title: MBT-70

text: The MBT-70 was equipped with a laser rangefinder and an auto-loader, located in the turret rear, two 'cutting edge' devices for this time. The auto-loader was capable of loading both missiles and normal tank rounds. Italy had also contributed to the XM-150 as the automatic loading system was built by OTO Melara (now Leonardo). The automatic loading system had a vertical rotating magazine equipped with 16 containers, for 5 types of ammunition, which allowed a firing speed of 12 rounds per minute.


title: MBT-70

text: The Germans were planning to use the MBT-70 in combination with the "Keiler", a tank equipped with a Rheinmetall 120mm smoothbore gun. Therefore, a suggestion was made to base a version of the Keiler on the MBT-70 chassis; this version was nicknamed "Eber", but only a wooden mock-up was made. According to the German plans, the MBT-70 would destroy enemies at long ranges, while the "Keiler" would have an effective combat range of up to .


title: MBT-70

text: The secondary armament of the MBT-70 consisted of a remote-controlled 20 mm Rh 202 autocannon for use against aircraft and light armored vehicles. The gun could be retracted into a container behind the driver's rotating cupola for protection as well as to reduce overall height, and was operated remotely by the commander. Furthermore, a 7.62 mm machine gun was mounted co-axially alongside the main gun for close-defense. The US prototypes were fitted with the M73 machine gun, while the German version utilized the MG 3 machine gun.


title: MBT-70

text: The ammunition load of the MBT-70 prototype seen in the "Deutsches Panzermuseum" consists of 42 tank rounds, 6 Shillelagh missiles, 660 20×139 mm cannon rounds and 2,700 7.62×51mm NATO machine gun rounds.


title: MBT-70

text: The frontal area of both the hull and turret was protected by spaced armor and provision was made for the installation of a polyethylene radiation shielding to achieve an attenuation ratio of 20:1 against neutron radiation.


title: MBT-70

text: The outer layer was made of High Performance Armour developed in the United States and incorporated in the mid-1960s in the design of the MBT-70.


title: MBT-70

text: The frontal arc of the MBT-70 was protected against 105 mm APDS ammunition fired from 800 m distance.


title: MBT-70

text: The High Performance Armour contained 9% of nickel and 4% of cobalt and was produced by vacuum arc remelting. It was heat treated to 500 BHN, like the other types of high hardness armour, but it was produced from the start in the form of plates 40 mm thick.


title: MBT-70

text: Two watertight armored transverse bulkheads separated the crew in the center from the multi-ply rubber fuel tank in the front compartment and the engine compartment in the rear.


title: MBT-70

text: To save weight, aluminum was used for the engine compartment floor and for access doors on the engine deck.


title: MBT-70

text: The MBT-70 was protected against electromagnetic pulses and nuclear, biological and chemical weapons as well.


title: MBT-70

text: The tank's low silhouette, which could be lowered from to only , was also a large advantage. Compared to the M60 tank, the MBT-70 had a lower profile. With the hydropneumatic suspension lowered it was also smaller than the Leopard 1, which gave the MBT-70 a better hull down position.


title: MBT-70

text: The MBT-70 was equipped with eight XM176 smoke grenade dischargers, each discharger barrel contained two smoke grenades; one AN-M8 HC and one M34 WP. Actuated from the commander's station, these launchers provided close-in protection and concealment for the vehicle. The KPz-70 was equipped with 16 in four rows of 4.


title: MBT-70

text: The MBT-70 was capable of reaching a top speed of , and maintained a higher level of mobility than any tank of its time. It was considerably faster than the M60 and even faster than the Leopard 1 tank, while easily besting Soviet vehicles such as the T-62 and T-64. It also could accelerate three times faster than the M60. In cross-country performance the high power engine and hydropneumatic suspension allowed it to travel almost three times as fast as the M60 without causing problems for the crew.


title: MBT-70

text: A prototype series started in 1965, with two mild steel hull and six "complete" hulls of both the US and German versions, for a total of 14 hulls. The lower hull and drivetrain were tested in 1966, and full trials began in 1968.


title: MBT-70

text: The tank proved to have better mobility than the M60: it was considerably faster, both in all-out speed and, more importantly, with about three times the acceleration. All of this led to a reduction in the time the tank was exposed to fire, in testing it was 1/3 less likely to be seen while maneuvering than the M60, and it could run a obstacle course in 30% less time.


title: MBT-70

text: A year behind schedule, the U.S. and Germany debuted their MBT-70s publicly in October 1967. An American prototype was displayed outside the Association of the United States Army in Washington. The German demonstration in Augsburg ended prematurely: smoke poured out of the tank after the turret's hydraulics malfunctioned. Observers were nonetheless impressed and German officials said the tank was on track to replace all M48 Pattons of the Bundeswehr by 1972.


title: MBT-70

text: An unanticipated problem was that the drivers complained of disorientation when the turret was rotated, contrary to the predictions of the designers who felt the location of the cupola near the center of rotation would eliminate this effect. The German 120mm gun proved excellent, although only firing APFSDS and HEAT, but the XM150 gun/launcher had serious problems. The similar but smaller XM81 gun/launcher mounted on the M551 Sheridan proved to be just as troublesome. There were also several problems with the ammunition. The caseless design made conventional tank rounds too vulnerable to water. Wet rounds expanded so they would not fit into the barrel anymore or left hard residues after being fired.


title: MBT-70

text: The auto-loader was capable of handling the Shillelagh missile without problems, but the combustible cases of the tank rounds could be deformed by it. As is often a problem with caseless ammunition, the ammunition also had a tendency to "cook-off", or fire prematurely, due to heat build-up in the barrel from previously fired rounds. The attempted solution, to only carry a single round with the balance in missiles, also proved unacceptable. Deployment of the 20mm anti-aircraft cannon also proved difficult and the weapon itself was overcomplicated and nearly impossible to use effectively.


title: MBT-70

text: Another problem of the MBT-70 was the increasing weight. While at the beginning of the project, a weight of some was projected, it increased to during development, which forced the designers to redesign some elements, so that finally a weight of was reached, still higher than required. This meant that the MBT-70 would require its own armored recovery vehicles and bridge-launching systems.


title: MBT-70

text: In order to power the tank at the required speed, a turbine engine was developed for the original American model. However, turbine engines need very clean air, and the quantities of dust churned up by tank operations proved problematic. After initial efforts to solve the problem using air filters, the turbine engine was replaced with conventional piston engines.


title: MBT-70

text: Commentators on the MBT-70 typically assert that though it was innovative in many respects, the project was ruined by the use of too many untried and unproven technologies. Senator James W. Fulbright commented that to drive an MBT-70, a master's degree from a technical institute would be required.


title: MBT-70

text: By 1969 the MBT-70 cost five times what was projected, at $1 million a unit. Originally the planned costs of the MBT-70 project were as low as $80 million (or 292.8 million DM), but in 1969 the project had already cost $303 million (nearly 1.1 billion DM). West Germany's part alone of this was about $130 million (475.8 million DM), which in itself was more than the original planned total costs of the project.


title: MBT-70

text: A July 1969 House Armed Services subcommittee report on the troubled M551 Sheridan asked that funding for the MBT-70 be withheld pending a comprehensive review of the program. In August 1969, Senator Thomas Eagleton was granted a request that the Government Accounting Office undertake an audit of the program.


title: MBT-70

text: The GAO recommended the tank development program proceed on an austere basis. Acting on this recommendation, Deputy Secretary of Defense David Packard agreed to withhold $25 million earmarked for the production of six prototypes while the DoD completed a review of the project. Packard was ultimately persuaded by Army leaders that the American MBT-70 project was technically sound. The Army agreed that development would be better off without German cooperation. In January 1970, the Department of Defense ended its tank partnership with Germany and committed to forging ahead with its own design.


title: MBT-70

text: Germany started the development of the "Keiler" on its own. Later this program would lead to the Leopard 2.


title: MBT-70

text: Work began on converting the existing MBT-70 design into a low-cost "austere" alternative that would use only American-made components, resulting in the nearly-identical XM803 prototype. Congress hoped to drive down the per-tank cost to $500,000–$600,000, saving $200,000 per tank versus the MBT-70.


title: MBT-70

text: The largest cost savings came from a switch to a less expensive steel armor plating. An American-made engine also reduced costs. The design was slightly heavier and slower. General Motors received a $16.5 million contract to develop the tank in July 1971.


title: MBT-70

text: Despite these compromises, the XM803 design began to match the MBT-70 in complexity as development progressed. In September 1971, Congress defeated an amendment by Senator Thomas Eagleton that would cut 35.3 million in funding for six XM803 prototypes. In December 1971, Congress canceled the tank in the defense appropriation bill. The bill appropriated $20 million for cancelation costs and $20 million for the development of a new tank program. This became the XM1 design project, which led to the production-model M1 Abrams tank.


title: MBT-70

text: In a post-mortem report of his four years on the project, American program manager Brig. Gen. Bernard Luczak attributed the high cost of the tank to the difficulties of managing a joint program. Luczak claimed General Motors charged a premium for its defense contract work, which it considered insignificant compared to its burgeoning automotive business.


title: MBT-70

text: In the 1989 book "King of the Killing Zone" author Orr Kelly called the end of the MBT-70 program, "one of the most fortunate occurrences to befall the U.S. Army."


title: MBT-70

text: Altogether 14 prototypes and test beds were built, two made of mild steel. Some of them have survived in museums and can still be visited today.


title: YouTube headquarters shooting

text: On April 3, 2018, at approximately 12:46 p.m. PDT, a shooting occurred at the headquarters of the video-sharing website YouTube in San Bruno, California. The shooter was identified as 38-year-old Nasim Najafi Aghdam, who entered through an exterior parking garage, approached an outdoor patio, and opened fire with a Smith & Wesson 9 mm semi-automatic pistol. Aghdam wounded three people, one of them critically, before killing herself.


