title: Time in China

text: Following the end of World War II, the five time zone system was resumed, although there is little information about the historical usage of time in the Kunlun and Changpai zones. A further refined system with adjustment to zone assignment in the Northwest part of Gansu was announced in 1947 for adoption in 1948. However, as the Chinese Civil War came to its end in 1949–1950, regional governments under the influence of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), other than those in Xinjiang and Tibet, switched to use the same time as Beijing, which is , and is later known as Beijing Time or China Standard Time.


title: Time in China

text: There are two independent sources that claim the CCP, and/or the People's Republic of China, were using apparent solar time for Beijing Time before the period between 27 September 1949 and 6 October 1949, and they adopted the time of within that period of time, but the claim is dubious.


title: Time in China

text: Time zone changes in Tibet are undocumented, but Beijing Time was in use until at least the mid-1950s. Between 1969 and 1986, the time zone was switched repeatedly between Xinjiang Time () and Beijing Time.


title: Time in China

text: In 1997 and 1999, Hong Kong and Macau were transferred to China from the United Kingdom and Portugal respectively, being established as special administrative regions. Although the sovereignty of the SARs belongs to China, they retain their own policies regarding time zones for historical reasons. Due to their geographical locations, both are within the time zone, which is the same as the national standard, Beijing time.


title: Time in China

text: As an illustration of the wide range, the daylight hours (Beijing Time) for the seats of the westernmost (both including and not including Xinjiang due to local customs, see below) and easternmost counties, calculated for the year 2010, are shown here:


title: Time in China

text: The border with Afghanistan at the Wakhjir Pass has the most significant official change of clocks for any international land frontier: in China to in Afghanistan.


title: Time in China

text: Xinjiang Time, also known as Ürümqi Time (), is set due to its geographical location in the westernmost part of the country. The time offset is , which is two hours behind Beijing, and is shared with neighbouring Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.


title: Time in China

text: Some local Xinjiang authorities now use both time standards side by side. Television stations schedule programmes in different time standards according to their nature.


title: Time in China

text: The coexistence of two time zones within the same region causes some confusion among the local population, especially when inter-racial communication occurs. When a time is mentioned in conversation between Han and Uyghur, it is necessary to either explicitly make clear whether the time is in Xinjiang Time or Beijing Time, or convert the time according to the ethnicity of the other party. The double time standard is particularly observable in Xinjiang Television, which schedules its Chinese channel according to Beijing time and its Uyghur and Kazakh channels according to Xinjiang time.


title: Time in China

text: Regardless, Beijing Time users in Xinjiang usually schedule their daily activities two hours later than those who live in eastern China. As such, stores and offices in Xinjiang are commonly open from 10am to 7pm Beijing Time, which equals 8am to 5pm in Ürümqi Time. This is known as the work/rest time in Xinjiang.


title: Time in China

text: In most areas of Xinjiang, the opening time of local authorities is additionally modified by shifting the morning session 30–60 minutes earlier and the afternoon session 30 minutes later to extend the lunch break for 60–90 minutes, so as to avoid the intense heat during noon time in the area during summer.


title: Time in China

text: Hong Kong and Macau maintain their own time authorities after transfer of sovereignty in 1997 and 1999 respectively. The Hong Kong Time () and Macau Standard Time (; ) are both all year round, thus in line with Beijing time, and daylight saving time has not been used since 1979 in Hong Kong and 1980 in Macau. In Hong Kong, Greenwich Mean Time was adopted as the basis in 1904, and UTC was adopted as a standard in 1972. Before that, local time was determined by astronomical observations at Hong Kong Observatory using a .


title: Time in China

text: The territory of the People's Republic of China is covered in the IANA time zone database by the following zones. "Asia/Shanghai" is used instead of "Asia/Beijing" because Shanghai is the most populous location in the zone.


title: Time in China

text: The following zones, including Asia/Kashgar, Asia/Chongqing, and Asia/Harbin, are kept in the "backzone" file of the IANA time zone database for backward compatibility.


title: Market maker

text: A market maker or liquidity provider is a company or an individual that quotes both a buy and a sell price in a tradable asset held in inventory, hoping to make a profit on the "bid–ask spread", or "turn." The benefit to the firm is that it makes money from doing so; the benefit to the market is that this helps limit price variation (volatility) by setting a limited trading price range for the assets being traded.


title: Market maker

text: In U.S. markets, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission defines a "market maker" as a firm that stands ready to buy and sell stock on a regular and continuous basis at a publicly quoted price. A Designated Primary Market Maker (DPM) is a specialized market maker approved by an exchange to guarantee that they will take a position in a particular assigned security, option, or option index.


title: Market maker

text: Most foreign exchange trading firms are market makers, as are many banks. The foreign exchange market maker both buys foreign currency from clients and then sells it to other clients. They derive income from the price differentials on such trades, as well as for the service of providing liquidity, reducing transaction costs, and facilitating trade.


title: Market maker

text: Market makers that stand ready to buy and sell stocks listed on an exchange, such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) or the London Stock Exchange (LSE), are called "third market makers". Most stock exchanges operate on a "matched bargain" or "order driven" basis. When a buyer's bid price meets a seller's offer price or vice versa, the stock exchange's matching system decides that a deal has been executed. In such a system, there may be no designated or official market makers, but market makers nevertheless exist.


title: Market maker

text: In the United States, the New York Stock Exchange and American Stock Exchange (AMEX), among others, have designated market makers, formerly known as "specialists", who act as the official market maker for a given security. The market makers provide a required amount of liquidity to the security's market, and take the other side of trades when there are short-term buy-and-sell-side imbalances in customer orders. In return, the specialist is granted various informational and trade execution advantages.


title: Market maker

text: Other U.S. exchanges, most prominently the NASDAQ stock exchange, employ several competing official market makers in a security. These market makers are required to maintain two-sided markets during exchange hours and are obligated to buy and sell at their displayed bids and offers. They typically do not receive the trading advantages a specialist does, but they do get some, such as the ability to naked short a stock, i.e., selling it without borrowing it. In most situations, only official market makers are permitted to engage in naked shorting. Changes to the rules in the 2000s and 2010s have explicitly banned naked shorting by options market makers.


title: Market maker

text: In liquid markets like the New York Stock Exchange, nearly every asset has open interest, providing two benefits: price takers can buy or sell at any time, and observers can continually monitor a precise price of every asset.


title: Market maker

text: A prediction market, or market explicitly designed to uncover the value of an asset, relies heavily on continual price discovery holding true. Prediction markets benefit from automated market makers, or algorithmic traders that maintain constant open interest, providing needed liquidity to the markets that would be difficult to provide naturally.


title: Market maker

text: Examples of New York market makers are Optiver, Jane Street Capital, Flow Traders, IMC, and Virtu Financial, according to Article 17(13) of Regulation (EU) No 236/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council


title: Market maker

text: On the London Stock Exchange there are official market makers for many securities. Some of the LSE's member firms take on the obligation of always making a two-way price in each of the stocks in which they make markets. Their prices are the ones displayed on the Stock Exchange Automated Quotation (SEAQ) system and it is they who generally deal with brokers buying or selling stock on behalf of clients.


title: Market maker

text: Proponents of the official market making system claim market makers add to the liquidity and depth of the market by taking a short or long position for a time, thus assuming some risk in return for the chance of a small profit. On the LSE, one can always buy and sell stock: each stock always has at least two market makers and they are obliged to deal.


title: Market maker

text: In contrast, on smaller, order-driven markets such as the JSE Securities Exchange it can be difficult to determine the buying and selling prices of even a small block of stocks that lack a clear and immediate market value because there are often no buyers or sellers on the order board.


title: Market maker

text: Unofficial market makers are free to operate on order driven markets or, indeed, on the LSE. They do not have the obligation to always be making a two-way price, but they do not have the advantage that everyone must deal with them either.


title: Market maker

text: Examples of UK Market makers since Big Bang Day are Peel Hunt LLP, Winterflood Securities, Liberum Capital, Shore Capital, Fairfax IS and Altium Securities.


title: Market maker

text: The Frankfurt Stock Exchange (FWB) runs a system of market makers appointed by the listed companies. These are called "designated sponsors". Designated Sponsors secure higher liquidity by quoting binding prices for buying and selling the shares. The largest market maker by number of mandates in Germany is ODDO BHF Corporates & Markets AG.


title: Market maker

text: Since 2018, the Tokyo Stock Exchange has had an ETF Market Making Incentive Scheme in place, which provides incentives to designated market makers who maintain quoting obligations in qualified ETFs. This list of market makers includes Nomura Securities, Flow Traders, and Optiver.


title: Market maker

text: Liquidity provision in a decentralized network protocol works rather differently. There are no companies nor other centralized entities involved at the protocol level. Companies or individuals may, however, choose to "use" the protocol, by providing liquidity to the protocol, typically in return for the prospect of making an ROI on the assets committed to the liquidity pools. Traditional courts with jurisdiction in defined geographic boundaries may have difficulty regulating or shutting down such protocols, since the protocols have no central or headquarters jurisdiction in which they operate. The network operates on the principles, and according to the code, that is running on the network, similar to an AI.


title: Market maker

text: The income of a market maker is the difference between the bid price, the price at which the firm is willing to buy a stock, and the ask price, the price at which the firm is willing to sell it. It is known as the market-maker spread, or bid–ask spread. Supposing that equal amounts of buy and sell orders arrive and the price never changes, this is the amount that the market maker will gain on each round trip.


title: Market maker

text: Market makers usually also provide liquidity to the firm's clients, for which they earn a commission.


title: The Veil (South Korean TV series)

text: The Veil () is a 2021 South Korean television series starring Namkoong Min, Park Ha-sun, and Kim Ji-eun. Its screenplay, written by Park Seok-ho, won the 2018 MBC Drama Screenplay Contest. It aired from September 17 to October 23, 2021, as the first series on MBC's newly established Fridays and Saturdays at 22:00 (KST) time slot.


