title: Bible translations

text: The Bible is the most translated book in the world. The United Bible Societies announced that as of 31 December 2007 the complete Bible was available in 438 languages, 123 of which included the deuterocanonical material as well as the Tanakh and New Testament. Either the Tanakh or the New Testament was available in an additional 1,168 languages, in some kind of translations, like the interlinear morpheme-by-morpheme translation (e.g. some Parallel Bible, with interlinear morphemic glossing).


title: Bible translations

text: In 1999, Wycliffe Bible Translators announced "Vision 2025"—a project that intends to commence Bible translation in every remaining language community by 2025. It was realised that, at the rates of Bible translation at that point, it would take until at least 2150 until Bible translation began in every language that was needing a translation. Since the launch of Vision 2025, Bible translation efforts have increased dramatically, in large part due to the technology that is now available. Due to the increase, at current rates, Bible translation will begin in every language by 2038, thus being 112 years faster.


title: Bible translations

text: As of October 2019, they estimated that around 171 million people spoke those 2,115 languages where translation work still needs to begin. In total, there are 3,969 languages without any bible translation at all, but many of these are likely to never need a Bible because they are very similar to other languages, or spoken by very few speakers.


title: Bible translations

text: A variety of linguistic, philological and ideological approaches to translation have been used. Inside the Bible-translation community, these are commonly categorized as:


title: Bible translations

text: As Hebrew and Greek, the original languages of the Bible, like all languages, have some idioms and concepts not easily translated, there is in some cases an ongoing critical tension about whether it is better to give a word for word translation or to give a translation that gives a parallel idiom in the target language. For instance, in the Douay Rheims Bible, Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition, New American Bible Revised Edition, which are the English language Catholic translations, as well as Protestant translations like the King James Bible, the Darby Bible, the Recovery Version, the Literal Standard Version, the New Revised Standard Version, the Modern Literal Version, and the New American Standard Bible are seen as more literal translations (or "word for word"), whereas translations like the New International Version and New Living Translation sometimes attempt to give relevant parallel idioms. The Living Bible and The Message are two paraphrases of the Bible that try to convey the original meaning in contemporary language. The further away one gets from word for word translation, the easier the text becomes to read while relying more on the theological, linguistic or cultural understanding of the translator, which one would not normally expect a lay reader to require. On the other hand, as one gets closer to a word for word translation, the text becomes more literal but still relies on similar problems of meaningful translation at the word level and makes it difficult for lay readers to interpret due to their unfamiliarity with ancient idioms and other historical and cultural contexts.


title: Bible translations

text: In addition to linguistic concerns, theological issues also drive Bible translations. Some translations of the Bible, produced by single churches or groups of churches, may be seen as subject to a point of view by the translation committee.


title: Bible translations

text: For example, the New World Translation, produced by Jehovah's Witnesses, provides different renderings where verses in other Bible translations support the deity of Christ. The NWT also translates "kurios" as "Jehovah" rather than "Lord" when quoting Hebrew passages that used YHWH. The authors believe that Jesus would have used God's name and not the customary "kurios". On this basis, the anonymous New World Bible Translation Committee inserted "Jehovah" into the New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures (New Testament) a total of 237 times while the New World Translation of the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament) uses Jehovah a total of 6,979 times to a grand total of 7,216 in the entire 2013 Revision New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures while previous revisions such as the 1984 revision were a total of 7,210 times while the 1961 revision were a total of 7,199 times.


title: Bible translations

text: A number of Sacred Name Bibles (e.g., the Sacred Scriptures Bethel Edition) have been published that are even more rigorous in transliterating the tetragrammaton using Semitic forms to translate it in the Old Testament and also using the same Semitic forms to translate the Greek word "Theos" (God) in the New Testament—usually Yahweh, Elohim or some other variation.


title: Bible translations

text: Other translations are distinguished by smaller but distinctive doctrinal differences. For example, the Purified Translation of the Bible, by translation and explanatory footnotes, promoting the position that Christians should not drink alcohol, that New Testament references to "wine" are translated as "grape juice".


title: Pan Am (TV series)

text: Pan Am is an American period drama television series created by writer Jack Orman. Named for the iconic Pan American World Airways, the series features the aircraft pilots and stewardesses of the airline as it operated in the early 1960s at the beginning of the commercial Jet Age.


title: Pan Am (TV series)

text: "Pan Am" premiered on ABC on September 25, 2011, and ended on February 19, 2012. ABC canceled the series on May 11, 2012.


title: Pan Am (TV series)

text: In May 2012, Sony Pictures Television had conversations with Amazon about picking up the series for a second season because of its international success. It won the "Best Series" at the "Rose d'Or" TV awards, Europe's equivalent of the Emmys. Unable to reach a deal with Amazon, the producers officially ended the series on June 20, 2012.


title: Pan Am (TV series)

text: Sony licensed the rights to use the Pan Am name and logo from Pan Am Systems, a New Hampshire–based railroad company that acquired the Pan Am brand in 1998. The pilot episode cost an estimated $10 million. The series was produced by Sony Pictures Television, and was optioned by ABC in May 2011 for the 2011–2012 schedule. ABC commissioned five more scripts in November 2011. The broadcaster later added a fourteenth episode to the series. In the middle of the season, Steven Maeda was hired as "Pan Am"s new showrunner, with the mandate to "serialize and embrace the soap aspect" of the show.


title: Pan Am (TV series)

text: In November 2011, there was media speculation that the series had been canceled by ABC, based on a comment from Karine Vanasse about the future of "Pan Am" and its absence from the mid-season schedule. The network denied the rumors; it planned to complete fourteen episodes and delay any announcement regarding a second season to a later date. The series was canceled on May 11, 2012. Although its episodes depict the characters in various cities around the world, the show was filmed at the Brooklyn Navy Yard and other locations around New York City. The pilot was filmed partly at Gold Coast Studios in Bethpage on Long Island. According to "Entertainment Weekly" magazine, a life-size recreation of a Pan Am 707 jet is "the biggest star of the series—in all senses." The 707 model is kept in a hangar near the Brooklyn waterfront.


title: Pan Am (TV series)

text: Nancy Hult Ganis, a Pan Am stewardess from 1968 to 1976, was one of the show's executive producers and is credited as the series developer; she conducted research for the series at the Pan Am Historical Foundation and at Pan Am's archives at the University of Miami. In addition, Ganis advised the actors, props department, production designers, and costumers in making details for the show as accurate as possible. The program featured the trademark, sky-blue Pan Am uniforms worn by stewardesses. Costume design was overseen by Anne Crabtree, who ensured attention to detail. The department made the replicas based on an old uniform which was thoroughly studied. Twenty craftsmen worked to produce each outfit. The technique was the same used by Pan Am in the sixties, and Crabtree remarked that the process was very "old school." At the time, girdles were mandatory to improve posture; some of the cast members found them "extremely restricting" during filming. Crabtree said that male costumes were inspired by James Dean and Steve McQueen.


title: Pan Am (TV series)

text: The September 12, 2011, edition of "TV Guide"s Fall Preview issue included an advertisement on the back of the magazine, shown upside-down, featuring Ricci, Garner, Vanasse, and Robbie appearing as their characters for a fictional cover of "TV Guide", using the magazine's 1960s logo. Between December 20, 2011, and January 5, 2012, the first nine episodes of the series were made available free of charge on Internet download sites in an effort to increase viewer interest in the series. Canadian Karine Vanasse responded to a question on her Twitter account by saying that the promotion was only available in the United States.


title: Pan Am (TV series)

text: The series aired in Canada on CTV on the same night as the ABC broadcasts, but was shown in different time slots by region. It also aired on CTV's sister cable channel Bravo! on Saturdays. The series premiered in Brazil and Panama on Sony Entertainment Television on March 18, 2012. In Costa Rica the channel Teletica aired "Pan Am" on October 15, 2012.


title: Pan Am (TV series)

text: In Ireland, the show premiered on RTÉ Two on October 17. The series premiered in the United Kingdom on BBC Two on November 16, 2011. The BBC suspended its broadcast after eight episodes and stated that further episodes would return on January 28, 2012. Canal+ began broadcasting the series in Spain on October 29, 2011. The series premiered in Sweden on TV3 on October 16, 2011. On November 6, 2011, the series premiered on SIC in Portugal. On December 26, 2011, the series premiered in the Netherlands on NET 5. In Australia the series was broadcast on the Nine Network in 2012. In the Flemish part of Belgium, the airing started on Vijf on February 15, 2012., In the French part of Belgium the airing started on BeTV on May 7, 2012. In Finland the show premiered in January 2012 on Yle TV2. In Denmark, "Pan Am" was aired on TV3 (Danmark), TV3 Puls & TV3+ (Denmark). In Catalonia, TV3 started broadcasting the series on February 10, 2013.


title: Pan Am (TV series)

text: In South East Asia, the channel beTV (a Sony Pictures Entertainment Networks Asia, SPENA television) airs the TV Show from February 4, 2012, every Saturday at 9:00 p.m. It started airing on STAR World India from February 11, 2012. In New Zealand the show premiered on November 24, 2012 with TVNZ, which rescheduled episode "Romance Languages" into chronological order to maintain series flow. It was shown every Saturday at 9:35pm on their TV One channel before being moved to a later time slot after episode 9 due to lower than expected viewing numbers.


title: Pan Am (TV series)

text: The show was given a 67 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 28 reviews, indicating generally favorable reception. Heather Hogan of "AfterEllen" rated the show highly, saying, "I continue to be impressed by the unapologetic way "Pan Am" pushes the women to the forefront of every story ... I don't think "Pan Am" really knows what kind of show it wants to be just yet. But I also don't think that's a problem because every variation—Cold War drama, nostalgic soap opera, feminist —has something to offer." Later episodes, however, received lower reviews for the loss of focus on the women and the addition of romantic storylines. Matthew Gilbert of "The Boston Globe" gave the show a "B" grade, commenting, "Next to "The Playboy Club" it's the better network 1960s drama. The romance and the attractively stylized innocence of the era is addictive, but the espionage plot, with its link to political history, is absurd. And the female empowerment message grows feeble." "The Insider" included "Pan Am" in its list of "10 Best New Fall TV Shows."


title: Pan Am (TV series)

text: Media coverage has noted that no major characters smoke, although the practice was common on flights and in the terminal during the 1960s. ABC and its parent Disney banned tobacco use by the show's stars. Citing "an enormous impressionable element," Thomas Schlamme called the anachronism "the one revisionist cheat," and said he had encountered a similar restriction directing a previous show for ABC. Other characters can be seen holding cigarettes in the background.


