title: Sonata form

text: From the 1950s onward, Hans Keller developed a 'two-dimensional' method of analysis that explicitly considered form and structure from the point of view of "listener expectations". In his work, the sonata-allegro was a well-implied 'background form' against whose various detailed features composers could compose their individual 'foregrounds'; the 'meaningful contradiction' of expected background by unexpected foreground was seen as generating the expressive content. In Keller's writings, this model is applied in detail to Schoenberg's 12-note works as well as the classical tonal repertoire. In recent times, two other musicologists, James Hepokoski and Warren Darcy, have presented, without reference to Keller, their analysis, which they term Sonata Theory, of the sonata-allegro form and the sonata cycle in terms of genre expectations, and categorized both the sonata-allegro movement and the sonata cycle by the compositional choices made to respect or depart from conventions. Their study focuses on the normative period of sonata practice, notable ones being the works of Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, and their close contemporaries, projecting this practice forward to development of the sonata-allegro form into the 19th and 20th centuries.


title: Placentalia

text: Placental mammals (infraclass Placentalia ) are one of the three extant subdivisions of the class Mammalia, the other two being Monotremata and Marsupialia. Placentalia contains the vast majority of extant mammals, which are partly distinguished from monotremes and marsupials in that the fetus is carried in the uterus of its mother to a relatively late stage of development. The name is something of a misnomer considering that marsupials also nourish their fetuses via a placenta, though for a relatively briefer period, giving birth to less developed young which are then nurtured for a period inside the mother's pouch.


title: Placentalia

text: Analysis of retroposon presence/absence patterns has provided a rapid, unequivocal means for revealing the evolutionary history of organisms: this has resulted in a revision in the classification of placentals. There are now thought to be three major subdivisions or lineages of placental mammals: Boreoeutheria, Xenarthra, and Afrotheria, all of which diverged from common ancestors.


title: Placentalia

text: The exact relationships among these three lineages is currently a subject of debate, and four different hypotheses have been proposed with respect to which group is basal or diverged first from other placentals. These hypotheses are Atlantogenata (basal Boreoeutheria), Epitheria (basal Xenarthra), Exafroplacentalia (basal Afrotheria) and a hypothesis supporting a near simultaneous divergence. Estimates for the divergence times among these three placental groups range from 105 to 120 million years ago (MYA), depending on the type of DNA (e.g. nuclear or mitochondrial) and varying interpretations of paleogeographic data.


title: Placentalia

text: , the genome has been sequenced for at least one species in each extant placental order and in 83% of families (105 of 127 extant placental families).


title: Placentalia

text: True placental mammals (the crown group including all modern placentals) arose from stem-group members of the clade Eutheria, which had existed since at least the Middle Jurassic period, about 170 mya. These early eutherians were small, nocturnal insect eaters, with adaptations for life in trees.


title: Placentalia

text: True placentals may have originated in the Late Cretaceous around 90 mya, but the earliest undisputed fossils are from the early Paleocene, 66 mya, following the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. The species "Protungulatum donnae" is sometimes placed as a stem-ungulate known 1 meter above the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary in the geological stratum that marks the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event and "Purgatorius", sometimes considered a stem-primate, appears no more than 300,000 years after the K-Pg boundary; both species, however, are sometimes placed outside the crown placental group, but many newer studies place them back in eutherians. The rapid appearance of placentals after the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous suggests that the group had already originated and undergone an initial diversification in the Late Cretaceous, as suggested by molecular clocks. The lineages leading to Xenarthra and Afrotheria probably originated around 90 mya, and Boreoeutheria underwent an initial diversification around 70-80 mya, producing the lineages that eventually would lead to modern primates, rodents, insectivores, artiodactyls, and carnivorans.


title: Placentalia

text: However, modern members of the placental orders originated in the Paleogene around 66 to 23 mya, following the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. The evolution of crown orders such modern primates, rodents, and carnivores appears to be part of an adaptive radiation that took place as mammals quickly evolved to take advantage of ecological niches that were left open when most dinosaurs and other animals disappeared following the Chicxulub asteroid impact. As they occupied new niches, mammals rapidly increased in body size, and began to take over the large herbivore and large carnivore niches that had been left open by the decimation of the dinosaurs (and perhaps more relevantly competing synapsids). Mammals also exploited niches that the non-avian dinosaurs had never touched: for example, bats evolved flight and echolocation, allowing them to be highly effective nocturnal, aerial insectivores; and whales first occupied freshwater lakes and rivers and then moved into the oceans. Primates, meanwhile, acquired specialized grasping hands and feet which allowed them to grasp branches, and large eyes with keener vision which allowed them to forage in the dark.


title: Placentalia

text: The evolution of land placentals followed different pathways on different continents since they cannot easily cross large bodies of water. An exception is smaller placentals such as rodents and primates, who left Laurasia and colonized Africa and then South America via rafting.


title: Placentalia

text: In Africa, the Afrotheria underwent a major adaptive radiation, which led to elephants, elephant shrews, tenrecs, golden moles, aardvarks, and manatees. In South America a similar event occurred, with radiation of the Xenarthra, which led to modern sloths, anteaters, and armadillos, as well as the extinct ground sloths and glyptodonts. Expansion in Laurasia was dominated by Boreoeutheria, which includes primates and rodents, insectivores, carnivores, perissodactyls and artiodactyls. These groups expanded beyond a single continent when land bridges formed linking Africa to Eurasia and South America to North America.


title: Placentalia

text: A study on eutherian diversity suggests that placental diversity was constrained during the Paleocene, while multituberculate mammals diversified; afterwards, multituberculates decline and placentals explode in diversity.


title: Arnold Ridley

text: William Arnold Ridley, OBE (7 January 1896 – 12 March 1984) was an English playwright and actor, earlier in his career known for writing the play "The Ghost Train" and later in life in the British TV sitcom "Dad's Army" (1968–1977) as the elderly bumbling Private Godfrey, as well as in spin-offs including the feature film version and the stage production.


title: Arnold Ridley

text: William Arnold Ridley was born in Walcot, Bath, Somerset, England, the son of Rosa Caroline (née Morrish, 1870–1956) and William Robert Ridley (1871–1931). His father was a gymnastics instructor and ran a boot and shoe shop. He attended the Clarendon School and the Bath City Secondary School where he was a keen sportsman. A graduate of the University of Bristol, he studied at the Education Department, and played Hamlet in a student production. Ridley undertook teaching practice at an Elementary School in Bristol.


title: Arnold Ridley

text: Ridley was a student teacher and had made his theatrical debut in "Prunella" at the Theatre Royal, Bristol when he volunteered for service with the British Army on the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914. He was initially rejected because of a hammer toe. In December 1915, he enlisted as a private with the Somerset Light Infantry, British Army. He saw active service in the war, sustaining several wounds in close-quarter battle. His left hand was left virtually useless by wounds sustained on the Somme; his legs were riddled with shrapnel; he received a bayonet wound in the groin; and the legacy of a blow to the head from a German soldier's rifle butt left him prone to blackouts after the war. He was medically discharged from the army with the rank of lance corporal in May 1917. He received the British War Medal and the Victory Medal for his service.


title: Arnold Ridley

text: Ridley rejoined the army in 1939 following the outbreak of the Second World War. He was commissioned into the General List on 7 October 1939 as a second lieutenant. He served with the British Expeditionary Force in France during the "Phoney War", employed as a "Conducting Officer" tasked with supervising journalists who were visiting the front line. In May 1940, Ridley returned to Britain on the overcrowded destroyer HMS "Vimera", which was the last British ship to escape from the harbour during the Battle of Boulogne. Shortly afterwards, he was discharged from the Armed Forces on health grounds. He relinquished his commission as a captain on 1 June 1940. He subsequently joined the Home Guard, in his home town of Caterham, and ENSA, with which he toured the country. He described his wartime experiences on "Desert Island Discs" in 1973.


title: Arnold Ridley

text: After his medical discharge from the army in 1916, Ridley commenced a career as a professional actor. In 1918 he joined the company of the Birmingham Repertory Theatre, staying for two years and playing 40 parts before moving on to Plymouth, where he took a break from the stage when his war injuries began to trouble him.


title: Arnold Ridley

text: After being stranded for an evening at Mangotsfield railway station, near Bristol, Ridley was inspired to write the play "The Ghost Train" (1923), a tale of passengers stranded at a haunted railway station in Cornwall, with one of the characters being an incognito British Government agent trying to catch Bolshevik revolutionaries active in Great Britain. The play was produced on stage, and became a hit, with 665 performances being staged consecutively in London's West End, and two revivals. "The Ghost Train" was first filmed in 1931 and again in 1941 when it starred Arthur Askey. Ridley also wrote more than 30 other plays including "The Wrecker" (1924), "Keepers of Youth" (1929), "The Flying Fool" (1929) and "Recipe for Murder" (1932).


title: Arnold Ridley

text: During his time in military service in the Second World War he adapted the Agatha Christie novel "Peril at End House" into a West End play that premiered in 1940. Ridley's post-war play, "Beggar My Neighbour", was first performed in 1951 and adapted for the Ealing Comedy film "Meet Mr. Lucifer" (1953).


title: Arnold Ridley

text: Ridley worked regularly as an actor, including an appearance in the British comedy "Crooks in Cloisters" (1964). He also played Doughy Hood, the village baker, in the radio soap opera "The Archers" and the Rev. Guy Atkins in the ATV soap "Crossroads" from the programme's inception in 1964 until 1968. However, he became a household name only after he was cast as Private Godfrey, the gentle platoon medic in the television comedy series "Dad's Army" (1968–1977). He continued to appear into his eighties, and was appointed an OBE in the 1982 Queen's New Year Honours List, for services to the theatre.


title: Arnold Ridley

text: He was the subject of "This Is Your Life" in 1976 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at London's Marylebone Station.


title: Arnold Ridley

text: Ridley was married three times. His first marriage lasted from January 1926 to 1939, and was followed by a short marriage to Isola Strong, an actress ("It's Hard to Be Good"), at Kensington in 1939, before his final marriage to actress Althea Parker (1911–2001) on 3 October 1945; they had one son, Nicolas (born 1947). He was a Freemason, and belonged to the Savage Club Lodge in London. The actress Daisy Ridley is his great-niece.


