title: Impressment

text: For the next year scores of American ships were condemned in admiralty courts and American seamen were impressed with increasing frequency until, in the early summer of 1807, when three deserters from the British frigate lying in Chesapeake Bay enlisted on the American frigate . After searching the "Chesapeake", the deserters, David Martin, John Strachan, and William Ware, were found to be native-born Americans who had been wrongly impressed. The search also established that another crew member, listed as Jenkin Ratford, was actually a British deserter; however, he could not be found. Admiral Berkeley angrily issued an order to all commanders in the North Atlantic Squadron to search the "Chesapeake" if encountered on the high seas. Eight miles southeast of Cape Henry a boat from the British frigate intercepted her but Commodore Barron declined to permit his crew to be mustered. The "Leopard" began approaching and the commander shouted a warning to which Barron replied "I don't hear what you say". The "Leopard" then fired two shots across the bow and almost immediately poured a broadside into the American ship. The "Chesapeake" did not return fire but the British ship fired another two broadsides. Three crew were killed and eighteen wounded. The British boarding party not only arrested the British deserter but also the three Americans. The "Chesapeake"–"Leopard" affair provoked an outcry for war from all parts of the country and Jefferson later wrote: "The affair of the "Chesapeake" put war into my hand, I had only to open it and let havoc loose". He ordered the state governors to ready their militias but the Embargo Act of 1807 he eventually passed only ordered all British armed vessels out of American waters and forbade all contact with them if they remained.


title: Impressment

text: As a cause of the War of 1812, the impressment and ship seizures caused serious diplomatic tension, and helped to turn American public opinion against Britain. Impressment was widely perceived as humiliating and dishonoring the U.S. because it was unable to protect its ships and sailors.


title: Impressment

text: Britain fought the war against Napoleon on the high seas, enlarging its Royal Navy from 135 ships in 1793 to 584 in 1812, and expanding personnel from 36,000 seamen in 1793 to 114,000 in 1812. In spring 1814 Napoleon surrendered, the allies restored the Bourbon kings to the throne, and France was no longer an enemy of Great Britain. The naval war was over and Britain could now sharply reduce its Royal Navy. It had no need to impress sailors, and never again used that means of forced recruitment, although it did not officially renounce the practice. By the time of Britain's next major war, against Russia in 1853, a new system of fixed-term engagements had given the Royal Navy a sufficient number of volunteer recruits to meet its manpower needs. Throughout the remainder of the 19th century changes in manpower needs and improved conditions of service permitted the Royal Navy to rely on voluntary enlistment to meet its requirements, augmented by the recall of reservists when necessary. This continued to be the case until World War I, when organised conscription was introduced in 1916 for all the military services.


title: Impressment

text: The first Act of Parliament legalising this practice was passed in the reign of Queen Elizabeth in 1563 and was known as "An Act touching political considerations for the maintenance of the navy". It was renewed many times until 1631. In the Vagabonds Act 1597, several lists of persons were subject to impressment for service in the fleet. Following the execution of King Charles I, the Rump Parliament passed several acts in 1649 and 1650 concerning the encouragement of officers, mariners and for the impressment of seamen (e.g. 22 February 1648/9). In 1695 an Act was passed to build a permanent register of 30,000 men for ready call-up by the navy, "without having recourse to the barbarous and unconstitutional practice of pressing". The act also established basic rules and benefits for all types of seamen, including access to Greenwich Hospital.


title: Impressment

text: With wars raging in Europe and in America the Navigation Act 1703 (2 & 3 Ann. c. 6) was passed "for the of Seamen and better Encouragement of Navigation, and the Protection of the Coal Trade". This act gave parish authorities the power to indenture and apprentice boys to the sea, from as young as 10, until age 21; it also reaffirmed that rogues and vagabonds were subject to be pressed into the navy. The act establishes administration and regulations for the act, including youth who volunteer for the indenture and certain seamen engaged in the coal trade supplying cities, are exempt from impressment for three years. This act was followed by the Recruiting Act 1703 (2 & 3 Ann. c. 13), which allows impressing able-bodied men into the army and navy who did not have visible means of subsistence; also as a wartime measure the act relaxes English crewing requirements under the Navigation Acts, to make experienced English seamen more available to serve on ships of war. In 1740, impressment was limited to men between 18 and 45, and it also exempted foreigners.


title: Impressment

text: As part of a wider effort to build colonial capability and harass its enemies, Parliament passed the Trade to America Act 1707 (6 Ann. c. 64). Section 9 mandated that mariners serving on board privateers and trading ships in any part of America, and those on shore, are not liable for impressment. Lingering questions remained whether the law applied only to the navy, or to civil authorities as well, and whether it applied only to the current war or to all future wars. Two attorneys-general of Great Britain, one in 1716, and another in 1740, issued opinions that the 1707 Act was no longer in effect, but many American colonists disagreed.


title: Impressment

text: Despite doubts over the continuing legality of impressment in continental waters, but for similar reasons, Parliament passed the Sugar Trade Act 1746 (19 Geo. 2 c. 30) stating that impressment was forbidden in the West Indies, but it added certain exceptions and made no specific mention of America. This would lead to the Knowles Riot in Boston the following year, and continuing colonial questions, particularly in heavily maritime New England.


title: Impressment

text: The last law was passed in 1835, in which the power to impress was reaffirmed. This limited the length of service of a pressed man to five years, and added the provision that a man could not be pressed twice. Although Britain abandoned the practice of impressment in 1815, impressment remained legal until the early 1900s, and the various laws authorising impressment have never been repealed.


title: Impressment

text: Starting in 1645, the New Model Army raised by Oliver Cromwell to overthrow Charles I during the English Civil War was largely manned by impressment. After the restoration of the monarchy, impressment into the army was discontinued.


title: Impressment

text: During the American Revolutionary War, after the losses at the Battle of Saratoga and the impending hostilities with France, the existing voluntary enlistment measures were judged to be insufficient. Between 1775 and 1781, the regular army increased from 48,000 to 110,000. Two acts were passed, the Recruiting Act 1778 and the Recruiting Act 1779, for the impression of individuals into the British Army. The chief advantages of these acts was in the number of volunteers brought in under the apprehension of impressment. To avoid impressment, some recruits incapacitated themselves by cutting off the thumb and forefinger of the right hand, making it impossible to use a musket or sword. The Recruiting Act of 1779 was repealed on 26 May 1780, and army impressment was permanently discontinued.


title: Impressment

text: During the experiment, the British government allowed army impressment under severely restricted circumstances — both acts emphasized volunteering over impressment, and offered strong incentives to volunteers as a "carrot and stick" tactic, to encourage the men to volunteer lest they be pressed instead. The impressment portion of the 1778 Act applied only to Scotland and the area around London, excluding Wales and the rest of England, to avoid interfering with harvesting. The 1779 Act applied to all of Great Britain, but was initially suspended everywhere except the area around London, and actually applied to all of Great Britain for only six months, until the 1779 act was repealed in May 1780, and army impressment ceased in Britain.


title: Impressment

text: Unlike naval impressment, army impressment applied only to "able-bodied idle, and disorderly Persons, who could not, upon Examination, prove themselves to exercise and industriously follow some lawful Trade or Employment, or to have some Substance sufficient for their Support and Maintenance", as well as smugglers, according to the 1778 law, but excluding from that any men who were voters, or harvest workers. The 1779 law extended impressment also to "incorrigible rogues" who had abandoned their families, and left them as expenses on the parish. Impressed apprentices were released under appeal from their masters, and impressed foreigners were released when requested by their countries' embassies.


title: Quentin Crisp

text: Quentin Crisp (born Denis Charles Pratt;  – ) was an English raconteur, whose work in the public eye included a memoir of his life and various media appearances. Before becoming well-known, he was an artist's model, hence the title of his most famous work, "The Naked Civil Servant". He afterwards became a gay icon due to his flamboyant personality, fashion sense and wit. His iconic status was occasionally controversial, due to remarks about subjects like the AIDS crisis. This invited censure from gay activists, including human-rights campaigner Peter Tatchell.


title: Quentin Crisp

text: During his teen years, he worked briefly as a rent boy. He then spent thirty years as a professional model for life-classes in art colleges. The interviews he gave about his unusual life attracted great curiosity, and he was soon sought after for his personal views on social manners and the cultivation of style.


title: Quentin Crisp

text: His one-man stage show was a long-running hit both in Britain and America, and he also appeared in films and on television. Crisp defied convention by criticising both gay liberation and Diana, Princess of Wales.


title: Quentin Crisp

text: Despite considering himself a gay man for most of his life, just before his death, Crisp wrote in an autobiography that it had been "explained" to him that he was "not really homosexual", but was transgender.


title: Quentin Crisp

text: Denis Charles Pratt was born in Sutton, Surrey, on 25 December 1908, the fourth child of solicitor Spencer Charles Pratt (1871–1931) and former governess Frances Marion Pratt (née Phillips; 1873–1960). His elder siblings were Katherine (1901–1976), Gerald (1902–1983) and Lewis (1907–1968). He changed his name to Quentin Crisp in his twenties after leaving home, and expressed a feminine appearance to a degree that shocked contemporary Londoners and provoked gay-bashing assaults.


title: Quentin Crisp

text: By his own account, Crisp was "effeminate" from an early age, resulting in his being teased while at Kingswood House School in Epsom, Surrey, from which he won a scholarship to Denstone College, Uttoxeter, Staffordshire, in 1922. After leaving school in 1926, Crisp studied journalism at King's College London, but failed to graduate in 1928, going on to take art classes at the Regent Street Polytechnic.