title: Pan Am (TV series)

text: In the UK, Melissa Whitworth of "The Daily Telegraph" said that "Pan Am" chose to "airbrush" the sixties because it depicts a "romanticised" view of the period. Colin Kennedy and Sharon Lougher of the "Metro" said the series is "irritatingly in love with its own sense of style," though they said the storylines made it a "soapy guilty pleasure" and included it in their "pick of the day" television feature. Euan Ferguson from "The Guardian" praised Ricci's casting as a positive indicator of the quality of acting, but criticized the overall casting, saying similar looks and identical uniforms make it difficult for viewers to learn the characters. Emma Brockes from the "Guardian" said that "Pan Am" is "bubble gum bright" and praised the whole cast for putting in "strong performances." In Ireland, Pat Stacey of the "Evening Herald" said the series portrays "silly storylines" and "cheesy dialogue," calling it "mile-high mediocrity."


title: Pan Am (TV series)

text: Scott McCartney of "The Wall Street Journal" noted that the show highlights the "elegance and excitement" of air travel during the early 1960s. He said that former employees of the airline thought the series is an accurate portrayal, aside from some "Hollywood glamorization."


title: Pan Am (TV series)

text: The Association of Flight Attendants (CWA, the world's largest flight attendants' union) released a statement following the premiere of "Pan Am". It said that the show is a reminder of the progress of flight attendants in relation to previous social injustices:


title: Pan Am (TV series)

text: About the show's demise, Christina Ricci said, "I think it should not have been on network television. I think if that had been [on] a cable show or streaming, they would’ve been able to do so much more. Making a show about that period of time and having to be so PC, it doesn’t make sense, because there’s no substance there." But she is still very proud of the show, saying, "It was beautiful. It was really well made."


title: Pan Am (TV series)

text: The series premiere attracted 11.06 million viewers, but viewership declined thereafter. The second episode attracted 7.76 million, and by the sixth episode, ratings were less than half of the show's premiere. By the season's 12th episode, audiences had fallen to 3.74 million.


title: Pan Am (TV series)

text: Following ABC's announcement of its mid-season schedule in November 2011, TV by the Numbers called "Pan Am" "defacto canceled" given its ratings and the fact that ABC had ordered only one further episode. A tweet by cast member Karine Vanasse ("Well, we received THE call, #PanAm is only coming back for one more episode after Christmas. But up to the end, we'll give it our all!") appeared to confirm the cancellation, though weeks later Vanasse told "The Hollywood Reporter", "What I was saying is that we would come back to shoot one more episode after Christmas." In a "Los Angeles Times" interview published just before the series finale, showrunner Steven Maeda said that "Pan Am" has a "good upscale core of viewers" both live and DVR; the series finale "tie[s] up some loose ends but ... also add[s] some new threads in there to explore later. But, should [the show] not get picked up, it's a sendoff to the show viewers will be happy with."


title: Pan Am (TV series)

text: In 2012, the show's cinematographer John Lindley earned a nomination for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in One-Hour Episodic/Pilot Television by the American Society of Cinematographers. "Pan Am's" pilot episode was nominated for Best One-Hour Single Camera Television Series at the ADG Excellence in Production Design Awards. The series received recognition from gay critics with a Dorian Award nomination for Unsung TV Show of the Year. In May 2012, "Pan Am" won the Golden Rose Award for Best Series at the international Rose d'Or TV awards, beating Martina Cole's "The Runaway" and "The Jury".


title: Pan Am (TV series)

text: The complete-series DVD was released on January 29, 2013 through Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. Mill Creek Entertainment re-released that format on August 13, 2019. The set was also made available in the United Kingdom on March 4, 2013, in Germany on June 20, 2013, and in Australia on January 3, 2018.


title: Red Bull Racing RB18

text: The Red Bull Racing RB18 is a Formula One car designed and constructed by Red Bull Racing which competed in the 2022 Formula One World Championship. The RB18 was driven by defending world champion Max Verstappen and Sergio Pérez. Verstappen secured his second consecutive Drivers' Championship driving the RB18 and Red Bull secured their fifth Constructors' Championship, their first since 2013. The RB18 is Adrian Newey's most successful F1 design to date and one of the most dominant Formula One cars ever built.


title: Red Bull Racing RB18

text: The RB18 made its debut at the 2022 Bahrain Grand Prix, with drivers Max Verstappen (the defending World Champion) and Sergio Pérez qualifying 2nd and 4th respectively. In the early stages of the race, Verstappen suffered from overheating brakes, and after his second pitstop on lap 46, his steering column broke. On lap 54, Verstappen was forced to retire due to a fuel lock issue, and Pérez spun at turn 1 on the final lap due to the same issue. This marked Red Bull's first double retirement since the 2020 Austrian Grand Prix.


title: Red Bull Racing RB18

text: At the next race in Saudi Arabia, Pérez took his maiden pole position, with Verstappen qualifying 4th, confused about a "lack of grip". On lap 1, Verstappen was able to beat Carlos Sainz Jr. off the line to take 3rd place, while Pérez led the race from Charles Leclerc. During the opening stint, Pérez came under pressure from a potential undercut by Leclerc and pitted for the hard tyres. On the same lap, Nicholas Latifi crashed at the final turn, causing a safety car, allowing Leclerc, Verstappen and Sainz to get a cheap pitstop and gain track position over Pérez. After the restart, Leclerc seemed to be comfortably leading, but a virtual safety car from numerous retirements on lap 37 changed the dynamic of the race. Verstappen's tyres appeared to have warmed up better than Leclerc's, allowing him to close up and attempt to take the lead numerous times. Verstappen took the lead on lap 47, which he would keep to take his and the RB18's first win of the season. Pérez finished the race in 4th, unable to overtake Sainz.


title: Red Bull Racing RB18

text: The Australian Grand Prix proved to be a tricky affair for Red Bull, with Verstappen qualifying 2nd, 0.3 seconds behind polesitter Leclerc, while Pérez qualified 3rd. At the start, Verstappen squeezed Pérez, causing Pérez to lose a position to Lewis Hamilton in the Mercedes. Pérez eventually got past Hamilton on lap 9, but both Red Bull drivers began to struggle with graining in their front-left tyres. Verstappen began to rapidly lose time to leader Charles Leclerc, while Pérez started to once again fall into the clutches of Hamilton. Verstappen and Pérez pitted on lap 17 and lap 19 for hard tyres respectively. Pérez was briefly overcut by Lewis Hamilton, but he took advantage of Hamilton's underheated tyres to overtake him into turn 9. A safety car caused by Sebastian Vettel's crash allowed George Russell to take a cheap pitstop and jump Pérez. Fernando Alonso also stayed out on hard tyres, meaning Pérez was in fifth place. Pérez got past Alonso on lap 30 and then overtook Russell on lap 36 to take third. Verstappen suffered a fuel leak on lap 39 while running a comfortable second. This meant Pérez inherited second after Verstappen's retirement, albeit finishing over 20 seconds behind Leclerc.


title: Red Bull Racing RB18

text: Red Bull brought weight-saving upgrades for the RB18 for the Emilia Romagna Grand Prix. In a rain-affected qualifying session, Verstappen took his first pole position of the season, while Pérez qualified only 7th due to a couple of ill-timed red flags. Verstappen was beaten off the line by Leclerc at the start of the sprint, but through superior tyre management, he got past Leclerc on lap 20 of the sprint to win. Pérez made several crucial overtakes throughout the sprint to recover to 3rd place. At the start of the main race, Pérez overtook Leclerc for 2nd. Pérez held onto his position for the remainder of the race, while Verstappen romped to a comfortable victory, taking the second grand slam of his career. This meant Red Bull recorded their first 1-2 finish since the 2016 Malaysian Grand Prix.


title: Red Bull Racing RB18

text: At Miami, Verstappen's car suffered from overheating and hydraulic issues in free practice, meaning Verstappen was left with little running before qualifying. Despite this, Verstappen qualified 3rd behind the two Ferraris of Leclerc and Sainz, while Pérez qualified 4th. Verstappen immediately overtook Sainz at the first corner to take 2nd, with Pérez maintaining 4th and putting pressure on Sainz for a podium position. On lap 10, Verstappen snatched the lead of the race from Leclerc. However, Pérez suffered from a sensor issue on lap 20, causing him to rapidly lose time to Sainz in the straights. His issue was fixed in the next lap (although this reportedly cost Pérez significant power). On lap 41, a safety car was brought out, allowing Pérez to take a free pitstop for medium tyres, giving him a significant tyre advantage over his rivals. Although Pérez constantly put pressure on Sainz on the restart, he was unable to pass him as his car's straight-line speed was compromised by his earlier sensor issue. Verstappen fended off Leclerc to take the victory, while Pérez finished the race in 4th.


title: Red Bull Racing RB18

text: Red Bull brought further upgrades to the RB18 in Spain, with more weight removed from the chassis. Verstappen and Pérez qualified 2nd and 5th respectively, with Verstappen suffering a DRS failure in his final Q3 run. Pérez overtook Sainz at the start to take 4th. A gust of wind caused Verstappen's car to slide into the gravel at turn 4, costing him positions to Russell and Pérez. Verstappen was soon let past by Pérez to challenge Russell for second, but intermittent DRS issues carried over from qualifying prevented him from overtaking. Verstappen pitted for medium tyres on lap 14, while Pérez stayed out longer to pit for medium tyres on lap 18. Race leader Leclerc retired from the race on lap 27, elevating Verstappen into 2nd behind Russell. Still unable to overtake, Verstappen pitted for soft tyres on lap 29. Pérez overtook Russell for the lead on lap 31, while Verstappen on fresh tyres rapidly closed the gap to both drivers. Pérez and Verstappen pitted for medium tyres on lap 37 and 44 respectively, with Verstappen overcutting Russell to take 2nd place. Verstappen rapidly closed up to Pérez, meaning Pérez was forced to give up the lead to Verstappen via team orders. Pérez would later pit again for soft tyres, with which he used to set the fastest lap of the race. With Verstappen 1st and Pérez 2nd, Red Bull recorded their second 1-2 finish of the season. The result enabled Verstappen and Red Bull to take the lead in both the driver's and the Constructor's championships.


