title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: Aside from co-writer Jason Segel, the majority of the production team behind "The Muppets" returned for "Muppets Most Wanted", including Bobin, Stoller and producers David Hoberman and Todd Lieberman. Bret McKenzie and Christophe Beck returned to compose the film's songs and musical score, respectively. Principal photography commenced in January 2013 at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire, England.


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: "Muppets Most Wanted" had its world premiere at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles on March 11, 2014, and was released theatrically in North America on March 21, 2014, by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. The film was not as successful as its predecessor, grossing $80.4 million worldwide on a budget of $51 million. It received positive reviews from critics who praised its humor, music and emotion. The film was dedicated to Muppets performer Jerry Nelson, who died during the film's development, and Jane Henson, who died two months into production.


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: [[The Muppets (film)|Directly after the previous film]], the [[The Muppets|Muppets]] find themselves at a loss as to what to do until a man named Dominic Badguy suggests the Muppets go on a European tour with him as their tour manager. Unbeknownst to the Muppets, criminal mastermind [[Constantine (Muppet)|Constantine]], who resembles [[Kermit the Frog|Kermit]], escapes from a [[Gulag|Siberian Gulag]] to join Dominic in a plot to steal the [[Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom|British Crown Jewels]].


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: In [[Berlin]], Dominic secures the Muppets a show at a prestigious venue. Frustrated with the group's incessant requests and [[Miss Piggy]]'s insistence they marry, Kermit takes a walk at Dominic's suggestion. Constantine ambushes him, glues a stick-on mole to Kermit's face, and slips away. Mistaken for Constantine, Kermit is arrested and sent to the Gulag.


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: Replacing, Constantine's blunders in imitating him are covered by Dominic, much to [[Animal (Muppet)|Animal]]'s suspicion, but the other Muppets fall for it. After the Berlin [[The Muppet Show|show]] opens with Constantine freezing in front of the audience, [[Scooter (Muppet)|Scooter]] has to take over. Constantine and Dominic steal paintings from a museum during the show.


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: The next morning, [[Interpol]] agent Jean Pierre Napoleon and [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] agent [[Sam Eagle]] grudgingly team up to apprehend the culprit whom Napoleon believes to be his nemesis "The Lemur" - the number-two criminal in the world.


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: Meanwhile, Kermit attempts several escapes from the Gulag but is thwarted each time by [[Prison officer|warden]] Nadya, who is as infatuated with him as Piggy is. Thus uncaring that the real Constantine is free, Nadya orders Kermit to help organize The Siberian Gulag Revue, the prisoners' annual talent show.


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: Following hidden instructions on the stolen painting, Constantine and Dominic divert the tour to [[Madrid]]. Constantine allows the Muppets to perform whatever they wish, leaving [[Walter (Muppet)|Walter]] confused. During this show, Constantine and Dominic break into [[Museo del Prado|a museum]] and destroy a roomful of busts to find a key needed for their plan. Even though the performance is a disaster, the Muppets receive critical acclaim. Sam and Napoleon deduce that the connection between the crimes is the Muppet tour, and the pair interrogates the Muppets, only for Constantine to evade the pair and the others to be found too ill-equipped to be guilty. The instructions on the stolen key lead Constantine and Dominic to schedule the next show in order to rob the [[Bank of Ireland]] in [[Dublin]].


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: In Dublin, Walter discovers that Dominic has been giving away show tickets and [[Bribery|bribing]] critics to ensure a packed house and rave reviews, while [[Fozzie Bear|Fozzie]] notices Kermit's and Constantine's similarities. Constantine attacks Walter and Fozzie for their discoveries, but Animal stops him and the three escape to rescue Kermit. During the performance, Dominic steals a locket from the bank and Constantine proposes to Piggy onstage; Piggy accepts, and the pair plan a wedding ceremony to be held at the [[Tower of London]] in [[London]], where the Crown Jewels are kept.


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: Fozzie, Walter and Animal reach the Siberian Gulag on the night of the performance, and Kermit uses it as a front to allow them, himself, and all the prisoners to escape the Gulag.


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: Kermit, Fozzie, Walter and Animal infiltrate Constantine's dressing room and overhear him explain to Dominic that he plans to kill Piggy after they are married. Kermit and Fozzie are briefly detained by Sam, but escape as the wedding begins, and Dominic, with the help of Bobby Benson's Baby Band, manages to steal the jewels. Kermit interrupts the ceremony, revealing Constantine's ruse, and Piggy's ring—actually a bomb—is removed with [[Bunsen Honeydew|Bunsen's]] magnetic bomb attractor vest, worn by [[Beaker (Muppet)|Beaker]].


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: Constantine takes Piggy [[hostage]] and flees to a helicopter, where he is intercepted by Dominic, who is actually the Lemur and intends to double-cross him. Constantine, after berating Dominic for bragging about the double-cross before escaping, ejects him from the helicopter and tries to take off with Piggy, but Kermit jumps aboard and the rest of the Muppets climb atop each other to stop the escape. Kermit and Piggy incapacitate Constantine, who is arrested with Dominic by Sam and Napoleon. Nadya then arrives in London to recapture Kermit for escaping despite him being innocent, but Walter, Fozzie, Gonzo, [[Rowlf the Dog|Rowlf]], Scooter, and Piggy tell her that if she arrests him, then she will have to take them as well. She relents, allowing Kermit to go free.


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: [[Tony Bennett]], [[Lady Gaga]], [[Salma Hayek]], [[Saoirse Ronan]] and [[Christoph Waltz]] appear as themselves.


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: [[Jemaine Clement]] plays The Prison King and [[Danny Trejo]], [[Hornswoggle|Dylan "Hornswoggle" Postl]], [[Ray Liotta]],[[Tom Hiddleston]] and [[Josh Groban]] appear as Gulag 38B inmates. [[Stanley Tucci]] plays Ivan, a Gulag 38B Watchtower Guard.


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: [[James McAvoy]], [[Chloë Grace Moretz]], [[Miranda Richardson]], [[Russell Tovey]], [[Mackenzie Crook]], [[Toby Jones]], [[Rob Corddry]], [[Hugh Bonneville]], [[Sean Combs|Sean "Diddy" Combs]], [[Celine Dion]], [[Zach Galifianakis]], [[Frank Langella]], [[Ross Lynch]], [[Til Schweiger]] and [[Usher (singer)|Usher]] also appear in minor cameos.


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: Some actors filmed scenes that were cut from the theatrical film release, but were later restored on the film’s DVD and Blu-ray release. The actors include: [[Bridgit Mendler]], [[Debby Ryan]], [[Dexter Fletcher]], [[Peter Serafinowicz]], [[Jake Short]], and [[Tyrel Jackson Williams]].


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: In March 2012, after the critical and commercial success of "[[The Muppets (film)|The Muppets]]", [[The Walt Disney Studios (division)|Walt Disney Studios]] negotiated a deal with [[James Bobin]] and [[Nicholas Stoller]] to direct and write, respectively, an eighth installment. Disney [[Green-light|green-lit]] the film on April 24, 2012. Along with [[Brian Henson]], Bobin is the only other person to have directed two Muppet films.


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: Writing began in April 2012 after a couple of weeks of outlining. [[Jason Segel]], co-writer and star of the previous film, declined any involvement with the eighth entry, citing that he had accomplished his ambition of bringing the characters to the forefront with the 2011 film. Despite this, Bobin and Stoller quickly began work on the film based on Disney's demand. Taking on the form of a caper, the film was inspired by both "[[The Great Muppet Caper]]" and "[[The Muppets Take Manhattan]]" as well as "[[The Pink Panther (1963 film)|The Pink Panther]]" and "[[The Thomas Crown Affair (1968 film)|The Thomas Crown Affair]]". Bobin said that the film was "a tip of the hat to the old-school crime capers of the '60s, but featuring a frog, a pig, a bear, and a dog—no panthers, even pink ones—along with the usual Muppet-y mix of mayhem, music and laughs".


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: The first actor to be attached to the film was [[Christoph Waltz]] in the role of an Interpol inspector. Waltz dropped out due to scheduling conflicts and was replaced by [[Ty Burrell]]. In December 2012, [[Ricky Gervais]] confirmed his casting. [[Tina Fey]] was later confirmed in January of the following year.


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: Originally commissioned under the title "The Muppets ... Again!", [[principal photography]] began in July 2013, at London's [[Pinewood Studios]] in [[Iver]], Buckinghamshire. Filming also took place at the [[Tower of London]], a site where the [[Crown Estate]] rarely grants permission to do so. Additional filming locations in London included [[Leicester Square]], [[Tower Hill]], the [[Richmond Theatre]], [[Wilton's Music Hall]], [[Freemasons' Hall, London|Freemasons' Hall]] and [[Chatham Dockyard|The Historic Dockyard, Chatham]]. In addition to the United Kingdom, scenes were also shot at [[Union Station (Los Angeles)|Union Station]], the [[Walt Disney Studios (Burbank)|Walt Disney Studios]] lot, and on [[Hollywood Boulevard]] (to recreate the previous film's ending) in [[Los Angeles]]. On June 13, 2013, the title of the film was changed from "The Muppets ... Again!" to "Muppets Most Wanted", although the original title is mentioned in the opening song.


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: The production design was done by [[Eve Stewart]], who took a [[tongue-in-cheek]] approach to each country setting while also being influenced by the [[retro style]] of "crime capers of the '60s and '70s". Rahel Afiley returned as the costume designer, compiling the wardrobe for both Muppet and human characters. In addition to Afiley's own creations, English fashion designer [[Vivienne Westwood]] also contributed four outfits for Miss Piggy while United States retailer [[Brooks Brothers]] created more than 200 items for the male cast. Discussing Miss Piggy's wedding gown, Westwood said, "It's called the Court dress and is inspired by 17th-century English royalty and the court of [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]]. It has been designed ... in a white pearl [[sequin]] fabric made from recycled water bottles."


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: [[Visual effects]] were done primarily by The Senate Visual Effects. The effects studio worked on 425 shots that included CG builds and [[Matte (filmmaking)|set extensions]], [[matte painting]]s, [[Particle system|particle]] and laser effects, animation, and rod removals. Additional visual effects work was done by [[Double Negative (VFX)|Double Negative]], Factory VFX, and Nvizible. As with the previous installment, the film required [[Chroma key|blue screen]] for scenes that required [[digital compositing]]. While green screen is more traditional for color keying, the screen's shade of green would clash with [[Kermit the Frog|Kermit]] and therefore be unusable; [[Sam Eagle]]'s shade of blue is suitable on blue screen.


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: Audio mixing and editorial services were done by [[Todd Soundelux]] and 424 Post. Based out of [[Todd-AO]]'s Santa Monica facility, [[Kevin O'Connell (sound mixer)|Kevin O'Connell]] and [[Beau Borders]] worked on the film as re-recording mixers alongside 424 Post's supervising sound editors [[Kami Asgar]] and [[Sean McCormack (sound editor)|Sean McCormack]].