title: Quentin Crisp

text: Around this time, Crisp began visiting the cafés of Soho – his favourite being The Black Cat in Old Compton Street – meeting other young gay men and rent-boys, and experimenting with make-up and women's clothes. For six months, he worked as a prostitute; in a 1998 interview, he said he was looking for love, but found only degradation, a reflection he had previously expressed in the 1968 "World in Action" interview, which aired on television in 1971.


title: Quentin Crisp

text: Crisp left home to move to the centre of London at the end of 1930, and after dwelling in a succession of flats, found a bed-sitting room in Denbigh Street, Pimlico, where he "held court with London's brightest and roughest characters." His 'outlandish' appearance – he wore bright make-up, dyed his long hair crimson, painted his fingernails and wore sandals to display his painted toe-nails – brought admiration and curiosity from some quarters, but generally attracted hostility and violence from strangers passing him in the streets.


title: Quentin Crisp

text: Crisp attempted to join the British army at the outbreak of the Second World War, but was rejected and declared exempt by the medical board on the grounds that he was "suffering from sexual perversion". He remained in London during the 1941 Blitz, stocked up on cosmetics, purchased five pounds of henna and later paraded through the streets during the black-out, picking up G.I.s. In 1940, he moved into a first-floor flat at 129 Beaufort Street, Chelsea, a bed-sitting room that he occupied until he emigrated to the United States in 1981. In the intervening years, he never attempted any housework, writing famously in his memoir "The Naked Civil Servant": "After the first four years the dirt doesn't get any worse."


title: Quentin Crisp

text: Crisp left his job as an engineer's tracer in 1942 to become a model in life classes in London and the Home Counties. Crisp wanted to call his book "I Reign in Hell", a reference to Milton's "Paradise Lost" ("Better to reign in Hell, than serve in Heaven"). Crisp's agent insisted on "The Naked Civil Servant", an insistence that later gave him pause when he offered the manuscript to Tom Maschler of Jonathan Cape on the same day that Desmond Morris delivered "The Naked Ape". "The Naked Civil Servant" was published in 1968 to generally good reviews, although it initially only sold 3,500 copies. Crisp was then approached by the documentary film maker Denis Mitchell to be the subject of a 1968 short film in which he discussed his life and lifestyle. The documentary aired on British television in 1971.


title: Quentin Crisp

text: In 1975, the television version of "The Naked Civil Servant" was broadcast on British and US television, making actor John Hurt and Crisp into stars. This success launched Crisp in a new direction: that of performer and tutor. He devised a one-man show and began touring the country with it. The first half of the show was an entertaining monologue loosely based on his memoirs, while the second half was a question-and-answer session with Crisp picking the audience's written questions at random and answering them in an amusing manner.


title: Quentin Crisp

text: After the success of the film, his autobiography was reprinted; "Gay News" commented that it should have been published posthumously (Crisp said that this was their polite way of telling him to drop dead). Gay rights campaigner Peter Tatchell said he had met Crisp in 1974, and alleged that he was not sympathetic to the Gay Liberation movement of the time. Tatchell said Crisp asked him: "What do you want liberation from? What is there to be proud of? I don't believe in rights for homosexuals."


title: Quentin Crisp

text: By now Crisp was a theatre-filling humorist; in 1978, his one-man show sold out London's Duke of York's Theatre. He then took the show to New York. His first stay in the Hotel Chelsea coincided with a fire, a robbery, and the death of Nancy Spungen. Crisp decided to move to New York permanently and, in 1981, found a small apartment at 46 East 3rd Street in Manhattan's East Village.


title: Quentin Crisp

text: As he had done in London, Crisp allowed his telephone number to be listed in the telephone directory. He saw it as his duty to converse with anyone who called him, saying "If you don't have your name in the phone book, you're stuck with your friends. How will you ever enlarge your horizons?" He answered the phone with the phrase: "Yes, Lord?", or "Oh yes?", in a querulous tone of voice. His openness to strangers extended to accepting dinner invitations from almost anyone. Whilst he expected that the host would pay for dinner, Crisp did his best to "sing for his supper" by regaling his host with wonderful stories and yarns, much as he did in his theatrical performances.


title: Quentin Crisp

text: Crisp continued to perform his one-man show, published books on the importance of contemporary manners as a means of social inclusion (as opposed to etiquette, which he claimed is socially exclusive), and supported himself by accepting social invitations, and writing film reviews and columns for UK and US magazines and newspapers. He said that provided one could exist on peanuts and champagne, one could quite easily live by going to every cocktail party, premiere and first night to which one was invited.


title: Quentin Crisp

text: Crisp also acted on television and in films. He made his debut as a film actor in the Royal College of Art's low-budget production of "Hamlet" (1976). Crisp played Polonius in the 65-minute adaptation of Shakespeare's play, supported by Helen Mirren, who doubled as Ophelia and Gertrude. He appeared in the 1985 film "The Bride", which brought him into contact with Sting, who played the lead role of Baron Frankenstein and, in 1987, wrote the song "Englishman in New York" for Crisp. Crisp also appeared on the television show "The Equalizer" in the 1987 episode "First Light", and as the narrator of director Richard Kwietniowski's short film "Ballad of Reading Gaol" (1988), based on the poem by Oscar Wilde. Four years later, he was cast in a lead role, and got top billing, in the low-budget independent film "", playing the door-man of a flea-bag hotel in a run-down neighbourhood, quite like the one he lived in. Director Thomas Massengale reportedly said that Crisp was a delight to work with.


title: Quentin Crisp

text: The 1990s would prove to be his most prolific decade as an actor, as more and more directors offered him roles. In 1992 he was persuaded by Sally Potter to play Elizabeth I in the film "Orlando". Although he found the role taxing, he won acclaim for a dignified and touching performance. Crisp next had an uncredited cameo in the 1993 AIDS drama "Philadelphia." Crisp accepted some other small bit parts and cameos, such as a pageant judge in 1995's "To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar". Crisp's last role was in an independent film, "American Mod" (1999), while his last full-feature film was "HomoHeights" (also released as "Happy Heights", 1996). He was chosen by Channel 4 to deliver the first "Alternative Christmas Speech", a counterpoint to the Queen's Christmas speech, in 1993.


title: Quentin Crisp

text: Crisp remained fiercely independent and unpredictable into old age. He caused controversy and confusion in the gay community by jokingly calling AIDS "a fad", and homosexuality "a terrible disease". He was continually in demand from journalists requiring a sound-bite, and throughout the 1990s his commentary was sought on any number of topics.


title: Quentin Crisp

text: Crisp was a stern critic of Diana, Princess of Wales, and her attempts to gain public sympathy following her divorce from Prince Charles. He stated: "I always thought Diana was such trash and got what she deserved. She was Lady Diana before she was Princess Diana so she knew the racket. She knew that royal marriages have nothing to do with love. You marry a man and you stand beside him on public occasions and you wave and for that you never have a financial worry until the day you die." Following her death in 1997, he commented that it was perhaps her "fast and shallow" lifestyle that led to her demise: "She could have been – and she was swanning about Paris with Arabs. What disgraceful behaviour! Going about saying she wanted to be the queen of hearts. The vulgarity of it is so overpowering."


title: Quentin Crisp

text: In 1995 he was among the many people interviewed for "The Celluloid Closet", a historical documentary addressing how Hollywood films have depicted homosexuality. In his third volume of memoirs, "Resident Alien", published in the same year, Crisp stated that he was close to the end of his life, though he continued to make public appearances, and in June of that year he was one of the guest entertainers at the second Pride Scotland festival in Glasgow.


title: Quentin Crisp

text: In 1997 Crisp was crowned king of the Beaux-Arts Ball run by the Beaux Arts Society. He presided alongside Queen Audrey Kargere, Prince George Bettinger and Princess Annette Hunt.


title: Quentin Crisp

text: In December 1998 he celebrated his ninetieth birthday, performing the opening night of his one-man show, "An Evening with Quentin Crisp", at The Intar Theatre on Forty-Second Street in New York City (produced by John Glines of The Glines organisation).


title: Quentin Crisp

text: At the age of 90 Crisp wrote that he had "accepted" that he was transgender. In "The Last Word", published posthumously, Crisp wrote, "Having labeled myself homosexual and having been labeled as such by the wider world, I have effectively lived a 'gay' life for most of my years. Consequently, I can relate to gay men because I have more or less been one for so long in spite of my actual fate being that of a woman trapped in a man's body. I refer to myself as homosexual without thinking because of how I have lived my life. If you are reading this and are gay, think of me as one of your own even though you now know the truth. If it's confusing for you, think how confusing it has been for me these past ninety years."


title: Quentin Crisp

text: Crisp died of a heart attack on 21 November 1999, nearly one month before his 91st birthday, while staying at the home of a friend in Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester, on the eve of a nationwide revival of his one-man show. A humorous pact he had made with Penny Arcade to live to be a century old, with a decade off for good behaviour, proved prophetic. He was cremated with a minimum of ceremony as he had requested, and his ashes were flown back to his personal assistant and travel companion Phillip Ward in New York.


title: Quentin Crisp

text: He bequeathed his rights in three books to his respective collaborators: Phillip Ward for Crisp's final book "The Last Word" and the book "And One More Thing" (formerly titled "Dusty Answers"); Guy Kettelhack for "The Wit and Wisdom of Quentin Crisp" and John Hofsess for "Manners from Heaven". He bequeathed all future UK-only income (but not the copyrights, which belong to Ward, literary agent Stedman Mays, writer Mary Tahan and are managed by Ward) from his remaining literary estate (including "The Naked Civil Servant") to the two men he considered to have had the greatest influence on his career: Richard Gollner, his long-time agent and his first agent Donald Carroll.