title: YouTube headquarters shooting

text: At 12:46 p.m., San Bruno police received reports of a shooter at the YouTube headquarters. Aghdam's weapon had a capacity of 10 rounds and she emptied one magazine before reloading. Helicopter footage later showed a large hole and broken glass in the building's lobby doors. A coroner's report found that Aghdam died of a self-inflicted gunshot to the heart, finding no evidence of drugs or alcohol in her system.


title: YouTube headquarters shooting

text: The perpetrator was identified by police as Nasim Najafi Aghdam (; 5 April 1979 – 3 April 2018), a vegan activist and fitness personality of Iranian-Azerbaijani heritage. She was born in Urmia, Iran, her parents immigrated to Iran from the Republic of Azerbaijan. She immigrated to the United States with her family in 1996. She was a registered member of the Baháʼí Faith and described how veganism was aligned with her religion, and was critical of Muslims and Baháʼís who ate animals. She lived with her grandmother in Riverside County, California. She posted content on Facebook, Instagram, Telegram and YouTube in Persian, Azerbaijani, English and Turkish. Her content went viral on Iranian social media and drew widespread attention. She had previously protested with People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) against the use of pigs in United States Marine Corps training procedures for victims of trauma.


title: YouTube headquarters shooting

text: Nasim Aghdam purchased and registered a 9 mm Smith & Wesson semi-automatic pistol from The Gun Range San Diego, a gun dealer, on January 16, 2018. On March 31, 2018, Aghdam's family reported to the police that Nasim Aghdam was missing. According to her father, she "hated" YouTube, and the family was worried she might be traveling to the company's offices.


title: YouTube headquarters shooting

text: The morning before the shooting, police officers found Aghdam sleeping in her car in a Walmart parking lot in Mountain View, south of YouTube's headquarters. The officers did not identify her as a threat, and it is unclear whether these police officers were aware of the concerns of Aghdam's father. Aghdam visited a shooting range the day before the shooting.


title: YouTube headquarters shooting

text: Police believe Aghdam was motivated by perceived discrimination by YouTube towards her channels. She complained about the company on her website, writing that "Youtube filtered my channels to keep them from getting views!" and that the company had demonetized most of her videos.


title: YouTube headquarters shooting

text: Ismail Aghdam, her father, of Riverside County, said that his daughter was a "vegan activist and animal lover" who told him that YouTube had been censoring her videos and stopped paying her for her content. "She was angry," he said. According to the "San Jose Mercury-News":[Nasim] Aghdam was prolific on social media, posting videos and photos on Instagram, Facebook, YouTube. Her YouTube channel included strange workout video clips, graphic [anti-]animal abuse videos and vegan cooking tutorials.


title: YouTube headquarters shooting

text: San Francisco General Hospital and Stanford University Medical Center treated the victims. Four injuries were reported. The victims were a 36-year-old man in critical condition, a 32-year-old woman in fair condition, and a 27-year-old woman in stable condition. Another person injured her ankle while fleeing the building.


title: YouTube headquarters shooting

text: Then U.S. President Donald Trump was briefed on the shooting and tweeted, "Our thoughts and prayers are with everybody involved. Thank you to our phenomenal Law Enforcement Officers and First Responders that are currently on the scene." Other notable politicians who tweeted their condolences include Vice President Mike Pence, then Minority Leader of the United States House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi and California U.S. senator Dianne Feinstein.


title: YouTube headquarters shooting

text: YouTube CEO Susan Wojcicki wrote on Twitter: "There are no words to describe how horrible it was to have an active shooter @YouTube today. Our deepest gratitude to law enforcement & first responders for their rapid response. Our hearts go out to all those injured & impacted today. We will come together to heal as a family." Google CEO Sundar Pichai echoed these sentiments on Twitter, and sent an email to his employees describing the shooting as an "unimaginable tragedy" and a "horrific act of violence." Tim Cook and Jeff Bezos, the CEOs of Apple and Amazon respectively, also offered their condolences. Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey, Uber CEO Dara Khosrowshahi, and Box CEO Aaron Levie called for stricter gun control legislation.


title: YouTube headquarters shooting

text: The Baháʼí National Center condemned the shooting by Aghdam and extended condolences to individuals hurt by this event.


title: Brian Murphy (actor)

text: Brian Trevor John Murphy (born 25 September 1932) is an English actor and comedian. He is best known as the henpecked husband George Roper in the popular sitcom "Man About the House" and its spin-off series "George and Mildred", and as Alvin Smedley in "Last of the Summer Wine". Other notable roles include Stan the shopkeeper in the 90s children's series "Wizadora" and in "The Booze Cruise" comedy drama series.


title: Brian Murphy (actor)

text: Murphy was born on 25 September 1932 in Ventnor, Isle of Wight, the son of grocer's assistant Gerald Murphy and his wife Mabel, both of whom later became restaurateurs. His two brothers Ken and Eric died during active service in the Second World War. He was called up to do his national service at RAF Northwood, where he met future "The Good Life" actor Richard Briers. On leaving the RAF the two aspiring actors both performed in productions by the Dramatic Society at the Borough Polytechnic Institute, now London South Bank University. Murphy was a member of Joan Littlewood's Theatre Workshop (alongside Yootha Joyce), and a jobbing actor in the 1960s and early 1970s, combining his theatre work with appearances in television shows such as "The Avengers", "Z-Cars", "Callan" and "Dixon of Dock Green", before being cast in the role which would make him a household name.


title: Brian Murphy (actor)

text: In "Man About the House", Murphy played the lazy George Roper, whose wife, Mildred, was played by Yootha Joyce. Her domineering, social-climbing characteristic was a sharp contrast to George's desire for an easy and quiet life and the pairing was an instant hit. A contributing factor to their immediate chemistry was that they had been friends for many years. Aside from their Theatre Workshop years, Murphy also featured in "Sparrows Can't Sing" (1963) with Joyce and other Theatre Workshop colleagues, including Barbara Windsor.


title: Brian Murphy (actor)

text: When "Man About The House" ended in 1976, a spin-off was created for Murphy and Joyce, entitled "George and Mildred". This ran for five series until 1979. In 1978 he released the single 'Jogging' (B Side 'The Great Gnome Robbery') on the Pye Records Label. Murphy reprised his role in feature films of both sitcoms. Joyce died in 1980, and the planned final series of "George and Mildred" was cancelled. The following year, another sitcom was created for Murphy with him in the title role in "The Incredible Mr. Tanner" along with "Man About The House" and "George and Mildred" co-star Roy Kinnear, but the show failed to gain popularity. He moved to the BBC in 1982 for the driving school sitcom "L For Lester", but this was also a ratings failure and was cancelled after just six episodes.


title: Brian Murphy (actor)

text: Murphy continued to appear regularly on television, most notably as "Alvin Smedley" in "Last of the Summer Wine" from 2003 to 2010, that was promoted by a cast return to Rose Theatre site and also with roles in "On Your Way, Riley" (1985) as Arthur Lucan, "Lame Ducks" (as a private investigator); "The Bill" (as a drunken tramp dressed as an elf at Christmas); comedy series "Pond Life", an animation series, as Len Pond, the father of protagonist Dolly Pond (Sarah Ann Kennedy), "One Foot in the Grave" starring Richard Wilson (playing a character called Mr Foskett);, "Brookside"; and as a shopkeeper called Stan in the pre-school children's TV series "Wizadora". In 2010 he appeared in an episode of "Hustle" called "The Thieving Mistake". He has more recently made appearances in comedy shows "The Catherine Tate Show", "This is Jinsy" and "Benidorm". Murphy can also be seen in all three episodes of the ITV comedy "The Booze Cruise", playing Maurice. He also appeared as Frank Dobson in "The Cafe" from 2011 and 2013. He also appeared in the Channel 4 comedy "Man Down" as music teacher Frank Field-Williams in the 2013 Christmas special.


title: Brian Murphy (actor)

text: Murphy married his second wife, "Hi-de-Hi!" actress Linda Regan, in 1995; they live in Kent. Murphy has two adult children, Trevor and Kevin, from his previous marriage to Carol Gibson. His grandson is the playwright Martin Murphy, whose play "Manor" was performed at the Tristan Bates Theatre in Covent Garden in 2010.


title: Brian Murphy (actor)

text: Murphy also played Robert Collins in an episode of the audio series of "Doctor Who" by Big Finish Productions in an episode entitled "The Home Guard" in November 2019.


title: Parikshit

text: Parikshit (, ) was a Kuru king who reigned during the Middle Vedic period (12th-10th centuries BCE). Along with his son and successor, Janamejaya, he played a decisive role in the consolidation of the Kuru state, the arrangement of Vedic hymns into collections, and the development of the orthodox srauta ritual, transforming the Kuru realm into the dominant political and cultural center of northern Iron Age India. He also appears as a figure in later legends and traditions. According to the Mahabharata and the Puranas, he succeeded his grand uncle Yudhishthira to the throne of Hastinapura.


title: Parikshit

text: (thus) with his wife. — ‘What shall I bring you, sour milk, the "mantha" [a barley/milk drink?' the wife keeps asking in the Realm of King Pariksit. — By itself, the ripe


title: Parikshit

text: barley bends heavily ("iva") over the deep track of the path. The dynasty thrives auspiciously in the


title: Parikshit

text: Parikshit is eulogised in a hymn of the "Atharvaveda" (XX.127.7-10) as a great Kuru king ("Kauravya"), whose realm flowed with milk and honey and people lived happily in his kingdom. He is mentioned as the "raja vishvajanina" (universal king).


title: Parikshit

text: According to the Mahabharata, Parikshit married princess Madravati of the Madra Kingdom, reigned for 60 years, and died. It is believed that his son, Janamejaya, succeeded the throne.


