title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: Nogueira was crowned as the inaugural Pride World Heavyweight Champion after defeating Heath Herring by decision at PRIDE 17. The fast-paced bout, which saw Nogueira's superiority at both grappling and striking, was considered by some the best heavyweight MMA fight of all time.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: Nogueira next defeated Enson Inoue via technical submission due to a triangle choke and then fought for Antonio Inoki's UFO organization, scoring his first MMA KO victory against Sanae Kikuta.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: Nogueira then represented Pride at a co-promotion with K-1, Pride Shockwave. He was initially offered a kickboxing bout against K-1 fighter Mark Hunt, but he proposed instead to fight two separate matches under mixed martial arts and kickboxing rules respectively, which Hunt refused. Nogueira then to fight another K-1 super heavyweight, former American football player Bob Sapp, who outweighed Nogueira by 127 pounds. Due to this, Nogueira asked for special rules that banned knee strikes to a grounded opponent.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: The fight soon became a brutal exhibition of technical skill against raw strength, as mere seconds into the match, Sapp would stop Nogueira's first takedown attempt with a sound piledriver which almost ended the fight. The same outcome repeated itself several times, with Nogueira taking several powerbombs and heavy punches every time his huge antagonist managed to power out of his submission attempts. At the end, however, Sapp's stamina started to falter, allowing a very worn out Nogueira to mount him and finally submit him with an armbar.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: After defeating Sapp, Dutch kickboxing champion and former King of Pancrase Semmy Schilt was his next opponent. Nogueira scored another victory by triangle choke. He then avenged his only loss against Dan Henderson, when he armbarred him in the 3rd round after Henderson displayed great submission defense for the first two rounds.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: Nogueira's first Pride title defense was against Russian sambo champion and Volk Han apprentice Fedor Emelianenko at Pride 25. Nogueira suffered his second career loss, a judges' decision after Emelianenko dominated the fight with his characteristic ground-and-pound through the guard. In his next fight, Nogueira won a decision against former UFC heavyweight champion Ricco Rodriguez. Though Rodriguez scored takedowns and maintained top position, Pride's fight-scoring was determined primarily by "effort to finish the fight by KO or submission," and Nogueira's multiple near-submission attempts won him the decision victory.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: In November 2003, with heavyweight champion Emelianenko unable to fight due to injuries, Pride elected to crown an interim champion, so top contenders Nogueira and Mirko Cro Cop were matched up. Cro Cop dominated the first round with his superior striking and a left high kick which knocked Nogueira down in the very end of the round, but in the second round, Nogueira secured a takedown and rolled into an armbar to submit Cro Cop.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: On 25 April 2004, at Pride Total Elimination 2004, the first round of the 2004 Heavyweight Grand Prix was held. Nogueira faced the unbeaten professional wrestler and former judoka Hirotaka Yokoi, whom he submitted with the debut of his "anaconda choke". He then repeated the move against Heath Herring in the next round to advance to the semi finals where he defeated Sergei Kharitonov to again face Fedor Emelianenko in the finals. The fight was markedly different from their first, with Nogueira able to avoid the damage he suffered from ground-and-pound in their first meeting. However, the bout was stopped when Emelianenko suffered a cut after an accidental head-butt and could not continue, resulting in a no-contest. Another rematch was required to determine the tournament champion and was scheduled for Pride Shockwave 2004 on 31 December 2004. In the rematch as in the first bout, Nogueira suffered another unanimous decision loss to Emelianenko after being dominated in the standing positions and being controlled on the ground.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: At Pride Critical Countdown 2005, Nogueira defeated Polish Olympic judoka Pawel Nastula by strikes, and following this, at Pride 31 he beat professional wrestler and fighter Kiyoshi Tamura by armbar for the second time.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: He then entered the 2006 Pride Open Weight Grand Prix, progressing to the semi final by defeating fellow Brazilians Zuluzinho and Fabrício Werdum. In the semi final, he faced the American catch wrestler Josh Barnett and lost a controversial split decision in which many people thought Nogueira had won the fight, as both had landed damaging blows and submission attempts without managing to secure a victory. Barnett went on to face Mirko Cro Cop in the finals, Losing to Cro Cro after submitting to punches and kicks to the face. Nogueira avenged the loss to Barnett with a dominant unanimous decision win in their rematch at Pride Shockwave 2006.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: In an interview with Sherdog.com, Nogueira stated that the best moments of his career were against Bob Sapp and Mirko Cro Cop, both matches he won fighting in Pride.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: At which took place on 5 April 2007, Nogueira was in attendance and was sitting cage side with UFC president Dana White. It was subsequently announced at UFC 69, by White, that Nogueira had joined the UFC. He was promoted initially as simply "Minotauro" Nogueira, much like the UFC's promotion of Mirko Filipović as Mirko "Cro Cop" and Quinton Jackson as "Rampage" Jackson. In June 2007, he officially left Brazilian Top Team and joined Black House.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: His debut in the Octagon was a third fight with Heath Herring at UFC 73, promoted under various combinations of his name and nickname, but was officially introduced to the audience under his full name and nickname. Nogueira once again defeated Herring, via unanimous decision. During the first round, Herring landed a head kick that sent Nogueira to the canvas, in which unofficial judge Eddie Bravo thought the fight could have been stopped. Herring let Nogueira get back to his feet, and Nogueira was then able to recover and come back with a dominant decision victory.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: It was announced during the UFC 79 broadcast and subsequent press conference that Nogueira would be fighting former long time UFC Heavyweight Champion Tim Sylvia at UFC 81 for the Interim UFC Heavyweight Championship. Nogueira defeated Sylvia in the third round with a guillotine choke to become the Interim UFC Heavyweight Champion. During the fight Sylvia knocked Nogueira down with punches. After pulling Sylvia into his half guard in the third round, Nogueira quickly secured a sweep and attempted an armbar which he missed but immediately transitioned into a guillotine choke as Sylvia tried to regain his feet thus mounting a come from behind victory. Nogueira's coach, Amaury Bitetti, said that Nogueira had trained for the guillotine well beforehand.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: Nogueira and former UFC Heavyweight Champion Frank Mir were the coaches for the eighth season of "The Ultimate Fighter" (TUF), which premiered on 17 September 2008, on Spike TV. Both winners of "The Ultimate Fighter," season 8, light heavyweight Ryan Bader and lightweight Efrain Escudero, were members of Team Nogueira. After the season concluded, coaches Nogueira and Mir met at UFC 92 for the Interim UFC Heavyweight Championship. Mir won a one-sided fight in the second round via TKO due to punches, showing much improved striking by knocking Nogueira down twice in the first round. Herb Dean stopped the match at 1:54 of the second round. The loss marked the first time Nogueira had been stopped in his career.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: Two days after the fight, Dana White revealed in an interview that "Nogueira had just gotten over a Staph infection." Nogueira himself verified this fact several months later in his own interview, stating that he had a Staph infection "20 days before the fight, [requiring] 5 days in the hospital." When asked if this infection affected his fight, he answered: "For sure." In addition to this significant illness, his knee was injured during training for which he had surgery in February 2009. Despite these legitimate handicaps, Nogueira offered strong praise for Frank Mir's performance, with particular credit given to Mir's ability to maintain "very good distance."