title: Arnold Ridley

text: Ridley died in hospital in Northwood in 1984 at the age of 88 after falling at his residence in Denville Hall, a home for retired actors. His body was cremated at the Golders Green Crematorium and an urn holding his ashes was buried in his parents' grave at Bath Abbey Cemetery. His collection of theatrical memorabilia was left to the University of Bristol and has been made available online.


title: Catch-22 (miniseries)

text: Catch-22 is a satirical dark comedy miniseries based on the 1961 novel of the same name by Joseph Heller. It premiered on May 17, 2019, on Hulu in the United States. The series stars Christopher Abbott, Kyle Chandler, Hugh Laurie, and George Clooney, who is also an executive producer alongside Grant Heslov, Luke Davies, David Michôd, Richard Brown, Steve Golin, and Ellen Kuras. The series was written by Davies and Michôd and directed by Clooney, Heslov, and Kuras, with each directing two episodes.


title: Catch-22 (miniseries)

text: John Yossarian (Christopher Abbott) is a United States Army Air Forces bombardier in World War II, furious that thousands of people are trying to kill him and that his own army keeps increasing the number of missions he must fly. He is trapped by the bureaucratic rule Catch-22, which considers a willingness to fly dangerous combat missions to be insane, yet a request to be relieved of duty on the grounds of insanity to be the process of a rational mind, so any such request must be denied.


title: Catch-22 (miniseries)

text: He chose bombardier hoping the war would finish before his lengthy training but now sits exposed in the nose of a B-25 dropping bombs on strangers who are trying to kill him, unless he is avoiding flying by feigning illness, sabotaging his intercom, self-inflicted illness, or clandestinely moving the bomb line so it appears their target has already been captured.


title: Catch-22 (miniseries)

text: The events occur in the Mediterranean theatre of World War II while the fictional 256th US Army Air Squadron is based on the (fictionalized) island of Pianosa, in the Mediterranean Sea, and conducting bombing raids over heavily defended fascist controlled Italy.


title: Catch-22 (miniseries)

text: Around 2014, producer Richard Brown, writer Luke Davies and writer-director David Michôd discussed properties that they would like to tackle in limited series format similar to "True Detective", which Brown had just executive produced. Davies brought up Heller's novel, which the trio agreed would benefit from a longer treatment than the two hours of Mike Nichols' 1970 feature film. The screen rights to the novel were held by Paramount Television where Anonymous Content had a deal. Davies and Michôd co-wrote the adaptation, which Brown developed at Anonymous. Michôd was originally set to direct until he became unavailable as a long-gestating feature film of his moved forward in production. The producers asked George Clooney to direct. He, along with his producing partner and frequent collaborator Grant Heslov, came on board as directors and executive producers.


title: Catch-22 (miniseries)

text: On November 16, 2017, the production was announced. On January 12, 2018, it was announced that Hulu was in negotiations for the series and two days later it was confirmed that the production had been given a six episode order. On March 16, 2018, it was announced that Ellen Kuras was joining Clooney and Heslov in directing. They each directed two episodes, and Kuras also served as an executive producer. On May 7, 2018, it was announced that Italy's Sky Italia was joining the production as a co-producer.


title: Catch-22 (miniseries)

text: Alongside the series order announcement, it was reported that in addition to directing the series George Clooney had been cast in the role of Colonel Cathcart. On March 9, 2018, it was announced that Christopher Abbott had been cast in the lead role of John Yossarian. On April 3, 2018, it was announced that Hugh Laurie had joined the main cast in the role of Major de Coverley. On April 13, 2018, it was announced that Clooney would no longer be playing the role of Colonel Cathcart and would instead assume the smaller supporting role of Major (later Colonel and eventually General) Scheisskopf. It was simultaneously announced that Kyle Chandler would be replacing him in the role of Cathcart. On May 3, 2018, it was reported that Daniel David Stewart, Austin Stowell, Rafi Gavron, Graham Patrick Martin, Pico Alexander, Jon Rudnitsky, Gerran Howell, and Lewis Pullman had joined the supporting cast as members of the "Merry Band." A few days later, it was announced that Tessa Ferrer and Jay Paulson had been cast as Nurse Duckett and The Chaplain, respectively. Towards the end of the month, it was reported that Giancarlo Giannini had been cast in the role of Marcello. On June 13, 2018, it was announced that Harrison Osterfield had been cast in the role of Snowden. On July 9, 2018, it was reported that Julie Ann Emery had been cast in the recurring role of Marion Scheisskopf.


title: Catch-22 (miniseries)

text: Principal photography was scheduled to commence at the end of May 2018 in Sardinia and Viterbo in Italy. On July 10, 2018, George Clooney was struck by a car while riding a motorcycle to the set of the series. He was taken to a hospital in Olbia where he was released later that same day. Filming for the series concluded on September 4, 2018, in Santa Teresa Gallura, Italy.


title: Catch-22 (miniseries)

text: Four original aircraft were sourced for the filming of the miniseries: two North American B-25 Mitchell medium bombers, a Douglas C-47 Skytrain military transport, and a Junkers Ju 52 transport.


title: Catch-22 (miniseries)

text: By comparison, the 1970 film adaptation of "Catch-22" featured 18 original B-25 Mitchells. Seventeen were in flying condition and one non-flyable example was destroyed in the filming of the crash landing scene. Fifteen of the 18 bombers used in that film remain intact to this day.


title: Catch-22 (miniseries)

text: The series premiered on May 17, 2019. In the United Kingdom, the series aired on Channel 4. In France, it aired on Canal+. In Australia, it was streamed on Stan. In Canada, it was streamed on Citytv Now.


title: Catch-22 (miniseries)

text: At the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds an approval rating of 84% based on 90 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10. The website's critical consensus states, "Though not quite as sharp as Joseph Heller's seminal novel, "Catch-22" handsomely rendered, hilariously horrifying exploration of war still soars thanks to its stellar cast and reverent adherence to its source material." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 70 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: David Birney

text: David Edwin Birney (April 23, 1939 – April 27, 2022) was an American actor and director whose career included performances in both contemporary and classical roles in theatre, film, and television. He is noted for having played the title role in the television series "Serpico". He also starred in "Bridget Loves Bernie", an early 1970s TV series about an interfaith marriage that also starred Meredith Baxter (whom he married after the series ended). He also portrayed Dr. Ben Samuels in "St. Elsewhere" from 1982 until 1983.


title: David Birney

text: Birney was born in Washington, D.C., on April 23, 1939. His father, Edwin, worked as a special agent for the FBI; his mother, Jeanne (McGee), was a housewife before becoming a real estate agent. Birney attended schools in Brooklyn, Ohio, and graduated from West High School in Cleveland. Named to the National Honor Society, he lettered in basketball, football, and track. He held a B.A. degree from Dartmouth College with "High Distinction" in English literature, English Honors. At the University of California, Los Angeles, Birney earned an M.A. in theatre arts, acting and directing, studying with Ralph Freud and William Melnitz. He held a teaching assistant fellowship and was awarded an honorary Ph.D. in Humanities from Southern Utah University.


title: David Birney

text: While in the U.S. Army, Birney won an All Army Entertainment contest and received the "Barter Theatre Award" in 1965. Since the award was an equity contract with the Company for an entire season, he consequently spent the next season with the Barter Theatre, the State Theatre of Virginia, starring or appearing in fifteen shows, directing two others. In the following two years he went on to perform with a range of companies and productions, off-Broadway and in several regional repertory theatres. His New York debut was with Joe Papp's New York Shakespeare Festival as Antipholus of Syracuse in William Shakespeare’s "The Comedy of Errors".


title: David Birney

text: Birney worked continually in the theatre performing leading roles with some of the most important theatres in the country. His stage credits included starring roles on Broadway in "Amadeus", "Benefactors", and "Man and Superman". He also had major roles at the American Shakespeare Festival, New York's Lincoln Center Repertory Theatre, the New York Shakespeare Festival, Los Angeles' Mark Taper Forum, Washington, D.C.'s Shakespeare Theatre, Princeton's McCarter Theatre, the Great Lakes Shakespeare Festival, and numerous regional theatres around the country.


title: David Birney

text: Representative roles included: Prince Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Mercutio in "Romeo and Juliet", Richard II, Richard III, Benedick in "Much Ado About Nothing", Shylock in "The Merchant of Venice", Orsino in "Twelfth Night", Atticus Finch in "To Kill a Mockingbird", Jack Tanner in "Man and Superman", Christy Mahon in "The Playboy of the Western World", Young Man in "Summertree", Cusins in "Major Barbara", Jerry in "The Zoo Story", Algernon in "The Importance of Being Earnest", Arthur in "Camelot", Higgins in "My Fair Lady", Matt Friedman in "Talley's Folly", David in "Social Security", Andrew in "Love Letters", Jamie in "A Moon for the Misbegotten", Victor in "The Price", Jaques in "As You Like It", the Dauphin in "King John", and Shaw in "Dear Liar".


title: David Birney

text: Birney recorded numerous audiobook bestsellers, including works by Dean Koontz, Paul Theroux, Annie Dillard, and Orson Scott Card. He was conferred the Audie Award for his reading of Julie Salomon's "The Christmas Tree", and was also bestowed several "AudioFile Magazine" Earphone Awards. He played Anakin Skywalker in the radio adaptation of "Return of the Jedi".


title: David Birney

text: Aside from his title role in "Bridget Loves Bernie", Birney appeared frequently on television, building a career in TV movies, regular series and miniseries. He starred in such series as "Live Shot", "Cannon", "St. Elsewhere", "The Adams Chronicles", "Glitter", "Serpico", "Fantasy Island", "Hawaii Five-O", "McMillan & Wife", "The F.B.I.", "Murder, She Wrote", and he starred in the episode "The Nomads" from the 1977 series "Quinn Martin's Tales of the Unexpected", known in the United Kingdom as "Twist in the Tale". His miniseries credits include "Testimony of Two Men", "Valley of the Dolls", "Night of the Fox", and "Master of the Game".


title: David Birney

text: Birney also appeared in leading roles in many television films, including "" and "The Deadly Game". He also appeared in the soap operas "The Best of Everything" and "Love Is a Many Splendored Thing".


title: David Birney

text: Birney edited and adapted for the stage a two-character play based on some of Mark Twain’s shorter works and letters. The piece, "Mark Twain's The Diaries of Adam and Eve", was presented on the PBS series "American Playhouse".


