specific theory about the word "Gautigoths" is that it means the Goths who live near the river "Gaut", today's Göta älv (). It might also have been a conflation of the word "Gauti" with a gloss of "Goths". In the 17th century the name "Göta älv", 'River of the Geats', replaced the earlier names "Götälven" and "Gautelfr". The etymology of the word "Gaut" (as mentioned above) derives from the Proto-Germanic word *"geutan", and the extended meaning of "to pour" is "flow, stream, waterfall", which could refer to Trollhättan Falls or to the river itself.


title: Geats

text: The short form of "Gautigoths" was the Old Norse "", which originally referred to just the inhabitants of Västergötland, or the western parts of today's Götaland, a meaning which is retained in some Icelandic sagas.


title: Geats

text: The earliest known surviving mention of the Geats appears in Ptolemy (2nd century AD), who refers to them as "Goutai". In the 6th century, Jordanes writes of the "Gautigoths" and "Ostrogoths" (the Ostrogoths of Scandza); and Procopius refers to "Gautoi". The Norse Sagas know them as "Gautar"; "Beowulf" and "Widsith" as "Gēatas". "Beowulf" and the Norse sagas name several Geatish kings, but only Hygelac finds confirmation in "Liber Monstrorum" where he is referred to as "Rex Getarum" and in a copy of "Historiae Francorum" where he is called "Rege Gotorum". These sources concern a raid into Frisia, ca 516, which is also described in "Beowulf". C. 551, some decades after Hygelac's raid, Jordanes described the Geats as a nation which was "bold, and quick to engage in war".


title: Geats

text: The Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain included many North Germanic people who were losers in the brutal tribal warfare of Scandinavia. The place-name "-gate" marks the site of Geatish settlement, often alongside strategically important Roman roads and nearby Visigothic and/or Jutish settlements. Defeated Jutes like Hengest and his brother Horsa fled to Kent, while Geats defeated by encroaching Swedes moved to Yorkshire where they founded Gillingshire by the Tees, originally the settlement of the "Geatlings". It has also been suggested that East Anglia was settled by Geats at this time, or by Wulfings who also came from Götaland, bringing the traditions of "Beowulf" with them.


title: Geats

text: Any peace that eventually settled in southern Scandinavia was most likely due to exhaustion, and a Danish archaeologist has summarized that in the mid-6th century, and after, Scandinavia "went down to hell". Scandinavian wares appear to have stopped arriving in England, c. 550, suggesting that contact was broken.


title: Geats

text: According to Procopius there were 13 "very numerous nations" on the Scandinavian peninsula in the 6th century, which is supported by recent archaeological analyses. Several scholars consider this to be a reasonable number of independent kingdoms at the time, with each consisting of one or more tribes, as reported by Jordanes. However, by 1350, these 13 kingdoms had been reduced in number to only two, Norway and Sweden. The Geats were one of the largest tribes,


title: Geats

text: Procopius and Jordanes both mention the Geats, but after them, foreign sources about Scandinavia are scarce until the 9th century, when Anglosaxon and Frankish sources does shed some light on the area. In these, the Geats are absent, which has led some scholars to conclude that they were no longer an independent nation and had been subsumed by the Swedes. Norwegian and Icelandic scaldic sources from the 10th century does however indicate that they were still politically independent, sometimes opposing Norwegian kings. Their absence in older sources have instead been suggested to be due to them being an inland people.


title: Geats

text: The nature and the processes of how Geats and Swedes came to form one kingdom have been much debated among Swedish scholars. The scarcity and sometimes debated veracity of sources has left much room open for interpretation. The oldest medieval Swedish sources present the Swedish kingdom as having remaining differences between provinces, in laws as well as in weights and measurements. Some scholars have argued that the Geats were subjugated by the Swedes, and have suggested various dates for such an event, from the sixth to the 9th century. Others have wanted to see a more gradual merging, and that the Geats were slowly subsumed into the more powerful kingdom of Sweden, and in many respects they maintained their own cultural identity during the Middle Ages. Still others have put emphasis on how it was individual rulers, not ethnic groups, that were driving the process towards a unified kingdom, and that the process was very complicated.


title: Geats

text: Papal letters from the 1080s style the recipients as "king of the Swedes" or "king of the West Geats". In another papal letter from the 1160s, the title "rex Sweorum et Gothorum" is first attested. The Swedish kings began the custom of styling themselves as also the king of the Geats in the 1270s.


title: Geats

text: In the 11th century, the Swedish House of Munsö became extinct with the death of Emund the Old. Stenkil, a Geat, was elected king of the Swedes, and the Geats would be influential in the shaping of Sweden as a Christian kingdom. However, this election also ushered in a long period of civil unrest between Christians and pagans and between Geats and Swedes. The Geats tended to be more Christian, and the Swedes more pagan, which was why the Christian Swedish king Inge the Elder fled to Västergötland when deposed in favour of Blot-Sweyn, a king more favourable towards Norse paganism, in the 1080s. Inge would retake the throne and rule until his death c. 1100.


title: Geats

text: In his "Gesta Danorum" (book 13), the Danish 12th-century chronicler Saxo Grammaticus noted that the Geats had no say in the election of the king, only the Swedes. When the West Geatish law or Westrogothic law was put to paper, it reminded the Geats that they had to accept the election of the Swedes: "Sveær egho konong at taka ok sva vrækæ" meaning ""It is the Swedes who have the right of choosing ["taking"] and also deposing the king"" and then he rode Eriksgatan ""mæþ gislum ofvan"" – ""with hostages from above [the realm]"" through Södermanland, the Geatish provinces and then through Närke and Västmanland to be judged to be the lawful king by the lawspeakers of their respective things. One of these Swedish kings was Ragnvald Knaphövde, who in 1125 was riding with his retinue in order to be accepted as king by the different provinces. According to material appended to the oldest manuscript of the Westrogothic law, he decided not to demand hostages as he despised the Geats, and was slain near Falköping.


title: Geats

text: In a new general law of Sweden that was issued by Magnus Eriksson in the 1350s, it was stated that twelve men from each province, chosen by their things, should be present at the Stone of Mora when a new king was elected.


title: Geats

text: The distinction between Swedes and Geats lasted during the Middle Ages, but the Geats became increasingly important for Swedish national claims of greatness due to the Geats' old connection with the Goths. They argued that since the Goths and the Geats were the same nation, and the Geats were part of the kingdom of Sweden, this meant that the Swedes had defeated the Roman empire. The earliest attestation of this claim comes from the Council of Basel, 1434, during which the Swedish delegation argued with the Spanish about who among them were the true Goths. The Spaniards argued that it was better to be descended from the heroic Visigoths than from stay-at-homers. This cultural movement, which was not restricted to Sweden went by the name "Gothicismus" or in Swedish "Göticism", i.e. "Geaticism".


title: Geats

text: After the 15th century and the Kalmar Union, the Swedes and the Geats appear to have begun to perceive themselves as one nation, which is reflected in the evolution of "svensk" into a common ethnonym. It was originally an adjective referring to those belonging to the Swedish tribe, who are called "svear" in Swedish. As early as the 9th century, "svear" had been vague, both referring to the Swedish tribe and being a collective term including the Geats, and this is the case in Adam of Bremen's work where the Geats ("Goths") appear both as a proper nation and as part of the "Sueones". The merging/assimilation of the two nations took a long time, however. In the early-20th century, "Nordisk familjebok" noted that "svensk" had almost replaced "svear" as a name for the Swedish people.


title: Geats

text: At the same time, the Swedish ancestors were often referred to as Geats, especially when their heroism or connection to the Goths was to be stressed. This practice disappeared during the 19th century, when the vikings gradually took over the role as the heroic ancestors.


title: Geats

text: The Geats were traditionally divided into several petty kingdoms, or districts, which had their own things (popular assemblies) and laws. The largest one of these districts was Västergötland (West Geatland), and it was in Västergötland that the Thing of all Geats was held every year, in the vicinity of Skara. Despite the name, the thing was only for the inhabitants of Västergötland and Dalsland. The equivalent in Östergötland was Lionga thing.


title: Geats

text: Unlike the Swedes, who used the division hundare, the Geats used "hærrad" (modern Swedish "härad"), like the Norwegians and the Danes. Surprisingly, it would be the Geatish name that became the common term in the Swedish kingdom. This is possibly related to the fact that several of the medieval Swedish kings were of Geatish extraction and often resided primarily in Götaland. In Västergötland and Dalsland, there were also a higher-level division where one or more hærrad made up a "bo" linked to a kongsgård.


title: Geats

text: Today, the merger of the two nations is complete, as there is no longer any tangible identification in Götaland with a Geatish identity, apart from the common tendency of residents of the provinces of Västergötland and Östergötland to refer to themselves as "västgötar" (West Geats) and "östgötar" (East Geats), similar to how residents of other provinces refer to themselves. The dialects spoken in those provinces and some surrounding areas are also collectively called götamål. Although, the city "Göteborg", known in English as Gothenburg, has formerly been considered to have been named after the river Göta älv, it may instead have been named after the Geats ('fortress of the Geats'), when it was founded in 1621.


title: Geats

text: Until 1973 the official title of the Swedish king was King of Sweden (earlier: of the Swedes), the Geats/Goths and the Wends (with the formula "Sveriges, Götes och Vendes konung", in Latin "N.N. Dei Gratia, Suecorum, Gothorum et Vandalorum Rex."). The title "King of the Wends" was copied from the Danish title, while the Danish kings called themselves "King of the Gotlanders" (which, like "Geats", was translated into "Goths" in Latin) were also used by Danish royalty. The Wends is a term normally used to describe the Slavic peoples who inhabited large areas of modern east Germany and Pomerania. See further in the Wikipedia articles King of the Goths and King of the Wends.


title: Geats

text: The titles, however, changed when the new king Carl XVI Gustaf in 1973 decided that his royal title should simply be King of Sweden. The disappearance of the old title was a decision made entirely by the king.