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: The UFC next wanted to schedule Nogueira to face UFC Hall of Famer and former UFC Heavyweight and Light Heavyweight Champion Randy Couture at UFC 97, but Couture had to turn down the fight due to elbow surgery in January 2009. Couture later agreed to fight Nogueira at UFC 102 in Portland, Oregon. Nogueira defeated Couture via unanimous decision (30–27, 30–27, and 29–28). Nogueira showed much improved sharpness on his feet, and displayed his excellent chin by walking through many of Couture's strikes while still throwing punches, eventually gaining the better of the exchanges as he scored two knockdowns of Couture in the fight. Although taken down twice, Nogueira swept from guard on both occasions (after some time on his back) to gain the full mount over Couture. On the floor, Nogueira threatened with two submissions, first with a D'Arce choke and later with an arm-triangle choke.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: Nogueira was expected to face undefeated prospect Cain Velasquez on 2 January 2010, at UFC 108, but again, Nogueira caught another severe staph infection cancelling the bout. The bout instead took place on 21 February 2010, at UFC 110 in Sydney, Australia. During the bout, Nogueira was out-boxed as Velasquez landed an uppercut-right hook combo that dropped Nogueira early in the first round. Velasquez followed up with five clean shots on the ground, prompting referee Herb Dean to stop the contest, in which Velasquez earned a KO victory. At the time, Nogueira had been knocked out in two of his last three fights.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: Nogueira was to face Frank Mir on 25 September 2010, at UFC 119 in a rematch from the championship bout at UFC 92. Nogueira pulled out of this fight in order to undergo needed surgery on both of his hips as well as his knee and was replaced by Mirko Cro Cop. He stated on 15 May 2011, that he would fight at the UFC's return to Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. Nogueira defeated "The Ultimate Fighter" alumnus Brendan Schaub by knockout due to punches in the first round on 27 August 2011, at UFC 134 in his home-city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It was his first fight in over 16 months (and was billed as his "return fight") and earned him his first "Knockout of the Night" bonus. He celebrated his victory by sitting on top of the octagon fence and displaying a Brazilian national flag with Sport Club Internacional's emblem added to the center of the flag.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: Nogueira faced Frank Mir in a rematch on 10 December 2011, at UFC 140. After close early exchanges and a lot of work against the cage, the two separated, and Nogueira rocked Mir with a hard overhand right, jab combo. After Mir fell to the ground, Nogueira continued with ground and pound before attempting a guillotine choke. Mir was able to get out of this and during a scramble, ended in side control and locked up a kimura. Nogueira managed to roll Mir, only to be reversed himself. Mir stepped his right leg over the face of Nogueira and cranked the kimura, causing Nogueira's right humerus to break, thus ending the fight at 3:38 of round 1.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: Nogueira was expected to face Cheick Kongo on 21 July 2012, at . However, Nogueira pulled out of the bout, citing that his arm injury had not healed enough to resume the proper training and was replaced by Shawn Jordan. Nogueira fought Dave Herman on 13 October 2012, at UFC 153. He won the bout when he submitted Herman in the second round with an armbar. The finish earned him his first "Submission of the Night" honors.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: Nogueira coached opposite Fabrício Werdum on the second season of "." The two met in a rematch at the conclusion of the season, on 8 June 2013, at . This fight was a rematch of their first fight in PRIDE in which Nogueria won by unanimous decision back in 2006.<ref name="Nogueira/Werdum"></ref> After a back-and-forth first round, Nogueira lost via submission to an armbar in the second round.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: Nogueira faced Roy Nelson on 11 April 2014, in the main event at UFC Fight Night 39. After dropping Nogueira several times with punches in the first round, Nelson finished the fight via knockout with an overhand right.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: On 17 June 2014, Nogueira underwent successful surgery to repair a partial ACL tear of his right knee. On 9 February 2015, it was announced Nogueira would replace Anderson Silva as a head coach on "", after Silva was removed following his failed drug test.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: In March 2015, Nogueira revealed in an interview with Combate that he had undergone stem cell therapy on his elbows, hips and knees. Nogueira said,They have a clinic in Kansas where they work with stem cells. What they do is they remove some cells from fat out of your back and then inject them in your joints. I did it on my elbows, my hips and knees. It stimulates cartilage growth. It's pretty cutting edge technique. I'm responding really well so far. It's been helping a lot with my pain. I'm still doing physiotherapy, which is responsible for curing my hips, but I'm now doing this to make it even stronger. I had a break between my last fight and "The Ultimate Fighter" shootings, so I decided to go for it.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: Nogueira also confessed a desire to fight Frank Mir for a third time saying,In two weeks I'll be cleared to train freely again. First, I will get my body strong enough so I can train and be 100% ready to fight. I intend to fight at UFC 190 in August. I wanted to come back at the TUF finale card, but I'm afraid there won't be enough time. I'll definitely be ready in August. The UFC told me they would put me in a card in August. They didn't say which one, but I'm sure it'll be the one in Rio. I still don't have an opponent. They said there were three different guys I could be fighting, but I can't comment on that. I don't have any preferences really. I just want to come back and fight, but I would like to face Frank Mir again before the end of the year.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: In turn, the promotion balked at setting up a third bout with Mir. Instead, Nogueira next faced Stefan Struve at UFC 190 on 1 August 2015. He lost the fight by unanimous decision. After the fight, UFC president Dana White said he would no longer offer Nogueira fights, effectively ending his UFC career. White also indicated that he would instead offer Nogueira a position within the company. In turn, Nogueira confirmed his intention to retire.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: Nogueira was universally known as a grappler, drawing strength from his Brazilian jiu-jitsu skills. However, he also had a well-rounded set of MMA abilities, relying on outstanding boxing and a competent takedown game. He was especially famous for his affinity to fighting from the bottom, utilizing an offensive open guard with masterful skill. His trademark moves were submissions like armbars, triangle chokes and variations of both, along with more exotic techniques. His ground game was considered "on a completely different level" from the rest of the sport during his time as an MMA competitor. Nogueira was also known for his solid chin and extreme ability to take punishment, which was showcased in his fights against Bob Sapp, Fedor Emilianenko and Mirko Cro Cop.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: From 2004 to 2005, Nogueira acted in Yomiuri TV's sitcom television series "Africa no Tsume", playing the character "Nogueira." He cameoed in "The Expendables" along with his twin brother.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: Nogueira has one daughter. On 23 August 2011, Nogueira established a partnership with Brazilian football club Internacional to represent the club's brand in the UFC. In an interview for SporTV, Nogueira said, "I'll do my best to represent Internacional in the best possible way. Now I am 100% Internacional."


title: Emma Ferrer

text: Emma Kathleen Hepburn Ferrer was born in May 1994, in Morges, Switzerland, the daughter of producer Sean Hepburn Ferrer and Leila Flannigan. She is the granddaughter of actors Audrey Hepburn and Mel Ferrer. Her parents divorced when she was 6 years old. She has two younger half-siblings. Ferrer spent her childhood in Los Angeles and Florence, and briefly attended Crossroads School for Arts & Sciences. She previously studied ballet. She earned a degree from the Jersey City, New Jersey, campus of Italy's Florence Academy of Art.


title: Emma Ferrer

text: Ferrer made her magazine modeling debut on the cover of "Harper's Bazaar" September 2014 issue. Ferrer was signed by Storm Management. She additionally appeared in a number of editorial publications and campaigns, including Dior, Japanese luxury skincare brand Kosé, Givenchy, and Tiffany & Co. She played a supporting role in the feature film "The Man in the Attic", a psychological thriller directed by Constantine Venetopoulos, released in 2019. Ferrer and her father both contributed to "Audrey" (2020), a documentary about her grandmother directed by Helena Coan.


title: Emma Ferrer

text: Ferrer resides in Brooklyn, though she considers Italy to be her home. She works as an art liaison and curator in New York City.


title: Emma Ferrer

text: Ferrer is a spokesperson for UNICEF, and a UNHCR Ambassador to the United States. In December 2018, Ferrer was the keynote speaker at a UNICEF ball, in a continuation of her grandmother's work with the organization. Ferrer does counseling work with female detainees at Rikers Island.


title: Masonic ritual and symbolism

text: Masonic ritual is the scripted words and actions that are spoken or performed during the degree work in a Masonic lodge. Masonic symbolism is that which is used to illustrate the principles which Freemasonry espouses. Masonic ritual has appeared in a number of contexts within literature including in "The Man Who Would Be King", by Rudyard Kipling, and "War and Peace", by Leo Tolstoy.


title: Masonic ritual and symbolism

text: Freemasonry is described in its own ritual as a "Beautiful and profound system of morality, veiled in allegories and illustrated by symbols". The symbolism of Freemasonry is found throughout the Masonic lodge, and contains many of the working tools of a medieval or renaissance stonemason. The whole system is transmitted to initiates through the medium of Masonic ritual, which consists of lectures and allegorical plays.


title: Masonic ritual and symbolism

text: Common to all of Freemasonry is the three grade system of "Craft" or "Blue Lodge" freemasonry, whose allegory is centred on the building of the Temple of Solomon, and the story of the chief architect, Hiram Abiff. Further degrees have different underlying allegories, often linked to the transmission of the story of Hiram. Participation in these is optional, and usually entails joining a separate Masonic body. The type and availability of the "Higher Degrees" also depends on the Masonic jurisdiction of the Craft lodge that first initiated the mason.


title: Masonic ritual and symbolism

text: Freemasons conduct their degree work, often from memory, following a preset script and ritualised format. There are a variety of different Masonic rites for Craft Freemasonry. Each Masonic jurisdiction is free to standardize (or not standardize) its own ritual. However, there are similarities that exist among jurisdictions. For example, all Masonic rituals for the first three degrees use the architectural symbolism of the tools of the medieval "operative" stonemason. Freemasons, as "speculative" masons (meaning philosophical rather than actual building), use this symbolism to teach moral and ethical lessons, such as the four cardinal virtues of Fortitude, Prudence, Temperance, and Justice, and the principles of "Brotherly Love, Relief (or Morality), and Truth" (commonly found in English language rituals), or "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" (commonly found in French rituals).


title: Masonic ritual and symbolism

text: In most jurisdictions, a Bible, Quran, Tanakh, Vedas or other appropriate sacred text (known in some rituals as the Volume of the Sacred Law) will always be displayed while the lodge is open (in some French lodges, the Masonic Constitutions are used instead). In lodges with a membership of mixed religions it is common to find more than one sacred text displayed. A candidate will be given his choice of religious text for his Obligation, according to his beliefs. The United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE) alludes to similarities to legal practice in the UK, and to a common source with other oath taking processes.


title: Masonic ritual and symbolism

text: In keeping with the geometrical and architectural theme of Freemasonry, the Supreme Being is referred to in Masonic ritual by the titles of the "Great Architect of the Universe", "Grand Geometrician" or similar, to make clear that the reference is generic, and not tied to a particular religion's conception of God.


title: Masonic ritual and symbolism

text: Some lodges make use of tracing boards: painted or printed illustrations depicting the various symbolic emblems of Freemasonry. They can be used as teaching aids during the lectures that follow each of the three degrees, when an experienced member explains the various concepts of Freemasonry to new members.


title: Masonic ritual and symbolism

text: Solomon's Temple is a central symbol of Freemasonry which holds that the first three Grand Masters were King Solomon, King Hiram I of Tyre, and Hiram Abiff—the craftsman/architect who built the temple. Masonic initiation rites include the reenactment of a scene set on the Temple Mount while it was under construction. Every Masonic lodge, therefore, is symbolically the Temple for the duration of the degree and possesses ritual objects representing the architecture of the Temple. These may either be built into the hall or be portable. Among the most prominent are replicas of the pillars Boaz and Jachin through which every initiate has to pass.


title: Masonic ritual and symbolism

text: Historically, Freemasons used various signs (hand gestures), grips or "tokens" (handshakes), and passwords to identify legitimate Masonic visitors from non-Masons who might wish to gain admission to meetings. These signs, grips, and passwords have been exposed multiple times; today Freemasons use dues cards and other forms of written identification.


title: Masonic ritual and symbolism

text: Worship in temples of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints shares a commonality of symbols, signs, vocabulary and clothing with Freemasonry, including robes, aprons, handshakes, ritualistic raising of the arms, etc. However, the meanings of each are different for the Freemasons and the Latter-day Saints.


title: Masonic ritual and symbolism

text: Speaking in 1877 at the St. George Temple, Brigham Young related LDS temple worship to the story of Hiram Abiff and Solomon's Temple, though he believed the ceremony had not been practiced in its fullness.


title: Masonic ritual and symbolism

text: Freemasons often say that they "are not a secret society, but rather a society with secrets". The secrets of Freemasonry are the various modes of recognition – grips (handshakes), passwords and signs (hand gestures) that indicate one is a Freemason. While these and the rest of masonic ritual have all been exposed multiple times through the years, Freemasons continue to act as if they were secret, and promise not to discuss them with outsiders more out of tradition than a need for actual secrecy.


title: Masonic ritual and symbolism

text: This has led to a "perception" of more extensive secrecy among non-Freemasons. Anti-masons note the existence of “bloody oaths” by which the initiate swears to keep secret the key parts of masonic ceremonies. This perception of secrecy has led to the creation of many Masonic conspiracy theories.


