title: Paige Bueckers

text: Bueckers stands and plays the point guard position. She has a slim build, which encourages opposing teams to force her to play through contact, and displays quickness and agility. An adept passer and ball handler, Bueckers has described herself as a "pass-first" player. She exhibits a high level of court awareness, with the ability to make quick decisions while anticipating the defense. In March 2021, analyst Monica McNutt touted Bueckers as "arguably one of the best playmakers in the game". Bueckers scores efficiently both at the rim and from three-point range. Her pull-up jump shot has been described as her signature move, and she is a skilled mid-range shooter. Her playing style has frequently drawn comparisons to Taurasi.


title: Paige Bueckers

text: Bueckers' father, Bob Bueckers, is a software engineer and played high school basketball as a point guard. Her mother, Amy Fuller (née Dettbarn), represented the University of St. Thomas in cross country and track and field. When Bueckers was three years old, her parents divorced. She remained with her father while her mother remarried and moved to Billings, Montana. Her father also began a new relationship and later had a son, Drew. Bueckers has another younger brother, Ryan, and a younger sister, Lauren.


title: Paige Bueckers

text: She has hosted a charity basketball clinic called "Buckets with Bueckers" for young athletes in Minnesota and Montana.


title: Paige Bueckers

text: Bueckers has voiced support for the Black Lives Matter movement, in part because her brother, Drew, whom she has described as her best friend, is biracial. She participated in marches for racial justice after the murder of George Floyd in her home state of Minnesota. During her acceptance speech at the 2021 ESPY Awards, Bueckers celebrated and honored Black women, bringing attention to the racial disparities in media coverage of women's basketball players.


title: Paige Bueckers

text: Bueckers is represented by agent Lindsay Kagawa Colas of Wasserman. She signed with Wasserman as a name, image and likeness (NIL) client in August 2021, about one month after the NCAA allowed student-athletes to be compensated for the use of their NIL. Industry analysts have projected her as having one of the highest earning potentials from NIL among college athletes, because of both her success in basketball and her large social media following. On April 4, 2022, her Instagram account reached one million followers, making her reportedly the first women's college basketball player to achieve the mark.


title: Paige Bueckers

text: In November 2021, Bueckers signed her first two major endorsement deals. The first was with footwear and apparel marketplace StockX, specifically for the company's basketball and women's sports lines. While she will continue to wear Nike apparel in games due to UConn's contract with the company, she will wear other brands while promoting StockX off the court. The second deal was with Gatorade, who signed her as its first college athlete. On February 7, 2022, Bueckers announced her third major partnership with mobile payment service Cash App. Through the deal, she launched the Paige Bueckers Foundation, which aims to promote social justice and create opportunities for families and children. On March 31, Bueckers became the first student-athlete brand ambassador for the education platform Chegg. Working with the nonprofit branch of Chegg, she partnered with hunger relief company Goodr to host a free pop-up grocery market in Minneapolis to address food insecurity among college students. On June 13, Bueckers announced a partnership with Crocs.


title: Paige Bueckers

text: In May 2022, Bueckers was named executive producer of WBB Takeover as part of a two-day basketball showcase hosted by the sports media brand Overtime. She also coached and served as a commentator alongside fellow college players Aliyah Boston and Haley Jones during the event.


title: Paige Bueckers

text: Bueckers' scoring success has earned her the nickname "Paige Buckets". On July 13, 2021, she filed for a trademark on the nickname for use on athletic apparel, such as shirts, pants, jackets, footwear, hats and uniforms.


title: Embraer Phenom 300

text: The Embraer EMB-505 Phenom 300 is a single-pilot-certified light business jet developed by the Brazilian aerospace manufacturer Embraer. It can carry up to 11 occupants.


title: Embraer Phenom 300

text: Embraer began designing the Phenom 300 after finding that potential customers of the Phenom 100 would also like a bigger aircraft. It was a new design with the aim of allowing operation to smaller airports such as London City and Telluride Regional Airport.


title: Embraer Phenom 300

text: It first flew on 29 April 2008, and received its type certification on 3 December 2009. On 29 December 2009 Embraer delivered the first Phenom 300 to Executive Flight Services at the company's headquarters at São José dos Campos, Brazil.


title: Embraer Phenom 300

text: On 31 January 2020, Embraer announced significant upgrades to the Phenom 300, with maximum speed increased from Mach 0.78 to 0.80 (), and range increased from . Rated engine thrust was increased from on upgraded PW535E1 turbofans.


title: Embraer Phenom 300

text: The Phenom 300 is a twin-engined cantilever monoplane with low-positioned, swept wings. It has a horizontal stabiliser in a T-tail configuration and a retractable tricycle landing gear. It has two rear-pylon-mounted Pratt & Whitney Canada PW535E turbofan engines. The enclosed cabin has room for nine passengers and a two-pilot crew; during single-pilot operation an additional passenger can be carried. Access to the cockpit and cabin is via an airstair on the left-hand side.


title: Embraer Phenom 300

text: Its structural life is 28,000 flight cycles or 35,000 hours. It is built of 18% composite materials; it has winglets, but not thrust reversers. The Phenom 300 has single-point refueling and an externally serviced private rear lavatory.


title: Embraer Phenom 300

text: The Phenom 300 became the most delivered business jet with 60 units in 2013. This was also the case in 2014 and 2015.


title: Embraer Phenom 300

text: All Phenom assembly was moved to the Melbourne, Florida line after July 2016, with a capability of assembling 96 Phenoms and 72 Embraer Legacy 450/Embraer Legacy 500 annually. More than 170 Phenom jets had been produced at the site by June 2016, mainly for the US market.


title: Embraer Phenom 300

text: In March 2019, Embraer delivered the 500th Phenom 300, claiming more than half of the light jet market share since 2012. It was being used in over 30 countries and had carried 2.5 million passengers in 600,000 flights and 800,000 hours.


title: Bombardier Aviation

text: Bombardier Aviation is a division of Bombardier Inc. It is headquartered in Dorval, Quebec, Canada. Its most popular aircraft included the Dash 8 Series 400, CRJ100/200/440, and CRJ700/900/1000 lines of regional airliners, and the newer CSeries. It also manufactured the Bombardier 415 amphibious water-bomber (in Dorval and North Bay), and currently makes the Global Express and the Challenger lines of business jets.


title: Bombardier Aviation

text: At one time, Bombardier had manufacturing plants in 27 countries, employing over 70,000 workers, but has since trimmed its workforce to less than half and reduced its holdings.


title: Bombardier Aviation

text: After acquiring Canadair in 1986 and restoring it to profitability, in 1989 Bombardier acquired the near-bankrupt Short Brothers aircraft manufacturing company in Belfast, Northern Ireland. This was followed in 1990 by the acquisition of the bankrupt American company Learjet, a manufacturer of business jets headquartered in Wichita, Kansas; and finally the money-losing Boeing subsidiary, de Havilland Aircraft of Canada based in Toronto, Ontario in 1992.


title: Bombardier Aviation

text: The aerospace company accounts for over half of Bombardier Inc.'s revenue. By the start of the 2010s, its most popular aircraft included its Dash 8 Series 400, CRJ100/200/440, and CRJ700/900/1000 lines of regional airliners although the company was devoting most of its Research and Development budget to the newer CSeries. It also manufactured the Bombardier 415 amphibious water-bomber (in Dorval and North Bay), and the Global Express and the Challenger lines of business jets.


title: Bombardier Aviation

text: The CSeries, which Bombardier offered in several size versions, initially competed with the Airbus A318 and Airbus A319; the Boeing 737 Next Generation 737-600 and 737-700 models; and the Embraer 195. Bombardier claimed the CSeries would burn 20% less fuel per trip than these competitors, which would make it still about 8% more fuel efficient than the Boeing 737 MAX, which was introduced in 2017. The launch customer for the CSeries, Lufthansa, signed a letter of intent for up to 60 aircraft and 30 options in 2008. The Montreal manufacturing complex was redeveloped by Ghafari Associates to incorporate lean manufacturing for the CSeries.


title: Bombardier Aviation

text: On 24 March 2011, Shanghai-based Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China (Comac) and Bombardier Inc. signed a framework agreement for a long-term strategic cooperation on commercial aircraft. The intention was to break the near-duopoly of Airbus and Boeing. Aircraft covered by the programme included the Bombardier CRJ-series, CSeries and Q-series; and the Comac ARJ21 and Comac C919. In January 2012, the firm began manufacturing simple structures, such as flight controls for the CRJ series, from its first facility in Africa, near Casablanca, Morocco. On 30 September 2013, it broke ground on its permanent facility, due to open late 2014. In October, a joint development deal between Bombardier and a South Korean consortium consisting of Korea Aerospace Industries and Korean Air Lines was revealed, to develop a 90-seater turboprop regional airliner, targeting a 2019 launch date.


title: Bombardier Aviation

text: In November 2012, Bombardier signed the largest deal in its history with Swiss business jet operator VistaJet for 56 Global series jets for a total value of $3.1 billion, including an option for an additional 86 jets, for a total transaction value of $7.8 billion. In April 2013, Canada's Porter Airlines placed a conditional order for 12 CSeries aircraft, with options for another 18; this was conditional on jets being allowed to use Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport off downtown Toronto. In 2015, the Canadian Government announced that it would not approve the use of jets at the airport and the proposal was shelved.


title: Bombardier Aviation

text: In January 2014, 1,700 employees were cut from Bombardier Aerospace due to a 19 percent drop in orders in 2013. In July of that year, Bombardier reorganized itself in response to underperformance; President Guy Hachey retired and Bombardier Aerospace was split into three divisions: business aircraft; commercial aircraft and aerostructures; and engineering services, while 1,800 jobs were cut. In its 2014-year end statement, Bombardier Aerospace reported its employee count had reduced by 3,700, delivered 290 aircraft and held orders for 282 more; and also claimed "strong long-term potential". On 29 October 2015, Bombardier announced a US$4.9-billion third-quarter loss and $3.2 billion writedown on the CSeries. It also cancelled its Learjet 85 program, taking another US$1.2-billion writedown and cancelling 64 outstanding orders. The firm's debt reached approximately $9 billion, largely due to the CSeries, which had not recorded a single firm order since September 2014. Bombardier shares fell 17.4 per cent on that day. By 21 December 2015, the firm had 243 firm orders for the CSeries; a US$2.5 billion cash infusion – $1 billion from the provincial government plus a $1.5 billion investment from the "Caisse de dépôts et placements du Québec" – was keeping the parent company adequately funded.