title: Red Bull Racing RB18

text: For much of the weekend in Monaco, the Red Bull RB18 was seemingly unable to match the cornering and traction of the Ferrari F1-75. As such, Pérez and Verstappen were only able to qualify on the second row, while Ferrari dominantly locked out the front row. However, rain on race day allowed Red Bull to strike back at Ferrari. As the track surface dried up, Red Bull brought Pérez in for intermediate tyres on lap 17, enabling him to undercut race leader Charles Leclerc. Verstappen pitted on lap 19 for intermediates as well. Pérez and Verstappen pitted on lap 22 for hard tyres, with Pérez overcutting Sainz to take the lead of the race, while Verstappen overcut Leclerc for 3rd. After a red flag caused by Mick Schumacher's crash, Pérez and Verstappen switched to medium tyres, with which they held positions to finish 1st and 3rd respectively. It was Pérez's first win of the season, while Red Bull and Verstappen simultaneously extended their leads in both championships.


title: Red Bull Racing RB18

text: At the Azerbaijan Grand Prix, the RB18 again had an advantage in top-end speed over Ferrari, but Leclerc took his fourth pole in a row ahead of Pérez and Verstappen in second and third respectively, with both drivers complaining about balance over one lap and the lack of a tow down Baku's 1.6km main straight. However, at the start of the Grand Prix, Pérez overtook Leclerc into the first corner to take the lead of the race, with Verstappen remaining third, and Sainz's Ferrari fourth. The running order for the top four remained unchanged until lap 9 when Sainz retired from the race. During the ensuing VSC, Leclerc pitted for new hard tyres, while Pérez and Verstappen stayed out, the latter inheriting second due to Leclerc's stop. When racing resumed, Verstappen began to gain on Pérez, who was struggling with grip after the VSC, and on lap 15, overtook his teammate into turn 1, with the team telling Pérez not to fight back. Verstappen pulled out a three-second lead over his teammate before both made their pitstops, with Pérez pitting for new hards on lap 17, and Verstappen coming in for the same tyre two laps later, allowing Leclerc to retake the lead. However, on lap 20, Leclerc's engine blew, and he was forced to retire for the second time in three races, leaving Red Bull with an easy 1-2 running order. Red Bull instructed both drivers to manage their pace, and both stopped again for new hards on lap 34 during the VSC period caused by Magnussen's retirement. When racing resumed, Pérez set the fastest lap of the race, after which both drivers managed their tyres to the end of the race. Verstappen and Pérez gave Red Bull their third 1-2 finish in five races, with Verstappen and Pérez taking their fifth win and podium of the season respectively. Verstappen extended his lead in the championship to 21 points over Pérez, who had moved into second in the championship, and 34 over Leclerc, while Red Bull extended its lead in the Constructors' Championship to 80 points over nearest rival Ferrari.


title: Red Bull Racing RB18

text: In Canada, the RB18 took its third pole of the season with Verstappen outqualifying second-placed Fernando Alonso by .645 seconds in a mixed wet/dry session. Pérez crashed out in Q2, forcing him to start from 13th on the grid. On lap 9, Pérez retired with a reported gearbox issue, bringing out the VSC. Verstappen went on to claim victory after defending against the Ferrari of Carlos Sainz in the final stint.


title: Red Bull Racing RB18

text: Heading into the British Grand Prix, Red Bull upgraded their car by altering the appearance of the engine cover bodywork. In free practice, the Red Bulls appeared to have the advantage over their opposition. However, qualifying took place in wet conditions, erasing the apparent advantage. Verstappen and Pérez qualified 2nd and 4th, with Verstappen being hampered on his final Q3 run by a yellow flag caused by Leclerc spinning. Verstappen took the lead from Sainz at the start, while Pérez dropped back to 6th. With a huge crash involving Guanyu Zhou, George Russell and Pierre Gasly, a red flag was brought out. Race control ruled that the cars would restart in their original grid positions, demoting Verstappen to 2nd and promoting Pérez to 4th at the race restart. Verstappen stayed in 2nd on the restart, while Pérez was forced to pit for damage after colliding with Charles Leclerc. On lap 10, Carlos Sainz ran wide at Copse, enabling Verstappen to take the lead. This lead was short-lived, however, as on lap 12, Verstappen picked up floor damage as he ran over debris originating from Pierre Gasly's car, significantly reducing his pace, forcing him to pit. Verstappen emerged from the pitlane in 6th and due to his damage, began to rapidly lose time to the leaders. Verstappen later pitted for hard tyres and emerged 8th, behind Pérez and Sebastian Vettel, and was later passed by Esteban Ocon. However, Ocon's retirement on lap 42 allowed Verstappen to salvage his race somewhat, as he pitted for fresh softs and emerged in 9th for the safety car restart. Pérez was 4th at the safety car restart, and immediately took 3rd from Lewis Hamilton. Verstappen overtook Kevin Magnussen and Sebastian Vettel to take 7th. Pérez finished 2nd after emerging on top in a three-way duel between himself, Hamilton and Leclerc. Verstappen finished the race in 7th, successfully defending against the Haas of Mick Schumacher. Despite a compromised race, Verstappen and Red Bull maintained a healthy advantage in both championships.


title: Red Bull Racing RB18

text: The Red Bull achieved its fourth pole position of the season with Verstappen in Austria, edging out Charles Leclerc by a mere 0.029 seconds. Pérez initially qualified a distant fourth, which was later demoted to 13th after the stewards found evidence of him breaching track limits in Q2. Verstappen took advantage of the two Ferraris behind him squabbling to take the sprint win, while Pérez was able to recover to 5th. On race day, Verstappen kept the lead from pole, while Pérez spun into the gravel at turn 4 after making contact with George Russell, suffering sidepod damage, which eventually forced him to retire from the race. To make matters worse for Red Bull, Verstappen began experiencing significant tyre degradation issues, enabling Leclerc to pressure him for the lead. On lap 12, Leclerc finally found a way past Verstappen, and he began to extend his lead on the following lap. On lap 13, Verstappen attempted the undercut using the hard tyres, emerging 9th, forcing him to scythe his way through traffic. Verstappen eventually passed Lewis Hamilton for P3 on lap 18. Verstappen re-took the lead after Leclerc pitted on lap 27. However, Leclerc proved to be significantly quicker than Verstappen with fresher tyres, making short work of Verstappen to take the lead on lap 33. Soon, the Ferrari of Carlos Sainz also began to pressure Verstappen for 2nd place, but Verstappen pitted on lap 37 to attempt another undercut. When Leclerc pitted on lap 51, Verstappen once again took the lead, but the Ferrari held superior traction, and with a strong exit from turn 4, passed Verstappen for the third time in the race. Carlos Sainz also began pressuring Verstappen before his untimely retirement on lap 58, bringing out the VSC, and enabling Verstappen to make a cheap pitstop for medium tyres. In the closing laps, Leclerc appeared to pick up a throttle issue, allowing Verstappen to reel Leclerc in. However, Verstappen ran out of laps to pass Leclerc, meaning he finished the race in P2. Verstappen and Red Bull still held a comfortable lead in both championships. Pérez was demoted to 3rd in the championship after his retirement and Leclerc's victory.


title: Red Bull Racing RB18

text: Red Bull opted for a low downforce setup at the French Grand Prix, opposing Ferrari's choice of a high downforce setup. This enabled Red Bull to have a significant edge on the straights, but this also cost them time going into each corner. As such, Leclerc took pole by a comfortable 3 tenths (albeit with the help of a tow from his teammate), while Verstappen and Pérez qualified 2nd and 3rd on the grid. As the lights went out, Perez was immediately beaten off the line by Lewis Hamilton, with Verstappen unable to find a way past Leclerc in the opening stint. Pérez began to drop back from Hamilton as the first stint progressed. On lap 15, Verstappen pitted for the hard tyres to attempt an undercut on Leclerc. However, on lap 17, Leclerc lost the rear of his Ferrari and crashed into the barriers at turn 11, bringing out the safety car. This promoted Verstappen and Pérez to 1st and 3rd respectively. At the restart, Verstappen easily pulled away from the rest of the field and coasted to victory, but Pérez seemed to struggle with race pace, getting overtaken by Sainz and pressured by George Russell. Pérez moved back to 3rd after Sainz pitted for fresh softs, but he lost the podium after getting outfoxed on a VSC restart by Russell. Verstappen won the race by over 10 seconds from Hamilton, with Pérez fourth, unable to re-pass Russell for 3rd.


title: Red Bull Racing RB18

text: At the Belgian GP, Verstappen took engine penalties and started 14th. During the race he had a flying first lap, jumping all the way to 8th on his soft compound tyres, while Leclerc (who had also taken engine penalties and started 15th) was up to 10th by the end of lap 1. Following a safety car, the race restarted on lap 5, and Verstappen jumped to seventh at the expense of Alex Albon and took sixth from Daniel Ricciardo at the final chicane. Verstappen was far and away the fastest on track, prying places off Vettel on lap 6 at the final chicane, then Alonso with DRS on lap 7. Sainz meanwhile held a two-second lead over Pérez. On lap 12, Sainz pitted for fresh rubber, and on the same lap, Verstappen passed Pérez for the lead of the race. Pérez pitted on lap 14 for medium tyres, while Verstappen pitted one lap later for the same tyres. Verstappen emerged from the pits around 4 seconds behind Sainz and quickly reeled him in to take the lead on lap 18. Pérez later passed Sainz for 2nd place on lap 21. With a margin of victory of 17.841s, Verstappen led a resounding Red Bull one-two while Sainz held on for third.


title: Red Bull Racing RB18

text: † – Driver failed to finish the race, but was classified as they had completed over 90% of the winner's race distance.


title: Sergey Spivak

text: Sergey Spivak (born January 24, 1995, as Serghei Spivac) is a Moldovan mixed martial artist who competes in the Heavyweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. A professional competitor since 2014, he has also formerly competed for World Warriors Fighting Championships, Eagles Fighting Championship, N1 Pro Nomad MMA and Real Fight Promotion. As of August 8, 2022, he is #12 in the UFC heavyweight rankings.


title: Sergey Spivak

text: Sergey Spivak made his MMA debut in September 2014 with the Ukrainian promotion Real Fight Promotion, at 19 years old. He faced Andrey Serebrianikov as his first opponent. He won the fight in the last minute of the first round, by way of TKO.