title: The Veil (South Korean TV series)

text: A two-part spin-off of the series titled "Moebius: The Veil", which was focused on the backstories of Park Ha-sun, Jung Moon-sung and Jang Young-nam's characters, aired on October 29–30, 2021.


title: The Veil (South Korean TV series)

text: It is about a top field agent in the National Intelligence Service (NIS). After going missing a year ago, he returns to the organization to find an internal traitor who dropped him into the abyss.


title: The Veil (South Korean TV series)

text: The series received a 15 billion won investment from MBC and Wavve for its production. It is labelled as "MBC's 60th anniversary special project".


title: The Veil (South Korean TV series)

text: It was reported that filming started in April 2021 and continued filming for six months until October 21.


title: Vortigern

text: Vortigern (; , ; ; ; Old Breton: "Gurdiern", "Gurthiern"; ; , , , etc.), also spelled Vortiger, Vortigan, Voertigern and Vortigen, was a 5th-century warlord in Britain, known perhaps as a king of the Britons or at least connoted as such in the writings of Bede and Gildas. His existence is contested by scholars and information about him is obscure.


title: Vortigern

text: He may have been the "superbus tyrannus" said to have invited Hengist and Horsa to aid him in fighting the Picts and the Scots, whereupon they revolted, killing his son in the process and forming the Kingdom of Kent. It is said that he took refuge in North Wales, and that his grave was in Dyfed or the Llŷn Peninsula. Gildas later denigrated Vortigern for his misjudgement and also blamed him for the loss of Britain. He is cited at the beginning of the genealogy of the early Kings of Powys.


title: Vortigern

text: The 6th-century cleric and historian Gildas wrote "De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae" () in the first decades of the 6th century. In Chapter 23, he tells how "all the councillors, together with "that proud usurper"" ["omnes consiliarii una cum superbo tyranno"] made the mistake of inviting "the fierce and impious Saxons" to settle in Britain. According to Gildas, apparently, a small group came at first and was settled "on the eastern side of the island, by the invitation of the unlucky ["infaustus"] usurper". This small group invited more of their countrymen to join them, and the colony grew. Eventually the Saxons demanded that "their monthly allotments" be increased and, when their demands were eventually refused, broke their treaty and plundered the lands of the Romano-British.


title: Vortigern

text: It is not clear whether Gildas used the name Vortigern. Most editions published currently omit the name. Two manuscripts name him: "MS. A" (Avranches MS 162, 12th century), refers to "Uortigerno"; and "Mommsen's MS. X" (Cambridge University Library MS. Ff. I.27) (13th century) calls him "Gurthigerno". Gildas never addresses Vortigern as the king of Britain. He is termed a usurper ("tyrannus"), but not solely responsible for inviting the Saxons. To the contrary, he is portrayed as being aided by or aiding a "Council", which may be a government based on the representatives of all the "cities" ("civitates") or a part thereof. Gildas also does not consider Vortigern as bad; he simply qualifies him as "unlucky" ("infaustus") and lacking judgement, which is understandable, as these mercenaries proved to be faithless.


title: Vortigern

text: Gildas adds several small details that suggest either he or his source received at least part of the story from the Anglo-Saxons. The first is when he describes the size of the initial party of Saxons, stating that they came in three (or "keels"), "as they call ships of war". This may be the earliest recovered word of English. The second detail is his repetition that the visiting Saxons were "told by a certain soothsayer among them, that they should occupy the country to which they were sailing three hundred years, and half of that time, a hundred and fifty years, should plunder and despoil the same." Both of these details are unlikely to have been invented by a Roman or Brittonic source.


title: Vortigern

text: Modern scholars have debated the various details of Gildas' story. One topic of discussion has been about the words Gildas uses to describe the Saxons' subsidies ("annonas", "epimenia") and whether they are legal terms used in a treaty of "foederati", a late Roman political practice of settling allied barbarian peoples within the boundaries of the empire to furnish troops to aid the defence of the empire. Gildas describes how their raids took them "sea to sea, heaped up by the eastern band of impious men; and as it devastated all the neighbouring cities and lands, did not cease after it had been kindled, until it burnt nearly the whole surface of the island, and licked the western ocean with its red and savage tongue" (chapter 24).


title: Vortigern

text: The first extant text considering Gildas' account is Bede, writing in the early- to mid-8th century. He mostly paraphrases Gildas in his "Ecclesiastical History of the English People" and "The Reckoning of Time", adding several details, perhaps most importantly the name of this "proud tyrant", whom he first calls "Vertigernus" (in his ) and later "Vurtigernus" (in his ). The "Vertigernus" form may reflect an earlier Celtic source or a lost version of Gildas. Bede also gives names in the to the leaders of the Saxons, Hengist and Horsa, specifically identifying their tribes as the Saxons, Angles and Jutes ("H.E.", 1.14–15). Another significant detail that Bede adds to Gildas' account is calling Vortigern the king of the British people.


title: Vortigern

text: Bede also supplies the date, 449, which was traditionally accepted but has been considered suspect since the late 20th century: "Marcian being made emperor with Valentinian, and the forty-sixth from Augustus, ruled the empire seven years." Michael Jones notes that there are several arrival dates in Bede. In H.E. 1.15 the arrival occurs within the period 449–455; in 1.23 and 5.23 another date, c. 446, is given; and in 2.14 the same event is dated 446 or 447, suggesting that these dates are calculated approximations.


title: Vortigern

text: The "Historia Brittonum" (History of the Britons) was attributed until recently to Nennius, a monk from Bangor, Gwynedd, and was probably compiled during the early 9th century. The writer mentions a great number of sources. Nennius wrote more negatively of Vortigern, accusing him of incest (perhaps confusing Vortigern with the Welsh king Vortiporius, accused by Gildas of the same crime), oath-breaking, treason, love for a pagan woman, and lesser vices such as pride.


title: Vortigern

text: The "Historia Brittonum" recounts many details about Vortigern and his sons. Chapters 31–49 tell how Vortigern (Guorthigirn) deals with the Saxons and Saint Germanus of Auxerre. Chapters 50–55 deal with Saint Patrick. Chapter 56 tells about King Arthur and his battles. Chapters 57–65 mention English genealogies, mingled with English and Welsh history. Chapter 66 gives important chronological calculations, mostly on Vortigern and the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain.


title: Vortigern

text: It has been suggested that the saint mentioned here may be no more than a local saint or a tale that had to explain all the holy places dedicated to a St. Germanus or a "Garmon", who may have been a Powys saint or even a bishop from the Isle of Man about the time of writing the "Historia Brittonum". The story seems only to be explained as a slur against the rival dynasty of Powys, suggesting that they did not descend from Vortigern but from a mere slave.


title: Vortigern

text: The "Historia Brittonum" relates four battles occurring in Kent, apparently related to material in the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" (see below). It claims that Vortigern's son Vortimer commanded the Britons against Hengest's Saxons. Moreover, it claims that the Saxons were driven out of Britain, only to return at Vortigern's invitation a few years later, after the death of Vortimer.


title: Vortigern

text: The stories preserved in the "Historia Brittonum" reveal an attempt by one or more anonymous British scholars to provide more detail to this story, while struggling to accommodate the facts of the British tradition.


title: Vortigern

text: The "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" provides dates and locations of four battles which Hengest and his brother Horsa fought against the British in the county of Kent. Vortigern is said to have been the commander of the British for only the first battle; the opponents in the next three battles are variously termed "British" and "Welsh", which is not unusual for this part of the "Chronicle". The "Chronicle" locates the Battle of Wippedesfleot as the place where the Saxons first landed, dated 465 in "Wippedsfleot" and thought to be Ebbsfleet near Ramsgate. The year 455 is the last date when Vortigern is mentioned.


title: Vortigern

text: The annals for the 5th century in the "Chronicle" were put into their current form during the 9th century, probably during the reign of Alfred the Great. The sources are obscure for the fifth century annals; however, an analysis of the text demonstrates some poetic conventions, so it is probable that they were derived from an oral tradition such as sagas in the form of epic poems.


title: Vortigern

text: There is dispute as to when the material was written which comprises the "Historia Brittonum", and it could be later than the "Chronicle". Some historians argue that the "Historia Brittonum" took its material from a source close to the "Chronicle".


title: Vortigern

text: Writing soon before Geoffrey of Monmouth, William of Malmesbury added much to the unfavourable assessment of Vortigern:


title: Vortigern

text: William does, however, add some detail, no doubt because of a good local knowledge, in "De Gestis Regum Anglorum" book I, chapter 23.


title: Vortigern

text: The story of Vortigern adopted its best-known form in Geoffrey's pseudohistorical "Historia Regum Britanniae". Geoffrey names Constans the older brother of Aurelius Ambrosius and Uther Pendragon. After the death of their father, Constantinus III, Vortigern persuades Constans to leave his monastery and claim the throne. Constans proved a weak and unpopular puppet monarch and Vortigern ruled the country through him until he finally managed Constans' death by insurgent Picts.


title: Vortigern

text: Geoffrey mentions a similar tale just before that episode, however, which may be an unintentional duplication. Just after the Romans leave, the archbishop of London is put forward by the representatives of Britain to organise the island's defences. To do so, he arranges for continental soldiers to come to Britain. The name of the bishop is Guitelin, a name similar to the Vitalinus mentioned in the ancestry of Vortigern and to the Vitalinus said to have fought with Ambrosius at the Battle of Guoloph. This Guithelin/Vitalinus disappears from the story as soon as Vortigern arrives. All these coincidences imply that Geoffrey duplicated the story of the invitation of the Saxons, and that the tale of Guithelinus the archbishop might possibly give some insight into the background of Vortigern before his acquisition of power.


title: Vortigern

text: Geoffrey identifies Hengest's daughter as Rowena. After Vortigern marries her, his sons rebel. Geoffrey adds that Vortigern was succeeded briefly by his son Vortimer, as does the "Historia Brittonum", only to assume the throne again when Vortimer is killed.