title: Bombardier Aviation

text: On 17 February 2016, Bombardier announced its 2015 profits were $138 million before taking a $5.4 billion write-down; it also announced 7,000 jobs would be cut. After a long and expensive development, costing US$5.4 billion to date, including a US$3.2 billion writeoff, the small (110–125 seat) CS100 version of the CSeries received initial type certification from Transport Canada on 18 December 2015. At the time, the company had 243 firm orders and letters of intent and commitment for another 360. Most orders were for the CS300 model. The first CS100 was expected to be flying by mid-2016 in Lufthansa colours. "Certification is a great thing, but 2016 is going to be critical for orders," analyst Chris Murray, a


title: Bombardier Aviation

text: Managing Director with Alta Corp, told Bloomberg Business. Fred Cromer, president of Bombardier's commercial aircraft unit, hinted on 21 December 2015 that price cuts or other incentives may be offered to bolster sales (list price for the CS100 was US$71.8 million and for the CS300 US$82 million).


title: Bombardier Aviation

text: Intending to boost profit margins, Bombardier announced on 12 January 2016 that it would cancel deals with third party sales agent Tag Aeronautics, as well as cancelling 24 firm and 30 optional orders, aiming to later resell these aircraft without a sales agency fee. The CSeries was adversely hit by production delays and stiff competition in 2016. On 20 January, United Continental Holdings Inc. announced that it had ordered 40 Boeing 737-700s instead. Air Canada announced it would buy up to 75 CS300s, a larger variant, on 17 February 2016; prior to this, there had been no CSeries orders since 2014. The CSeries program was forecast to have positive cash flow after delivering approximately 200 aircraft. David Tyerman, an analyst with Canaccord Genuity, commented on the difficulty of winning orders and questioned how profitable the next CSeries order will be. According to Bjorn Fehrm of the aviation consulting firm Leeham Company, the first 15 CSeries built in 2016 each cost $60 million to make, but would sell for only $30 million.


title: Bombardier Aviation

text: Bombardier held negotiation with Delta Air Lines, the latter placing an order in April 2016 for 75 CS100 models with an option for 50 additional aircraft. At full list price, the deal would total US$5.6 billion; sources claimed that Delta had received a significant discount. Air Canada firmed up its tentative order for 45 CS300s with an option for another 30 in June 2016; it was reportedly valued at $3.8 billion, increasing to $6.3 billion if the option was exercised (based on the aircraft's list price). The next day, Bombardier delivered the first CSeries jet to Swiss International Air Lines, the first operator to start flying them.


title: Bombardier Aviation

text: Brazil and Canada engaged in an international, adjudicated trade dispute over government subsidies to domestic aircraft manufacturers in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The World Trade Organization decided that Brazil ran an illegal subsidy program, Proex, benefiting Brazilian manufacturer Embraer from at least 1999–2000; and that Canada illegally subsidized its indigenous regional airliner industry.


title: Bombardier Aviation

text: In late September 2017, the World Trade Organization announced that it would consider Brazil's complaint filed in February, including allegations that the Canadian government unfairly subsidized the CSeries. Embraer claimed that the subsidies are an "unsustainable practice that distorts the entire global market, harming competitors at the expense of Canadian taxpayers."


title: Bombardier Aviation

text: On 29 October 2015, the Quebec government announced that it would invest US$1 billion (roughly CAD$1.3 billion) to protect jobs and the CSeries, the province buying a 49.5% interest in the limited partnership controlling the CSeries program. Bombardier had reportedly asked Ottawa for a repayable loan of $350 million, while the province expected the federal government to match its $1 billion loan in return for a near 50 percent stake in the CSeries program. Debts from the project had forced Bombardier to raise cash and seek aid in order to stay afloat. Both provincial and federal contributions came via repayable loans; independent economist Mark Milke claimed it is questionable whether they would be repaid, calling the bailout loans "corporate welfare" in "The Globe and Mail".


title: Bombardier Aviation

text: Days after his swearing-in, on 10 November 2015, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau stated Bombardier must make a "strong business case" for federal aid, agreeing that the firm exemplified important high value manufacturing, but stated that such aid would be shaped by Canadians' best interests, not on "emotion, politics or symbols". In April 2016, the federal government offered an aid package to Bombardier without disclosing the amount or conditions imposed; it reportedly rejected the offer. An unnamed source advised Reuters that negotiations were still underway. On 14 April 2016, Bombardier shares were at a six-month high over rumors that Delta had ordered CSeries jets. The firm continued to request a $1 billion aid package from the federal government.


title: Bombardier Aviation

text: In May 2016, the federal government reportedly offered a $1 billion aid package (in addition to the $1 billion subsidy offered by the Government of Quebec) with the condition of Bombardier ending its dual-class share structure which enables the Bombardier and Beaudoin families to control it despite a minority ownership. According to Bloomberg, the talks reached a standstill over this condition. The federal plan also recommended that the firm issue new shares to gain $1 billion in additional funding. The "Toronto Star" predicted that the government would bailout the firm as bankruptcy would lead to the loss of some 70,000 jobs as well as significant exports, which had totaled $34.2 billion in the previous five years. In May 2016, Federal Finance Minister Bill Morneau said the aerospace sector is "critically important". In February 2017, the federal government agreed to provide $372.5 million in interest-free repayable loans, to be issued in instalments over the following four years; one third was intended for the CSeries while the rest went to the Global 7000 business jet.


title: Bombardier Aviation

text: On 16 October 2017, Bombardier and Airbus announced a partnership on the CSeries program to expand in an estimated market of more than 6,000 new 100-150 seat aircraft over 20 years; in July 2018, Airbus acquired a 50.01% majority stake, Bombardier keeping 31% and Investissement Québec 19%. Under this deal, the CSeries is now marketed as the Airbus A220. Access to Airbus's supply chain expertise is intended to save production costs while the headquarters and primary assembly line remain in Québec, while a second assembly line shall run at the Airbus Mobile factory in Alabama, US. Airbus did not pay for its share, nor did it assume any debt. Airbus insists that it has no plan to buy Bombardier's stake in the program, remaining strategic partners after 2025; clauses allow it to buy out Quebec's share in 2023 and Bombardier's seven years after the deal closes, though production is required to remain in Quebec until at least 2041. Bombardier CEO Alain Bellemare said the deal would raise sales: "It brings certainty to the future of the program so it increases the level of confidence that the aircraft is there to stay. Combining the CSeries with Airbus's global scale ... will take the CSeries program to new heights".


title: Bombardier Aviation

text: On 8 November 2018, Viking Air parent Longview Aviation Capital Corp. acquired the Q400 program and the de Havilland brand from Bombardier. Viking had already bought the discontinued de Havilland Canada aircraft type certificates in 2006. At that point, Q400 sales were lower than rival ATR Aircraft. Bombardier announced the sale was for $300 million and expected $250 million annual savings. The Q400 deal closed on 3 June 2019; the new holding company, De Havilland Aircraft of Canada Limited, inherited an order book of 51 Q400s. Also in late 2018, Bombardier sold its business jet training program to CAE Inc. for $645 million and announced 5,000 job cuts over 18 months across its 70,000 employees worldwide: 500 in Ontario, 2,500 in Quebec and 2,000 outside Canada.


title: Bombardier Aviation

text: Bombardier shifted focus from commercial to business aircraft, anticipating business jet shipments to increase from 135 in 2018 to 150-155 in 2019, and forecast revenues of $16.5 billion in 2018, rising to over $20 billion in 2020 with a free cash flow of $0.75-1 billion, mostly via the large Global 7500. Business Aircraft revenues were expected to increase from $5 billion for 2018 to $6.25 billion in 2019 and $8.5 billion in 2020 with 180 deliveries, including aftermarket within the 4,700 fleet doubling from the 28% captured in 2015. Aerostructures & Engineering Services were expected to grow from $2 billion in 2018 to $2.25 billion in 2020. Airliner revenues were expected to shrink from $1.7 billion to $1.4 billion in 2019, halving losses to $125 million, with deliveries flat at 35 CRJs and Q400s; it was to be profitable with CRJs only in 2020.


title: Bombardier Aviation

text: On 2 May 2019, Bombardier's aerospace division was renamed "Bombardier Aviation" following the divestment of the CSeries and Q400 programmes. On 25 June 2019, Bombardier agreed with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries to sell the CRJ program, a deal was expected to close in early 2020 subject to regulatory approval. Mitsubishi will gain Bombardier's global expertise in terms of engineering, certification, customer relations and support, boosting its SpaceJet (formerly MRJ) programme and enabling its production in North America. The deal includes two service centres in Canada and two in the US, as well as the CRJ's type certificates. Bombardier retains the Mirabel assembly facility and produce the CRJ on behalf of Mitsubishi until the current order backlog is complete. In early May 2020, Mitsubishi confirmed that all conditions had been met. The transaction closed on 1 June. Bombardier's CRJ-related service and support activities were transferred to a new Montreal-based company, MHI RJ Aviation Group.


title: Bombardier Aviation

text: On 31 October 2019, Bombardier announced the sale of its aerostructures activities and aftermarket services operations in Northern Ireland and Morocco, and its aerostructures maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) facility in Dallas, to Spirit AeroSystems. The sale was expected to close in the first half of 2020 subject to regulatory approval. In September 2020 Spirit said "there can be no assurances" that conditions would be met by the 31 October deadline. A last-minute amendment reduced the amount of the cash consideration and adjusted the overall valuation, enabling the parties to set a closing date of 30 October.


title: Bombardier Aviation

text: On 12 February 2020, Bombardier sold its share in Airbus Canada Limited Partnership, the holding company for the A220 programme, for $591 million; Airbus now has a 75% share, with the remaining 25% owned by Investissement Québec. This sale marked Bombardier's "strategic exit" from the commercial aviation sector.


title: Bombardier Aviation

text: Despite rumours that its business jet activities might be sold to Textron, parent company of Cessna and Bell Helicopters, on 17 February it emerged that Bombardier had instead agreed to sell its rail division to Alstom and would focus exclusively on business aviation.