title: Quentin Crisp

text: In the two years before his death (1997–1999), Crisp had been compiling a work that was to initially be titled "The Dusty Answers" with Phillip Ward. Crisp and Ward developed material for this book through many hours of recorded interviews, which was necessary because Crisp had lost the use of his left hand and was unable to use a typewriter or computer. The resulting manuscript remained unpublished for eighteen years after Crisp's death, because Ward found it emotionally difficult to transcribe Crisp's words. A chance meeting with Laurence Watts, who interviewed Ward for "Pink News", led to a partnership that would see them co-edit Crisp's remaining work.


title: Quentin Crisp

text: On 21 November 2017, MB Books published "The Last Word: An Autobiography" by Crisp, edited by Ward and Watts. Whereas "The Naked Civil Servant" made Crisp famous and "How To Become A Virgin" detailed that fame, and his life in New York, "The Last Word" was written as a goodbye to the world, with Crisp knowing the end was near. In it he recounts several previously untold stories from his life, walks the reader through his journey from obscurity, and reflects on his philosophy. He also describes the realisation that he was a trans woman and not a gay man.


title: Quentin Crisp

text: In January 2019, MB Books published "And One More Thing", a companion book to "The Last Word: An Autobiography", again edited by Ward and Watts. This book contains material that the editors believed did not fit into "The Last Word". In "And One More Thing", Crisp primarily shares his views on other people, their lives and their opinions, from flapper girls to Monica Lewinsky, and from the British Royal Family to Walt Disney. Also included are his collected poems, the script for his Alternative Christmas Message, broadcast on Britain's Channel 4 in 1993, and the script of his one-man show "An Evening With Quentin Crisp".


title: Quentin Crisp

text: Sting dedicated his song "Englishman in New York" (1987) to Crisp. He had jokingly remarked "that he looked forward to receiving his naturalisation papers so that he could commit a crime and not be deported." In late 1986 Sting visited Crisp in his apartment and was told over dinner, and the next three days, what life had been like for a homosexual man in the largely homophobic Great Britain of the 1920s to the 1960s. Sting was both shocked and fascinated and decided to write the song. It includes the lines:


title: Quentin Crisp

text: Sting says, "Well, it's partly about me and partly about Quentin. Again, I was looking for a metaphor. Quentin is a hero of mine, someone I know very well. He is gay and he was gay at a time in history when it was dangerous to be so. He had people beating up on him on a daily basis, largely with the consent of the public."


title: Quentin Crisp

text: Crisp was the subject of a photographic portrait by Herb Ritts and was also chronicled in Andy Warhol's diaries.


title: Quentin Crisp

text: In his 1995 autobiography "Take It Like a Man", singer Boy George discusses how he had felt an affinity towards Crisp during his childhood, as they faced similar problems as young homosexual people living in homophobic surroundings.


title: Quentin Crisp

text: In 1991, a documentary about Crisp, "Resident Alien", was released by Greycat Films. Crisp was then the subject of the play "Resident Alien", by Tim Fountain, which starred his friend Bette Bourne. The play opened in 1999 at the Bush Theatre in London; in 2001, it transferred to the New York Theatre Workshop where it won two Obies (for performance and design). In 2002, it won a Herald Angel (Best Actor) at the Edinburgh Festival; subsequent productions have been seen across the US and Australia.


title: Quentin Crisp

text: The 1981 synthpop song "No G.D.M" by German electro band Gina X Performance is dedicated to Crisp. The song "The Ballad of Jack Eric Williams (and Other Three-Named Composers)" from William Finn's 2003 song-cycle "Elegies" refers to him.


title: Quentin Crisp

text: In 2009 a television sequel to "The Naked Civil Servant" was broadcast. Entitled "An Englishman in New York", the production documented Crisp's later years in Manhattan. Thirty-four years after his first award-winning performance as Crisp, John Hurt returned to play him again. Other co-stars included Denis O'Hare as Phillip Steele (an amalgam character based on Crisp's friends Phillip Ward and Tom Steele), Jonathan Tucker as artist Patrick Angus, Cynthia Nixon as Penny Arcade, and Swoosie Kurtz as Connie Clausen. The production was filmed in New York in August 2008 and completed in London in October 2008. The film was directed by British director Richard Laxton, written by Brian Fillis, produced by Amanda Jenks and made its premiere at the Berlinale (the Berlin International Film Festival) in early February 2009, before being shown on television later that year.


title: Quentin Crisp

text: That same year, Crisp's great-nephew, academic and film-maker Adrian Goycoolea, premiered a short documentary, "Uncle Denis?", at the 23rd London Lesbian & Gay Film Festival. The film uses interviews with family and previously unseen home movie footage. In collaboration with Crisperanto (The Quentin Crisp Archives) curator Philip Ward, Goycoolea also created an installation entitled 'Personal Effects' at the 2010 MIX NYC, New York City, which recreated Crisp's New York apartment using his personal effects and included home video footage.


title: Quentin Crisp

text: In 2013, with curator Ward, the Museum of Arts and Design in Manhattan staged a three-month retrospective on Crisp, entitled "Ladies and Gentlemen, Mr. Quentin Crisp". The retrospective consisted of free screenings of interviews, one man shows, documentaries and other recorded media.


title: Quentin Crisp

text: In 2014 Mark Farrelly's solo performance "Quentin Crisp: Naked Hope" debuted at the Edinburgh Festival, before transferring to the St. James's Theatre in London and subsequently touring. It depicts Crisp at his Chelsea flat in the 1960s and performing his one-man show thirty years later.


title: Quentin Crisp

text: In the 2016 "Ghostbusters" reboot, Bill Murray explicitly based the dress style of his character (Martin Heiss) on Crisp.


title: Quentin Crisp

text: In his 2020 autobiography "Confess", Rob Halford of Judas Priest identifies Crisp as having been a hero of his. When the then closeted Halford had first seen "The Naked Civil Servant" in 1975, he had been impressed by the film and Crisp. Halford came out, in an MTV interview, on 4 February 1998. In 1999, Halford attended San Diego Pride with his partner, Thomas. While there, Halford met Crisp, and got a book signed by him ('To Rob, from Quentin'). According to Halford, he continues to treasure the signed book. Halford views himself as a rock version of Crisp, and refers to himself as the "stately homo of heavy metal".


title: Vastu shastra

text: Vastu shastra (, "" – literally "science of architecture") is a traditional Indian system of architecture based on ancient texts that describe principles of design, layout, measurements, ground preparation, space arrangement, and spatial geometry. The designs aim to integrate architecture with nature, the relative functions of various parts of the structure, and ancient beliefs utilising geometric patterns (yantra), symmetry, and directional alignments.


title: Vastu shastra

text: Vastu Shastra are the textual part of "Vastu Vidya" - the broader knowledge about architecture and design theories from ancient India. Vastu Vidya is a collection of ideas and concepts, with or without the support of layout diagrams, that are not rigid. Rather, these ideas and concepts are models for the organisation of space and form within a building or collection of buildings, based on their functions in relation to each other, their usage and the overall fabric of the Vastu. Ancient Vastu Shastra principles include those for the design of "Mandir" (Hindu temples), and the principles for the design and layout of houses, towns, cities, gardens, roads, water works, shops and other public areas.


title: Vastu shastra

text: In contemporary India, states Chakrabarti, consultants that include "quacks, priests and astrologers" fueled by greed are marketing pseudoscience and superstition in the name of Vastu-sastras. They have little knowledge of what the historic Vastu-sastra texts actually teach, and they frame it in terms of a "religious tradition", rather than ground it in any "architectural theory" therein.


title: Vastu shastra

text: The Sanskrit word "vāstu" means a dwelling or house with a corresponding plot of land. The vrddhi, "vāstu", takes the meaning of "the site or foundation of a house, site, ground, building or dwelling-place, habitation, homestead, house". The underlying root is "vas" "to dwell, live, stay, reside". The term shastra may loosely be translated as "doctrine, teaching".


title: Vastu shastra

text: "Vāstu-Śastras" (literally, science of dwelling) are ancient Sanskrit manuals of architecture. These contain Vastu-Vidya (literally, knowledge of dwelling).


title: Vastu shastra

text: Vastu, crafts and architecture are traditionally attributed to the divine Vishwakarma in the Hindu pantheon. Theories tracing links of the principles of composition in "vastu shastra" and the Indus Valley civilization have been made, but scholar Kapila Vatsyayan considers this as speculation as the Indus Valley script remains undeciphered. According to Chakrabarti, Vastu Vidya is as old the Vedic period and linked to the ritual architecture. According to Michael W. Meister, the "Atharvaveda" contains verses with mystic cosmogony which provide a paradigm for cosmic planning, but they did not represent architecture nor a developed practice.


title: Vastu shastra

text: Vastu sastras are stated by some to have roots in pre-1st-century CE literature, but these views suffer from being a matter of interpretation. For example, the mathematical rules and steps for constructing Vedic yajna square for the sacrificial fire are in the "Sulba-sutras" dated to 4th-century BCE. However, these are ritual artifacts and they are not buildings or temples or broader objects of a lasting architecture. Varahamihira's "Brihat Samhita" dated to about the sixth century CE is among the earliest known Indian texts with dedicated chapters with principles of architecture. For example, Chapter 53 of the "Brihat Samhita" is titled "On architecture", and there and elsewhere it discusses elements of vastu sastra such as "planning cities and buildings" and "house structures, orientation, storeys, building balconies" along with other topics. According to Michael Meister, a scholar of Indian architecture, we must acknowledge that Varahamihira does mention his own sources on "vastu" as older texts and sages. However, these may be mythology and reflect the Indian tradition to credit mythical sages and deities.