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: The [[Film score|musical score]] for "Muppets Most Wanted" was composed by [[Christophe Beck]], with additional songs by [[Bret McKenzie]]. A soundtrack album was released by [[Walt Disney Records]] on March 18, 2014. It features six original songs by McKenzie as well as re-recordings of contemporary music and past Muppet songs, including "[[Blue Danube Waltz]]" from "[[The Muppets Take Manhattan]]". A separate album entirely containing Beck's score (paired with the score for "[[The Muppets (film)|The Muppets]]", also composed by Beck) was released by Walt Disney Records and [[Intrada Records]] on April 15, 2014.


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: "Muppets Most Wanted" held its [[Film premiere|world premiere]] on March 11, 2014, at the [[El Capitan Theatre]] in [[Hollywood, California]]. The film was theatrically released in the United States on March 21 and in the United Kingdom on March 28, 2014. Theatrically, the film was accompanied by [[Pixar|Pixar's]] "[[Monsters University]]" short "[[Party Central]]".


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: A [[Trailer (promotion)|teaser trailer]] was released on August 6, 2013, and was attached theatrically to screenings of "[[Planes (film)|Planes]]". On November 20, 2013, two different trailers were released, one for the United States and one for the United Kingdom.


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: In February 2014, the Muppets starred alongside [[Terry Crews]] in a commercial for [[Toyota]] that aired during the [[Super Bowl XLVIII|Super Bowl]]. Later that month, Disney partnered with [[Subway (restaurant)|Subway]] to promote healthy eating through an advertisement featuring the Muppets. In early March, the restaurant chain started giving away free Muppet-themed bags with kids meals. Spoof posters were released for the film, parodying "[[Skyfall]]" (called "Frogfall"), "[[The World Is Not Enough]]" (called "The Pig Is Not Enough"), "[[Face/Off]]" (called "Fraud/Frog"), and "[[Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (film)|Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy]]" (called "Animal Piggy Frog Spy").


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: In February, the Android and iOS game "My Muppets Show" added content from the film, including a Big House stage, various props from the movie, and Constantine as a discoverable/purchasable character. From March 20 to April 1, Disney's online game "[[Club Penguin]]" hosted a special Muppets World Tour event. Players were able to visit nine country-themed rooms and perform alongside several Muppets.


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: "Muppets Most Wanted" was released by [[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment]] on [[Blu-ray]] and [[DVD]] on August 12, 2014. The Blu-ray bonus features include three cuts of the film: the original theatrical cut (107 minutes), a truncated Statler and Waldorf cut (2 minutes), and an extended cut featuring 12 minutes of scenes not shown in the theatrical version (124 minutes). Also included are a blooper reel, a featurette called "[[Rizzo the Rat|Rizzo]]'s Biggest Fan," and a music video of "I'll Get You What You Want" featuring [[Bret McKenzie]].


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: "Muppets Most Wanted" grossed $51.2 million in North America, and $29.2 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $80.4 million. The film earned $4.7 million on its opening day, and opened to number two in its first weekend, with $17 million, behind "[[Divergent (film)|Divergent]]". Considering that pre-release tracking had forecast "Muppets Most Wanted" at opening with takings of more than $20 million, [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures]] distribution chief Dave Hollis said the film's opening was "definitely disappointing". Hollis said there was never a comparison between the [[The Muppets (film)|previous film]] and its sequel, since Thanksgiving is a concentrated time for family moviegoing. Other reasons cited for the film's failure can be contributed to the then-recent events that occurred in [[Crimea]] and [[Ukraine]] as a significant chunk of the film takes place in a Russian gulag and its over-reliance on marketing. In its second weekend, the film dropped to number three, grossing $11.3 million, leading to a better second weekend than its predecessor. In its third weekend, the film dropped to number five, grossing $5.1 million. In its fourth weekend, the film dropped to number nine, grossing $2.3 million.


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: Review aggregator [[Rotten Tomatoes]] gave the film a score of 80% based on reviews from 197 critics, with a rating average of 6.7/10. The site's consensus stated: "While it may not reach the delirious heights of "[[The Muppets (film)|The Muppets]]", "Muppets Most Wanted" still packs in enough clever gags, catchy songs, and celebrity cameos to satisfy fans of all ages." [[Metacritic]] gave the film a score of 61/100 based on 37 reviews indicating "generally favorable reviews". [[CinemaScore]] audiences gave "Muppets Most Wanted" a "B+" grade rating on an A+ to F scale.


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: [[Alonso Duralde]] of "[[The Wrap]]" compared the film favorably to the 2011 predecessor, elaborating, ""Muppets Most Wanted" remains sensational and celebrational, proving beyond a doubt that these beloved characters will continue to lead a plush life on the big screen for years to come." Despite reservations over the previous installment, [[Brian Henson]] called "Most Wanted" a great Muppets film, saying, "I think [[Jim Henson|my dad]] would be thrilled the Muppets are continuing. That's a big deal." Peter Hartlaub of the "[[San Francisco Chronicle]]" gave the film three out of four stars, saying "It just feels like something the original Muppet creators might have done." John Hartl of "[[The Seattle Times]]" gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Most of the laughs come courtesy of Tina Fey, in the role of a Siberian prison guard who can't/won't stop dancing." [[Todd McCarthy]] of "[[The Hollywood Reporter]]" had a mixed reaction; praising [[Bret McKenzie]]'s songs and the film's humor, but labeling the film overall as "an oddly off-key follow-up". Justin Chang of "[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]" gave a negative review, stating that the film "looks and sounds eager to please but immediately feels like a more slapdash, aimless affair, trying—and mostly failing—to turn its stalled creativity into some sort of self-referential joke." Anna Smith of "[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]" gave the film three out of five stars, saying "'Everybody knows that the sequel's never quite as good,' sing our fluffy friends during the opening number of a film with much to live up to after 2011's terrific reboot, "The Muppets". The joke proves self-fulfilling." Bill Goodykoontz of "[[The Arizona Republic]]" gave the film four out of five stars, saying "Although this movie has lots of laughs and a willingness to poke fun at itself, it doesn't quite recapture the magic of the last movie. Close, but not quite."


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: Jake Coyle of the [[Associated Press]] gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying ""Muppets Most Wanted" fails to whip up the kind of furry frenzy that makes the Muppets special." Kyle Smith of the "[[New York Post]]" gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "The movie seems longer than it is, plus it's just plain too long. Ah, but those jokes are frequently brilliant." [[Peter Travers]] of "[[Rolling Stone]]" gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "The breaking point of stretching this one joke is reached early. Luckily, Muppet good will helps get you through the rest." Joe Neumaier of the [[New York Daily News|New York "Daily News"]] gave the film three out of five stars, saying "The film's slightly overplotted feel is offset by the zippiest musical numbers since the Muppets' deservedly beloved 1979 film." J. R. Jones of the "[[Chicago Reader]]" gave the film a negative review, saying "The verbal wit is fairly weak this time around, though as in the previous film there's an endless succession of three-second star cameos." Tom Russo of "[[The Boston Globe]]" gave the film three out of four stars, saying "The well-worn plot basics are dressed up nicely by the film's consistently clever humor, as well as a celebrity cameo roster that's stacked even by Muppet standards." Bill Zwecker of the "[[Chicago Sun-Times]]" gave the film three out of four stars, saying "The pacing is spot-on, and Fey's Russian guard and Ty Burrell's Interpol agent are wonderful human additions to this comedic romp." Neil Genzlinger of "[[The New York Times]]" gave the film a positive review, saying "It all adds up to an eventful entry in the Muppet film library but not a classic one." Claudia Puig of "[[USA Today]]" gave the film three out of four stars, calling the film "A breezy, mirthful caper enlivened by the comic talents of Ricky Gervais, Ty Burrell and Tina Fey."


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: Frank Lovece of "[[Newsday]]" gave the film three out of four stars, saying "While it may not be sensational, it's still an inspirational, celebrational, Muppetational Muppet show." Peter Howell of the "[[Toronto Star]]" gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "You don't go to a Muppet movie looking for anything other than a few laughs with beloved puppet pals. Mission accomplished—ka-ching!—on that front." David Hiltbrand of "[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]" gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "Sunny and cheerful, "Muppets Most Wanted" is a cascade of epic silliness, good for a few fleeting and familiar chuckles." Chris Nashawaty of "[[Entertainment Weekly]]" gave the film a B, saying "The songs are infectious, but the rest (despite turns by Tina Fey and Ty Burrell) lacks some of the gang's usual feel-good joy." Christopher Orr of "[[The Atlantic]]" gave the film a positive review, saying "Kids will enjoy it, and there are more than enough clever gags to keep parents amused. But the film lacks the tenderness and rich nostalgia that made "The Muppets" such an improbable delight." Erik Adams of "[[The A.V. Club]]" gave the film a B−, saying "The Muppets are creatures of indulgence, and their sense of humor is one of excess. "Muppets Most Wanted" is a mess of a movie, but anything tidier would be a poor fit." Betsy Sharkey of the "[[Los Angeles Times]]" gave the film a positive review, saying "Though there are many delicious little moments tucked inside, the action heads in so many directions it can be dizzying to keep up." Steve Persall of the "[[Tampa Bay Times]]" gave the film a B, saying ""Muppets Most Wanted" is pleasant enough to recommend as family entertainment. But the movie falls short of what immediately preceded it, musically and emotionally."