title: Bombardier Aviation

text: Bombardier Aerospace once had manufacturing, engineering and services facilities in 27 countries. The production facilities are located in Canada, the United States, and Mexico.


title: Bombardier Aviation

text: On 3 May 2018, Bombardier announced the sale of its Toronto Downsview facility where it manufactures the Global business jet family and the Q400 regional turboprops, for $635 million, leased back for three to five years to maintain Q400 production, while leasing a site at Toronto Pearson International Airport to open a final assembly plant for the Global business jets.


title: Bombardier Aviation

text: On 2 May 2019, Bombardier announced that all of its aerospace assets would be consolidated into a "single, streamlined and fully integrated business", resulting in the sale of its operations in Belfast and Morocco.


title: Dinesh Lal Yadav

text: Dinesh Lal Yadav (born 2 February 1979), popularly known as Nirahua, is an Indian actor, singer, producer and politician associated with Bhojpuri-language films. He is among the most successful Bhojpuri actors, with successive five box office successes released in 2015. He owns the production house Nirahua Entertainment Pvt Ltd. Dinesh Lal Yadav was a contestant on "Bigg Boss 6" in 2012.


title: Dinesh Lal Yadav

text: Nirahua, who belongs to a famous Biraha family of Ghazipur, started his career as a Biraha singer. He made his debut as a singer in the music album "Nirahua Satal rahe" (2003) which became superhit and gave him early recognition and his screen name "Nirahua". He made his film debut in the Bhojpuri drama "Humka Aisa Waisa Na Samjha" (2006), and gained more popularity with his roles in "Chalat Mushafir Moh Liyo Re" (2006), "Nirahuwa Rikshaw Wala" (2008) and "Pratigya" (2008). His other works during this period include "Parivaar" (2008), "Rangeela Babu" (2009), "Nirahua No. 1" (2009), "Saat Saheliyan" (2010).


title: Dinesh Lal Yadav

text: In 2012, He worked with Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan in his movie "Ganga Devi", he also appeared as a contestant in Bigg Boss 6 that year. Nirahua Hindustani (2014), his fiftieth film was a big hit and also made it to the Multiplexes. He also did patriotic films like Patna Se Pakistan (2015) and Border (2018) which are one of the highest grossing Bhojpuri movies of all time. His Nirahua Chalal London (2019) is the first Bhojpuri movie shot in London and outside Indian subcontinent. In 2019, He also made his debut on OTT platforms, by playing the role of police officer in the web series "Hero Vardiwala", which was also the first ever web series made in Bhojpuri language.


title: Dinesh Lal Yadav

text: Nirahua was born to Kumar Yadav and Chandrajyoti Yadav. He has a brother, Pravesh Lal Yadav, and a sister, Lalita Yadav.


title: Dinesh Lal Yadav

text: He spent most of his childhood days in "Belghoria" at 4 no. railway gate (Agarpara) area of Kolkata where his father worked in a factory. He completed his education in the same suburbs of Kolkata.


title: Dinesh Lal Yadav

text: He comes from a family of famous Biraha folk singers hailing from Ghazipur. Famous Biraha singer Vijay Lal Yadav known as "Biraha Samrat" and writer and lyricist Pyare Lal Yadav (Kaviji) who has penned many songs in Bhojpuri cinema, are his first cousins.


title: Dinesh Lal Yadav

text: He started his acting career with the Bhojpuri film Humka Aisa Waisa Na Samjha (Don't think that I'm riff-raff) in 2006 in which he played the role of a boy who fights to make Bhojpuri a recognised language in the state. But his first released movie was "Chalat Musafir Moh Liyo Re" (The traveller has been ensnared) in which he played the supporting role of a police inspector with Kalpana Patowary and Sunil Chhaila Bihari. His third film was "Ho Gail Ba Pyar Odhaniya Waali Se" (I have fallen in love with a girl wearing stole, 2007). After this film, he received many offers. His next film "Nirahua Rikshawala" (2007) became a super hit. After the success of his another film titled "Kahan Jaiba Raja Najariya Ladaike" (2007), he was an established actor in the industry and had got the title "Jublee Star". His another hit movie in 2008 was "Lagal Raha Ae Rajaji". His natural acting style, slim body unlike other Bhojpuri actor those days, and action moves due to his Karate training in his childhood, made him so popular among the audience that even his flop films used to run over three weeks. He also did stage shows in Fiji, Australia and New Zealand in 2007.


title: Dinesh Lal Yadav

text: He continued giving hits likes Pratigya (2008), "Pariwaar" (2008), "Nirahua No. 1" (2009), Saat Saheliyan (2010), "Nirahua Chalal Sasural" (2011). In a review of his film "Aulaad" (2011), Times of India wrote that "Dinesh Lal Yadav has live up his role".


title: Dinesh Lal Yadav

text: In 2012, he appeared in the "Bigg Boss" as a contestant. His film "Ganga Jamuna Saraswati" (2012) earned 1.25 crores in just three weeks which highest by any Bhojpuri movie in those times. He acted with Amitabh Bachchan, Jaya Bachchan and Gulshan Grover in the Bhojpuri film "Ganga Devi" (2012). His fiftieth project "Nirahua Hindustani" (2014) reached multiplexes. Another of his hit movies was Patna Se Pakistan. In 2016, he received Uttar Pradesh's highest civilian award "Yash Bharti Samman Award" by the Uttar Pradesh Government for this contribution in Bhojpuri films.


title: Dinesh Lal Yadav

text: "Bam Bam Bol Raha Hai Kashi" (2016) was produced by Priyanka Chopra. Nirahua Hindustani 2 won eleven awards at Sabrang Film Awards. His "Kashi Amarnath" (2018) was another movie that was produced by Priyanka Chopra. Grossing 19 crores, his patriotic film Border (2018) is one of the highest earning Bhojpuri films ever. Nirahua Chalal London (2018) was the first Bhojpuri film to be shot abroad.


title: Dinesh Lal Yadav

text: In made his OTT debut in 2019 with "Hero Vardiwala", which was the first webseries ever made in Bhojpuri language. He released his first short film "Kukkur" in 2021 which was based on the plight of elderly people in old-age homes. On 10 December 2021, his film "Hum Hain Dulha Hindustani" released, which was a Romantic comedy film starring Amrapali Dubey and Madhu Sharma. This was Nirahua's second film that was shot in London after Nirahua Chalal London. On 1 January 2022, he released his next short film "Dahar". He played the role of a Launda in his next film "Naach Baiju Naach" which was released in September.


title: Dinesh Lal Yadav

text: Nirahua joined politics by becoming a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party in Lucknow on 27 March 2019 in presence of Uttar Pradesh chief minister Yogi Adityanath. On 3 April 2019 he was declared a candidate to contest the 2019 Indian Lok Sabha election from Azamgarh constituency from Bharatiya Janata Party. He unsuccessfully faced Akhilesh Yadav, the former chief minister of Uttar Pradesh. He lost against Akhilesh Yadav by a margin of 259,874 votes.


title: Dinesh Lal Yadav

text: In 2022 bypolls from Azamgarh constituency, he defeated Samajwadi Party candidate Dharmendra Yadav by a margin of 8,700 votes.


title: Dinesh Lal Yadav

text: He married Mansha Yadav in 2000. He has two sons, Amit Yadav and Aditya Yadav, and a daughter, Aditi Yadav.


title: Indian Coast Guard

text: The Indian Coast Guard (ICG) is a maritime law enforcement and search and rescue agency of India with jurisdiction over its territorial waters including its contiguous zone and exclusive economic zone. The Indian Coast Guard was formally established on 1 February 1977 by the "Coast Guard Act, 1978" of the Parliament of India. It operates under the Ministry of Defence.


title: Indian Coast Guard

text: The Coast Guard works in close cooperation with the Indian Navy, the Department of Fisheries, the Department of Revenue (Customs), and the Central Armed Police Forces, and the State Police Services.


title: Indian Coast Guard

text: The establishment of the Indian Coast Guard was first proposed by the Indian Navy to provide non-military maritime services to the nation. In the 1960s, sea-borne smuggling of goods was threatening India's domestic economy. The Indian Customs Department frequently called upon the Indian Navy for assistance with patrol and interception in the anti-smuggling effort.


title: Indian Coast Guard

text: The Nagchaudhuri Committee was constituted with participation from the Indian Navy and the Indian Air Force to study the problem. In August 1971, the committee identified the requirement to patrol India's vast coastline, set up a registry of offshore fishing vessels to identify illegal activity, and establish a capable and well-equipped force to intercept vessels engaged in illegal activities. The committee also looked at the number and nature of the equipment, infrastructure and personnel required to provide those services.


title: Indian Coast Guard

text: By 1973, India had started a programme to acquire the equipment and started deputing personnel from the Indian Navy for these anti-smuggling and law enforcement tasks, under the provisions of the "Maintenance of Internal Security Act". The Indian Navy sensed that the law enforcement nature of these duties diverged from its core mission as a military service. Admiral Sourendra Nath Kohli, then Chief of Naval Staff, hence made a recommendation to the Defence Secretary outlining the need for a separate maritime service to undertake those duties and offering the Navy's assistance in its establishment. On 31 August 1974, the Defence Secretary submitted a note to the Cabinet Secretary proposing cabinet action on Admiral Kohli's recommendation.


title: Indian Coast Guard

text: As a result, in September 1974, the Indian cabinet set up the "Rustamji Committee", under the chairmanship of Khusro Faramurz Rustamji, with participation from the Navy, the Air Force and the Department of Revenue to examine gaps in security and law enforcement between the roles of the Indian Navy and the central and state police forces. The discovery of oil off Bombay High further emphasised the need for a maritime law enforcement and protection service. The committee submitted its recommendation for the establishment of the Indian Coast Guard under the Ministry of Defence on 31 July 1975. Bureaucratic wrangling followed, with the Cabinet Secretary making a recommendation to place the service under the Ministry of Home Affairs. Then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi overruled the Cabinet Secretary and decided to accept the original recommendation of the Rustamji Committee to place the service under the Ministry of Defence.


title: Indian Coast Guard

text: An interim Indian Coast Guard came into being on 1 February 1977, equipped with two small corvettes and five patrol boats transferred from the Navy. The duties and functions of the service were formally defined in the "Coast Guard Act", which was passed by India's parliament on 18 August 1978 and came into immediate effect.