title: Vastu shastra

text: There exist many Vāstu-Śastras on the art of building houses, temples, towns and cities. By 6th century AD, Sanskrit texts for constructing palatial temples were in circulation in India. Vāstu-Śastras include chapters on home construction, town planning, and how efficient villages, towns and kingdoms integrated temples, water bodies and gardens within them to achieve harmony with nature. While it is unclear, states Barnett, as to whether these temple and town planning texts were theoretical studies and if or when they were properly implemented in practice, these texts suggest that town planning and Hindu temples were conceived as ideals of art and integral part of Hindu social and spiritual life.


title: Vastu shastra

text: Six of the most studied, complete and referred to Indian texts on Vastu Vidya that have survived into the modern age, states Tillotson, are – the "Mayamata", the "Manasara", the "Samarangana Sutradhara", the "Rajavallabha", the "Vishvakarmaprakasha" and the "Aparajitaprccha". Numerous other important texts contain sections or chapters on aspects of architecture and design.


title: Vastu shastra

text: The "Silpa Prakasa" of Odisha, authored by Ramachandra Bhattaraka Kaulachara sometime in ninth or tenth century CE, is another Vāstu Śastra. Silpa Prakasa describes the geometric principles in every aspect of the temple and symbolism such as 16 emotions of human beings carved as 16 types of female figures. These styles were perfected in Hindu temples prevalent in the eastern states of India. Other ancient texts found expand these architectural principles, suggesting that different parts of India developed, invented and added their own interpretations. For example, in "Saurastra" tradition of temple building found in western states of India, the feminine form, expressions and emotions are depicted in 32 types of "Nataka-stri" compared to 16 types described in "Silpa Prakasa". Silpa Prakasa provides brief introduction to 12 types of Hindu temples. Other texts, such as "Pancaratra Prasada Prasadhana" compiled by Daniel Smith and Silpa Ratnakara compiled by Narmada Sankara provide a more extensive list of Hindu temple types.


title: Vastu shastra

text: Sanskrit texts for temple construction discovered in Rajasthan, in northwestern region of India, include Sutradhara Mandana's "Prasadamandana" (literally, planning and building a temple) with chapters on town building. "Manasara shilpa" and "Mayamata", texts of South Indian origin, estimated to be in circulation by 5th to 7th century AD, is a guidebook on South Indian Vastu design and construction. "Isanasivagurudeva paddhati" is another Sanskrit text from the 9th century describing the art of building in India in south and central India. In north India, "Brihat-samhita" by Varāhamihira is the widely cited ancient Sanskrit text from 6th century describing the design and construction of "Nagara" style of Hindu temples.


title: Vastu shastra

text: These "Vāstu Śastras", often discuss and describe the principles of Hindu temple design, but do not limit themselves to the design of a Hindu temple. They describe the temple as a holistic part of its community, and lay out various principles and a diversity of alternate designs for home, village and city layout along with the temple, gardens, water bodies and nature.


title: Vastu shastra

text: The central area in all mandala is the "Brahmasthana". Mandala "circle-circumference" or "completion", is a concentric diagram having spiritual and ritual significance in both Hinduism and Buddhism. The space occupied by it varies in different mandala – in "Pitha" (9) and "Upapitha" (25) it occupies one square module, in "Mahaapitha" (16), "Ugrapitha" (36) and "Manduka" (64), four square modules and in "Sthandila" (49) and "Paramasaayika" (81), nine square modules. The Pitha is an amplified Prithvimandala in which, according to some texts, the central space is occupied by earth. The Sthandila mandala is used in a concentric manner.


title: Vastu shastra

text: A site of any shape can be divided using the Pada Vinyasa. Sites are known by the number of squares. They range from 1x1 to 32x32 (1024) square sites. Examples of mandalas with the corresponding names of sites include:


title: Vastu shastra

text: Vāstu Śastra represents a body of ancient concepts and knowledge to many modern architects, a guideline but not a rigid code. The square-grid mandala is viewed as a model of organisation, not as a ground plan. The ancient Vāstu Śastra texts describe functional relations and adaptable alternate layouts for various rooms or buildings and utilities, but do not mandate a set compulsory architecture. Sachdev and Tillotson state that the mandala is a guideline, and employing the mandala concept of Vāstu Śastra does not mean every room or building has to be square. The basic theme is around core elements of central space, peripheral zones, direction with respect to sunlight, and relative functions of the spaces.


title: Vastu shastra

text: The pink city Jaipur in Rajasthan was master planned by Rajput king Jai Singh and built by 1727 CE, in part around Vastu Shilpa Sastra principles. Similarly, modern era projects such as the architect Charles Correa's designed Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya in Ahmedabad, Vidhan Bhavan in Bhopal, and Jawahar Kala Kendra in Jaipur, adapt and apply concepts from the Vastu Shastra Vidya. In the design of Chandigarh city, Le Corbusier incorporated modern architecture theories with those of Vastu Shastra.


title: Vastu shastra

text: During the colonial rule period of India, town planning officials of the British Raj did not consider Vastu Vidya, but largely grafted Islamic Mughal era motifs and designs such as domes and arches onto Victorian-era style buildings without overall relationship layout. This movement, known as Indo-Saracenic architecture, is found in chaotically laid out, but externally grand structures in the form of currently used major railway stations, harbours, tax collection buildings, and other colonial offices in South Asia.


title: Vastu shastra

text: Vāstu Śastra Vidya was ignored, during colonial era construction, for several reasons. These texts were viewed by 19th and early 20th century architects as archaic, the literature was inaccessible being in an ancient language not spoken or read by the architects, and the ancient texts assumed space to be readily available. In contrast, public projects in the colonial era were forced into crowded spaces and local layout constraints, and the ancient Vastu sastra were viewed with prejudice as superstitious and rigid about a square grid or traditional materials of construction. Sachdev and Tillotson state that these prejudices were flawed, as a scholarly and complete reading of the Vāstu Śastra literature amply suggests the architect is free to adapt the ideas to new materials of construction, local layout constraints and into a non-square space. The design and completion of a new city of Jaipur in early 1700s based on Vāstu Śastra texts, well before any colonial era public projects, was one of many proofs. Other examples include modern public projects designed by Charles Correa such as Jawahar Kala Kendra in Jaipur, and Gandhi Ashram in Ahmedabad. Vastu Shastra remedies have also been applied by Khushdeep Bansal in 1997 to the Parliament complex of India, when he contented that the library being built next to the building is responsible for political instability in the country.


title: Vastu shastra

text: German architect Klaus-Peter Gast states that the principles of Vāstu Śastras is witnessing a major revival and wide usage in the planning and design of individual homes, residential complexes, commercial and industrial campuses, and major public projects in India, along with the use of ancient iconography and mythological art work incorporated into the Vastu vidya architectures.


title: Vastu shastra

text: The use of "Vastu shastra" and "Vastu consultants" in modern home and public projects is controversial. Some architects, particularly during India's colonial era, considered it arcane and superstitious. Other architects state that critics have not read the texts and that most of the text is about flexible design guidelines for space, sunlight, flow and function.


title: Vastu shastra

text: Vastu Shastra is a pseudoscience, states Narendra Nayak – the head of Federation of Indian Rationalist Associations. In contemporary India, Vastu consultants "promote superstition in the name of science". Astronomer Jayant Narlikar states Vastu Shastra has rules about integrating architecture with its ambience, but the dictates of Vastu and alleged harm or benefits being marketed has "no logical connection to environment". He gives examples of Vastu consultants claiming the need to align the house to magnetic axis for "overall growth, peace and happiness, or that "parallelogram-shaped sites can lead to quarrels in the family", states Narlikar. This is pseudoscience.


title: Vastu shastra

text: Vibhuti Chakrabarti, a scholar of Architecture and Sanskrit literature who has critically translated historic Vastu literature, states that in contemporary India, some are offering their services as Vastu consultants where they project it as a "religious tradition", rather than an "architectural methodology" as actually taught in the historic texts. These consultants include "quacks, priests and astrologers" fueled by greed and with little knowledge of what the historic Vastu-sastra texts actually teach. They market false advice and superstition in the name of Vastu Vidya tradition, sometimes under the rubric of "Vedic sciences".


title: Vastu shastra

text: Of the numerous Sanskrit treatises mentioned in ancient Indian literature, some have been translated in English. Many Agamas, Puranas and Hindu scriptures include chapters on architecture of temples, homes, villages, towns, fortifications, streets, shop layout, public wells, public bathing, public halls, gardens, river fronts among other things. In some cases, the manuscripts are partially lost, some are available only in Tibetan, Nepalese or South Indian languages, while in others original Sanskrit manuscripts are available in different parts of India. Some treatises, or books with chapters on Vaastu Shastra include:


title: Sierra McCormick

text: Sierra McCormick (born October 28, 1997) is an American actress. She first became known for participating on the game show "Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?" (2007–2008) before making her acting debut with a recurring role as Lilith on the television series "Supernatural" (2008). She also starred as Scout Thomas on the comedy television series "Romantically Challenged" (2010), played Alice in the direct-to-DVD film "Spooky Buddies" (2011), for which she won a Young Artist Award, and received recognition for her role as Susan Kushner in the comedy film "Ramona and Beezus" (2010).