title: David Birney

text: Developing the play subsequently for the stage, Birney directed and starred in productions for regional theatres such as the Hartford Stage (opening the Mark Twain Festival in Hartford), the Capital Repertory Theatre, and on tour in performing arts centers across the country. A second play, "A Christmas Pudding", a Christmas collage of song, story and poetry of the season was published by Samuel French, Inc.


title: David Birney

text: Birney served on the Large Theatre Panel of the National Endowment for the Arts and was a board member of the Foundation for Biomedical Research. He also served on the Theatre and Dance Panel of the Jacob Javits Fellowship Foundation. For Dartmouth College he served as a member of the Board of Overseers for the Hopkins Center for the Arts. He initiated and chaired the Class of '61 Legacy: The American Tradition in Performance, helping to create a substantial endowment dedicated to live performance at the Hopkins Center at Dartmouth College.


title: David Birney

text: For five years, Birney co-chaired the American Diabetes Association, speaking and fund raising for the Association. He was an advisor for the Children’s Rights Council, a national nonprofit organization advocating access to both parents after divorce or separation. His contribution to classical theatre was recognized with Washington's Shakespeare Theatre's Millennium Award.


title: David Birney

text: Birney married actress Meredith Baxter in 1974. They had starred together in the 1972–73 TV series "Bridget Loves Bernie". During their marriage, she was known as Meredith Baxter Birney. Together, they had three children: Kate, Mollie, and Peter. They divorced in 1989. In 2011, she said Birney emotionally and physically abused her during their marriage. He published a lengthy statement on his website disputing the allegations.


title: David Birney

text: In the December 2017 edition of the "Wide Wide World" newsletter for Dartmouth College class of 1961 alumni, it was disclosed that Birney had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Birney died on April 27, 2022, at his home in Santa Monica, California, four days after his 83rd birthday. At the time of his death, he was in a domestic partnership with Michele Roberge.


title: 2022 Maine gubernatorial election

text: The 2022 Maine gubernatorial election took place on November 8, 2022, to elect the governor of Maine. Incumbent Democratic governor Janet Mills won re-election to a second term. Mills faced no primary opposition. The only Republican to file to run for the GOP nomination was former governor Paul LePage. An independent candidate, Sam Hunkler, received 2% of the vote, the lowest total for a third party or independent candidate since 1982. This was also the first gubernatorial election in Maine since 1990 in which the winner was from the same party as the incumbent president. With over 376,000 votes, Mills won more votes than any other gubernatorial candidate in Maine history, breaking her own record set four years earlier. Mills's 13 point margin of victory was the largest for a statewide Democratic candidate since George J. Mitchell won over 80% of the vote in the 1988 United States Senate election.


title: Velveeta

text: Velveeta is a brand name for a processed cheese product similar to American cheese. It was invented in 1918 by Emil Frey of the "Monroe Cheese Company" in Monroe, New York. In 1923, "The Velveeta Cheese Company" was incorporated as a separate company. In 1925, it advertised two varieties, Swiss and American. The firm was purchased by Kraft Foods Inc. in 1927.


title: Velveeta

text: In the 1930s, Velveeta became the first cheese product to gain the American Medical Association's seal of approval. It was reformulated in 1953 as a "cheese spread", but as of 2002 Velveeta must be labeled in the United States as a "pasteurized prepared cheese product."


title: Velveeta

text: The name "Velveeta" was intended to connote a "velvety smooth" edible product. Smoothness and melting ability are promoted as properties that result from reincorporating the whey with the curd. The brand has been expanded into a line of products including cheesy bites, macaroni and cheese, and cheesy skillets.


title: Velveeta

text: Kraft Foods lists Velveeta's ingredients as: milk, water, whey, milk protein concentrate, milkfat, whey protein concentrate, sodium phosphate, and 2% or less of salt, calcium phosphate, lactic acid, sorbic acid, sodium citrate, sodium alginate, enzymes, apocarotenal, annatto, and cheese culture.


title: Velveeta

text: In 2002, the FDA issued a warning letter to Kraft that Velveeta was being sold with packaging that described it as a "pasteurized process cheese spread", which the FDA claimed was false because the product listed milk protein concentrate (MPC) in its ingredients. Velveeta is now sold in the US as a "pasteurized prepared cheese product", a term for which the FDA does not maintain a standard of identity, and which therefore may contain milk protein concentrate.


title: Velveeta

text: Kraft Foods has marketed Velveeta as an ingredient in chile con queso and grilled cheese sandwiches. It is currently sold in the United States, Canada, Panama, Hong Kong, the Philippines, and South Korea. In the 1930s and 1940s, it was sold in the United Kingdom and Germany as "Velveta".


title: Velveeta

text: In the 1980s, Velveeta used the advertising jingle, "Colby, Swiss and Cheddar, blended all together" in its US television commercials to explain its taste and texture because real cheese was used in the product at that time.


title: Paranormal Activity 3

text: Paranormal Activity 3 is a 2011 American found footage supernatural horror film, directed by Henry Joost and Ariel Schulman. It is the third (chronologically, the first) installment of the "Paranormal Activity" series and serves as a prequel, mostly set 18 years prior to the events of the first two films. It was released in theaters on October 21, 2011. "Paranormal Activity 3" was also Joost and Schulman's first horror film.


title: Paranormal Activity 3

text: The film broke financial records upon release, setting a new record for a midnight opening for a horror film ($8 million) and the best opening day for a horror film in the United States ($26.2 million).


title: Paranormal Activity 3

text: In March 2005, Katie delivers a box of old videotapes to her pregnant sister Kristi Rey and her husband Daniel, which holds footage of young Katie and Kristi with their mother, Julie, and her boyfriend Dennis. A year later, Kristi and Daniel's house is ransacked and the tapes are missing. The VHS footage, filmed in 1988, makes up the rest of the film. A young Katie and Kristi are living with their mother Julie and her boyfriend Dennis (as their father left them for reasons unknown). Dennis notices that since Kristi's imaginary friend "Tobi" appeared, strange things have been happening around the house. After filming an earthquake in the couple's bedroom and noticing an invisible figure in the footage, Dennis is advised by his friend Randy to place cameras throughout the house. Dennis and Julie hire a babysitter named Lisa to watch the kids, but she becomes desperate to leave due to several terrifying incidents. The following night, Kristi tells Tobi they're not friends anymore.


title: Paranormal Activity 3

text: Dennis discovers a strange symbol in the girls' closet and finds the same symbol in a book about demonology. When Kristi becomes mysteriously ill, Julie and Dennis take her to the hospital. When Katie is left home with Randy, they are attacked by a black figure which violently flings furniture across the room and scratches Randy on his torso. When Julie and Dennis return home, he informs her that the symbol belonged to a witches' coven that and forget everything afterward, but Julie dismisses his claim.


title: Paranormal Activity 3

text: The demon harms Katie until Kristi agrees to do what it asks. She asks her mother to take them to her grandmother Lois's house in Moorpark, California, and Julie agrees after encountering frightening activity herself. At 1:00 AM in Moorpark, Julie and Dennis are awoken by loud disturbances and Julie goes to investigate. When she fails to return, Dennis goes to look for her. He finds occult imagery on the walls, including the symbol from the girls' room, and discovers several women, including Lois, dressed in black. He flees back to the house, with the women in pursuit, and finds Julie's limp body levitating above the ground before it is thrown at Dennis. Dennis hides with Kristi in a closet before walking into the kitchen, where Dennis, from a window, sees the women circling around a bonfire outside. Katie and Lois, in the same room as Julie's body, kill Dennis. Lois then beckons to Kristi and Katie and tells them to get ready. Before they head upstairs, Kristi calls for Tobi and growling sounds are heard upstairs until the camera cuts out and the film ends.


title: Paranormal Activity 3

text: Principal photography began on June 6, 2011 and ended on August 5. At the time during production, the film was under the name "Sports Camp". The film was directed by Henry Joost and Ariel Schulman (who both directed the documentary "Catfish"). Jason Blum, Oren Peli and Steven Schneider produced, along with Akiva Goldsman serving as executive producer. With a script written by Christopher Landon, the prequel was released on October 21, 2011. In some of the trailers, many of the scenes weren't shown in the final cut, which angered many of the fans.


title: Paranormal Activity 3

text: Once again using unique social media strategy after the success of the first two films, "Paranormal Activity 3" created the "Tweet Your Scream" campaign on Twitter in preparation for the release.


title: Paranormal Activity 3

text: The film performed even better than its predecessors, grossing $8 million from midnight showings, setting yet another record for a horror film. Its total Friday gross was an estimated $26.2 million, which was the best opening day gross for a 2011 film since "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2" in July. Bringing its total to $52.6 million, it set a new record for the franchise, a horror film ("Paranormal Activity 2", $40.6 million). At the time of its release, it set a new opening weekend record for a film released in the month of October as well as the fall season (later surpassed by "Gravity" in 2013 with a weekend gross of $55.8 million).


title: Paranormal Activity 3

text: "Paranormal Activity 3" grossed $104,028,807 in the United States and Canada, along with $101,675,011 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $205,703,818, making it the highest-grossing film in the 'Paranormal Activity' series.


title: Paranormal Activity 3

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 66% based on reviews from 125 critics, with an average rating of 6/10. The website's consensus is, "While the jolts and thrills are undeniably subject to the diminishing returns that plague most horror sequels, "Paranormal Activity 3" is a surprisingly spine-tingling treat." Metacritic, gives the film a weighted average score of 59 out of 100 based on reviews from 25 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was a "C+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Paranormal Activity 3

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film a single star out of four, stating that "the appeal has worn threadbare", but predicting that the film would fare well at the box office nevertheless.


title: Paranormal Activity 3

text: Kim Newman of Empire Magazine gave it 3 out of 5 and wrote: "If you don't expect innovation from a part three, then this won't disappoint: it may be hokey, but the scares still work."


title: Paranormal Activity 3

text: "Paranormal Activity 3" was released on DVD/Blu-ray and video on demand/pay-per-view on January 24, 2012, and includes an unrated director's cut, "lost tapes" (deleted scenes), theatrical version, and digital copy. A one-disc theatrical version of the movie was released on DVD on February 14, 2012.


title: Paranormal Activity 3

text: In January 2012, Paramount announced there would be a fourth film in the franchise. It was to be directed by Henry Joost and Ariel Schulman, the directors of the third film. Filming started in late June. The film was released on October 19, 2012. On August 1, 2012, the first trailer was released, teasing this film with the tagline, "all the activity has led to this".