title: Masonic ritual and symbolism

text: The mysterious disappearance of William Morgan in 1826 was said to be due to his threat to publish a book detailing the secret rituals of Freemasonry.


title: Masonic ritual and symbolism

text: An attempt was made to burn down the publishing house, and separately, Morgan was arrested on charges of petty larceny. He was seized and taken to Fort Niagara, after which he disappeared. The suspicion behind this led to the creation of the Anti-Masonic Party, which enjoyed brief popularity but rapidly became defunct after they fielded a former Freemason as their presidential candidate in 1832.


title: Rakshasudu (2019 film)

text: Rakshasudu () is a 2019 Indian Telugu-language psychological thriller film directed by Ramesh Varma. The film stars Bellamkonda Sreenivas and Anupama Parameswaran and it is the official remake of the 2018 Tamil film "Ratsasan.


title: Rakshasudu (2019 film)

text: The music is composed by Ghibran, the film began production in March 2019. Movie was released on 2 August 2019.


title: Rakshasudu (2019 film)

text: The film opens with two elderly men discovering the corpse of Samyuktha, a 15-year-old school student who was found brutally murdered and wrapped in a polythene bag.


title: Rakshasudu (2019 film)

text: Arun Kumar is an aspiring filmmaker who wants to make a movie on psychopaths. After being rejected many times despite having a good script and due to pressure from his family, he decides to give up his dreams and become a sub-inspector with the help of his brother-in-law, Prasad, a police officer himself. He moves in with his sister Sapna, Prasad, and their daughter Siri. Siri gets into trouble when she makes Arun forge her father's signature on her report card as she failed in two subjects. Her class teacher Krishnaveni figures this out and thinks that she signed it herself. Siri brings Arun to her school to pretend to be her father. Later, when Siri is caught by her parents, they transfer their daughter to another school. Arun then meets and befriends Krishnaveni and her niece Kavya, who is speech deprived.


title: Rakshasudu (2019 film)

text: A teenage school girl named Amrutha is abducted on her way home. Her parents then find a mutilated doll's head in a gift box attached to their dog's collar. Arun finds a similarity between Samyuktha and Amrutha, both of them being 15-year-old school students who were kidnapped while returning from school. Just like Samyuktha, the hair on the doll's forehead is uprooted, the eyes are drilled, and her mouth is damaged. Apart from that, in particular, there is a knife mark on Samyuktha's forehead, ears and nasion. The same marks were found on the doll's face. He tries to convince ACP Lakshmi, his egotistical, superior officer, that this was a psychopath at work. However, his theories are brushed off as stories.


title: Rakshasudu (2019 film)

text: Later, Amrutha's brutally mutilated corpse is found. The killer drilled out Amrutha's eyes, broke her teeth, and uprooted her hair in patches. On top of that, Amrutha's body has stab wounds made while she was alive. Arun suggests the corpses be hidden from the public to prevent the killer from gaining attention. Initially, the officials oppose this idea owing to breaking protocol, but they eventually give in, moving the bodies to a secret facility under Dr. Kishore. Soon after, another school girl named Meera is abducted. She happened to be from Siri's former school. The search leads to a teacher named Somaraj, who works at Siri's current school and is revealed to be a pedophile preying on schoolgirls. Arun encounters Somaraj trying to molest Siri and beats him up before detaining him. Somaraj admits to being a sexual predator but denies having anything to do with the murders. In a bid to escape, he holds Venkat, a policeman, at gunpoint. Arun manages to gun Somaraj down inside the lift, thereby saving Venkat.


title: Rakshasudu (2019 film)

text: Meanwhile, Siri is abducted from her birthday party at home. Arun and Prasad try to find her, but they were too late. Arun discovers her mutilated body in their car trunk, implying that she was also murdered. Things worsen for Arun, as he gets suspended for his negligence for shooting Somaraj. Dejected and angry, Arun investigates the case by himself, with the help of a few policemen. Finding an audio clip from the hearing aid of Meera, he traces it back to an elderly magician named Annabella George's performance at the victim's school function. The lady used her magic show as a ruse to kidnap the girls since she impressed all the students with her magic tricks. She invites one student to volunteer in an act and then interacts with the student to gain her trust. She stalks the selected student leading to their kidnapping the day after meeting them, without any hassle. This leads Arun to the next potential victim, a schoolgirl named Sanjana. Arun soon realises that he was following the wrong girl when he learns of Sanjana having a twin sister. Sanjana gets abducted, even though she was under surveillance. Arun tracks her location to a house in the city, where he narrowly saves Sanjana from being murdered. The perpetrator escapes, but her identity is revealed to be Mary Fernandez, who was involved in a killing a long time ago. Arun finds more about the case from the investigating officer, Jaya Prakash, a retired cop.


title: Rakshasudu (2019 film)

text: Mary's son Christopher had been afflicted with Werner syndrome, a hormonal disorder that caused him to look aged. He was an outcast at school, but a girl named Sophie took pity on him and befriended him. Christopher soon began to develop feelings for Sophie, but unfortunately, he is heartbroken when she turns down his love and is ridiculed at school. The next day, Mary asked Sophie to become friends again and handed her a gift. When Sophie opens the gift box, she found a mutilated doll's head, which was what Sophie gave Christopher as his birthday gift. Sophie was brutally murdered by Mary, and both Mary and her son were arrested.


title: Rakshasudu (2019 film)

text: It is then revealed that both Mary and Christopher were in an accident, and she is still alive and murdering with the same vengeance. Jaya Prakash finds a clue in the files but is killed by Mary before meeting Arun. On being found at the scene of the crime, Arun is detained and kept handcuffed at the station. He discovers that Jaya Prakash was trying to reveal that the person who had been performing the magic show in the school had six fingers on the left hand, and by a piece of photo evidence, it is known that it was Christopher who has six fingers. Since only Mary died in the accident, the murderer is not the lady - it is her son Christopher, who has taken advantage of his aged appearance. Before Arun can act on this, Christopher attacks Krishnaveni and abducts Kavya. While trying to apprehend Christopher, Venkat is killed. Kavya escapes and is found by Kishore, who tries to hide her in the facility, but Kishore dies trying to protect her. Arun tracks down Christopher to the facility, and after a prolonged fight, manages to kill him and save Kavya.


title: Rakshasudu (2019 film)

text: The movie ends with the media reporting the chain of events and an end to the murders by the psychopath. It is then revealed that Arun gets a chance to make a movie about a psychopath, fulfilling his dream.


title: Rakshasudu (2019 film)

text: The success of the film "Ratsasan" put high expectation amongst audiences. Due to this reason the remake rights price for this film went high. After the stiff competition, "Koneru Satynarayana", the chairman of the educational university KL University Vijayawada bagged the Telugu remake rights of the film. The makers started this remake on Feb 2019 and completed it in June. This remake is directed by "Ramesh Varma Penmetsa" who has been previously directed films like Ride, Veera, etc., music by Ghibran and produced by "Koneru Satynarayana" under the production of A Studios Havish Koneru. This movie was distributed worldwide by famous producer "Abhishek Nama" under Abhishek Pictures.


title: Rakshasudu (2019 film)

text: "Rakshasudu" was initially scheduled to release on 18 July 2019, but was pushed to August release. The film was released on 2 August 2019.


title: Rakshasudu (2019 film)

text: "Rakshasudu" collected 3.9 Crores gross and 2.3 Crores share worldwide on the opening day. In the first weekend movie collected 8.76 Crores gross and 5.48 Crores share in the Telugu speaking states (Andhra Pradesh & Telangana) and 13.6 Crores gross and 6.8 Crores share worldwide. In the first week movie collected 17.1 Crores gross and 9 Crores share worldwide.


title: Rakshasudu (2019 film)

text: "The Times of India" gave 3.5 out of 5 stars stating ""Rakshashudu" keeps viewers on the edge of their seats. The screenplay is spot on and adds to the intrigue of watching the film and makes sure the suspense is impactful. Director Ramesh Varma avoids the temptation to over indulge. Bellamkonda puts in one of his best performances till date".


title: Rakshasudu (2019 film)

text: "Firstpost" gave 3.5 out of 5 stars stating, "The biggest strength of "Rakshasudu" lies in its staging and how well-knit the whole narrative is. Editing by "Amar Reddy" is another major asset and there is hardly a boring moment in the film. For Sreenivas, film is a major shot in the arm and huge improvement compared to his recent performances".


title: Rakshasudu (2019 film)

text: "India Today" gave 3 out of 5 stars stating ""Bellamkonda Sai Sreenivas's" "Rakshasudu" is a frame-to-frame remake of Tamil film "Ratsasan". While the cop-thriller shows lazy film-making in parts, it still keeps you engrossed in the proceedings. "Ghibran's" haunting score, which speaks volumes".


title: Rakshasudu (2019 film)

text: Jeevi of "Idlebrain.com" gave 3 out of 5 stars stating, "Plus points are performances, story and screenplay. On the flipside, there is a bit of Tamil flavour (lacking Telugu nativity) in casting some of the actors and in some of the scenes. The dark approach of describing gruesome nature and killing techniques is not recommended for everybody".


title: Rakshasudu (2019 film)

text: "Great Andhra" gave 3 out of 5 stars stating ""Rakshasudu" is "Sreenivas's" better act among all his movies. Musical background score by Ghibran and the sound design have actually elevated the movie. The sound is terrific. Production values are perfect".


title: Rakshasudu (2019 film)

text: "Sify" gave 3 out of 5 stars stating ""Rakshasudu" is a fairly captivating serial-killer thriller with some edge of the seat moments. Aided by Ghibran's music and sound design, the film provides enough thrills".


title: Rakshasudu (2019 film)

text: The Satellite and Digital rights of the film were sold to Gemini TV and Sun NXT for 6 Crores, and Hindi dubbing rights were sold for 12.5 Crores.


title: Volvo V60

text: The Volvo V60 is a compact wagon produced by Volvo Cars related to the S60. The vehicle was first released in autumn 2010, facelifted in 2014, and is in its second generation since 2018.


title: Volvo V60

text: The second generation V60 was launched in 2018 based on the Volvo Scalable Product Architecture platform. Both generations feature a "Cross Country" variant with an increased ride height.