title: Sergey Spivak

text: His second fight was with the Ukrainian-based World Warriors Fighting Championships, at WWFC Ukraine Selection 1, where he faced Evgeniy Bova in the main event. Spivak won the fight in the first round by way of a kimura.


title: Sergey Spivak

text: His second fight with World Warriors Fighting Championships was during WWFC: Ukraine Selection 4, in the main event. His opponent was Yuri Gorbenko, whom he defeated in the first round through an armbar.


title: Sergey Spivak

text: Spivak would than fight against Dimitriy Mikutsa, under the N1 Pro organization. Spivak submitted Mikutsa through an armbar during the last minute of the second round.


title: Sergey Spivak

text: Under the banner of Eagles Fighting Championship, Spivak faced Artem Cherkov. Spivak would beat him in the first round, by way of a head kick.


title: Sergey Spivak

text: After a year-long layoff, Spivak would return to the World Warriors Fighting Championships. His first opponent was Luke Morton, whom he beat by KO. In his next fight Spivak fought against the MMA veteran Travis Fulton for the vacant WWFC Heavyweight Championship, a fight which he won in the first round by a rear naked choke. He would defend the title 10 months later against the Croatian fighter Ivo Cuk, winning the bout in the first round by TKO. His last fight with WWFC was his last title defense, five months after his fight with Cuk, against Tony Lopez. He defeated Lopez by a neck crank in the last minute of the first round.


title: Sergey Spivak

text: Spivak made his UFC debut during UFC Fight Night 151, at 23 years old, against Walt Harris, replacing Alexey Oleynik. He suffered the first professional loss of his career. Harris pushed Sergey up to the cage, dazed him with a left straight and dropped him to the floor with a barrage of knees. After a series of grounded strikes, the referee awarded Harris a win, after 50 seconds, by way of TKO.


title: Sergey Spivak

text: Five months later, Spivak fought against Tai Tuivasa at UFC 243. Spivak would begin the fight being cautious of Tuivasa's power. Spivak was dropped once in the first round by a leg kick. Spivak then began catching Tuivasa's leg kicks and would take the Australian down. Whenever the Australian would return to his feet, Spivak would pursue takedowns. The fight ended in the fourth minute of the second round, Spivak took Tuivasa down for the 7th time in the fight. He was able to obtain the mount and after several hard punches and elbows he was able to obtain an arm triangle choke, awarding him his first UFC win.


title: Sergey Spivak

text: Spivak faced Marcin Tybura on February 29, 2020, at UFC Fight Night 169. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Sergey Spivak

text: Spivak was expected to face Carlos Felipe on May 9, 2020, at then UFC 250. However, on April 9, Dana White, the president of UFC announced that this event was postponed to a future date Eventually the bout was scheduled on July 19, 2020, at UFC Fight Night 172. He won the fight via majority decision.


title: Sergey Spivak

text: Spivak was expected to face Tom Aspinall on October 11, 2020 at UFC Fight Night 179. However Spivak withdrew from the bout for undisclosed reason and he was replaced by promotional newcomer Alan Baudot.


title: Sergey Spivak

text: Spivak was scheduled to face Jared Vanderaa on December 12, 2020, at UFC 256 However, Vanderaa tested positive for COVID-19 during fight week and had to be pulled. The pair eventually met on February 20, 2021, at UFC Fight Night 185. Spivak won the fight via technical knockout in round two.


title: Sergey Spivak

text: Spivak faced Alexey Oleynik on June 19, 2021, at UFC on ESPN 25. He won the bout via unanimous decision.


title: Sergey Spivak

text: Spivak faced Tom Aspinall, replacing Sergei Pavlovich, on September 4, 2021, at UFC Fight Night 191. He lost the fight via technical knockout in round one.


title: Sergey Spivak

text: Spivak was scheduled to face Greg Hardy, replacing Aleksei Oleinik, on January 22, 2022, at UFC 270. However, just a week before the event Hardy withdrew due to a finger injury and the bout was removed from the event. The pair was moved to UFC 272. Spivak won the fight via technical knockout in round one.


title: Sergey Spivak

text: Spivak faced Augusto Sakai on August 6, 2022 at UFC on ESPN 40. He won the fight via technical knockout in round two.


title: Sergey Spivak

text: Spivak was expected to face Derrick Lewis in the main event of UFC Fight Night 215 on November 19, 2022. However, Lewis was forced to pull out of the event due to non-COVID, non-weight cutting illness and the bout was cancelled. The pair was rescheduled for UFC Fight Night 218 on February 4, 2023.


title: Treaty of Paris (1898)

text: The Treaty of Peace between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Spain, commonly known as the Treaty of Paris of 1898 (; ), was a treaty signed by Spain and the United States on December 10, 1898, that ended the Spanish–American War. Under it, Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignty over and title to territories described there as "the island of Porto Rico and other islands now under Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies, and the island of Guam in the Marianas or Ladrones", the archipelago known as the Philippine Islands, and comprehending the islands lying within the following line:" (details elided), and the Philippines to the United States. The cession of the Philippines involved a compensation of $20 million from the United States to Spain.


title: Treaty of Paris (1898)

text: The treaty came into effect on April 11, 1899, when the documents of ratification were exchanged. It was the first treaty negotiated between the two governments since the 1819 Adams–Onís Treaty.


title: Treaty of Paris (1898)

text: The Treaty of Paris marked the end of the Spanish Empire, apart from some small holdings. It had a major cultural impact in Spain known as the "Generation of '98". It marked the beginning of the United States as a world power. Many supporters of the war opposed the treaty, which became one of the major issues in the election of 1900 when it was opposed by Democrat William Jennings Bryan, who opposed imperialism. Republican President William McKinley supported the treaty and was easily reelected.


title: Treaty of Paris (1898)

text: The Spanish–American War began on April 25, 1898, due to a series of escalating disputes between the two nations, and ended on December 10, 1898, with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. It resulted in Spain's loss of its control over the remains of its overseas empire. After much of mainland Latin America had achieved independence, Cuba tried its hand at revolution in 1868–1878, and again in the 1890s, led by José Martí. Martí returned to Cuba and participated at first in the struggles against the Spanish government, but was killed on May 19, 1895. The Philippines at this time also became resistant to Spanish colonial rule. August 26, 1896 presented the first call to revolt, led by Andrés Bonifacio, succeeded by Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, who had his predecessor arrested. Bonifacio was executed on May 10, 1897. Aguinaldo then negotiated the Pact of Biak-na-Bato with the Spaniards and was exiled to Hong Kong along with the other revolutionary leaders.


title: Treaty of Paris (1898)

text: The Spanish–American War that followed had overwhelming U.S. public support due to the popular fervor towards supporting Cuban freedom as well as furthering U.S. economic interests overseas. The U.S. was particularly attracted to the developing sugar industry in Cuba. The U.S. military even resorted to falsifying reports in the Philippines in order to maintain public support for U.S. involvement abroad. The U.S. appealed to the principles of Manifest Destiny and expansionism to justify its participation in the war, proclaiming that it was America's fate and its duty to take charge in these overseas nations.


title: Treaty of Paris (1898)

text: On September 16, U.S. President William McKinley issued secret written instructions to his emissaries as the Spanish–American War drew to a close:


title: Treaty of Paris (1898)

text: The composition of the American commission was somewhat unusual in that three of its members were senators, which meant, as many newspapers pointed out, that they would later vote on the ratification of their own negotiations. These were American delegation's members:


title: Treaty of Paris (1898)

text: The American delegation, headed by former Secretary of State William R. Day, who had vacated his position as US Secretary of State to head the commission, arrived in Paris on September 26, 1898. The negotiations were conducted in a suite of rooms at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. At the first session, on October 1, the Spanish demanded that before the talks got underway, the return of the city of Manila, which had been captured by the Americans a few hours after the signing of the peace protocol in Washington, to Spanish authority. The Americans refused to consider the idea and, for the moment, it was pursued no further.


title: Treaty of Paris (1898)

text: Felipe Agoncillo, a Filipino lawyer who represented the First Philippine Republic, was denied participation in the negotiation.


title: Treaty of Paris (1898)

text: For almost a month, negotiations revolved around Cuba. The Teller Amendment to the US declaration of war made it impractical for the US to annex the island, unlike Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. At first, Spain refused to accept the Cuban national debt of four hundred million dollars, but ultimately, it had no choice. Eventually, it was agreed that Cuba was to be granted independence and for the Cuban debt to be assumed by Spain. It was also agreed that Spain would cede Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States.


title: Treaty of Paris (1898)

text: The negotiators then turned to the question of the Philippines. Spanish negotiators were determined to hang onto all they could and hoped to cede only Mindanao and perhaps the Sulu Islands. On the American side, Chairman Day had once recommended the acquisition of only the naval base in Manila, as a "hitching post." Others had recommended retaining only the island of Luzon. However, in discussions with its advisers, the commission concluded that Spain, if it retained part of the Philippines, would be likely to sell it to another European power, which would likely be troublesome for America. On November 25, the American Commission cabled McKinley for explicit instructions. Their cable crossed one from McKinley saying that duty left him no choice but to demand the entire archipelago. The next morning, another cable from McKinley arrived:


title: Treaty of Paris (1898)

text: On November 4, the Spanish delegation formally accepted the American demand, and Spanish Prime Minister Práxedes Mateo Sagasta backed the commission. With the growing risk of the negotiations collapsing, there were mutters about resuming the war. The US elections on November 8, however, cut McKinley's Republican majority in the US Congress less than had been anticipated. The American delegation, therefore, took heart, and Frye unveiled a plan of offering Spain ten or twenty million dollars for the islands.


title: Treaty of Paris (1898)

text: After some discussion, the American delegation offered twenty million dollars on November 21, one tenth of a valuation that had been estimated in internal discussions in October, and requested an answer within two days. Montero Ríos said angrily that he could reply at once, but the American delegation had already departed from the conference table. When the two sides met again, Queen-Regent Maria Christina had cabled her acceptance. Montero Ríos then recited his formal reply:


title: Treaty of Paris (1898)

text: Work on the final draft of the treaty began on November 30. It was signed on December 10, 1898. The next step was ratification. In Madrid, the Cortes Generales, Spain's legislature, rejected it, but Maria Christina signed it as she was empowered to do by a clause in the Spanish constitution.