title: Sierra McCormick

text: McCormick had her breakthrough starring as Olive Doyle on the Disney Channel series "A.N.T. Farm" (2011–2014). She has since transitioned to more mature film roles, receiving praise for starring as Moira in the horror indie film "Some Kind of Hate" (2015) and earning critical acclaim for her roles as Fay Crocker in the science fiction film "The Vast of Night" (2019), which earned her a nomination from the Critics' Choice Super Awards, and as Melissa in the horror film "We Need to Do Something" (2021). She returned to television playing Scarlett in three episodes of the Hulu series "American Horror Stories" (2021).


title: Sierra McCormick

text: McCormick was born on October 28, 1997 in Asheville, North Carolina. She moved to Los Angeles, California, in 2006, after expressing an interest in acting.


title: Sierra McCormick

text: McCormick first began acting in 2007 at the age of nine, making an uncredited cameo on the television series "'Til Death". In 2007, she was cast in the second season of the game show "Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?" as one of the students. Following a guest appearance on the Disney Channel series "Hannah Montana" in 2008, she co-starred with China Anne McClain in the film "Jack and Janet Save the Planet", an unaired pilot. In the same year, she appeared as Lilith on two episodes of the fantasy television series "Supernatural". In 2010, McCormick starred in the comedy film "Ramona and Beezus" as Susan Kushner, the rival of the title character, Ramona Quimby. The film was received positively, with the acting ensemble being praised for their performances. In the same year, she was cast as Scout Thomas, the daughter of Rebecca Thomas, in the comedy television series "Romantically Challenged", which was cancelled after a season.


title: Sierra McCormick

text: In 2011, she appeared in the television film "A Nanny for Christmas". In the same year, she voiced Alice in the Disney direct-to-video film "Spooky Buddies". McCormick, along with the cast of the film, won a Young Artist Award for their performances. Also in 2011, McCormick had her breakthrough when she was cast in the role of Olive Doyle, a girl with an eidetic memory, in the Disney Channel series "A.N.T. Farm". She was chosen after an audition where she continuously spoke about tigers. Dan Signer stated: "And as I heard her continually talking about tigers, I thought, 'That's just how Olive would sound.' Which is how Sierra got that part." According to an interview with McCormick, getting the role was easy because she and McClain were already friends from their previous work experience. The show ran for three seasons, ending in 2014. From 2011 to 2014, McCormick had a recurring role on the Disney Channel sitcom "Jessie" as Connie, a girl obsessed with one of the main characters, Luke.


title: Sierra McCormick

text: In 2015, McCormick starred in the horror film "Some Kind of Hate" as Moira. She had been hired by director Adam Egypt Mortimer to appeal to her then younger fanbase, stating that the film would be "the first intense horror movie experience that some of these kids will ever have". Although the film received mixed reviews, McCormick’s performance, along with the rest of her cast members was received positively, with Bloody Disgusting writing "The acting is largely well done, and the script by Mortimer and DeLeeuw definitely attempt to give the characters more dimension than what you’d normally expect from a film like this." McCormick earned a Fright Meter Award nomination for the role. From 2016 to 2018, McCormick worked in a series of short films and television films; these include her roles as Sarah in the 2016 Lifetime television film "Sorority Nightmare", and as Kara Gentry in the 2017 film "Christmas in the Heartland", which was originally made for television, but was later released direct-to-video.


title: Sierra McCormick

text: In 2019, McCormick co-starred with Jake Horowitz in the science fiction film "The Vast of Night", based on the Kecksburg UFO incident and the Foss Lake Disappearances. She starred as Fay Crocker, a young switchboard operator in high school in the fictional town of Cayuga, New Mexico. McCormick said that she was convinced to play the role after reading the script, where she then met with the film's director Andrew Patterson and auditioned. To prepare for the role, she had to learn how to use a switchboard, which she practiced in her hotel room. The film and McCormick's performance were acclaimed, with critics particularly praising her consistency in long single takes. Paste included her among the "10 Breakout Film Performances of the Year", additionally writing that "Sierra McCormick does some work in "The Vast of Night" that’s competitive with the best acting of the year." Salon also listed her performance as one of "6 great film performances missed in 2020", comparing her to a "young Sissy Spacek." For her role, she received a special mention from the Jury Awards at the Hamptons International Film Festival, as well as a nomination for Best Actress in a Science Fiction/Fantasy Movie at the Critics' Choice Super Awards.


title: Sierra McCormick

text: McCormick next appeared in the 2019 horror film "VFW", where she portrayed Lizard. She commented on her experience with the role, stating "I was really excited to do something different. People got to see me being really crass and bloody and kicking some ass..." She also starred in the Lifetime television film "Who Stole My Daughter?" as Katie Sullivan, the eponymous daughter of Samaire Armstrong's character. In October 2020, it was announced McCormick would star alongside Vinessa Shaw in the upcoming thriller film "We Need to Do Something"; she was cast as Melissa, who is part of a family trapped in their bathroom during a tornado. She stated that "I felt really antsy being cooped up in my apartment, and I’m sure everyone can relate to that feeling ... when I read the script, I was struck by the nihilistic tone the movie takes, and I’m a big fan of that." The film was theatrically released in September 2021, and earned generally positive reviews from critics. McCormick's performance was lauded, with Chicago Reader describing her as "captivating". IGN wrote that "Sierra McCormick brings wide eyes and a sulking snarl to teen daughter Melissa, whose internal drama is signaled by a goth wardrobe topped by a bubblegum pink wig."


title: Sierra McCormick

text: From July to August 2021, McCormick appeared in three episodes of "American Horror Stories" on FX on Hulu. Her role as Scarlett was praised; CBR described her as having a "captivating screen presence", and went on to state that she made "a strong debut ... it’d be seriously surprising if she doesn’t eventually get cast in some of Murphy’s other projects. She’s set to be a star." She will headline the coming-of-age drama film "Sour Milk", alongside Jason Butler Harner, Ryan Simpkins and Emily Robinson.


title: Kerry Packer

text: Kerry Francis Bullmore Packer (17 December 1937 – 26 December 2005) was an Australian media tycoon, and was considered one of Australia's most powerful media proprietors of the twentieth century. The Packer family company owned a controlling interest in both the Nine Network and the publishing company Australian Consolidated Press, which were later merged to form Publishing and Broadcasting Limited (PBL). Outside Australia, Packer was best known for founding World Series Cricket. At the time of his death, he was the richest and one of the most influential men in Australia. In 2004, "Business Review Weekly" magazine estimated Packer's net worth at .


title: Kerry Packer

text: Kerry Packer was born on 17 December 1937 in Sydney, Australia. His father was Sir Frank Packer, an Australian media proprietor who controlled Australian Consolidated Press and the Nine Network. His mother, Gretel Bullmore, was the daughter of Herbert Bullmore, the Scottish rugby union player. He had an older brother, Clyde Packer. He took part in various sports at school, including boxing, cricket, and rugby; though he struggled academically, possibly due to undiagnosed dyslexia. On his father's death in 1974, the family estate, valued at $100 million, passed directly to Packer. His father had fallen out with his elder son, Clyde, in 1972.


title: Kerry Packer

text: Packer, through his family company Consolidated Press Holdings, was the major shareholder with a 37% holding in Publishing and Broadcasting Limited (PBL). Until Packer's death PBL owned the Nine television network, and Australian Consolidated Press which produces many of Australia's top-selling magazines. He was involved in a number of other gambling and tourism ventures, notably Crown Casino in Melbourne. The Nine Network and Australian Consolidated Press businesses have since been divested to PBL Media.


title: Kerry Packer

text: Packer was widely respected in business circles, courted by politicians on both sides, and was widely regarded as one of the most astute businessmen of his time, despite having been a poor student.


title: Kerry Packer

text: Although Packer's reputation as an astute businessman was legendary and he made some good investments, he was by no means a self-made man—his grandfather, Robert Clyde Packer, and his father, Sir Frank Packer, had built up the media empire and its related holdings over many decades. As pointed out by internet news outlet Crikey, if $100 million had been invested in the Australian sharemarket in September 1974 through a balanced portfolio of the top 200 companies, that portfolio would be worth a lot more than $6.9 billion in December 2005, possibly as much as $11 billion.


title: Kerry Packer

text: Packer controlled Nine Network and "Nine's Wide World of Sports" in the 1980s, and "famously sold the network to Alan Bond and then bought it back three years later for less than a quarter of the price." Writes the "Sydney Morning Herald", "Packer's decision to sell Nine to Bond in 1987 for $1.2 billion - before buying back the network in 1990 for $250 million - is legendary in Australian television."


title: Kerry Packer

text: Moreover, Packer was not the first choice to take over the running of the family's business empire—his father had intended that Kerry's elder brother, Clyde Packer, would take over the company, but Clyde fell out with his father in the early 1970s and left Australia permanently.


title: Kerry Packer

text: Kerry Packer's independent business life began after his father's death in 1974 when he inherited control of the family's controlling share in PBL, valued at . Further, his principal Australian investments in television and casinos were highly protected from competition by government regulation which Packer and his employees worked very hard to have maintained.


title: Kerry Packer

text: The Packer family's business reputation suffered a blow following the 2001 collapse of One.Tel, a telephone company in which his son, James, had invested.


title: Kerry Packer

text: Kerry Packer was also one of Australia's largest landholders. In 2003, a deposit of rubies was discovered on one of his properties.