title: Indian Coast Guard

text: Vice Admiral V. A. Kamath of the Indian Navy was appointed the founding Director-General. Prime Minister Morarji Desai inspected the Guard of Honour at the service's inauguration. Vice Admiral Kamath proposed a five-year plan to develop the ICG into a potent force by 1984, but the full potential of this plan was not immediately realised due to an economic resource crunch.


title: Indian Coast Guard

text: One of the historic operational successes of the ICG occurred in October 1999, with the recapture at high seas of a Panamanian-registered Japanese cargo ship, "MV Alondra Rainbow", hijacked off Indonesia. Her crew were rescued off Phuket, Thailand. The ship had been repainted as MV "Mega Rama", and was spotted off Kochi, heading towards Pakistan. She was chased by "ICGS Tarabai" and of the Indian Navy, and apprehended. It was the first successful prosecution of armed pirates in over a century.


title: Indian Coast Guard

text: The Indian Coast Guard conducts exercises with the other coast guards of the world. In May 2005, the ICG agreed to establish liaison links with Pakistan's Maritime Security Agency (PMSA). In 2006, the Indian Coast Guard conducted exercises with its Japanese and Korean counterparts.


title: Indian Coast Guard

text: After the 2008 Mumbai attacks, the Indian government initiated a programme to expand the ICG force, assets and infrastructure.


title: Indian Coast Guard

text: The Indian Coast Guard's motto is "वयम रक्षामः" ("Vayam Rakshamah"), which translates from Sanskrit as ""We Protect"".


title: Indian Coast Guard

text: The Indian Coast Guard organisation is headed by the Director-General (DG ICG) who is located at Coast Guard Headquarters (CGHQ), New Delhi. At CGHQ, he is assisted by four Deputy Director-Generals of the rank of Inspector-General, and other senior officers heading various staff divisions. The current Director-General is Virender Singh Pathania, PTM, TM.


title: Indian Coast Guard

text: The Indian Coast Guard operates five regions. Each region is headed by an officer of the rank of Inspector-General. Each of the regions is further divided into multiple districts, typically covering a coastal state or a union territory.


title: Indian Coast Guard

text: There are currently 42 Coast Guard stations which have been established along the coastline of the country.


title: Indian Coast Guard

text: "A table showing the rank structure of Coast Guard officers with those of the other Indian armed services."


title: Indian Coast Guard

text: The naming of ranks of officers in the Coast Guard is as same as rank of Central Armed Police Forces. Officers are appointed in the Coast Guard in one of four branches, as either General-Duty officer, Pilot officer, Technical officer or Law officers. Lady Officers have two branches i.e. General-Duty Officer or Pilot Officer and serve on shore establishments/Air Stations/Headquarters. They are not deployed on board Indian Coast Guard ships.


title: Indian Coast Guard

text: Currently, officers of Indian Coast Guard undergo Basic Military Training at the Indian Naval Academy, Ezhimala along with their counterparts of Indian Navy. This helps in the mutual interchange of Officers among these two sister services. While the Indian Coast Guard Academy is under construction in Mangalore, Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka.


title: Indian Coast Guard

text: The command of ships at sea can only be exercised by officers of the General-Duty (GD) branch. The key functions of a General-Duty Officer would be to operate weapons, sensors and different kinds of equipment on board a ship. The safety of the ship and the men would be GD officers responsibility. All the District Commanders (COMDIS) and Commander of Coast Guard Region (COMCG) appointments are exercised by a GD Officer of the Indian Coast Guard.


title: Indian Coast Guard

text: Pilot Officers are also part of GD branch. A Pilot Officer gets an opportunity to work at shore Air Stations along the Indian coasts and also embark ships. ICG operates fixed wing aircraft for surveillance of the Exclusive Economic Zone. In addition, helicopters are embarked on Coast Guard Offshore Patrol Vessels (OPV) to provide local surveillance and perform search and rescue mission at sea.


title: Indian Coast Guard

text: Technical Officers are responsible for operation of advanced technology and sensor systems on board Coast Guard vessels and aircraft, as well as on shore installations. They also command the maintenance wings of the force.


title: Indian Coast Guard

text: Law Officers act as legal advisers to their respective commanders. They represent the Indian Coast Guard in legal actions filed by or against the organisation. They also perform the duties of trial law officers in Coast Guard courts, convened to try delinquent Coast Guard personnel. The Directorate of Law at Coast Guard Headquarters is headed by a Deputy Inspector-General and is designated as the Chief Law Officer. Section 115 of the Coast Guard Act, 1978 deals with the qualifications necessary to be appointed as the Chief Law Officer of Indian Coast Guard. Section 116 of the Coast Guard Act, 1978 defines the functions of the Chief Law Officer.


title: Indian Coast Guard

text: Enrolled personnel of Indian Coast Guard are trained along with Indian Naval sailors at the naval training establishment INS Chilka. All training undertaken by Coast Guard personnel is the same as those undertaken by sailors in the Indian Navy. All personnel are trained in operation of weapons systems in cases of emergency.


title: Indian Coast Guard

text: The following is a table of vessel classes which are either under construction or planned, but have not yet entered service.


title: DJ Lethal

text: Leor Dimant (, , ; born December 18, 1972), better known as DJ Lethal, is a Latvian-American turntablist and producer and is best known as a member of the groups House of Pain and Limp Bizkit.


title: DJ Lethal

text: Leor Dimant was born to a Latvian-Jewish family in Riga, when it was part of the Soviet Union. His first contact with music was through his father Grisha Dimant (1951–2007), who, along with his friends, played guitar in a rock band.


title: DJ Lethal

text: In 1976 when Dimant was four, he and his family emigrated to Italy, where they remained for a year until they obtained a visa. His parents chose to move to the New York area. There, his father performed in various Russian clubs and restaurants, mostly in Brighton Beach.


title: DJ Lethal

text: Dimant and his parents lived in Jersey City, New Jersey for some time. They moved to Los Angeles in 1987, where his father got a job at a new Russian restaurant. His first introduction to hip-hop was in Jersey City, when his school held a talent show with several students performing a rap song, and Dimant was amazed. Once he moved to Los Angeles, he quickly became interested in hip hop culture, including breakdancing and graffiti. Before learning to DJ, he started off as a beatboxer. He later practiced DJing using his friend's turntables and mixer.


title: DJ Lethal

text: In the late 1980s, Dimant became friends with a rapper who, at that time, dated rapper Everlast. When Everlast was about to go on a European tour with Ice-T and Rhyme Syndicate, he mentioned that he would like to hear Dimant beatbox, and they met. Everlast was impressed by his beatboxing skills, and he invited Dimant to be his DJ on the upcoming tour. Dimant, who was only 16 at the time, decided to do so and dropped out of school.


title: DJ Lethal

text: After the tour, in 1990, Everlast's first solo album, including a track featuring scratching by Dimant, was released to both critical and commercial failure.


title: DJ Lethal

text: Following that, Everlast and Dimant, now known as DJ Lethal, decided to start a group, and with the addition of Everlast's high school friend Danny Boy, House of Pain was formed. The group's 1992 self-titled debut album went multi-platinum and is best known for the DJ Muggs-produced hit single "Jump Around" and the DJ Lethal-produced "Shamrocks and Shenanigans". A second album was released in 1994.


title: DJ Lethal

text: In 1996, on the eve of the release of the group's third album, produced by Everlast and DJ Lethal, things began to go sour. DJ Lethal claims it started to become a hassle, and simply was not fun anymore. The day before the album came out, the group broke up.


title: DJ Lethal

text: On House of Pain's final tour, Limp Bizkit, an up-and-coming band from Jacksonville, Florida was hired as a supporting act. DJ Lethal and the band became friends, and later, Limp Bizkit hired him to do some work on their recordings, eventually asking him if he wanted to join them. DJ Lethal accepted the offer, and the band became one of the most popular nu metal groups during the late 90s and early 2000s, selling over 40 million records worldwide.


title: DJ Lethal

text: DJ Lethal wanted his contributions to the band recordings to be more original than typical DJs in bands at the time. "There are a couple of other rock bands that have DJs and they're just like, [mimics a chirp scratch] 'Hey, what's going on? Let me spin around a couple of times and show off that I can spin two records.' So I definitely knew I didn't want to be just another DJ in a rock band. I wanted to be another instrument—a part of the band, like another guitar player."


title: DJ Lethal

text: On March 17, 2018, five years after his departure from the band, DJ Lethal reunited with Limp Bizkit on stage during a concert in New Zealand. He later announced through Twitter that he had officially rejoined Limp Bizkit.


title: DJ Lethal

text: Besides the work with his groups, DJ Lethal is producing records in his Hollywood based studio, working for artists such as Scott Harris, and is also preparing his long-delayed solo album, which is set to feature will.i.am, Ol' Dirty Bastard, Chester Bennington, Kurupt, Cypress Hill, Redman, Tha Alkaholiks, Adil Omar, Rock of Heltah Skeltah, Pharoahe Monch, Chino XL, Diamond D, Dilated Peoples, Yung Berg, Method Man, Streetlife, Talib Kweli, Bun B and more, along with his La Coka Nostra bandmates.


title: DJ Lethal

text: In a 2009 interview with the Latvian newspaper "Diena", Dimant professed to still feeling "Latvian" despite his many years in the USA. This connection stems from the fact that he was born there, and has a grandmother, other relatives, and many friends of the family there. He mentions Laima Vaikule as an important family friend who encouraged him to maintain contacts with the country of his birth.


title: DJ Lethal

text: During his early years growing up in Riga, Dimant spoke mainly Russian at home and at school. He says his parents could speak Latvian, but did not want their son to learn it, so that they could have private conversations without him being able to understand. Nevertheless, Dimant can still recall several phrases in Latvian, such as ""Nevajag viņam!"" ('He doesn't need [it] !').


title: Friday After Next

text: Friday After Next is a 2002 American stoner comedy film directed by Marcus Raboy and starring Ice Cube (who also wrote the film), Mike Epps (in a dual role), John Witherspoon, Don "D.C." Curry, Anna Maria Horsford, and Clifton Powell. It is the third and final installment in the "Friday" trilogy. The film was theatrically released on November 22, 2002, to generally negative reviews.