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: Dana Stevens of "[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]" gave the film a negative review, saying "There's something sour and strained about this movie that's at odds with the usual Muppet ethos of game, let's-put-on-a-show cheer. Maybe that's because of the inordinate amount of screen time spent on the rivalry between two villains who are as uninteresting as they are unpleasant." Michael Phillips of the "[[Chicago Tribune]]" gave the film two out of four stars, saying "Part of the problem here is one of proportion: The movie throws a misjudged majority of the material to the villains and lets the unfashionably sincere and sweet-natured Muppets fend for themselves." Robbie Collin of "[[The Daily Telegraph]]" gave the film two out of five stars, saying "Muppet film number eight is a resounding disappointment: it's uneven and often grating, with only a few moments of authentic delight, and almost none of the sticky-sweet, toast-and-honey crunch of its vastly enjoyable 2011 forerunner." [[James Berardinelli]] of [[ReelViews]] gave the film three out of four stars, saying "The inevitable sequel, arriving three years later, isn't as giddily entertaining as its predecessor but much of the charm remains, making this an ideal destination for a family excursion." Eric Henderson of [[Slant Magazine]] gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Freed from the burden of starting anew, the film restores the Muppets' rightful place as stars of their own show." Steve Davis of "[[The Austin Chronicle]]" gave the film three out of five stars, saying "This re-energized franchise has found its second wind, bursting with a creative vitality and boisterous humor that makes everything seem new again."


title: Muppets Most Wanted

text: The [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] placed "Muppets Most Wanted" on its shortlist of potential nominees for the [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]] ("I'll Get You What You Want (Cockatoo In Malibu)", "Something So Right", and "We're Doing a Sequel"), but ultimately was not nominated for the award.


title: English Renaissance

text: The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England from the early 16th century to the early 17th century. It is associated with the pan-European Renaissance that is usually regarded as beginning in Italy in the late 14th century. As in most of the rest of northern Europe, England saw little of these developments until more than a century later. Renaissance style and ideas, however, were slow to penetrate England, and the Elizabethan era in the second half of the 16th century is usually regarded as the height of the English Renaissance. However, many scholars see its beginnings in the early 16th century, during the reign of Henry VIII.


title: English Renaissance

text: The English Renaissance is different from the Italian Renaissance in several ways. The dominant art forms of the English Renaissance were literature and music. Visual arts in the English Renaissance were much less significant than in the Italian Renaissance. The English period began far later than the Italian, which was moving into Mannerism and the Baroque by the 1550s or earlier.


title: English Renaissance

text: England had a strong tradition of literature in the English vernacular, which gradually increased as English use of the printing press became common by the mid-16th century. This tradition of literature written in English vernacular largely began with the Protestant Reformation's call to let people interpret the Bible for themselves instead of accepting the Catholic Church's interpretation. Discussions on how to translate the Bible so that it could be understood by laymen but still do justice to God's word became contentious, with people arguing how much license could be taken to impart the correct meaning without sacrificing its eloquence. The desire to let people read the Bible for themselves led William Tyndale to publish his own translation in 1526. This would become a predecessor to the King James Version of the Bible, and his works' influence on the vernacular contributed more to English than even Shakespeare.


title: English Renaissance

text: Another early proponent of literature in the vernacular was Roger Ascham, who was tutor to Princess Elizabeth during her teenage years, and is now often called the "father of English prose." He proposed that speech was the greatest gift to man from God and to speak or write poorly was an affront. The peak of English drama and theatre is said to be the Elizabethan Age; a golden age in English history where the arts, drama and creative work flourished. Morality plays emerged as a distinct dramatic form around 1400 and flourished in the early Elizabethan era in England. By the time of Elizabethan literature, a vigorous literary culture in both drama and poetry included poets such as Edmund Spenser, whose verse epic "The Faerie Queene" had a strong influence on English literature but was eventually overshadowed by the lyrics of William Shakespeare, Thomas Wyatt and others. Typically, the works of these playwrights and poets circulated in manuscript form for some time before they were published, and above all the plays of English Renaissance theatre were the outstanding legacy of the period. The works of this period are also affected by Henry VIII's declaration of independence from the Catholic Church and technological advances in sailing and cartography, which are reflected in the generally nonreligious themes and various shipwreck adventures of Shakespeare.


title: English Renaissance

text: The growing population of London, the growing wealth of its people, and their fondness for spectacle produced a dramatic literature of remarkable variety, quality, and extent. Genres of the period included the history play, which depicted English or European history. Shakespeare's plays about the lives of kings, such as "Richard III" and "Henry V", belong to this category, as do Christopher Marlowe's "Edward II" and George Peele's "Famous Chronicle of King Edward the First". History plays dealt with more recent events, like "A Larum for London" which dramatizes the sack of Antwerp in 1576. Tragedy was a very popular genre. Marlowe's tragedies were exceptionally successful, such as "Dr. Faustus" and "The Jew of Malta". The audiences particularly liked revenge dramas, such as Thomas Kyd's "The Spanish Tragedy". The four tragedies considered to be Shakespeare's greatest ("Hamlet", "Othello", "King Lear", and "Macbeth") were composed during this period. The English theatre scene, which performed both for the court and nobility in private performances and a very wide public in the theatres, was the most crowded in Europe, with a host of other playwrights as well as the giant figures of Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson. Elizabeth herself was a product of Renaissance humanism trained by Roger Ascham, and wrote occasional poems such as "On Monsieur's Departure" at critical moments of her life. William Shakespeare, whose works include "Hamlet", "Romeo and Juliet", "Macbeth", and "A Midsummer Night's Dream", remains one of the most championed authors in English literature. The playwright and poet is widely regarded as the greatest dramatist of all time.


title: English Renaissance

text: Philosophers and intellectuals included Thomas More and Francis Bacon. Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes wrote on empiricism and materialism, including scientific method and social contract. Bacon's works are seen as developing the scientific method and remained highly influential through the Scientific Revolution. Robert Filmer wrote on the Divine Right of Kings. All the 16th century Tudor monarchs were highly educated, as was much of the nobility, and Italian literature had a considerable following, providing the sources for many of Shakespeare's plays. English thought advanced towards modern science with the Baconian Method. The language of the "Book of Common Prayer", first published in 1549, and at the end of the period the Bible had enduring and profound impacts on the English consciousness.


title: English Renaissance

text: England was slow to produce visual arts in Renaissance styles, and the artists of the Tudor court were mainly imported foreigners until after the end of the Renaissance; Hans Holbein was the outstanding figure. The English Reformation produced a huge programme of iconoclasm that destroyed almost all medieval religious art, and all but ended the skill of painting in England; English art was to be dominated by portrait painting, and then later landscape art, for centuries to come.


title: English Renaissance

text: The significant English invention was the portrait miniature, which essentially took the techniques of the dying art of the illuminated manuscript and transferred them to small portraits worn in lockets. Though the form was developed in England by foreign artists, mostly Flemish like Lucas Horenbout, the somewhat undistinguished founder of the tradition, by the late 16th century natives such as Nicolas Hilliard and Isaac Oliver produced the finest work, even as the best producers of larger portraits in oil were still foreigners. The portrait miniature had spread all over Europe by the 18th century.


title: English Renaissance

text: The portraiture of Elizabeth I was carefully controlled and developed into an elaborate and wholly un-realist iconic style, that has succeeded in creating enduring images. The many portraits drove the evolution of English royal portraits in the Early Modern period. Even the earliest portraits of Elizabeth I contain symbolic objects such as roses and prayer books that would have carried meaning to viewers of her day. Later portraits of Elizabeth layer the iconography of empire—globes, crowns, swords and columns—and representations of virginity and purity—such as moons and pearls—with classical allusions to present a complex "story" that conveyed to Elizabethan era viewers the majesty and significance of their Virgin Queen. The Armada Portrait is an allegorical panel painting depicting the queen surrounded by symbols of empire against a backdrop representing the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588.


title: English Renaissance

text: English Renaissance music kept in touch with continental developments far more than visual art, and managed to survive the Reformation relatively successfully, though William Byrd (c.1539/40 or 1543 – 1623) and other major figures were Catholic. The Elizabethan madrigal was distinct from, but related to, the Italian tradition. Thomas Tallis, (c.1505 –1585 Thomas Morley (1557 or 1558 – 1602)), and John Dowland (1563 – 1626) were other leading English composers.


title: English Renaissance

text: The key composers from the early Renaissance era also wrote in a late Medieval style, and as such, they are transitional figures. Leonel Power (c. 1370s or 1380s–1445) was an English composer of the late medieval and early Renaissance music eras. Along with John Dunstaple, he was one of the major figures in English music in the early 15th century. Power is the composer best represented in the "Old Hall Manuscript." Power was one of the first composers to set separate movements of the ordinary of the mass which were thematically unified and intended for contiguous performance. The Old Hall Manuscript contains his mass based on the Marian antiphon, Alma Redemptoris Mater, in which the antiphon is stated literally in the tenor voice in each movement, without melodic ornaments. This is the only cyclic setting of the mass ordinary which can be attributed to him. He wrote mass cycles, fragments, and single movements and a variety of other sacred works.


title: English Renaissance

text: John Dunstaple (or Dunstable) (c. 1390–1453) was an English composer of polyphonic music of the late medieval era and early Renaissance periods. He was one of the most famous composers active in the early 15th century, a near-contemporary of Power, and was widely influential, not only in England but on the continent, especially in the developing style of the Burgundian School. Dunstaple's influence on the continent's musical vocabulary was enormous, particularly considering the relative paucity of his (attributable) works. He was recognized for possessing something never heard before in music of the Burgundian School: "la contenance angloise" ("the English countenance"), a term used by the poet Martin le Franc in his "Le Champion des Dames."


title: English Renaissance

text: The colossal polychoral productions of the Venetian School had been anticipated in the works of Thomas Tallis, and the Palestrina style from the Roman School had already been absorbed prior to the publication of "Musica transalpina", in the music of masters such as William Byrd.


title: English Renaissance

text: The Italian and English Renaissances were similar in sharing a specific musical aesthetic. In the late 16th century Italy was the musical center of Europe, and one of the principal forms which emerged from that singular explosion of musical creativity was the madrigal. In 1588, Nicholas Yonge published in England the "Musica transalpina"—a collection of Italian madrigals that had been Anglicized—an event which began a vogue of madrigal in England which was almost unmatched in the Renaissance in being an instantaneous adoption of an idea, from another country, adapted to local aesthetics. English poetry was exactly at the right stage of development for this transplantation to occur, since forms such as the sonnet were uniquely adapted to setting as madrigals; indeed, the sonnet was already well developed in Italy. Composers such as Thomas Morley, the only contemporary composer to set Shakespeare, and whose work survives, published collections of their own, roughly in the Italian manner but yet with a unique Englishness; interest in the compositions of the English Madrigal School has enjoyed a considerable revival in recent decades.


title: English Renaissance

text: Despite some buildings in a partly Renaissance style from the reign of Henry VIII (1491 – 1547), notably Hampton Court Palace (begun in 1515), the vanished Nonsuch Palace, Sutton Place and Layer Marney Tower, it was not until the Elizabethan architecture of the end of the century that a true Renaissance style emerged. The wool trade, which had carried the economic life of England in the late medieval period, was no longer as prosperous as it had been and there was less disposable wealth for architectural projects. Under Elizabeth, farming was encouraged resulting in a recovery that put a vast amount of wealth into the hands of a large number of people. Elizabeth built no new palaces, instead encouraging her courtiers to build extravagantly and house her on her summer progresses. A large number of small houses were built, and at the same time many country mansions were constructed. Many of the earlier medieval or Tudor manors were remodelled and modernised during Elizabeth's reign. Civic and institutional buildings were also becoming increasingly common.