title: Vortigern

text: The inscription on the Pillar of Eliseg, a mid-9th century stone cross in Llangollen, northern Wales, gives the Old Welsh spelling of Vortigern: Guarthi[gern], (the inscription is now damaged and the final letters of the name are missing), believed to be the same person as Gildas's "superbus tyrannus", Vortigern. The pillar also states that he was married to Sevira, the daughter of Magnus Maximus, and gave a line of descent leading to the royal family of Powys, who erected the cross.


title: Vortigern

text: It has occasionally been suggested by scholars that Vortigern might be a royal title, rather than a personal name. The name in Brittonic literally means "Great King" or "Overlord", composed of the elements *"wor-" "over-, super" and *"tigerno-" "king, lord, chief, ruler" (compare Old Breton , Cornish a type of local ruler - literally "pledge chief") in medieval Brittany and Cornwall.


title: Vortigern

text: However, the element *"tigerno-" was a regular one in Brittonic personal names (compare Kentigern, Catigern, Ritigern, Tigernmaglus, et al.) and, as *"wortigernos" (or derivatives of it) is not attested as a common noun, there is no reason to suppose that it was used as anything other than a personal name (in fact, an Old Irish cognate of it, , was a fairly common personal name in medieval Ireland, further lending credence to the notion that Vortigern was a personal name and not a title).


title: Vortigern

text: A valley on the north coast of the Llŷn Peninsula, known as Nant Gwrtheyrn or "Vortigern's Gorge", is named after Vortigern, and until modern times had a small barrow known locally as "Vortigern's Grave", along with a ruin known as "Vortigern's Fort". However, this conflicts with doubtful reports that he died in his castle on the River Teifi in Dyfed (""Nennius"") or his tower at The Doward in Herefordshire ("Geoffrey of Monmouth").


title: Vortigern

text: Other fortifications associated with Vortigern are at Arfon in Gwynedd, Bradford on Avon in Wiltshire, Carn Fadryn in Gwynedd, Clwyd in Powys, Llandysul in Dyfed, Old Carlisle in Cumberland, Old Sarum in Wiltshire, Rhayader in Powys, Snowdon and Stonehenge in Wiltshire.


title: Vortigern

text: Vortigern's story remained well known after the Middle Ages, especially in Great Britain. He is a major character in two Jacobean plays, the anonymous "The Birth of Merlin" and Thomas Middleton's "Hengist, King of Kent", first published in 1661. His meeting with Rowena became a popular subject in 17th-century engraving and painting, e.g. William Hamilton's 1793 work "Vortigern and Rowena" (above right). He was also featured in literature, such as John Lesslie Hall's poems about the beginnings of England.


title: Vortigern

text: One of Vortigern's most notorious literary appearances is in the play "Vortigern and Rowena", which was promoted as a lost work of William Shakespeare when it first emerged in 1796. However, it was soon revealed as a literary forgery written by the play's purported discoverer, William Henry Ireland, who had previously forged a number of other Shakespearean manuscripts. The play was at first accepted as Shakespeare's by some in the literary community, and received a performance at London's Drury Lane Theatre on 2 April 1796. The play's crude writing, however, exposed it as a forgery, and it was laughed off stage and not performed again. Ireland eventually admitted to the hoax and tried to publish the play by his own name, but had little success.


title: Data-flow diagram

text: A data-flow diagram is a way of representing a flow of data through a process or a system (usually an information system). The DFD also provides information about the outputs and inputs of each entity and the process itself. A data-flow diagram has no control are no decision rules and no loops. Specific operations based on the data can be represented by a flowchart.


title: Data-flow diagram

text: There are several notations for displaying data-flow diagrams. The notation presented above was described in 1979 by Tom DeMarco as part of structured analysis.


title: Data-flow diagram

text: For each data flow, at least one of the endpoints (source and / or destination) must exist in a process. The refined representation of a process can be done in another data-flow diagram, which subdivides this process into sub-processes.


title: Data-flow diagram

text: The data-flow diagram is a tool that is part of structured analysis and data modeling. When using UML, the activity diagram typically takes over the role of the data-flow diagram. A special form of data-flow plan is a site-oriented data-flow plan.


title: Data-flow diagram

text: Data-flow diagrams can be regarded as inverted Petri nets, because places in such networks correspond to the semantics of data memories. Analogously, the semantics of transitions from Petri nets and data flows and functions from data-flow diagrams should be considered equivalent.


title: Data-flow diagram

text: The DFD notation draws on graph theory, originally used in operational research to model workflow in organizations. DFD originated from the activity diagram used in the structured analysis and design technique methodology at the end of the 1970s. DFD popularizers include Edward Yourdon, Larry Constantine, Tom DeMarco, Chris Gane and Trish Sarson.


title: Data-flow diagram

text: Data-flow diagrams (DFD) quickly became a popular way to visualize the major steps and data involved in software-system processes. DFDs were usually used to show data flow in a computer system, although they could in theory be applied to business process modeling. DFDs were useful to document the major data flows or to explore a new high-level design in terms of data flow.


title: Data-flow diagram

text: DFD consists of processes, flows, warehouses, and terminators. There are several ways to view these DFD components.


title: Data-flow diagram

text: The process (function, transformation) is part of a system that transforms inputs to outputs. The symbol of a process is a circle, an oval, a rectangle or a rectangle with rounded corners (according to the type of notation). The process is named in one word, a short sentence, or a phrase that is clearly to express its essence.


title: Data-flow diagram

text: Data flow (flow, dataflow) shows the transfer of information (sometimes also material) from one part of the system to another. The symbol of the flow is the arrow. The flow should have a name that determines what information (or what material) is being moved. Exceptions are flows where it is clear what information is transferred through the entities that are linked to these flows. Material shifts are modeled in systems that are not merely informative. Flow should only transmit one type of information (material). The arrow shows the flow direction (it can also be bi-directional if the information to/from the entity is logically dependent - e.g. question and answer). Flows link processes, warehouses and terminators.


title: Data-flow diagram

text: The warehouse (datastore, data store, file, database) is used to store data for later use. The symbol of the store is two horizontal lines, the other way of view is shown in the DFD Notation. The name of the warehouse is a plural noun (e.g. orders) - it derives from the input and output streams of the warehouse. The warehouse does not have to be just a data file but can also be, for example, a folder with documents, a filing cabinet, or a set of optical discs. Therefore, viewing the warehouse in a DFD is independent of implementation. The flow from the warehouse usually represents reading of the data stored in the warehouse, and the flow to the warehouse usually expresses data entry or updating (sometimes also deleting data). The warehouse is represented by two parallel lines between which the memory name is located (it can be modeled as a UML buffer node).


title: Data-flow diagram

text: The Terminator is an external entity that communicates with the system and stands outside of the system. It can be, for example, various organizations (eg a bank), groups of people (e.g. customers), authorities (e.g. a tax office) or a department (e.g. a human-resources department) of the same organization, which does not belong to the model system. The terminator may be another system with which the modeled system communicates.


title: Data-flow diagram

text: Entity names should be comprehensible without further comments. DFD is a system created by analysts based on interviews with system users. It is determined for system developers, on one hand, project contractor on the other, so the entity names should be adapted for model domain or amateur users or professionals. Entity names should be general (independent, e.g. specific individuals carrying out the activity), but should clearly specify the entity. Processes should be numbered for easier mapping and referral to specific processes. The numbering is random, however, it is necessary to maintain consistency across all DFD levels (see DFD Hierarchy). DFD should be clear, as the maximum number of processes in one DFD is recommended to be from 6 to 9, minimum is 3 processes in one DFD. The exception is the so-called contextual diagram where the only process symbolizes the model system and all terminators with which the system communicates.


title: Data-flow diagram

text: DFD must be consistent with other models of the system - entity relationship diagram, state-transition diagram, data dictionary, and process specification models. Each process must have its name, inputs and outputs. Each flow should have its name (exception see Flow). Each Data store must have input and output flow. Input and output flows do not have to be displayed in one DFD - but they must exist in another DFD describing the same system. An exception is warehouse standing outside the system (external storage) with which the system communicates.


title: Data-flow diagram

text: To make the DFD more transparent (i.e. not too many processes), multi-level DFDs can be created. DFDs that are at a higher level are less detailed (aggregate more detailed DFD at lower levels). The contextual DFD is the highest in the hierarchy (see DFD Creation Rules). The so-called zero level is followed by DFD 0, starting with process numbering (e.g., process 1, process 2). In the next, the so-called first level - DFD 1 - the numbering continues. E.g. process 1 is divided into the first three levels of the DFD, which are numbered 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3. Similarly, processes in the second level (DFD 2) are numbered eg 2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.1.3 and 2.1.4. The number of levels depends on the size of the model system. DFD 0 processes may not have the same number of decomposition levels. DFD 0 contains the most important (aggregated) system functions. The lowest level should include processes that make it possible to create a process specification for roughly one A4 page. If the mini-specification should be longer, it is appropriate to create an additional level for the process where it will be decomposed into multiple processes. For a clear overview of the entire DFD hierarchy, a vertical (cross-sectional) diagram can be created. The warehouse is displayed at the highest level where it is first used and at every lower level as well.


title: Differentiable function

text: In mathematics, a differentiable function of one real variable is a function whose derivative exists at each point in its domain. In other words, the graph of a differentiable function has a non-vertical tangent line at each interior point in its domain. A differentiable function is smooth (the function is locally well approximated as a linear function at each interior point) and does not contain any break, angle, or cusp.


title: Differentiable function

text: If is an interior point in the domain of a function , then is said to be "differentiable at" if the derivative formula_1 exists. In other words, the graph of has a non-vertical tangent line at the point . is said to be differentiable on if it is differentiable at every point of . is said to be "continuously differentiable" if its derivative is also a continuous function over the domain of the function formula_2. Generally speaking, is said to be of class if its first formula_3 derivatives formula_4 exist and are continuous over the domain of the function formula_2.