title: Volvo V60

text: In February 2014, Volvo unveiled a special version of the V60 called "Ocean Race Edition". Similar to other "Ocean Race Editions" that were released in the past, the new models feature unique details such as special alloy wheels and a cargo cover with the route of the 2014 to 2015 "Volvo Ocean Race" on it. Colour choice was limited to just four colours, one of them being the signature "Ocean Race Blue". The interior features special Ocean Race themed detailing and contrast stitching.


title: Volvo V60

text: In 2013 Volvo unveiled a special, limited version of the V60 called "V60 Polestar". It is a reworked V60 that was developed by Polestar and went on sale in 2014 in limited markets only. Apart from a retuned engine delivering 350PS the car received a wide range of suspension upgrades which included special dampers made by Öhlins, six piston brakes by Brembo and new swaybars.


title: Volvo V60

text: Cosmetic changes include custom 20" alloy wheels, a different front and rear splitter and contrasting coloured interior stitching. When first introduced the only available paint colours were black metallic or "Rebel Blue", later white and silver metallic colours were added.


title: Volvo V60

text: In 2016, the model year 2017 V60 Polestar received an all new four-cylinder, 2.0-litre turbo engine replacing the old 3.0-litre six-cylinder.


title: Volvo V60

text: A pre-production version of the Volvo V60 diesel-electric transmission plug-in hybrid was unveiled at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2011. The V60 plug in is the result of close cooperation between Volvo Cars and Swedish energy supplier Vattenfall. The V60 plug-in has a price of around (, ).


title: Volvo V60

text: In September 2012, Volvo announced that the first 1,000 units were sold out before the model year 2013 vehicles were delivered to the dealerships. The carmaker ramped up production of the 2014 model year to 5,000 units for 2013. The first 1,000 units of the Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid were part of a "Pure Limited" edition with electric silver livery. The diesel electric car also has aero designed 17 inch wheels, integrated exhaust tailpipes and a number of bodywork features in glossy black.


title: Volvo V60

text: The V60 Plug in Hybrid features a six speed automatic transmission and the front wheels are driven by a five-cylinder, 2.4-litre D5 turbo diesel, which produces 215 hp and maximum torque of 440 Nm. The rear axle features ERAD (Electric Rear Axle Drive) in the form of an electric motor producing 70 hp and maximum torque of 200 Nm, powered from a 12 kWh lithium-ion battery pack.


title: Volvo V60

text: Volvo expects to achieve an all-electric range of up to , and a fuel economy of 124 miles per gallon of gasoline equivalent (1.8 L/100 km), with carbon dioxide emissions averaging 49 g/km. The interaction between diesel and electric power is handled via a control system, and the driver has the option to choose the preferred driving mode via three buttons on the instrument panel: Pure, Hybrid and Power.


title: Volvo V60

text: In April 2014, Volvo announced the addition of an R Design version of its V60 Plug in Hybrid, which features a number of unique interior and exterior features that create a sporty look.


title: Volvo V60

text: Deliveries began in Sweden in the end of 2012, and in the United Kingdom began in June 2013. , sales were led by the Netherlands with 9,707 units registered, followed by Sweden with 1,388 units delivered. The Volvo V60 PHEV ranked as the second best selling plug in hybrid in Europe in 2013 and 2014, both times after the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, and fell to fifth place in 2015. A total of 19,571 units have sold in Europe through December 2015.


title: Volvo V60

text: The Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid was one of the top three finalists for the 2013 World Green Car of the Year. The car won Car of The Year at the 2011 Middle East Motor Awards.


title: Volvo V60

text: The V60 Cross Country is the raised variant of the Volvo V60 first introduced in 2015. It is sold in both North American and European markets, and comes standard with all-wheel drive in North America.


title: Volvo V60

text: The second generation Volvo V60 is based on the Volvo SPA Platform, like the saloons Volvo S60, Volvo S90, and the SUVs Volvo XC60 and Volvo XC90. It went on sale in July 2018. The V60 is built in both Sweden and Belgium. In the U.S., since 2021, the V60 is only available as a Cross Country model with one gasoline powertrain, dubbed T5, though a Polestar Engineered enhancement is available as an option. In Europe, Volvo offers two gasoline engines, two diesel engines, and two plug-in hybrid powertrains to choose from. Over in Malaysia, the V60 facelift comes in a sole T8 Recharge Inscription variant, with a 2.0 litre turbocharged and supercharged four-cylinder engine with a rear-mounted electric motor. All of this results in AWD and a total power output of , of torque and a claimed EV range of .


title: Volvo V60

text: Before 2022, the V60 was available in Momentum, R-Design, Inscription, Cross Country and Polestar trim levels. For the 2022 models, Volvo has changed the trim levels to Core, Plus and Ultimate (in increasing order of quality and price). It has also reduced the optional extras which can be added to the features specified for each trim level, to allow the production process to be streamlined.


title: Puntland

text: Puntland (, , or "Paese di Punt"), officially the Puntland State of Somalia (, ), is a Federal Member State in northeastern Somalia. The capital city is the city of Garoowe in the Nugal region, and its leaders declared the territory an autonomous state in 1998. Geographically to the west, Puntland lays claim to the intra-46th meridian territories that were outside European colonial rule during parts of the Scramble for Africa period.


title: Puntland

text: Puntland is bordered by Somaliland to its west, the Gulf of Aden in the north, the Guardafui Channel in the northeast, the Indian Ocean in the southeast, the central Galmudug region in the south, and Ethiopia in the southwest. There are several major geographical apexes in Puntland, including the Cape Guardafui, which forms the tip of the Horn of Africa, Ras Hafun the easternmost place on the entire African continent, and the beginning of the Karkaar mountain range. It also has the northernmost major city in Somalia, Bosaso, located at a line of latitude higher than 11° north.


title: Puntland

text: The name "Puntland" is derived from the Land of Punt mentioned in ancient Egyptian sources, although the exact location of the fabled territory is still a mystery. Many studies suggest that the Land of Punt was located in present-day Somalia, whereas others propose that it was situated elsewhere.


title: Puntland

text: The Majeerteen Sultanate (Migiurtinia) was founded in the mid-18th century. It rose to prominence the following century, under the reign of the resourceful Boqor (King) Osman Mahamuud. Centred in Aluula, it controlled much of northern and central Somalia in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Boqor Osman was one of the prominent Darood clan chiefs who ruled the ancient towns of Bosaso, Alula, Bargaal and Hafun and subsequently emerged as a powerful traditional elder who fully controlled areas under his rule. The polity maintained a robust trading network, entered into treaties with foreign powers, and exerted strong centralized authority on the domestic front.


title: Puntland

text: The Majeerteen Sultanate was nearly destroyed in the mid-1800s by a power struggle between Boqor Osman and his ambitious cousin, Yusuf Ali Kenadid. After almost five years of battle, the young upstart was finally forced into exile in Yemen. A decade later, in the 1870s, Kenadid returned from the Arabian Peninsula with a band of Hadhrami musketeers and a group of devoted lieutenants. With their assistance, he managed to overpower the local clans and establish the Sultanate of Hobyo in 1878.


title: Puntland

text: In late 1889, Boqor Osman entered into a treaty with Italy, making his realm an Italian protectorate. His rival Sultan Kenadid had signed a similar agreement vis-a-vis his own Sultanate the year before. Both rulers had signed the protectorate treaties to advance their own expansionist objectives, with Boqor Osman looking to use Italy's support in his ongoing power struggle with Kenadid over the Majeerteen Sultanate. Boqor Osman and Sultan Kenadid also hoped to exploit the conflicting interests among the European imperial powers that were then looking to control the Somali peninsula, so as to avoid direct occupation of their territories by force.


title: Puntland

text: With the gradual extension into northern Somalia of European colonial rule, all three sultanates were annexed to Italian Somaliland in the early 20th century.


title: Puntland

text: Following the outbreak of the Somali Civil War in 1991, a home-grown constitutional conference was held in Garoowe in 1998 over a period of three months. Attended by the area's political elite, traditional elders ("Issims"), members of the business community, intellectuals and other civil society representatives, the autonomous Puntland State of Somalia was established to deliver services to the population, offer security, facilitate trade, and interact with domestic and international partners. Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed served as the fledgling state's founding president.


title: Puntland

text: As stipulated in Article 1 of the Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic, Puntland is a part of the Federal State of Somalia. As such, the region seeks the unity of Somalis and adheres to a federal system of government. Unlike the republic of Somaliland to its west, Puntland is not trying to obtain international recognition as a separate nation. However, both regions have one thing in common: they base their support upon clan elders and their organizational structure along lines based on clan relationships and kinship. However, a key difference was that Puntland was formed as a descendant-based entity unlike in Somaliland. The state was established as a "homeland" for the Harti community of Northern Somalia, whereby the Majeerten were deemed as the "chief architects" of the entity. Since its establishment in 1998, Puntland has also been in territorial disputes with Somaliland over the Sool, Sanaag and Ayn regions.


title: Puntland

text: The legal structure of Puntland consists of the judiciary, legislative (House of Representatives) and the executive (the President and his nominated Council of Ministries) branches of government. Though relatively peaceful, the region briefly experienced political unrest in 2001 when then President of Puntland, Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, one of the founding fathers of the Puntland State and its first president, wanted his term extended. Ahmed and Jama Ali Jama fought for control of the region, with Ahmed emerging victorious the following year. Ahmed served his second term as president until October 2004, when he was elected President of Somalia. He was succeeded in office by Mohamed Hashi, who served until January 2005 when he lost a re-election bid in parliament to General Mohamud Muse Hersi "Adde".


title: Puntland

text: In March 2005, President Muse began an ambitious plan to build an airport in Puntland's commercial capital of Bosaso, a project that is now complete and referred to as Bender Qassim International Airport.


title: Puntland

text: In April 2007, Muse held meetings with Sheikh Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi, the crown prince and deputy ruler of Ras al-Khaimah in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), where the two leaders signed an agreement on a deal for setting up of a dedicated livestock quarantine facility to facilitate the import of livestock from Somalia to the UAE. In October 2008, Muse also signed a Dh170 million agreement with Dubai's Lootah Group to support the construction of an airport, seaport and free zone in the coastal city of Bosaso. Muse indicated that "I believe that when we finish all these projects our people will benefit by getting good health services, education and overall prosperity."