title: English Renaissance

text: The most famous buildings, of a type called the prodigy house, are large show houses constructed for courtiers, and characterised by lavish use of glass, as at "Hardwick Hall, more glass than wall", Wollaton Hall and Hatfield House and Burghley House, the style continuing into the early 17th century before developing into Jacobean architecture. Lesser, but still large, houses like Little Moreton Hall continued to be constructed and expanded in essentially medieval half-timbered styles until the late 16th century. Church architecture essentially continued in the late medieval Perpendicular Gothic style until the Reformation, and then stopped almost completely, although church monuments, screens and other fittings often had classical styles from about the mid-century. The few new church buildings post-Reformation were usually still Gothic in style, as in Langley Chapel of 1601.


title: English Renaissance

text: It was also at this time that the long gallery became popular in English manor houses, often displaying painting collections and decorated ceilings. This was apparently mainly used for walking in, and a growing range of parlours and withdrawing rooms supplemented the main living room for the family, the great chamber. The great hall was now mostly used by the servants, and as an impressive point of entry to the house.


title: Tocopherol

text: Tocopherols (; TCP) are a class of organic chemical compounds (more precisely, various methylated phenols), many of which have vitamin E activity. Because the vitamin activity was first identified in 1936 from a dietary fertility factor in rats, it was named "tocopherol", from Greek τόκος "tókos" 'birth' and φέρειν "phérein" 'to bear or carry', that is 'to carry a pregnancy', with the ending "-ol" signifying its status as a chemical alcohol.


title: Tocopherol

text: α-Tocopherol is the main source found in supplements and in the European diet, where the main dietary sources are olive and sunflower oils, while γ-tocopherol is the most common form in the American diet due to a higher intake of soybean and corn oil.


title: Tocopherol

text: Tocotrienols, which are related compounds, also have vitamin E activity. All of these various derivatives with vitamin activity may correctly be referred to as "vitamin E". Tocopherols and tocotrienols are fat-soluble antioxidants but also seem to have many other functions in the body.


title: Tocopherol

text: Vitamin E exists in eight different forms, four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. All feature a chromane ring, with a hydroxyl group that can donate a hydrogen atom to reduce free radicals and a hydrophobic side chain that allows for penetration into biological membranes. Both the tocopherols and tocotrienols occur in α (alpha), β (beta), γ (gamma), and δ (delta) forms, determined by the number and position of methyl groups on the chromanol ring.


title: Tocopherol

text: The tocotrienols have the same methyl structure at the ring and the same Greek letter-methyl-notation, but differ from the analogous tocopherols by the presence of three double bonds in the hydrophobic side chain. The unsaturation of the tails gives tocotrienols only a single stereoisomeric carbon (and thus two possible isomers per structural formula, one of which occurs naturally), whereas tocopherols have three centers (and eight possible stereoisomers per structural formula, again, only one of which occurs naturally).


title: Tocopherol

text: In general, the unnatural l-isomers of tocotrienols lack almost all vitamin activity, and half of the possible 8 isomers of the tocopherols (those with 2S chirality at the ring-tail junction) also lack vitamin activity. Of the stereoisomers that retain activity, increasing methylation, especially full methylation to the alpha-form, increases vitamin activity. In tocopherols, this is due to the preference of the tocopherol binding protein for the α-tocopherol form of the vitamin.


title: Tocopherol

text: As a food additive, tocopherol is labeled with these E numbers: E306 (tocopherol), E307 (α-tocopherol), E308 (γ-tocopherol), and E309 (δ-tocopherol). All of these are approved in the US, EU, and Australia and New Zealand for use as antioxidants.


title: Tocopherol

text: α-Tocopherol is the form of vitamin E that is preferentially absorbed and accumulated in humans. The measurement of "vitamin E" activity in international units (IU) was based on fertility enhancement by the prevention of miscarriages in pregnant rats relative to α-tocopherol.


title: Tocopherol

text: Although the mono-methylated form ddd-γ-tocopherol is the most prevalent form of vitamin E in oils, there is evidence that rats can methylate this form to the preferred α-tocopherol, since several generations of rats retained α-tocopherol tissue levels, even when those generations were fed only γ-tocopherol through their lives.


title: Tocopherol

text: There are three stereocenters in α-tocopherol, so this is a chiral molecule. The eight stereoisomers of α-tocopherol differ in the arrangement of groups around these stereocenters. In the image of "RRR"-α-tocopherol below, all three stereocenters are in the "R" form. However, if the middle of the three stereocenters were changed (so the hydrogen was now pointing down and the methyl group pointing up), this would become the structure of "RSR"-α-tocopherol. These stereoisomers also may be named in an alternative older nomenclature, where the stereocenters are either in the "d" or "l" form.


title: Tocopherol

text: 1 IU of tocopherol is defined as ⅔ milligrams of "RRR"-α-tocopherol (formerly named d-α-tocopherol or sometimes ddd-α-tocopherol). 1 IU is also defined as 1 milligram of an equal mix of the eight stereoisomers, which is a racemic mixture called "all-rac"-α-tocopheryl acetate. This mix of stereoisomers is often called dl-α-tocopheryl acetate, even though it is more precisely ). However, 1 IU of this racemic mixture is not now considered equivalent to 1 IU of natural (RRR) α-tocopherol, and the Institute of Medicine and the USDA now convert IU's of the racemic mixture to milligrams of equivalent RRR using 1 IU racemic mixture = 0.45 "milligrams α-tocopherol".


title: Tocopherol

text: Tocotrienols, although less commonly known, also belong to the vitamin E family. Tocotrienols have four natural 2' d-isomers (they have a stereoisomeric carbon only at the 2' ring-tail position). The four tocotrienols (in order of decreasing methylation: d-α-, d-β-, d-γ-, and d-δ-tocotrienol) have structures corresponding to the four tocopherols, except with an unsaturated bond in each of the three isoprene units that form the hydrocarbon tail, whereas tocopherols have a saturated phytyl tail (the phytyl tail of tocopherols gives the possibility for 2 more stereoisomeric sites in these molecules that tocotrienols do not have). Tocotrienol has been subject to fewer clinical studies and seen less research as compared to tocopherol. However, there is growing interest in the health effects of these compounds.


title: Tocopherol

text: Tocopherols are radical scavengers, delivering an H atom to quench free radicals. At 323 kJ/mol, the O-H bond in tocopherols is approximately 10% weaker than in most other phenols. This weak bond allows the vitamin to donate a hydrogen atom to the peroxyl radical and other free radicals, minimizing their damaging effect. The thus generated tocopheryl radical is relatively unreactive, but reverts to tocopherol by a redox reaction with a hydrogen donor such as vitamin C. As they are fat-soluble, tocopherols are incorporated into cell membranes, which are protected from oxidative damage.


title: Tocopherol

text: The U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for adults is 15 mg/day. The RDA is based on the α-tocopherol form because it is the most active form as originally tested. Vitamin E supplements are absorbed best when taken with meals. The U.S. Institute of Medicine has set an upper tolerable intake level (UL) for vitamin E at 1,000 mg (1,500 IU) per day. The European Food Safety Authority sets UL at 300 mg α-tocopherol equivalents /day.


title: Tocopherol

text: For dietary purposes, vitamin E activity of vitamin E isomers is expressed as α-tocopherol equivalents (a-TEs). One a-TE is defined by the biological activity of 1 mg (natural) d-α-tocopherol in the resorption-gestation test. According to listings by FAO and others β-tocopherol should be multiplied by 0.5, γ-tocopherol by 0.1, and α-tocotrienol by 0.3. The IU is converted to aTE by multiplying it with 0.67. These factors do not correlate with the antioxidant activity of vitamin E isomers, where tocotrienols show even much higher activity in vivo.


title: Tocopherol

text: The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Services, maintains a food composition database. The last major revision was Release 28, September 2015. In general, food sources with the highest concentrations of vitamin E are vegetable oils, followed by nuts and seeds. Adjusting for typical portion sizes, however, for many people in the United States the most important sources of vitamin E include fortified breakfast cereals.


title: Tocopherol

text: Vitamin E deficiency is rare, and in almost all instances caused by an underlying disease rather than a diet low in vitamin E. Vitamin E deficiency causes neurological problems due to poor nerve conduction. These include neuromuscular problems such as spinocerebellar ataxia and myopathies. Deficiency also may cause anemia, due to oxidative damage to red blood cells.


title: Tocopherol

text: Synthetic vitamin E derived from petroleum products is manufactured as all-racemic α-tocopheryl acetate with a mixture of eight stereoisomers. In this mixture, one α-tocopherol molecule in eight molecules are in the form of "RRR"-α-tocopherol (12.5% of the total).


title: Tocopherol

text: The 8-isomer "all-rac" vitamin E is always marked on labels simply as dl-tocopherol or dl-tocopheryl acetate, even though it is (if fully written out) . The present largest manufacturers of this type are DSM and BASF.


title: Tocopherol

text: Natural α-tocopherol is the RRR-α (or ddd-α) form. The synthetic ("dl-α") form is not so active as the natural ddd-α ("d-α") tocopherol form. This is mainly due to reduced vitamin activity of the four possible stereoisomers that are represented by the "l" or "S" enantiomer at the first stereocenter (an S or l configuration between the chromanol ring and the tail, i.e., the SRR, SRS, SSR, and SSS stereoisomers). The three unnatural "2R" stereoisomers with natural R configuration at this 2' stereocenter, but S at one of the other centers in the tail (i.e., RSR, RRS, RSS), appear to retain substantial RRR vitamin activity, because they are recognized by the alpha-tocopherol transport protein, and thus maintained in the plasma, where the other four stereoisomers (SRR, SRS, SSR, and SSS) are not. Thus, the synthetic all-rac-α-tocopherol, in theory, would have approximately half the vitamin activity of RRR-α-tocopherol in humans. Experimentally, the ratio of activities of the 8 stereoisomer racemic mixture to the natural vitamin, is 1 to 1.36 in the rat pregnancy model (suggesting a measured activity ratio of 1/1.36 = 74% of natural, for the 8-isomer racemic mix).


title: Tocopherol

text: Although it is clear that mixtures of stereoisomers are not so active as the natural "RRR"-α-tocopherol form, in the ratios discussed above, specific information on any side effects of the seven synthetic vitamin E stereoisomers is not readily available.


title: Tocopherol

text: Manufacturers also commonly convert the phenol form of the vitamins (with a free hydroxyl group) to esters, using acetic or succinic acid. These tocopheryl esters are more stable and are easy to use in vitamin supplements. α-Tocopheryl esters are de-esterified in the gut and then absorbed as the free tocopherol. Tocopheryl nicotinate, tocopheryl linolate, and tocopheryl palmitate esters are also used in cosmetics and some pharmaceuticals.


title: Tocopherol

text: "Mixed tocopherols" in the USA contain at least 20% w/w other natural R, R,R- tocopherols, i.e. R, R,R-α-tocopherol content plus at least 25% R, R,R-β-, R, R,R-γ-, R, R,R-δ-tocopherols.