title: Differentiable function

text: A function formula_6, defined on an open set formula_7, is said to be "differentiable" at formula_8 if the derivative


title: Differentiable function

text: This function is said to be "differentiable" on if it is differentiable at every point of . In this case, the derivative of is thus a function from into formula_10


title: Differentiable function

text: A continuous function is not necessarily differentiable, but a differentiable function is necessarily continuous (at every point where it is differentiable) as being shown below (in the section Differentiability and continuity). A function is said to be "continuously differentiable" if its derivative is also a continuous function; there exists a function that is differentiable but not continuously differentiable as being shown below (in the section Differentiability classes).


title: Differentiable function

text: If is differentiable at a point , then must also be continuous at . In particular, any differentiable function must be continuous at every point in its domain. "The converse does not hold": a continuous function need not be differentiable. For example, a function with a bend, cusp, or vertical tangent may be continuous, but fails to be differentiable at the location of the anomaly.


title: Differentiable function

text: Most functions that occur in practice have derivatives at all points or at almost every point. However, a result of Stefan Banach states that the set of functions that have a derivative at some point is a meagre set in the space of all continuous functions. Informally, this means that differentiable functions are very atypical among continuous functions. The first known example of a function that is continuous everywhere but differentiable nowhere is the Weierstrass function.


title: Differentiable function

text: A function formula_2 is said to be if the derivative formula_12 exists and is itself a continuous function. Although the derivative of a differentiable function never has a jump discontinuity, it is possible for the derivative to have an essential discontinuity. For example, the function


title: Differentiable function

text: which has no limit as formula_17 Thus, this example shows the existence of a function that is differentiable but not continuously differentiable (i.e., the derivative is not a continuous function). Nevertheless, Darboux's theorem implies that the derivative of any function satisfies the conclusion of the intermediate value theorem.


title: Differentiable function

text: Similarly to how continuous functions are said to be of continuously differentiable functions are sometimes said to be of A function is of if the first and second derivative of the function both exist and are continuous. More generally, a function is said to be of if the first formula_3 derivatives formula_4 all exist and are continuous. If derivatives formula_20 exist for all positive integers formula_21 the function is smooth or equivalently, of


title: Differentiable function

text: A function of several real variables is said to be differentiable at a point if there exists a linear map such that


title: Differentiable function

text: If a function is differentiable at , then all of the partial derivatives exist at , and the linear map is given by the Jacobian matrix, an "n" × "m" matrix in this case. A similar formulation of the higher-dimensional derivative is provided by the fundamental increment lemma found in single-variable calculus.


title: Differentiable function

text: If all the partial derivatives of a function exist in a neighborhood of a point and are continuous at the point , then the function is differentiable at that point .


title: Differentiable function

text: However, the existence of the partial derivatives (or even of all the directional derivatives) does not guarantee that a function is differentiable at a point. For example, the function defined by


title: Differentiable function

text: is not differentiable at , but all of the partial derivatives and directional derivatives exist at this point. For a continuous example, the function


title: Differentiable function

text: is not differentiable at , but again all of the partial derivatives and directional derivatives exist.


title: Differentiable function

text: In complex analysis, complex-differentiability is defined using the same definition as single-variable real functions. This is allowed by the possibility of dividing complex numbers. So, a function formula_25 is said to be differentiable at formula_26 when


title: Differentiable function

text: Although this definition looks similar to the differentiability of single-variable real functions, it is however a more restrictive condition. A function formula_25, that is complex-differentiable at a point formula_26 is automatically differentiable at that point, when viewed as a function formula_30. This is because the complex-differentiability implies that


title: Differentiable function

text: However, a function formula_25 can be differentiable as a multi-variable function, while not being complex-differentiable. For example, formula_33 is differentiable at every point, viewed as the 2-variable real function formula_34, but it is not complex-differentiable at any point.


title: Differentiable function

text: Any function that is complex-differentiable in a neighborhood of a point is called holomorphic at that point. Such a function is necessarily infinitely differentiable, and in fact analytic.


title: Differentiable function

text: If "M" is a differentiable manifold, a real or complex-valued function "f" on "M" is said to be differentiable at a point "p" if it is differentiable with respect to some (or any) coordinate chart defined around "p". If "M" and "N" are differentiable manifolds, a function "f": "M" → "N" is said to be differentiable at a point "p" if it is differentiable with respect to some (or any) coordinate charts defined around "p" and "f"("p").


title: Marco Rose

text: Marco Rose (born 11 September 1976) is a German professional football manager who is currently the manager of Bundesliga club RB Leipzig, and a former player who was a defender for Lokomotive Leipzig, Hannover 96 and Mainz 05.


title: Marco Rose

text: He coached Mainz 05's second team, then Lokomotive Leipzig, before going through the ranks at Red Bull Salzburg. After winning the UEFA Youth League, he became the first-team manager in 2017, winning the Austrian Bundesliga in both of his seasons and the Austrian Cup for a double in 2019. He then managed in the German Bundesliga at Borussia Mönchengladbach, Borussia Dortmund and RB Leipzig.


title: Marco Rose

text: The defender started his career at Rotation Leipzig, then joined Lokomotive Leipzig, later renamed VfB Leipzig. Rose played ten games in the second flight for VfB. In 2000, Rose joined Hannover 96. When Hannover reached promotion to the Bundesliga in 2002, Rose went to Jürgen Klopp's Mainz 05 on loan. When Mainz won promotion to the Bundesliga, they signed Rose permanently. Rose retired after 199 games for Mainz's first and second team. He scored seven goals, three of them in the Bundesliga.


title: Marco Rose

text: Rose started his career as assistant coach and player of Mainz's second team in the 2010–11 season. For the 2012–13 season, he joined Lokomotive Leipzig, but terminated his contract after one season.


title: Marco Rose

text: Rose joined Red Bull Salzburg's U16 team in the 2013–14 season. When U18 coach Thomas Letsch joined FC Liefering, Rose succeeded him as U18 coach. The team won the Austrian U18 championship in his first season and the UEFA Youth League in April 2017 beating Benfica 2–1 in the final.


title: Marco Rose

text: For the 2017–18 season, Rose succeeded Óscar García as head coach of RB Salzburg. In his first season, the team won the Austrian championship and reached the semi-finals of the Europa League, beating teams like Borussia Dortmund and Lazio. The final of the Austrian cup against Sturm Graz was lost. In the second season, RB Salzburg started the league with ten wins which broke the previous record of the league. In the Europa League, they reached the quarter final against Napoli. Rose never lost a home game during his tenure as head coach of Salzburg.


title: Marco Rose

text: For the 2019–20 season, Rose joined Borussia Mönchengladbach. In the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League, he managed to reach the knockout stages.


title: Marco Rose

text: On 15 February 2021, Mönchengladbach announced that Rose would leave at the end of the season to join Borussia Dortmund.


title: Marco Rose

text: In the 2021–22 season, Rose led Borussia Dortmund to a second-place finish in the Bundesliga. After one season in charge, he was sacked on 20 May 2022.


title: Marco Rose

text: On 8 September, Rose was appointed as new RB Leipzig head coach. Two days later, he won his first match 3–0 against his former club Borussia Dortmund in the Bundesliga.


title: Marco Rose

text: Rose has described the basic ideas of his playing style as "emotionality, hunger and being active". "We want to be very active against the ball, sprint a lot. We want to win high balls and have short ways to the goal. We don't want to play high and wide, but fast, dynamic and actively forward."


title: Marco Rose

text: He has stated his preference for a 4–4–2 diamond, saying "I've always played a diamond when I've had the opportunity to do it, bringing in two strikers. Our system, even when we play with all three up front, is something like a diamond." However he has also used 4–3–3 and 4–2–3–1 formations at Mönchengladbach.


title: Marco Rose

text: Rose is a Christian, who joined the faith as an adult. His grandfather, Walter Rose, was also a footballer and played once for the Germany national team in 1937.


title: Gross tonnage

text: Gross tonnage (GT, G.T. or gt) is a nonlinear measure of a ship's overall internal volume. Gross tonnage is different from gross register tonnage. Neither gross tonnage nor gross register tonnage should be confused with measures of mass or weight such as deadweight tonnage or displacement.


title: Gross tonnage

text: Gross tonnage, along with net tonnage, was defined by the "International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships, 1969", adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in 1969, and came into force on 18 July 1982. These two measurements replaced gross register tonnage (GRT) and net register tonnage (NRT). Gross tonnage is calculated based on "the moulded volume of all enclosed spaces of the ship" and is used to determine things such as a ship's manning regulations, safety rules, registration fees, and port dues, whereas the older gross register tonnage is a measure of the volume of only certain enclosed spaces.


title: Gross tonnage

text: The International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships, 1969 was adopted by IMO in 1969. The Convention mandated a transition from the former measurements of gross register tonnage (grt) and net register tonnage (nrt) to gross tonnage (GT) and net tonnage (NT). It was the first successful attempt to introduce a universal tonnage measurement system.


title: Gross tonnage

text: Various methods were previously used to calculate merchant ship tonnage, but they differed significantly and one single international system was needed. Previous methods traced back to George Moorsom of Great Britain's Board of Trade who devised one such method in 1854.


title: Gross tonnage

text: The tonnage determination rules apply to all ships built on or after 18 July 1982. Ships built before that date were given 12 years to migrate from their existing gross register tonnage (GRT) to use of GT and NT. The phase-in period was provided to allow ships time to adjust economically, since tonnage is the basis for satisfying manning regulations and safety rules. Tonnage is also the basis for calculating registration fees and port dues. One of the convention's goals was to ensure that the new calculated tonnages "did not differ too greatly" from the traditional gross and net register tonnages.