title: Jar of Flies

text: Jar of Flies is the third studio EP by the American rock band Alice in Chains, released on January 25, 1994, through Columbia Records. This is Alice in Chains' second acoustic EP, preceded by 1992's "Sap", and it is the first EP in music history to debut at No. 1 on the "Billboard" 200 chart, with the first week sales exceeding 141,000 copies in the United States. The self-produced EP was written and recorded over the course of just one week at the London Bridge Studio in Seattle. The tracks "No Excuses", "I Stay Away" and "Don't Follow" were released as singles to promote the album. "Jar of Flies" was nominated for two Grammy Awards in 1995: Best Recording Package and Best Hard Rock Performance for "I Stay Away".


title: Jar of Flies

text: The EP was well received by critics and has been certified quadruple-platinum by the RIAA, making "Jar of Flies" one of the band's most successful releases. In Canada, "Jar of Flies" was certified double-platinum for the sale of 200,000 copies. In Great Britain, the album was certified silver after selling 60,000 copies.


title: Jar of Flies

text: Following Alice in Chains' extensive 1993 world tour for "Dirt", bassist Mike Starr getting fired during the tour for his drug use, and Ozzy Osbourne bassist Mike Inez joining the band, the members returned home to Seattle after the end of their Lollapalooza tour and found themselves evicted from their residence after failing to pay the rent. Homeless, the band then moved into the London Bridge Studio in Seattle.


title: Jar of Flies

text: During Alice in Chains' June–August 1993 appearance at Lollapalooza, guitarist Jerry Cantrell called record producer Toby Wright with a proposal to collaborate on new material. Wright reacted positively and booked ten days at the London Bridge Studio. Despite Cantrell's assurances, the band did not have any planned tracks before the session began. Drummer Sean Kinney had said, "After playing loud music for a year, we'd come home and the last thing we wanted to do was crank up the amps right away. That stuff was written on buses and whenever we had downtime. We did "Jar of Flies" to see how it was to record with [bassist] Mike Inez. We just went into the studio with no songs written, to check out the chemistry. It all fell into place. The sounds and the tones were really good. We thought it would be a waste not to put that material out."


title: Jar of Flies

text: The first session took place on September 7, 1993. Vocalist Layne Staley said the band "just wanted to go into the studio for a few days with our acoustic guitars and see what happened. We never really planned on the music we made at that time to be released. But the record label heard it and they really liked it. For us, it was just the experience of four guys getting together in the studio and making some music." The album's sessions lasted 14–18 hours a day, and recording was complete within seven days. Assistant engineer Jonathan Plum described the sessions as "exhaustive". The album was recorded on tape on a Neve 80-68 mixing console because Wright wanted the album's acoustic sound to be as natural as possible. Staley instructed that Pro Tools not be used within the studio; as Wright explained, "Layne absolutely had a working knowledge of his sonic preferences in the studio - and felt analog sounded better for the band's sound." The album's tracks were mostly recorded within one or two takes.


title: Jar of Flies

text: The album's acoustic guitar sound was particularly focused on. Wright recalled that "at some points we overdubbed some acoustics with micing those acoustics, but when they were recording live off the floor, I'd use whatever pick-ups [Cantrell] had in his guitars at the time, trying to keep that sound as close to acoustic-sounding as possible. So that it sounded like it was an acoustic guitar instead of an electrified acoustic guitar." Cantrell played using Ovation guitars during the album's sessions. To reflect the recording's acoustic climate, Kinney sometimes used brushes to obtain a softer feel. AKG 414 microphones were used for overhead registration, while D-12s were used for the floor and rack toms, and Sennheiser MD 421s were placed on the kick drum. 451s and 57s were mounted on the top side of the snare drum, while a 441 was fitted on the bottom side. The characteristic syncopated drum opening in "No Excuses" was a result of Kinney's improvised experimentation with side-stick drumming. Wright was not an advocate of the technique and said that they "eventually wound up with some bongos and some smaller drums set up over the hi-hat that we incorporated into that groove." Staley wrote much of the album's lyrics within the studio and arranged the album's vocal harmonies. Wright recalled the pace of Staley's work as quick, and that the vocal tracks were recorded within one or two takes via a Neumann M-49 microphone. Cantrell performed the lead vocals in the track "Don't Follow". Wright described Cantrell as an "awesome" singer, and stressed that "you couldn't have done all those harmonies without him." The album's sessions concluded on September 14. Wright mixed the album at Scream Studio in Los Angeles, California from September 17–22.


title: Jar of Flies

text: Due to the dominance of acoustic instruments in "Jar of Flies", the album is often considered a continuation of the sound adopted by the band on the 1992 EP "Sap". The album demonstrates the band's wide range by offering a variety of tracks with an acoustic texture, featuring elements of album-oriented rock, blues rock, alternative rock, jangle pop, and classic rock. Steve Huey of AllMusic stressed that "the mood is still hopelessly bleak, but the poignant, introspective tone produces a sense of acceptance that's actually soothing, in a funereal sort of way. Jerry Cantrell's arrangements keep growing more detailed and layered; while there are a few noisy moments, most of "Jar of Flies" is bathed in a clean, shimmering ambience whose source is difficult to pin down". Paul Evans of "Rolling Stone" stated that Staley's vocals on the tracks "Swing on This" and "Rotten Apple" "ow[e] as much to Styx and Kansas as Jerry Cantrell’s guitars do to Black Sabbath", and that the vocals "evoke pathos as well as anger." Tom Sinclair of "Entertainment Weekly" compared "No Excuses" to classic rock of the 70's and described "Swing on This" as "postmodern boogie-woogie". The album's lyrics are dark and gloomy, with Huey writing that ""Jar of Flies" is about living with the consequences, full of deeply felt reflections on loneliness, self-imposed isolation, and lost human connections." Jon Pareles of "The New York Times" observed that "Alice in Chains prizes solitude on "Jar of Flies", a set of songs about rugged individualism turned into exile."


title: Jar of Flies

text: The album's title originates from a science experiment that Cantrell conducted in third grade. The experiment consisted of maintaining two jars full of flies. The flies in one jar would be overfed, while the flies in the other jar would be underfed. The flies that were overfed reproduced rapidly, but then died from overcrowding. The flies that were underfed managed to survive throughout the year. Concerning the anecdote, Staley said "I guess there's a message in there somewhere. Evidently that experiment had a big impact on Jerry."


title: Jar of Flies

text: Rocky Schenck photographed the album cover in his dining room on September 8, 1993. As he recalled, "The band had come up with the idea for the title and wanted the cover to be a young boy looking into a jar filled with flies. I remember they asked me to use 'crazy colors' in the shot, so I utilized lots of different gels over the lights to achieve the final look." Schenck's assistant took several trips to a nearby horse stable where he caught hundreds of flies using a butterfly net. On January 27, 2019, two days following the album's 25th anniversary, Schenck published rare outtakes from the album cover shoot on his Instagram account and said that he has forgotten the name of the kid on the cover.


title: Jar of Flies

text: "Jar of Flies" was released on January 25, 1994, by Columbia Records. The album was promoted by two singles, "No Excuses" and "I Stay Away", both of which received music videos. "No Excuses" reached #1 on the Album Rock Tracks chart, becoming the first single by the band to do so. Cantrell admitted that "we couldn't believe that it did so well," and that "the success of "Jar of Flies" showed us that we could do what we liked and that other people would like it too." A limited edition Enhanced CD was produced. This version of the album includes a lyric sheet, a biography and discography of the band, the music videos for "No Excuses" and "I Stay Away" and fragments of interviews with the musicians. In addition, 2,500 copies were made of a double EP including "Jar of Flies" and "Sap".


title: Jar of Flies

text: The album entered the "Billboard" 200 chart at number one; the sales that prompted this was over 141,000 during the first week of its release thus becoming the first ever EP and first Alice in Chains release to top the charts. It was the only EP ever to gain this distinction until 2004, when the "Collision Course" mashup EP by Jay-Z and Linkin Park also achieved the number one spot ten years later, and Bad Meets Evil's EP "" in 2011. "Jar of Flies" has sold 2,037,853 copies during its first year and was later certified triple platinum in 1995 and quadruple platinum in 2022.


title: Jar of Flies

text: Paul Evans of "Rolling Stone" called the EP "darkly gorgeous", and Steve Huey stated ""Jar of Flies" is a low-key stunner, achingly gorgeous and harrowingly sorrowful all at once."


title: Jar of Flies

text: The album was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Recording Package in 1995, but lost to Buddy Jackson for "Tribute to the Music of Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys" performed by Asleep at the Wheel. The single "I Stay Away" was nominated for the Best Hard Rock Performance.


title: Jar of Flies

text: In November 2011, "Jar of Flies" was ranked No. 4 on "Guitar World" magazine's top ten list of guitar albums of 1994.


title: Jar of Flies

text: It was featured on "Guitar World" magazine's "Superunknown: 50 Iconic Albums That Defined 1994" list in 2014.


title: Jar of Flies

text: In April 2014, "Jar of Flies" was ranked No. 12 on Rolling Stone's "40 Best Records From Mainstream Alternative's Greatest Year" list. In May 2014, the EP was placed at No. 5 on Loudwire's "10 Best Hard Rock Albums of 1994" list.


title: Jar of Flies

text: Cane Hill's lead vocalist Elijah Witt said that "Jar of Flies" was a big influence on the band's 2019 acoustic EP, "Kill the Sun". The album was also an inspiration for Strung Out's 2018 acoustic EP, "Black Out the Sky".


title: Flipped classroom

text: A flipped classroom is an instructional strategy and a type of blended learning, which aims to increase student engagement and learning by having pupils complete readings at home and work on live problem-solving during class time. This pedagogical style moves activities, including those that may have traditionally been considered homework, into the classroom. With a flipped classroom, students watch online lectures, collaborate in online discussions, or carry out research at home, while actively engaging concepts in the classroom, with a mentor's guidance.


title: Flipped classroom

text: In traditional classroom instruction, the teacher is typically the leader of a lesson, the focus of attention, and the primary disseminator of information during the class period. The teacher responds to questions while students refer directly to the teacher for guidance and feedback. Many traditional instructional models rely on lecture-style presentations of individual lessons, limiting student engagement to activities in which they work independently or in small groups on application tasks, devised by the teacher. The teacher typically takes a central role in class discussions, controlling the conversation's flow. Typically, this style of teaching also involves giving students the at-home tasks of reading from textbooks or practicing concepts by working, for example, on problem sets.