title: Tocopherol

text: Some brands may contain 20.0% w/w or more of the other tocopherols and measurable tocotrienols. Some mixed tocopherols with higher γ-tocopherol content are marketed as "High Gamma-Tocopherol". The label should report each component in milligrams, except R, R,R-α-tocopherol may still be reported in IU. Mixed tocopherols also may be found in other nutritional supplements.


title: Tocopherol

text: Observational studies that measure dietary intake and/or serum concentration, and experimental studies that ideally are randomized clinical trials (RCTs), are two means of examining the effects or lack thereof of a proposed intervention on human health. Healthcare outcomes may be expected to be in accord between reviews of observational and experimental studies. If there is a lack of agreement, then factors other than design need to be considered. In observational studies on vitamin E, an inverse correlation between dietary intake and risk of a disease, or serum concentration and risk of a disease, may be considered suggestive, but any conclusions also should rest on randomized clinical trials of sufficient size and duration to measure clinically significant results. One concern with correlations is that other nutrients and non-nutrient compounds (such as polyphenols) may be higher in the same diets that are higher in vitamin E. Another concern for the relevance of RCTs described below is that while observational studies are comparing disease risk between low and high dietary intake of naturally occurring vitamin E from food (when worldwide, the adult median dietary intake is 6.2 mg/d for d-α-tocopherol; 10.2 mg/day when all of the tocopherol and tocotrienol isomers are included), the prospective RCTs often used 400 IU/day of synthetic dl-α-tocopherol as the test product, equivalent to 268 mg of α-tocopherol equivalents.


title: Tocopherol

text: In the US, the popularity for vitamin E as a dietary supplement may have peaked around 2000. The Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) tracked dietary supplement use by people over the age of 40 during years 1986–2006. For women, user prevalence was 16.1% in 1986, 46.2% in 1998, 44.3% in 2002, but had decreased to 19.8% in 2006. Similarly, for men, prevalence for same years was 18.9%, 52.0%, 49.4%, and 24.5%. The authors theorized that declining use in these health science aware populations may have due to publications of studies that showed either no benefits or negative consequences from vitamin E supplements. There is other evidence for declining use of vitamin E. Within the U.S. military services, vitamin prescriptions written for active, reserve and retired military, and their dependents, were tracked over years 2007–2011. Vitamin E prescriptions decreased by 53% while vitamin C remained constant and vitamin D increased by 454%. A report on vitamin E sales volume in the USA documented a 50% decrease between 2000 and 2006, with a significant cause attributed to a well-publicized meta-analysis that had concluded that high-dosage vitamin E increased all-cause mortality.


title: Tocopherol

text: A Cochrane review published in 2017 on antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) identified only one vitamin E clinical trial. That trial compared 500 IU/day of α-tocopherol to placebo for four years and reported no effect on the progression of AMD in people already diagnosed with the condition. Another Cochrane review, same year, same authors, reviewed the literature on α-tocopherol preventing the development of AMD. This review identified four trials, duration 4–10 years, and reported no change to risk of developing AMD. A large clinical trial known as AREDS compared β-carotene (15 mg), vitamin C (500 mg), and α-tocopherol (400 IU) to placebo for up to ten years, with a conclusion that the anti-oxidant combination significantly slowed progression. However, because there was no group in the trial receiving only vitamin E, no conclusions could be drawn as to the contribution of the vitamin to the effect.


title: Tocopherol

text: Proponents of megavitamin therapy and orthomolecular medicine advocate "natural tocopherols." Meanwhile, clinical trials have largely concentrated on use of either a synthetic, all-racemic d-α-tocopheryl acetate or synthetic dl-α-tocopheryl acetate.


title: Tocopherol

text: Tocopherol is described as functioning as an antioxidant. A dose-ranging trial was conducted in people with chronic oxidative stress attributed to elevated serum cholesterol. Plasma F2-isoprostane concentration was selected as a biomarker of free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation. Only the two highest doses - 1600 and 3200 IU/day - significantly lowered F2-isoprostane.


title: Tocopherol

text: Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia are common causes of decline of brain functions that occur with age. AD is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that worsens over time. The disease process is associated with plaques and tangles in the brain. Vascular dementia may be caused by ischemic or hemorrhagic infarcts affecting multiple brain areas, including the anterior cerebral artery territory, the parietal lobes, or the cingulate gyrus. Both types of dementia may be present. Vitamin E status (and that of other antioxidant nutrients) is conjectured as having a possible impact on risk of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. A review of dietary intake studies reported that higher consumption of vitamin E from foods lowered the risk of developing AD by 24%. A second review examined serum vitamin E levels and reported lower serum vitamin E in AD patients compared to healthy, age-matched people. In 2017 a consensus statement from the British Association for Psychopharmacology included that until further information is available, vitamin E cannot be recommended for treatment or prevention of Alzheimer's disease.


title: Tocopherol

text: From reviews of observational studies, diets higher in vitamin E content were associated with a lower relative risk of kidney cancer, bladder cancer, and lung cancer When comparisons were made between the lowest and highest groups for dietary vitamin E consumption from food, the average reductions in relative risk were in the range of 16-19%. For all of these reviews, the authors noted that the findings needed to be confirmed by prospective studies. From randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in which α-tocopherol was administered as a dietary supplement, results differed from the dietary intake reviews. A RCT of 400 IU/day of α-tocopherol did not reduce risk of bladder cancer. In male tobacco smokers, 50 mg/day had no impact on developing lung cancer. A review of RCTs for colorectal cancer reported lack of a statistically significant reduction in risk. In male tobacco smokers, 50 mg/day reduced prostate cancer risk by 32%, but in a different trial, majority non-smokers, 400 IU/day increased risk by 17%. In women who consumed either placebo or 600 IU of natural-source vitamin E on alternate days for an average of 10.1 years there were no significant differences for breast cancer, lung cancer, or colon cancer.


title: Tocopherol

text: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration initiated a process of reviewing and approving food and dietary supplement health claims in 1993. A Qualified Health Claim issued in 2012 allows product label claims that vitamin E may reduce risk of renal, bladder, and colorectal cancers, with a stipulation that the label must include a mandatory qualifier sentence: “FDA has concluded that there is very little scientific evidence for this claim.” The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reviews proposed health claims for the European Union countries. As of March 2018, EFSA has not evaluated any vitamin E and cancer prevention claims.


title: Tocopherol

text: A meta-analysis from 2015 reported that for studies that reported serum tocopherol, higher serum concentration was associated with a 23% reduction in relative risk of age-related cataracts (ARC), with the effect due to differences in nuclear cataract rather than cortical or posterior subcapsular cataract - the three major classifications of age-related cataracts. However, this article and a second meta-analysis reporting on clinical trials of α-tocopherol supplementation reported no statistically significant change to risk of ARC when compared to placebo.


title: Tocopherol

text: Research on the effects of vitamin E on cardiovascular disease has produced conflicting results. An inverse relation has been observed between coronary heart disease and the consumption of foods high in vitamin E, and also higher serum concentration of α-tocopherol. In one of the largest observational studies, almost 90,000 healthy nurses were tracked for eight years. Compared to those in the lowest fifth for reported vitamin E consumption (from food and dietary supplements), those in the highest fifth were at a 34% lower risk of major coronary disease. Diet higher in vitamin E also may be higher in other, unidentified components that promote heart health, or people choosing such diets may be making other healthy lifestyle choices. There is some supporting evidence from randomized clinical trials (RCTs). A meta-analysis on the effects of α-tocopherol supplementation in RCTs on aspects of cardiovascular health reported that when consumed without any other antioxidant nutrient, the relative risk of heart attack was reduced by 18%. The results were not consistent for all of the individual trials incorporated into the meta-analysis. For example, the Physicians' Health Study II did not show any benefit after 400 IU every other day for eight years, for heart attack, stroke, coronary mortality, or all-cause mortality. The effects of vitamin E supplementation on incidence of stroke were summarized in 2011. There were no significant benefits for vitamin E versus placebo for risk of stroke, or for subset analysis for ischaemic stroke, haemorrhagic stroke, fatal stroke, or non-fatal stroke.


title: Tocopherol

text: In 2001 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration rejected proposed health claims for vitamin E and cardiovascular health. The U.S. National Institutes of Health also reviewed the literature and concluded there was not sufficient evidence to support the idea that routine use of vitamin E supplements prevents cardiovascular disease or reduces its morbidity and mortality. In 2010 the European Food Safety Authority reviewed and rejected claims that a cause and effect relationship has been established between the dietary intake of vitamin E and maintenance of normal cardiac function or of normal blood circulation.


title: Tocopherol

text: Antioxidant vitamins as dietary supplements have been proposed as having benefits if consumed during pregnancy. For the combination of vitamin E with vitamin C supplemented to pregnant women, a Cochrane review of 21 clinical trials concluded that the data do not support vitamin E supplementation - majority of trials α-tocopherol at 400 IU/day plus vitamin C at 1000 mg/day - as being efficacious for reducing risk of stillbirth, neonatal death, preterm birth, preeclampsia, or any other maternal or infant outcomes, either in healthy women or those considered at risk for pregnancy complications. The review identified only three small trials in which vitamin E was supplemented without co-supplementation with vitamin C. None of these trials reported any clinically meaningful information.


title: Tocopherol

text: Although there is widespread use of vitamin E as a topical medication, with claims for improved wound healing and reduced scar tissue, reviews have repeatedly concluded that there is insufficient evidence to support these claims.


title: Tocopherol

text: The U.S. Food and Nutrition Board set a Tolerable upper intake level (UL) at 1,000 mg (1,500 IU) per day derived from animal models that demonstrated bleeding at high doses. The European Food Safety Authority reviewed the same safety question and set a UL at 300 mg/day. A meta-analysis of long-term clinical trials reported a non-significant 2% increase in all-cause mortality when α-tocopherol was the only supplement used. Another meta-analysis reported a non-significant 1% increase in all-cause mortality when α-tocopherol was the only supplement. Subset analysis reported no difference between natural (plant extracted) or synthetic α-tocopherol, or whether the amount used was less than or more than 400 IU/day. There are reports of vitamin E-induced allergic contact dermatitis from use of vitamin-E derivatives such as tocopheryl linoleate and tocopherol acetate in skin care products. Incidence is low despite widespread use.