title: Friday After Next

text: On the early morning of Christmas Eve, a robber disguised as Santa Claus breaks into Craig and Day-Day's apartment. Craig tries to fend him off, while making failed frantic calls to Day-Day who is still sleeping. The robber ultimately ends up escaping with Craig and Day-Day's Christmas presents and rent money. Craig and Day-Day then file a police report.


title: Friday After Next

text: After the police leave, Craig and Day-Day are confronted by their landlady Ms. Pearly, who warns them that if the two do not pay their overdue rent by the end of the day, she will evict them. Furthermore, she promises to send her son Damon, a newly released ex-convict who developed homosexual tendencies in prison, after them if they do not pay in a timely manner. Craig and Day-Day get ready to start their first day jobs as security guards from the property manager Moly, who is the owner of a notoriously squalid doughnut shop and the shopping center that they are assigned to patrol.


title: Friday After Next

text: The shopping center is also the home of a BBQ rib restaurant called "Bros. BBQ", co-owned by the cousins' father Willie and Elroy. Shortly after they come on duty, the power of being a security guard goes to Day-Day's head, and he begins hassling carolers and shoppers, forcing Craig to keep him in line. The two and Elroy are then robbed at assumed gunpoint by the same robber who burglarized their apartment and subsequently chase him down, but are unable to catch him. Later that day, the two meet Donna and her pimp Money Mike, who run a fledgling shop called 'Pimps and Hoes'.


title: Friday After Next

text: Soon after, a couple of baseheads pull off a scheme to try to shoplift from Money Mike's store, but Craig and Day-Day catch them both and turn them over to the police. Mike offers them a cash reward, but Craig refuses it and instead invites him to his and Day-Day's Christmas Eve party.


title: Friday After Next

text: In "Bros. BBQ" as the adults entertain some of the neighborhood children while dressed up as Christmas figures, Willie and Elroy begin having trouble with some of them due to their bad attitudes. When one of them kicks Elroy, he retaliates by taking out his belt and starts a series of beatings on the kids.


title: Friday After Next

text: As Craig and Day-Day are about to take a lunch break, a gang of thugs (supposedly the grandsons of the carolers that were earlier chased off by Day-Day) chase after them. After failing to catch them, the gang members proceed to beat up Moly for supposedly hiding them, resulting in Craig and Day-Day getting fired for not helping him, despite being on their break at the time. As revenge, Willie calls the Department of Health on Moly, whose inspectors then proceed to chase him.


title: Friday After Next

text: Later that night, Craig and Day-Day convert their Christmas Eve party into a rent party to recoup their stolen rent money. Many of Craig and Day-Day's friends and family show up including Money Mike and Donna, Day-Day's old boss Pinky, and Damon. While Money Mike is in the bathroom, he is confronted by Damon who attempts to sexually assault him, but fails when Money Mike crunches his testicles with pliers. With the bathroom occupied, Craig tells Willie to ask Ms. Pearly if he can use her bathroom. Ms. Pearly then attempts to seduce Willie, but Craig's mother Betty catches and attacks her. After Money Mike lets go of Damon, Damon chases him through the neighborhood after Donna drives off without him.


title: Friday After Next

text: Craig and Day-Day see the robber and after ambushing him inside his hideout, they chase him all over the neighborhood, running into several obstacles, in the process until he is eventually hit by Pinky's limousine. Craig and Day-Day then retrieve their stolen rent money and Christmas presents, and tie the robber up on his roof, leaving him there for the police.


title: Friday After Next

text: Meanwhile, Damon continues chasing Money Mike throughout the neighborhood. Ms. Pearly tries to call the police on the party, but Craig and Day-Day buy them off with marijuana. Day-Day hooks up with two of Pinky's girls before Betty walks in on him. Craig convinces Donna to return to the party and the two end up having sex in Craig's room.


title: Friday After Next

text: "Friday After Next" grossed $13 million in its opening weekend, finishing third at the box office. It made $7.4 million in its second weekend (including $10.6 million over the five-day Thanksgiving frame), falling to sixth. It went on to gross $33.5 million worldwide.


title: Friday After Next

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The site's critical consensus reads, "This "Friday" installment is more shapeless and stale than its predecessors." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 35 out of 100, based on 24 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Friday After Next

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it 2 out of 4 and wrote: "I guess there's an audience for it, and Ice Cube has paid dues in better and more positive movies ("Barbershop" among them). But surely laughs can be found in something other than this worked-over material. "


title: Friday After Next

text: Ernest Hardy of L.A. Weekly called it "Loud, chaotic and largely unfunny," and Jay Boyar of the Orlando Sentinel wrote: "To call this film a lump of coal would only be to flatter it."


title: Friday After Next

text: Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times gave it a positive review: "Fast and raunchy, Friday After Next surely stands apart from other holiday-themed movies for its gleeful low-down humor and a raft of uninhibited characters involved in one outrageous predicament after another."


title: Friday After Next

text: Friday After Next is the soundtrack from the film of the same name. It peaked at number 23 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.


title: Legionella

text: Legionella is a genus of pathogenic gram-negative bacteria that includes the species "L. pneumophila", causing legionellosis (all illnesses caused by "Legionella") including a pneumonia-type illness called Legionnaires' disease and a mild flu-like illness called Pontiac fever.


title: Legionella

text: "Legionella" may be visualized with a silver stain or cultured in cysteine-containing media such as buffered charcoal yeast extract agar. It is common in many environments, including soil and aquatic systems, with at least 50 species and 70 serogroups identified. These bacteria, however, are not transmissible from person to person; furthermore, most people exposed to the bacteria do not become ill. Most outbreaks are traced to poorly maintained cooling towers.


title: Legionella

text: The side chains of the cell wall carry the bases responsible for the somatic antigen specificity of these organisms. The chemical composition of these side chains both with respect to components and arrangement of the different sugars determines the nature of the somatic or O antigen determinants, which are essential means of serologically classifying many gram-negative bacteria.


title: Legionella

text: "Legionella" acquired its name after an outbreak in 1976 of a then-unknown "mystery disease" sickened 221 people, causing 34 deaths. The outbreak was first noticed among attendees at a convention of the American Legion—an association of U.S. military veterans. The convention occurred in Philadelphia during the U.S. Bicentennial year on July 21–24, 1976. This epidemic among U.S. war veterans, occurring in the same city as—and within days of the 200th anniversary of—the signing of the Declaration of Independence, was widely publicized and caused great concern in the United States. On January 18, 1977, the causative agent was identified as a previously unknown bacterium subsequently named "Legionella".


title: Legionella

text: "Legionella" is traditionally detected by culture on buffered charcoal yeast extract agar. It requires the presence of cysteine and iron to grow, so does not grow on common blood agar media used for laboratory-based total viable counts or on-site dipslides. Common laboratory procedures for the detection of "Legionella" in water concentrate the bacteria (by centrifugation and/or filtration through 0.2-μm filters) before inoculation onto a charcoal yeast extract agar containing selective agents (e.g. glycine, vancomycin, polymixin, cyclohexamide, GVPC) to suppress other flora in the sample. Heat or acid treatment are also used to reduce interference from other microbes in the sample.


title: Legionella

text: After incubation for up to 10 days, suspect colonies are confirmed as "Legionella" if they grow on buffered charcoal yeast extract agar containing cysteine, but not on agar without cysteine added. Immunological techniques are then commonly used to determine the species and/or serogroups of bacteria present in the sample.


title: Legionella

text: Although the plating method is quite specific for most species of "Legionella", one study has shown that a coculture method that accounts for the close relationship with amoebae may be more sensitive, since it can detect the presence of the bacteria even when masked by their presence inside the amoebae. Consequently, the clinical and environmental prevalences of the bacteria are likely to be underestimated due to the current laboratory methodology.


title: Legionella

text: Many hospitals use the "Legionella" urinary antigen test for initial detection when "Legionella" pneumonia is suspected. Some of the advantages offered by this test are that the results can be obtained in hours rather than the several days required for culture, and that a urine specimen is generally more easily obtained than a sputum specimen. Disadvantages are that the urine antigen test only detects antigen of "Legionella pneumophila" serogroup 1 (LP1); only a culture will detect infection by non-LP1 strains or other "Legionella" species and that isolates of "Legionella" are not obtained, which impairs public health investigations of outbreaks.


title: Legionella

text: New techniques for the rapid detection of "Legionella" in water samples have been developed, including the use of polymerase chain reaction and rapid immunological assays. These technologies can typically provide much faster results.


title: Legionella

text: Government public-health surveillance has demonstrated increasing proportions of drinking water–associated outbreaks, specifically in healthcare settings.


title: Legionella

text: Analyses of genome sequences from "Legionellales" have identified 24 conserved signature indels (CSIs) in diverse proteins including 30S ribosomal protein S8, periplasmic serine endoprotease DegP precursor, DNA polymerase I, and ABC transporter permease, etc. that are specifically present in different species from the genus "Legionella". These molecular signatures provide novel and reliable means for distinguishing members of the genus "Legionella" from all other bacteria and for their diagnostics.


title: Legionella

text: In the natural environment, "Legionella" lives within amoebae such as "Acanthamoeba" spp., "Naegleria" spp., "Vermamoeba" spp., or other protozoa such as "Tetrahymena pyriformis".


title: Legionella

text: Upon inhalation, the bacteria can infect alveolar macrophages, where they can replicate. This results in Legionnaires' disease and the less severe illness Pontiac fever. "Legionella" transmission is via inhalation of water droplets from a contaminated source that has allowed the organism to grow and spread (e.g., cooling towers). Transmission also occurs less commonly via aspiration of drinking water from an infected source. Person-to-person transmission has not been demonstrated, though it could be possible in rare cases.


title: Legionella

text: Once inside a host, the incubation period may be up to two weeks. Prodromal symptoms are flu-like, including fever, chills, and dry cough. Advanced stages of the disease cause problems with the gastrointestinal tract and the nervous system and lead to diarrhea and nausea. Other advanced symptoms of pneumonia may also present. However, the disease is generally not a threat to most healthy individuals, and tends to lead to severe symptoms more often in immunocompromised hosts and the elderly. Consequently, the water systems of hospitals and nursing homes should be periodically monitored. The Texas Department of State Health Services provides recommendations for hospitals to detect and prevent the spread of hospital-acquired disease due to "Legionella" infection. According to "Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology", hospital-acquired "Legionella" pneumonia has a fatality rate of 28%, and the source is the water distribution system.