title: Kerry Packer

text: The Packer media empire included magazines, television networks, telecommunications, petrochemicals, heavy engineering, a 75% stake in the Perisher Blue ski resort, diamond exploration, coal mines and property, a share in the Foxtel cable TV network, and investments in the lucrative casino business in Australia and overseas.


title: Kerry Packer

text: The Packer family has long been involved in media. Packer's grandfather Robert Clyde Packer owned two Sydney newspapers while his father, Sir Frank Packer, was one of Australia's first media moguls, and Kerry's son, James, was executive chairman of PBL, before resigning in 2008. Sir Frank wanted Kerry to experience work in the newspaper industry from the ground up, so Packer started in the loading dock of the Sydney newspaper "The Telegraph", loading papers. He was not originally destined for the role, but in the early 1970s Kerry took the place of the designated successor, his older brother, Clyde, after Clyde fell out with their father, quit PBL and moved to America. Kerry took over the running of PBL in 1974, on the death of his father.


title: Kerry Packer

text: During the 1980's. Packer Owned Radio Stations 2UE and 3AK and he Decided to Link Both Stations to form the Ill-Fated Commonwealth Broadcasting Corporation with Both Stations Networked, With Breakfast coming from Melbourne's 3AKand Everything Else from Sydney's 2UE, The Format Last Six Months in 1986.


title: Kerry Packer

text: In 1987, Packer made a fortune at the expense of disgraced tycoon Alan Bond. He reportedly sold Bond the Nine Network at the record price of in 1987, and then bought it back three years later for a mere A$250 million, when Bond's empire was collapsing. Packer later quipped, "You only get one Alan Bond in your lifetime, and I've had mine". Packer was then able to reinvest the proceeds in a 25% share in the Foxtel pay TV consortium.


title: Kerry Packer

text: After the sale to Bond, Packer said that he had regretted the decision to sell Nine and wished he had not gone through with the transaction. At the 2006 PBL AGM, Kerry's son, James, told of the true complexities of the deal. Kerry Packer received A$800 million in cash, with A$250 million left in Bond Media as subordinated debt. As Bond went under, Packer converted the subordinated debt into a 37% stake in Bond Media. About A$500 million of debt remained in Bond Media. Packer received $800 million in cash before receiving a free 37% equity stake that put a debt-included value of A$500 million on the Nine Network, which by then included Channel Nine in Brisbane.


title: Kerry Packer

text: Packer sometimes took a direct interest in the editorial content of his papers, although he was far less interventionist than the notoriously hands-on Rupert Murdoch. Packer also occasionally interfered directly in the programming of his TV stations; in 1992, he called his Sydney station, TCN-9, and ordered its personnel to "Get that shit off the air!", referring to "Australia's Naughtiest Home Videos" hosted by Doug Mulray, which was cut during its first and only airing on national television. (It has since aired in its entirety). He is also said to have often manipulated broadcasts of cricket himself, to ensure that the end of a cricket match was broadcast, despite previously set television broadcast schedules.


title: Kerry Packer

text: Packer faced a 1991 Australian government inquiry into the print media industry with some reluctance, but great humour. When asked to state his full name and the capacity in which he appeared, he replied: "Kerry Francis Bullmore Packer. I have appeared here reluctantly." Packer fronted the inquiry over allegations that he had some secret control over the content of the Fairfax papers (an organisation that Packer had wished to purchase for some time, but was restricted from by cross-ownership laws). During the inquiry, he repeatedly berated the politicians conducting it, and the government. When asked about his company's tax-minimisation schemes, he replied: "Of course I am minimising my tax. And if anybody in this country doesn't minimise their tax, they want their heads read, because as a government, I can tell you you're not spending it that well that we should be donating extra!"


title: Kerry Packer

text: At the time of his death, the Nine Network was the jewel in the PBL crown. Although it had a tough year in 2005 against rival Seven Network (which was aided largely by US TV hits such as "Desperate Housewives" and "Lost"), Nine still finished the year as the number-one network.


title: Kerry Packer

text: Outside Australia, Packer was best known for founding World Series Cricket. In 1977 the Nine Network cricket rights deal led to a confrontation with the cricket authorities, as top players from several countries rushed to join him at the expense of their international sides.


title: Kerry Packer

text: One of the leaders of the "rebellion" was England captain Tony Greig, who remained a commentator on the Nine Network's payroll until his death in December 2012. Packer's aim was to secure broadcasting rights for Australian cricket, and he was largely successful. In the 1970s the global cricket establishment fiercely opposed Packer in the courts. To counter the establishment, Packer hired the ten best Senior Counsels in the UK and put them on retainers, stipulating that they were not to take on any additional work during the court case (the sole purpose of which was to deny the establishment the best legal minds to prosecute their case) . When he died he was mourned with a minute's silence at the MCG as one of the most influential figures in the history of the sport.


title: Kerry Packer

text: Packer was famously quoted from a 1976 meeting with the Australian Cricket Board, with whom he met to negotiate the rights to televise cricket. According to witnesses, he said: "There is a little bit of the whore in all of us, gentlemen. What is your price?"


title: Kerry Packer

text: Packer funded the World Rugby Corporation (WRC), a company formed by lawyer Geoff Levy and former Wallaby player Ross Turnbull. Both wanted a professional worldwide rugby union competition in 1995. A majority of the All Blacks and Wallaby teams signed up to the WRC. In response, the Australian, New Zealand and South African rugby unions formed SANZAR, who partnered with News Limited to launch two professional competitions, the Super 12 and Tri Nations Series. The South African Rugby Union told the Springboks players that they would never play for their country again if they committed to the WRC, and they remained with the SARU. Most of the All Blacks then followed them, and finally the Wallabies did too, so the WRC project was abandoned.


title: Kerry Packer

text: Packer was often the centre of controversy. One of the earliest incidents occurred on 7 June 1960, when his father was trying to take over the Anglican Press, a small publisher run by Francis James. According to author Richard Neville, Frank Packer was angered by James' refusal to sell the Anglican Press, so he sent Kerry and some burly friends to pressure him into selling. They forced their way in and reportedly began vandalising the premises, but James was able to barricade himself in his office and call Rupert Murdoch, Packer's most powerful rival. Murdoch quickly dispatched his own team of 'heavies', who threw Kerry and friends out. Not surprisingly, the Murdoch press had a field day with the news that the son of Australia's biggest media tycoon had been caught brawling in the street.


title: Kerry Packer

text: Like Murdoch, Packer's critics saw his ever-expanding cross-media holdings as a potential threat to media diversity and freedom of speech. He also repeatedly came under fire for his companies' alleged involvement in tax evasion schemes and for the extremely low amounts of company tax that his corporations are reported to have paid over the years. He fought repeated battles with the Australian Taxation Office over his corporate taxes.


title: Kerry Packer

text: His most severe legal challenge came in 1984 with the Costigan Commission alleging (using the codename of "the squirrel", renamed "the Goanna" in media reports) that he was involved in tax evasion and organised crime, including drug trafficking. He successfully counter-attacked the commission with the assistance of his counsel Malcolm Turnbull. In 1987, the charges were formally dismissed by Attorney-General Lionel Bowen. Mystery surrounded Packer's receipt of a "loan" of A$225,000 in cash from Brian Ray, a bankrupt Queensland businessman. When questioned about this transaction at the Costigan Royal Commission, Packer said "...I like cash. I have a squirrel mentality. I like to keep money in cash. It is by no means the most cash I ever had in my life."


title: Kerry Packer

text: Notwithstanding the significant efforts made to preserve his security and privacy, Packer suffered two mysterious break-ins at his companies' headquarters in Park Street, Sydney:


title: Kerry Packer

text: Packer broke the sports boycott of apartheid South Africa which prevented South African sportsmen from representing their country when he recruited a number of South African cricketers to play on his World Series Cricket Team. His timing was criticised, coming just months after the Soweto riots and the death of Steve Biko, murdered by the members of the South African security forces.


title: Kerry Packer

text: Packer's primary schooling suffered greatly when he was struck with a severe bout of poliomyelitis at age eight, and he was confined to an iron lung for nine months. His father apparently thought little of his son's abilities, once cruelly describing him as "the family idiot", although Kerry subsequently steered PBL to heights far beyond anything his father or brother achieved. The nickname his father gave Kerry made him strive to new heights in schooling, trying to achieve "A" grades. His end of year report said he was one of the most notable students. In an interview, former employee Trevor Sykes stated that "He didn't read much on the printed page. If you didn't want Kerry to read something, you wrote more than a one-page memo."


title: Kerry Packer

text: Packer's grandfather Herbert Bullmore represented the Scotland national rugby union team in an international match against Ireland in Dublin in 1902 and worked as a doctor in Sydney for many years.


title: Kerry Packer

text: Kerry Packer and his wife of 42 years, Roslyn Packer ("nee" Weedon), had two children: a daughter, Gretel, and a son, James. At the time of Packer's death, he and Ros had two grandchildren: Francesca then 10, and Ben, then 7, from Gretel's first marriage to British financier Nick Barham, and Gretel and her husband Shane Murray were expecting their first child together, William (born 2006). Gretel and Shane married just before Packer's death.


title: Kerry Packer

text: Packer conducted extra-marital affairs with a number of women including the model Carol Lopes, who reportedly committed suicide after being shunned by Packer; publisher and former ConPress employee Ita Buttrose and Julie Trethowan, his long-time mistress and manager (from 1983) of the Packer-owned Sydney city health and fitness club, the Hyde Park Club. After his death, "The Sydney Morning Herald" reported that from about 1995, Packer transferred control of multimillion-dollar Sydney real estate holdings to Trethowan.