title: Tocopherol

text: The amounts of α-tocopherol, other tocopherols and tocotrienols that are components of dietary vitamin E, when consumed from foods, do not appear to cause any interactions with drugs. Consumption of α-tocopherol as a dietary supplement in amounts in excess of 300 mg/day may lead to interactions with aspirin, warfarin, tamoxifen, and cyclosporine A in ways that alter function. For aspirin and warfarin, high amounts of vitamin E may potentiate anti-blood clotting action. One small trial demonstrated that vitamin E at 400 mg/day reduced blood concentration of the anti-breast cancer drug tamoxifen. In multiple clinical trials, vitamin E lowered blood concentration of the immuno-suppressant drug, cyclosporine A. The U.S. National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements, raises a concern that co-administration of vitamin E could counter the mechanisms of anti-cancer radiation therapy and some types of chemotherapy, and so advises against its use in these patient populations. The references it cited reported instances of reduced treatment adverse effects, but also poorer cancer survival, raising the possibility of tumor protection from the oxidative damage intended by the treatments.


title: Tocopherol

text: Naturally sourced d-α-tocopherol can be extracted and purified from seed oils, or γ-tocopherol can be extracted, purified, and methylated to create d-alpha-tocopherol. In contrast to α-tocopherol extracted from plants, which also is called d-α-tocopherol, industrial synthesis creates dl-α-tocopherol. "It is synthesized from a mixture of toluene and 2,3,5-trimethyl-hydroquinone that reacts with isophytol to all-rac-α-tocopherol, using iron in the presence of hydrogen chloride gas as a catalyst. The reaction mixture obtained is filtered and extracted with aqueous caustic soda. Toluene is removed by evaporation and the residue (all rac-α-tocopherol) is purified by vacuum distillation." Specification for the ingredient is >97% pure. This synthetic dl-α-tocopherol has approximately 50% of the potency of d-α-tocopherol. Manufacturers of dietary supplements and fortified foods for humans or domesticated animals convert the phenol form of the vitamin to an ester using either acetic acid or succinic acid because the esters are more chemically stable, providing for a longer shelf-life. The ester forms are de-esterified in the gut and absorbed as free α-tocopherol.


title: Tocopherol

text: During feeding experiments with rats Herbert McLean Evans concluded in 1922 that besides vitamins B and C, an unknown vitamin existed. Although every other nutrition was present, the rats were not fertile. This condition could be changed by additional feeding with wheat germ. It took several years until 1936 when the substance was isolated from wheat germ and the formula CHO was determined. Evans also found that the compound reacted like an alcohol and concluded that one of the oxygen atoms was part of an OH (hydroxyl) group. As noted in the introduction, the vitamin was given its name by Evans from Greek words meaning "to bear young" with the addition of the -ol as an alcohol.


title: Sukiyaki (song)

text: , alternatively titled "Sukiyaki", is a song by Japanese crooner Kyu Sakamoto, first released in Japan in 1961. The song topped the charts in a number of countries, including the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 in 1963.


title: Sukiyaki (song)

text: The song grew to become one of the world's best-selling singles of all time, selling over 13 million copies worldwide.


title: Sukiyaki (song)

text: "" () was written by lyricist Rokusuke Ei and composer Hachidai Nakamura. The lyrics tell the story of a man who looks up and whistles while he is walking so that his tears will not fall, with the verses describing his memories and feelings. Ei wrote the lyrics while walking home from participating in the 1960 Anpo protests against the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, expressing his frustration and dejection at the failed efforts to stop the treaty. However, the lyrics were purposefully generic so that they might refer to any lost love.


title: Sukiyaki (song)

text: The English-language lyrics of the version recorded by A Taste of Honey are not a translation of the original Japanese lyrics, but instead a completely different set of lyrics arranged to the same basic melody.


title: Sukiyaki (song)

text: In Anglophone countries, the song is best known under the alternative title "Sukiyaki", the name of a Japanese hot-pot dish with cooked beef. The word sukiyaki does not appear in the song's lyrics, nor does it have any connection to them; it was used only because it was short, catchy, recognizably Japanese, and more familiar to English speakers. A "Newsweek" columnist compared this re-titling to issuing "Moon River" in Japan under the title "Beef Stew".


title: Sukiyaki (song)

text: Well-known English-language cover versions with altogether different lyrics often go by the alternative name or something completely different, including "My First Lonely Night" by Jewel Akens in 1966, and "Sukiyaki" by A Taste of Honey in 1980 (see below). The song has also been recorded in other languages.


title: Sukiyaki (song)

text: In Japan, "Ue o Muite Arukō" topped the Popular Music Selling Record chart in the Japanese magazine "Music Life" for three months, and was ranked as the number one song of 1961 in Japan.


title: Sukiyaki (song)

text: In the US, "Sukiyaki" topped the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart in 1963, one of the few non-English songs to have done so, and the first in a non-European language. It was the only single by an Asian artist to top the Hot 100 until the 2020 release of "Dynamite" by the South Korean band BTS. "Sukiyaki" also peaked at number eighteen on the "Billboard" R&B chart, and spent five weeks at number one on the Middle of the Road chart.


title: Sukiyaki (song)

text: Sakamoto's follow-up to "Sukiyaki", "China Nights (Shina no Yoru)", charted in 1963 at number 58. That was the last song by an artist from Japan to reach the US pop chart for 16 years, until the female duo Pink Lady had a top-40 hit in 1979 with its English-language song "Kiss in the Dark".


title: Sukiyaki (song)

text: Internationally, the song is one of the best-selling singles of all time, having sold over 13 million copies worldwide.


title: Sukiyaki (song)

text: An instrumental version of the song was played by NASA over the radio for the Gemini VII astronauts as mood music, thereby becoming one of the first pieces of music sent to humans in space.


title: Sukiyaki (song)

text: On March 16, 1999, Japan Post issued a stamp that commemorated the song. The stamp is listed in the Scott Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue as Japan number 2666 with a face value of 50 yen.


title: Sukiyaki (song)

text: In the summer of 2021, the song was performed during the closing ceremony of the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo (which had been postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic).


title: Sukiyaki (song)

text: A Taste of Honey vocalist Janice-Marie Johnson would recall how at age nine she had heard Kyu Sakamoto's "Sukiyaki" on the radio in the summer of 1963 and said: "Mom! Buy me this record!", as despite not understanding the lyrics she was deeply moved by the song. Constantly playing the single, Johnson phonetically learned its lyrics and taught them to her sister, with the pair participating in neighborhood talent shows singing "Sukiyaki" while performing their approximation of an Oriental dance number. Years later, after A Taste of Honey had scored their 1978 number-one hit "Boogie Oogie Oogie", Johnson heard the Linda Ronstadt hit remake of Smokey Robinson and the Miracles' "Ooo Baby Baby" on her car radio causing Johnson to realize that remaking a 1960s hit could be a good career move for A Taste of Honey, with Johnson's obvious choice for the remake being her beloved "Sukiyaki". Johnson contacted the song's Japanese lyricist Rokusuke Ei who provided her with a literal translation of what he had written: as this translation did not yield complete sentences in English, Johnson endeavored to write a new set of lyrics she felt would capture the spirit of the song. To Johnson, it seemed the song's original lyrics had 3 possible interpretations: as the mindset of a man facing execution; as someone trying to be optimistic despite life's trials; or as the story of an ended love affair. Johnson decided: "me being the hopeless romantic that I am, I decided to write about a love gone bad."


title: Sukiyaki (song)

text: According to Johnson, when Cecil Hale, vice-president of Capitol Records, heard her sing the lyrics she had written for "Sukiyaki" in the slow balladic style she envisioned for the track, "he said, 'absolutely not! Black people don't want to hear Japanese music.' I was stunned [having been] so sure he would like it. I looked at him and I said 'Last time I looked in a mirror I was black and I want to hear it.'" Producer George Duke, who was assigned to produce the upcoming A Taste of Honey album "Twice as Sweet," shared Hale's lack of enthusiasm. Duke recalled: "'Man, what am I going to do with "Sukiyaki"?' I thought [Johnson] was crazy, but I said 'If that's what she wants to do, I'll do it.'" Johnson would recall Duke, "thought we could do a kind of uptempo version [but] I [saw] it as a love ballad, which is how it was done. [Duke] did a fantastic arrangement." Duke replied, "we did the song and had Clare Fischer do the string arrangement and brought June [Kuramoto] in to give it a Japanese flavor" - Kuramoto being a koto player whom Duke knew from the jazz band Hiroshima - "We added an R&B section, and that was it. It was a simple tune I never thought would become a hit. To this day, I can't believe it was as big a record as it was."


title: Sukiyaki (song)

text: Cecil Hale remained resistant to the track: as late as the master for "Twice as Sweet" being placed on the disc cutter "Sukiyaki" was omitted, the track only being added to "Twice as Sweet" before the album's August 1980 release after some eleventh hour negotiations between Johnson and Capitol Records, most essentially that Johnson be disallowed credit or royalties for her new lyrics (Capitol Records held the copyright of the Kyu Sakamoto original). After the album's uptempo advance single "Rescue Me" fell short of the R&B chart Top Ten and failed to cross over to the "Billboard" Hot 100, Johnson urged for "Sukiyaki" to be the next single only for Capitol to issue another uptempo track: "I'm Talkin' 'Bout You", which would stall at number 64 on the R&B chart. Capitol did finally afford single release to "Sukiyaki" in January 1981, the track being both serviced to radio and shipped to retail the first week of the year and being re-serviced to radio two weeks later in a promotional package that included a folding fan: in February 1981 - as "Sukiyaki" moved up the R&B chart Top 40 and began charting on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 - Capitol reinforced the single's radio profile by sending out 6000 custom-cut fan-shaped promo copies of "Sukiyaki" to Pop- and R&B-oriented radio stations. The "Sukiyaki" single was packaged in a picture sleeve showing Johnson and her A Taste of Honey partner, Hazel Payne, wearing kimono, and the duo were similarly dressed in their television performances to promote the single. These performances featured a traditional Japanese fan dance by Johnson, while Payne (who was not featured on the recording of "Sukiyaki") played (or in mimed performances appearing to play) June Kuramoto's koto part. A number-one hit on both the R&B and A/C chart, "Sukiyaki" crossed over to number three on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in June 1981.


title: Sukiyaki (song)

text: American R&B group 4 P.M. released a version of "Sukiyaki" in 1994. This version reached number 8 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The group remade the song—utilizing the English-language lyrics of the A Taste of Honey version—at the suggestion of Next Plateau Records president Eddie O'Loughlin. The 4 P.M. version was also a chart success in Australia (number 3), New Zealand (number 5), and Canada (number 7).


title: Sukiyaki (song)

text: G. H. Hat released 4 original versions of Sukiyaki and 8 remixed versions of these original tracks in April and July 2018, including remixes by Ralphi Rosario and Dinaire+Bissen. All versions are in the Dance Genre and charted on Billboard's Dance Club Songs Top 50 for 10 weeks with a peak position of number 19. The April versions featured US Singer Alina Renae and used the English Language lyrics written by Janice Marie Johnson. The July versions featured Japanese Super Star Eriko Tamura and used the original Japanese lyrics.