title: Puntland

text: In January 2009, Abdirahman Farole was elected the new president of Puntland. Upon assuming office, the Farole administration implemented a number of reforms, particularly in the security and judicial sectors. To bolster the region's justice system, numerous new prosecutors, judges and other court personnel as well as additional prison guards were hired and trained. In July 2010, the Puntland Council of Ministers unanimously approved a new anti-terrorism law to more efficiently handle terror suspects and their accomplices; a special court is also expected to be established within the region's existing criminal courts system to facilitate the task.


title: Puntland

text: Fiscally, a transparent, budget-based public finance system was established, which has reportedly helped increase public confidence in government. In addition, a new regional constitution was drafted and later passed on 15 June 2009, which is believed to represent a significant step toward the eventual introduction of a multi-party political system to the region for the first time; such a system already exists in the adjacent Somaliland region.


title: Puntland

text: More modest reforms were also put into motion in the social sector, particularly in the education and healthcare fields. The regional government has hired more healthcare workers and teachers, with major plans under way for school and hospital renovations. One of the most significant new reforms enacted by the incumbent Puntland administration is the launching in May 2009 of the Puntland Agency For Social Welfare (PASWE), the first organization of its kind in Somali history. The agency provides medical, educational and counselling support to vulnerable groups and individuals such as orphans, the disabled and the blind. PASWE is overseen by a Board of Directors, which consists of religious scholars ("ulema"), business people, intellectuals and traditional elders.


title: Puntland

text: On 15 June 2009, the Puntland government passed a new regional draft constitution, representing a significant step toward the eventual introduction of a multi-party political system to the region for the first time.


title: Puntland

text: On 15 April 2012, the Puntland government opened a four-day constitutional convention officially inaugurating the new Constitution of Puntland. Overseen by the Puntland Electoral Commission (PEC), the constitution represented the final step in the extant regional democratization process and was scheduled to be followed by the formation of political parties.


title: Puntland

text: On 12 September 2012, the Puntland Electoral Commission announced that the registration process for political parties in Puntland was now open. This came after the passing of the Political Association Law, the Referendum Act, the District Elections Law and the inauguration of the state constitution. They will also be challengers in the next elections, scheduled for January 2014.


title: Puntland

text: On 14 November 2012, President Farole announced the launching of his new political party, Horseed. The association counts over 200 members and represents the incumbent Puntland government, including Vice President Abdisamad Ali Shire and the state Ministers. It is the first prospective party to register for an application with the Transitional Puntland Electoral Commission (TPEC). According to Farole, the general public will be eligible for membership in the organization once it is selected as an official political party. Five other political associations were established the following month, including the Development and Justice Party (Xisbiga Horumarinta iyo Cadaalada) or Horcad Party, which was launched by an entrepreneur and businessman Omar Ismail Waberi along other members, the Union of the People of the Regions or UPR (Ururka Gobolada Umadaha Bahoobey or UGUB), Midnimo, Talowadaag (Consensus-building), and GAHAYR or Golaha Aqoonta iyo Horumarinta ee Asaaska Yoolka Runta (Council of Education and Development towards Founding the True Goal).


title: Puntland

text: On 8 January 2014, former Prime Minister of Somalia Abdiweli Mohamed Ali was elected as the 5th President of Puntland overcoming Dr. Farole by a single electoral vote. Abdihakim Abdullahi Haji Omar was concurrently elected Puntland's vice president.


title: Puntland

text: On 8 January 2019 the former Federal Minister for Planning and International Cooperation, Said Abdullahi Dani, was declared the new president. The election was closely contested, going to a third round of voting. Dani defeated former intelligence officer, Asad Osman Diyano. Dani got 35 votes, to Diayno's 31 votes.


title: Puntland

text: Dani addressed the lawmakers after being declared the winner. He said he would continue the policies of his predecessor, Abdiweli Gaas.


title: Puntland

text: On 22 December 2009, Puntland MPs introduced a new state flag at a parliamentary session in Garowe. With 38 of 41 legislators endorsing the motion, it also permitted the creation of a new state anthem.


title: Puntland

text: As stipulated in Article 3 of the Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic, Puntland consists of the following claimed regions:


title: Puntland

text: On 8 April 2013, the Puntland government announced the creation of a new region named Gardafuul. Carved out of the Bari region, it consists of three districts and has its capital at Aluula. Prior to naming this new region, the previous government of Puntland created three regions, all carved out of the existing regions: Karkaar was carved out of Bari, Haylaan out of Sanaag, and Ayn out of Togdheer region.


title: Puntland

text: In the south, according to the federal government of Somalia and CIA, the southern part of Mudug is part of Galmudug


title: Puntland

text: Puntland is geographically situated in the northeastern portion of Somalia. It is bordered by Somaliland to its west, the Gulf of Aden in the north, the Indian Ocean in the southeast, and Ethiopia in the southwest. Puntland occupies a total land area of or roughly one-third of Somalia's geographical area. Mountains include Golis Mountains, Galgala, and Al Madow.


title: Puntland

text: The region is semi-arid, with a warm climate and average daily temperatures ranging from to . These climatic conditions favor pastoralism as the most effective use of land in most parts of the region. Grazing lands include the Hawd region in the high plateau to the west of the Mudug and Sool regions, into the lush green land of Sanaag and into Ethiopia and the low Nugaal valley. Mild temperatures, by contrast, are experienced only along the high mountain ranges of Bari.


title: Puntland

text: Rainfall is sparse and variable, with no single area receiving more than of rain annually. Nomads primarily rely on wells as a source of water rather than surface water. There are four main seasons around which pastoral and agricultural life revolve, and these are dictated by shifts in the wind patterns. Puntland's seasons are:


title: Puntland

text: Following the outbreak of the civil war in Somalia, numerous problems arose with regard to access to education in rural areas and along gender lines, quality of educational provisions, responsiveness of school curricula, educational standards and controls, management and planning capacity, and financing. To address these concerns, the Puntland government is in the process of developing an educational policy to guide the region's scholastic process as it embarks on the path of reconstruction and economic development. The latter includes a gender sensitive national education policy compliant with world standards, such as those outlined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Examples of this and other educational measures at work are the government's enactment of legislation aimed at securing the educational interests of girls, promoting the growth of an Early Childhood Development (ECD) program designed to reach parents and care-givers in their homes as well as in the ECD centers for 0- to 5-year-old children, and introducing incentive packages to encourage teachers to work in remote rural areas. Puntland's education system is considered the most progressive, and is attempting to close the gender gap so that more females will be able to attend school. Other regions are following Puntland's lead in that regard.


title: Puntland

text: Within the Puntland government, the Ministry of Education is responsible for developing and managing the region's educational needs. It is headed by the Minister Mohamud Bile Dubbe, under whom a Vice Minister and Director General help oversee a Post-Primary Education Division (PPED) and a Basic Education Directorate (BED), among other boards.


title: Puntland

text: The educational system of Puntland comprises two years of Early Childhood Development (ECD), eight years of primary education (four years of lower primary and four years of upper primary) and four years of secondary education. Tertiary education comprises an average of four years, with the region currently counting seven major universities: Puntland State University in Garowe, Puntland State University in Galkayo, Bosaso College in Bosaso, East Somalia University in Qardho, Mogadishu University (Puntland branch) in Bosaso, Maakhir University in Badhan, Sanaag, and Nugaal University in Las Anod. East Africa University also has six branches in Puntland, with campuses in Bosaso, Erigavo, Galdogob, Galkayo, Garowe and Qardho. Thus, it is a 2-4-4-4 system. Puntland's Ministry of Education also recognizes non-formal education (NFE) and technical/vocational education and training (TVET) as integral parts of the region's educational system.


title: Puntland

text: From 2005/2006 to 2006/2007, there was a significant increase in the number of schools in Puntland, up 137 institutions from just one year prior. During the same period, the number of classes in the region increased by 504, with 762 more teachers also offering their services. Total student enrollment increased by 27% over the previous year, with girls lagging only slightly behind boys in attendance in most regions. The highest class enrollment was observed in the northernmost Bari region, and the lowest was observed in the under-populated Ayn region. The distribution of classrooms was almost evenly split between urban and rural areas, with marginally more pupils attending and instructors teaching classes in urban areas.


title: Puntland

text: Following the COVID-19 crisis, the Government of Puntland launched the Learning Passport, a digital remote learning platform where children can access educational content both online and offline from their homes. The Learning Passport is a ground-breaking partnership between UNICEF, Microsoft and the University of Cambridge.


title: Puntland

text: As of 2005, the population of Puntland is estimated at 2 million residents, 65% of whom are nomads. The region is primarily inhabited by people from the Somali ethnic group, with the Darod especially well-represented. There are also a number of Mehri residents.


title: Puntland

text: Currently, 30% of the region's residents live in the fast-growing towns of Bosaso, Gardo, Galdogob, Garowe and Galkayo. Approximately 70% of the population is also below the age of 30.


title: Puntland

text: As with the rest of Somalia, Islam is the main religion of the Puntland region with all of the residents being Muslims.


title: Puntland

text: Municipal bus services operate in Bosaso, Garowe, Las Anod, Galkayo and Qardho. Shuttle services between the region's major towns and adjacent hamlets are also available via different types of vehicles, such as 4 wheel drives and light goods vehicles (LGV). As of May 2015, over 70,000 vehicles are registered with the Puntland Ministry of Works and Transport.


title: Puntland

text: Puntland is traversed by a north–south highway. It connects major cities in the northern part of Somalia, such as Garowe, Bosaso and Galkayo, with towns in the south. In 2012, the Puntland Highway Authority completed rehabilitation work on the central artery linking Garowe with Galkayo. The transportation body also started an upgrade and repair project in June 2012 on the large thoroughfare between the regional capital and Bosaso. Additionally, renovations began in October 2012 on the freeway linking Bosaso with Qardho. Plans are also in the works to construct new roads connecting littoral towns in the region to the main highway.


title: Puntland

text: Bosaso has a major seaport, which was constructed during the mid-1980s for annual livestock shipments to the Middle East. In January 2012, a renovation project was launched, with KMC contracted to upgrade the harbor. The initiative's first phase saw the clean-up of unwanted materials from the dockyard and was completed within the month. The second phase involves the reconstruction of the port's adjoining seabed, with the objective of accommodating larger ships. In 2012, a team of engineers was also enlisted by the Puntland authorities to assess the ongoing renovations taking place at the Las Khorey port. According to the Minister of Ports, Said Mohamed Rage, the Puntland government intends to launch more such development projects in Las Khorey.