title: Geats

text: "Geatas" was originally Proto-Germanic *"Gautoz" and "Goths" and "Gutar" ("Gotlanders") were *"Gutaniz". *"Gautoz" and *"Gutaniz" are two ablaut grades of a Proto-Germanic word *"geutan" with the meaning "to pour" (modern Swedish "gjuta", modern German "giessen"). The word comes from an Indo-European root meaning "to pour, offer sacrifice." There were consequently two derivations from the same Proto-Germanic ethnonym.


title: Geats

text: It is a long-standing controversy whether the Goths were Geats. Both Old Icelandic and Old English literary sources clearly separate the Geats (Isl. "Gautar", OEng "Geatas") from the Goths/Gutar (Isl. "Gotar", OEng. "Gotenas"); but the Gothic historian Jordanes wrote that the Goths came originally to Dacia from the island of Scandza. Moreover, he described that on this island there were three tribes called the "Gautigoths" (cf. "Geat/Gaut"), the "Ostrogoths" (cf. the Swedish province of "Östergötland") and "Vagoths" (Gutar?) ‒ this implies that the Geats were Goths rather than vice versa. The word "Goth" is also a term used by the Romans to describe related, culturally linked tribes like the Tervingi and the Greuthungs, so it may be correct to label Geats as Goths.


title: Geats

text: Scandinavian burial customs, such as the stone circles (domarringar), which are most common in Götaland and Gotland, and stelae (bautastenar) appeared in what is now northern Poland in the 1st century AD, suggesting an influx of Scandinavians during the formation of the Gothic Wielbark culture. Moreover, in Östergötland, in Sweden, there is a sudden disappearance of villages during this period. Contemporary accounts beginning in the fourth century further associated these groups with the earlier "Getae" of Dacia, but this is now disputed.


title: Geats

text: The Götaland theory (Swedish "Västgötaskolan") is a disparate group of theories, which have attempted to prove that some events and even places that are traditionally placed around Mälaren, especially ones that are associated with the formation of medieval Sweden, instead should be located to Västergötland. The methods ranged from relatively scholarly efforts to dowsing. This "school" was brought to prominence in the 1980s following a TV series by Dag Stålsjö. While some serious scholars have attempted to place more emphasis on the Geats in the early history of Sweden than was traditional, Västgötaskolan has never reached any acceptance.


title: Geats

text: The generally accepted identification of Old English "Gēatas" as the same ethnonym as Swedish "götar" and Old Norse "gautar" is based on the observation that the "ö" monophthong of modern Swedish and the "au" diphthong of Old Norse correspond to the "ēa" diphthong of Old English.


title: Geats

text: Thus, "Gēatas" is the Old English form of Old Norse "Gautar" and modern Swedish "Götar". This correspondence seems to tip the balance for most scholars. It is also based on the fact that in "Beowulf", the "Gēatas" live east of the "Dani" (across the sea) and in close contact with the "Sweon", which fits the historical position of the Geats between the Danes and the Swedes. Moreover, the story of Beowulf, who leaves "Geatland" and arrives at the Danish court after a naval voyage, where he kills a beast, finds a parallel in Hrólf Kraki's saga. In this saga, Bödvar Bjarki leaves "Gautland" and arrives at the Danish court after a naval voyage and kills a beast that has been terrorizing the Danes for two years (see also Origins for Beowulf and Hrólf Kraki).


title: Geats

text: There is a hypothesis that the Jutes also were Geats, and which was proposed by Pontus Fahlbeck in 1884. According to this hypothesis the Geats would have not only resided in southern Sweden but also in Jutland, where Beowulf would have lived.


title: Geats

text: The Geats and the Jutes are mentioned in "Beowulf" as different tribes, and whereas the Geats are called "gēatas", the Jutes are called "ēotena" (genitive) or "ēotenum" (dative). Moreover, the Old English poem "Widsith" also mentions both Geats and Jutes, and it calls the latter "ȳtum". However, Fahlbeck proposed in 1884 that the Gēatas of "Beowulf" referred to Jutes and he proposed that the Jutes originally also were Geats like those of southern Sweden. This theory was based on an Old English translation of Venerable Bede's "Ecclesiastical History of the English People" attributed to Alfred the Great where the Jutes ("iutarum", "iutis") once are rendered as "gēata" (genitive) and twice as "gēatum" (dative) (see e.g. the "OED" which identifies the Geats through "Eotas", "Iótas", "Iútan" and "Geátas"). Fahlbeck did not, however, propose an etymology for how the two ethnonyms could be related.


title: Geats

text: Fahlbeck's theory was refuted by Schück who in 1907 noted that another Old English source, the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", called the Jutes "īutna", "īotum" or "īutum". Moreover, Schück pointed out that when Alfred the Great's translation mentions the Jutes for the second time (book IV, ch. 14(16)) it calls them "ēota" and in one manuscript "ȳtena". Björkman proposed in 1908 that Alfred the Great's translation of Jutes as Geats was based on a confusion between the West Saxon form "Geotas" ("Jutes") and "Gēatas" ("Geats").


title: Geats

text: As for the origins of the ethnonym "Jute", it may be a secondary formation of the toponym Jutland, where "jut" is derived from a Proto-Indo-European root *"eud" meaning "water".


title: Geats

text: Since the 19th century, there has also been a suggestion that Beowulf's people were Gutes (from the island of Gotland in Sweden). According to the poem, the "weather-geats" or "sea-geats", as they are called are supposed to have lived east of the Danes/Dacians and be separated from the Swedes by wide waters. Some researchers have found it a little far-fetched that "wide waters" relates to Vänern in Västergötland or Mälaren. The "weather" in "weather-geats", and "sea-geats" marks a people living at a windy, stormy coast by the sea. The Geats of Västergötland were historically an inland people, making an epithet such as "weather-" or "sea-" a little strange. Moreover, when Beowulf dies he is buried in a mound at a place called "Hrones-naesse", meaning "the cape of whales". Whales have for obvious reasons never lived in Vänern, where, according to Birger Nerman, Beowulf is buried. However, an expanse of water separates the island of Gotland from the Swedes. The island lies east of Denmark/Dacia and whales were once common in the Baltic Sea where Gotland is situated. The name of the Gutes in Swedish, "Gutar", is an ablaut-grade of the same name as that of the Geats in Beowulf. These facts made the archaeologist Gad Rausing come to the conclusion that the "weather-Geats" may have been Gutes. This was supported by another Swedish archaeologist Bo Gräslund. According to Rausing, Beowulf may be buried in a place called "Rone" on Gotland, a name corresponding to the "Hrones" in "Hrones-naesse". Not far from there lies a place called "Arnkull" corresponding to the "Earnar-naesse" in Beowulf, which according to the poem was situated closely to Hrones-naesse.


title: Geats

text: This theory does not exclude the ancient population of Västergötland and Östergötland from being Geats, but rather holds that the Anglo-Saxon name "Geat" could refer to West-geats (Västergötland), East-geats (Östergötland) as well as weather-geats (Gotland), in accordance with Jordanes account of the Scandinanian tribes Gautigoth, Ostrogoth and Vagoth.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: The loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) is a species of oceanic turtle distributed throughout the world. It is a marine reptile, belonging to the family Cheloniidae. The average loggerhead measures around in carapace length when fully grown. The adult loggerhead sea turtle weighs approximately , with the largest specimens weighing in at more than . The skin ranges from yellow to brown in color, and the shell is typically reddish brown. No external differences in sex are seen until the turtle becomes an adult, the most obvious difference being the adult males have thicker tails and shorter plastrons (lower shells) than the females.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: The loggerhead sea turtle is found in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, as well as the Mediterranean Sea. It spends most of its life in saltwater and estuarine habitats, with females briefly coming ashore to lay eggs. The loggerhead sea turtle has a low reproductive rate; females lay an average of four egg clutches and then become quiescent, producing no eggs for two to three years. The loggerhead reaches sexual maturity within 17–33 years and has a lifespan of 47–67 years.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: The loggerhead sea turtle is omnivorous, feeding mainly on bottom-dwelling invertebrates. Its large and powerful jaws serve as an effective tool for dismantling its prey. Young loggerheads are exploited by numerous predators; the eggs are especially vulnerable to terrestrial organisms. Once the turtles reach adulthood, their formidable size limits predation to large marine animals, such as large sharks.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: The loggerhead sea turtle is considered a vulnerable species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: In total, 9 distinct population segments are under the protection of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, with 4 population segments classified as "threatened" and 5 classified as "endangered"