title: Kerry Packer

text: In June 2009, the "Sydney Morning Herald" reported that former federal opposition leader, and subsequently an Australian Prime Minister, Malcolm Turnbull, a former legal adviser and business associate of Packer, revealed to journalist Annabel Crabb that Packer had threatened to have him killed when they fell out over their 1991 attempt to take over the Fairfax newspaper group through their Tourang consortium. Packer reportedly made the threat after Turnbull told Packer he was going to have him thrown out of the consortium by revealing Packer's intention to play an interventionist role in the newspaper group.


title: Kerry Packer

text: Packer was a keen polo player. In 1992, he and Gonzalo Pieres Sr. founded Ellerstina, a polo team that has claimed multiple titles at the Argentine Open and other high-handicap tournaments. Packer bought the Fyning Hill estate in West Sussex and expanded it to over 400 acres. Packer built the headquarters for his Ellerston polo team at Fyning Hill, and would arrive at the estate in May for the three-month English polo season. Packer sold the estate to the Russian businessman Roman Abramovich in 1999 for 12 million.


title: Kerry Packer

text: Packer was a longtime heavy smoker and an avid gambler, fabled for his large wins and losses. In 1999, a three-day losing streak at London casinos cost him almost A$28 million – the biggest reported gambling loss in British history.


title: Kerry Packer

text: Once he won A$33 million at the MGM Grand Casino in Las Vegas and that he often won as much as A$7 million each year during his annual holidays in the UK. Packer's visits were a risky affair for the casinos, as his wins and losses could make quite a difference to the finances of even bigger casinos. Packer was also known for his sometimes volcanic temper, and for his perennial contempt for journalists who sought to question his activities.


title: Kerry Packer

text: Packer is quoted for an exchange in a poker tournament at the Stratosphere Casino, where a Texan oil investor was attempting to engage him in a game of poker. Upon the Texan saying "I'm worth $60,000,000!" Packer apparently pulled out a coin and asked nonchalantly, "heads or tails?", referring to an A$120 million wager (according to Bob Stupak's biography). Some variations of the story put the sum at A$60 million to A$100 million and say the line was "I'll toss you for it".


title: Kerry Packer

text: In the late 1990s, he walked into a major London casino and played £15 million on four roulette tables on his own and lost it all. This has been confirmed by casino owners in South East England.


title: Kerry Packer

text: The Ritz Hotel in London even had its own room for Kerry Packer. There he was able to play blackjack with a minimum bet of £10,000 per hand. He once lost more than £19 million in this room.


title: Kerry Packer

text: Packer suffered as many as four heart attacks. In 1990, while playing polo at Warwick Farm, Sydney, he suffered from a heart attack that left him clinically dead for seven minutes. Packer was revived by paramedics and then airlifted to St Vincent's Private Hospital, Sydney and received bypass surgery from Dr Victor Chang, a pioneering cardiac surgeon. It was not common for an ambulance to have a defibrillator at the time – it was purely by chance that the ambulance which responded to the call had one fitted.


title: Kerry Packer

text: After recovering, Packer donated a large sum to the Ambulance Service of New South Wales to pay for equipping all NSW ambulances with a portable defibrillator (colloquially known as "Packer Whackers"). He told Nick Greiner "I'll go you 50/50", and the NSW State government paid the other half of the cost. He is reported to have said, "Son, I've been to the other side, and let me tell you, there's nothing there." And in a press conference, "...there's no one waiting there for you, there's no one to judge you, so you can do what you bloody well like".


title: Kerry Packer

text: He also suffered from a chronic kidney condition for many years, and in 2000, he made headlines when his long-serving helicopter pilot, Nick Ross, donated one of his own kidneys to Packer for transplantation. The story of the transplant was covered in detail by the Australian TV documentary program "Australian Story", a rare occasion on which Packer granted a media interview (and, to the surprise of many, not to his own network; "Australian Story" is produced by the public network, ABC). After recovering from the operation, Packer launched an organ transplant association in memory of cricketer David Hookes.


title: Kerry Packer

text: Kerry Packer died of kidney failure on 26 December 2005, nine days after his 68th birthday, at home in Sydney, Australia, with his family by his bedside. Knowing that his health was failing, he instructed his doctors not to treat him with curative intent or by artificially prolonging his life with dialysis. He told his cardiologist earlier in the week that he was "running out of petrol" and wanted to "die with dignity". His private funeral service was held on 30 December 2005, at the family's country retreat, Ellerston, near Scone in the Hunter Region. Having obtained council permission, he was buried on the Ellerston property near the polo field. It was reported in November 2011, both in the UK and Australia, that the grave was to be marked by a bronze statue of a horse's head by sculptor Nic Fiddian-Green, popularly known as "Artemis" but believed reverted to the name Fiddian-Green originally gave it: "I Look Beyond for a Distant Land".


title: Kerry Packer

text: The Packer family accepted an offer of a state memorial service, which was held on 17 February 2006 at the Sydney Opera House. The granting of this taxpayer-funded honour was criticised by some members of the community, as Packer was notorious for his alleged tax minimisation. At the memorial service, close friend Alan Jones was Master of Ceremonies. The service featured speeches from his son, James; Russell Crowe on behalf of his daughter, Gretel; the Prime Minister in office at the time, John Howard; and cricket legend Richie Benaud. Attendees included Tom Cruise (a friend of James Packer) and his then-partner Katie Holmes; Greg Norman; members of the Australian cricket team; and past and present figures from all sides of politics.


title: Kerry Packer

text: The Kerry Packer Civic Gallery within the Bob Hawke Prime Ministerial Centre of the University of South Australia was endowed by the Packer family.


title: Colt Cabana

text: Scott Colton (born May 6, 1980), better known by the ring name Colt Cabana, is an American professional wrestler, color commentator, and podcaster. He is signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) as a wrestler and as a coach, and he performs the same duties for AEW's sister promotion, Ring of Honor (ROH). He is a two-time NWA World Heavyweight Champion, two-time NWA National Champion, one-time RevPro British Heavyweight Champion, and one-time JCW World Heavyweight Champion. He worked in World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) as Scotty Goldman and wrestled as old-school masked wrestler Matt Classic in Wrestling Society X and Chikara.


title: Colt Cabana

text: Cabana began competing routinely for Steel Domain Wrestling throughout 2000 and 2001 in St. Paul, Minnesota, often teaming with or facing rival and later friend CM Punk. He made a name for himself when he joined ROH, where he was placed in a rivalry with Punk before uniting with Punk and Ace Steel to form the Second City Saints. He later formed a tag team with Punk, which led to him becoming a two-time ROH World Tag Team Champion. He also had rivalries with Homicide and then-World Champion Bryan Danielson.


title: Colt Cabana

text: Cabana was a part of the short-lived "Wrestling Society X" on MTV in late 2006, where he portrayed his old-school wrestling persona, the masked "Matt Classic". In 2007, he left ROH to wrestle in Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), WWE's developmental territory, where he became a one-time Television Champion and a two-time Southern Tag Team Championship (with Charles Evans and Shawn Spears). He made several appearances as Scotty Goldman with WWE on its SmackDown brand before being released from his contract in 2009.


title: Colt Cabana

text: Scott Colton was born into a Jewish family in Deerfield, Illinois, on May 6, 1980. He attended Western Michigan University and played on their football team until graduating in 2002 with a degree in Business marketing.


title: Colt Cabana

text: Scott Colton was trained by Ace Steel, Danny Dominion, and Kevin Quinn alongside Phil Brooks (CM Punk). He broke into Ring of Honor with the name Colt Cabana as CM Punk's rival before joining with Steel and Punk as the Second City Saints. Cabana and Punk later became two–time ROH Tag Team Champions. With Punk becoming a singles star, Cabana feuded with Austin Aries and Nigel McGuinness. On August 13, 2005 Cabana defeated Punk in a two out of three falls match in their hometown of Chicago in what was supposed to be Punk's last ROH match before going to World Wrestling Entertainment.


title: Colt Cabana

text: Between August 2005 and April 2006, Cabana was involved in a feud with Homicide, which featured Cabana being strangled with a metal coat hanger, bleeding from numerous chair shots, having Drāno poured down his throat, being piledriven off the ring apron through a table, and getting his head crushed between a ladder. On April 1, 2006 in Chicago, Cabana finally got his revenge and earned the respect of Homicide after a Chicago Street Fight, which saw the feud settled with a handshake and an embrace.


title: Colt Cabana

text: After his decisive victory against Homicide, Colt Cabana challenged the ROH World Champion Bryan Danielson for the World Championship at Ring of Honor's 100th show on April 22, 2006 in Philadelphia. Danielson defeated him in less than five minutes. Feeling he lost the match because he had spent the past eight months "brawling" as opposed to wrestling, Cabana rededicated himself. He eventually earned a rematch against Danielson at "Chi-Town Struggle" on June 24, though he once again lost. Cabana received one last shot against Danielson for the ROH World Championship on August 26. The two fought to a 60-minute time limit draw in a two out of three falls match, with each wrestler earning one fall.


title: Colt Cabana

text: In October 2006, Cabana was involved in an auto accident with fellow Ring of Honor stars Adam Pearce and Dave Prazak. Cabana was driving from a Ring of Honor event in Dayton, Ohio when he lost control of their car due to the weather conditions. The car was totaled but everyone was wearing seat belts, which saved their lives. It was initially reported that Cabana had to have a toe amputated, though he had only bruised it. Despite the injury, Cabana wrestled the next night in Chicago Ridge, Illinois. Pearce and Prazak also walked away with only bruises.