title: Parikshit

text: Only one Parikshit is mentioned in Vedic literature; however, post-Vedic literature (Mahabharata and Puranas) seems to indicate the existence of two kings by this name –– one who lived before the Kurukshetra War, an ancestor to the Pandavas, and one who lived later as a descendant of the Pandavas. Historian H. C. Raychaudhuri believes that the second Parikshit's description better corresponds to the Vedic king, whereas the information available about the first is scanty and inconsistent, but Raychaudhuri questions whether there were actually two distinct kings. He suggests that the doubling was eventually "invented by genealogists to account for anachronisms" in the later parts of the Mahabharata, as "a bardic duplication of the same original individual regarding whose exact place in the Kuru genealogy no unanimous tradition had survived," and therefore there "is an intrusion into the genealogical texts" of the late, post-Vedic tradition, which also has two of Parikshit's son Janamejaya.


title: Parikshit

text: Michael Witzel notes Parikṣhit to be an early Kuru king; he dates the Pārikṣita Dynasty to c. 1200-1100 BC (the late Rig-Vedic period). In contrast, H.C. Raychaudhuri had dated him to ninth century BC. Witzel deems Parikṣhit (along with other kings of the dynasty) to be primarily responsible for the collation of diverse strands of material into singular "national" collections — Rig Veda Samhita, Samveda Samhitas, and Khilani.


title: Parikshit

text: According to the "Shatapatha Brahmana" (XIII.5.4), Parikshita had four sons, Janamejaya, Bhimasena, Ugrasena and Śrutasena. All of them performed the "Asvamedha Yajna".


title: Parikshit

text: His bodily existence ended due to the curse of the sage Shringi, who used the Nāga king, Takshaka, the ruler of Taxila as the instrument of death. Parikshit was the husband of Queen Madravati and was succeeded by his son Janamejaya. According to the "Mahabharata", he ruled for 60 years and died.


title: Parikshit

text: Parikshit is believed to be a reincarnation of Satya Yuga, the personified first yuga in Hindu mythology. The Bhagavata Purana (1.8.9) states that the son of Drona, Ashwatthama had prepared a Brahmastra (a powerful weapon summoned to Brahma) to kill the Pandavas heir (King Parikshit), while he was in his mother's (Uttarā) womb, as a revenge against the Pandavas for killing his relatives and friends (in particular his father Drona and friend Duryodhan) in the Kurukshetra war. Uttarā was terrified by the powerful rays of the weapon and worried about her child. Her mother-in-law Subhadra prayed to Krishna, who was also her brother, for help to save their heir. Krishna pacified her and protected the child in the womb from the deadly weapon and thus saved his life. Parikshit was thus born to Uttara. He was named Vişņurāta, because Lord Vishnu had given him to the Pandavas when their race was about to become extinct. Later he was crowned heir to the Pandavas at Hastinapura.


title: Parikshit

text: After his coronation, he performed three sacrifices. While performing the sacrifices he traveled throughout the country. Once he saw a man beating a one-legged bull with a rod, and kicking a cow. He became angry at this sight and arrested the man. Parikshit was about to kill him when the man revealed his true identity as Kali. Kali begged forgiveness from Parikshit, who forgave him but ordered him to leave the kingdom. Kali obeyed this order and left Parikshit's kingdom. Satisfied, the cow revealed herself as the Prithvi, who was grief-stricken for Krishna had returned to his abode (Vaikuntha) and had left earth. The bull was Dharma whose other three legs were mutilated and he now only stood one leg in the Kali Yuga.


title: Parikshit

text: Once while hunting, King Parikshit encountered Kali Purush who asked him for a new shelter other than his places of gambling, prostitution, vice and immoral relationship. King Parikshit allowed him to reside in gold. Though he asked him to reside in gold, the crown of King happened to be of gold, eventually Kali Purush entered King's mind. As the king crossed paths he saw sage Shamika meditating and asked him the whereabouts of a deer which he was hunting. But the sage did not respond as he was meditating. Angry at this, Parikshit tossed a dead snake around the sage's neck due to the ill effects of Kali Purush in his mind. The sage had a son named Shringi, who heard this incident from another sage's son named Krisa. He became furious as he didn't know the deceit played by Kali Purush. He cursed Parikshit to die of a snakebite in seven days, for disrespecting his father, Rishi Shamika.


title: Parikshit

text: When Shamika learned of the curse his son had given, he was dissatisfied. Shamika ordered his disciple Gaurmukha to go to Parikshit and tell him everything about his death. When Parikshit heard about the curse he accepted his fate, but the ministers created a mansion that would stand on a solitary column and remain well guarded.


title: Parikshit

text: Kashyapa, a sage who knew how to cure snakebites was coming for the king. But Takshaka changed the mind of the sage by offering him more wealth. Takshaka came to the king in form of an insect in fruits and bit Parikshit, which eventually led to his death.


title: Parikshit

text: The death of Parikshit is also recorded by another episode when the Pandavas conquered Khandavaprastha (now known as Indraprastha). Takshaka is the head of snakes, who was residing in Nagaloka without any human disturbance. When the Pandavas arrived, Takshaka felt his freedom is seized, with pure anger, he ordered his troops to attack the Pandavas and their subjects. The widespread attack resulted in the death of many people, or everyone except the Pandavas and their wife Draupadi. After this incident, Arjuna, the third Pandava, lifted his bow and set fire to the Nagaloka. Takshaka grew even more furious and vowed to kill one of the lineages of the Pandavas. The vow of Takshaka and the curse of Rishi Shamika's son Sringin gave the ultimate destiny of Parikshit that he will be killed by a snakebite.


title: Parikshit

text: On hearing of his father's death by Takshaka, Parikshit's son Janamejaya vowed to kill Takshaka within a week. He starts the Sarpasatra, a yagna, which forced each and every snake in the universe to fall in the havan kund. However, Indra tries to save Takshaka from getting pulled in sacrifice. The sages who perform sacrifice start chanting "Indraay swaahaa, Takshakaay cha swaahaa". Due to this, even Indra starts getting pulled in the sacrifice. Later, this yagna/sacrifice was stopped from doing so by Astika Muni, (who is the son of Manasa Devi). Thus, Takshaka was spared, and Janamejaya stops his Sarpasatra. That day was Shukla Paksha Panchami in the month of Shravana and is since celebrated as the festival of Naga Panchami.


title: KS-23

text: The KS-23 is a Soviet shotgun, although because it uses a rifled barrel it is officially designated by the Russian military as a carbine. KS stands for "Karabin Spetsialniy", "Special Carbine". It is renowned for its large caliber, firing a 23 mm round, equating to 6.27 gauge using the British and American standards of shotgun gauges and approximately 4 gauge using the current European standards (based on the metric CIP tables), making it the largest-bore shotgun in use today.


title: KS-23

text: The KS-23 was designed in the 1970s for suppressing prison riots. It was created by TsNIITochMash, a key Soviet weapons developer, for the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD). The barrel for the KS-23 were made from 23 mm aircraft gun barrels that were rejected due to manufacturing flaws. These rejected barrels were deemed to be acceptable for the lower stress of firing slugs and less-lethal rounds, and thus were cut down in length for use as shotgun barrels.


title: KS-23

text: The KS-23 began to see use during the mid-1980s by several MVD forces. During the 1990s, research was made into improving the original design to make it usable in confined indoor areas. Two prototypes were proposed, the KS-23M and KS-23K, although only the M version saw use.


title: KS-23

text: The KS-23 was created with the capability to fire several different types of ammunition, listed below:


title: KS-23

text: Later, two add-on muzzle mortars were produced, the 36 mm Nasadka-6 and 82 mm Nasadka-12, bringing with them several new ammunition types:


title: KS-23

text: The original KS-23 was developed jointly by NIISpetstekhniki (MVD) and TsNIITochmash in 1971, it was accepted for use by the Soviet police in 1985. The gun has a barrel length of 510 mm and an overall length of 1040 mm. The KS-23 has an underbarrel tubular magazine capable of holding three rounds, with one in the chamber giving the gun a maximum round capacity of four. The gun's effective range is 150 m.


title: KS-23

text: The KS-23M «дрозд» (Carbine, Special, 23 mm, modernized - project: "Drozd" > "Thrush") was developed on the base of the KS-23. Development for it was started in October 1990. Twenty-five carbines were submitted for testing on December 10, 1991. After which the winner, then designated S-3, became the KS-23M "Thrush" and was accepted for use by the police and the Internal Troops of Russia. The KS-23M includes a detachable wire buttstock and shortened barrel, as opposed to the fixed wooden stock on standard KS-23s. The gun is still chambered in 23 mm. Its overall length with the buttstock is 875 mm, without, 650 mm, and the barrel is 410 mm long. The gun's effective range is 150 m.


title: KS-23

text: The KS-23K is a redesigned KS-23 that features a bullpup layout. The KS-23K was accepted in 1998 for the use of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD). Development and adoption of this carbine was motivated by the fact that in the earlier accepted configurations of the KS-23 and KS-23M a major noted deficiency was that the tubular magazine did not make it possible to rapidly reload or change the type of ammunition being used, because of this a major design change for the KS-23K is that it has an extended box magazine that holds seven shells instead of the three shells seen on the other models. The gun has a mechanical safety located on the left side, above the pistol handle and open non adjustable sights. The gun's effective range is 100 m.


title: KS-23

text: The civilian version of the KS-23 is the ТОZ-123 "Drake-4" ("ТОЗ-123 «Селезень-4»"). It is manufactured by Tulsky Oruzheiny Zavod and features a smoothbore design, making it more similar to a traditional shotgun, and is chambered in standard 4-gauge. The first shotgun was made in 1995


title: KS-23

text: The shotgun is multicharged, with a tubular underbarrel magazine of 3-cartridge capacity. Reloading is provided with a removable fore-end. The presence of the special barrel rear projection on the frame combined with the rear sight gives the possibility of mounting an optical sight. The shotgun is intended for the amateur hunting with shot cartridges.