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Untended fishing gear is responsible for many loggerhead deaths. The greatest threat is loss of nesting habitat due to coastal development, predation of nests, and human disturbances (such as coastal lighting and housing developments) that cause disorientations during the emergence of hatchlings. Turtles may also suffocate if they are trapped in fishing trawls. Turtle excluder devices have been implemented in efforts to reduce mortality by providing an escape route for the turtles. Loss of suitable nesting beaches and the introduction of exotic predators have also taken a toll on loggerhead populations. Efforts to restore their numbers will require international cooperation, since the turtles roam vast areas of ocean and critical nesting beaches are scattered across several countries.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Carl Linnaeus gave the loggerhead its first binomial name, "Testudo caretta", in 1758. Thirty-five other names emerged over the following two centuries, with the combination "Caretta caretta" first introduced in 1873 by Leonhard Stejneger. The English common name "loggerhead" refers to the animal's large head. The loggerhead sea turtle belongs to the family Cheloniidae, which includes all extant sea turtles except the leatherback sea turtle. The subspecific classification of the loggerhead sea turtle is debated, but most authors consider it a single polymorphic species. Molecular genetics has confirmed hybridization of the loggerhead sea turtle with the Kemp's ridley sea turtle, hawksbill sea turtle, and green sea turtles. The extent of natural hybridization is not yet determined; however, second-generation hybrids have been reported, suggesting some hybrids are fertile.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Although evidence is lacking, modern sea turtles probably descended from a single common ancestor during the Cretaceous period. Like all other sea turtles except the leatherback, loggerheads are members of the ancient family Cheloniidae, and appeared about 40 million years ago. Of the six species of living Cheloniidae, loggerheads are more closely related to the Kemp's ridley sea turtle, olive ridley sea turtle, and the hawksbill turtle than they are to the flatback turtle and the green turtle.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Around three million years ago, during the Pliocene epoch, Central America emerged from the sea, effectively cutting off currents between the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific Oceans. The rerouting of ocean currents led to climatic changes as the Earth entered a glacial cycle. Cold water upwelling around the Cape of Good Hope and reduction in water temperature at Cape Horn formed coldwater barriers to migrating turtles. The result was a complete isolation of the Atlantic and Pacific populations of loggerheads. During the most recent ice age, the beaches of southeastern North America were too cold for sea turtle eggs. As the Earth began to warm, loggerheads moved farther north, colonizing the northern beaches. Because of this, turtles nesting between North Carolina and northern Florida represent a different genetic population from those in southern Florida.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: The distinct populations of loggerheads have unique characteristics and genetic differences. For example, Mediterranean loggerheads are smaller, on average, than Atlantic Ocean loggerheads. North Atlantic and Mediterranean loggerhead sea turtles are descendants of colonizing loggerheads from Tongaland, South Africa. South African loggerhead genes are still present in these populations today.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: The loggerhead sea turtle is the world's largest hard-shelled turtle, slightly larger at average and maximum mature weights than the green sea turtle and the Galapagos tortoise. It is also the world's second largest extant turtle after the leatherback sea turtle. Adults have an approximate weight range of , averaging around , and a straight-line carapace length range of . The maximum reported weight is and the maximum (presumed total) length is . The head and carapace (upper shell) range from a yellow-orange to a reddish brown, while the plastron (underside) is typically pale yellow. The turtle's neck and sides are brown on the tops and yellow on the sides and bottom.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: The turtle's shell is divided into two sections: carapace and plastron. The carapace is further divided into large plates, or scutes. Typically, 11 or 12 pairs of marginal scutes rim the carapace. Five vertebral scutes run down the carapace's midline, while five pairs of costal scutes border them. The nuchal scute is located at the base of the head. The carapace connects to the plastron by three pairs of inframarginal scutes forming the bridge of the shell. The plastron features paired gular, humeral, pectoral, abdominal, femoral, and anal scutes. The shell serves as external armor, although loggerhead sea turtles cannot retract their heads or flippers into their shells.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Sexual dimorphism of the loggerhead sea turtle is only apparent in adults. Adult males have longer tails and claws than females. The males' plastrons are shorter than the females', presumably to accommodate the males' larger tails. The carapaces of males are wider and less domed than the females', and males typically have wider heads than females. The sex of juveniles and subadults cannot be determined through external anatomy, but can be observed through dissection, laparoscopy (an operation performed on the abdomen), histological examination (cell anatomy), and radioimmunological assays (immune study dealing with radiolabeling).