title: Legionella

text: "Legionella" species typically exist in nature at low concentrations, in groundwater, lakes, and streams. They reproduce after entering man-made equipment, given the right environmental conditions. In the United States, the disease affects between 8,000 and 18,000 individuals a year.


title: Legionella

text: Documented sources include cooling towers, swimming pools (especially in Scandinavian countries), domestic water systems and showers, ice-making machines, refrigerated cabinets, whirlpool spas, hot springs, fountains, dental equipment, soil, automobile windshield washer fluid, industrial coolant, and waste water treatment plants.


title: Legionella

text: The largest and one of the most common source of Legionnaires' disease outbreaks are cooling towers (heat rejection equipment used in air conditioning and industrial cooling water systems) primarily because of the risk for widespread circulation. Many governmental agencies, cooling tower manufacturers, and industrial trade organisations have developed design and maintenance guidelines for controlling the growth and proliferation of "Legionella" within cooling towers.


title: Legionella

text: Research in the "Journal of Infectious Diseases" (2006) provided evidence that "L. pneumophila", the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, can travel at least 6 km from its source by airborne spread. It was previously believed that transmission of the bacterium was restricted to much shorter distances. A team of French scientists reviewed the details of an epidemic of Legionnaires' disease that took place in Pas-de-Calais, northern France, in 2003–2004. Of 86 confirmed cases during the outbreak, 18 resulted in death. The source of infection was identified as a cooling tower in a petrochemical plant, and an analysis of those affected in the outbreak revealed that some infected people lived as far as 6–7 km from the plant.


title: Legionella

text: Because of these risks, a UK legal mandate requires owners to notify the local authorities of any cooling towers a company operates. Cooling Tower Notification


title: Legionella

text: As outlined above, cooling towers are well established as sources of "Legionella" that may have an effect on community exposure to the bacterium and Legionnaires' disease epidemics. In addition to cooling towers, use of swimming pools, spa pools, and other recreational water bodies has also been shown to increase risk of exposure to "Legionella", though this differs by species of "Legionella". In a review of disease caused by recreational exposure to "Legionella", most exposures occurred in spas or pools used by the public (hotels or recreational centers) or in natural settings (hot springs or thermal water).


title: Legionella

text: Hotels and other tourist destinations have contributed to "Legionella" exposure. Relative danger at commonly used facilities with heating and cooling water systems depends on several factors, such as the water source, how much "Legionella" is present (if there is any), if and how the water system is treated, how people are interacting with this water, and other factors that make the water systems so dynamic.


title: Legionella

text: In addition to tourists and other recreators, gardeners may be at increased risk for exposure to "Legionella". In some countries (like Australia), "Legionella" lives in soil and compost. Warmer temperatures and increased rainfall in some regions of the world due to climate change may impact "Legionella" in soil, gardeners seasonal exposure to contaminated soil, and complex water systems used by the public.


title: Legionella

text: Not only are "Legionella" spp. present in man-made water systems and infrastructure, but this bacteria also lives in natural bodies of water, such as lakes and rivers. Weather patterns and other environmental factors may increase risk of "Legionella" outbreaks; a study in Minnesota, USA, using outbreak information from 2011 to 2018 showed precipitation as having the greatest effect of increasing risk of "Legionella" exposure when taking into account other environmental factors (temperature, relative humidity, land use and age of infected person). Weather patterns heavily relate to the established infrastructure and water sources, especially in urban settings. In the US, most cases of "Legionella" infection have occurred in the summertime, though they were likely more associated with rainfall and humidity than summer temperatures. Severe rain patterns can increase risk of water source contamination through flooding and unseasonable rains; therefore, natural disasters, especially those associated with climate change, may increase risk of exposure to "Legionella".


title: Legionella

text: No vaccine is available for legionellosis. Vaccination studies using heat-killed or acetone-killed cells have been carried out in guinea pigs, which were then given "Legionella" intraperitoneally or by aerosol. Both vaccines were shown to give moderately high levels of protection. Protection was dose-dependent and correlated with antibody levels as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to an outer membrane antigen and by indirect immunofluorescence to heat-killed cells. However, a licensed vaccine is most likely still many years away.


title: Legionella

text: "Legionella" has been discovered to be a genetically diverse species with 7-11% of genes strain-specific. The molecular function of some of the proven virulence factors of "Legionella" have been discovered.


title: Legionella

text: A biomonitoring solution exists in a "Legionella"-specific aptamer-based assay. Control of "Legionella" growth can occur through chemical, thermal or ultraviolet treatment methods.


title: Legionella

text: The more expensive option is temperature control—i.e., keeping all cold water below and all hot water above . The high cost incurred with this method arises from the extensive retrofitting required for existing complex distribution systems in large facilities and the energy cost of chilling or heating the water and maintaining the required temperatures at all times and at all distal points within the system.


title: Legionella

text: A very effective chemical treatment is chlorine. For systems with marginal issues, chlorine provides effective results at 0.5 ppm residual in the hot water system. For systems with significant "Legionella" problems, temporary shock chlorination—where levels are raised to higher than 2 ppm for a period of 24 hours or more and then returned to 0.5 ppm—may be effective. Hyperchlorination can also be used where the water system is taken out of service and the chlorine residual is raised to 50 ppm or higher at all distal points for 24 hours or more. The system is then flushed and returned to 0.5 ppm chlorine prior to being placed back into service. These high levels of chlorine penetrate biofilm, killing both the "Legionella" bacteria and the host organisms. Annual hyperchlorination can be an effective part of a comprehensive "Legionella" preventive action plan.


title: Legionella

text: Industrial-sized copper-silver ionization is recognized by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and WHO for "Legionella" control and prevention. Copper and silver ion concentrations must be maintained at optimal levels, taking into account both water flow and overall water usage, to control "Legionella". The disinfection function within all of a facility's water distribution network occurs within 30 to 45 days. Key engineering features such as 10 amps per ion chamber cell and automated variable voltage outputs having no less than 100 VDC are but a few of the required features for proper "Legionella" control and prevention, using a specific, nonreferenced copper-silver system. Swimming pool ion generators are not designed for potable water treatment.


title: Legionella

text: Questions remain whether the silver and copper ion concentrations required for effective control of symbiotic hosts could exceed those allowed under the U.S. Safe Drinking Water Act's Lead and Copper Rule. In any case, any facility or public water system using copper-silver for disinfection should monitor its copper and silver ion concentrations to ensure they are within intended levels – both minimum and maximum. Further, no current standards for silver in the EU and other regions allow use of this technology.


title: Legionella

text: Copper-silver ionization is an effective process to control "Legionella" in potable water distribution systems found in health facilities, hotels, nursing homes, and most large buildings. However, it is not intended for cooling towers because of pH levels greater than 8.6, that cause ionic copper to precipitate. Furthermore, tolyltriazole, a common additive in cooling water treatment, could bind the copper making it ineffective. Ionization became the first such hospital disinfection process to have fulfilled a proposed four-step modality evaluation; by then, it had been adopted by over 100 hospitals. Additional studies indicate ionization is superior to thermal eradication.


title: Legionella

text: Chlorine dioxide has been approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as a primary disinfectant of potable water since 1945. Chlorine dioxide does not produce any carcinogenic byproducts like chlorine when used in the purification of drinking water that contains natural organic compounds such as humic and fulvic acids; chlorine tends to form halogenated disinfection byproducts such as trihalomethanes. Drinking water containing such disinfection byproducts has been shown to increase the risk of cancer. ClO works differently from chlorine; its action is one of pure oxidation rather than halogenation, so these halogenated byproducts are not formed.


title: Legionella

text: Chlorine dioxide is not a restricted heavy metal like copper. It has proven excellent control of "Legionella" in cold and hot water systems and its ability as a biocide is not affected by pH, or any water corrosion inhibitors such as silica or phosphate. However, it is 'quenched' by metal oxides, especially manganese and iron. Metal oxide concentrations above 0.5 mg/L may inhibit its activity. Monochloramine is an alternative. Like chlorine and chlorine dioxide, monochloramine is approved by the Environmental Protection Agency as a primary potable water disinfectant. Environmental Protection Agency registration requires a biocide label which lists toxicity and other data required for all registered biocides. If the product is being sold as a biocide, then the manufacturer is legally required to supply a biocide label, and the purchaser is legally required to apply the biocide per the biocide label. When first applied to a system, chlorine dioxide can be added at disinfection levels of 2 ppm for 6 hours to clean up a system. This will not remove all biofilm, but will effectively remediate the system of "Legionella".


title: Legionella

text: Moist heat sterilization (superheating to and flushing) is a nonchemical treatment that typically must be repeated every 3–5 weeks.


title: Legionella

text: Ultraviolet light, in the range of 200 to 300 nm, can inactivate Legionella. According to a review by the US EPA, three-log (99.9%) inactivation can be achieved with a dose of less than 7 mJ/cm.


title: Legionella

text: A "Legionella"-specific aptamer has been discovered and in 2022 was developed into an assay for detecting to a limit of 10 cells/mL with no processing steps.


title: Legionella

text: Several European countries established the European Working Group for Legionella Infections to share knowledge and experience about monitoring potential sources of "Legionella". The working group has published guidelines about the actions to be taken to limit the number of colony-forming units (that is, live bacteria that are able to multiply) of "Legionella" per litre:


title: Legionella

text: Monitoring guidelines are stated in Approved Code of Practice L8 in the UK. These are not mandatory, but are widely regarded as so. An employer or property owner must follow an Approved Code of Practice, or achieve the same result. Failure to show monitoring records to at least this standard has resulted in several high-profile prosecutions, e.g. Nalco + Bulmers – neither could prove a sufficient scheme to be in place while investigating an outbreak, therefore both were fined about £300,000GBP. Important case law in this area is R v Trustees of the Science Museum 3 All ER 853, (1993) 1 WLR 1171


title: Legionella

text: Employers and those responsible for premises within the UK are required under Control of Substances Hazardous to Health to undertake an assessment of the risks arising from Legionella. This risk assessment may be very simple for low risk premises, however for larger or higher risk properties may include a narrative of the site, asset register, simplified schematic drawings, recommendations on compliance, and a proposed monitoring scheme.