title: Treaty of Paris (1898)

text: In the US Senate, there were four main schools of thought on US imperialism that influenced the debate on the treaty's ratification. Republicans generally supported the treaty, but those opposed either aimed to defeat the treaty or exclude the provision that stipulated the acquisition of the Philippines. Most Democrats favored expansion as well, particularly in the South. A minority of Democrats also favored the treaty on the basis of ending the war and granting independence to Cuba and the Philippines.


title: Treaty of Paris (1898)

text: During the Senate debate on ratification, Senators George Frisbie Hoar and George Graham Vest were outspoken opponents. Hoar stated:


title: Treaty of Paris (1898)

text: Some anti-expansionists stated that the treaty committed the US to a course of empire and violated the most basic tenets of the US Constitution. They argued that neither the Congress nor the President had the right to pass laws that governed colonial peoples who were not represented by lawmakers.


title: Treaty of Paris (1898)

text: Expansionists said that the Constitution applied only to US citizens, an idea that was later supported by the US Supreme Court in the Insular Cases.


title: Treaty of Paris (1898)

text: As the Senate debate continued, Andrew Carnegie and former President Grover Cleveland petitioned the Senate to reject the treaty. Both men adamantly opposed such imperialist policies and participated in the American Anti-Imperialist League, along with other such prominent members as Mark Twain and Samuel Gompers.


title: Treaty of Paris (1898)

text: The treaty was eventually approved on February 6, 1899, by a vote of 57 to 27, just over the two-thirds majority required. Only two Republicans voted against ratification: George Frisbie Hoar of Massachusetts and Eugene Pryor Hale of Maine. Senator Nelson W. Aldrich had opposed entry into the Spanish–American War but supported McKinley after it began. He played a central role in winning the treaty's two-thirds majority ratification.


title: Treaty of Paris (1898)

text: The Treaty of Paris provided for the independence of Cuba from Spain, but the US Congress ensured indirect US control by the Platt Amendment and the Teller Amendment. Spain relinquished all claims of sovereignty over and title to Cuba. Upon Spain's departure, Cuba was to be occupied by the US, which would assume and discharge any obligations of international law by its occupation.


title: Treaty of Paris (1898)

text: The treaty also specified that Spain would cede Puerto Rico and the other islands under Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies as well as the island of Guam in the Mariana Islands to the US.


title: Treaty of Paris (1898)

text: The treaty also specified that Spain would cede the Philippine Islands, including the islands within a specified line, to the US, and that the United States would pay to Spain the sum of twenty million dollars. Specifics of the cession of the Philippines were later clarified on November 7, 1900, when Spain and the U.S. signed the Treaty of Washington. This clarified that the territories relinquished by Spain to the United States included any and all islands belonging to the Philippine Archipelago, but lying outside the lines described in the Treaty of Paris. That treaty explicitly named the islands of Cagayan Sulu and Sibutu and their dependencies as among the relinquished territories. The boundary between the Philippines and North Borneo was further clarified by the Convention Between the United States and Great Britain (1930).


title: Treaty of Paris (1898)

text: Article 5 – Repatriation of Spanish soldiers and sailors captured at Manila; removal of Spanish forces from the Philippines and Guam; future of Spanish arms, equipment and supplies


title: Treaty of Paris (1898)

text: Article 6 – Release of all prisoners, including those involved in the insurrections in Cuba and the Philippines, held by Spain; the U.S. to do the same and also to encourage insurrectionist forces to do likewise.


title: Treaty of Paris (1898)

text: A major problem that ultimately led to the Moro Rebellion and the prolonging of the Philippine–American War long past 1902 (when the United States declared that the war against the Catholic Filipinos in northern Philippines was over) was that three sovereign independent states known as sultanates in present-day southern Philippines were also given to the United States even though Spain had no sovereignty over them. They were the Sultanate of Maguindanao, the Sultanate of Sulu, and the Confederation of sultanates in Lanao. The texts of the Spanish and English copies of the treaties and agreements with these Moro sultanates all claimed that sovereignty was handed over to the Spanish Empire and the United States, but the local language's copy of the texts always emphasized the sovereignty and independence of the sultanates and actually included provisions of tribute (similar to the British leasing of Hong Kong from the Qing Dynasty) to be paid to the rulers by the Spanish and the Americans for a handful of lightly garrisoned coastal outposts in the sultanates. Suzerainty, not sovereignty, was the relationship between Spain and these three sultanates, implying that the Spanish Empire did not have the right to include Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago in the Treaty of Paris. The United States confirmed during the Kiram-Bates Treaty negotiations that Spain had never had sovereignty. The United States fought long brutal wars against the Moros in the sultanates from 1899 to 1913. It annexed the Sultanate of Maguindanao and the Confederation of sultanates in Lanao in 1905 after the Battle of the Malalag River and then annexed the Sultanate of Sulu in 1913 after the Battle of Bud Bagsak.


title: Treaty of Paris (1898)

text: Victory in the Spanish–American War turned the US into a world power because the attainment of the territories of Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines expanded its economic dominance in the Pacific. Its growth continued to have effects on US foreign and economic policy well into the next century. Furthermore, McKinley's significant role in advancing the ratification of the treaty transformed the presidential office from a weaker position to a prototype of the stronger presidency that is more seen today.


title: Treaty of Paris (1898)

text: The US military occupation also continued to have further impacts abroad. In the Philippines, revolts against US involvement, initiated on February 4, 1899, quickly surpassed the fighting that had just ended against the Spanish. As one Filipino writer noted in 1899:


title: Treaty of Paris (1898)

text: Now here is a unique spectacle – the Filipinos fighting for liberty, the American people fighting to give them liberty.


title: Treaty of Paris (1898)

text: According to the US National Park Service, "The Spanish–American War and its aftermath delayed Philippine independence until after World War II, but established a relationship that fostered a substantial Filipino population within U.S. borders."


title: Treaty of Paris (1898)

text: In Cuba, the Platt Amendment allowed the US to continue its occupation without annexing it despite promises that had been made during the war and negotiations over Cuban freedom. To maintain control, the US government espoused the idea that the Cuban people were unprepared for self-governance. As US Senator Stephen Elkins noted:


title: Treaty of Paris (1898)

text: When Cuba shall become a part of the American Union and the isthmian canal shall be completed, which is now assured, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Hawaii and the Philippines will be outposts of the great Republic, standing guard over American interests in the track of the world's commerce in its triumphant march around the globe. Our people will soon see and feel that these island possessions belonging to the United States are natural and logical, and in the great part we are to play in the affairs of the world we would not only give them up but wonder how the working of our natural destiny we could get on without them. The splendid chain of island possessions, reaching half-way around the world, would not be complete without Cuba, the gem of the Antilles.


title: Treaty of Paris (1898)

text: The "Generation of '98" comprised those Spanish writers deeply impacted by the events and committed to cultural and aesthetic renewal. They were associated with modernism. The term refers to the moral, political and social crisis in Spain produced by the humiliating loss of the worldwide empire. The intellectuals are known for their criticism of the Spanish literary and educational establishments, which they saw as steeped in conformism, ignorance, and a lack of any true spirit. Their criticism was coupled with and heavily connected to the group's dislike for the Restoration Movement that was occurring in Spanish government.


title: Toca Boca

text: Toca Boca is a Swedish app development studio focused on child-friendly applications for tablets and smartphones. According to the company's website, "We make digital toys and games that help stimulate the imagination." The company is owned by Spin Master (since April 21, 2016) and based in Stockholm, Sweden.


title: Toca Boca

text: Toca Boca was founded from Bonnier's Research and Development unit. The studio began on July 18, 2005, and its first application was released in March 2014. The majority of Toca Boca applications are digital toys. The name "Toca Boca" translates from Spanish to "touch the mouth." It was chosen because of its simplicity and play on words. One of the most popular Toca Boca apps is Toca Life.


title: Toca Boca

text: Toca Boca has released 44 digital toys that have been downloaded more than 275 million times around the world, making it the No. 1 paid app publisher in the App Store. Various applications developed include:


title: Toca Boca

text: "Helicopter Taxi", the first application released by Toca Boca, was a digital toy that integrated augmented reality effects. Using a device's camera, the player designates six horizontal surfaces in reality as "The Beach," "The Tall Building," "The Factory," "The Hospital,"


title: Toca Boca

text: and "The Hangar." The physical locations do not need to match the landing description, however, and the surfaces for landing do not need to be exact or consistent. The toy's characters consist of two pilots and five passengers, and the objective is to pick up as well as bring the passengers to their destination by moving about with the device to simulate the helicopter flying.


title: Toca Boca

text: The second application released by Toca Boca, "Toca Tea Party", imitates a tea party, primarily through roleplaying. The player is able to design their table by selecting the tablecloth, dishes, music, and drinks. Interactions such as "eating," "drinking," "spilling," and "cleaning up" exist. Party guests may consist of toys and/or people with the touch screen support for multiple users simultaneously.


title: Toca Boca

text: "Toca Kitchen", the tenth application, allows the player to interact by choosing how to prepare a food (slice, boil, blend, etc.) in order to feed one of the four characters. Each character has his or her own preferences of ingredient and style, evident through the character's reactions and willingness to eat a product. Food can be obtained infinitely many times and there are few limits to the number of times a food can be processed.


title: Toca Boca

text: theme. (Town, Farm, Office, etc.) There are groups such as Kids, Elders, Babies, and Creatures. The player can add more than one


title: Toca Boca

text: "Toca Life: World" was released in November 2018—it connected all the existing standalone "Toca Life" apps into one interconnected universe. Unlike the rest of the games in the series, the app is free to download, and players are invited to play the free version (which comes with Bop City, a free house, as well as the free version of a character creator,And free places), or to customize the app with whatever options they find the most interesting. But a player can still buy more characters and places


title: Toca Boca

text: If a player already purchased any of the "Toca Life" games (shown here), then they will have access to those apps within "Toca Life: World". Players can play with the characters from the individual "Toca Life" apps inside any of the "Toca Life: World" locations.


title: Toca Boca

text: A web series based on the game, under the title "Toca Life Stories", was released in February 2020 on Toca Boca's official YouTube channel. It focused on four close friends with mismatched personalities, Rita, Zeke, Nari and Leon (the main characters in the Toca Life app series), on a quest to vanquish boredom in their neighborhood of OK Street (based on one of the towns found in "Toca Life: World"). The series is animated by Canada-based Pipeline Studios, with voices recorded in America-based Studiopolis, despite it being a web series, it briefly aired on some television channels such as Pop in the United Kingdom.