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Lachrymal glands located behind each eye allow the loggerhead to maintain osmotic balance by eliminating the excess salt obtained from ingesting ocean water. On land, the excretion of excess salt gives the false impression that the turtle is crying. The urea content is high in "Caretta caretta" tears.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: The skull is most easily distinguished from other sea turtles by having maxillae that meet in the mid-line of the palate. The portion of skull behind the eyes is also relatively large and bulbous due to the extensive jaw muscles.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: The loggerhead sea turtle has a cosmopolitan distribution, nesting over the broadest geographical range of any sea turtle. It inhabits the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans and the Mediterranean Sea.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: In the Atlantic Ocean, the greatest concentration of loggerheads is along the southeastern coast of North America and in the Gulf of Mexico. Very few loggerheads are found along the European and African coastlines. Florida is the most popular nesting site, with more than 67,000 nests built per year. Nesting extends as far north as Virginia, as far south as Brazil, and as far east as the Cape Verde Islands. The Cape Verde Islands are the only significant nesting site on the eastern side of the Atlantic. Loggerheads found in the Atlantic Ocean feed from Canada to Brazil.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: In the Indian Ocean, loggerheads feed along the coastlines of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and in the Arabian Sea. Along the African coastline, loggerheads nest from Mozambique's Bazaruto Archipelago to South Africa's St Lucia estuary. The largest Indian Ocean nesting site is Oman, on the Arabian Peninsula, which hosts around 15,000 nests, giving it the second largest nesting population of loggerheads in the world. Western Australia is another notable nesting area, with 1,000–2,000 nests per year.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Pacific loggerheads live in temperate to tropical regions. They forage in the East China Sea, the southwestern Pacific, and along the Baja California Peninsula. Eastern Australia and Japan are the major nesting areas, with the Great Barrier Reef deemed an important nesting area. Pacific loggerheads occasionally nest in Vanuatu and Tokelau. Yakushima Island is the most important site, with three nesting grounds visited by 40% of all nearby loggerheads. After nesting, females often find homes in the East China Sea, while the Kuroshio Current Extension's Bifurcation region provides important juvenile foraging areas. Eastern Pacific populations are concentrated off the coast of Baja California, where upwelling provides rich feeding grounds for juvenile turtles and subadults. Nesting sites along the eastern Pacific Basin are rare. mtDNA sequence polymorphism analysis and tracking studies suggest 95% of the population along the coast of the Americas hatch on the Japanese Islands in the western Pacific. The turtles are transported by the prevailing currents across the full length of the northern Pacific, one of the longest migration routes of any marine animal. The return journey to the natal beaches in Japan has been long suspected, although the trip would cross unproductive clear water with few feeding opportunities. Evidence of a return journey came from an adult female loggerhead named Adelita, which in 1996, equipped with a satellite tracking device, made the 14,500 km (9,000 mi) trip from Mexico across the Pacific. Adelita was the first animal of any kind ever tracked across an ocean basin.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: The Mediterranean Sea is a nursery for juveniles, as well as a common place for adults in the spring and summer months. Almost 45% of the Mediterranean juvenile population has migrated from the Atlantic. Loggerheads feed in the Alboran Sea and the Adriatic Sea, with tens of thousands of specimens (mainly sub-adult) seasonally present in the North-Eastern portion of the latter, above all in the area of the Po Delta.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Greece is the most popular nesting site along the Mediterranean, with more than 3,000 nests per year. Zakynthos hosts the largest Mediterranean nesting with the second one being in Kyparissia Bay. Because of this, Greek authorities do not allow planes to take off or land at night in Zakynthos due to the nesting turtles. In addition to the Greek coast, the coastlines of Cyprus and Turkey are also common nesting sites.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: One record of this turtle was made in Ireland when a specimen washed ashore on Ballyhealy Beach in County Wexford. Another records one specimen being washed up on a beach in County Donegal, Ireland.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Loggerhead sea turtles spend most of their lives in the open ocean and in shallow coastal waters. They rarely come ashore besides the females' brief visits to construct nests and deposit eggs. Hatchling loggerhead turtles live in floating mats of "Sargassum" algae. Adults and juveniles live along the continental shelf as well as in shallow coastal estuaries. In the northwestern Atlantic Ocean, age plays a factor in habitat preference. Juveniles are more frequently found in shallow estuarine habitats with limited ocean access compared to non-nesting adults. Loggerheads occupy waters with surface temperatures ranging from during non-nesting season. Temperatures from are most suitable for nesting females.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Juvenile loggerheads share the "Sargassum" habitat with a variety of other organisms. The mats of "Sargassum" contain as many as 100 different species of animals on which the juveniles feed. Prey found in "Sargassum" mats may include barnacles, crab larvae, fish eggs, and hydrozoan colonies. Some prey, such as ants, flies, aphids, leafhoppers, and beetles, are carried by the wind to the mats. Marine mammals and commercial fishes, including tuna and mahi-mahi, also inhabit the "Sargassum" mats.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Loggerhead sea turtles observed in captivity and in the wild are most active during the day. In captivity, the loggerheads' daily activities are divided between swimming and resting on the bottom. While resting, they spread their forelimbs to about midstroke swimming position. They remain motionless with eyes open or half-shut and are easily alerted during this state. At night, captives sleep in the same position with their eyes tightly shut, and are slow to react. Loggerheads spend up to 85% of their day submerged, with males being the more active divers than females. The average duration of dives is 15–30 min, but they can stay submerged for up to four hours. Juvenile loggerheads and adults differ in their swimming methods. A juvenile keeps its forelimbs pressed to the side of its carapace, and propels itself by kicking with its hind limbs. As the juvenile matures, its swimming method is progressively replaced with the adult's alternating-limb method. They depend entirely on this method of swimming by one year old.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Water temperature affects the sea turtle's metabolic rate. Lethargy is induced at temperatures between . The loggerhead takes on a floating, cold-stunned posture when temperatures drop to around . However, younger loggerheads are more resistant to cold and do not become stunned until temperatures drop below . The loggerheads' migration helps to prevent instances of cold-stunning. Higher water temperatures cause an increase in metabolism and heart rate. A loggerhead's body temperature increases in warmer waters more quickly than it decreases in colder water; their critical thermal maximum is currently unknown. In February 2015, a live loggerhead turtle was found floating in British Columbian waters of with extensive algal growth on its carapace.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Female-female aggression, which is fairly rare in other marine vertebrates, is common among loggerheads. Ritualized aggression escalates from passive threat displays to combat. This conflict primarily occurs over access to feeding grounds. Escalation typically follows four steps. First, initial contact is stimulated by visual or tactile cues. Second, confrontation occurs, beginning with passive confrontations characterized by wide head-tail circling. They begin aggressive confrontation when one turtle ceases to circle and directly faces the other. Third, sparring occurs with turtles snapping at each other's jaws. The final stage, separation, is either mutual, with both turtles swimming away in opposite directions, or involves chasing one out of the immediate vicinity. Escalation is determined by several factors, including hormone levels, energy expenditure, expected outcome, and importance of location. At all stages, an upright tail shows willingness to escalate, while a curled tail shows willingness to submit. Because higher aggression is metabolically costly and potentially debilitating, contact is much more likely to escalate when the conflict is over access to good foraging grounds. Further aggression has also been reported in captive loggerheads. The turtles are seemingly territorial, and will fight with other loggerheads and sea turtles of different species.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: The loggerhead sea turtle is omnivorous, feeding mainly on bottom-dwelling invertebrates, such as gastropods, bivalves, decapods, and horseshoe crabs. It has a greater list of known prey than any other sea turtle. Other food items include sponges, corals, sea pens, polychaete worms, sea anemones, cephalopods, barnacles, brachiopods, isopods, Portuguese men o' war, insects, bryozoans, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, starfish, fish (eggs, juveniles, and adults), hatchling turtles (including members of its own species), algae, and vascular plants. During migration through the open sea, loggerheads eat jellyfish, floating molluscs, floating egg clusters, squid, and flying fish.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Loggerheads crush prey with their large and powerful jaws. Projecting scale points on the anterior margin of the forelimbs allow manipulation of the food. These points can be used as "pseudo-claws" to tear large pieces of food in the loggerhead's mouth. The loggerhead will turn its neck sideways to consume the torn food on the scale points. Inward-pointing, mucus-covered papillae found in the fore region of the loggerhead's esophagus filter out foreign bodies, such as fish hooks. The next region of the esophagus is not papillated, with numerous mucosal folds. The digestion rate in loggerheads is temperature-dependent; it increases as temperature increases.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Loggerheads have numerous predators, especially early in their lives. Egg and nestling predators include ghost crabs, oligochaete worms, beetles, fly larvae, ants, flesh flies, snakes, gulls, corvids, opossums, bears, rats, armadillos, mustelids, skunks, canids, procyonids, cats, pigs, and humans. During their migration from their nests to the sea, hatchlings are preyed on by dipteran larvae, crabs, toads, lizards, snakes, seabirds such as frigatebirds, and other assorted birds and mammals. In the ocean, predators of the loggerhead juveniles include portunid crabs and various fishes, such as parrotfishes and moray eels. Adults are more rarely attacked due to their large size, but may be preyed on by large sharks, seals, and killer whales. Nesting females are attacked by flesh flies, feral dogs, and humans. Salt marsh mosquitos can also pester nesting females.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: In Australia, the introduction of the red fox ("Vulpes vulpes") by British settlers in the 19th century led to significant reductions in loggerhead sea turtle populations. In one coastal section in eastern Australia during the 1970s, predation of turtle eggs destroyed up to 95% of all clutches laid. Aggressive efforts to destroy foxes in the 1980s and 1990s has reduced this impact; however, it is estimated that it will be the year 2020 before populations will experience complete recovery from such dramatic losses.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Along the southeastern coast of the United States, the raccoon ("Procyon lotor") is the most destructive predator of nesting sites. Mortality rates of nearly 100% of all clutches laid in a season have been recorded on some Florida beaches. This is attributed to an increase in raccoon populations, which have flourished in urban environments. Aggressive efforts to protect nesting sites by covering them with wire mesh has significantly reduced the impact of raccoon predation on loggerhead sea turtle eggs.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Infectious bacteria such as "Pseudomonas" and "Salmonella" attack loggerhead hatchlings and eggs. Fungi such as "Penicillium" infect loggerhead sea turtle nests and cloacae.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Fibropapillomatosis disease caused by a form of the herpes-type virus threatens loggerheads with internal and external tumors. These tumors disrupt essential behaviors and, if on the eyes, cause permanent blindness. Trematodes of the family Spirorchiidae inhabit tissues throughout the body of the loggerhead, including vital organs, such as the heart and the brain. Trematode infection can be highly debilitating. For example, inflammatory trematode lesions can cause endocarditis and neurological disease. A nematode, "Angiostoma carettae", also infects loggerheads, causing histologic lesions in the respiratory tract.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: More than 100 species of animals from 13 phyla, as well as 37 kinds of algae, live on loggerheads' backs. These parasitic organisms, which increase drag, offer no known benefit to the turtle, although the dulling effect of organisms on shell color may improve camouflage.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: In 2018, researchers from Florida State University examined 24 individual turtle carapaces and found an average of 33,000 meiofauna with one turtle having 150,000 organisms living on the shell. A collection of 7,000 nematodes from 111 genera were found on the turtles studied.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Hatchlings range in color from light brown to almost black, lacking the adult's distinct yellows and reds. Upon hatching, they measure about and weigh about . The eggs are typically laid on the beach in an area above the high-tide line. The eggs are laid near the water so the hatchlings can return to the sea. The loggerhead's sex is dictated by the temperature of the underground nest. Incubation temperatures generally range from 26–32 °C (79–90 °F). Sea turtle eggs kept at a constant incubating temperature of 32 °C become females. Eggs incubating at 28 °C become males. An incubation temperature of 30 °C results in an equal ratio of male to female hatchlings. Hatchlings from eggs in the middle of the clutch tend to be the largest, grow the fastest, and be the most active during the first few days of sea life.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: After incubating for around 80 days, hatchlings dig through the sand to the surface, usually at night, when darkness increases the chance of escaping predation and damage from extreme sand surface temperatures is reduced. Hatchlings enter the ocean by navigating toward the brighter horizon created by the reflection of the moon and starlight off the water's surface.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Hatchlings can lose up to 20% of their body mass due to evaporation of water as they journey from nest to ocean. They initially use the undertow to push them five to 10 m away from the shore. Once in the ocean, they swim for about 20 hours, taking them far offshore. An iron compound, magnetite, in their brains allows the turtles to perceive the Earth's magnetic field, for navigation.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Many hatchlings use "Sargassum" in the open ocean as protection until they reach . Hatchling loggerheads live in this pelagic environment until they reach juvenile age, and then they migrate to nearshore waters.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: When ocean waters cool, loggerheads must migrate to warmer areas or hibernate to some degree. In the coldest months, they submerge for up to seven hours at a time, emerging for only seven minutes to breathe. Although outdone by freshwater turtles, these are among the longest recorded dives for any air-breathing marine vertebrate. During their seasonal migration, juvenile loggerheads have the ability to use both magnetic and visual cues. When both aids are available, they are used in conjunction; if one aid is not available, the other suffices. The turtles swim at about during migration.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Like all marine turtles, the loggerhead prepares for reproduction in its foraging area. This takes place several years before the loggerhead migrates to a mating area. Female loggerheads first reproduce at ages 28–33 in Southeastern United States and Australia, and at ages 17–30 in South Africa. Age at first reproduction in the Mediterranean, Oman, Japan, and Brazil are unknown. Nesting loggerheads have a straight carapace length of . Because of the large range, carapace length is not a reliable indicator of sexual maturity. Their estimated maximum lifespan is 47–67 years in the wild.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Female loggerheads first reproduce between the ages of 17 and 33, and their mating period may last more than six weeks. They court their mates, but these behaviors have not been thoroughly examined. Male forms of courtship behavior include nuzzling, biting, and head and flipper movements. Studies suggest females produce cloacal pheromones to indicate reproductive ability. Before mating, the male approaches a female and attempts to mount her, while she resists. Next, the male and female begin to circle each other. If the male has competitors, the female may let the males struggle with each other. The winner then mounts the female; the male's curved claws usually damage the shoulders of the female's shell during this process. Other courting males bite the male while he is attempting to copulate, damaging his flippers and tail, possibly exposing bones. Such damage can cause the male to dismount and may require weeks to heal.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: While nesting, females produce an average of 3.9 egg clutches, and then become quiescent, producing no eggs for two to three years. Unlike other sea turtles, courtship and mating usually do not take place near the nesting beach, but rather along migration routes between feeding and breeding grounds. Recent evidence indicates ovulation in loggerheads is mating-induced. Through the act of mating, the female ovulates eggs which are fertilized by the male. This is unique, as mating-induced ovulation is rare outside of mammals. In the Northern Hemisphere, loggerheads mate from late March to early June. The nesting season is short, between May and August in the Northern Hemisphere and between October and March in the Southern Hemisphere.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Loggerheads may display multiple paternity. Multiple paternity is possible due to sperm storage. The female can store sperm from multiple males in her oviducts until ovulation. A single clutch may have as many as seven fathers, each contributing sperm to a portion of the clutch. Multiple paternity and female size are positively correlated. Two hypotheses explain this correlation. One posits that males favor large females because of their perceived higher fecundity (ability to reproduce). The other states, because larger females are able to swim more quickly to mating grounds, they have longer mating periods.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: All sea turtles have similar basic nesting behaviors. Females return to lay eggs at intervals of 12–17 days during the nesting season, on or near the beach where they hatched. They exit the water, climb the beach, and scrape away the surface sand to form a body pit. With their hind limbs, they excavate an egg chamber in which the eggs are deposited. The females then cover the egg chamber and body pit with sand, and finally return to the sea. This process takes one to two hours, and occurs in open sand areas or on top of sand dunes, preferably near dune grasses that the females can use to camouflage the nest. The nesting area must be selected carefully because it affects characteristics such as fitness, emergence ratio, and vulnerability to nest predators. Loggerheads have an average clutch size of 112.4 eggs.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Many human activities have negative effects on loggerhead sea turtle populations. The prolonged time required for loggerheads to reach sexual maturity and the high mortality rates of eggs and young turtles from natural phenomena compound the problems of population reduction as a consequence of human activities.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Loggerhead sea turtles were once intensively hunted for their meat and eggs; consumption has decreased, however, due to worldwide legislation. Despite this, turtle meat and eggs are still consumed in countries where regulations are not strictly enforced. In Mexico, turtle eggs are a common meal; locals claim the egg is an aphrodisiac. Eating turtle eggs or meat can cause serious illness due to harmful bacteria, such as "Pseudomonas aeruginosa" and "Serratia marcescens", and high levels of toxic metals that build up through bioaccumulation.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: The US West Coast is a critical migratory corridor for the Pacific loggerheads, in which these turtles swim across the Pacific to California's coast from breeding grounds in Japan. Important foraging habitats for juveniles in the central North Pacific have been revealed through telemetry studies. Along with these foraging habitats, high levels of bycatch from industrial-scale fisheries have been found to overlap; with drift gillnets in the past and longline fisheries presently. Many juvenile loggerheads aggregate off the coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico, where small coastal fisheries increase these turtles' mortality risk; fishers have reported catching dozens of loggerheads with bottom-set gear per day per boat. The most common commercial fishery that accidentally takes loggerheads are bottom trawls used for shrimp vessels in the Gulf of California. In 2000, between 2,600 and 6,000 loggerheads were estimated to have been killed by pelagic longlining in the Pacific.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Fishing gear is the biggest threat to loggerheads in the open ocean. They often become entangled in longlines or gillnets. According to the 2009 status review of loggerheads by the Fisheries Service, drowning from entanglement in longline and gillnet fishing gear is the turtles' primary threat in the North Pacific. They also become stuck in traps, pots, trawls, and dredges. Caught in this unattended equipment, loggerheads risk serious injury or drowning. Turtle excluder devices for nets and other traps reduce the number being accidentally caught.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Nearly 11 million metric tons of plastic are released into the ocean annually. A number that is projected to increase to 29 million metric tons by 2040. Turtles ingest a wide array of this floating debris, including bags, sheets, pellets, balloons and abandoned fishing line. Loggerheads may mistake the floating plastic for jellyfish, a common food item. The ingested plastic causes numerous health concerns, including intestinal blockage, reduced nutrient absorption and malnutrition, suffocation, ulcerations, or starvation. Ingested plastics release toxic compounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls, which may accumulate in internal tissues. Such toxins may lead to a thinning of eggshells, tissue damage, or deviation from natural behaviors.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Artificial lighting discourages nesting and interferes with the hatchlings' ability to navigate to the water's edge. Females prefer nesting on beaches free of artificial lighting. On developed beaches, nests are often clustered around tall buildings, perhaps because they block out the man-made light sources. Loggerhead hatchlings are drawn toward the brighter area over the water which is the consequence of the reflection of moon and star light. Confused by the brighter artificial light, they navigate inland, away from the protective waters, which exposes them to dehydration and predation as the sun rises. Artificial lighting causes tens of thousands of hatchling deaths per year.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Destruction and encroachment of habitat by humans is another threat to loggerhead sea turtles. Optimum nesting beaches are open-sand beaches above the high-tide line. However, beach development deprives them of suitable nesting areas, forcing them to nest closer to the surf. Urbanization often leads to the siltation of sandy beaches, decreasing their viability. Construction of docks and marinas can destroy near-shore habitats. Boat traffic and dredging degrades habitat and can also injure or kill turtles when boats collide with turtles at or near the surface.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Annual variations in climatic temperatures can affect sex ratios, since loggerheads have temperature-dependent sex determination. High sand temperatures may skew gender ratios in favor of females. Nesting sites exposed to unseasonably warm temperatures over a three-year period produced 87–99% females. This raises concern over the connection between rapid global temperature changes and the possibility of population extinction. A more localized effect on gender skewing comes from the construction of tall buildings, which reduce sun exposure, lowering the average sand temperature, which results in a shift in gender ratios to favor the emergence of male turtles. Construction of new thermal power stations can raise local water temperature, which is also said to be a threat.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: The increase of temperature and food availability will increase reproduction output of loggerhead turtles.  Many researchers agree that temperature increases due to climate change has a complicated impact on turtles.  At breeding sites when a loggerhead turtle lays multiple clutches in a season, a higher temperature will cause the duration of time between laying two different nests to become shorter.  The amount of food availability makes a difference in reproductive output because when there is a greater amount of food available, the turtles will grow to a larger size.  The larger a turtle is, the more likely they will have a greater reproductive output. The amount of food also has a relationship to temperature.  Researchers have found that an increase of temperature causes feeding grounds to produce more food.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Tropical Cyclones have a significant impact on hatchling loss. The associated storm surges push water higher up the beach, flooding nest and drowning the embryos. Strong wave action may eroded away sand, exposing the eggs to drying and predation. The current trend of rising sea surface temperatures and the increase in both numbers and intensities of tropical cyclones as a result of climate change pose a growing threat to turtle populations.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Since the loggerhead occupies such a broad range, successful conservation requires efforts from multiple countries.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: Loggerhead sea turtles are classified as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and are listed under Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, making commercial international trade prohibited. In the United States, the Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service classify them as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act. Loggerheads are listed as endangered under both Australia's Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and Queensland's Nature Conservation Act 1992. The Convention on Migratory Species works for the conservation of loggerhead sea turtles on the Atlantic coast of Africa, as well as in the Indian Ocean and southeast Asia. Throughout Japan, the Sea Turtle Association of Japan aids in the conservation of loggerhead sea turtles. Greece's ARCHELON works for their conservation. The Marine Research Foundation works for loggerhead conservation in Oman. Annex 2 of the Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife Protocol of the Cartagena Convention, which deals with pollution that could harm marine ecosystems, also protects them. Conservation organizations worldwide have worked with the shrimp trawling industry to develop turtle exclusion devices (TEDs) to exclude even the largest turtles. TEDs are mandatory for all shrimp trawlers.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: In many places during the nesting season, workers and volunteers search the coastline for nests, and researchers may also go out during the evening to look for nesting females for tagging studies and gather barnacles and tissues samples. Volunteers may, if necessary, relocate the nests for protection from threats, such as high spring tides and predators, and monitor the nests daily for disturbances. After the eggs hatch, volunteers uncover and tally hatched eggs, undeveloped eggs, and dead hatchlings. Any remaining live hatchlings are released or taken to research facilities. Typically, those that lack the vitality to hatch and climb to the surface die.