title: Flipped classroom

text: The flipped classroom intentionally shifts instruction to a learner-centered model, in which students are often initially introduced to new topics outside of school, freeing up classroom time for the exploration of topics in greater depth, creating meaningful learning opportunities. With a flipped classroom, 'content delivery' may take a variety of forms, often featuring video lessons prepared by the teacher or third parties, although online collaborative discussions, digital research, and text readings may alternatively be used. The ideal length for a video lesson is widely cited as eight to 12 minutes.


title: Flipped classroom

text: Flipped classrooms also redefine in-class activities. In-class lessons accompanying flipped classroom may include activity learning or more traditional homework problems, among other practices, to engage students in the content. Class activities vary but may include: using math manipulatives and emerging mathematical technologies, in-depth laboratory experiments, original document analysis, debate or speech presentation, current event discussions, peer reviewing, project-based learning, and skill development or concept practice Because these types of active learning allow for highly differentiated instruction, more time can be spent in class on higher-order thinking skills such as problem-finding, collaboration, design and problem solving as students tackle difficult problems, work in groups, research, and construct knowledge with the help of their teacher and peers.


title: Flipped classroom

text: A teacher's interaction with students in a flipped classroom can be more personalized and less didactic, and students are actively involved in knowledge acquisition and construction as they participate in and evaluate their learning.


title: Flipped classroom

text: Militsa Nechkina, a member of the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, first proposed the flipped classroom model in 1984. In the 1980s and 1990s, teachers in Russia tried this instructional strategy. “...let pupils extract new things from autonomous reading of a textbook, which has been created accordingly. Allow them to consider it, then discuss it with their teacher at school and come to a united conclusion.” Nechkina wrote of the flipped classroom.


title: Flipped classroom

text: In 1993, Alison King published "From Sage on the Stage to Guide on the Side," in which she focuses on the importance of the use of class time for the construction of meaning rather than information transmission. While not directly illustrating the concept of "flipping" a classroom, King's work is often cited as an impetus for an inversion to allow for the educational space for active learning.


title: Flipped classroom

text: Harvard professor Eric Mazur played a significant role in the development of concepts influencing flipped teaching through the development of an instructional strategy he called peer instruction. Mazur published a book in 1997 outlining the strategy, entitled "Peer Instruction: A User's Manual". He found that his approach, which moved information transfer out of the classroom and information assimilation into the classroom, allowed him to coach students in their learning instead of lecture.


title: Flipped classroom

text: Lage, Platt and Treglia published a paper entitled "Inverting the Classroom: A Gateway to Creating an Inclusive Learning Environment" (2000), which discusses their research on flipped classrooms at the college level. In their research focusing on two college economics courses, Lage, Platt, and Treglia assert that one can leverage the class time that becomes available from the inversion of the classroom (moving information presentation via lecture out of the classroom to media such as computers or VCRs) to meet the needs of students with a wide variety of learning styles. The University of Wisconsin-Madison deployed software to replace lectures in large lecture-based computer science course with streaming video of the lecturer and coordinated slides. In the late 1990s, J. Wesley Baker was experimenting with these same ideas at Cedarville University. He presented a paper discussing what he termed the "classroom flip" at an education conference in the year 2000 in what may be the first published mention of the word "flip" associated with this model of teaching and learning.


title: Flipped classroom

text: Kaw and Hess published a paper in 2007 to compare the effectiveness of 4 instructional modalities for a single topic of a STEM course -(i) traditional lecture, (ii) blended (what they called "Web-enhanced lecture"), (iii) Web-based self-study and (iv) flipped (what they called "Web-based self-study and classroom discussion"). Statistical analysis of the assessment data indicated that the second modality, in which Web-based modules for instruction were used during face-to-face lecture delivery mode, resulted in higher levels of student performance and satisfaction.


title: Flipped classroom

text: Perhaps the most recognizable contributor to the flipped classroom is Salman Khan. In 2004, Khan began recording videos at the request of a younger cousin he was tutoring because she felt that recorded lessons would let her skip segments she had mastered and replay parts that were troubling her. Salman Khan founded Khan Academy based on this model. For some, Khan Academy has become synonymous with the flipped classroom; however, these videos are only one form of the flipped classroom strategy.


title: Flipped classroom

text: The Wisconsin Collaboratory for Enhanced Learning has built two centers to focus on flipped and blended learning. The classroom structure houses technology and collaboration-friendly learning spaces, and emphasis for those involved in the program is placed on individualized learning through non-traditional teaching strategies such as flipped classroom.


title: Flipped classroom

text: To decrease student resistance, Clark, Kaw and Braga Gomes have used adaptive learning in the preclass preparation for flipped classrooms. Because adaptive learning reduces student time and ensures required mastery learning, the flipped classroom became more favorable and decreased perception of responsibility.


title: Flipped classroom

text: Recently, A group of researchers has also stated the importance of hybrid flipped classroom strategy in Covid-19 times in imparting online education, particularly in context of developing economies. Authors describe that the hybrid-flipped classroom strategy is expected to benefit a larger learner-instructor community in the times of pandemic crisis.


title: Flipped classroom

text: Woodland Park High School chemistry teachers Jonathan Bergmann and Aaron Sams began practising flipped teaching at the high school level when, in 2007, they recorded their lectures and posted them online to accommodate students who missed their classes. They note that one person cannot be credited with having invented the inverted or flipped classroom, and assert that there is no one 'right' way to flip a classroom as approaches and teaching styles are diverse, as are needs of schools. They went on to develop the "Flipped-Mastery" model and wrote extensively about it in their book "Flip Your Classroom".


title: Flipped classroom

text: In 2011 educators in Michigan's Clintondale High School flipped every classroom. Principal Greg Green led an effort to help teachers develop plans for flipped classrooms, and worked with social studies teacher, Andy Scheel, to run two classes with identical material and assignments, one flipped and one conventional. The flipped class had many students who had already failed the class—some multiple times. After 20 weeks, students in the flipped classroom were outperforming students in the traditional classrooms. Further, no students in the flipped classrooms scored lower than a C+, while the previous semester 13 percent had failed. The traditional classroom showed no change. Before this, Clintondale had been designated as among the state's worst 5 percent. The next year when teachers used a flipped model in the 9th grade, the failure rates in English, math, science, and social studies dropped significantly, with the now-flipped school's failure rate dropping from 30 to 10 percent in 2011. Results on standardized tests went up in 2012, but then dropped.


title: Flipped classroom

text: MEF University, a non-profit private university located in Istanbul, Turkey, claims to be the first university in the world that has adopted the "flipped classroom" educational model university-wide.


title: Flipped classroom

text: Proponents of flipped classrooms in higher education have had an interest in seeing this put into practice in university classrooms. Professors at the University of Graz conducted a study in which lectures were video recorded in a manner in which students could have access to them throughout the semester of a lecture-based course on educational psychology. The professors surveyed how the students used their educational tools: attending lectures and watching or rewatching videos. Students subsequently rated (on a scale of 1=none to 6=nearly all) how often they used these materials. The majority of students (68.1%) relied on watching the podcasts but had low attendance rates compared to their podcast usage. The remainder of the students either rarely watched podcasts (19.6%) or somewhat used the podcasts (12.3%), but both had similar lecture attendance. Students that watched the videos more than their peers performed better than those who chose otherwise.


title: Flipped classroom

text: On June 27, 2016, Jonathan Bergmann, one of the originators of flipped learning, launched the Flipped Learning Global Initiative, led by Errol St.Clair Smith. On January 26, 2018 the Flipped Learning Global Initiative introduced its International Faculty, created to deliver a consistent standard of training and ongoing support to schools and school systems around the world.


title: Flipped classroom

text: In traditional schools, each topic in class receives a fixed amount of time for all students. Flipped mastery classrooms apply a mastery learning model that requires each student to master a topic before moving to the next one.


title: Flipped classroom

text: Mastery learning was briefly popular in the 1920s, and was revived by Benjamin Bloom in 1968. While it is difficult to implement in large, traditional classrooms, it has shown dramatic success in improving student learning. The mastery model allows teachers to provide the materials, tools and support for learning while students set goals and manage their time.


title: Flipped classroom

text: Mastery rewards students for displaying competence. Students who initially turn in shoddy work must correct it before moving on. Before flipping, mastery learning was impractical in most schools. It was not possible to give different lectures for different groups of students. Testing was also impractical, because fast-learning students could reveal the test to those who followed.


title: Flipped classroom

text: In a flipped mastery classroom, students view each lecture and work on each exercise or project when they have mastered the precursors.


title: Flipped classroom

text: Tim Kelly, winner of the Presidential Award for Mathematics and Science Teaching, adopted flipped mastery with his colleagues Corey Sullivan and Mike Brust. Sullivan estimated that 40 to 60 hours of work outside school for each of 12 units per course were required the first year. Another Presidential Award winner, Spencer Bean, converted after his daughter went through Kelly's class.


title: Flipped classroom

text: Flipped mastery eliminates two other out-of-class routines: daily lesson planning and grading papers. The latter happens in class and in person. Replacing lectures with group and individual activities increases in-class activity. Every student has something to do throughout the class. In some classes, students choose how to demonstrate mastery—testing, writing, speaking, debating and even designing a related game. Learning Management Systems such as Moodle or ILIAS provide ways to manage the testing process. They create a different test for each student from a pool of questions. Advocates claim that its efficiency allows most students to do a year's work in much less time. Advanced students work on independent projects while slower learners get more personalized instruction. Some students might not get through the year's material, but demonstrated competence on the parts they did complete.


title: Flipped classroom

text: Students may be more likely to favor the flipped classroom approach once they have taken the time to personally participate in this specific type of learning course. In a prior pharmaceutics course, for instance, a mere 34.6% of the 19 students initially preferred the flipped classroom setting. After all of the students had participated in the Pharmaceutical Flipped Classroom course, the number of those favoring this method of learning increased significantly, reaching a total of 89.5%. Individuals interested in a more problem-solving, hands-on form of learning are more likely to benefit from the flipped classroom, as it strays from a traditional lecture learning style. Students may initially have certain doubts or fears regarding the use of flipped classroom, including:


title: Flipped classroom

text: A flipped classroom is composed of various components, such as (this only represents a few examples):


title: Flipped classroom

text: It has been determined, through several conducted experiments, that certain aspects of the flipped classroom approach are more beneficial to students than others. For instance, in a study conducted on the feedback received from students who had participated in a flipped classroom teaching module for college English reading, the following results were derived:


title: Flipped classroom

text: From these specific statistics, it can be determined that students felt that their experience within the flipped classroom was greatly benefited by certain aspects of the course (such as the learning guide provided), while other portions of the module may have been unnecessary or insignificant to their learning (such as the video form of the module).