title: Legionella

text: The L8 Approved Code of Practice recommends that the risk assessment should be reviewed at least every 2 years and whenever a reason exists to suspect it is no longer valid, such as water systems have been amended or modified, or if the use of the water system has changed, or if there is reason to suspect that Legionella control measures are no longer working.


title: Legionella

text: "Legionella" could be used as a weapon, and indeed genetic modification of "L. pneumophila" has been shown where the mortality rate in infected animals can be increased to nearly 100%. A former Soviet bioengineer, Sergei Popov, stated in 2000 that his team experimented with genetically enhanced bioweapons, including "Legionella". Popov worked as a lead researcher at the Vector Institute from 1976 to 1986, then at Obolensk until 1992, when he defected to the West. He later divulged much of the Soviet biological weapons program and settled in the United States.


title: Kite (bird)

text: Kite () is the common name for certain birds of prey in the family Accipitridae, particularly in subfamilies Milvinae, [], and Perninae. The term is derived from Old English "cȳta" (“kite; bittern”), from the Proto-Indo-European root *"gū- ", "screech."


title: Kite (bird)

text: Some authors use the terms "hovering kite" and "soaring kite" to distinguish between "Elanus" and the milvine kites, respectively. The group may also be differentiated by size, referring to milvine kites as "large kites", and elanine kites as "small kites".


title: Kite (bird)

text: In 1824, Vigors proposed five divisions or "stirpes" of the family Falconidae: Aquilina (eagles), Accipitrina (hawks), Falconina (falcons), Buteonina (buzzards) and Milvina (kites, containing two genera "Elanus" and "Milvus"). He characterized the kites as having weaker bill and feebler talons than the buzzards, tail more or less forked, and wings longer than the tail.


title: Kite (bird)

text: In "Elanus", he grouped the black-winged kite (now several "Elanus" spp.), scissor-tailed kite (now "Chelictinia"), and swallow-tailed kite (now "Elanoides"). These species all have pointed wings with the second primary the longest. The pattern of scales on the legs (acrotarsi) is reticulated, and the toes are separated. But Vigors noted that only the black-winged kite had rounded undersides on the nails of its talons, a trait found in the osprey but not in any other raptors, and thus suggested a separation of "Elanus" into two sections. A year later, he established a separate genus "Nauclerus" for the scissor- and swallow-tailed kites.


title: Kite (bird)

text: "Milvus" contained the familiar red and black kites. The fourth primary feather is the longest, leg scales are scutellated, and the exterior toe is united to the middle toe by a membrane.


title: Kite (bird)

text: Vigors placed "Ictinia" – "the "Milan Cresserelle" of M. Vieillot" and "the "Mississippi Kite" of Mr. Wilson" – into Buteonina. Though noting that "the wings are of considerable length, extending far beyond the tail, a character which has induced M. Vieillot and others to place this bird near the "Kites"", he wrote that the strong affinity in characteristics and manners warranted it to be placed closer to the falcons.


title: Kite (bird)

text: Swann's 1922 synopsis grouped all the kites together with the "cuckoo-falcons" and honey buzzards into a large Milvinæ subfamily. His order was: "Elanoides", "Chelictinia", "Milvus", "Lophoictinia", "Rostrhamus", "Helicolestes", "Chondrohierax", "Odontriorchis", "Gypoictinia" (="Hamirostra"), "Elanus", "Gampsonyx", "Ictinia", "Harpagus", "Baza", "Aviceda", "Henicopernis", "Machærhamphus", "Pernis".


title: Kite (bird)

text: In contrast, Peters grouped the large kites into subfamily Milvinae and most small kites into Elaninae, with a few small kites joining the honey-buzzards and bazas in Perninae. His arrangement of kite genera was as follows:


title: Kite (bird)

text: The pearl kite "Gampsonyx" had variously been placed with the accipiters, forest-falcons, or elanine kites. It was not until the 1960s that a similar molt schedule established its affinity to "Elanus".


title: Kite (bird)

text: By 2015, genetic research showed that many of the kite genera are related to honey-buzzards, and that the tiny bat hawk ("Machaerhamphus " or "Macheirhamphus") is actually related to the huge harpy eagles. Several of the large kites are related more closely to the "Buteo" hawks (buzzards) than to the group of "true" kites and sea-eagles.


title: Kite (bird)

text: Boyd places the "true" milvine kites ("Milvus" and "Haliastur") with the sea-eagles in tribe Milvini within Buteoninae. This results in the following arrangement (genera in parentheses are not generally called kites):


title: Kite (bird)

text: As early as 1882, Anton Reichenow had also placed Section Milvinæ alongside Section Buteoninæ in Subfamily Buteoninæ.


title: Kite (bird)

text: Isis is said in ancient Egyptian mythology to have taken the form of a kite in various situations in order to resurrect the dead.


title: Kite (bird)

text: It also figures in several fables by Aesop which underline its character as a predator: The Sick Kite, The Kite and the Doves and a variant of The Crow and the Snake.


title: Industrial design

text: Industrial design is a process of design applied to physical products that are to be manufactured by mass production. It is the creative act of determining and defining a product's form and features, which takes place in advance of the manufacture or production of the product. It consists purely of repeated, often automated, replication, while craft-based design is a process or approach in which the form of the product is determined by the product's creator largely concurrent with the act of its production.


title: Industrial design

text: All manufactured products are the result of a design process, but the nature of this process can vary. It can be conducted by an individual or a team, and such a team could include people with varied expertise (e.g. designers, engineers, business experts, etc.). It can emphasize intuitive creativity or calculated scientific decision-making, and often emphasizes a mix of both. It can be influenced by factors as varied as materials, production processes, business strategy, and prevailing social, commercial, or aesthetic attitudes. Industrial design, as an applied art, most often focuses on a combination of aesthetics and user-focused considerations, but also often provides solutions for problems of form, function, physical ergonomics, marketing, brand development, sustainability, and sales.


title: Industrial design

text: For several millennia before the onset of industrialization, design, technical expertise, and manufacturing was often done by individual craftsmen, who determined the form of a product at the point of its creation, according to their own manual skill, the requirements of their clients, experience accumulated through their own experimentation, and knowledge passed on to them through training or apprenticeship.


title: Industrial design

text: The division of labour that underlies the practice of industrial design did have precedents in the pre-industrial era. The growth of trade in the medieval period led to the emergence of large workshops in cities such as Florence, Venice, Nuremberg, and Bruges, where groups of more specialized craftsmen made objects with common forms through the repetitive duplication of models which defined by their shared training and technique. Competitive pressures in the early 16th century led to the emergence in Italy and Germany of pattern books: collections of engravings illustrating decorative forms and motifs which could be applied to a wide range of products, and whose creation took place in advance of their application. The use of drawing to specify how something was to be constructed later was first developed by architects and shipwrights during the Italian Renaissance.


title: Industrial design

text: In the 17th century, the growth of artistic patronage in centralized monarchical states such as France led to large government-operated manufacturing operations epitomized by the Gobelins Manufactory, opened in Paris in 1667 by Louis XIV. Here teams of hundreds of craftsmen, including specialist artists, decorators and engravers, produced sumptuously decorated products ranging from tapestries and furniture to metalwork and coaches, all under the creative supervision of the King's leading artist Charles Le Brun. This pattern of large-scale royal patronage was repeated in the court porcelain factories of the early 18th century, such as the Meissen porcelain workshops established in 1709 by the Grand Duke of Saxony, where patterns from a range of sources, including court goldsmiths, sculptors, and engravers, were used as models for the vessels and figurines for which it became famous. As long as reproduction remained craft-based, however, the form and artistic quality of the product remained in the hands of the individual craftsman, and tended to decline as the scale of production increased.


title: Industrial design

text: The emergence of industrial design is specifically linked to the growth of industrialization and mechanization that began with the industrial revolution in Great Britain in the mid 18th century. The rise of industrial manufacture changed the way objects were made, urbanization changed patterns of consumption, the growth of empires broadened tastes and diversified markets, and the emergence of a wider middle class created demand for fashionable styles from a much larger and more heterogeneous population.


title: Industrial design

text: The first use of the term "industrial design" is often attributed to the industrial designer Joseph Claude Sinel in 1919 (although he himself denied this in interviews), but the discipline predates 1919 by at least a decade. Christopher Dresser is considered among the first independent industrial designers. Industrial design's origins lie in the industrialization of consumer products. For instance, the Deutscher Werkbund, founded in 1907 and a precursor to the Bauhaus, was a state-sponsored effort to integrate traditional crafts and industrial mass-production techniques, to put Germany on a competitive footing with Great Britain and the United States.


title: Industrial design

text: "The Practical Draughtsman's Book of Industrial Design" by Jacques-Eugène Armengaud was printed in 1853. The subtitle of the (translated) work explains, that it wants to offer a "complete course of mechanical, engineering, and architectural drawing." The study of those types of technical drawing, according to Armengaud, belongs to the field of industrial design. This work paved the way for a big expansion in the field of drawing education in France, the United Kingdom, and the United States.


title: Industrial design

text: Robert Lepper helped to establish one of the country's first industrial design degree programs in 1934 at Carnegie Institute of Technology.


title: Industrial design

text: Product design and industrial design overlap in the fields of user interface design, information design, and interaction design. Various schools of industrial design specialize in one of these aspects, ranging from pure art colleges and design schools (product styling), to mixed programs of engineering and design, to related disciplines such as exhibit design and interior design, to schools that almost completely subordinated aesthetic design to concerns of usage and ergonomics, the so-called "functionalist" school. Except for certain functional areas of overlap between industrial design and engineering design, the former is considered an applied art while the latter is an applied science. Educational programs in the U.S. for engineering require accreditation by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) in contrast to programs for industrial design which are accredited by the National Association of Schools of Art and Design (NASAD). Of course, engineering education requires heavy training in mathematics and physical sciences, which is not typically required in industrial design education.


title: Industrial design

text: Most industrial designers complete a design or related program at a vocational school or university. Relevant programs include graphic design, interior design, industrial design, architectural technology, and drafting Diplomas and degrees in industrial design are offered at vocational schools and universities worldwide. Diplomas and degrees take two to four years of study. The study results in a Bachelor of Industrial Design (B.I.D.), Bachelor of Science (B.Sc) or Bachelor of Fine Arts (B.F.A.). Afterwards, the bachelor programme can be extended to postgraduate degrees such as Master of Design, Master of Fine Arts and others to a Master of Arts or Master of Science.