title: Loggerhead sea turtle

text: The loggerhead sea turtle appears on the $1000 Colombian peso coin. In the United States, the loggerhead sea turtle is the official state reptile of South Carolina and also the state saltwater reptile of Florida.


title: G.E.M.

text: Gloria Tang Sze-wing (born 16 August 1991), professionally known as G.E.M. (backronym of Get Everybody Moving) or Tang Tsz-kei (), is a Hong Kong singer-songwriter originally from Shanghai, China. She made her debut in the Hong Kong music industry in 2008. After releasing three albums in Hong Kong, her appearance in the 2014 edition of Chinese singing competition program "I Am a Singer" and subsequent 2nd-place finish gained her immense fame and popularity in Greater China.


title: G.E.M.

text: In 2015, she released her first full Mandopop album "Heartbeat". The following year, she became the only Asian artist featured in the "Forbes" 30 Under 30. She is the first female Chinese singer to have four music videos that exceed 100 million views on YouTube.


title: G.E.M.

text: Tang Sze-wing was born on 16 August 1991, in Shanghai, China; she was given the English name Gloria by her father. Her father is from Hong Kong, and her mother is from Shanghai. She has a younger sister, four years younger than her. G.E.M. spent her childhood at Caoyang New Village and lived with her maternal grandmother who died in March 2011. She moved to Hong Kong with her parents at the age of four. She attended Christian schools for her education.


title: G.E.M.

text: G.E.M. grew up with a musical background, her mother from Vocal Music department of Shanghai Conservatory of Music, her grandmother was a vocal coach, her grandfather was a saxophonist in an orchestra, and her uncle was a violinist. G.E.M. started to write songs at the age of five. She would play a few practice songs and improvise them herself. She was featured in a performance on Hong Kong's Educational Television at the age of seven. She achieved ABRSM's piano grade 8 at the age of thirteen. G.E.M. names Christina Aguilera, Beyoncé, and Mariah Carey as her influences.


title: G.E.M.

text: In 2006, G.E.M. won the champion in the singing competition titled "Spice It Up", and caught the attention of Chang Tan (張丹), who offered her a recording deal with Hummingbird Music. She then became a professional singer at the age of 16. She graduated from Heep Woh Primary School and True Light Girls' College with a score of 21 points in HKCEE. In 2008, she attended Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts, but dropped out in 2009 due to her decision to focus on her singing career.


title: G.E.M.

text: In October 2008, G.E.M. released her debut self-titled EP "G.E.M." which included two Mandarin songs and three Cantonese songs. She won a series of awards for the album, and was dubbed the "Girl with Giant Lungs" and "Young Diva with Giant Lungs" for her vocal range. In May 2009, G.E.M. travelled to Los Angeles to record her first studio album, "18...", which was released in October 2009. In November 2009, she held her first concert G.E.M. 18 Live 2009 at Hong Kong International Trade and Exhibition Centre, and the concert featured special guests including Jan Lamb and Justin Lo. In the same year, she also held a concert in Toronto. In 2010, G.E.M. went to Taiwan to promote the album "18..." and then returned to Los Angeles to record her next studio album, "My Secret", which was released in October 2010.


title: G.E.M.

text: In May 2011, G.E.M. performed a three-day concerts titled Get Everybody Moving Tour in Hong Kong Coliseum, and became the youngest Hong Kong female artist to perform in the venue. She then performed another five concerts in the same venue in September and embarked a concert tour in eight countries.


title: G.E.M.

text: In June 2012, she performed alongside Jason Mraz and Khalil Fong at the iTunes Live in Hong Kong, and sang "Lucky" with Jason Mraz. Her third studio album, "Xposed", was released in July 2012. The lead single, "What Have U Done", peaked number one on all four pop music charts in Hong Kong.


title: G.E.M.

text: G.E.M. embarked on her X.X.X. Live World Tour in April 2013, in support of her third studio album, "Xposed". The tour started with five shows in Hong Kong Coliseum, and ended with a show at Wembley Arena in London, which is also her debut show in Europe. There was a total of 73 shows in 4 continents. In May, she became the youngest nominee ever of Golden Melody Award for Best Female Vocalist Mandarin, with her album Xposed. In June, she released a cover of Chinese smash hit Intoxicated, which was played for 15 million times on QQ Music within a week.


title: G.E.M.

text: In January 2014, she appeared in the second season of Hunan TV's "I Am A Singer" alongside Han Lei, Zhou Bichang, Phil Chang, Gary Chaw and others. Her second-place finish gained her immense popularity and fame in Greater China. In the same year, she earned a World Music Award nomination for World's Best Female Artist and an MTV Europe Music Award nomination for Best Mainland China & Hong Kong Act. In December 2014, G.E.M.'s wax figure at Madame Tussauds Hong Kong was unveiled. On 10 February 2015, JJ Lin published the official music video for his song "Beautiful" () featuring G.E.M.. In September 2015, she was selected to be the team advisor for team Wang Feng at "The Voice of China 4". In November 2015, she appeared on the cover of China's Apple Music, and released her studio album "Heartbeat" with music videos of all ten tracks in the album. The album topped the iTunes chart in China.