title: Gross tonnage

text: Both GT and NT are obtained by measuring ship's volume and then applying a mathematical formula. Gross tonnage is based on "the moulded volume of all enclosed spaces of the ship" whereas net tonnage is based on "the moulded volume of all cargo spaces of the ship". In addition, a ship's net tonnage is constrained to be no less than 30% of her gross tonnage.


title: Gross tonnage

text: The gross tonnage calculation is defined in Regulation 3 of Annex 1 of "The International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships, 1969". It is based on two variables, and is ultimately an increasing one-to-one function of ship volume:


title: Gross tonnage

text: The value of the multiplier "K" varies in accordance with a ship's total volume (in cubic metres) and is applied as an amplification factor in determining the gross tonnage value. For smaller ships, "K" is smaller, for larger ships, "K" is larger. "K" is calculated with a formula which uses the common or base-10 logarithm:


title: Gross tonnage

text: Once "V" and "K" are known, gross tonnage is calculated using the formula, whereby GT is a function of V:


title: Gross tonnage

text: Note that the units of gross tonnage, which involve both cubic metres and log-metres, have no physical significance, but were rather chosen for historical convenience.


title: Gross tonnage

text: The "inverse", on the other hand, is not as simple. A root-finding algorithm may be used for obtaining an approximation to a ship's volume given its gross tonnage. The exact formula is:


title: School uniform

text: A school uniform is a uniform worn by students primarily for a school or otherwise an educational institution.They are common in primary and secondary schools in various countries.


title: School uniform

text: An example of a uniform would be requiring button-down shirts, trousers for boys and blouses, pleated skirts for girls, with both wearing blazers. A uniform can even be as simple as requiring collared shirts, or restricting colour choices and limiting items students are allowed to wear.


title: School uniform

text: Although often used interchangeably, there is an important distinction between dress codes and school uniforms: according to scholars such as Nathan Joseph, clothing can only be considered a uniform when it "(a) serves as a group emblem, (b) certifies an institution's legitimacy by revealing individual's relative positions and (c) suppresses individuality."


title: School uniform

text: Conversely, a dress code is much less restrictive, and focuses "on promoting modesty and discouraging anti-social fashion statements", according to Marian Wilde. Examples of a dress code would be not allowing ripped clothing, no logos or limiting the amount of skin that can be shown.


title: School uniform

text: It is difficult to trace the origins of the uniform as there is no comprehensive written history, but rather a variety of known influences. School uniforms are believed to be a practice which dates to the 16th century in the United Kingdom. It is believed that the Christ's Hospital School in England in 1552 was the first school to use a school uniform. Students were given a uniform that most notably consisted of a long blue coat and yellow, knee-high socks. An almost identical uniform is still worn by students attending the school today. The earliest documented proof of institutionalized use of a standard academic dress dates back to 1222 when the then Archbishop of Canterbury ordered the wearing of the cappa clausa. This monastic and academic practice evolved into collegiate uniforms in England, particularly in charity schools where uniform dress was often provided for poor children. Universities, primary schools and secondary schools used uniforms as a marker of class and status. Although school uniforms can often be considered conservative and old-fashioned, uniforms in recent years have changed as societal dress codes have changed.


title: School uniform

text: In the United States, a movement toward using uniforms in state schools began when Bill Clinton addressed it in the 1996 State of the Union, saying: "If it means that teenagers will stop killing each other over designer jackets, then our public schools should be able to require their students to wear uniforms." As of 1998 approximately 25% of all U.S. public elementary, middle and junior high schools had adopted a uniform policy or were considering a policy, and two-thirds were implemented between 1995 and 1997. New York City's then-new schools chancellor, Rudy Crew, made it clear that he would not follow Clinton's idea.


title: School uniform

text: There are an abundance of theories and empirical studies looking at school uniforms, making statements about their effectiveness. These theories and studies elaborate on the benefits and also the shortcomings of uniform policies. The issue of nature vs. nurture comes into play, as uniforms affect the perceptions of masculinity and femininity, over-simplify issues of gender classification, and work to channel, subdue or punish the sexuality of female, male, transgender and intersex. Uniforms bring a variety of pros, cons, and major legal implications and controversies.


title: School uniform

text: There are two main empirical findings that are most often cited in the political rhetoric surrounding the uniform debate. One of these, the case study of the Long Beach Unified School District, is most often cited in support of school uniforms and their effectiveness whereas "Effects of Student Uniforms on Attendance, Behavior Problems, Substance Use, and Academic Achievement" is the most frequently cited research in opposition to the implementation of school uniform policies.


title: School uniform

text: The case study of the Long Beach Unified School District was the study of the first large, urban school in the United States to implement a uniform policy. In 1994, mandatory school uniforms were implemented for the districts elementary and middle schools as a strategy to address the students' behavior issues. The district simultaneously implemented a longitudinal study to research the effects of the uniforms on student behavior. The study attributed favorable student behavioral changes and a significant drop in school discipline issues to the mandatory uniform policy. Wearing school uniforms was associated with fewer absences and truancies and fewer referrals to the office for behavior problems. Suspensions and expulsions were reduced by 28% (elementary) and 36% (middle school), crime and vandalism by 74% (elementary) and 18% (middle school).


title: School uniform

text: Other research found that uniforms were not an effective deterrent to decrease truancy, did not decrease behavior problems, decrease substance use, and in fact may be associated with poorer student achievement relative to students not required to wear school uniforms.


title: School uniform

text: A study suggested that "instead of directly affecting specific outcomes, uniforms act as a catalyst for change and provide a highly visible opportunity for additional programs" within schools. In fact, Brunsma et al., 1998 considered that this was the case with the Long Beach Unified School District case study as several additional reform efforts were implemented simultaneously with the mandatory uniform policy.


title: School uniform

text: Brunsma stated that despite the inconclusiveness of the effects of uniforms, they became more common because "this is an issue of children's rights, of social control, and one related to increasing racial, class and gender inequalities in our schools."


title: School uniform

text: As uniforms have become more normalised, there have also been an increasing number of lawsuits brought against school districts. According to David Brunsma, one in four public elementary schools and one in eight public middle and high schools in the United States have policies dictating what a student wears to school. The school code within states' constitutions typically asserts that it allows the board of school directors to make reasonable rules and regulations as they see fit in managing the school's affairs. As of 2008, there are currently 23 states that allow school districts to mandate school uniforms. The constitutional objections usually brought upon school districts tend to fall into one of the following two categories: (1) a violation of the students' First Amendment right to free expression (2) a violation of parents' right to raise their children without government interference. Although up until this point, The Supreme Court has not ruled on a case involving school uniforms directly, in the 1968 decision Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, the Court ruled that upon entering school, students do not shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech.


title: School uniform

text: Internationally, there are differing views of school uniforms. In the Australian state of Queensland, Ombudsman Fred Albietz ruled in 1998 that state schools may not require uniforms. In the Philippines, the Department of Education abolished the requirement of school uniforms in public schools. In England and Wales, technically a state school may not permanently exclude students for "breaching school uniform policy", under a policy promulgated by the Department for Children, Schools and Families but students not wearing the correct uniform are asked to go home and change. In Scotland, some local councils (that have responsibility for delivering state education) do not insist on students wearing a uniform as a precondition to attending and taking part in curricular activities. Turkey abolished mandatory uniforms in 2010.


title: School uniform

text: In the "Canady v. Bossier Parish School Board" lawsuit in 2000, a Louisiana district court ruled in favour of the school board because it did not see how the free speech rights of the students were being violated due to the school board's uniform policy. Even though the plaintiff appealed the decision, the Fifth Circuit Court also ruled in favour of the school board after implementing a four-step system that is still used today. Firstly, a school board has to have the right to set up a policy. Secondly, the policy must be determined to support a fundamental interest of the board as a whole. Thirdly, the guidelines cannot have been set for the purpose of censorship. Finally, the limits on student expression cannot be greater than the interest of the board. As long as these four policies are in place, then no constitutional violation can be claimed.


title: School uniform

text: In the Forney Independent School District of Forney, Texas in 2001, the school board decided to implement a school uniform policy allowing the students to wear a polo shirt, oxford shirt or blouse in four possible colours, and blue or khaki trousers or shirts, a skirt or jumper. While there was some flexibility with shoes, certain types were prohibited along with any sort of baggy clothes. The parents of the Littlefield family requested that their son be exempt from the policy, but were denied. In response, the Littlefields filed a lawsuit against the school district, under the pretenses that this uniform mandate infringed on their rights as parents to control how they brought up their children and their education. They even went as far as to cite an infringement on religious freedom, claiming that opting out of the uniforms on the grounds of religion allowed the school to rank the validity of certain religions. Before trial, the District Court dismissed the case, so the family appealed. Ultimately, the Fifth Circuit Court ruled that the students' rights were not being violated even though the claims presented were valid. They ruled that school rules derived from the education would override the parents' right to control their children's upbringing in this specific situation. As far as the religious freedom violation accusations, the court ruled that the policy did not have a religious goal, and thus did not infringe on religious freedom rights.


title: School uniform

text: In 2003, Liberty High School, a school of the Clark County School District in Henderson, Nevada, implemented a uniform policy of khakis and red, white or blue polo shirts. A junior by the name of Kimberly Jacobs was suspended a total of five times because she wore a religious shirt to school and got cited for uniform violations. Her family sued the Clark County School District under the claims that her First Amendment rights were being infringed upon and that the uniform policy was causing students to be deprived of due process. The plaintiff's requests were for injunctive relief, the expunging of suspensions from Jacob's school record and awarding of damages. The injunction was granted to the family meaning that the school could no longer discipline her for breaking the uniform policy. At this ruling, the school district appealed. The next court ruled on the side of the school district as it determined that the uniform policy was in fact neutral and constitutional, and it dismissed the claims of the plaintiff.