title: Industrial design

text: Industrial design studies function and form—and the connection between product, user, and environment. Generally, industrial design professionals work in small scale design, rather than overall design of complex systems such as buildings or ships. Industrial designers don't usually design motors, electrical circuits, or gearing that make machines move, but they may affect technical aspects through usability design and form relationships. Usually, they work with other professionals such as engineers who focus on the mechanical and other functional aspects of the product, assuring functionality and manufacturability, and with marketers to identify and fulfill customer needs and expectations.


title: Industrial design

text: Design, itself, is often difficult to describe to non-designers because the meaning accepted by the design community is not made of words. Instead, the definition is created as a result of acquiring a critical framework for the analysis and creation of artifacts. One of the many accepted (but intentionally unspecific) definitions of design originates from Carnegie Mellon's School of Design: "Everyone designs who devises courses of action aimed at changing existing situations into preferred ones." This applies to new artifacts, whose existing state is undefined, and previously created artifacts, whose state stands to be improved.


title: Industrial design

text: Industrial design can overlap significantly with engineering design, and in different countries the boundaries of the two concepts can vary, but in general engineering focuses principally on functionality or utility of products, whereas industrial design focuses principally on "aesthetic and user-interface" aspects of products. In many jurisdictions this distinction is effectively defined by credentials and/or licensure required to engage in the practice of engineering. "Industrial design" as such does not overlap much with the engineering sub-discipline of industrial engineering, except for the latter's sub-specialty of ergonomics.


title: Industrial design

text: At the 29th General Assembly in Gwangju, South Korea, 2015, the Professional Practise Committee unveiled a renewed definition of industrial design as follows:


title: Industrial design

text: "Industrial Design is a strategic problem-solving process that drives innovation, builds business success and leads to a better quality of life through innovative products, systems, services and experiences."


title: Industrial design

text: "Industrial Design is a strategic problem-solving process that drives innovation, builds business success and leads to a better quality of life through innovative products, systems, services and experiences. Industrial Design bridges the gap between what is and what's possible. It is a trans-disciplinary profession that harnesses creativity to resolve problems and co-create solutions with the intent of making a product, system, service, experience or a business, better. At its heart, Industrial Design provides a more optimistic way of looking at the future by reframing problems as opportunities. It links innovation, technology, research, business and customers to provide new value and competitive advantage across economic, social and environmental spheres.


title: Industrial design

text: Industrial Designers place the human in the centre of the process. They acquire a deep understanding of user needs through empathy and apply a pragmatic, user centric problem solving process to design products, systems, services and experiences. They are strategic stakeholders in the innovation process and are uniquely positioned to bridge varied professional disciplines and business interests. They value the economic, social and environmental impact of their work and their contribution towards co-creating a better quality of life. "


title: Industrial design

text: Although the process of design may be considered 'creative,' many analytical processes also take place. In fact, many industrial designers often use various design methodologies in their creative process. Some of the processes that are commonly used are user research, sketching, comparative product research, model making, prototyping and testing. These processes are best defined by the industrial designers and/or other team members. Industrial designers often utilize 3D software, computer-aided industrial design and CAD programs to move from concept to production. They may also build a prototype or scaled down sketch models through a 3D printing process or using balsa wood for modeling. They may then use industrial CT scanning to test for interior defects and generate a CAD model. From this the manufacturing process may be modified to improve the product.


title: Industrial design

text: Product characteristics specified by industrial designers may include the overall form of the object, the location of details with respect to one another, colors, texture, form, and aspects concerning the use of the product. Additionally, they may specify aspects concerning the production process, choice of materials and the way the product is presented to the consumer at the point of sale. The inclusion of industrial designers in a product development process may lead to added value by improving usability, lowering production costs, and developing more appealing products.


title: Industrial design

text: Industrial design may also focus on technical concepts, products, and processes. In addition to aesthetics, usability, and ergonomics, it can also encompass engineering, usefulness, market placement, and other concerns—such as psychology, desire, and the emotional attachment of the user. These values and accompanying aspects that form the basis of industrial design can vary—between different schools of thought, and among practicing designers.


title: Industrial design

text: An industrial designer effectively balances their design process to include both producers and the market. In Design Issues, Vol 12, No.1, released in 1996, Tony Golsby-Smith wrote the following: “the enlightened industrial designer researches the market and its needs, the producing company and its processes of manufacture, as well as its market aspirations.”. In packaging design, a designer determines the usability and source of action of the artifact – like how the package design would attract a consumer, how the material feels, and access its contents. On the producer side, the designer finds the process to which the package is created and how its contents would fit inside. It places industrial designers to filter out information based on their research and determine the best solution. This form of the design process is what industrial designers commonly use today in their profession.


title: Industrial design

text: Third order also explains two services industrial designers offer. The first is the intervention of the designer in the decision-making process directly – this would be a product that is produced once only. The designer would directly focus on ensuring that the product works for the client. The second is when a designer intervenes indirectly in the process. An example of this would be a product that is produced regularly. Designers are tasked to create a prototype and describe how the client is able to adapt to the design process.


title: Industrial design

text: Recently, industrial designers are finding new methods to approach the design process. Industrial designers tend to work within small teams. This method is called participatory design or co-design. These teams would often consist of different professions based on the project at hand. An industrial designer designing a prosthesis would work with a volunteer patient and with a prosthetist throughout this process. It establishes an environment where the designer and the participants are active members throughout the design process – instead of the designer relying on them only as a primary source of research or reference.


title: Industrial design

text: Third order design only focuses on the intended purpose of the product and its relationship with the producer and the market. On the other hand, fourth order design builds on previous design processes while acknowledging a broader spectrum of thought surrounding a product. These include and are not limited to socio-politics, economics, sustainability, ecology, mental health, etc. which is what Golsby-Smith describes as a field where a solution “exists within a series of connected processes.” each with its own intangible factors. He defines these processes as purpose (culture), integration, and system (community). Using culture as a verb that continuously changes over time, in turn, provides a reason for the integration of a solution. Fourth Order emphasizes that a solution does not exist within a vacuum – questioning its value and reason to why it should exist in the world. Industrial designers do not question this in a philosophical way but more so in its practical implementations. It offers a humanistic approach to the design process as it portrays people as a key feature in the overall design process.


title: Industrial design

text: An example of fourth order design can be found in the Rebuild by Design competition launched by the Obama administration after the devastating damages of Hurricane Sandy. The competition was used to encourage designers to find a viable solution to protect New York from future superstorms. Additionally, they pushed to “overcome existing creative and regulatory barriers by cultivating collaboration between designers, researchers, community members, government officials, and subject matter experts.”. The Big U was chosen for the award and given permission to continue with the project. This solution consists of placing flood gates within neighborhoods and berms across the southern tip of Manhattan – providing protection up to 16 feet above current sea level. The main concern is the fact that the team behind the project only planned for it to guard the city until 2050; Based on the rising projections of storm-force sea level. This will inevitably contribute to displacing of lower to middle-class people in Manhattan. An alternative proposal called Living Breakwaters was offered to build a “necklace” at the south shore of Staten Island where most of the erosion damage was done by Hurricane Sandy. The goal of the project is to tackle the revitalization of marine ecologies and ensure the island is able to host plant, animal, and human life. The breakwaters are planned to be made out of concrete boxes to provide lodging for a variety of marine species. This solution successfully identifies its purpose by embracing climate change as an opportunity for a new ecological future; and the system surrounding the ecological and socio-economic disparity in Manhattan. The Big U is currently underway on advancing the construction of a 2.4-mile system located in Stuyvesant Cove, East River Park – which includes extended flood protections, improved waterfront access, and focused entry points to better connect the community to the park, and upgrade existing sewer systems. Moreover, they are also improving open spaces for 110, 000 New Yorkers and 28, 000 public housing residents. This current state of the Big U portrays consideration for the community affected by its construction. It is evident that they are practicing fourth order design but does not consider the culture of climate change after the year 2050.


title: Industrial design

text: Industrial design rights are intellectual property rights that make exclusive the visual design of objects that are not purely utilitarian. A design patent would also be considered under this category. An industrial design consists of the creation of a shape, configuration or composition of pattern or color, or combination of pattern and color in three-dimensional form containing aesthetic value. An industrial design can be a two- or three-dimensional pattern used to produce a product, industrial commodity or handicraft. Under the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs, a WIPO-administered treaty, a procedure for an international registration exists. An applicant can file for a single international deposit with WIPO or with the national office in a country party to the treaty. The design will then be protected in as many member countries of the treaty as desired.


title: Industrial design

text: A number of industrial designers have made such a significant impact on culture and daily life that their work is documented by historians of social science. Alvar Aalto, renowned as an architect, also designed a significant number of household items, such as chairs, stools, lamps, a tea-cart, and vases. Raymond Loewy was a prolific American designer who is responsible for the Royal Dutch Shell corporate logo, the original BP logo (in use until 2000), the PRR S1 steam locomotive, the Studebaker Starlight (including the later bulletnose), as well as Schick electric razors, Electrolux refrigerators, short-wave radios, Le Creuset French ovens, and a complete line of modern furniture, among many other items.


title: Industrial design

text: Richard Teague, who spent most of his career with the American Motors Corporation, originated the concept of using interchangeable body panels so as to create a wide array of different vehicles using the same stampings. He was responsible for such unique automotive designs as the Pacer, Gremlin, Matador coupe, Jeep Cherokee, and the complete interior of the Eagle Premier.


title: Industrial design

text: Milwaukee's Brooks Stevens was best known for his Milwaukee Road Skytop Lounge car and Oscar Mayer Wienermobile designs, among others.


title: Industrial design

text: Viktor Schreckengost designed bicycles manufactured by Murray bicycles for Murray and Sears, Roebuck and Company. With engineer Ray Spiller, he designed the first truck with a cab-over-engine configuration, a design in use to this day. Schreckengost also founded The Cleveland Institute of Art's school of industrial design.


title: Industrial design

text: Oskar Barnack was a German optical engineer, precision mechanic, industrial designer, and the father of 35mm photography. He developed the Leica, which became the hallmark for photography for 50 years, and remains a high-water mark for mechanical and optical design.