title: BitLocker

text: BitLocker is a full volume encryption feature included with Microsoft Windows versions starting with Windows Vista. It is designed to protect data by providing encryption for entire volumes. By default, it uses the AES encryption algorithm in cipher block chaining (CBC) or XTS mode with a 128-bit or 256-bit key. CBC is not used over the whole disk; it is applied to each individual sector.


title: BitLocker

text: BitLocker originated as a part of Microsoft's Next-Generation Secure Computing Base architecture in 2004 as a feature tentatively codenamed "Cornerstone" and was designed to protect information on devices, particularly if a device was lost or stolen; another feature, titled "Code Integrity Rooting", was designed to validate the integrity of Microsoft Windows boot and system files. When used in conjunction with a compatible Trusted Platform Module (TPM), BitLocker can validate the integrity of boot and system files before decrypting a protected volume; an unsuccessful validation will prohibit access to a protected system. BitLocker was briefly called Secure Startup before Windows Vista's release to manufacturing.


title: BitLocker

text: Initially, the graphical BitLocker interface in Windows Vista could only encrypt the operating system volume. Starting with Windows Vista with Service Pack 1 and Windows Server 2008, volumes other than the operating system volume could be encrypted using the graphical tool. Still, some aspects of the BitLocker (such as turning autolocking on or off) had to be managed through a command-line tool called codice_1.


title: BitLocker

text: The version of BitLocker included in Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 adds the ability to encrypt removable drives. On Windows XP or Windows Vista, read-only access to these drives can be achieved through a program called BitLocker To Go Reader, if FAT16, FAT32 or exFAT filesystems are used. In addition, a new command-line tool called codice_2 replaced the old codice_1.


title: BitLocker

text: Starting with Windows Server 2012 and Windows 8, Microsoft has complemented BitLocker with the Microsoft Encrypted Hard Drive specification, which allows the cryptographic operations of BitLocker encryption to be offloaded to the storage device's hardware. In addition, BitLocker can now be managed through Windows PowerShell. Finally, Windows 8 introduced Windows To Go in its Enterprise edition, which BitLocker can protect.


title: BitLocker

text: Windows Mobile 6.5, Windows RT and core editions of Windows 8.1 include device encryption, a feature-limited version of BitLocker that encrypts the whole system. Logging in with a Microsoft account with administrative privileges automatically begins the encryption process. The recovery key is stored to either the Microsoft account or Active Directory, allowing it to be retrieved from any computer. While device encryption is offered on all versions of 8.1, unlike BitLocker, device encryption requires that the device meet the InstantGo (formerly Connected Standby) specifications, which requires solid-state drives, non-removable RAM (to protect against cold boot attacks) and a TPM 2.0 chip.


title: BitLocker

text: Starting with Windows 10 1703, the requirements for device encryption have changed, requiring a TPM 1.2 or 2.0 module with PCR 7 support, UEFI Secure Boot, and that the device meets Modern Standby requirements or HSTI validation.


title: BitLocker

text: In September 2019 a new update was released (KB4516071) changing the default setting for BitLocker when encrypting a self-encrypting hard drive. Now, the default is to use software encryption for newly encrypted drives. This is due to hardware encryption flaws and security concerns related to those issues.


title: BitLocker

text: The following combinations of the above authentication mechanisms are supported, all with an optional escrow recovery key:


title: BitLocker

text: BitLocker is a logical volume encryption system. (A volume spans part of a hard disk drive, the whole drive or more than one drive.) When enabled, TPM and BitLocker can ensure the integrity of the trusted boot path (e.g. BIOS and boot sector), in order to prevent most offline physical attacks and boot sector malware.


title: BitLocker

text: In order for BitLocker to encrypt the volume holding the operating system, at least two NTFS-formatted volumes are required: one for the operating system (usually C:) and another with a minimum size of 100 MB, which remains unencrypted and boots the operating system. (In case of Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008, however, the volume's minimum size is 1.5 GB and must have a drive letter.) Unlike previous versions of Windows, Vista's "diskpart" command-line tool includes the ability to shrink the size of an NTFS volume so that this volume may be created from already allocated space. A tool called the BitLocker Drive Preparation Tool is also available from Microsoft that allows an existing volume on Windows Vista to be shrunk to make room for a new boot volume and for the necessary bootstrapping files to be transferred to it.


title: BitLocker

text: Once an alternate boot partition has been created, the TPM module needs to be initialized (assuming that this feature is being used), after which the required disk-encryption key protection mechanisms such as TPM, PIN or USB key are configured. The volume is then encrypted as a background task, something that may take a considerable amount of time with a large disk as every logical sector is read, encrypted and rewritten back to disk. The keys are only protected after the whole volume has been encrypted when the volume is considered secure. BitLocker uses a low-level device driver to encrypt and decrypt all file operations, making interaction with the encrypted volume transparent to applications running on the platform.


title: BitLocker

text: Encrypting File System (EFS) may be used in conjunction with BitLocker to provide protection once the operating system is running. Protection of the files from processes and users within the operating system can only be performed using encryption software that operates within Windows, such as EFS. BitLocker and EFS, therefore, offer protection against different classes of attacks.


title: BitLocker

text: In Active Directory environments, BitLocker supports optional key escrow to Active Directory, although a schema update may be required for this to work (i.e. if the Active Directory Services are hosted on a Windows version previous to Windows Server 2008).


title: BitLocker

text: BitLocker and other full disk encryption systems can be attacked by a rogue boot manager. Once the malicious bootloader captures the secret, it can decrypt the Volume Master Key (VMK), which would then allow access to decrypt or modify any information on an encrypted hard disk. By configuring a TPM to protect the trusted boot pathway, including the BIOS and boot sector, BitLocker can mitigate this threat. (Note that some non-malicious changes to the boot path may cause a Platform Configuration Register check to fail, and thereby generate a false warning.)


title: BitLocker

text: The "Transparent operation mode" and "User authentication mode" of BitLocker use TPM hardware to detect if there are unauthorized changes to the pre-boot environment, including the BIOS and MBR. If any unauthorized changes are detected, BitLocker requests a recovery key on a USB device. This cryptographic secret is used to decrypt the Volume Master Key (VMK) and allow the bootup process to continue. However, TPM alone is not enough:


title: BitLocker

text: All these attacks require physical access to the system and are thwarted by a secondary protector such as a USB flash drive or PIN code.


title: BitLocker

text: Although the AES encryption algorithm used in BitLocker is in the public domain, its implementation in BitLocker, as well as other components of the software, are proprietary; however, the code is available for scrutiny by Microsoft partners and enterprises, subject to a non-disclosure agreement.


title: BitLocker

text: According to Microsoft sources, BitLocker does not contain an intentionally built-in backdoor, i.e., there is no way for law enforcement to have a guaranteed passage to the data on the user's drives that is provided by Microsoft. In 2006, the UK Home Office expressed concern over the lack of a backdoor and tried entering into talks with Microsoft to get one introduced. Microsoft developer and cryptographer Niels Ferguson denied the backdoor request and said, "over my dead body." Microsoft engineers have said that FBI agents also put pressure on them in numerous meetings in order to add a backdoor, although no formal, written request was ever made; Microsoft engineers eventually suggested to the FBI that agents should look for the hard copy of the key that the BitLocker program suggests its users to make.


title: BitLocker

text: Niels Ferguson's position that "back doors are simply not acceptable" is in accordance with Kerckhoffs's principle. Stated by Netherlands born cryptographer Auguste Kerckhoffs in the 19th century, the principle holds that a cryptosystem should be secure, even if everything about the system, except the key, is public knowledge.


title: BitLocker

text: Starting with Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012, Microsoft removed the Elephant Diffuser from the BitLocker scheme for no declared reason. Dan Rosendorf's research shows that removing the Elephant Diffuser had an "undeniably negative impact" on the security of BitLocker encryption against a targeted attack. Microsoft later cited performance concerns, and noncompliance with the Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS), to justify the diffuser's removal. Starting with Windows 10 version 1511, however, Microsoft added a new FIPS-compliant XTS-AES encryption algorithm to BitLocker. Starting with Windows 10 version 1803, Microsoft added a new feature called "Kernel DMA Protection" to BitLocker, against DMA attacks via Thunderbolt 3 ports.


title: BitLocker

text: In October 2017, it was reported that a flaw (ROCA vulnerability) in a code library developed by Infineon, which had been in widespread use in security products such as smartcards and TPMs, enabled private keys to be inferred from public keys. This could allow an attacker to bypass BitLocker encryption when an affected TPM chip is used. Microsoft released an updated version of the firmware for Infineon TPM chips that fixes the flaw via Windows Update.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: The 2020–21 Malaysia Government Movement Control Order (), commonly referred to as the MCO or PKP, was a series of national quarantine and "cordon sanitaire" measures implemented by the federal government of Malaysia in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the country starting on 18 March 2020. The orders have been commonly referred to in local and international media as "lockdowns". MCO measures encompassed restrictions on movement, assembly and international travel, and mandated the closure of business, industry, government and educational institutions to curb the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: The MCO was extended and relaxed to different phases in 2020 and 2021, including the Conditional Movement Control Order (, shortened to CMCO/"PKPB") and Recovery Movement Control Order (, shortened to RMCO/"PKPP"). Several phases have been enacted nationwide, but other measures have been localised to individual states and federal territories or smaller areas. The Movement Control Order was included in the National Recovery Plan (, shortened to NRP/"PPN") launched in June 2021.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: In October 2021, the Malaysian government lifted movement control restrictions for vaccinated people and announced its intention to treat COVID-19 as an endemic disease.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 16 March 2020, Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin made an official speech and officially promulgated the movement control order under the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases Act 1988 and the Police Act 1967. The order included the following restrictions:


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 18 March, Malaysia began the implementation the movement control order. On 25 March, the prime minister through a live national broadcast announced a first extension of the MCO to last until 14 April.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: There were, however, considerations of a further lockdown until late April or May as the number of cases in Malaysia is expected to peak in mid-April, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). On 8 April, Health Director-General Noor Hisham Abdullah said that the health ministry was having a discussion with the nation's cabinet regarding the possible extension of the MCO, with the decision of the MCO's duration to be announced no later than Friday. On 10 April, the prime minister announced a second extension of the MCO by another fortnight until 28 April, noting that his decision was to give space to the healthcare personnels battling the COVID-19 outbreak, apart from preventing the virus from spreading again and to avoid another increase of cases if the MCO is lifted too early. On the night of 23 April, Muhyiddin announced a third extension of the MCO by two weeks till 12 May, with the possibility of further extensions.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: The Royal Malaysia Police (PDRM) initially warned that violators of the MCO's regulation may be subjected to various penalties under the Penal Code. However, on 18 March, the chamber of the Attorney General released a federal gazette specific to the control order, where violations can be fined up to RM1,000 (US$229) and/or jailed not more than six months or both. On 14 April, Senior Minister Datuk Seri Ismail Sabri Yaakob stated that compounds will no longer be issued by the police from the next day as the penalties were ineffective on reducing MCO violations, and offenders will be arrested and remanded instead.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: Except for travel to Sarawak, a written police permit with a valid reason was originally planned to be required for interstate travel during the MCO. As a result, large crowds were reported to have gathered at police stations for permits hours before the travel restriction was in effect. Concerned that the crowding will exacerbate the spread of COVID-19, PDRM called off the permit plan a few hours before the MCO, until further notice.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: During the MCO, PDRM conducted road blocks operations (codenamed "Ops COVID-19") along key points across the country, to monitor travellers and warn them to stay home and abide by the order. From 22 March, Malaysia's military forces were mobilised to augment PDRM's MCO operations; as of April, approximately 7,000 military personnel were deployed to assist. From 4 May, in line with the Conditional MCO, PDRM is planning to reduce roadblocks nationwide to focus on social distancing enforcements as well as curbing the entry of illegal immigrants and smuggling activities.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 20 March, RapidKL trains had an extended waiting time of 10 minutes, from the previous duration of 3–8 minutes.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 30 March, the national government designated that all businesses such as supermarkets and restaurants, including food delivery services can only be operated from 8AM till 8PM starting from 1 April. Sarawak, however, insisted on its operation time of 7AM till 7PM, citing that Sarawak's daylight is earlier than in West Malaysia. Further measures were instilled starting from 1 April; a person must not be accompanied with other people during travel, a 10 km travel radius for all travellers and the banning of all types of gatherings except for funerals, however the attendees must be kept to a minimum. People who travel for medical purposes are exempted from companion rule and the travel radius.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: All levels of supply chains regarding agricultural and fishing industries are allowed to be in operation throughout the order. On 10 April, the Malaysian government gave permissions to certain businesses to operate during the order to ensure the sustainability of the country's economy, to prevent the loss of jobs among Malaysians and to ensure continuous access to basic needs and critical products.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: The Malaysian Government had eased lockdown restrictions on 4 May under a "conditional MCO," which allowed certain business sectors to resume operations. On 10 May Prime Minister Muhyiddin announced in a live broadcast, that the CMCO will be extended until 9 June, the fourth extension since 18 March. Muhyiddin Yassin clarified that all rules and standard operating procedures (SOPs) introduced during the conditional MCO would remain in force until 9 June and that any changes to the SOPs or the list of sectors allowed to operate will be announced. There will be a ban on interstate movement during the Hari Raya Aidilfitri, the Kaamatan Feast and Hari Gawai holiday periods.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: From 27 March 2020, specific locations were subjected to a stay-at-home order, known as the "Enhanced Movement Control Order" (EMCO or Enhanced MCO), for 14 days if a large cluster was detected within the area for the government to conduct a thorough COVID-19 test towards all residents, and to curb the spread of the virus out of the areas. The orders included:


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 27 March, two areas in Simpang Renggam, Johor were subjected to the order till 9 April as those areas alone contributed to a high 61 positive cases. On 30 March, this order is applied to a few hamlets in Sungai Lui, Hulu Langat District, Selangor due to a detection of a cluster involving a madrasa with 71 positive cases. City One, a residential complex in Jalan Munshi Abdullah, Kuala Lumpur which its residents are mainly foreign workers was subjected to the extended order on 31 March as 17 cases involving residents of the tower were detected. Selangor Mansion and Malayan Mansion, apartment buildings located at Jalan Masjid India, Kuala Lumpur, were subjected to EMCOs on 7 April, as 15 positive cases were detected within the two buildings, while Jalan Masjid India and its surrounding areas were subjected to EMCOs on 14 April. Similarly, an EMCO order was placed for over 15,000 residents living around the Kuala Lumpur Wholesale Market in Selayang on 20 April until 3 May, following the detection of 20 cases and one fatality from the area.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 6 April, Malaysia's Defence Minister, Datuk Seri Ismail Sabri Yaakob, suggested that the government is planning for a new standard operating procedure regarding the EMCO and the government tried to not impose an excessively wide radius towards areas subjected to the EMCO.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 9 November, the Government extended the Enhanced Movement Control Order over several areas in Sabah, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Sarawak in response to a spike in cases nationwide.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: From 14 May 2020, Pudu area in Kuala Lumpur comes under semi enhanced movement control order (SEMCO). Soldiers and police put up barbed wire fences at road exits. It is understood that besides Jalan Pudu, the affected roads are Jalan Kancil, Jalan Pasar, Jalan Landak, Lorong Brunei 2 and Lorong Brunei 3. Several busy commercial districts in the Klang Valley have been put under various lockdowns, including the enhanced movement control order (EMCO).


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: As the number of daily cases and active cases of COVID-19 reduced in Malaysia by mid-April 2020, the government had relaxed several measures of the MCO. Transport Minister Dr Wee Ka Siong confirmed that all public transportation services would resume on 4 May but would abide by social distancing measures. On 30 April, the Government announced that two family members will be allowed to buy food and other daily essentials as part of the relaxation of MCO restrictions.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 21 June, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that couples whose marriage registration had been delayed as a result of the Movement Control Order could not complete the process at all permitted NGOs in the country including clan organisations, temples, churches, and religious bodies.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: Muhyiddin Yassin in his Labour Day speech on 1 May 2020 announced a plan named the Conditional Movement Control Order (CMCO or Conditional MCO), a relaxation of regulations regarding the MCO, with its main goal was to reopen the national economy in a controlled manner. The CMCO was scheduled to start from 4 May. The regulations of the CMCO as stated in his speech included:


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: However, the CMCO received mixed reactions among state governments around Malaysia. The states of Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Sabah and Sarawak decided to not implement the CMCO by 4 May, either to give way to discussions regarding the implications of reopening economic sections towards the future trend of Malaysia's pandemic or to secure the positive development of the pandemic. The governments of Selangor and Perak restricted some business sectors operating during the CMCO while Negeri Sembilan only allowed economic sectors to reopen. The government of Penang on the other hand had implemented a three-phase gradual reopening till 13 May.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: The CMCO received backlash by politicians, health experts and the general public over concerns of a possible resurgence of COVID-19 cases in Malaysia due to the seemingly reckless and unnecessary relaxation of the MCO; the federal government responded by stating that the CMCO is stricter than relaxation measures taken in other countries. By 3 May, over 420,000 members of the public had signed a petition of objection to the conditional MCO and urging the government to stay with the MCO.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 7 November, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that the Malaysian Government would be reinstating the CMCO throughout most of Peninsular Malaysia except Kelantan, Perlis, and Pahang between 9 November and 6 December 2020. Besides, CMCO measures for Sabah, Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, and Putrajaya, which were scheduled to end on 9 November, were extended until 6 December. Under these new CMCO measures, all educational institutions, social and cultural activities will be required to cease but economic activities can continue under set standard operating procedures.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 13 November, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that the Malaysian Government would allow three people from the same household per car, easing an earlier CMCO restriction limiting cars to just two people following a public backlash.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 20 November, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob approved a domestic travel bubble programme within green zones. He also announced the elimination of CMCO restrictions within in the states of Johor, Kedah, Malacca, and Terengganu with the exception of certain districts.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 5 December, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob confirmed that the Conditional Movement Control Order would end for most states except Sabah, Kuala Lumpur, most of Selangor, and parts of Johor, Negeri Sembilan, Kelantan and Perak; where the CMCO would be extended until 20 December.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 7 December, the National Security Council lifted the cap on the number of diners allowed to share tables at restaurants in areas under the Conditional Movement Control Order (CMCO) including Kuala Lumpur.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 18 December, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob extended the CMCO in Kuala Lumpur and much of Selangor with the exception of Sabak Bernam, Hulu Selangor, and Kuala Selangor from 21 December to 31 December 2020. In addition, the CMCO was extended in Sabah and several districts in Negri Sembilan, Johor, Penang, and Perak until 31 December. Meanwhile, the CMCO in certain districts of Kedah and Kelantan will revert to Recovery Movement Control Order on 20 December.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 28 December, the National Security Council extended the CMCO in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor from 1 January until 14 January in response to a surge in cases and clusters in those areas.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 7 June 2020, Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin announced that the Conditional Movement Control Order would end on 9 June, with the country entering into the Recovery Movement Control Order (RMCO) phase between 10 June and 31 August. The Prime Minister also announced that interstate travel would be allowed from 10 June under the RMCO except in areas remaining under the Enhanced Movement Control Order (EMCO).