title: Puntland

text: Local airlines offer flights to various domestic and international locations, such as Djibouti, Addis Ababa, Dubai and Jeddah; they also provide flights for the Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages. The most prominent airlines in Puntland are Jubba Airways, Osob Air and Daallo Airlines, which operate from Bender Qassim International Airport in Bosaso and Abdullahi Yusuf International Airport (formerly Galkayo Airport) in Galkayo, among other places. In late September 2013, a launching ceremony of a tender process for the Bosaso airport's renovations was held at the facility. The renovations will include the extension of the airport's gravel runway from 1,800 m to 2,650 m. The runway's width will also be widened from 30 m to 45 m, and feature 7.5 m gravel shoulders on both sides. According to Puntland Deputy Minister of Civil Aviation Abdiqani Gelle, the Puntland government plans to carry out similar upgrades at the Garowe International Airport in Garowe, the Abdullahi Yusuf International Airport in Galkayo, and the Qardho Airport in Qardho.


title: Puntland

text: The Puntland Security Force (PSF) is the armed force of the autonomous Puntland region. Commanders and senior officials of the military are appointed by a qualified panel approved by the Council of Ministers. The Puntland security apparatus also has an independent military judiciary.


title: Puntland

text: The PSF includes the Puntland Dervish Force (PDF), its official paramilitary division. It operates its own police force, which includes a Special Protection Unit.


title: Puntland

text: The Puntland Intelligence Agency (PIA) is the intelligence bureau of Puntland's military. It was established in 2001 as the "Puntland Intelligence Service" during the rule of President Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, with help from the United States.


title: Puntland

text: The Puntland Maritime Police Force (PMPF) is a locally recruited, professional maritime security force. It is primarily aimed at preventing, detecting and eradicating piracy, illegal fishing, and other illicit activity off of the coast of Somalia, and at generally safeguarding the nation's marine resources. In addition, the Force provides civic support, including repairing wells, rehabilitating hospitals and clinics, and refurbishing roads, airports and other infrastructure. It also offers skills training programs to local communities.


title: Puntland

text: Puntland has of coastline, which is abundant with fish and other natural marine resources. Additional economic products and activities of the region include livestock, frankincense, myrrh, gum arabic, manufacturing and agriculture. Agricultural products such as mangoes, bananas, guavas, lemons, sugarcanes, and peanuts are grown on plantations around the state.


title: Puntland

text: Food items and consumer goods imported via Berbera, Somaliland sell more cheaply compared to those imported via Bosaso. Therefore, in exchange live animals originating from Puntland are exported via Berbera. The key trading centres in Puntland are centred in Bosaso and Galkayo. However, other towns such as Qardho and Garowe act as second-grade market places.


title: Puntland

text: Income is generated through the following industries: livestock, fishery, frankincense, and petty trading. Animals originating from Puntland are exported via Bosaso. The key trading centres in Puntland are centred in Bosaso and Galkayo. Milk collectors ( aanoley in Somali ) are based in markets in the cities of Qardho , Garowe and Boosaso.


title: Puntland

text: Puntland has the lowest rate of poverty in Somalia, with 27%, compared to 50% in Somaliland and 57% in Mogadishu. Experts believe this is because of higher consumption and higher labour force participation. Households in Puntland consume a higher quantity per capita per item and more items per household. The lower rate of poverty does not appear to be driven by household size, as the average in Puntland is 5.2, compared to 5.7 in Somaliland and 4.5 in Mogadishu. Puntland is doing better in various important indicators of well-being. For instance, the literacy rate in Puntland is 64% compared to the national average of 55%. Additionally, households in Puntland also outperform the average in other educational outcomes such as enrolment and educational attainment. 70% of households in Puntland have access to improved water sources compared to the national average of 58%. Therefore, Puntland's higher performance on non-monetary indicators of well-being are inline with its lower rate of poverty.


title: Puntland

text: In December 2011, a new commercial market opened in Bosaso's northern Dayaha ("Star") neighborhood, near the seaport. Approximately half a kilometer in size, it was designed to ensure easy vehicle access. The market is the result of careful planning between Puntland government officials and civil society representatives.


title: Puntland

text: Bosaso is also home to Golis Telecom Somalia, the largest telecommunications operator in northeastern Somalia. Founded in 2002 with the objective of supplying the country with GSM mobile services, fixed line and internet services, it has an extensive network that covers all of the nation's major cities and more than 40 districts in both Puntland and Somaliland. Additionally, Netco has its headquarters in the city. Other telecommunication firms serving the region include Telcom and NationLink.


title: Puntland

text: In April 2013, the Puntland Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources officially inaugurated a new fish market in Garowe. Constructed in conjunction with the UK authorities and the UNDP, it is part of a larger regional development plan that will see two other similar marketplaces launched within the year in Galkayo and Qardho.


title: Puntland

text: In August 2014, in conjunction with the government of Djibouti and an international construction firm headquartered in China, the Puntland Transport and Seaports Ministry launched a project to establish new seaports in the regional state. The initiative is part of a broader campaign by the Puntland administration to focus on tapping into the region's commercial potential through various development projects.


title: Puntland

text: In the 2000s, the Puntland government began official negotiations with foreign oil companies over exploration rights in the area. The provincial authorities in October 2005 granted Range Resources a majority stake in two sizable land-based mineral and hydrocarbon exploration licenses, in addition to offshore rights. The onshore Nugaal and Dharoor Valley blocks in question span over , respectively. Two years later, Range Resources obtained a 100% interest in the two blocks and concurrently farmed out 80% of that share to Canmex Minerals.


title: Puntland

text: In January 2007, the Puntland administration, which was then led by President Mohamud Muse Hersi, signed the Puntland Product Sharing Agreement (PSA) with Range Resources Limited and the Canmex Minerals subsidiary Canmex Holdings (Bermuda) II Limited.


title: Puntland

text: Following a change in leadership in 2009, the Puntland government, now led by President Abdirahman Mohamud Farole, sought to renegotiate the profit sharing agreement with Range Resources to ensure more favorable terms for the region. In 2012, the Puntland government gave the green light to the first official oil exploration project in Puntland and Somalia at large.


title: Puntland

text: In 2017, Puntland ministers held a cabinet meeting where they approved an oil exploration deal with Chinese company CCECC, in return for constructing a road connecting Eyl and Garowe as well as renovations and refurbishments to the Abdullahi Yusuf Airport.


title: Puntland

text: Puntland has its own television channel and studios. Puntland TV and Radio is the public broadcasting network of the autonomous Puntland state of Somalia. Its headquarters are at the regional capital of Garowe. The service also maintains an office in London. Founded in April 2013, Puntland TV and Radio broadcasts locally in Somali via terrestrial service. It also airs programs globally through satellite. Radio Puntland broadcasts internationally via shortwave, with its transmission reaching as far as Finland. Its standard programming includes general news, focusing on regional developments, sports and entertainment.


title: Puntland

text: The private stations Eastern Television Network (ETN TV) and Somali Broadcasting Corporation (SBC TV) broadcast from Bosaso.


title: Puntland

text: Established in 2004, Radio Garowe is a community radio station based in Garowe. The station broadcasts daily from Somalia at 89.8 FM, covering all the latest headlines in Somali news, politics, and society. It also broadcasts other special programming on Garowe Online, its online sister website.


title: Puntland

text: LaasqorayNET is another privately owned website based in Badhan, Bosaso, Dubai and London. The website features articles written in Somali and English. In addition, the website hosts some audio, though the latter is not regularly updated.


title: Puntland

text: Radio Gaalkacyo is the state radio station. Based in Galkayo, it was formerly known as Radio Free Somalia.


title: Puntland

text: Horseed Media was established in 2002 by a group of Somali intellectuals in the Netherlands and Finland. The station broadcasts from Bosaso and has a listening audience of about 80,000 people, with a reach of . It also operates a website that counts over 10,000 daily visitors.


title: Puntland

text: Based in Garowe, "Puntland Post" was established in 2001 by Somali expatriates in Denmark. Its website publishes daily domestic and international news reports and analysis in both Somali and English, with an emphasis on Puntland affairs.


title: Puntland

text: Established in 2014, "Puntland Star" presents breaking news, stories and documentaries from Somalia and the rest of the world.


title: Puntland

text: Other media organizations include Raxanreeb Online (RBC Radio). Launched in 2006, RBC presents Somali news to a global audience in both Somali and English. With direct sources based in Somalia, it covers local politics and society.


title: Hugh Fraser (actor)

text: Hugh Fraser (born 23 October 1945) is an English actor, theatre director and author. He is best known for his portrayal of Captain Hastings in the television series "Agatha Christie's Poirot" opposite David Suchet as Hercule Poirot and for his role as the Duke of Wellington (replacing David Troughton) in the "Sharpe" television series.


title: Hugh Fraser (actor)

text: Fraser was born in Westminster but grew up in the Midlands. He studied acting at the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art and the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. Fraser's first big break came after portraying Anthony Eden in the 1978 television series "Edward & Mrs. Simpson", with Edward Fox, after which he was frequently cast as upper class or aristocratic characters, such as Mr Talmann in Peter Greenaway's "The Draughtsman's Contract".


title: Hugh Fraser (actor)

text: Born in Westminster in 1945, but brought up in the Midlands, Hugh Fraser studied acting at the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art and the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. As a member of folk band Telltale, Hugh co-wrote and performed the theme music for "Rainbow", the ITV children's television series.


title: Hugh Fraser (actor)

text: Fraser's first big break came after portraying Anthony Eden in the 1978 television series "Edward & Mrs. Simpson", with Edward Fox, after which he was frequently cast as upper class or aristocratic characters, such as Mr Talmann in Peter Greenaway's "The Draughtsman's Contract".


title: Hugh Fraser (actor)

text: He has regularly appeared on film and television and is best known for his portrayals of Captain Hastings in "Agatha Christie's Poirot", opposite David Suchet, and of Duke of Wellington (replacing David Troughton) in "Sharpe" opposite Sean Bean.