title: G.E.M.

text: In 2016, she appeared on the list of "Forbes" 30 Under 30 (Music), being the only Asian musician on the list. In the same year, she was asked to voice a lead role in the animated film "Charming", alongside Demi Lovato, Ashley Tisdale, and Avril Lavigne. She also performed at "Heroes of Remix" that same year, singing EDM versions of songs such as "Like You" () and "The Brightest Star In The Night Sky" (), among others. In September 2016, she released her photobook "25 Looks" and an EP, which includes four remix songs. In November 2016, she earned an MTV Europe Music Award for Best Mainland China & Hong Kong Act. On 29 December 2016, G.E.M. released the Chinese theme song for the science fiction film Passengers titled "Light Years Away", which she also performed on several occasions, including NASA 2019 Breakthrough Prize. Lyrically, similar to the plot of the film itself, it speaks of a doomed love.


title: G.E.M.

text: In May 2017, G.E.M released her first documentary "G-Force", which was directed by Nick Wickham. In April 2017, she embarked on her Queen of Hearts World Tour. On 21 October 2017, Chinese-Malaysian hip hop artist Namewee published a video featuring her in a cover of his song "Stranger In The North (KTV Version)" (), which had received widespread popularity, where she sings the chorus which was originally performed by Taiwanese-American singer-songwriter Wang Leehom. At the 13th Annual KKBox Music Awards on 21 January 2018, G.E.M. and Namewee together sang "Stranger In The North" immediately after she sang "Goodbye" () and "Light Years Away" for her 2018 KKBox Artist of the Year award-winner performance. On April, she was invited to be the duet partner for Hua Chenyu in the finals of "Singer 2018" and sang "Light Years Away".


title: G.E.M.

text: On 18 August 2018, her Queen of Hearts World Tour has called for an end for part 1 of the tour and she announced the part 2 tour will hold in 2019 with more new songs.


title: G.E.M.

text: In 2018, G.E.M announced that she would be working on a project, "Fairytale Trilogy", where each of the three EP's will feature three new songs written by herself, and produced by Lupo Groinig. The first EP, "My Fairytale," with the lead single "Tik Tok" was released digitally on Chinese streaming platforms on 16 August and officially released worldwide on the 30th. On 4 November, G.E.M. was invited to perform the song "Light Years Away" and served as on-stage presenter in the Breakthrough Prize, being the first ever Chinese singer to perform at the ceremony. On 19 November, she was selected as one of the BBC "100 Women", being the only Chinese on the list. On 22 November, the number of subscribers of her official YouTube channel "GEMblog" exceeded 1 million. On 26 October, the second EP, "Fearless", with the single "Woke", was released digitally on Chinese streaming platforms and worldwide on 9 November. On 14 December, the third and final EP from the project, "Queen G", with the lead single "Love Finds a Way", was released on Chinese streaming platforms and worldwide on 28 December. After gaining some more new commercial endorsements, G.E.M. composed and recorded new commercial songs in Los Angeles in early 2019. Then beginning March 2019, she resumed her Queen of Hearts World Tour with concerts across Canada, US and Eastern Asia.


title: G.E.M.

text: On 3 May 2019, G.E.M. released her sixth and last studio album with Hummingbird, Happily Ever After, which is a compilation of three EPs she released in late 2018 as part of the "Fairytale Trilogy". G.E.M. released her seventh studio album "City Zoo" on 27 December 2019. Following, she appeared on the Bilibili New Year's Eve event and Jiangsu TV's New Year's Eve event simultaneously on 31 December 2019, performing her hit singles Light Years Away, Tik Tok and Full Stop.


title: G.E.M.

text: On 3 January 2020, G.E.M. was invited to host by Taiwanese singer Jolin Tsai fifth concert tour Ugly Beauty World Tour at Taipei Arena in Taipei. They are singing "Say Love You" and "Light Years Away" with each other.


title: G.E.M.

text: On February 2021, G.E.M. released new single "Parallel" (). On November 2021, G.E.M. released new single "Double You" ().


title: G.E.M.

text: On July 16, 2022, G.E.M. announced her new album "Revelation" would be released soon. The 14-track album is to be released by Warner Music China. "Gloria", the first single from the album, was released on August 9, 2022. G.E.M. spoke of the inspiration behind "Revelation". On December 8, 2022, G.E.M. released her single "Wallfacer". ()


title: G.E.M.

text: G.E.M. is a devout Christian and several of her songs reflect Christian themes, including "Gloria", "Heartbeat", and "Walk on Water". Her "Revelation" album is inspired by a "supernatural experience she encountered." She has stated that her field has been stressful, but that it has been "her faith in God that kept her through the hardships of her career and allowed her to grow in trials."


title: G.E.M.

text: On 7 March 2019, she announced that she would no longer be represented by Hummingbird after three months of negotiations on her contract and allegedly being pressured to work. Hummingbird replied saying that there was no such pressure or unfair practices. G.E.M. continued on The Queen of Hearts World Tour until April 2019 so as not to disappoint her fans. As "G.E.M." and "Tang Tsz-kei ()" are trademarks held by Hummingbird, it was speculated that she may have to give up using the stage name. However Hummingbird explained that the copyright was to prevent piracy, and a lawyer is being consulted before an appropriate course of action is carried out. A spokesperson added that "a lawyer has been assigned to make sure that [she] will receive all the basic rights that she deserves".


title: G.E.M.

text: On 29 March 2019, Hummingbird filed a court case claiming that G.E.M. has three more years on her contract, ending in 2022, and is looking to validate the contracts signed in 2014, with no start date indicated on the documents, as to be taken in effect only in March 2017. Should their case succeed and she leaves the company, she may have to pay (approximately million) as compensation for losses. G.E.M. maintained that the 2014 contract was signed under the pressure of not being able to participate in the finals of "I Am a Singer" if she did not sign the contract. G.E.M. had since filed a counter-suit for unspecified damages, claiming that the company had failed in fulfilling their contractual duties. Both parties seek exclusive rights to her copyrighted works, including the stage name.


title: G.E.M.

text: On a "Shende Wisdom Talents" () episode aired on 27 October 2020, G.E.M. alleged that she had suffered "mental abuse" at Hummingbird.


title: UFC Fight Night: Lemos vs. Andrade

text: UFC Fight Night: Lemos vs. Andrade (also known as UFC Fight Night 205 and UFC on ESPN+ 63 or UFC Vegas 52) was a mixed martial arts event produced by the Ultimate Fighting Championship that took place on April 23, 2022, at the UFC Apex facility in Enterprise, Nevada, part of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Area, United States.


title: UFC Fight Night: Lemos vs. Andrade

text: A women's strawweight bout between former UFC Women's Strawweight Champion Jéssica Andrade and Amanda Lemos headlined the event.


title: UFC Fight Night: Lemos vs. Andrade

text: A women's flyweight bout between Montana De La Rosa and Maycee Barber was expected to take place at UFC 269, but it was postponed due to De La Rosa getting injured. They met at this event instead.


title: UFC Fight Night: Lemos vs. Andrade

text: A heavyweight bout between Tanner Boser and Rodrigo Nascimento was scheduled for the event. However, Nascimento withdrew from the event for unknown reasons and was replaced by Alexander Romanov. In turn, Boser tweeted on April 18 that he was out of the fight due to an injury. He was replaced by Chase Sherman. Subsequently, Sherman was deemed unable to compete due to a minor health issue on the day of the event and the fight was pushed back .


title: UFC Fight Night: Lemos vs. Andrade

text: A middleweight bout between Jordan Wright and Roman Kopylov was expected for the event. However, Kopylov withdrew due to medical reasons and was replaced by Marc-André Barriault in a catchweight of 190 pounds.<ref name="Kopyov out/Barre in"></ref>


title: UFC Fight Night: Lemos vs. Andrade

text: Damir Hadžović was expected to meet Steve Garcia in a lightweight bout at the event. However, Hadžović pulled out due to alleged visa issues which restricted his travel.


title: UFC Fight Night: Lemos vs. Andrade

text: Louis Cosce and Preston Parsons were expected to meet in a welterweight bout at the event. However, Cosce announced his withdrawal from the event on April 16 after testing positive for COVID-19. He was replaced by Evan Elder.


title: UFC Fight Night: Lemos vs. Andrade

text: A flyweight bout between former Rizin Bantamweight Champion Manel Kape and Su Mudaerji was expected to take place at the event. However, just two days before the event, Kape withdrew due to personal reasons and the bout was scrapped.


title: Frankie Adams

text: Frankie Adams (born 3 January 1994) is a Samoan New Zealand actress, best known for her roles as Bobbie Draper in the science fiction television series "The Expanse" and as Ula Levi in the prime-time soap opera "Shortland Street".


title: Frankie Adams

text: Adams was born on the island of Savaii in Samoa and is the oldest of three daughters. She attended Auckland Girls Grammar School.


title: Frankie Adams

text: Adams's first role, aged 16, was that of Ula Levi in the soap opera "Shortland Street". She has also had roles in the television series "Wentworth" and in the film "One Thousand Ropes".


title: Frankie Adams

text: In 2016, she was cast as "Martian Marine Corps gunnery sergeant" Bobbie Draper as part of the main cast in the second season of the U.S. sci-fi television series "The Expanse", a role she has continued through the sixth and final season.


title: Frankie Adams

text: Adams has participated in a celebrity "Fight for Life" charity boxing event, trained by Lolo Heimuli. She lost the celebrity exhibition match by a clear decision.


title: Renee O'Connor

text: Evelyn Renee O'Connor (born February 15, 1971) is an American actress, producer, and director, known for the role of on the television series "".