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: In most areas, certain religious activities at mosques are allowed again, but with many restrictions. In Selangor, for example, Muslims are only allowed to go to certain mosques for Friday prayers after receiving an invitation from the mosque authorities, or after having their application accepted by the religious authorities. The number of attendees is also restricted to 40, and then later to 150 people only, as they are instructed to bring their own prayer mats and only sit within their own prepared spaces, distanced a metre away from each other. In Kuala Lumpur, several mosques operated on a 'first-come, first-served' policy.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 26 June, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that sectors under the purview of the Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture such as meetings, incentives, conventions and exhibitions, travel and trade fairs, as well as a spa, wellness and reflexology centres would be allowed to open from 1 July. However, tourism businesses are required to abide by social distancing measures, limit crowds to 200–250 people, check customers' temperatures, wear face masks, and provide hand sanitizer. While reflexology centres provided by the blind are allowed to reopen, only Malaysians can work in spas, wellness, and reflexology centres. Ismail Sabri also announced that tuition centres, special education schools and private schools would be allowed to operate soon.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 29 June, it was reported that both government and private pre-schools, kindergartens, nurseries and daycare centres would resume operations from 1 July. Under the RMCO, a range of businesses and activities have been allowed to resume operations including spas, wellness and foot massage centres, cinemas, meetings, seminars, weddings, birthdays, and religious gatherings. Besides, swimming in public, hotel, condominium, gated community and private pools have also been allowed.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 3 July, Religious Affairs Minister in the Prime Minister's Department Dr Zulkifli Mohamad Al-Bakri clarified that foreigners would not be allowed to attend congregational prayers at mosques and surau until the department had studied reports from the Federal Territories Islamic Religious Department regarding the situation. Zulkifli expressed hope that the situation would be resolved within a month or two.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 10 July, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that family entertainment centres including game arcades, karaoke centres, indoor funfairs, edutainment centres for children, and kids' gymnasiums could resume operations from 15 July.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 28 August, Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin announced the extension of the RMCO by a further 4 months until 31 December 2020.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 1 January 2021, Senior Minister Dato Seri Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that the RMCO has been extended to 31 March 2021 as cases are still high.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 5 December 2020, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that the Government would allow unrestricted interstate travel across states and districts from 7 December with the exception of areas under an Enhanced Movement Control Order (EMCO), which will still require a police permit.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 11 January 2021, Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin announced that Movement Control Order restrictions would be re-introduced to the states of Malacca, Johor, Penang, Selangor, Sabah and the federal territories of Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya, and Labuan between 13 until 26 January 2021. It was dubbed as MCO 2.0 widely. These restrictions include:


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 15 January, Prime Minister Muhyiddin announced that MCO restrictions would be reimposed on Kelantan and Sibu, Sarawak between 16 and 29 January in response to a surge of cases. On 21 January, several betting outlets in peninsular Malaysia and Sabah announced they were closing until 4 February to comply with the Government's new Movement Control Order.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 21 January, Senior Defence Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that the Government would be allowing restaurants, food stalls and food deliveries in states under the MCO to operate until 10pm starting 22 January, easing a week-long rule of only allowing operations to run until 8pm. On 21 January, the Malaysian Government extended the country's MCO restrictions in Selangor, Penang, Johor, Malacca, Sabah and the federal territories of Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya and Labuan until 4 February due to a continuation of rising cases and deaths.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 2 February, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob extended MCO restrictions over all states except Sarawak from 5 to 18 February 2021. On 4 February, Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that three business activities night markets, hair salons, and car wash services would be allowed to operate under a strict operating procedure from 5 February onwards as Phase One together with some businesses.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 9 February, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob confirmed that dining in and retail shops are allowed to open, subject to rule of 5 per table; which is being implemented from 10 February 2021, moving from Phase One to Phase Two. However, the Phase Two will only exist until July 2021.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 11 February, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob confirmed that gym activities, golf, table tennis, badminton and tennis would be allowed from 12 February with social distancing and time restrictions.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 13 February, the National Unity Ministry confirmed that non-Muslim places of worship would be allowed to start reopening from 12 February for the remainder of the Movement Control Order, which is scheduled to end on 18 February 2021.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 16 February, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that the government would extend the MCO for Selangor, Johor, Penang and Kuala Lumpur until 4 March 2021. Meanwhile, Kedah, Perak, Negeri Sembilan, Terengganu, Kelantan, Melaka, Pahang and Sabah as well as the federal territories of Putrajaya and Labuan transitioned back into the Conditional Movement Control Order (CMCO) from 19 February 2021.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 25 February, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that the meetings, incentives, conferencing and exhibitions (MICE) sector in states under the Movement Control Order would be allowed to resume from 5 March 2021.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 5 March 2021, Selangor, Johor, Penang and Kuala Lumpur exited the Movement Control Order lockdown and entered the Conditional Movement Control Order (CMCO). This coincided with the launch of Malaysia National COVID-19 Immunisation Programme, which commenced the previous week.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 12 March, Deputy Chief Minister Datuk Amar Douglas Uggah Embas confirmed that the CMCO in Sarawak would be extended by a further two weeks from 16 March to 29 March.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: The CMCO in Sarawak was extended for two more weeks from 13 April until 26 April 2021. The Sarawak Disaster Management Committee subsequently extended the CMCO until 10 May and then 17 May.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: The Conditional MCO (CMCO) has been extended to 28 April 2021 in Johor, Kelantan, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor and Penang. The Recovery MCO (RMCO) has been extended in Sabah, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan (except Seremban district under CMCO), Kedah (except Kuala Muda district under CMCO), Pelis, Perak, Terengganu, W.P Putrajaya and W.P Labuan from 13 to 28 April 2021.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: Movement Control Order restrictions were reimposed in Kelantan from 16 April until 29 April 2021, before being extended until 17 May 2021.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: From 3 May 2021, the Malaysian Government reimposed a two-week Movement Control Order in Johor, Kuala Lumpur, Penang, Sarawak, and Selangor in response to a spike in COVID-19 cases. Schools were closed and social and religious activities were banned. While some economic activities were allowed, eateries can only provide takeaway services.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: From 6 May until 17 May 2021, the Malaysian Government re-imposed a two-week Movement Control Order in Selangor (except Sabak Bernam, Hulu Selangor, Kuala Selangor), in response to a spike in COVID-19 cases. MCO restrictions were also reimposed on Kuala Lumpur, Johor (Johor Bahru, Kulai, Kota Tinggi), Terengganu (Besut), and Perak (Larut Matang & Selama, Mukim Taiping) between 7 and 20 May 2021. The government has also imposed a nationwide ban on inter-district travel from 10 May until 6 June 2021.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 8 May, Senior Minister (Security) Ismail Sabri Yaakob confirmed that the Malaysian Government would not implement a nationwide movement control order but will instead use targeted movement restrictions in response to local outbreaks. That same day, Ismail also confirmed that all interstate and inter-district travel without police approval would be banned nationwide from 10 May to 6 June 2021.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 10 May, Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin announced that a nationwide Movement Control Order lockdown would be reinstated from 12 May to 7 June. Dining in, social activities and shopping areas will be banned, although workers are allowed to go to work and come back home. Inter-district and inter-state travel are banned.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: A stricter form of the Movement Control Order lockdown was suggested by the government on 22 May. It was imposed on 25 May and lasts for two weeks. Under the updated form of the Movement Control Order, shoppers are only allowed to visit shopping malls and restaurants for only two hours. Shopping malls and eateries can only operate until 8pm, and all sea and land transport services can only operate up to 50% of their capacity.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: In May 2021, RapidKL trains' frequency times were extended to 10 minutes during peak hours, and 30 minutes during normal hours.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: Sabah used a slightly different form of the Movement Control Order from 25 May onwards. Under its modified MCO, food and beverage outlets, grocery shops, self-service laundromats, and other businesses can only operate until 9pm; all restaurants can only operate until 10pm; customers visiting shopping malls, restaurants, grocery stores, hypermarkets, and mini-markets may be inside the premises for one hour; and said premises can only operate up to 50% of their capacity, with at least 200 square feet per customer. That ended with the nationwide lockdown on 1 June.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 28 May 2021, Prime Minister Muhyiddin announced that a nationwide "total lockdown" or Full Movement Control Order (FMCO) will be imposed on all social and economic sectors in Malaysia from 1 June to 14 June 2021. Under this lockdown, only essential economic and social services listed by the National Security Council will be allowed to operation. This will be followed by a second phase lasting four weeks from 14 June under which more sectors will be allowed to reopen, provided these activities do not involve large gatherings. The new master plan for exiting the lockdown will be announced in July 2021.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 12 June 2021, the Malaysian Government extended the country's total lockdown (FMCO) by another two weeks until 28 June since daily new cases are still averaging over 5,000.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 27 June 2021, the Malaysian government announced that country-wide lockdowns will be extended indefinitely until daily cases fall below 4,000. Restaurants are also allowed to operate from 6am until 10pm from 28 June onwards.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: Due to the lockdown, more and more lower-income households are running out of food and income. Several activists organised the #benderaputih movement, calling the affected households to raise white flags or pieces of cloth to alert their neighbours and receive aid. At the same time, people raised red flags to ask for aid for their pets, and black flags to protest the government's poor handling of the pandemic.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: As Perlis, Perak, Kelantan, Terengganu, and Pahang have met the conditions needed, the government has allowed these states to move to Phase 2 of the lockdown on 5 July. This allows more businesses to be opened up, such as stationary and book shops, computer and telecommunication outlets, barberstores (only for haircuts), farmers' markets, and morning markets.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 24 July, Prime Minister Muhyiddin announced that the construction sector was allowed to operate under strict compliance to the SOP, along with the construction of roads and other public infrastructures. He also stated that all workers in the construction sector must be vaccinated.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 15 June 2021, Prime Minister Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin introduced a four-phase National Recovery Plan (NRP) to help the country emerge from the COVID-19 pandemic and its economic fallout.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: As each phase is based on the amount of new cases, people requiring ICU treatment, and vaccination rates (by having two shots), it can be extended, or moved on to the next phase, whenever possible. From 7 August onwards, the number of new Covid cases with serious symptoms were used to indicate whether a state was ready to move up to Phases 2 and 3. Asymptomatic cases were no longer counted, as over 40 percent of the adult population had been vaccinated by the time the policy was changed.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: From 10 August onwards, fully-vaccinated people in Phase 2 and 3 states had more freedoms: they were required to wait for 14 days after their second dose (or 28 days for single-dose vaccines). Fully-vaccinated people were also able to be quarantined at home after returning, instead of being sent to a quarantine centre, provided they showed that they had no signs of infection within three days, and they presented their vaccination certificates From 20 August onwards, fully-vaccinated people were no longer affected by the 10-kilometre limit when travelling.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: As around 66% of the country's population were vaccinated, and to make them more easier for the people to understand and follow, the government reduced the number of SOPs from 181 to just 10 in two weeks from 14 September 2021.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 23 September 2021, petrol stations, restaurants, eateries, and convenience stores were allowed to operate from 6am to 12 midnight, to aid the economic recovery of the country. Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob also announced that when 90% of Malaysia's population had been fully-vaccinated, interstate travel will be allowed again.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 24 September 2021, the government planned to permit interstate travel within three weeks in early October, which would be when 90% of the adult population will have been fully-vaccinated. Home Minister Hamzah Zainudin also announced that foreign tourists will be allowed against when the country enters the endemic phase of the Covid outbreak.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 27 September 2021, husbands were allowed to accompany mothers who were in labour, if they were fully-vaccinated. Muhyiddin Yassin, who headed the National Recovery Council, also announced that State Recovery Councils were set up in each state in Malaysia. From 4 October 2021, immediate family members were also allowed to accompany mothers or relatives who were giving birth.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: From 1 October 2021, Genting Highlands, Melaka, and Tioman Island will have their own travel bubbles and get reopened for tourists. States under Phases 2 and 3 were also permitted to hold state and private functions, such as opening ceremonies and workshops, on the condition that all the guests were vaccinated and the number of people present were less than 50% of the venue's capacity. People who were not vaccinated were required to do saliva tests, or self-tests before the host or medical practitioners to check if they had the virus or not. Sports spectators and supporters were allowed to attend sports games or recreational venues, but they were not allowed to eat or drink.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 15 October 2021, higher learning institutions were allowed to reopen. On 31 October, schools in Kedah and Kelantan were allowed to reopen; and on 1 November 2021, schools in Perak, Pulau Pinang, and Sabah were allowed to reopen.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: Theme parks across the country are planned to be reopened on November, when 90% of Malaysia's adult population will be fully-vaccinated.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: Industries Unite (a coalition of 110 local trade groups) has criticised the National Recovery Plan as being unclear.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: The conditions are the same as "total lockdown" launched from 1 June 2021. The phase ended on October 1 as Kedah, the last state to remain under the phase, moved to Phase 2.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: Fully vaccinated people were allowed to attend prayers at mosques, temples, churches, and other houses of worship. Mosques in red zones were only able to take in 50 people, while mosques in orange, yellow, or green zones were able to take in 100 people.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 19 August 2021, Muhyiddin had announced that dine-ins were allowed again in Phase 1 states and Kuala Lumpur, but only for fully-vaccinated individuals. The revised rule took effect on 20 August. Children under the age of 17 may follow their parents, but were required to follow SOPs. The government also allowed daily and night markets, camping, picnics, and various outdoor individual sports and recreational activities such as jogging, taichi, exercise, cycling, fishing, equestrian riding, skateboarding, archery, hiking, singles tennis and badminton, and golf.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 21 August 2021, the 10 km travel radius limit was dropped in Phase One states for fully-vaccinated people, although interstate and interdistrict restrictions remained.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 9 September 2021, cinemas were permitted to be reopened for fully-vaccinated people, but only at 50% capacity. Other activities related to the creative industry were allowed, including indoor busking, theatrical and lounge performances, art galleries, museums, and showrooms. All of them except for indoor busking were subjected to a 30% capacity rule.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 10 September 2021, RapidKL reduced its waiting times for trains and buses to support the growing number of workers going back to their reopened workplaces. On peak hours, trains arrived at around 4 to 10 minutes, on non-peak hours, trains arrived from 7 to 12 minutes, and on weekends they arrived on 7 minutes (central business district for LRT Ampang/Sri Petaling) or 15 minutes.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: Due to improving conditions, Perlis, Kelantan, Terengganu, Pahang, and Perak are the first states to enter into Phase 2 on 5 July.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 20 July, two more changes to Phase 2 SOPs were announced due to the increasing vaccination rate. Business premises and petrol stations were allowed to operate from 6am to 10pm. Only earlier film projects about drama, advertisements, and documentaries that were postponed due to MCO were allowed to resume, and they would only film outside the studio and away from residential areas with health screenings before, during, and after the filming.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 20 August 2021, the state government of Sarawak banned dining-in at restaurants, restricted businesses to operate from 5am to 8pm, and prohibited anyone from leaving their homes after 10pm except for emergencies. Those rules affected the southern districts of Kuching, Bau, Lundu, Samarahan, Asajaya, Simunjan, Serian and Tebedu, due to a wave of Covid infections. They were implemented from 21 to 28 August.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 26 August 2021, Negeri Sembilan moved to Phase 2, due to dropping ICU hospitalisation rates (less than 40 percent) and 72.3 percent of the adult population completing two vaccine doses.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 10 September 2021, Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, and Putrajaya moved to Phase 2, with interdistrict travel permitted for fully-vaccinated individuals.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 16 September 2021, Golden Screen Cinemas reopened several cinemas in the Klang Valley. It also reopened more locations on September 23.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On October 18, 2021, Kelantan, Perak, Pulau Pinang, Sabah, and Kedah became the last states to leave Phase 2.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: The country will move onto Stage 3 gradually by 26 October 2021 when 60 per cent of the population above 12 are fully vaccinated, new COVID cases are dropped into less than 1,000 and ICU bed usage has been dropped to 10.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 4 September 2021, Negeri Sembilan moved to Phase 3, most likely due to the high amount of vaccinations there.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 1 October, Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya, Melaka, and Kedah moved to Phase 3, as the overall R-naught, daily infections, and ICU COVID-19 patient rates had dropped in those states.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: The country will move onto Stage 4 gradually by 31 December 2021 when 80–90 per cent of the population above 12 are fully vaccinated, new COVID cases are dropped into single digits and ICU bed usage has been dropped to the bare minimum. Under this phase:


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: Although this phase was initially expected to start in late-October, Labuan was the first state to reach this stage on 26 August, as 92.4 percent of the adult residents of the island were vaccinated, new Covid cases had dropped to single digits, and ICU bed usage in local hospitals had dropped to zero.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: In September 2021, the government decided to suspend Islamic religious teachers and school teachers who refuse to get vaccinated. Children of unvaccinated parents will not be allowed to physically attend schools when they will reopen next year.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 24 September, Negeri Sembilan moved to Phase 4, with no gathering limits and all economic sectors to be reopened.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 9 October, Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob confirmed that interstate travel will be allowed to resumed within the next few days once 90% of the adult population has been fully vaccinated. As of 7 October, 89.1% of the adult population has been fully vaccinated. On 10 October, all interstate and international restrictions for residents fully vaccinated against COVID-19 were lifted since 90% of Malaysia's adult population had been fully vaccinated.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 7 November 2021, the government stated that they might close the borders of states with an RT rate that crosses 1.0.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 2 November 2020, the Ministry of Health's Training Institute in Johor Bahru was placed under an Enhanced Movement Control Order (EMCO) after 46 trainees tested positive for COVID-19. This EMCO will affect 1,559 people including students, teachers, and their families.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 3 August 2020, four sub-district in Kubang Pasu were placed under EMCO due to increased new cases caused by Nasi Kandar restaurant in Napoh town.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 10 September 2020, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob placed an enhanced movement control order (MCO) on the district of Kota Setar from midnight 11 September to 23 September following an increase in COVID-19 cases. Residents will not be allowed to leave the area and outsiders will not be allowed to enter.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 16 September 2021, Langkawi was reopened under a travel bubble for fully-vaccinated tourists from any state, including Phase One states. Children who visit the island must be accompanied by fully-vaccinated adults.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 7 June 2020, the Mayor of Kuala Lumpur Nor Hisham Ahmad Dahlan announced that the Kuala Lumpur City Hall will allow open markets, morning markets, night markets and bazaars to reopen in stages following the implementation of the Recovery Movement Control Order on 15 June.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 1 October 2021, mosques in Kuala Lumpur were allowed to have full capacity. Zoo Negara was also reopened to the public.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 15 October 2020, Senior Minister for Security Ismail Sabri Yaakob placed the federal territory of Labuan under a conditional movement control order, which would run from 17 October to 30 October. Under this lockdown, all economic activities will be allowed to operate but religious, cultural, and social sectors including schools and kindergartens will remain close. The conditional movement control order in Labuan was subsequently extended from 31 October until 13 November.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 30 September 2020, Negeri Sembilan's Human Resources, Plantation and Non-Islamic Affairs committee chairman J. Arul Kumar announced that the annual ten-day Deepavali carnival, which had been scheduled to be held between 4 and 13 November, had been cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic following advice from the National Security Council.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: From 21 to 31 March 2020, the state of Pahang has enacted that all business stores in Kuantan, Pekan, Bentong, Jerantut and Temerloh (Cameron Highlands had already begun to implement the measure on 16 March) must only operate during the day up to 12 hours, and need to close after 7 PM to 7 AM. According to the measurement, all shops that were originally allowed to operate during the period of the control order, including drive-thru restaurants, fast food restaurants, and petrol stations, are no longer allowed to operate between 7 PM and 7 AM. From 1 April, PDRM's state division tightened state borders and set up roadblocks on the state's major highways.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: Wholesale market operating hours in Perak during the MCO were designated from 4 AM to 10 AM, however, from 6 April 2020, wet food-related businesses such as poultry and seafood were designated from 4 AM to 10 AM, while businesses for vegetables and fruits were designated from 11 AM to 4 PM. The closure from 10AM till 11PM was dedicated for cleaning processes.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 10 September 2020, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that an enhanced MCO would be placed around Tawau prison from 11 September till 23 September, affecting prisoners, inmates and their families. During this period, visitations will not be allowed.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 28 September 2020, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that an enhanced MCO would be enforced in Lahad Datu, Tawau, Kunak, and Semporna between 29 September and October 12. During that period, residents will not be allowed to leave the four districts, non-residents and visitors would be barred from entering, and all business activities except those providing essential goods and services would have to cease.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 5 October 2020, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that the state capital Kota Kinabalu, Penampang, and Putatan would be placed under a Conditional Movement Control Order (CMCO) commencing 7 October. Under the conditional MCO, travel into these districts will be limited, express and transit buses will not be allowed to operate, and only essential services such as food and health services will be allowed to operate. The following day, Senior Minister Ismail announced that the federal government would ban most interstate travel to and from Sabah with the exceptions of emergencies, deaths, and essential services subject to approval from the Ministry of Health. Travel would be limited to Sabah natives, essential workers, civil servants working in Sabah, and permanent residents residing in Sabah.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 2 November 2020, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that the EMCOs at the Kepayan Prison and Taman Mat Salleh Prison Quarters in Kota Kinabalu would be extended by two weeks until 16 November.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 7 May 2021, the Sabah state government banned any non-essential inter-district travel for the duration of a CMCO lockdown between 10 and 16 May. For the duration of the CMCO, Kota Kinabalu, Putatan and Penampang would be considered to be one district.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 3 July 2021, the city council of Sandakan allowed dining-in at restaurants for only two people per table, following the orders of Chief Minister Hajiji Noor.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 13 August 2021, Sabah's government decided that only fully-vaccinated people can enter into supermarkets and restaurants, due to the high number of cases. This is to rush the people of Sabah into being completely vaccinated within a month.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 1 October 2021, Sabah allowed grocery stores, convenience stores, mini markets, and hypermarkets to be opened from 6am to 10pm. Petrol stations and their convenience stores were allowed to be opened from 5am to midnight. Restaurant operators including hotels, sports and recreation club houses, eateries, food stalls, food trucks, roadside hawkers, circulating hawkers, food courts, hawker centers, roadside food stalls or kiosks were able to operate from 6am to midnight.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 27 July 2020, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that the Malaysian government will limit inter-zone (Zone 1: Kuching, Samarahan and Serian division. Zone 2: Sri Aman, Betong, Sibu, Sarikei, Mukah, Kapit, Bintulu, Miri and Limbang division) movement in Sarawak between 1 and 14 August at the request of the Sarawak Government to curb the spread of COVID-19 within that state, particularly around the state capital Kuching.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 6 December 2020, the Sarawak Disaster Management Committee (SDMC) allowed spas, wellness and reflexology centres in the state to resume operations effective from 7 December.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 29 May 2021, Sarawak's government imposed a stricter lockdown for two weeks until June 11. Under the lockdown's rules, movement from 10pm to 5am was not allowed except in emergencies, and children under the age of 12 were not allowed to go to crowded places like shopping malls.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: After Sarawak was placed under Phase 1 of the nationwide lockdown, it was moved to Phase 2 on July 14, 2021. Its state government originally planned to permit dining-in in restaurants on June 7, but due to repeated surges in Covid cases, it banned dining-in in restaurants until July 16, and ordered that only restaurant owners and workers who received their first vaccination were allowed to resume their work