title: School uniform

text: In 2011, a Nevada public elementary school of the Washoe County School District decided to add the school's motto, "Tomorrow's Leaders" embroidered in small letters on the shirt. In response, Mary and John Frudden, parents of a student sued the school district on the basis of it violating the 1st Amendment. The court ultimately dismissed the case filed by the Fruddens over the uniforms. However, the family appealed, and two years later, a three-judge panel of the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals heard the case. The court ruled to reverse the previous decision of dismissing the case, and also questioned the apparent policy for students that were part of a nationally recognised group such as Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts who were able to wear the uniforms in place of the school ones on regular meeting days. The 9th circuit panel ruled that the school had not provided enough evidence for why it instituted this policy, and that the family was never given a chance to argue.


title: School uniform

text: There are several positive and negative social implications of uniforms on both the students wearing them and society as a whole.


title: School uniform

text: One of the criticisms of uniforms is that it imposes standards of masculinity and femininity from a young age. Uniforms are considered a form of discipline that schools use to control student behavior and often promote conventional gendered dress.


title: School uniform

text: Boys often are required to wear trousers, belts, and closed-toe shoes and have their shirts tucked in at all times. They are also often required to have their hair cut short. Some critics allege that this uniform is associated with the dress of a professional business man, which, they claim, gives boys at a young age the impression that masculinity is gained through business success.


title: School uniform

text: For girls, many uniforms promote femininity by requiring girls to wear skirts. Skirts are seen by some critics as a symbol of femininity because they restrict movement and force certain ways of sitting and playing. Uniforms that include an apron for girls may suggest that the appropriate feminine societal role is a primarily domestic one. Some girls' school uniforms have been criticized as having an uncomfortable design, which prevents girls from freedom of movement and exposes girls to cold during winter.


title: School uniform

text: School uniforms are embedded with gender symbolism. Schools that require students to wear a formal uniform almost universally provide trousers for boys and skirts or dresses for girls. Skirts differentiate the female from the male, thereby confirming traditional gender identities for students who must wear the correct attire corresponding to their sex. Skirts and dresses demand a particular type of feminine gender performance, whereas trousers demand a particular masculine gender performance. By forcing students to wear attire that corresponds with their sex inherently assigns the ways a student must perform their gender. This causes controversy when a student does not want to identify with a gender that does not align with their sex. There are rarely guidelines that allow for students to dress according to their performed gender, but almost always according to their sex assigned at birth.


title: School uniform

text: Around middle or junior school, students begin going through puberty. Uniforms can be seen as a way to restrict the sexualization of girls by taking the focus away from sexuality and focus it on academics in a school setting for girls.


title: School uniform

text: Sometimes the desire to prevent overtly sexualized clothing through uniforms can fail. As an example, miniskirts have been very popular in Japan, where they are common parts of school uniforms and came to be worn within the Kogal culture.


title: School uniform

text: "The pleasure our culture derives from gazing at girls who look feminine conflicts with girls' freedom to run around unselfconsciously and to develop their gross motor talents as boys are encouraged to do" (Collins et al. 1996, p. 170). Schoolgirl uniforms are used in costumes in the context of "Sexy Schoolgirl" and are sold on costume sites year round. The idea of the female school uniform has become sexual and in Britain a new survey from Plan International UK found that a third of girls have been sexually harassed while wearing their school uniform. School uniforms can encourage harassment as children, as some cultures can define the "schoolgirl look" as sexual. Children as young as 8 years old report being victims of, or witnesses to, harassment. Two-thirds of the children questioned in the survey said they have experienced "unwanted sexual attention" in public, and 35 percent said they have been touched, groped or grabbed without their consent. These experiences teach girls that being harassed by men is just a part of growing up. The perception of schoolgirl uniforms allows for men to harass girls at a young age, causing girls to self-objectify their bodies from the beginning of their schooling experience.


title: School uniform

text: In some cultures, the topic of school uniforms has sparked a multitude of controversies and debates over the years. Debates concerning the constitutionality and economic feasibility of uniforms also contribute to the controversy.


title: School uniform

text: In the United States, the implementation of school uniforms began following ten years of research indicating the effectiveness of private schools. Some state-school reformers cited this research to support policies linked to private and Catholic school success. Some public-school administrators hence began implementing uniform policies to improve the overall school environment and academic achievement of the students. This is based on the assumption that uniforms are the direct cause of behavioral and academic outcome changes. However, within the Catholic school literature, school uniforms have never been acknowledged as a primary factor in producing a Catholic school effect.


title: School uniform

text: Another area of controversy regarding school uniform and dress code policies revolve around the issue of gender. Nowadays, more teenagers are more frequently "dressing to articulate, or confound gender identity and sexual orientation", which brings about "responses from school officials that ranged from indifferences to applause to bans". In 2009, there were multiple conflicts across the United States arising from disparities between the students' perception of their own gender, and the school administrators' perception of the students' gender identity. Instances include the following:


title: School uniform

text: Although not all schools in the United States require tye wearing of school uniforms, the US is slowly adopting the use of school uniforms. "Almost one in five US public schools required students to wear uniforms during the 2011-2012 school year, up from one in eight in 2003-2004." The ideology of school uniform is that it will create a safer environment for students and help with equality. In some areas uniforms have become essential due to the poverty level that the schools reside in. "Mandatory uniform policies in public schools are found more commonly in high-poverty areas."


title: School uniform

text: Stephanie Northen of "The Guardian" wrote that school uniforms are less controversial in the United Kingdom compared to the United States and are usually not opposed on free speech grounds.


title: School uniform

text: Advocates of uniforms have proposed multiple reasons supporting their implementation and claiming their success in schools. Advocates believe that uniforms affect student safety by decreasing student victimization, gang activity, and fights.


title: School uniform

text: Kathleen Wade conducted an experiment to see if bullying and gang presence was higher in uniform or non-uniform schools. The research was done with multiple schools where she gave a questionnaire to both students and faculty to see if there was a significant difference. Her results showed that bullying and gang presence significantly decreases with students wearing school uniforms.


title: School uniform

text: For example, in the first year of the mandatory uniform policy in Long Beach, California, officials reported that fighting in schools decreased by more than 50%, assault and battery by 34%, sex offenses by 74%, and robbery by 66%.


title: School uniform

text: Advocates also believe that uniforms increase student learning and positive attitudes toward school through:


title: School uniform

text: Wearing uniforms leads to decreased behavior problems by increasing attendance rates, lowering suspension rates, and decreasing substance use among the student body. These outcomes help students become more successful in their school work when they attend class and attentively listen to lectures. Proponents also attribute positive psychological outcomes like increased self-esteem, increased spirit, and reinforced feelings of oneness among students to wearing uniforms. Additional proponent arguments include that school uniforms:


title: School uniform

text: Currently, pros of school uniforms center around how uniforms affect school environments. Safe learning environments for students help them focus on school work and can lead them to great academic accomplishments. Students that wear school uniforms won't have to feel anxious or nervous about peer pressure in buying new clothes to fit in or being teased by other fellow classmates. Proponents have found a significant positive impact on school climate, safety, and students' self-perception from the implementation of uniforms.


title: School uniform

text: The opposing side of uniforms has claimed their ineffectiveness using a variety of justifications, a variety of which have research supporting them. Some of the cons to school uniforms include the following legal, financial, and questionable effectiveness concerns: The primary concern with school uniforms or strict dress codes is that it limits the ability of students to express themselves. Clothing is viewed as a means of expression – making all students wear the same clothes or limit them to what they can wear can disrupt their sense of identity. One of the main controversies focuses on dress code policies versus freedom of speech. This establishes that students cannot wear the latest trends or clothes that the school finds that interrupt the learning environment. However, students can wear clothing that express their religion. "Both the Constitution and most state laws protect students' rights to wear religious attire... such as the wearing of a turban, yarmulke, or headscarf."


title: School uniform

text: Another negative aspect of school uniforms is that the policy can be sexist. Boys and girls are often not disciplined in the same ways when it comes to dress codes. Girls are more commonly disciplined for certain articles of clothing that are prohibited because they "distract" boys. "Transgender students have been sent home for wearing clothing different from what's expected of their legalness, while others have been excluded from yearbooks."


title: School uniform

text: Uniforms also generally disadvantage students, especially girls, in freedom of movement and comfort. The research was conducted on an Australian independent private school and its uniform. Comfort-wise, for boys, the blazer was too hot/cold and uncomfortable. For girls, the light coloured cotton school dress was restrictive, see-through, hot, uncomfortable, and impractical. Furthermore, the stockings were often cold, grey woolen kilt was too heavy and restrictive of movement, and the wind could cause it to reveal more than the girls wanted. When playing and moving around, for boys, the school tie was a choking hazard, and the trousers had no stretch. For girls, the dress/skirt caused modesty issues (e.g. hard to swing on monkey bars/run around while keeping her privacy, hence stop being active), and the kilts were are too big and heavy.


title: School uniform

text: Research on how school uniforms and school dress codes influence the student can be inconclusive. "In the U.S., over half of public schools have a dress code, which frequently outline gender-specific policies."


title: School uniform

text: Students that do not wear uniforms can be just as successful as students who do wear school uniforms. The amount of effort and participation a student does during class determines their academic success, regardless of what they are wearing. Students who wear school uniforms does not grant them academic achievement.


title: Juliet Landau

text: Juliet Rose Landau is an American actress, director, producer, and ballerina best known for her role as Drusilla on "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" and its spinoff show "Angel", the latter appearance earning her a Saturn Award nomination. She is also known for co-starring as Loretta King in Tim Burton's "Ed Wood".


title: Juliet Landau

text: Landau was born in Los Angeles to actor parents Martin Landau and Barbara Bain. Both her parents were Jewish. Her older sister is film producer Susan Landau Finch. She spent her early childhood in West Los Angeles. Landau is a former professional ballerina.


title: Juliet Landau

text: Landau has made some independent films such as "Where The Road Runs Out", "Fairfield", "Monster Mutt", "Citizens", "Dark Hearts", "The Yellow Wallpaper", "Hack!", "Toolbox Murders", "Repossessed", "Carlo's Wake", "Life Among the Cannibals", "Ravager", "Direct Hit", and a co-starring turn in Henry Jaglom's "Going Shopping".