title: Sukiyaki (song)

text: In 1963, the British record label Pye Records released an instrumental cover version of the song by Kenny Ball and his Jazzmen. They were concerned that English-speaking audiences might find the original title too difficult to remember/pronounce, so they gave it the new title of "Sukiyaki". This title was retained when Capitol Records in the United States, and His Master's Voice (HMV) in the UK, released Kyu Sakamoto's original version a few months later.


title: Sukiyaki (song)

text: Many other artists have recorded cover versions of the song, while others have written and/or performed songs based on the melody.


title: Pietro Fittipaldi

text: Pietro Fittipaldi da Cruz (born 25 June 1996) is a Brazilian-American racing driver, the grandson of two-time Formula One world champion Emerson Fittipaldi and brother of racing driver Enzo Fittipaldi. Fittipaldi is racing in European Le Mans Series for Inter Europol Competition, alongside serving as a reserve driver for Formula One team Haas. He made his Formula One debut with Haas at the 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix, replacing the injured Romain Grosjean, becoming the fourth member of the Fittipaldi family to race in Formula One.


title: Pietro Fittipaldi

text: Fittipaldi began his racing career in the NASCAR Whelen All-American Series, winning the track championship at Hickory Motor Speedway in 2011. In 2012 he won one race and finished fifth in the championship.


title: Pietro Fittipaldi

text: The Brazilian moved to Europe to pursue a career in open-wheeled racing in 2013, making his debut in the BRDC Formula 4 Championship and Protyre Formula Renault Championship In 2014, he won the latter series, clinching the title with one race remaining.


title: Pietro Fittipaldi

text: In 2015 Fittipaldi competed in the FIA Formula 3 European Championship for Fortec Motorsports. With a best result of sixth at two of the races at Algarve, Fittipaldi finished 16th in the championship standings with 32 points.


title: Pietro Fittipaldi

text: Fittipaldi continued racing for Fortec in 2016, this time driving in the Formula V8 3.5 Series alongside fellow rookie Louis Delétraz. However, he only scored one podium and ended up 10th in the standings, eight positions behind his teammate.


title: Pietro Fittipaldi

text: Nevertheless, he continued competing in the World Series, this time with Lotus. He won six races, dominating the championship, 44 points ahead of his closest rival Matevos Isaakyan.


title: Pietro Fittipaldi

text: In February 2018, Fittipaldi was named a part-time driver of the No. 19 Honda for Dale Coyne Racing in the IndyCar Series, replacing Zachary Claman DeMelo in six races that year. He made his debut at the Phoenix Grand Prix, where he was forced to retire after contact on lap 40. He achieved his first top ten finish at Portland and finished 26th in the standings.


title: Pietro Fittipaldi

text: Fittipaldi is scheduled to return to IndyCar in 2021 exclusively for oval races, replacing Romain Grosjean who will only enter road and street circuit rounds.


title: Pietro Fittipaldi

text: In May 2018 Fittipaldi broke both legs in a crash during qualifying for the World Endurance Championship 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps race.


title: Pietro Fittipaldi

text: Fittipaldi raced for Audi Sport Team WRT in the 2019 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters. He scored a best result of fifth at Misano, and finished in the points six times, scoring 22 and ended up 15th in the drivers' standings.


title: Pietro Fittipaldi

text: In October 2014, Fittipaldi was one of four drivers to be invited to join the Ferrari Driver Academy. He first tested a Formula One car on 27 November 2018 during the post-season test at the Yas Marina Circuit, driving for Haas.


title: Pietro Fittipaldi

text: In November 2018, the Haas F1 Team confirmed Pietro Fittipaldi as its official 2019 test driver. Haas announced that the Brazilian would test the car at the first pre-season test at Barcelona in February 2019. In April 2019 Fittipaldi took part in the 2019 Bahrain Young Driver Test, before then making an appearance at the mid-season test at Catalunya.


title: Pietro Fittipaldi

text: On 30 November 2020, it was announced that Fittipaldi would race for Haas in the 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix, replacing the injured Romain Grosjean who was hospitalised after an accident at the 2020 Bahrain Grand Prix in which he suffered burns to his hands and ankles. This made him the first grandson of a Formula One driver to become a Formula One driver himself. Fittipaldi started his debut Grand Prix in last and finished the race 17th, the last of the remaining drivers. Haas team principal Guenther Steiner commented on Fittipaldi's debut "I think Pietro did a great job, considering he drove the car for the last time a year ago". Fittipaldi remarked that it is difficult for a driver to make it to Formula One, and he was glad to have finished his first race.


title: Pietro Fittipaldi

text: He again stood in for Grosjean at the season finale in Abu Dhabi. Fittipaldi qualified 19th and was elevated to 17th on the grid due to other drivers collecting penalties. In the race, he suffered a slow pit stop and again finished last of the running drivers in 19th place. After the race, Fittipaldi stated that he would "like to still keep a foot in Formula One" as a reserve driver in . In February 2021 it was confirmed that he would remain in his role as a Haas test and reserve driver for the 2021 season.


title: Pietro Fittipaldi

text: He was retained in the role for the season. He drove the Haas VF-22 during the first day of 2022 pre-season testing at the Bahrain International Circuit, substituting for Nikita Mazepin after Mazepin's contract was terminated. Fittipaldi was replaced for the remainder of the test by Kevin Magnussen. Fittipaldi was actively considered by Haas for Mazepin's seat in the race team but ultimately Magnussen was chosen over him.


title: Pietro Fittipaldi

text: Fittipaldi drove the VF-22 in the free practices of the Mexico City and Abu Dhabi Grands Prix and also took part in post-season testing in Abu Dhabi.


title: Pietro Fittipaldi

text: Fittipaldi did not win the national championship; he was the individual track champion of Hickory Motor Speedway.<br>


title: Mogami-class frigate

text: The "Mogami"-class frigate (also known as 30FFM, 30FF, 30DX, or 30DEX) is a Japanese multi-mission stealth frigate for the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF).


title: Mogami-class frigate

text: In 2015 the Japanese defense budget allocated funds to study the construction of a new "compact-type hull destroyer with additional multi-functional capabilities" as well as a new radar system for the destroyer. In the same year Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) unveiled the frigate's first concept model (30FF) which they had been developing with their own funds.


title: Mogami-class frigate

text: In August 2017, the Acquisition, Technology & Logistics Agency (ATLA) selected MHI and Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding as the prime contractor and subcontractor to construct the frigate. In addition, the agency also selected a completely new design of the vessel (30DX). The new ship is set to replace the s and s.


title: Mogami-class frigate

text: Construction of the 30DX was to begin in 2018. A total of twenty-two units built to this design are planned by 2032, of which the first eight were under contract by 2018; a pair are to be built each year.


title: Mogami-class frigate

text: The overall intent of the 30DX design is to achieve a modern frigate-sized vessel with capabilities similar to the but with a reduced crew and having only half the VLS cells.


title: Mogami-class frigate

text: The original intention was to use the 30FF model. The 30FF design looked similar to the United States Navy's with an integrated mast. Its armament included a 5"/54 caliber Mark 45 gun, two remote weapon stations between the bridge and main gun, a SeaRAM above the helicopter hangar, and a helicopter. The length of this version of the vessel was to be , with a max beam of , and a displacement of about . The 30FF design had a planned maximum speed of and accommodated a crew of about 100.


title: Mogami-class frigate

text: However, it was the 30DX model that was eventually chosen to be constructed. The 30DX design (although modern) is more conservative compared to the 30FF's more radical approach. The three main factors for the design change were due to the need for affordability, miniaturization/automation, and multi-mission capabilities. The vessel has an overall length of , breadth of , a standard displacement of with a full load displacement of about , and a maximum speed of over . The frigates will be powered by a Rolls-Royce MT30 gas turbine.


title: Mogami-class frigate

text: Weapons for the 30DX include a Mk 45 gun, two remote weapon stations above the bridge, 16-cell Mk 41 Vertical Launching System (VLS) at the bow, 8 anti-ship missiles, one SeaRAM, an SH-60L helicopter, torpedoes, and decoy launchers. Another capability is to deploy and recover unmanned underwater vehicles (UUV), unmanned surface vehicles (USV), and sea mines from the rear ramp beneath the helo deck. The 30DX will also expect to use a naval version of the JGSDF's Type 03 Chū-SAM long-range AA missile.


title: Mogami-class frigate

text: The stealthy design of both models is based on the research and development lessons learned from the Mitsubishi X-2 Shinshin (then: ATD-X) stealth fighter technology demonstrator, as both platforms are designed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. Along with stealth capabilities, the frigate also emphasizes having a high level of automation. This allows the frigate to possess a low crew size of only 90 personnel when compared to the crew complement of other ships of similar size.


title: Mogami-class frigate

text: At Sea Air Space 2019, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries revealed their 'Advanced Integrated CIC' for the vessel. According to the report, it will combined the wheelhouse, the managing and situational awareness room, the engine and power control room, and combat information center within a large 360-degree circular screen wall. It can display panoramic views around the ship without a blind spot on the screen, and will also utilize augmented reality technology to discriminate among the objects shown and to navigate the ship.


title: Mogami-class frigate

text: The FFM-7 and subsequent ships will be equipped with Vertical Launch System. Ships from FFM-1 to FFM-6 are commissioned without VLS and will be later equipped with VLS.


title: Mogami-class frigate

text: Both frigate designs have been showcased in four naval exhibitions to attract potential export customers. The 30FF was shown in PACIFIC 2015 as a contender for Australian Navy's SEA5000 ASW Frigate Program and on display again at Sea Air Space 2017. The 30DX design has also been shown in Sea Air Space 2018 (as well as 2019) and Euronaval 2018.


title: Mogami-class frigate

text: Japan plans to export four frigates to Indonesia, and another four will be built in Indonesia under ¥300 billion contract. In March 2021, Japan and Indonesia signed a military cooperation agreement, which reinforces the delivery.


title: Mitsuyo Maeda

text: was a Japanese "judōka" (judo practitioner) and prizefighter in no holds barred competitions, also being one of the first documented mixed martial artists of the modern era for he frequently challenged practitioners of other martial arts and combat sports. He was known as Count Combat or Conde Koma in Spanish and Portuguese, a nickname he picked up in Spain in 1908. Along with Antônio Soshihiro Satake (another naturalized Brazilian), he pioneered judo in Brazil, the United Kingdom, and other countries.


title: Mitsuyo Maeda

text: Maeda was fundamental to the development of Brazilian jiu-jitsu, including through his teaching of Carlos Gracie and others of the Gracie family. He was also a promoter of Japanese emigration to Brazil. Maeda won more than 2,000 professional fights in his career- though this claim has been disputed. His accomplishments led to him being called the "toughest man who ever lived" and being referred to as the father of Brazilian Jiu-jitsu.