title: Renee O'Connor

text: Born in Houston, and raised in suburban Katy, Texas, by her mother Sandra, O'Connor at age 12 studied acting at the Alley Theatre in Houston, Texas. She attended Kinder High School for the Performing and Visual Arts in Houston, and made her professional debut as a dancing Porky Pig at that city's Six Flags AstroWorld. Afterward, she moved to Los Angeles, California, to pursue an acting career.


title: Renee O'Connor

text: She made her screen debut at 17, starring in the "Teen Angel" segment of the Disney Channel's "The Mickey Mouse Club", and the subsequent "Teen Angel" TV series. She went on to the Disney film "The Adventures of Huck Finn" and TV-movies including "Follow the River", "Danielle Steele's Changes", and "Hercules and the Lost Kingdom", starring Kevin Sorbo. There, in the role of Deianeira, she came to the attention of "Hercules" executive producers Rob Tapert and Sam Raimi, who cast her as Gabrielle in the spinoff TV series "".


title: Renee O'Connor

text: In 2001, O'Connor began her own film production company, Roc Productions. The following year, she played Lady Macbeth in the Shakespeare by the Sea production of "Macbeth". She reprised the role in a House of Bards Theatre Company production in San Pedro, California, from October 11 to November 3, 2019. She played Nurse in the Southern Shakespeare Company's May 10–13, 2018, production of "Romeo and Juliet" alongside her 16-year-old son, Miles Muir.


title: Renee O'Connor

text: As of 1998, O'Connor was in a relationship with restaurateur Steve Muir. Renee and Steve were married in 2000 and divorced in 2004. She has a son with Muir, Miles Muir, who was 16 years old as of May 2018.


title: Renee O'Connor

text: Renee began a relationship with Jed Sura sometime prior to 2006. They have a daughter Iris Sura O'Connor, born March 19, 2006. Renee and Jed were married in 2017.


title: Ukrainian Air Assault Forces

text: The Ukrainian Air Assault Forces (, or ), known until 2017 as the Ukrainian Airmobile Forces (, ), are the airborne forces of Ukraine. They formed in 1992 and were part of the Ukrainian Ground Forces until 2016, when they separated to become one of five branches of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The Air Assault Forces are in constant combat readiness and are the high-mobility branch of the military, responsible for air assaults and military parachuting operations. Before the Russo-Ukrainian War they were also the main forces sent by Ukraine to peacekeeping missions around the world. They are considered the elite of Ukraine's armed forces.


title: Ukrainian Air Assault Forces

text: The Ukrainian Air Assault Forces were created in 1992 from units of the Soviet Airborne Troops (VDV) stationed on Ukrainian territory after the Dissolution of the Soviet Union on 25 December 1991. In the 15 years after their creation Ukrainian paratroopers have served in peacekeeping missions to the Balkans, in Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ethiopia, Georgia and DR Congo. In 2007, the 13th Separate Airmobile Battalion served as part of Polish–Ukrainian Peace Force Battalion, a peacekeeping unit with Kosovo Force.


title: Ukrainian Air Assault Forces

text: In August 2014 the 95th Air Assault Brigade conducted a raid behind the separatist lines. The 95th Brigade, which had been reinforced with armor assets and attachments, launched a surprise attack on separatist lines, broke through into their rear areas, fought for 450 kilometers, and destroyed or captured numerous Russian tanks and artillery pieces before returning to Ukrainian lines and established a corridor in which the Ukrainian army units and civilians trapped at the border could retreat. It was one of the longest armored raids in military history.


title: Ukrainian Air Assault Forces

text: In 2016, the Ukrainian Airmobile Forces became an independent branch of the Armed Forces. Previously, they were part of Ground Forces.


title: Ukrainian Air Assault Forces

text: On 21 November 2017 (Ukraine's Paratroopers' Day) President Petro Poroshenko stated that 469 Ukrainian paratroopers had been killed in the (ongoing) Russo-Ukrainian War. On 21 November 2018 he adjusted this to 487 killed.


title: Ukrainian Air Assault Forces

text: Air Assault Forces Day was celebrated on 2 August in Ukraine, as it was in the Soviet Union, until 2017, when it changed to 21 November 2017. President Poroshenko said "It is logical to celebrate your professional holiday on November 21. The usual August 2 is the date of the first jump of paratroopers in the Moscow Military District. How is it about us? Moscow is not Kyiv. Ukraine is not Russia." He added that "The start of the new Paratroop Day is part of the Ukrainianization of the historical and political calendar – the replacement of the Soviet-Russian imposed upon us."


title: Ukrainian Air Assault Forces

text: On 21 November 2017 the Air Assault Forces received its new insignia – the dome of a parachute "as a symbol of airborne units around the world" and the wings of Archangel Michael and "the flaming sword with which he hits the enemies". The color of the Ukrainian paratroopers was changed to maroon, and from 2017 the UkrAAF wear the maroon berets common to many Western airborne units.


title: Ukrainian Air Assault Forces

text: Beginning Thursday, 24 February 2022, the day the Russian Armed Forces begun its invasion of the republic, the UkrAAF have been participants of some of the land combat actions of the current conflict, fighting alongside their Ground Forces, Territorial Defense and National Guard brethren in arms.


title: Ukrainian Air Assault Forces

text: In 2014, the staffing of an airmobile brigade was brought up to 1,200 personnel. Each brigade was given at least one artillery battalion from the 25th and 55th artillery brigades and a tank battalion. Currently, the total staffing of the brigades ranges from 1,000 to 2,200 personnel, depending on the deployment. Most of the brigades operate in 1-2 battalion tactical groups, in each of which, in addition to infantry battalions, there are up to two artillery battalions and at least one tank company equipped with BTRs and BMPs.


title: Paul Teutul Jr.

text: Paul Michael Teutul (born October 2, 1974) is one of the stars of the American reality television series "American Chopper". He started working for his father (Paul John Teutul). Teutul was the chief designer and fabricator. Prior to this, he was head of the rail shop at Orange County Ironworks. He is the owner of Paul Jr. Designs, which manufactures custom motorcycles and sells branded clothing.


title: Paul Teutul Jr.

text: Teutul, along with his father and younger brother Michael, became celebrities when they became the focus of a reality television series "American Chopper" on Discovery Channel in 2002.


title: Paul Teutul Jr.

text: The oldest of four children, Teutul Jr. has two younger brothers: Daniel, the owner/general manager of Orange County Ironworks LLC, and Michael who featured on the television shows. The youngest of the Teutul children is sister Cristin, who currently works as a nurse in Rochester, New York. Paul's mother is Paula Teutul, his father's first wife.


title: Paul Teutul Jr.

text: On the April 9, 2009 episode of "American Chopper", following a disagreement with his father and business partner, Teutul's employment was terminated. They attempted to resolve their disagreements, and he returned to work for OCC. The April 30, 2009 episode reveals that Teutul ultimately decided to voluntarily terminate his employment as a full-time member of the staff. In subsequent episodes, Teutul returned to OCC as a consultant, helping with bike builds when his father was away from the shop, and on motorbike builds needing additional manpower.


title: Paul Teutul Jr.

text: Teutul opened his own design firm Paul Jr. Designs, and, in 2009, designed a dog park in Montgomery, New York. His first product design was a "facelift" for Coleman's 10th anniversary "Roadtrip Grill" in 2010. On the February 4, 2010 "American Chopper" episode "Stewart-Haas Bike", Paul pitched a line of dog toys to Bamboo Pets.


title: Paul Teutul Jr.

text: It was reported in mid April 2010 by TMZ, that Paul Jr. planned to start his own motorcycle business to go head-to-head against OCC. The report states that Paul Jr. is bringing on several former OCC employees, including Michael Teutul, Vinnie DiMartino, Joe Puliafico, and Robert "Nub" Collard. After waiting out a one-year non-compete clause with Orange County Choppers, Paul Jr. began building motorcycles at PJD, which is featured on a new series, "", on the Discovery Channel. The company now competes directly with OCC. Former OCC employee Cody Connelly has since joined PJD. In 2014, PJD assembled two teams to create two "Azeroth Choppers" for Blizzard Entertainment's "World of Warcraft" which appeared in the game. In 2016, PJD created two bikes for the feature film "".


title: Paul Teutul Jr.

text: Paul John, Paul Michael and his brother Daniel were named in a 2007 lawsuit alleging fraudulent transfer, brought on behalf of Turner Construction. This dates back to 2003 and a ruling in favor of Turner in 2005 concerning the original OC Iron Works company. It was alleged that assets were stripped from the OC Ironworks, transferring the viable assets, contracts and personnel to a new company OC Ironworks LLC, before bankrupting the former. This involved transferring the ownership to Paul Jr. and allegedly selling the assets to the new company with unfair compensation. Trustee Tom Genova filed fraud complaints in 2007 with the Bankruptcy Court and in complaint sought to have the transfers from the old company to the new company judged fraudulent and set aside. He also sought to make the new company liable for the old company's debts. A proposed settlement was reached with Orange County LLC paying out $500,000 to Genova to be distributed to the creditors.


title: Paul Teutul Jr.

text: On February 16, 2011, the New York State Unified Court System's website, showed that the Teutul v Teutul civil action was no longer active. The case had been "Disposed", meaning the case was out of the court system. On the August 29, 2011 episode, Teutul Jr. and Teutul Sr. settled the lawsuit with Teutul Sr.'s purchase of Paul Jr.'s 20% share in Orange County Choppers ("OCC"), thus ending the lawsuit.


title: Paul Teutul Jr.

text: On August 20, 2010, Teutul Jr. married Rachael Biester. They were on the TLC show "Say Yes to the Dress". On February 3, 2015, his wife gave birth to their first son, Hudson Seven Teutul.


title: Terra (mythology)

text: In ancient Roman religion and mythology, Tellus Mater or Terra Mater ("Mother Earth") is the personification of the Earth. Although Tellus and Terra are hardly distinguishable during the Imperial era, "Tellus" was the name of the original earth goddess in the religious practices of the Republic or earlier. The scholar Varro (1st century BC) lists Tellus as one of the "di selecti", the twenty principal gods of Rome, and one of the twelve agricultural deities. She is regularly associated with Ceres in rituals pertaining to the earth and agricultural fertility.