title: Toca Boca

text: The term "digital toy" is sometimes used to differentiate certain apps from more typical virtual games. While most aspects between the two are the same, Toca Boca distinguishes digital toys as more "open-ended" with fewer rules. However, neither are thought nor proven to have a more or less harmful or beneficial impact on players. While these "digital toys" are aimed towards children, it does not mean they are just for children.


title: Haddaway

text: Nestor Alexander Haddaway (born 9 January 1965) is a Trinidadian-born German singer best known for his 1993 hit single "What Is Love", which reached number 1 in 13 countries.


title: Haddaway

text: Nestor Alexander Haddaway was born in Trinidad and Tobago in 1965. His mother was a nurse and his father was a marine biologist. His parents separated in the early 1970s and Haddaway first lived with his father in Europe, then with his mother in America. He was raised in Chicago and moved to the Washington, DC metropolitan area at the age of 9. Listening to Louis Armstrong encouraged Haddaway to learn how to play trumpet at the age of 14. He attended Meade Senior High School in Fort Meade, Maryland, where he was a member of the marching band, which eventually resulted in him forming his first group titled "Chances". In 1987, Haddaway enrolled in medical school, but dropped out due to lack of excitement and moved to Cologne, West Germany, where he mostly worked in bars. Later, he formed his own company called "Energy", which was involved in organizing fashion shows and photo shoots.


title: Haddaway

text: In 1992, Haddaway was signed by German label Coconut Records. His debut single, "What Is Love", rapidly became popular in Europe, reaching number 2 in Germany and the United Kingdom. In Germany, the single sold 900,000 copies. In the United Kingdom, it received a music recording certification of Gold for shipment of 400,000 units. It later reached number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified Gold for shipments of 500,000 units. By the beginning of 1994, worldwide sales of "What Is Love" reached 2.6 million.


title: Haddaway

text: His second single, "Life", reached number 2 in Germany, number 6 in the United Kingdom, and number 41 in the US, and its worldwide sales reached 1.5 million by 1994. The follow-up singles "I Miss You" and "Rock My Heart" also reached the Top 10 in Europe and established him as a successful Eurodance artist. His first LP, "The Album" (also known as "Haddaway" in the US), was a multi-million seller which reached Platinum status in Germany for shipments of 500,000, and Gold in the UK and in France for shipments of 100,000.


title: Haddaway

text: In 1995, he released his second album, "The Drive", which included the UK top 20 hit "Fly Away", as well as "Catch a Fire" and "Lover Be Thy Name". "What Is Love" enjoyed a resurgence in popularity as the theme music for the Butabi brothers (Will Ferrell and Chris Kattan) on "Saturday Night Live" and the 1998 film "A Night at the Roxbury".


title: Haddaway

text: The albums "Let's Do It Now" (1998) and "My Face" (2001; re-released as "Love Makes") all failed to chart.


title: Haddaway

text: Haddaway appeared on the television show "Comeback – Die große Chance" in Germany in 2004. He appeared on the UK version of "Hit Me, Baby, One More Time" in 2005 and subsequently appeared on the U.S. version. This exposure led to him scoring a moderate chart hit in Germany with the ballad "Spaceman" from his next album, "Pop Splits".


title: Haddaway

text: In 2008, "What Is Love" was featured in a commercial for Diet Pepsi MAX that aired during Super Bowl XLII which parodied the leitmotif and included several stars including LL Cool J, Missy Elliott, and Busta Rhymes, but Haddaway himself did not appear in the ad.


title: Haddaway

text: In 2008, Haddaway teamed up with Eurodance star Dr. Alban for the single "I Love the 90's". In 2009, "What Is Love" re-entered charts after German DJ Klaas remixed it. The track resurfaced again in 2010 when it sampled heavily in Eminem's single "No Love" featuring Lil Wayne. In 2012, Haddaway released the single "Up and Up" with the Mad Stuntman, which was a top 20 dance hit in the US.


title: Haddaway

text: In 2011, he said that most of his performances are in "the east", in places such as Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, or Siberia.


title: Haddaway

text: In 2016, he announced plans to star in "Neverending Dream", a film about Eurodance. Despite launching a fundraiser on Indiegogo, the film was not released.


title: Haddaway

text: Since 2019 he has been a player and sponsor of the baseball team Kufstein Wolfins. The team won the regional championships in 2019 and 2020.


title: OpenVPN

text: OpenVPN is a virtual private network (VPN) system that implements techniques to create secure point-to-point or site-to-site connections in routed or bridged configurations and remote access facilities. It implements both client and server applications.


title: OpenVPN

text: OpenVPN allows peers to authenticate each other using pre-shared secret keys, certificates or username/password. When used in a multiclient-server configuration, it allows the server to release an authentication certificate for every client, using signatures and certificate authority.


title: OpenVPN

text: It uses the OpenSSL encryption library extensively, as well as the TLS protocol, and contains many security and control features. It uses a custom security protocol that utilizes SSL/TLS for key exchange. It is capable of traversing network address translators (NATs) and firewalls.


title: OpenVPN

text: OpenVPN has been ported and embedded to several systems. For example, DD-WRT has the OpenVPN server function. SoftEther VPN, a multi-protocol VPN server, also has an implementation of OpenVPN protocol.


title: OpenVPN

text: It was written by James Yonan and is free software, released under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 (GPLv2). Additionally, commercial licenses are available.


title: OpenVPN

text: OpenVPN uses the OpenSSL library to provide encryption of both the data and control channels. It lets OpenSSL do all the encryption and authentication work, allowing OpenVPN to use all the ciphers available in the OpenSSL package. It can also use the HMAC packet authentication feature to add an additional layer of security to the connection (referred to as an "HMAC Firewall" by the creator). It can also use hardware acceleration to get better encryption performance. Support for mbed TLS is available starting from version 2.3.


title: OpenVPN

text: OpenVPN has several ways to authenticate peers with each other. OpenVPN offers pre-shared keys, certificate-based, and username/password-based authentication. Preshared secret key is the easiest, and certificate-based is the most robust and feature-rich. In version 2.0 username/password authentications can be enabled, both with or without certificates. However, to make use of username/password authentications, OpenVPN depends on third-party modules.


title: OpenVPN

text: OpenVPN can run over User Datagram Protocol (UDP) or Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) transports, multiplexing created SSL tunnels on a single TCP/UDP port (RFC 3948 for UDP).


title: OpenVPN

text: From 2.3.x series on, OpenVPN fully supports IPv6 as protocol of the virtual network inside a tunnel and the OpenVPN applications can also establish connections via IPv6.


title: OpenVPN

text: It has the ability to work through most proxy servers (including HTTP) and is good at working through network address translation (NAT) and getting out through firewalls. The server configuration has the ability to "push" certain network configuration options to the clients. These include IP addresses, routing commands, and a few connection options. OpenVPN offers two types of interfaces for networking via the Universal TUN/TAP driver. It can create either a based IP tunnel (TUN), or a based Ethernet TAP that can carry any type of Ethernet traffic. OpenVPN can optionally use the LZO compression library to compress the data stream. Port 1194 is the official IANA assigned port number for OpenVPN. Newer versions of the program now default to that port. A feature in the 2.0 version allows for one process to manage several simultaneous tunnels, as opposed to the original "one tunnel per process" restriction on the 1.x series.


title: OpenVPN

text: OpenVPN's use of common network protocols (TCP and UDP) makes it a desirable alternative to IPsec in situations where an ISP may block specific VPN protocols in order to force users to subscribe to a higher-priced, "business grade" service tier. For example, Comcast previously declared that their @Home product was, and had always been, designated as a residential service and did not allow the use of commercial applications. Their argument was that conducting remote work via a VPN can adversely affect the network performance of their regular residential subscribers. They offered an alternative, @Home Professional, this would cost more than @Home product. So, anyone wishing to use VPN would have to subscribe to higher-priced, business-grade service tier.


title: OpenVPN

text: When OpenVPN uses Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) transports to establish a tunnel, performance will be acceptable only as long as there is sufficient excess bandwidth on the un-tunneled network link to guarantee that the tunneled TCP timers do not expire. If this becomes untrue, performance falls off dramatically. This is known as the "TCP meltdown problem".


title: OpenVPN

text: OpenVPN offers various internal security features. It has up to 256-bit encryption through the OpenSSL library, although some service providers may offer lower rates, effectively providing some of the fastest VPN available to consumers. It runs in userspace instead of requiring IP stack (therefore kernel) operation. OpenVPN has the ability to drop root privileges, use mlockall to prevent swapping sensitive data to disk, enter a chroot jail after initialization, and apply a SELinux context after initialization.


title: OpenVPN

text: OpenVPN runs a custom security protocol based on SSL and TLS, rather than supporting IKE, IPsec, L2TP or PPTP.


title: OpenVPN

text: OpenVPN can be extended with third-party plug-ins or scripts, which can be called at defined entry points. The purpose of this is often to extend OpenVPN with more advanced logging, enhanced authentication with username and passwords, dynamic firewall updates, RADIUS integration and so on. The plug-ins are dynamically loadable modules, usually written in C, while the scripts interface can execute any scripts or binaries available to OpenVPN. In the OpenVPN source code there are some examples of such plug-ins, including a PAM authentication plug-in. Several third-party plug-ins also exist to authenticate against LDAP or SQL databases such as SQLite and MySQL.


title: OpenVPN

text: It is available on Solaris, Linux, OpenBSD, FreeBSD, NetBSD, QNX, macOS and Windows XP and later. OpenVPN is available for mobile operating systems including Maemo, Windows Mobile 6.5 and below, iOS 3GS+ devices, jailbroken iOS 3.1.2+ devices, Android 4.0+ devices, and Android devices that have had the Cyanogenmod aftermarket firmware flashed or have the correct kernel module installed. It is not compatible with some mobile phone OSes, including Palm OS. It is not a "web-based" VPN shown as a web page such as Citrix or Terminal Services Web access; the program is installed independently and configured by editing text files manually, rather than through a GUI-based wizard. OpenVPN is not compatible with VPN clients that use the IPsec over L2TP or PPTP protocols. The entire package consists of one binary for both client and server connections, an optional configuration file, and one or more key files depending on the authentication method used.


title: OpenVPN

text: OpenVPN has been integrated into several router firmware packages allowing users to run OpenVPN in client or server mode from their network routers. A router running OpenVPN in client mode, for example, allows any device on a network to access a VPN without needing the capability to install OpenVPN.