title: Flipped classroom

text: For students, there exists a 'digital divide'. Not all families are from the same socio-economic background, and thus access to computers or video-viewing technology outside of the school environment is not possible for all students. This model of instruction may put undue pressure on some families as they attempt to gain access to videos outside of school hours.


title: Flipped classroom

text: Additionally, some students may struggle due to their developing personal responsibility. In a self-directed, home learning environment students who are not at the developmental stage required to keep on-task with independent learning may fall rapidly behind their peers.


title: Flipped classroom

text: Others argue that the flipped classroom leads to increased computer time in an era where adolescents already spend too much time in front of computer screens. Inverted models that rely on computerized videos do contribute to this challenge, particularly if videos are long.


title: Flipped classroom

text: Additionally, flipped classrooms that rely on videos to deliver instruction suffer some of the same challenges as traditional classrooms. Students may not learn best by listening to a lecture, and watching instructional videos at home is still representative of a more traditional form of teaching. Critics argue a constructivist approach would be more beneficial.


title: Flipped classroom

text: Teachers may find challenges with this model as well. Increased preparation time is initially likely needed, as creating high quality videos requires teachers to contribute significant time and effort outside of regular teaching responsibilities. Additional funding may also be required to procure training for teachers to navigate computer technologies involved in the successful implementation of the inverted model.


title: Flipped classroom

text: The potential performance increase from flipped classrooms varies greatly on classroom by classroom basis. The potential benefits may be affected by the method of conducting the classroom and the level of intensity of the course. Currently, the amount of research available is not enough to create rigorous practical guidelines for all teachers to use. Therefore, some teachers may conduct the flipped classroom more effectively than others. In addition, the level of intensity of the course may also play a crucial role in the efficacy of the flipped model. Researchers often witness a more defined performance increase in K-12 education as opposed to college or graduate education. In foreign language education, flipped classrooms seem less effective for students with lower proficiency in the target language.


title: Flipped classroom

text: In 2022, a review of meta-analyses and a follow-up meta-analysis was done on flipped classrooms. They claim that they found that most were simply flipping and adding more traditional class work as opposed to using active learning. They propose a more specific model for flipping, “Fail, Flip, Fix, and Feed" model which seems to be even more complicated and resource intensive to implement and fraught with creating frustration in students. Resistance from students to active learning still exists.


title: Flipped classroom

text: Interactive method based on collaborative work that has proven effective in areas such as science, technology, engineering and mathematics (Dumont, 2014). Specifically consists of sharing with other students a different response to their own and explain the reasons that support the same to learn from each other. In this process the reasoning beyond the answers is analyzed.


title: Flipped classroom

text: When the invested learning model is applied in a more advanced way. Educators begin by organizing content around specific goals. Students work on course content at their own pace and upon reaching the end of each unit, they must show mastery of learning objectives before moving on to the next topic and so on (Bergmann and Sams, 2013). Students can show evidence of their learning through videos, worksheets, experimental stories, programs, projects, examples, among others.


title: Flipped classroom

text: There are two challenges in the flipped-mastery model: the first is to deliver instruction to students when they have different levels of learning and understanding of the subjects. The second challenge is to carry out summative assessment when the student has to be evaluated more than once.


title: Flipped classroom

text: The combination of inverted learning and other pedagogical approaches such as adaptive learning can help educators obtain information from the areas of learning where their students show mastery and those in which they still have deficiencies or need to improve. This knowledge can support the teacher in determining how to organize and manage class time to maximize student learning (Yilmaz-tuzun, 2008).


title: Flipped classroom

text: A step forward in the flipped-mastery model would be to include gamification elements in the learning process. Gamification is the application of game mechanisms in situations not directly related to games. The basic idea is to identify what motivates a game and see how it can be applied in the teaching-learning model (in this case it would be Flipped-Mastery). The results of the Fun Theory research showed that fun can significantly change people's behavior in a positive sense, in the same way that it has a positive effect on education (Volkswagen, 2009).


title: Flipped classroom

text: There may also be a symbiosis or complementation between the flipped classroom technique and cooperative learning. Schoolwork, also commonly known as "homework", is done jointly and in cooperation with the group as the teacher moves the time spent explaining the subject to the flipped classroom method. In this way, the student has to assimilate and understand the content of more theoretical weight at home, through the recordings made by the teacher, and the time in class is dedicated to the development of tasks and problem solving and / or doubts through cooperative learning (Fortanet, González, Mira Pastor and López Ramón, 2013).


title: Flipped classroom

text: The qualities of a flipped classroom that are valuable for typical students can also benefit students with disabilities. Inclusive classrooms can be used to change perceptions and reduce the stigma students with disabilities experience. For example, a teacher can develop a lesson about social skills if it is an area of concern for a student diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder.


title: Flipped classroom

text: Traditional instructor teaching style classes can be mixed with or transformed to flipped teaching. Before and after each (traditional/flipped) lecture, anonymized evaluation items on the Likert scale can be recorded from the students for continuous monitoring/dashboarding. In planned flipped teaching lessons, the teacher hands out lesson teaching material one week before the lesson is scheduled for the students to prepare talks. Small student groups work on the lecture chapters instead of homework, and hold the lecture in front of their peers. The professional lecturer then discusses, complements and provides feedback at the end of the group talks. Here, the professional lecturer acts as a coach to help students preparation and live performance.


title: Carly Pope

text: Carly Pope (born August 28, 1980) is a Canadian actress. She is best known for her roles on The WB's drama series "Popular" (1999–2001), supernatural drama series "The Collector" (2004-2005), USA Network's legal drama series "Suits" (2016–2017) and The CW's "Arrow" (2016–2017).


title: Carly Pope

text: Pope was born and raised in Vancouver, British Columbia, with an older brother, Kris, also an actor, and a younger brother, Alexander. She was trained as a dancer until she became active in theater during high school. She appeared in plays such as "The Odd Couple", playing Mickey, and "A Midsummer Night's Dream", playing Titania. She attended Lord Byng Secondary high school.


title: Carly Pope

text: Pope started her career with several small roles, such as "Disturbing Behavior", "Snow Day", "Aliens in the Wild, Wild West", and "Night Man", before being cast as Sam McPherson on The WB's comedy-drama television series "Popular" (1999–2001). The series followed two teenage girls, Pope and Leslie Bibb, who reside on opposite ends of the popularity spectrum at their high school, but are forced to get along when their single parents meet on a cruise ship and get married. Pope was named one of "Teen People"'s 25 Hottest Stars Under 25 in 2000. She has appeared on the cover of several magazines, including "Seventeen", "Teen", "Curve" and "Medusa", and in pictorials for "FHM" and "Razor". Her breakthrough role was playing Abbey in Disturbing Behavior (1998), who was in a flashback sequence, but it was cut when the film was released.


title: Carly Pope

text: Pope had several roles in film and television, including "The Glass House", Jeff Probst's "Finder's Fee", and "Orange County". In 2004 she had starred as Maya Kandinski in "The Collector". In 2005 she was a guest-star in an episode of FOX's "Tru Calling" and played an aspiring social worker in the film "Eighteen".


title: Carly Pope

text: In 2007, Pope starred in the Power Up project "Itty Bitty Titty Committee", and in Martin Gero's ' intelligent sex comedy ' and Toronto International Film Festival hit, "Young People Fucking". In 2009, she appeared in FOX's hit thriller, "24", as Samantha Roth, the president's son's girlfriend.


title: Carly Pope

text: Pope joined the main cast of the NBC legal drama television series "Outlaw" in 2010, portraying Lucinda Pearl. In 2015, Pope co-produced the Canadian documentary film "Highway of Tears". She portrayed architect Tara Messer on USA Network's legal drama series "Suits" (2016–2017). On July 26, 2019, "The Hollywood Reporter" announced that Pope will appear in Hallmark Channel's Christmas-themed television film, "Double Holiday" (2019) opposite Kristoffer Polaha.


title: Carly Pope

text: On December 29, 2009, Pope and her brother, Kris, were driving a black BMW down West Georgia Street in Downtown Vancouver when David Fomradas, 31, of Alberta jumped on top of the car and yelled at them to run him over. When Kris got out of the car, Fomradas jumped in the front seat and drove the vehicle into the new CBC studios. Carly suffered a broken rib and two cracked vertebrae, Kris suffered severe injuries to his ankle, and a passerby was also injured.


title: Brody King

text: Nathan Troy Blauvelt (born March 17, 1987), better known by his ring name Brody King, is an American professional wrestler and musician signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW), where he is a member of The House of Black. King was previously signed to Ring of Honor, where he was a part of the Villain Enterprises faction and the leader of the stable Violence Unlimited. He's also the vocalist for the hardcore band God's Hate.


title: Brody King

text: King is a former triple champion across three promotions – a co-holder of the ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Championship with PCO and Scurll in their first reign, a former co-holder of the NWA World Tag Team Championship with PCO, and a former co-holder of Australia's World Series Wrestling Tag Team Championship with Scurll. King and PCO are also former ROH World Tag Team Champions, and winners of ROH's 2019 Tag Wars tournament, and the 2019 Crockett Cup. He has also wrestled for Major League Wrestling (MLW), Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG), and various independent promotions.


title: Brody King

text: Blauvelt was trained by the Santinos Bros Academy in Bell Gardens, California, debuting in 2015. He began to work as Brody King, as tribute to Bruiser Brody and Brodie Lee. In 2016, King participated in the All Pro Wrestling' Young Lions Cup, winning the tournament.


title: Brody King

text: King made his debut for Major League Wrestling (MLW) at their Never Say Never show on December 12, 2017, losing to Montel Vontavious Porter (MVP). Three months later, he would be eliminated in the first round of the MLW World Heavyweight Championship tournament by Shane Strickland. Then he would participate in the 40-man Battle Riot match, where he would be eliminated. On September 6, 2018, King wrestled his first match against PCO in MLW. The match resulted in a brawl and a double disqualification after around five minutes. His final match for MLW was on the Christmas 2018 edition of "MLW Fusion", a taped match from their November tapings, where he lost a no-disqualification match to PCO ending their feud.