title: Hugh Fraser (actor)

text: In the 1980s, he appeared in the BBC thriller "Edge of Darkness". Fraser can be frequently heard narrating the audiobooks of Christie's works, which are currently published by HarperCollins.


title: Hugh Fraser (actor)

text: His film credits include "Curse of the Pink Panther", "101 Dalmatians" and "Patriot Games" along with his "Sharpe" co-star Sean Bean. He has also worked in theatre, playing Claudio in "Much Ado About Nothing" with the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1979. He has guest-starred in the "Doctor Who" audio dramas "Circular Time" (2007) and "Cradle of the Snake" (2010), and in 2003, alongside Martin Shaw in "Death in Holy Orders".


title: Hugh Fraser (actor)

text: Fraser guest starred in a Season 2 episode of the British audio comedy podcast "Wooden Overcoats", which his wife, Belinda Lang, was the narrator of.


title: Hugh Fraser (actor)

text: Fraser has been an associate tutor, director, and member of the audition panel at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, specialising in Shakespeare. He has also directed several plays, including a production of David Mamet's adaptation of Chekhov's "Uncle Vanya", which was staged at Wilton's Music Hall in London in January 2007, with Rachael Stirling as Yelena and the first London production in nearly a century of Kate O'Brien’s play "Distinguished Villa" at the Finborough Theatre in 2022.


title: Hugh Fraser (actor)

text: Fraser has also become an author; he is the author of a series of crime fiction thrillers featuring contract killer Rina Walker. His first novel, "Harm", was published in 2015, followed by "Threat" in 2016. The third in the Rina Walker series, "Malice", came out in October 2017 and "Stealth", in 2018


title: Hugh Fraser (actor)

text: During his appearance on Pointless Celebrities (30 Jan 2021), flute-player Hugh explained that he composed the theme melody for kids’ programme "Rainbow" along with other songs for the show and theme tunes for other (unmentioned) TV series.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: The tennis rivalry between Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal is considered one of the greatest in the history of the sport. Federer and Nadal played each other 40 times, with Nadal leading 24–16 overall, including 14–10 in finals.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: Of their 40 matches, 20 were on hard court, 16 on clay, and 4 on grass. Nadal leads on clay (14–2) and outdoor hard court (8–6), while Federer leads on grass (3–1) and indoor hard court (5–1). A total of 14 matches were in majors with Nadal leading 10–4. Nadal leads 6–0 at the French Open and 3–1 at the Australian Open, while Federer leads 3–1 at Wimbledon. On several occasions, they were a match away from meeting at the US Open, but were denied each time (Nadal lost to Andy Murray in the 2008 semifinals and Juan Martín del Potro in the 2009 semifinals; Federer lost to Novak Djokovic in the 2010 and 2011 semifinals, to Tommy Robredo in the 2013 fourth round and to del Potro in the 2017 quarterfinals).


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: Nadal ranks first and Federer ranks third on the men's all-time list for the most major singles titles, with 22 and 20 titles respectively, and the pair hold numerous other records between them. Together, they won 11 consecutive majors, from the 2005 French Open to the 2007 US Open, as well as six consecutive majors on two other occasions; from the 2008 French Open to the 2009 Wimbledon Championships and from the 2017 Australian Open to the 2018 French Open. They are the only pair of men to have finished six consecutive calendar years as the top two ranked players on the ATP Tour, which they did from 2005 to 2010 and seven times overall, including 2017. This includes a record 211 consecutive weeks sharing the top two rankings from July 2005 to August 2009.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: As tournament seedings are based on rankings, with the top two seeds placed on opposite sides of the draw, 24 of Nadal and Federer's 40 matches were in tournament finals, including an all-time record nine major finals and 12 ATP Tour Masters 1000 finals. Another ten were semifinals with only three taking place before the quarterfinal stage.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: From 2006 to 2008, they contested every French Open and Wimbledon final. Their 2008 Wimbledon final was lauded as the greatest match ever by many long-time tennis analysts. Their 2017 Australian Open final was one of the most highly anticipated matches in tennis history, in part due to the relevance within popular discussions on their placement in greatest-of-all-time listings, coupled with that fact that they were both already in their 30s. Other matches considered particularly notable include the 2005 Miami Open final, 2006 Italian Open final, 2007 Wimbledon final, and 2009 Australian Open final, all of which went to five sets.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: Their first match was at the 2004 Miami Open, which Nadal won in straight sets. Their last match was in the semifinals of the 2019 Wimbledon Championships, which Federer won in four sets.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: Federer and Nadal played their first match in March 2004 at the third round of the Miami Masters. Nadal, only 17 years old and ranked No. 34, surprised many by beating the then No. 1 in straight sets.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: Their second meeting was one year later, again in Miami, but this time in the best-of-five-sets final. Federer recovered from a two-set deficit to win in five sets.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: They played again two months later in the semifinals of the French Open, which was their first match on clay. Nadal defeated Federer in four sets en route to his first major title.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: Nadal won the first four, beginning with the Dubai final in February played on hard court. This was Federer's first loss of the year and ended his Open Era record of 56 consecutive wins on hard courts.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: The clay season ensued, and Nadal continued his dominance on clay, defeating Federer in the finals of the Monte Carlo Masters, the Rome Masters, and the French Open, in their first major final. Federer won the first set quickly, but Nadal fought back and took the next three sets to capture his second French Open title. In the Rome final, Federer held two championship points on Nadal's serve at 5–6 in the fifth set, but failed to convert. Federer then led 5–3 in the fifth-set tiebreaker, but Nadal won the next four points to claim the title. At five hours and five minutes, this is the longest match Federer and Nadal have ever contested.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: They faced off again a month later in the final of Wimbledon, which was their first meeting on grass. Federer won in four sets to capture his fourth consecutive Wimbledon title with two sets going to tiebreakers.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: They did not meet again until the semifinals of the year-end Masters Cup. Federer won in straight sets, en route to his third Masters Cup title in four years. At year's end, Nadal's career head-to-head advantage had risen to 6–3.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: For the second straight year, Federer and Nadal played in three finals on clay. Nadal won the first meeting in straight sets, winning his third consecutive Monte Carlo title. A few weeks later they met at the Hamburg Masters, where Federer defeated Nadal for the first time on clay, ending Nadal's Open Era record 81-match winning streak on clay.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: Their next encounter was the French Open final, and Nadal won their much-anticipated rematch in four sets, capturing his third consecutive French Open title.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: Their last two meetings in 2007 were also a repeat of 2006: the final of Wimbledon and the semifinal of the Masters Cup. Once again, Federer won both matches, though their Wimbledon final lasted five sets, in a match which was almost universally praised as the greatest Wimbledon final since Borg–McEnroe in 1980.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: At the end of the year, on the other hand, their Masters Cup match was the shortest match of their rivalry, lasting less than an hour. By the end of the year Federer narrowed his head-to-head deficit, with the record standing at 6–8 in Nadal's favour.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: Federer and Nadal played four times in 2008, and Nadal won all four times, extending his career advantage to 12–6.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: For the third straight year, they played in three finals during the clay-court season. Nadal defeated Federer in Monte Carlo for the third straight year, capturing his Open-Era-record fourth consecutive title there. A few weeks later Nadal avenged his only clay-court loss to Federer by defeating him in three sets for his first Hamburg Masters title. Federer had double-break leads in the first sets of both Monte Carlo and Hamburg, but could not close out the sets.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: Also for the third straight year, they played in the final of the French Open. Nadal won his fourth consecutive French Open title, by a score of 6–1, 6–3, 6–0. The scoreline puts the match among the most one-sided in Grand Slam finals history.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: Nadal and Federer also met in the final of Wimbledon for the third straight year, in the most anticipated match of their rivalry. Amidst rain delays, they played what was then the longest final in Wimbledon history (4 hours and 48 minutes), and Nadal captured the title, winning a fifth set that finished in near darkness. This match broke Federer's Open-Era-record 65-match winning streak on grass, which had spanned more than five years.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: Both players began the year strong, reaching the final of the Australian Open. This was the first hard-court Major final for Nadal, but Federer was undefeated in eight hard-court Major finals (five US Open, three Australian). The final was long (4 hours and 23 minutes) and competitive in the first four sets, with Nadal pulling away decisively in the fifth set to secure his first hard-court championship.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: On clay, Federer rebounded against Nadal at the Madrid Masters, their first match in Spain, defeating him in the final in straight sets. This was a pivotal match because it broke Nadal's five-match winning streak against Federer. The victory by Federer also ended Nadal's 33-match winning streak on clay and foreshadowed Federer's historic victory at that year's French Open, which completed his Career Grand Slam.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: In 2010, Federer and Nadal played twice, with Nadal winning the first and Federer winning the second match.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: The two met on clay in the final of the Madrid Open, one year after their last match, and Nadal defeated Federer in straight sets.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: They then met on an indoor hard court in the final of the World Tour Finals, marking their third meeting at the year-end championships and their first ever meeting in the finals. Federer continued his indoor dominance against Nadal, winning in three sets. This victory gave Federer a record-tying fifth title at the year-end tournament.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: Federer and Nadal played four singles matches, with Nadal winning the first three matches and Federer winning the last match. Their lone doubles match was at Indian Wells. Federer, partnering with Stan Wawrinka, defeated Nadal and Marc López in the semifinals.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: In their first singles match that year, which took place during the early hard-court season, the two met in the semifinals of the Miami Masters, where Nadal won in straight sets.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: They then met on clay in the semifinals at the Madrid Open, and Nadal won in three sets. Later in the clay season, they met in the final of the French Open, their first Grand Slam tournament meeting since the 2009 Australian Open final. Although it was a competitive match, Nadal again defeated Federer in four sets to win his tenth Grand Slam title and sixth French Open crown. This denied Federer an opportunity to become the first man in the Open Era to have won all four Grand Slam tournaments twice.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: Their final meeting of the year came in the round-robin stage of the World Tour Finals. Their match, a rematch of the previous year's final, saw Federer win a lopsided match in straight sets.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: Federer and Nadal met twice in 2012, both times in the early hard-court season, splitting their matches. They first met during 2012 in the semifinal at the Australian Open. Federer was leading by a set but trailed 2-5 in the second set, before a 20-minute fireworks delay due to the celebrations of Australia Day. After the delay, Nadal came back to win in four sets, improving his hard-court record over Federer.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: They next met in the semifinal at Indian Wells, where Federer won the match in straight sets en route to claiming his fourth title at that tournament.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: Federer and Nadal met for the first time in the quarterfinals of the Indian Wells Masters. It was the earliest stage the pair had met at within a tournament since 2004, due to their top seedings for most of the intervening years. Nadal won in straight sets.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: On 1 April, by winning the Miami Masters, Andy Murray passed Federer in the ATP rankings for second place. This marked the first time since 10 November 2003 that neither Federer nor Nadal was ranked in the ATP top 2 (Novak Djokovic had taken the number 1 spot in 2011), a span of an unprecedented 490 weeks.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: In the second half of the season, they met in the quarterfinals at the Cincinnati Open, where Nadal unseated the five-time champion in three sets. Federer had just switched back to his old racquet after experimenting with a larger frame in his previous two tournaments. They next met in the semifinal of the World Tour Finals, with Nadal prevailing in straight sets. This was Nadal's first win over Federer on indoor hard courts. It would also be Federer's last career match played with his 90-inch racquet before upgrading to a larger frame.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: Federer and Nadal had their only meeting of the 2014 season in the semifinals of the Australian Open. Nadal won in straight sets and improved his record to 3–0 against Federer at the Australian Open (9–2 overall in majors). This was the first Major that Federer played after switching to a larger racquet.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: In November 2015, Federer defeated Nadal in three sets in the final of the Swiss Indoors. This was their first encounter on Swiss soil, as Federer captured a seventh title in his hometown of Basel. It was Federer's first victory over Nadal in over 3 and a half years, having lost the previous five meetings.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: Federer and Nadal played four times in 2017, with Federer prevailing on all four occasions. This marked the first time in their rivalry that Federer went undefeated against Nadal in multiple meetings in a single season.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: The rivalry was renewed in the 2017 Australian Open final, their first meeting in a major final since the 2011 French Open. Federer, returning from a six-month layoff from knee injury that saw him miss out most of the 2016 season, came into the tournament seeded 17th, and Nadal seeded 9th. Prior to the match, Nadal had won every match between the two in a major since the Wimbledon final in 2007, three of which were in the Australian Open. Federer came back from a break down in the fifth set to take the match, becoming the first man in history to win 18 Grand Slam singles titles and the first man to win at least five titles in three different Grand Slam tournaments each, and denying Nadal's third effort to win the Australian Open title again and also his second opportunity to become the first man in the Open Era to win each Grand Slam tournament in men's singles at least twice. Federer's victory also marked his first win over Nadal in a Grand Slam match outside the grass courts of Wimbledon.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: They met again at Indian Wells in the round of 16, only their second-ever meeting before the quarterfinal stage in any tournament. Federer prevailed in straight sets; it was the first time he had won three matches in a row against Nadal. Their 37th meeting came in the Miami final. This was their first meeting in a final on American soil since the 2005 Miami final, and Federer won in straight sets, his 4th consecutive win over Nadal.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: In the 2017 Laver Cup the two played doubles together for the first time, against Sam Querrey/Jack Sock, and won in a match tiebreak.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: Federer and Nadal met at the Shanghai Masters for the first time, contesting the final. Federer won in straight sets, claiming a fifth consecutive win over Nadal. This was the first time they had contested a match as the top two ranked players in the world since the 2010 ATP Finals.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: Federer's newfound success against Nadal was ascribed to improvement in his backhand, with which he hit harder and more easily returned Nadal's high bouncing forehand with a larger racquet.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: In 2019 Federer and Nadal met twice, with each prevailing once. They met in the semifinal of the French Open with Nadal ending Federer's run by prevailing in straight sets, before going on to win the tournament for his twelfth title there.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: The pair met in the semifinals of Wimbledon in their first Wimbledon encounter since 2008, with Federer defeating Nadal in four sets. This match was the oldest by the combined age of competitors (71 years, 0 months) in the Open Era of tennis.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: With Federer's retirement in 2022, their 2019 Wimbledon semifinals encounter stands as the last competitive tour match of the Federer-Nadal rivalry.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: On 21 November 2006 they played an exhibition match on a hard court in Seoul, South Korea. Federer won 6–3, 3–6, 6–3.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: On 2 May 2007 they played in the "Battle of Surfaces" on a hybrid court that was half clay and half grass. This match was held at the Palma Arena in Palma, the capital city of Nadal's native Mallorca. Nadal won 7–5, 4–6, 7–6.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: On 21 December 2010 they played in Zürich, Switzerland on a hard court a charity tennis match for the Roger Federer Foundation. Federer won 4–6, 6–3, 6–3. They played another exhibition match on 22 December 2010 in Madrid, Spain. Nadal won 7–6, 4–6, 6–1. This was a charity tennis match for the Fundación Rafa Nadal (Rafael Nadal Foundation).