title: Terra (mythology)

text: The attributes of Tellus were the cornucopia, bunches of flowers, or fruit. She was typically depicted reclining, or rising, waist high, from a hole in the ground. Her male complement was a sky god such as Caelus (Uranus) or a form of Jupiter. Her Greek counterpart is Gaia, and among the Etruscans her name was Cel. Michael Lipka has argued that the "Terra Mater" who appears during the reign of Augustus is a direct transfer of the Greek "Ge Mater" into Roman religious practice, while Tellus, whose ancient temple was within Rome's sacred boundary ("pomerium"), represents the original earth goddess cultivated by the state priests.


title: Terra (mythology)

text: The two words "terra" and "tellus" are thought to derive from the formulaic phrase "tersa tellus", meaning "dry land". The etymology of "tellus" is uncertain; it is perhaps related to Sanskrit "talam", "plain ground".


title: Terra (mythology)

text: The 4th century AD Latin commentator Servius distinguishes between use of "tellus" and "terra". "Terra", he says, is properly used of the "elementum", earth as one of the four classical elements with air ("Ventus"), water ("Aqua"), and fire ("Ignis"). "Tellus" is the goddess, whose name can be substituted ("ponimus ... pro") for her functional sphere the earth, just as the name "Vulcanus" is used for fire, "Ceres" for produce, and "Liber" for wine. "Tellus" thus refers to the guardian deity of Earth and by extension the globe itself. Tellus may be an aspect of the spirit called Dea Dia by the Arval priests, or at least a close collaborator with her as "divinity of the clear sky."


title: Terra (mythology)

text: Not without cause was the Earth ("Terra") called "Mater" and "Ceres". It was believed that those who cultivated her led a pious and useful life ("piam et utilem ... vitam"), and that they were the sole survivors from the line of King Saturn.


title: Terra (mythology)

text: Ovid distinguishes between Tellus as the "locus" ("site, location") of growth, and Ceres as its "causa" ("cause, agent"). "Mater", the Latin word for "mother," is often used as an honorific for goddesses, including Vesta, who was represented as a virgin. "Mother" therefore is an honorific that expresses the respect one would owe any good mother. Tellus and Terra are both regarded as mothers in both the literal and honorific sense; Vesta in the honorific only.


title: Terra (mythology)

text: The Temple of Tellus was the most prominent landmark of the Carinae, a fashionable neighborhood on the Oppian Hill. It was near homes ("domūs") belonging to Pompey and to the Cicero family.


title: Terra (mythology)

text: The temple was the result of a "votum" made in 268 BC by Publius Sempronius Sophus when an earthquake struck during a battle with the Picenes. Others say it was built by the Roman people. It occupied the former site of a house belonging to Spurius Cassius, which had been torn down when he was executed in 485 BC for attempting to make himself king. The temple constructed by Sophus more than two centuries later was most likely a rebuilding of the people's. The anniversary ("dies natalis") of its dedication was December 13.


title: Terra (mythology)

text: A mysterious object called the "magmentarium" was stored in the temple, which was also known for a representation of Italy on the wall, either a map or an allegory.


title: Terra (mythology)

text: A statue of Quintus Cicero, set up by his brother Marcus, was among those that stood on the temple grounds. Cicero claims that the proximity of his property caused some Romans to assume he had a responsibility to help maintain the temple.


title: Terra (mythology)

text: Festivals celebrated for Tellus were mainly concerned with agriculture and often connected with Ceres. In January, both goddesses were honored as "mothers of produce" at the moveable feast ("feriae conceptivae") of Sementivae, a festival of sowing. On December 13, the anniversary of the Temple of Tellus was celebrated along with a "lectisternium" (banquet) for Ceres, who embodied "growing power" and the productivity of the earth.


title: Terra (mythology)

text: Tellus received the sacrifice of a pregnant cow at the Fordicidia, a festival pertaining to fertility and animal husbandry held April 15, in the middle of the Cerialia (April 12–19). Festivals for deities of vegetation and the earth cluster in April on the Roman calendar. The institution of the Fordicidia was attributed to Numa Pompilius, the Sabine second king of Rome. During a time when Rome was struggling with harsh agricultural conditions, Numa was instructed by the rustic god Faunus in a dream that a sacrifice to Tellus was needed. As is often the case with oracles, the message required interpretation:


title: Terra (mythology)

text: "By the death of cattle, oh King, Tellus must be placated: two cows, that is. Let a single heifer yield two lives ("animae") for the rites." Numa solved the riddle by instituting the sacrifice of a pregnant cow. The purpose of the sacrifice, as suggested by the Augustan poet Ovid and by the 6th-century antiquarian John Lydus, was to assure the fertility of the planted grain already growing in the womb of Mother Earth in the guise of Tellus. This public sacrifice was conducted in the form of a holocaust on behalf of the state at the Capitol, and also by each of the thirty "curiae", the most ancient divisions of the city made by Romulus from the original three tribes. The state sacrifice was presided over by the Vestals, who used the ash from the holocaust to prepare "suffimen", a ritual substance used later in April for the Parilia.


title: Terra (mythology)

text: During the Secular Games held by Augustus in 17 BC, Terra Mater was among the deities honored in the Tarentum in the Campus Martius. Her ceremonies were conducted by "Greek rite" ("ritus graecus"), distinguishing her from the Roman Tellus whose temple was within the "pomerium". She received the holocaust of a pregnant sow. The Secular Games of 249 BC had been dedicated to the underworld deities Dis pater and Proserpina, whose underground altar was in the Tarentum. Under Augustus, the Games ("ludi") were dedicated to seven other deities, invoked as the "Moerae, Iuppiter, Ilithyia, Iuno, Terra Mater, Apollo" and "Diana".


title: Terra (mythology)

text: The "sacrum ceriale" ("cereal rite") was carried out for Tellus and Ceres by a flamen, probably the Flamen Cerialis, who also invoked twelve male helper gods. According to Varro, the two goddesses jointly received the "porca praecidanea", a pig sacrificed in advance of the harvest. Some rites originally pertaining to Tellus may have been transferred to Ceres, or shared with her, as a result of her identification with Greek Demeter.


title: Terra (mythology)

text: Tellus was felt to be present during rites of passage, either implicitly, or invoked. She was perhaps involved in the ceremonies attending the birth of a child, as the newborn was placed on the ground immediately after coming into the world. Tellus was also invoked at Roman weddings.


title: Terra (mythology)

text: Dedicatory inscriptions to either Tellus or Terra are relatively few, but epitaphs during the Imperial period sometimes contain formulaic expressions such as "Terra Mater, receive me." In the provincial mining area of Pannonia, at present-day Ljubija, votive inscriptions record dedications to Terra Mater from "vilici", imperial slave overseers who ran operations at ore smelting factories ("ferrariae").


title: Terra (mythology)

text: These are all dated April 21, when the founding day ("dies natalis," "birthday") of Rome was celebrated, perhaps reflecting the connection between the Parilia on April 21 and the Fordicidia as a feast of Tellus. The emperor Septimius Severus restored a temple of Terra Mater at Rudnik, a silver mining area of Moesia Superior. Measuring 30 by 20 meters, the temple was located at the entrance to the work zone.


title: Terra (mythology)

text: Tellus is often identified as the central figure on the so-called "Italia" relief panel of the Ara Pacis, which is framed by "bucrania" (ornamental ox heads) and motifs of vegetative and animal fertility and abundance. Terra long remained common as a personification, if not exactly treated as a goddess. She often formed part of sets of the personified Four Elements, typically identified by a cornucopia, farm animals, and vegetable products.


title: Terra (mythology)

text: Male counterparts named "Tellumo" or "Tellurus" are mentioned, although rarely. Augustine of Hippo identified Tellumo as the male counterpart of Tellus. A Tellurus is named by Capella but by no other source.


title: Terra (mythology)

text: In several modern Romance languages, "Terra" or "Terre" is the name of planet Earth. Earth is sometimes referred to as "Terra" by speakers of English to match post-classical Latin astronomical naming conventions, and to distinguish the planet from the soil covering part of it. It is also, rarely, called "Tellus", mainly via the adjective "tellurian".


title: 2021–22 Liga MX season

text: The 2021–22 Liga MX season (known as the Liga BBVA MX for sponsorship reasons) was the 75th professional season of the top-flight football league in Mexico. The season was divided into two championships—the Apertura 2021 and the Clausura 2022—each in an identical format and each contested by the same eighteen teams.


title: 2021–22 Liga MX season

text: On 5 March 2022, during a match between Queretaro and Atlas, a riot broke out in the stands at Estadio Corregidora resulting in 26 injuries.


title: 2021–22 Liga MX season

text: The Grita México Apertura 2021 was the first tournament of the season. The tournament was renamed Torneo Grita México Apertura 2021 (stylized as Grita... México A21) with the intention of encouraging fans in the stands not to scream an offensive chant after a goal kick. The tournament began on 22 July. The defending champions were Cruz Azul.


title: 2021–22 Liga MX season

text: The Grita México Clausura 2022 is second tournament of the season. Like the Apertura 2021, the tournament was renamed Torneo Grita México Clausura 2022 (stylized as Grita... México C22) with the intention of encouraging fans in the stands not to scream an offensive chant after a goal kick. Atlas are the defending champions.


title: 2021–22 Liga MX season

text: On 5 March 2022, during a Round 9 match between Queretaro and Atlas, a riot broke out in the stands at Estadio Corregidora resulting in 26 injuries. As a result, Liga MX President Mikel Arriola announced that all remaining league matches scheduled for that week were postponed. One Liga de Expansión MX match and five Liga MX Femenil matches scheduled for that week were also postponed.


title: 2021–22 Liga MX season

text: As of the 2020–21 season, the promotion and relegation between Liga MX and Liga de Expansión MX (formerly known as Ascenso MX) was suspended, however, the coefficient table will be used to establish the payment of fines that will be used for the development of the clubs of the silver circuit.