title: OpenVPN

text: OpenVPN has been integrated into SoftEther VPN, an open-source multi-protocol VPN server, to allow users to connect to the VPN server from existing OpenVPN clients.


title: OpenVPN

text: OpenVPN is also integrated into Vyos, an open-source routing operating system forked from the Vyatta software router.


title: Natural philosophy

text: Natural philosophy or philosophy of nature (from Latin "philosophia naturalis") is the philosophical study of physics, that is, nature and the physical universe. It was dominant before the development of modern science.


title: Natural philosophy

text: From the ancient world (at least since Aristotle) until the 19th century, natural philosophy was the common term for the study of physics (nature), a broad term that included botany, zoology, anthropology, and chemistry as well as what we now call physics. It was in the 19th century that the concept of science received its modern shape, with different subjects within science emerging, such as astronomy, biology, and physics. Institutions and communities devoted to science were founded. Isaac Newton's book "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica" (1687) (English: "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy") reflects the use of the term "natural philosophy" in the 17th century. Even in the 19th century, the work that helped define much of modern physics bore the title "Treatise on Natural Philosophy" (1867).


title: Natural philosophy

text: In the German tradition, "Naturphilosophie" (philosophy of nature) persisted into the 18th and 19th centuries as an attempt to achieve a speculative unity of nature and spirit, after rejecting the scholastic tradition and replacing Aristotelian metaphysics, along with those of the dogmatic churchmen, with Kantian rationalism. Some of the greatest names in German philosophy are associated with this movement, including Goethe, Hegel, and Schelling. "Naturphilosophie" was associated with Romanticism and a view that regarded the natural world as a kind of giant organism, as opposed to the philosophical approach of figures such as John Locke and others espousing a more mechanical philosophy of the world, regarding it as being like a machine.


title: Natural philosophy

text: The term "natural philosophy" preceded current usage of "natural science" (i.e. empirical science). Empirical science historically developed out of philosophy or, more specifically, natural philosophy. Natural philosophy was distinguished from the other precursor of modern science, natural history, in that natural philosophy involved reasoning and explanations about nature (and after Galileo, quantitative reasoning), whereas natural history was essentially qualitative and descriptive.


title: Natural philosophy

text: In the 14th and 15th centuries, natural philosophy was one of many branches of philosophy, but was not a specialized field of study. The first person appointed as a specialist in Natural Philosophy "per se" was Jacopo Zabarella, at the University of Padua in 1577.


title: Natural philosophy

text: Modern meanings of the terms "science" and "scientists" date only to the 19th century. Before that, "science" was a synonym for "knowledge" or "study", in keeping with its Latin origin. The term gained its modern meaning when experimental science and the scientific method became a specialized branch of study apart from natural philosophy.


title: Natural philosophy

text: From the mid-19th century, when it became increasingly unusual for scientists to contribute to both physics and chemistry, "natural philosophy" came to mean just "physics", and the word is still used in that sense in degree titles at the University of Oxford and University of Aberdeen. In general, chairs of Natural Philosophy established long ago at the oldest universities are nowadays occupied mainly by physics professors. Isaac Newton's book "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica" (1687), whose title translates to "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", reflects the then-current use of the words "natural philosophy", akin to "systematic study of nature". Even in the 19th century, a treatise by Lord Kelvin and Peter Guthrie Tait, which helped define much of modern physics, was titled "Treatise on Natural Philosophy" (1867).


title: Natural philosophy

text: Greek philosophers defined it as the combination of beings living in the universe, ignoring things made by humans. The other definition refers to human nature.


title: Natural philosophy

text: In Plato's earliest known dialogue, "Charmides" distinguishes between "science" or bodies of knowledge that produce a physical result, and those that do not. Natural philosophy has been categorized as a theoretical rather than a practical branch of philosophy (like ethics). Sciences that guide arts and draw on the philosophical knowledge of nature may produce practical results, but these subsidiary sciences (e.g., architecture or medicine) go beyond natural philosophy.


title: Natural philosophy

text: The study of natural philosophy seeks to explore the cosmos by any means necessary to understand the universe. Some ideas presuppose that change is a reality. Although this may seem obvious, there have been some philosophers who have denied the concept of metamorphosis, such as Plato's predecessor Parmenides and later Greek philosopher Sextus Empiricus, and perhaps some Eastern philosophers. George Santayana, in his "Scepticism and Animal Faith," attempted to show that the reality of change cannot be proven. If his reasoning is sound, it follows that to be a physicist, one must restrain one's skepticism enough to trust one's senses, or else rely on anti-realism.


title: Natural philosophy

text: René Descartes' metaphysical system of mind–body dualism describes two kinds of substance: matter and mind. According to this system, everything that is "matter" is deterministic and natural—and so belongs to natural philosophy—and everything that is "mind" is volitional and non-natural, and falls outside the domain of philosophy of nature.


title: Natural philosophy

text: Major branches of natural philosophy include astronomy and cosmology, the study of nature on the grand scale; etiology, the study of (intrinsic and sometimes extrinsic) causes; the study of chance, probability and randomness; the study of elements; the study of the infinite and the unlimited (virtual or actual); the study of matter; mechanics, the study of translation of motion and change; the study of nature or the various sources of actions; the study of natural qualities; the study of physical quantities; the study of relations between physical entities; and the philosophy of space and time. (Adler, 1993)


title: Natural philosophy

text: Humankind's mental engagement with nature certainly predates civilization and the record of history. Philosophical, and specifically non-religious thought about the natural world, goes back to ancient Greece. These lines of thought began before Socrates, who turned from his philosophical studies from speculations about nature to a consideration of man, viz., political philosophy. The thought of early philosophers such as Parmenides, Heraclitus, and Democritus centered on the natural world. In addition, three Presocratic philosophers who lived in the Ionian town of Miletus (hence the Milesian School of philosophy), Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes, attempted to explain natural phenomena without recourse to creation myths involving the Greek gods. They were called the "physikoi" ("natural philosophers") or, as Aristotle referred to them, the "physiologoi". Plato followed Socrates in concentrating on man. It was Plato's student, Aristotle, who, in basing his thought on the natural world, returned empiricism to its primary place, while leaving room in the world for man. Martin Heidegger observes that Aristotle was the originator of conception of nature that prevailed in the Middle Ages into the modern era:


title: Natural philosophy

text: Aristotle surveyed the thought of his predecessors and conceived of nature in a way that charted a middle course between their excesses.


title: Natural philosophy

text: "The world we inhabit is an orderly one, in which things generally behave in predictable ways, Aristotle argued, because every natural object has a "nature"—an attribute (associated primarily with form) that makes the object behave in its customary fashion..." Aristotle recommended four causes as appropriate for the business of the natural philosopher, or physicist, “and if he refers his problems back to all of them, he will assign the ‘why’ in the way proper to his science—the matter, the form, the mover, [and] ‘that for the sake of which’”. While the vagaries of the material cause are subject to circumstance, the formal, efficient and final cause often coincide because in natural kinds, the mature form and final cause are one and the same. The capacity to mature into a specimen of one's kind is directly acquired from “the primary source of motion”, i.e., from one's father, whose seed ("sperma") conveys the essential nature (common to the species), as a hypothetical "ratio".


title: Natural philosophy

text: From the late Middle Ages into the modern era, the tendency has been to narrow "science" to the consideration of efficient or agency-based causes of a particular kind:


title: Natural philosophy

text: Early Greek philosophers studied motion and the cosmos. Figures like Hesiod regarded the natural world as offspring of the gods, whereas others like Leucippus and Democritus regarded the world as lifeless atoms in a vortex. Anaximander deduced that eclipses happen because of apertures in rings of celestial fire. Heraclitus believed that the heavenly bodies were made of fire that were contained within bowls. He thought that eclipses happen when the bowl turned away from the earth. Anaximenes is believed to have stated that an underlying element was air, and by manipulating air someone could change its thickness to create fire, water, dirt, and stones. Empedocles identified the elements that make up the world, which he termed the roots of all things, as fire, air, earth, and water. Parmenides argued that all change is a logical impossibility. He gives the example that nothing can go from nonexistence to existence. Plato argues that the world is an imperfect replica of an idea that a divine craftsman once held. He also believed that the only way to truly know something was through reason and logic not the study of the object itself, but that changeable matter is a viable course of study.


title: Natural philosophy

text: Aristotle held many important beliefs that started a convergence of thought for natural philosophy. Aristotle believed that attributes of objects belong to the objects themselves, and share traits with other objects that fit them into a category. He uses the example of dogs to press this point. An individual dog may have very specific attributes (ex. one dog can be black and another brown) but also very general ones that classify it as a dog (ex. four-legged). This philosophy can be applied to many other objects as well. This idea is different than that of Plato, with whom Aristotle had a direct association. Aristotle argued that objects have properties "form" and something that is not part of its properties "matter" that defines the object. The form cannot be separated from the matter. Given the example that you can not separate properties and matter since this is impossible, you cannot collect properties in a pile and matter in another.


title: Natural philosophy

text: Aristotle believed that change was a natural occurrence. He used his philosophy of form and matter to argue that when something changes you change its properties without changing its matter. This change occurs by replacing certain properties with other properties. Since this change is always an intentional alteration whether by forced means or by natural ones, change is a controllable order of qualities. He argues that this happens through three categories of being: non-being, potential being, and actual being. Through these three states the process of changing an object never truly destroys an object's forms during this transition state but rather just blurs the reality between the two states. An example of this could be changing an object from red to blue with a transitional purple phase.


title: Natural philosophy

text: Medieval thoughts on motion involved much of Aristotle's works "Physics" and "Metaphysics". The issue that medieval philosophers had with motion was the inconsistency found between book 3 of "Physics" and book 5 of "Metaphysics". Aristotle claimed in book 3 of "Physics" that motion can be categorized by substance, quantity, quality, and place. where in book 5 of "Metaphysics" he stated that motion is a magnitude of quantity. This disputation led to some important questions to natural philosophers: Which category/categories does motion fit into? Is motion the same thing as a terminus? Is motion separate from real things? These questions asked by medieval philosophers tried to classify motion.


title: Natural philosophy

text: William of Ockham gives a good concept of motion for many people in the Middle Ages. There is an issue with the vocabulary behind motion that makes people think that there is a correlation between nouns and the qualities that make nouns. Ockham states that this distinction is what will allow people to understand motion, that motion is a property of mobiles, locations, and forms and that is all that is required to define what motion is. A famous example of this is Occam's razor, which simplifies vague statements by cutting them into more descriptive examples. "Every motion derives from an agent." becomes "each thing that is moved, is moved by an agent" this makes motion a more personal quality referring to individual objects that are moved.