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: On 1 January 2011 they played in the final of the knockout exhibition tournament; the Mubadala World Tennis Championship on a hard court. Federer had beaten Söderling in the previous round and Nadal had beaten Berdych in the previous round. Nadal won the encounter by a score of 7–6, 7–6.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: On 8 March 2011 the two played a set at Matthew Knight Arena in Eugene, Oregon, United States. Nadal won the charity exhibition 7–5.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: On 31 December 2011 they played again at Mubadala 2011 Mubadala World Tennis Championship (December) on a hard court, this time for third place. Nadal won again 6–1, 7–5.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: On 12 December 2015 they played two matches in New Delhi, India at 2015 International Premier Tennis League season on a hard court. Nadal won both a set of singles against Federer 6–5 and, paired with Rohan Bopanna, a doubles set against Roger Federer and Marin Cilic 6–4 to lead the Indian Aces to a 30–19 victory over the UAE Royals.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: On 7 February 2020 they played in Cape Town, South Africa to raise money for the Roger Federer Foundation. Federer won 6–4, 3–6, 6–3.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: The rivalry between Federer and Nadal has been a huge part of both men's careers. Their Grand Slam tournament histories are of particular interest, especially their all-time record of nine finals encounters. This includes playing French Open and Wimbledon finals for three consecutive years (2006–08), culminating in what many consider the greatest match in tennis history at Wimbledon 2008. Nadal, who had to defeat Federer during each of his first six Grand Slam title runs, possesses a 6–3 advantage in their Grand Slam finals encounters as well as a 4–1 edge in semifinals.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: Nadal denied Federer a Career Grand Slam plus two potential Grand Slams (2006–07) by defeating him at the French Open every year from 2005 to 2008. Federer would complete a Career Grand Slam by winning the French title in 2009 after Nadal was upset in the fourth round. Meanwhile, Federer twice denied Nadal from becoming the first man since Björn Borg in 1980 to win the "Channel Slam" (both the French Open and Wimbledon in the same year) by defeating him in their first two Wimbledon finals, but Nadal succeeded the following year by defeating Federer in the final. This was the first of three combined Channel Slams with Federer accomplishing it in 2009 followed by Nadal's second in 2010. Federer has also prevented Nadal from winning the Year-end championships by defeating him in the 2010 finals and eliminating Nadal from the tournament in the 2006 and 2007 semifinals preventing Nadal from becoming only the second man after Andre Agassi to win a Career Grand Slam, a gold singles Olympic medal, and the Year End Championships, a distinction dubbed as a "Career Super Slam" by Sports Illustrated. At the 2017 Australian Open final, Federer denied Nadal's third opportunity (the 2012 and 2014 Australian Open finals were the first two) to become the first man in the Open Era to have won each of the Grand Slam tournaments twice in men's singles. Nadal completed his Double Career Grand Slam in 2022 when he won the Australian Open for the second time, in this occasion against Daniil Medvedev.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: Their record six consecutive calendar years atop the rankings from 2005 to 2010 was due to their unprecedented combined performance in the Grand Slam and Masters Series tournaments. During this span, they captured a combined record 21 of the 24 Grand Slam tournament titles (12 for Federer, 9 for Nadal), including a record 11 consecutive titles from 2005 to 2007. They also dominated the Masters Series, combining for 31 of the 54 titles (18 for Nadal, 13 for Federer), including 8 of 9 in 2005 (4 each). Additionally, Federer won 4 of 6 year-end tournaments.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: Finally, both men not only possess Open-Era records for consecutive wins on a single surface—Federer on both grass (65) and hard courts (56), Nadal on clay courts (81)—but each of these streaks was broken by the other player. Their respective dominance on grass and clay was the impetus for the "Battle of Surfaces", an exhibition match on a half-grass, half-clay court, which Nadal won with a 12–10 in the deciding tiebreak in May 2007 when both the grass and clay streaks were still active.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: Of their 40 matches, 20 have been on hard court, 16 have been on clay, and 4 have been on grass. Federer has an edge on his best surface, grass (3–1), and on hard court (11–9) while Nadal dominates Federer on his best surface, clay (14–2). Nadal leads 10–4 in all Grand Slam tournament matches, 6–0 on clay, 3–1 on hard courts and trails 1–3 on the grass in major tournaments.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: The contrast in playing style has been a source of debate for commentators and analysts. The heavy topspin created by Nadal's groundstrokes combined with his strategy of directing the majority of his serves and groundstrokes to Federer's single-handed backhand keeps Federer on the defensive and makes it harder for Federer to use his aggressive groundstrokes to dominate baseline rallies as he typically does against other opponents. Federer says he is a "different player due to Nadal's presence" citing Nadal's game as a major reason for improvements in areas of his own game.


title: Federer–Nadal rivalry

text: From 2004 to 2007, the rivalry stood at 8–6 in Nadal's favour, though Federer led on both grass (2–0) and hardcourt (3–2), Nadal led 6–1 on clay. However, from 2008 to 2014, Nadal compiled a lopsided 15–4 record, leading on each surface, grass (1–0), hard (7–3) and clay (7–1). Since then, Federer has dominated the rivalry with a 6–1 record (5-0 hard, 1-0 grass, 0-1 clay). Federer has stated that early defeats to Nadal on clay courts had a long-lasting mental effect on him in his matches against Nadal on other surfaces, and that the lopsided loss at 2008 French open affected him in his first two sets at 2008 Wimbledon final. After his win over Nadal at 2017 Shanghai masters final, Federer credited his 2017 success against Nadal to a bigger racquet frame and avoiding claycourt meetings against him since 2013.