title: Brody King

text: In 2018, he made his debut for Pro Wrestling Guerilla (PWG) at Neon Knights, losing to Adam Brooks. At Time Is A Flat Circle he defeated Douglas James, Eli Everfly and Jake Atlas in a Fatal-4-Way match. He received a title shot against then-champion Walter at Threemendous V which he lost, but his performance was highly praised. He participated in the 2018 Battle of Los Angeles tournament where he defeated PCO in the first round, but was defeated by Trevor Lee in the second round. At their following event he lost to Timothy Thatcher. Brody King wrestled next for PWG at their January 18, 2019, show Hand of Doom. He defeated Jungle Boy at the event.


title: Brody King

text: On August 31, 2018, at All American Wrestling's AAW Defining Moment 2018 King won the AAW Heavyweight Championship from A. C. H.. He would successfully defend the title against Pentagon Jr. and Eddie Kingston before losing the title to Sami Callihan on December 29, 2018. On November 16 and 17 King appeared on two Game Changer Wrestling (GCW) events. The first night he defeated Hardcore Holly and the second night he lost a GCW Heavyweight Championship match against Nick Gage. In November 2018, King allied with Marty Scurll during a World Series Wrestling's tour, forming a tag team known as Villain Enterprises. They would win the WSW Tag Team Championship during that same tour. His last match of 2018 would be for Suburban Fight Pro against Darby Allin.


title: Brody King

text: Along with PCO, King participated in the 2019 Crockett Cup tournament. King and PCO defeated Royce Isaacs and Thomas Laitmer in the finals to win the cup and the vacant NWA World Tag Team Championship.


title: Brody King

text: On December 1, 2018, King signed an exclusive deal with Ring of Honor. He debuted for ROH at the December 15 tapings, forming Villain Enterprises with Scurll and PCO. King and PCO would then go on to win the 2019 ROH Tag Wars Tournament, and on March 15, they defeated The Briscoe Brothers in a Las Vegas street fight to win the ROH World Tag Team Championship at the ROH 17th Anniversary Show. The following night, King, PCO, and Scurll defeated The Kingdom for the ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Championship during the "Ring of Honor Wrestling" tapings. This made King a double champion in ROH within a 24 hour span. PCO and King would lose the ROH Tag Team Titles to Guerrillas of Destiny in a Fatal 4 Way match also involving Los Ingobernables de Japón (EVIL and Sanada) and The Briscoes at G1 Supercard. On January 11, 2020, Villain Enterprises would lose the Six Man Titles to MexiSquad (Bandido, Flamita, and Rey Horus). Villain Enterprises would quietly disband after this due to the COVID-19 pandemic and Scurll's departure from Ring of Honor after allegations during the Speaking Out movement as King and PCO both began focusing on singles competition. At Final Battle, King received a ROH World Championship match against Rush but was defeated after interference from La Bestia del Ring who struck him with a steel chair. On March 26, 2021, at ROH 19th Anniversary Show, King would unveil a new faction called Violence Unlimited consisting of Tony Deppen, Chris Dickinson, and Homicide as they attacked La Faccion Ingobernable.


title: Brody King

text: His contract with ROH opened the door for him to make his debut for New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW). His debut match happened on January 30, 2019, in a tag team match with Scurll against Killer Elite Squad at NJPW's The New Beginning in USA event. On February 2, he wrestled on the final day of the tour, going against ROH Television Champion Jeff Cobb. His next appearance for them would be in Japan, during the Best of the Super Juniors 2019 tour. He would team with Scurll to defeat Taiji Ishimori and Gedo. Brody King is currently wrestling on NJPW Strong program for the company.


title: Brody King

text: On the January 12, 2022, edition of "AEW Dynamite", King made his All Elite Wrestling debut, aligning himself with Malakai Black by attacking The Varsity Blonds (Brian Pillman Jr. and Griff Garrison) and Penta El Zero Miedo to become the second member of Black's stable, the House of Black. At Revolution's buy-in show, the stable (joined by Buddy Matthews) would then win in a trios match against Death Triangle (Pac and Penta Oscuro) and Erick Redbeard.


title: Province No. 1

text: Province No. 1 (proposed names: Kirat, Limbuwan, Khambuwan, Sagarmatha, Birat and Koshi) is the easternmost of the seven provinces established by the new constitution of Nepal which was adopted on 20 September 2015. The province covers an area of 25,905 km, about 17.5% of the country's total area. With the industrial city of Biratnagar as its headquarters, the province covers other major eastern towns including Birtamod, Birat Chowk, Damak, Dharan, Itahari, Triyuga and Mechinagar and includes several mountains including the Everest, Kanchenjunga, and Ama Dablam. Koshi – the largest river of the nation, circumvents the province's western boundary. Adhering to the first-past-the-post voting system issued by the Constituency Delimitation Commission, the province hosts 28 parliamentary seats and 56 provincial seats.


title: Province No. 1

text: The province is bordered by the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north, the Indian states of Sikkim and West Bengal to the east, and Bihar to the south, and Bagmati Province and Madhesh Province to the west. According to the 2021 Nepal census, there are around 5 million people in the province, with a population density of 190 per square kilometre. As per the 2011 Nepal census the province had around 4.5 million people.


title: Province No. 1

text: At the end of the Rana regime, Nepal was divided into 32 districts. Eastern Nepal (what is now Province No. 1) was composed of the following districts:


title: Province No. 1

text: In 1956, the Eastern districts of Nepal were grouped together into a region or "kshetra" called the "Aruṇ Kshetra" or Arun Region, after the Arun River which flows through it. The Arun Kshetra was made by combining the then five districts. The Arun Kshetra had total area of and total population was 11 lakh, or 1.1 million.


title: Province No. 1

text: In 1962, the administrative system once again was changed, abolishing the "kshetra" system. The country was now restructured into 75 development districts or "jillā" and those districts were grouped together into zones or "añchal". In 1972, what is now called Province No. 1 was called the Eastern Development Region. It was composed of 16 districts, which were grouped into three zones.


title: Province No. 1

text: At the cabinet meeting held on 17 January 2018, the city of Biratnagar was declared the interim capital of Province No. 1. On 6 May 2019 it was declared the permanent capital by a vote of two-thirds of the provincial assembly's MLAs.


title: Province No. 1

text: Province No. 1 covers an area of 25,905 km. The province has three-fold geographical division: Himalayan in the north, Hilly in the middle and Terai in the southern part of Nepal, varying between an altitude of 70 m and 8,848 m. Terai, extended from east to west, is made up of alluvial soil. To the west of Koshi River, in between Mahabharat Range and Churia Range, there elongates a valley called Inner Terai. Churai Range, Mahabharat Range and other hills of various heights, basins, tars, and valleys form the hilly region. Some parts of this region are favorable for agriculture but some other parts are not. The Himalayan region, in the north, consists of many mountains ranges. Mahalangur, Kumbhakarna, Umvek, Lumba Sumba and Janak being some of them. The highest mountain in the world, Mount Everest (8848.86 m); and the third highest mountain, Kangchenjunga (8598 m) also lie in this province.


title: Province No. 1

text: Nepal's lowest point, Kechana Kawal at 70 m, is located in Jhapa district of this province. There are many river basins and gentle slopes as well. Chure, Mahabharat, many basins, tars, and valleys form the Terai region. Between the Churia and Mahabharat, a low land of inner Terai exists. The Koshi river flows through the region with its seven tributaries; Indrawati, Likhu, Tamur, Dudh Kosi, Arun, Tamakoshi and Bhote Koshi (Sunkoshi). Tundra vegetables, coniferous forests, deciduous monsoon forests, and sub-tropical evergreen woods are vegetations found here. Sub-tropical, temperate, sub-temperate, and alpine and tundra types of climates are found here.


title: Province No. 1

text: Province No. 1 also includes the snow fall capped peaks including Mount Everest, Kangchenjunga, Makalu with Solukhumbu, Sankhuwasabha, and Taplejung districts towards the north, the jungle clad hill tracts of Okhaldhunga, Khotang, Bhojpur, Tehrathum, Ilam and Panchthar in the middle and the alluvial fertile plains of Udayapur, Sunsari, Morang and Jhapa. Province No. 1 includes places like Haleshi Mahadev Temple, Pathivara Temple and Barahachhetra, which are the famous religious shrines for Hindus.


title: Province No. 1

text: Climatic conditions of Nepal vary from one place to another in accordance with their geographical features. Province No. 1 has three geographical folds: the lowland of Terai, the hilly region, and the Himalayas' highlands. The low land altitude is 59 m, whereas the highest point is 8848 m.


title: Province No. 1

text: In the north, summers are cool and winters severe, while in the south, summers are tropical and winters are mild. Climatically, the southern belt of the province, the Terai, experiences a warm and humid climate. Eastern Nepal receives approximately 2,500 millimeters of rain annually. Province No. 1 has five seasons: spring, summer, monsoon, autumn and winter.


title: Province No. 1

text: The northern part of Province No. 1 has the highest mountain in the world. Here is a list of mountains in Province No. 1.


title: Province No. 1

text: There are many rivers in the region that flow south from the Himalayas which are tributaries of other large rivers that join Ganga River (in India). Sapta Koshi or the Koshi is the main river of the region. Seven tributaries join the Koshi so it is called Saptkoshi.


title: Province No. 1

text: There are total of 137 local administrative units in this province, in which there is 1 metropolitan city, 2 sub-metropolitan cities, 46 municipalities and 88 rural municipalities.


title: Province No. 1

text: Cities and villages are governed by municipalities in Nepal. A district may have one or more municipalities. Province No. 1 has two types of municipalities.


title: Province No. 1

text: The government of Nepal has set out minimum criteria to meet city and towns. These criteria include a certain population, infrastructure, and revenues.


title: Province No. 1

text: After the results of the recent election in Province No. 1 the biggest party is CPN (UML) which won 51 of 93 seats; the second biggest party is Nepali Congress which won 21 seats; the third biggest party is CPN (Maoist Center) which won 15 seats in first Provincial Assembly election.


title: Province No. 1

text: In a meeting on 17 January 2018 the Government of Nepal finalized the temporary capital of Province No. 1, and appointed Govinda Subba as the governor.