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 19 July 2021, the Disaster Management Committee of Sibu has ordered that all business operators and their workers must be fully-vaccinated in order to continue working, and they must show a vaccination certificate at their shops' entrance.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 20 August 2021, the state government of Sarawak banned dining-in at restaurants, restricted businesses to operate from 5am to 8pm, and prohibited anyone from leaving their homes after 10pm except for emergencies. Those rules affected the southern districts of Kuching, Bau, Lundu, Samarahan, Asajaya, Simunjan, Serian and Tebedu, due to a wave of Covid infections. They were implemented from 21 to 28 August.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 10 October 2020, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that weddings would be limited to 250 people in the Klang District. An earlier announcement had limited weddings to 500 people.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 14 October 2020, the Klang Valley was placed under a Conditional Movement Control Order (CMCO) with inter-district movement prohibited until 27 October. 96 roadblocks were set up to enforce this movement restriction with only workers with valid passes and authorisation letters being able to travel between districts. While offices, restaurants, and shopping malls remain open, they are subject to stricter health and social distancing rules. The CMCO also affects the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya, which lie within the boundaries of Selangor.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 20 October 2020, employees in the private and public sectors, at the management and supervisory levels, in areas under the Conditional Movement Control Order (CMCO) were instructed to conduct remote work starting Thursday, 22 October.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 1 February 2021, the "State Investment, Industry and Commerce, and Small and Medium Entreprises" (SMEs) chairman Teng Chang Khim announced that Selangor's Chinese New Year celebration will be held online via social media due to the ongoing pandemic.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 17 May 2021, the Malaysian Health Ministry indicated that it may order a total shutdown in Selangor if current Movement Control Order restrictions are unable to curb a sharp spike in cases in that state. Due to recent daily cases rising up to over 2,000, the government has enacted an Emergency Movement Control Order on July 3 for two weeks on most of the state, except for several districts in the north.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 3 July 2021, the Works Ministry ordered all construction work in EMCO areas to be stopped. Only critical maintenance, repair, and wiring works are allowed if they have appointments.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 17 July 2021, the EMCO placed over eight districts in Selangor ended. Only four locations in Damansara, Ampang, Klang, and Batu remained under EMCO until July 31.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: The Royal Malaysia Police in Terengganu planned to impose traffic control based on vehicle registration numbers, where vehicles with odd or even registration numbers are only allowed to travel during odd- or even-numbered days, respectively, starting 1 April 2020. The plan was later postponed the day before the rollout to allow a detailed study of the proposed control.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: It is then extended for Kota Bharu, Machang, Pasir Mas and Tanah Merah from 7 December until 20 December 2020.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: Kubang Kerian in Kota Bharu & Kusial in Tanah Merah will continue the CMCO from 12 December until 20 December 2020, while other districts' CMCO is lifted and change back to RMCO.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: MCO2.0 in Kelantan started from 16 January until 18 February 2021. Then, it is changed from MCO2.0 back to CMCO from 19 February to 15 April 2021.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: But, due to the sudden rapid surge in new cases in Kelantan areas, the government had announced that 7 districts in Kelantan involving Tumpat, Kota Bharu, Pasir Mas, Machang, Bachok, Pasir Puteh and Tanah Merah will enter MCO3.0 from 16 April until 29 April 2021. After that, the remaining district in Kelantan, which are Jeli, Kuala Krai, and Gua Musang will start implementing MCO3.0 together with the remaining districts from 22 April to 29 April 2021. As what government announced on 27 April in his press conference, MCO3.0 in whole Kelantan is extended again from 30 April to 17 May 2021.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: During this period, primary and secondary schools in all 7 districts stated will be changed to online classes temporarily from 24 April until 12 June 2021.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: Despite the past condemnation, the Malaysian authorities have arrested hundreds of people for violating the Movement Control Order since mid-April. Violators are fined, jailed or sent to perform community service as part of their punishment. The sentence jail term ranges from 2 days to several months. Violators unable to pay their fines will have to serve prison sentences.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: According to a Human Rights Watch report, 15,000 people had been arrested by 18 March for breaching the movement control order. On 2 April 2020, Minister of Defence Ismail Sabri Yaakob reported that 4,189 individuals had been arrested over the past two weeks for flouting the movement control order. Of these, 1,449 individuals have been charged in court. On 3 May, Nurul Hidayah Ahmad Zahid, the daughter of President of UMNO, Ahmad Zahid Hamidi her husband, Saiful Nizam Mohd Yusoff were caught for flouting the MCO.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: After the director-general of the Malaysian Prison Department raised concerns about prison overcrowding, the Malaysian Government shifted to fine violators. On 15 April, the Defence Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that the police would be criminally prosecuting violators and detained them in thirteen police academies that had been converted into makeshift detention centres. Human rights organisations condemned the move as it further promotes the spread of coronavirus due to overcrowding in prisons. In late April, Human Rights Watch's Asia Director Phil Robertson called on the Malaysian government to stop jailing people who had flouted the movement control order, but recommended the use of the newly built facilities to keep lockdown violators.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: The MCO has led to a decrease in the national crime rate by around 70%. Data from the Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development suggested a slight increase of domestic violence nationwide during the MCO, however in control.


title: Malaysian movement control order

text: On 20 June, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob confirmed that 48 individuals had been arrested by the Royal Malaysian Police's Compliance Operations Task Force for violating the Recovery Movement Control Order (RMCO). Ten of these were arrested for engaging in reflexology and massaging activities while 38 were charged with violating social distancing rules. 3,774 compliance teams are consisting of 16,675 personnel.