title: Mitsuyo Maeda

text: Maeda was born in Funazawa Village, Hirosaki City, Aomori Prefecture, Japan, on November 18, 1878. He attended Kenritsu Itiu high school (currently Hirokou—a Hirosaki school). As a child, he was known as Hideyo. He practiced sumo as a teenager, but lacked the ideal build for the sport. In 1894, at seventeen years of age, his parents sent him to Tokyo to enroll in Waseda University. He joined the Kodokan Judo Institute the following year.


title: Mitsuyo Maeda

text: Arriving in the Kodokan, Maeda, who was tall and weighed , was confused with a delivery boy due to his country manners and demeanor. He was spotted by judo's founder Kano Jigoro, and assigned to Tsunejiro Tomita (4th "dan" at the time), the smallest of the teachers of the Kodokan's "Four Heavenly Kings" ("Shitennō"), to illustrate that in judo size is not important. Tomita was the first Kodokan judoka and a close friend of Kano. According to Koyasu Masao (9th "dan"):


title: Mitsuyo Maeda

text: Although the weakest of Kodokan "Shitennō", Tomita was able to defeat the great jujutsu champion of that time, Hansuke Nakamura.


title: Mitsuyo Maeda

text: With Soishiro Satake, Maeda formed the head of the second generation of Kodokan judoka, which had replaced the first by the beginning of the 20th century. Satake, at 175 cm and 80 kg, was unmatched in amateur sumo but admitted that he himself was not able to match Maeda in judo. Satake would later travel to South America with Maeda and settle in Manaus, Amazonas State, while Maeda continued traveling. Satake would become the founder, in 1914, of the first historically registered judo academy in Brazil. He and Maeda are considered the pioneers of judo in Brazil.


title: Mitsuyo Maeda

text: At that time, there were few graduated Kodokan judoka. Maeda and Satake were the top graduated professors at Waseda University, both "sandan" (3rd "dan"), along with Matsuhiro Ritaro ("nidan" or 2nd "dan") and six other "shodan" (1st "dan"). Kyuzo Mifune registered at the Kodokan in 1903 and attracted the attention of Maeda, who commented, "you are strong and competent, therefore, you will certainly leave your mark in the Kodokan ..." Mifune went to learn under Sakujiro Yokoyama and later, already a celebrated judoka, Mifune said that Maeda's words were a great incentive, as he regarded Maeda with the greatest admiration, even though Yokoyama was his "sensei" (instructor).


title: Mitsuyo Maeda

text: According to Mifune, in 1904 Maeda lost to Yoshitake Yoshio by hane goshi, after defeating three adversaries in succession, but in a following "tsukinami-shiai" defeated eight adversaries in a row and was awarded the rank of 4th "dan" ("yondan"). Mifune also states that Maeda was one of the most vigorous promoters of judo, although not by teaching the art, instead generating recognition of judo through his many combats with contenders from other disciplines. Maeda treated experienced and inexperienced students alike, throwing them as if in real combat. He reasoned that this behavior was a measure of respect towards his students, but it was often misunderstood and frightened many youngsters, who would abandon him in favor of other professors.


title: Mitsuyo Maeda

text: In 1879, Ulysses S. Grant, the former president of the United States, visited Japan. While in Tokyo, he attended a jujutsu presentation at Shibusawa Eiichi's home in Asukayama. Kano Jigoro was one of the jujutsuka present. At that time, jujutsu was just starting to become known in Europe and the Americas. Excepting literal circus acts, few non-Japanese had much chance of seeing or learning about the art. Even in Japan, judo and jujutsu were not considered separate disciplines at that time. Indeed, it was not until 1925 that there started to be clear differentiation of the names in Japan, and outside Japan, judo and jujutsu were not completely separated until the 1950s. However, as is the case today, due to Kano’s inherent dislike of newaza (ground-fighting), Kodokan jujutsu/judo contained far less newaza than what was typically taught in a traditional “Koryu” jujutsu school. It would take ground-master Mataemon Tanabe ‘s multiple victories over the Kodokan’s best fighters to force Kano into accepting newaza. For Judo’s official manual, the Kodokan initially used the Butokukai’s own manual for their newaza section- where Tanabe was a senior instructor alongside Hajime Isogai. Before newaza was fully integrated into the Kodokan however, Maeda had already left overseas. Out of necessity for dealing with Catch wrestlers, Maeda would only begin taking an interest in newaza while in London (he trained and toured with Yukio Tani as well as Tanabe/Seibukan students Taro Miyake and Sadakazu Uyenishi ).


title: Mitsuyo Maeda

text: In 1903, a senior Kodokan instructor named Yamashita Yoshitsugu traveled to the United States at the request of the Seattle businessman Sam Hill. In Washington, DC, Yamashita's students included Theodore Roosevelt and other prominent Americans. At Roosevelt's request, Yamashita also taught judo at the US Naval Academy. Capitalizing on the publicity, the Japanese Legation in the USA asked the Kodokan to send more judo teachers to America, providing continuity to Yamashita's work. Tomita reluctantly accepted the task; Maeda and Satake embraced the opportunity.


title: Mitsuyo Maeda

text: Tomita, Maeda, and Satake sailed from Yokohama on November 16, 1904 and arrived in New York City on December 8, 1904.


title: Mitsuyo Maeda

text: Early in 1905, Tomita and Maeda gave several public demonstrations of judo. On February 17, 1905, Tomita and Maeda gave a demonstration at Princeton University when Maeda threw N.B. Tooker, a Princeton football player, while Tomita threw Samuel Feagles, the Princeton gymnasium instructor. On February 21, 1905, they gave a judo demonstration at the United States Military Academy at West Point, where Tomita and Maeda performed "kata" (patterns)—nage-no, koshiki, ju-no, and so on. At the request of the crowd, Maeda wrestled a cadet and threw him easily. Because Tomita had been the thrower in the "kata", the cadets wanted to wrestle him too. Tomita threw the first (Charles Daly) without any trouble. However, Tomita twice failed to throw another football player named Tipton using Tomoe nage. Afterwards, the New York sportswriters claimed the victory for the cadets because Tomita was thrown, whereas the Japanese embassy staff proclaimed that Tomita had achieved a moral victory, on the grounds that he was a far smaller man.


title: Mitsuyo Maeda

text: A conflicting account provided by "The New York Times" on February 21, referring to Tomita as "Prof. Tomet," states that


title: Mitsuyo Maeda

text: In any event, later that year the US Military Academy hired a former world champion professional wrestler, Tom Jenkins, instead of a judo teacher, a job Jenkins kept until his retirement in 1942.


title: Mitsuyo Maeda

text: The Japanese experts did better at the New York Athletic Club on March 8, 1905: "Their best throw was a sort of flying cartwheel," said an article in "The New York Times", describing Maeda's match with John Naething, a 200 lb wrestler. "Because of the difference in methods the two men rolled about the mat like schoolboys in a rough-and-tumble fight. After fifteen minutes of wrestling, Maeda secured the first fall. Ultimately, however, Naething was awarded the match by pin fall." On March 21, 1905, Tomita and Maeda gave a "jiu-do" demonstration at Columbia University attended by about 200 people. Following introductions, Tomita demonstrated falls and throws, then Maeda threw the university's wrestling instructor. According to the student newspaper, "Another interesting feature was the exhibition of some of the obsolete jiu jitsu tricks for defense with a fan against an opponent armed with the curved Japanese sword." Translations were provided by chemist Jōkichi Takamine.


title: Mitsuyo Maeda

text: During April 1905, Tomita and Maeda started a judo club in a commercial space at 1947 Broadway in New York. Members of this club included Japanese expatriates, plus a European American woman named Wilma Berger. On July 6, 1905, Tomita and Maeda gave a judo exhibition at the YMCA in Newport, Rhode Island. On September 30, 1905, they gave a demonstration at another YMCA in Lockport, New York. In Lockport, the local opponent was Mason Shimer, who wrestled Tomita unsuccessfully.


title: Mitsuyo Maeda

text: On November 6, 1905, Maeda was reported visiting professional wrestler Akitaro Ono in Asheville, North Carolina; after this, Maeda was no longer routinely associated with Tomita in the U.S. newspapers. On December 18, 1905, Maeda was in Atlanta, Georgia for a professional wrestling match with Sam Marburger. The contest was best of three, two falls with jackets and one without, and Maeda won the two with jackets and lost the one without. According to the Atlanta papers, Maeda listed his residence as the YMCA in Selma, Alabama. After the US, Maeda moved to London where he fought wrestlers on the stages of music halls alongside JuJitsu pioneers Yukio Tani of the Tenjin Shinyo ryu, Taro Miyake and Sadakazu Uyenishi both of Yataro Handa’s Senbukan in Osaka, known for its strong ground-fighting due to its close relationship with Mataemon Tanabe (whose protege ended up becoming head teacher at the Seinbukan).


title: Mitsuyo Maeda

text: In 1908, toured Spain with Sadakazu Uyenishi. During November 1908, Maeda went to Paris, France, apparently to see his friend Akitaro Ono. From Paris, he went to Havana, arriving there on December 14, 1908, and his twice-a-day wrestling act quickly proved to be very popular. On July 23, 1909, Maeda left Havana for Mexico City. His debut in Mexico City took place at the Virginia Fabregas Theater on July 14, 1909. This show was a private demonstration for some military cadets. Shortly afterwards, Maeda began appearing at the Principal Theater. In a similar fashion to how the jujutsu pioneers in Europe did things, Maeda put on “all comers” matches against anyone willing to test their luck on stage. His standing offer was 100 pesos (US$50) to anyone he could not throw, and 500 pesos (US$250) to anyone who could throw him. The "Mexican Herald" did not record anyone taking his money.


title: Mitsuyo Maeda

text: During September 1909, a Japanese calling himself Nobu Taka arrived in Mexico City for the purpose of challenging Maeda for what the "Mexican Herald" said would be the world jujutsu championship. After several months of public wrangling, Taka and Maeda met at the Colon Theater on November 16, 1909; Taka won. There was an immediate rematch, and four days later, Maeda was pronounced the champion. It was later revealed that Taka was, in fact, Maeda's old friend, Soishiro Satake.


title: Mitsuyo Maeda

text: In January 1910, Maeda took part in a wrestling tournament in Mexico City. During the semifinals, Maeda drew with Hjalmar Lundin. This is a different result than Lundin recalled in his 1937 memoirs. Said Lundin, "Having been accustomed to handling the big Greco-Roman wrestlers with ease, the Jap thought he could do likewise with me, but in the first encounter I got the better of him, after which my confidence returned. I had no trouble then in winning the match. It was a surprise to the crowd and a set-back for Koma. He had been the hero all week, but as soon as he was beaten the fans, true to form, called him a bum."