title: Province No. 1

text: Sher Dhan Rai was elected as Chief Minister of Province No. 1 on February 14, 2018. He was a former Minister for Information and Communications. He was appointed as the chief minister, according to Article 168 (1) of the Constitution of Nepal.


title: Province No. 1

text: The first meeting of the provincial assembly was held on 5 February 2018 in Biratnagar and was chaired by Om Prakash Sarbagi. Pradeep Kumar Bhandari was elected unopposed as the Speaker of the Provincial Assembly on 11 February 2018. Saraswoti Pokharel was also elected unopposed to the post of Deputy Speaker on 15 February 2018.


title: Province No. 1

text: All provinces of Nepal except Madhesh Province have difficult geographic features. Only three districts out of fourteen of Province No. 1 falls in Terai and one district falls in inner Terai. Elevation from the lowest point of Nepal, Kechana (70 m above sea level) to the highest point of world, Everest (8848 m above sea level) lies in this province, so maintaining consistent road network is one of the most challenging. Despite of those challenges, all districts are connected via road networks. Air services are available. Rail services are under construction.


title: Province No. 1

text: Almost all districts are connected by roads in Province No. 1, although some roads at high altitudes are not paved and conditions of those roads worsen during the rainy season. In the hills and mountain regions, the traffic is much lighter compared to Terai regions like Jhapa and Morang due to difficult terrain.


title: Province No. 1

text: The main highways of Province No. 1 connect Terai to the high altitude regions. There are feeder roads too for inter-district and in-district travel.


title: Province No. 1

text: Many domestic airports and air services are available in the region including one of the most geographically challenging airports, Lukla Airport.


title: Province No. 1

text: There is a 13 km railway track which has been laid in Nepal by Indian Railways is connected to Bathnaha railway station. Bathnaha is a village situated at Araria district of Bihar state of India. A custom yard station has been built both side of the border on Bathnaha–Katahari railway section. Katahari is at distance of 18 km from Bathnaha Railway Station. Itahari will be further connected with Katahari which is 20km at distance from Biratnagar (Katahari).


title: Province No. 1

text: Tourism, natural resources, industries, agriculture, and foreign employment are the major sources of income for the people of Province No. 1. Similarly, there are many tourist sites: Sagarmatha National Park, Makalu Barun National Park,Pathivara, Ramdhuni, Barahachhetra, Damak, Itahari, Dharan, Ilam, etc. Industries are also important. In this province manly there are four transit points: i.e. Kakarbhitta, Pashupatinagar and Jogbani to India, and Olangchunggola and Kimathanka to China.


title: Province No. 1

text: Total population of Province No. 1 (according to 2011 Nepal census) is 4,543,943 in which female comprises 52% (2,368,407) of the total population. There are 992,445 households


title: Province No. 1

text: Hinduism is the major religion of the province. Kirat Mundhum is the second major religion of the province. 67% of the total population are Hindus, 17% are Kirantis, 9% are Buddhists, 4% are Muslims, and others make up 1%.


title: Province No. 1

text: The province is very ethnically diverse. The largest group is the Chhetri, making up 14.58% of the population. Followed by Madheshi with (14.26%). Next is Hill Brahmin (11.98%). Other Khas Arya groups are the Kami (3.27%) and Damai (1.78%). The Janajati groups are the Rai (11.26%), Limbu (8.01%), Tamang (4.62%), Magar (4.13%), Newar (3.68%), Sherpa (1.40%) and Gurung (1.36%). Some Terai groups include Tharu (4.10%), Musalman (3.55%), Rajbanshi (2.47%), Musahar (1.35%), Yadav (1.30%) and Santal (1.11%).


title: Province No. 1

text: Nepali language is lingua franca of the province and is the mother tongue of 42.53% of the population. Maithili is spoken by 20.46.1% of the population and is the second largest language. 7.27% of the population speaks Limbu, 3.89% Tamang, 3.87% Tharu, 3.20% Magar, 2.88% Bantawa, 2.0% Urdu, 2.66% Rajbanshi, 2.63% Rai, 1.69% Newar, 1.65% Chamling, 1.47% Sherpa, 1.07% Santali.


title: Province No. 1

text: The Language Commission of Nepal has recommended Limbu and Maithili as official language in the province. The commission has also recommended Tharu, Tamang, Magar, Bantawa, Urdu, Rajbanshi, Nepal Bhasa, Chamling, Sherpa and Santhali to be additional official languages, for specific regions and purposes in the province.


title: Joe Pera Talks with You

text: Joe Pera Talks with You is an American comedy television series that first aired on Adult Swim on May 20, 2018. The series was created by Joe Pera and produced by Factual Productions, Inc, later Alive and Kicking, Inc. It entered development following the success of the 2016 specials "Joe Pera Talks You to Sleep", which was animated, and "Joe Pera Helps You Find the Perfect Christmas Tree", airing as part of "Infomercials". The second season premiered on December 6, 2019. A third and final season aired from November to December 2021. In July 2022, Pera announced the show was canceled after three seasons.


title: Joe Pera Talks with You

text: The series stars comedian Joe Pera as a fictionalized version of himself, living in Michigan's Upper Peninsula and teaching choir at a local middle school. He talks directly to the viewer about everyday subject matter such as iron, Sunday breakfast, fall drives and sleeping.


title: Joe Pera Talks with You

text: The first Pera project to appear on Adult Swim was the animated short, "Joe Pera Talks You to Sleep". It was aired as part of the network's "Infomercials" series on March 21, 2016. The short was animated and directed by Kieran O'Hare, who had previously animated a Joe Pera comedy bit for his YouTube channel. O'Hare applied the same animation style to the Adult Swim special.


title: Joe Pera Talks with You

text: On December 9, 2016, a second special, "Joe Pera Helps You Find the Perfect Christmas Tree", premiered on Adult Swim. The live-action special was more tonally similar to what would become Joe Pera Talks with You. Like the series, it was directed by Marty Schousboe and written by Pera alongside Dan Licata, and made by the same production team under the name Rent Now Productions. It also takes place in the same location in Michigan where Pera works as a choir teacher. It features characters that would later appear in the series, such as Gene, the Melsky family and Joe's Nana Josephine. Differences include Joe's dog Gus being a black bloodhound (or possibly a black lab mix) instead of a basset hound portrayed by Fitzgerald William, Joe living in a different house, and Joe's co-worker and love interest Sarah, portrayed in the series by Jo Firestone, being absent entirely. These differences imply the special and series are not within the same continuity. Joe's Nana Josephine was also played by his real-life grandmother, Josephine Pera, who died in 2017. The character Gene Gibson is also present in the Christmas special, but not portrayed by real-life camera operator, Gene Kelly, as he was in the series. Pera appeared on local talk shows to promote the special.


title: Joe Pera Talks with You

text: "Joe Pera Talks with You" has received critical acclaim, with much of the praise going towards the show's unique tone and writing. In a positive review, "The A.V. Club"s Erik Adams writes that "It’s a particular type of funny, of the soft-spoken, deadpan, and disarming type that Pera practices onstage and on the talk-show circuit. It’s one of his many gifts as a performer, the way his understated wardrobe, deliberate delivery, and nervous body language set an expectation for awkwardness, before Pera pulls the rug out from under the audience with the confidence of his pacing and the precision of his writing." "Indiewire"s Steve Greene gave the second season an A- and wrote "This is nice. There’s no irony, no rug pull, no cynicism in what he says. Just one person grateful for something that hasn’t even arrived yet. That’s the show in a nutshell: a chronicle of a guy so enthusiastic about the tiny pleasures of life that he’s even happy about potential things. Pera, as the star and frequent writer of the series, plays Joe, a resident of a Michigan city who takes the viewers through the things that fill him with wonder."


title: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

text: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK or MSKCC) is a cancer treatment and research institution in the borough of Manhattan in New York City, founded in 1884 as the New York Cancer Hospital. MSKCC is one of 52 National Cancer Institute–designated Comprehensive Cancer Centers. Memorial Sloan Kettering is affiliated with Cornell University's medical school. Its main campus is located at 1275 York Avenue, between 67th and 68th streets, in Manhattan.


title: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

text: According to U.S. News & World Report 2021-2022 Best Hospitals, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK) has been ranked as the number two hospital for cancer care in the nation.


title: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

text: Memorial Hospital was founded on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in 1884 as the New York Cancer Hospital by a group that included John Jacob Astor III and his wife Charlotte. The hospital appointed as an attending surgeon William B. Coley, who pioneered an early form of immunotherapy to eradicate tumors. Rose Hawthorne, daughter of author Nathaniel Hawthorne, trained there in the summer of 1896 before founding her own order, Dominican Sisters of Hawthorne. In 1899, the hospital was renamed General Memorial Hospital for the Treatment of Cancer and Allied Diseases. In 1902, Arabella Huntington made a $100,000 (approximately $3 million in 2018) bequest in memory of her late husband Collis Potter Huntington to establish the first cancer research fund in the country, the Huntington Fund for Cancer Research.


title: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

text: Around 1910 James Ewing, a professor at Cornell University's medical college, established a collaboration with Memorial Hospital with the help and funding of industrialist and philanthropist James Douglas, who gave $100,000 to endow twenty beds for clinical research, equipment for working with radium, and a clinical laboratory for that purpose. Douglas' enthusiasm and funding for development of radiation therapy for cancer inspired Ewing to become one of the pioneers in developing this treatment. Ewing soon took over effective leadership of clinical and laboratory research at Memorial. In 1916 the hospital was renamed again, dropping "General" to become known simply as Memorial Hospital. The first fellowship training program in the US was created at Memorial in 1927, funded by the Rockefellers. In 1931 the then-most-powerful 900k-volt X-ray tube was put into use in radiation-based cancer treatment at Memorial; the tube had been built by General Electric over several years. In 1931 Ewing was formally appointed president of the hospital, a role he had effectively played until then, and was featured on the cover of "Time" magazine as "Cancer Man Ewing"; the accompanying article described his role as one of the most important cancer doctors of his era. He worked at the Memorial until his retirement, in 1939. Under his leadership, Memorial became a model for other cancer centers in the United States, combining patient care with clinical and laboratory research, and it was said of him that "the relationship of Ewing to the Memorial Hospital can best be expressed in the words of Emerson, 'Every institution is but the lengthening shadow of some man.' Dr. Ewing is the Memorial Hospital".