title: Natural philosophy

text: The scientific method has ancient precedents, and Galileo exemplifies a mathematical understanding of nature, which is a hallmark of modern natural scientists. Galileo proposed that objects falling regardless of their mass would fall at the same rate, as long as the medium they fall in is identical. The 19th-century distinction of a scientific enterprise apart from traditional natural philosophy has its roots in prior centuries. Proposals for a more "inquisitive" and practical approach to the study of nature are notable in Francis Bacon, whose ardent convictions did much to popularize his insightful Baconian method. The Baconian method is employed throughout Thomas Browne's encyclopaedia "Pseudodoxia Epidemica" (1646–1672), which debunks a wide-range of common fallacies through empirical investigation of nature. The late-17th-century natural philosopher Robert Boyle wrote a seminal work on the distinction between physics and metaphysics called, "A Free Enquiry into the Vulgarly Received Notion of Nature", as well as "The Skeptical Chymist", after which the modern science of chemistry is named, (as distinct from proto-scientific studies of alchemy). These works of natural philosophy are representative of a departure from the medieval scholasticism taught in European universities, and anticipate in many ways, the developments that would lead to science as practiced in the modern sense. As Bacon would say, "vexing nature" to reveal "her" secrets, (scientific experimentation), rather than a mere reliance on largely historical, even anecdotal, observations of empirical phenomena, would come to be regarded as a defining characteristic of modern science, if not the very key to its success. Boyle's biographers, in their emphasis that he laid the foundations of modern chemistry, neglect how steadily he clung to the scholastic sciences in theory, practice and doctrine. However, he meticulously recorded observational detail on practical research, and subsequently advocated not only this practice, but its publication, both for successful and unsuccessful experiments, so as to validate individual claims by replication.


title: Natural philosophy

text: Natural philosophers of the late 17th or early 18th century were sometimes insultingly described as 'projectors'. A projector was an entrepreneur who invited people to invest in his invention but – as the caricature went – could not be trusted, usually because his device was impractical. Jonathan Swift satirized natural philosophers of the Royal Society as 'the academy of projectors' in his novel "Gulliver's Travels." Historians of science have argued that natural philosophers and the so-called projectors sometimes overlapped in their methods and aims.


title: Natural philosophy

text: In the middle of the 20th century, Ernst Mayr's discussions on the teleology of nature brought up issues that were dealt with previously by Aristotle (regarding final cause) and Kant (regarding reflective judgment).


title: Natural philosophy

text: Especially since the mid-20th-century European crisis, some thinkers argued the importance of looking at nature from a broad philosophical perspective, rather than what they considered a narrowly positivist approach relying implicitly on a hidden, unexamined philosophy. One line of thought grows from the Aristotelian tradition, especially as developed by Thomas Aquinas. Another line springs from Edmund Husserl, especially as expressed in "The Crisis of European Sciences". Students of his such as Jacob Klein and Hans Jonas more fully developed his themes. Last, but not least, there is the process philosophy inspired by Alfred North Whitehead's works.


title: Natural philosophy

text: Among living scholars, Brian David Ellis, Nancy Cartwright, David Oderberg, and John Dupré are some of the more prominent thinkers who can arguably be classed as generally adopting a more open approach to the natural world. Ellis (2002) observes the rise of a "New Essentialism." David Oderberg (2007) takes issue with other philosophers, including Ellis to a degree, who claim to be essentialists. He revives and defends the Thomistic-Aristotelian tradition from modern attempts to flatten nature to the limp subject of the experimental method. In his In Praise of Natural Philosophy: A Revolution for Thought and Life (2017), Nicholas Maxwell argues that we need to reform philosophy and put science and philosophy back together again to create a modern version of natural philosophy.


title: Ordinary Joe

text: Ordinary Joe is an American drama television series that ran from September 20, 2021 to January 24, 2022 on NBC. The series, produced by 20th Television and Universal Television, is co-developed and co-executive produced by Garrett Lerner and Russel Friend. James Wolk plays the titular role. In March 2022, the series was canceled after one season.


title: Ordinary Joe

text: The series centers on Joe Kimbreau as he makes a pivotal, life-changing decision at his graduation from Syracuse University. The show follows him on three parallel timelines, starting ten years after his graduation: as a police officer, following in his father's footsteps; as a music star, following his passion; and as a nurse, after he marries his college sweetheart.


title: Ordinary Joe

text: The series was originally written as a pilot by executive producer Matt Reeves for ABC in 2006, based on a concept that Caleb Ranson had been developing for a separate British series for ITV, but neither program ended up moving forward. The project was revived a decade later and received a put pilot commitment by NBC on November 5, 2018. In January 2020, the series received a pilot order for the 2020–21 season and Adam Davidson was brought on as director the following month. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 resulted in the series being pushed to the 2021–22 season. On March 31, 2021, NBC picked up the pilot to series. On March 4, 2022, NBC canceled the series after one season.


title: Ordinary Joe

text: James Wolk was the first member to be cast in the series on February 19, 2020, in the titular role of Joe Kimbreau. He was joined the following month by Natalie Martinez and Charlie Barnett portraying the characters Amy and Eric Payne respectively. In March 2021, it was announced that Elizabeth Lail would also be co-starring in the series. In June 2021, David Warshofsky was revealed to be a part of the series cast. In July 2021, Adam Rodriguez joined the cast in a recurring role. In August 2021, Jack Coleman, Christine Adams, Joe Carroll, Rushi Kota, Jason Burkey, and Gabrielle Byndloss joined the cast in recurring capacities.


title: Ordinary Joe

text: The show uses color palettes to distinguish among the three timelines: green hues when Joe is a nurse, blue hues when he is a cop, and red hues when he is a rock star.


title: Ordinary Joe

text: Principal photography on the pilot began in Chicago, Illinois, in March 2020, but was suspended within a few days due to COVID-related shutdowns. Consequently, the pilot remained only partially filmed. Production on the pilot resumed in November 2020 and was completed the following month. Filming on the remainder of the first season commenced on July 27, 2021 in Atlanta, Georgia, and concluded on December 10, 2021.


title: Ordinary Joe

text: In May 2021, it was announced that the series would premiere in Fall 2021 and would air on Monday nights at 10 pm. On July 23, 2021, NBC released the first official trailer for the series. The series premiered on September 20, 2021 and concluded on January 24, 2022.


title: Ordinary Joe

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 50% approval rating with an average rating of 6.3/10, based on 20 critic reviews. The website's critics consensus reads, ""Ordinary Joe" has an appealing start and premise, but it's hard to see whether it's triple timelines will add up to a satisfactory season of television." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 64 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Ordinary Joe

text: The show's use of multiple color palettes was described by a critic as "notable but not distracting" to distinguish among the three timelines: green when Joe is a nurse, blue when he is a cop, and orange when he is a rock star.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira (, born 2 June 1976), better known as Minotauro or Big Nog, is a Brazilian retired mixed martial artist. He competed in the heavyweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), where he is a former Interim UFC Heavyweight Champion. He is the twin brother of UFC fighter Antônio Rogério Nogueira. Nogueira rose to prominence in Japanese promotions Fighting Network RINGS where he won the 2000 RINGS King of Kings tournament, and later with Pride Fighting Championships, where he was the first Pride Heavyweight Champion from November 2001 to March 2003, as well as a 2004 PRIDE FC Heavyweight Grand Prix Finalist. He is one of only three men to have held championship titles in both Pride Fighting Championships and the Ultimate Fighting Championship (the others being Mauricio Rua and Mark Coleman).


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: Born in the town of Vitória da Conquista, Brazil, Nogueira started training in judo at the age of 4, boxing at 14 and Brazilian jiu-jitsu at 18. At age 10, he was accidentally run over by a truck and fell into a four-day coma, losing a rib and part of his liver, and was hospitalized for eleven months. As a result of the accident, he has a large scar, including a noticeable indentation, on his lower back.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: Nogueira made his mixed martial arts (MMA) debut in the World Extreme Fighting promotion, which often held events in southern parts of the United States. He won his first two fights by submission and then won the WEF Heavyweight Superfight Championship in his 5th pro fight against veteran Jeremy Horn. A few years after his MMA debut, Nogueira started training with the Brazilian Top Team.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: Nogueira debuted in Fighting Network Rings by taking part in the King of Kings 1999 tournament. He quickly submitted Valentijn Overeem and Yuriy Kochkine before clashing with middle-aged sambo champion Andrei Kopylov. Nogueira avoided a kimura lock attempt through the first round and controlled Kopylov for some minutes, before switching to stand-up in the second round and landing punches for the split decision win. In the next match, however, Nogueira was eliminated by American wrestling champion Dan Henderson in a controversial fight, as it was believed that the Brazilian had controlled the match much more than Henderson.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: Nogueira's next fight was against Japanese star Tsuyoshi "TK" Kohsaka. The bout was back and forth, with Nogueira repeatedly gaining dominant position and striking with short punches, only for his opponent to consistently reverse him, blocking the Brazilian's takedowns and striking as well when possible. After three rounds, the match was ruled a draw.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: At King of Kings 2000, Nogueira was invited back to Rings. He submitted Achmed Labasanov before facing another Japanese name in the form of Kiyoshi Tamura. Nogueira was able to take him down and threaten him with submissions, but the Japanese fighter kept defending them and coming back at openings. Finally, the second round saw Nogueira win using an armbar.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: His third match in the tournament was against another sambo champion, Volk Han, who was almost twice Nogueira's age. Han proved difficult to submit, but Nogueira controlled most of the match. After a flying kimura attempt by the Russian, Nogueira countered with an omoplata/ankle hold combination, until the match went to the judges' decision. The unanimous decision was given to the Brazilian, who advanced to the next round to face Hiromitsu Kanehara. Noguiera won the fight by submission. His final opponent in the tournament was Valentijn Overeem. Nogueira made Overeem tap out quickly and won the King of Kings tournament.


title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: Following the end of Akira Maeda's Rings federation, Nogueira was signed by Pride Fighting Championships. He debuted in July 2001 at Pride 15, quickly submitting Gary Goodridge by triangle choke. At Pride 16, he submitted UFC and Pride Grand Prix champion Mark Coleman by triangle armbar.