title: Juliet Landau

text: Landau has made television guest appearances, including on "Criminal Minds", "Millennium", "La Femme Nikita", "Strong Medicine" and a starring role in the Lifetime movie "Fatal Reunion". Landau voiced various characters on the animated series "Justice League Unlimited" and "Ben 10" as well as the animated movie "". She has also voiced characters for three of the "BioShock" video games.


title: Juliet Landau

text: Landau's theater roles include "Awake and Sing" at the Pittsburgh Public Theater, the world premiere of "Failure of Nerve", "Danny and the Deep Blue Sea", "A Streetcar Named Desire", "Uncommon Women and Others", "The Pushcart Peddlers", "Billy Irish", "We're Talking Today Here", the musical "How To Steal An Election", "Irish Coffee" and the world premiere of musical "The Songs of War". She played Natasha in a reading of "Three Sisters", assembled by Al Pacino at The Actors Studio.


title: Juliet Landau

text: Landau's directorial debut was 2008's "Take Flight", a short documentary film about Gary Oldman and his creative process. Oldman spoke positively about the experience. With her husband, Deverill Weekes, Landau co-directed "Dream Out Loud", about make-up artist Kazuhiro Tsuji, who was branching into the world of fine art. The film captures one of his creations from inception to culmination, and features interviews with Guillermo del Toro, Joseph Gordon-Levitt and Rian Johnson.


title: Juliet Landau

text: In 2009, Landau co-wrote issues #24 and #25 of the "" comic book series for IDW Publishing, in collaboration with Brian Lynch, with storylines featuring her Buffy and Angel character Drusilla. Landau also contributed numerous ideas and references for the cover and interior art of the issues, and has stated that she would like to write more comics set in the Buffyverse. She was slated to write a five-part Drusilla miniseries from Dark Horse Comics in 2014, which is now delayed.


title: Juliet Landau

text: In 2012–13, Landau produced and starred in the play "Danny and the Deep Blue Sea" directed by John McNaughton at the Crown City Theater in North Hollywood. Her portrayal won rave reviews and multiple awards, and the show was extended five times.


title: Juliet Landau

text: In July 2013, Landau was cast as a new incarnation of the Time Lord Romana in the audio dramas "Gallifrey" and "Luna Romana", both of which are spin-offs from the BBC television series "Doctor Who".


title: Juliet Landau

text: In September 2019, Landau was cast as the vampire Hester, for the web series "Vampire: The Masquerade - LA by Night". Her character was part a cabal of Tremere, vampires that can do blood sorcery, called the Wyrd Sisters.


title: Human (TV series)

text: Human is an Indian 2022 medical thriller streaming television series released on 14 January 2022 on Disney+ Hotstar, which portrays the underbelly of human drug testing and the world of medical scams and aims to expose the nexus between pharmaceutical companies, large private hospitals, and government officials who exploit the poor in human trials for new drugs.


title: 2010 Tonight Show conflict

text: The 2010 "Tonight Show" conflict was a media and public relations conflict involving the American television network NBC and two of its late-night talk show hosts, Conan O'Brien and Jay Leno, over the timeslot and hosting duties of long-running franchise "The Tonight Show".


title: 2010 Tonight Show conflict

text: Leno, the host of "The Tonight Show" since 1992, and O'Brien, host of "Late Night" since 1993, were strong ratings leaders for NBC for much of the decade. In 2001, when O'Brien's contract neared its end and he was courted by other networks, NBC agreed to extend his contract and eventually make him the fifth host of "The Tonight Show". The network neglected to tell Leno about this arrangement until 2004, when they informed him that O'Brien would take over as host in five years. When that time arrived, in 2009, NBC tried to keep both of its late-night stars by offering Leno a nightly primetime show before the local news and O'Brien's "Tonight Show".


title: 2010 Tonight Show conflict

text: "The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien" and "The Jay Leno Show" did not immediately receive strong ratings, and NBC affiliates complained of declining viewership. NBCUniversal CEO Jeff Zucker, alongside NBC chairman Jeff Gaspin and executive Rick Ludwin, created a remedy: return Leno to his 11:35 pm ET start time and bump O'Brien a half-hour later, to 12:05 am ET. O'Brien and his staff were disappointed and furious; when it became clear O'Brien would not agree to the proposed changes, the situation grew heated. Though not a breach of either host's contract, the change resulted in a public outcry and public demonstrations largely in support of O'Brien.


title: 2010 Tonight Show conflict

text: O'Brien's public statement that he would not participate in the "destruction" of "The Tonight Show" led to negotiations with NBC for a settlement. O'Brien and his staff received (equivalent to about $ million in ) to walk away from the network, with his final "Tonight Show" airing January 22, 2010; Leno was reinstated as host that March, while after a contractual seven-month ban against appearing on television, O'Brien moved to TBS to host "Conan". Leno returned to hosting "The Tonight Show" from 2010 until his retirement in 2014. The controversy surrounding the scheduling move and the reinstatement of Leno was described by media outlets as "embarrassing" and a "public relations disaster" for NBC.


title: 2010 Tonight Show conflict

text: On May 25, 1991, Johnny Carson, host of NBC's "The Tonight Show" for nearly thirty years, announced his retirement and retired from the program a year later. NBC signed Jay Leno, Carson's "exclusive guest host", to become the program's fourth host upon Carson's exit. Carson clearly held the view that the position should be given to David Letterman, host of his own program, "Late Night", which had directly followed Carson's "Tonight Show" for ten years. NBC tried to appease both stars, but Letterman left the network in a very public conflict that resulted in the creation of his own competing show on CBS, which began in 1993, "Late Show with David Letterman." Letterman's show regularly won in the Nielsen ratings against Leno for two years which showed that another late-night program could compete, both in ratings and advertising profits, with "The Tonight Show".


title: 2010 Tonight Show conflict

text: Leno's "Tonight Show" started rocky; prior to Letterman's move, NBC considered matching CBS's offer to allow Letterman to take over from Leno. Letterman beat Leno for nearly two years until August 1995, when Leno welcomed Hugh Grant, who had recently been arrested for soliciting a sex worker ("What the hell were you thinking?", Leno asked, to applause), to a previously-booked appearance on "Tonight". From that point on, Leno beat Letterman in the ratings, and "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" remained number one for the next fourteen years (for Leno's entire first stint as host).


title: 2010 Tonight Show conflict

text: NBC chose to continue the "Late Night" franchise, and at the suggestion of "Saturday Night Live" producer Lorne Michaels, hired Conan O'Brien, a relatively unknown writer for "SNL" and "The Simpsons", to take over the time slot beginning in late 1993. "Late Night with Conan O'Brien" was constantly at risk for cancellation in its early years; at one low point in 1994, NBC put O'Brien on a 3-month contract. Executives were anxious to replace him with Greg Kinnear, who followed O'Brien with "Later" at 1:30 am, but Kinnear left to pursue a career in acting later on. Interns filled empty seats in O'Brien's audience while affiliates began to inquire about replacement hosts. Things improved for "Late Night" slowly (mostly revolving around O'Brien's performance) and by 1996, O'Brien's audience, largely young and male (a coveted demographic), grew steadily and the show began to beat competitors in the ratings, which it would continue to do for fifteen years.


title: 2010 Tonight Show conflict

text: A notable episode of O'Brien's tenure on "Late Night" came when Letterman asked to appear as a guest and say some kind words to him. O'Brien considered this the turning point that changed everything for him, which he mentioned while paying tribute to Letterman in an opening monologue of his own talk show on TBS, which aired the same night as Letterman's final show; O'Brien notably asked his viewers to turn him off and watch Letterman later on in the monologue.


title: 2010 Tonight Show conflict

text: Near the turn of the millennium, NBC's late-night lineup—Leno at 11:35, O'Brien at 12:35, and "Saturday Night Live" on the weekend—remained a leader in the ratings. By 2001, O'Brien's contract at NBC had less than a year left to run, and despite arguably "coming into his own" in the preceding years, the network was reluctant to pay him on the same scale as other late-night hosts. That year, competing network Fox mounted an "extended, comprehensive campaign" to lure O'Brien away from NBC, citing his appeal from a younger late night demographic. News Corporation chairman and CEO Peter Chernin pursued O'Brien personally, taking him and executive producer Jeff Ross to dinner on several occasions. Fox's plan involved making O'Brien the network's signature star: his program would begin thirty minutes before Leno's and Letterman's (the network's local news broadcasts aired earlier than other networks, allowing the head start) and he would receive cross-promotion via its animated programming block and on Sunday NFL games. Chernin also offered the host seven times his current pay (a jump from US$3 million to US$21 million). Ross, friends with NBC president and CEO Jeff Zucker, informed him that Fox was aggressively pursuing O'Brien; NBC returned with a more realistic offer, bumping up O'Brien's salary to US$8 million and renewing him through 2005.


title: 2010 Tonight Show conflict

text: While many of O'Brien's professional advisors and managers pushed for the Fox deal, O'Brien's desire to one day perhaps take over "The Tonight Show" after Leno made it a difficult decision. Numerous executives, including president Bob Wright, were optimistic that O'Brien would stay at NBC despite other networks being interested in signing him. Chernin warned O'Brien that waiting around for Leno to leave would be destructive to his late-night television career. Nevertheless, O'Brien signed a new deal with NBC in March 2002; the contract extended him through 2005 and most significantly contained a clause that solidified the official line of succession: If anything were to happen to Leno, O'Brien would step in. A year later, NBC broadcast O'Brien's tenth late night anniversary special in primetime. By the time Leno's contract again came up for renewal, a discussion would be needed regarding the future of "The Tonight Show". The plan would extend Leno four additional years, after which he would give "The Tonight Show" to O'Brien.


title: 2010 Tonight Show conflict

text: In February 2004, NBC executive Marc Graboff informed Ross of the conversations, and he in turn ran the idea of waiting four more years to O'Brien, who was immediately receptive. Zucker, along with top late-night executive Rick Ludwin, met with Leno in March at his Burbank studio to discuss the contract extension, and explained NBC's stance on handing over the show to O'Brien. While Leno quietly felt both disappointed and befuddled, he noted he did not want to see himself and O'Brien go through the same dilemma he and Letterman faced twelve years earlier and agreed to the plans. His only request was that NBC wait to announce O'Brien as host until well after the extension was signed, to which the executives agreed. While Leno handled the news professionally, he soon headed to "Tonight Show" producer Debbie Vickers' office to let her know he felt as if he had just been fired. NBC's announcement of the renewal inevitably led to press speculation on O'Brien's fate; to that end, O'Brien and his team went with the charade, peppering interviews with unclear, vague statements on his future. On September 27, 2004, O'Brien officially signed on to become the next host of "The Tonight Show"; NBC allowed the first comment aside from the press release to come from Leno on that night's show. Leno compared "The Tonight Show" to a dynasty, stating "You hold it, and then you hand it off to the next person. And I don't want to see all the fighting and all the 'Who's better?' and nasty things back and forth in the press. So right now, here it is—Conan, it's yours! See you in five years, buddy!"


title: 2010 Tonight Show conflict

text: In private conversations, Leno likened his removal from "The Tonight Show" to the end of a relationship, noting that he was loyal and still ended up "heartbroken". From his perspective, NBC's decision made no sense, as his show had remained number one in ratings and consistently brought in money. He began frequently lamenting his confusion to producer Vickers, explaining that he was "sick of lying" when people inquired on his retirement. Eventually, Leno began mulling over his options after "Tonight", telling his staff that after the transition, they could move to another network like ABC. His frustration with the situation came across in his nightly monologues, as more jokes regarding NBC's fourth-place position in the ratings, as well as jokes regarding the future transition, began to appear. While NBC executives tended to not worry in the immediate years following the decision, by 2007 Zucker began to ponder what losing Leno might mean for the network. Around this time, Fox and ABC began conveying interest and holding discreet conversations with Leno.


title: 2010 Tonight Show conflict

text: Among the offers made to Leno by NBC's competitors was from Sony Pictures Television for a syndicated program. In early 2008, Zucker began to make trips to the Burbank studio in an effort to keep Leno. He gave him numerous suggestions, including a Bob Hope-type deal (high-profile specials), a Sunday night primetime show, or even a nightly cable show on USA Network (owned by NBCUniversal). Executives began to entertain an ideal solution—pay off O'Brien and retain Leno—but Zucker viewed the idea as "outrageous". By this time, NBC had already broken ground on a new studio for O'Brien's "Tonight Show", renovating Stage 1 at the Universal Studios Lot in Universal City, for a reported US$50 million. During a spring lunch meeting with Ross, NBC Sports chief Dick Ebersol advised that O'Brien retire silly antics and focus more on pitching his show to middle America, which would involve stretching out his monologue. O'Brien, then a year away from inheriting "The Tonight Show", was indeed lengthening his monologue, but viewed suggestions from Ludwin as largely unnecessary, desiring to put his own stamp on the show's tradition. By this point, O'Brien's high popularity at the time of the contract signing had gone down slightly. He had opted not to change his act to suit a more mainstream audience as NBC imagined he would, and CBS's Craig Ferguson, who occupied the post-Letterman slot as host of "The Late Late Show", had begun to occasionally beat O'Brien in overall ratings. Though internal anxiety increased among executives, most tended to still support O'Brien.


title: 2010 Tonight Show conflict

text: Zucker's last resort for Leno was a nightly 10 pm program. He imagined a nightly Leno show in that timeslot could perhaps turn around NBC's primetime ratings decline. On December 8, 2008, Leno verbally agreed to stay at the network—producing a nightly 10 pm variety show titled "The Jay Leno Show"—and phoned ABC and Fox to inform them. Zucker and Ludwin planned to meet with O'Brien later to explain the deal, but as word leaked out to "The New York Times", they decided to meet with him directly following that night's show. Following the meeting, Ross and O'Brien met with writers and mulled over the decision. O'Brien instantly felt uneasy, but as he was still in essence receiving "The Tonight Show", he remained calm. The final "Late Night with Conan O'Brien" episode aired on February 20, 2009, followed by "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" on May 29. Much of O'Brien's entire staff moved cross-country to Los Angeles to prepare his version of "The Tonight Show". He and his staff threw themselves into developing the program, but remained concerned regarding NBC's commitment to the new "Tonight Show" incarnation. Meanwhile, senior-level executives at NBC predicted that Leno's show would be roundly beaten by hour-long dramas on competing networks and cable, dooming the network's experiment.


title: 2010 Tonight Show conflict

text: "The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien" pulled in over nine million viewers to its June 1, 2009, premiere, doing extremely well in the coveted young demographics. Critics were generally very favorable; Tom Shales of "The Washington Post", once critical of O'Brien, wrote that, "There's every indication that O'Brien will be up to the job of his illustrious predecessors." Each night, older audiences gradually turned off the program as it aired; seven episodes later, Letterman's show had edged above O'Brien's for the first time. While Zucker called O'Brien to reiterate that the generational change was expected, other executives were not as pleased. O'Brien and his team were not happy with the lack of promotion in the show's early weeks. Against the wishes of several PR executives, Zucker authorized a press release proclaiming O'Brien "the New King of Late Night", a move that attracted ridicule. Zucker later regretted the decision, and many at O'Brien's "Tonight Show" offices were displeased.


title: 2010 Tonight Show conflict

text: Over the following weeks, Zucker grew weary with O'Brien's performance and what he regarded as a booking of the wrong stars. When a controversy erupted over a joke Letterman told regarding politician Sarah Palin's family, Zucker eagerly pushed the O'Brien camp to bring her on their show, eyeing an opportunity to regain viewers and perhaps make it a turning point for a show not doing particularly well. O'Brien disliked the idea, finding it pandering to viewers that would alienate fans and the press, as well as hurt his relationship with Letterman. Meanwhile, Letterman continued to score higher ratings than O'Brien with regularity; his fall interview with U.S. President Barack Obama topped "The Tonight Show" by almost 5 million viewers, and the next week, a scandal involving attempted extortion and personal affairs made Letterman the talk of the country. By August, "The Tonight Show" was still losing to Letterman in total viewers, but, owing to O'Brien's appeal to a young audience, maintained its lead in the touted demographics.


title: 2010 Tonight Show conflict

text: "The Jay Leno Show" premiered on September 14, 2009, featuring guests Jerry Seinfeld and Kanye West, shortly after West's infamous incident with Taylor Swift at the MTV Video Music Awards. The program racked up 17.7 million viewers, doing much better than O'Brien's "Tonight Show" debut in both overall numbers and young demographics. Some critics were harsh with Leno's program, with many viewing it as a rehash of the show he had just left. Mary McNamara of the "Los Angeles Times" said one of its sponsors' commercials was funnier than the show itself, saying, "This is the future of television? This wasn't even a good rendition of television past." By the show's second week, which saw it airing directly opposite season premieres, "The Jay Leno Show" saw its audience size fall to five million viewers. As the weeks wore on, producer Vickers noticed that NBC's plan—to save the best segments, such as Leno's signature "Headlines", for last in order to provide a strong lead-in for local news—was possibly hurting the program. One month in, Leno often only made third place, and executives became more uneasy.


title: 2010 Tonight Show conflict

text: Ratings for NBC affiliates' local news broadcasts at 11 pm began to slip by mid-October, especially on NBC owned-and-operated stations in the largest markets, creating high anxiety for the network. "The Tonight Show" still retained a slightly higher share of the coveted 18–34 demographic against Letterman, but saw those numbers slip even more when "The Jay Leno Show" began. Affiliates began to complain, and in addition to a domino effect on the local news, O'Brien, and his 12:30 am successor, "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon", the disastrous ratings for Leno had damaged NBC's existing primetime lineups. This cascading effect caused by the lowered 10 pm lead-in was so significant that local NBC affiliate news viewership fell an average of twenty-five percent nationwide, with the decline in some markets being as high as fifty percent. By November, two months after the debut of "The Jay Leno Show", ratings for "The Tonight Show" were brought down "roughly two million viewers a night year-to-year" from when Leno hosted the program. Clearing the 10 pm time period for Leno also damaged relations with the producers of scripted shows that previously occupied that slot, such as Dick Wolf of "Law & Order". Leno offered an October 29 interview to "Broadcasting & Cable" where he stated he would return to his original 11:35 time slot if offered by NBC. When O'Brien's sidekick and announcer Andy Richter called the move less than "classy" in a chat with TV Squad, Leno called Ludwin to complain.


title: 2010 Tonight Show conflict

text: As most programs went into repeats in December, Leno's staff, notably Vickers, had focused on grabbing big-name guests for that month in an effort to save "The Jay Leno Show"; these efforts were cut short when she was informed they had "until the end of November". Affiliates began calling the network to inquire about the show's fate, and research analysis revealed O'Brien's drastically reduced median age for "The Tonight Show"—age 56 to 46—could possibly reflect that he was too "niche" for the earlier time. Any effort to take Leno off the air was halted by his contract, which had a highly unusual "pay-and-play" provision, in contrast to the typical "pay-or-play" agreement, which guaranteed NBC would both air his program and pay him for up to two years. On November 6, NBC chairman Jeff Gaspin received an email from the sales division with a suggestion to cancel O'Brien and reinstate Leno as host of "The Tonight Show". Upon Gaspin's legal interpretation of Leno's contract, the option to simply move Leno back to "The Tonight Show" became relevant. When very poor ratings came in for the November sweeps period, affiliates became alarmed, and NBC board members demanded something be done regarding the 10 pm lead-in.