title: Colt Cabana

text: On April 3, 2007, it was revealed by the Ring of Honor website that Colton had signed a WWE developmental contract and was to begin working for their developmental territory Ohio Valley Wrestling. At "Good Times, Great Memories" (named in his honor), held on April 28 in Chicago, Cabana defeated long-time friend and fellow Chicago wrestler Adam Pearce.


title: Colt Cabana

text: In 2004 and 2005, Colton went on extensive tours of Europe, competing in Scotland, Germany and France, but mainly England. He received the 2004 Match of the Year in a European rounds style bout with "World of Sport" journeyman, Johnny Kidd. Cabana also did a short tour of Puerto Rico for IWA PR in early 2005. During 2006, Cabana became a popular wrestler in the British promotion 1 Pro Wrestling (1PW), often tag teaming with Darren Burridge as Team SHAG (Street Hooligans Adventure Gang). During 1PW's first anniversary show Team SHAG won the 1PW Tag Team Championship during a three-way ladder match against the defending champions Jonny Storm and Jody Fleisch, and the Southern Comfort team of Tracey Smothers and Chris Hamrick.


title: Colt Cabana

text: Cabana also made his Japanese debut for Zero 1 Max in 2006. In a later tour, he formed an alliance with Steve Corino and Yoshi, known as the P Force Men, which wore all pink outfits. Colt's also appeared and wrestled for Ireland's Irish Whip Wrestling, Austria's Rings of Europe and various Montreal & Toronto Canadian independents. Colton's final European appearance as an independent wrestler took place at UK promotion 1PW on April 6, 2007, where he, along with fellow Team SHAG member Darren Burridge, successfully defended the 1PW Tag Team Championship against Doug Williams and Nigel McGuinness, before formally retiring his half of the title.


title: Colt Cabana

text: In November 2006, Colton taped several matches for Wrestling Society X (WSX), a wrestling series on MTV. He competed under the name Matt Classic, who is a throwback to the wrestlers of the 1950s and 1960s. His gimmick used "old school" moves such as the skull vice and the abdominal stretch as finishers. To further enhance his gimmick as an old school wrestler, his WSX profile listed him as having won the Heavyweight Championship in 1952 (28 years before he was born).


title: Colt Cabana

text: Colton has worked a number of preliminary matches in World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), starting out on its "Heat" and "Velocity" shows. On one occasion, he competed under the name Chris Guy, the real name of his trainer Ace Steel. The real Chris Guy wrestled in a match for WWE in 2004 under the name of Scott Colton, Colton's real name.


title: Colt Cabana

text: On April 3, 2007, it was announced that Colton had signed a contract with WWE. He was assigned to Ohio Valley Wrestling, their developmental territory, and made his debut at a TV taping on May 30. Wrestling as Colt "Boom Boom" Cabana, he lost to Michael W. Kruel in the first round of a tournament to determine the opponent against The Miz at an OVW live event on June 8. He won his first match in OVW when he forced the Belgium Brawler to submit with the Chicago Crab on June 23. After helping Al Snow regain the role of OVW Troubleshooter from Kruel, Cabana became involved in the OVW Television Championship picture, defeating champion Shawn Spears by count-out on August 11. Cabana twice came close to winning the title only to be denied by the TV time-limit expiring. Cabana defeated Spears on October 31, 2007, to win the OVW Television title. When OVW was replaced by Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW) as the WWE developmental territory, Cabana was moved down to FCW.


title: Colt Cabana

text: On the August 15, 2008 episode of "SmackDown", Colton made his debut as Scotty Goldman, losing to The Brian Kendrick. On the August 22 episode of "SmackDown", Colton was a participant in a 10-man battle royal match to determine a qualifier for the WWE Championship scramble match at Unforgiven, but was eliminated by Curt Hawkins and Zack Ryder. His last singles match on "SmackDown" was a quick loss against The Great Khali. A show starring Colton premiered on WWE.com as "What's Crackin'?", later renamed "Good as Goldman", on January 14, 2009. In his first appearance on television in five months, Colton participated in an Elimination Chamber qualifying battle royal on February 6, 2009, but was eliminated first. Colton was released from his WWE contract on February 20, 2009, the same day that his final match for WWE, a loss to Umaga, aired on "SmackDown".


title: Colt Cabana

text: On February 21, 2009, Colton made his return to Pro Wrestling Guerrilla at "Express Written Consent" where he, as Colt Cabana, challenged Chris Hero for the PWG World Championship in a 3-way match which also included Human Tornado. Hero was able to retain his belt by pinning Tornado and afterwards promised Cabana a 1-on-1 shot at the belt. That match took place on April 12 at PWG's hundredth show, where Hero was able to retain his title. On March 14, 2009, he was defeated by Loca Vida at 2CW in Binghamton, New York, in a classic comedy match. On March 20, 2009, he wrestled for Firestorm Pro Wrestling in Cleveland at Rise of the Real Underground 2009 in a match up against J-rocc which he had won. On March 21, 2009, he made his surprise return to ROH. In a tag team match at the "7th Anniversary Show", he teamed with Bryan Danielson to defeat Bison Smith and Jimmy Rave, who was also returning to ROH. On April 25, Cabana received an ROH World Title shot against Jerry Lynn but lost. On June 6, Cabana debuted on "Ring of Honor Wrestling", ROH's television program, teaming with Brent Albright. On December 5 in Chicago Austin Aries successfully defended his ROH World Title against Cabana in a steel cage match and as a result Cabana can never again challenge for the title in his hometown.


title: Colt Cabana

text: On February 25, 2010, Chikara announced that Colton was to take part in the 2010 King of Trios tournament in late April, under his Matt Classic persona, teaming up with Dasher Hatfield and Sugar Dunkerton as the Throwbacks. On April 23, the trio of Classic, Hatfield and Dunkerton were defeated in the first round of the tournament by the reigning King of Trios winners F.I.S.T. (Chuck Taylor, Icarus and Gran Akuma). On April 30, 2010, Cabana made his Australian debut. Cabana won a two-day tournament to become the winner of the NHPW Global Conflict Shield. The tournament was held in Perth, Australia. He defeated Balls Mahoney in the finals. On October 23, 2010, Colton won the RCW World Heavyweight Championship from Hank Calhoun. He has since been teaming with El Generico in his feud with Kevin Steen and Steve Corino. On October 16, 2010, Cabana defeated Corino in an "I Quit" match in Chicago Ridge to end their feud. At the September 22 tapings of Total Nonstop Action Wrestling's weekly television program "Impact!", Colton, under his Colt Cabana persona, wrestled in a dark match, where he defeated Puma.


title: Colt Cabana

text: On March 6, 2011, Colton (as Cabana) won the NWA World Heavyweight Championship from Adam Pearce at the "NWA Championship Wrestling from Hollywood" television tapings. He lost the title to The Sheik on April 23, 2011, in Jacksonville, Florida.


title: Colt Cabana

text: On March 19 Cabana debuted for NWA Rampage in a World Heavyweight Championship defense against NWA RPW Heavyweight Champion J-Rod. The match ended in a no-contest after interference from Hot Like Lava. Cabana & J-Rod teamed up to defeat Hot Like Lava afterward.


title: Colt Cabana

text: On April 2 during the second night of ROH's Honor Takes Center Stage pay-per-view, Cabana started a new feud with House of Truth members Christopher Daniels, Michael Elgin, Roderick Strong and Truth Martini. Colton, as Matt Classic, returned to Chikara on April 15 for the 2011 King of Trios, once again teaming with Dasher Hatfield and Sugar Dunkerton as the Throwbacks. The team was eliminated in the first round by Team Osaka Pro (Atsushi Kotoge, Daisuke Harada and Ultimate Spider Jr.). On July 20, Cabana (as Officer Colt Cabana) defeated 2 Tuff Tony to win the JCW World Heavyweight Champion at Juggalo Championship Wrestling's event Above the Law. He lost the championship to Corporal Robinson at the following event. On August 2, Cabana wrestled a dark match for WWE at a "SmackDown" taping, losing against Wade Barrett. On August 6, 2011, Cabana tapped out to Ring of Honor World champion Davey Richards in Carrollton, Georgia as part of the 2011 Wrestling Legends Fanfest Weekend activities. On August 20, Cabana wrestled in Aberdeen, Scotland for Wrestlezone, losing a tag team title match. On August 26, 2011, Colt headlined the inaugural show for Preston City Wrestling, joining once again with Darren Burridge as Team SHAG. On October 15, 2011, Cabana made a surprise appearance at All Pro Wrestling's Halloween Hell XIV event in Hayward, California, defeating "Wrestling Personified" Rik Luxury for his APW Worldwide Internet Championship after answering Luxury's open challenge. On November 13, at Chikara High Noon, Cabana faced and defeated Archibald Peck after Colt Cabunny—a character that is essentially a parody of Cabana—turned on Peck and helped his "human counterpart" pick up the win. Cabana and Peck then teamed at Chikara's next iPPV, , where they were defeated by The Throwbacks (Dasher Hatfield and Mark Angelosetti).


title: Colt Cabana

text: In March 2012 Cabana appeared on the debut show for London-based promotion Progress Wrestling, in a losing effort to Loco Mike Mason. On April 8, 2012, Cabana defeated Adam Pearce to win the NWA World Heavyweight Championship for the second time. He re-lost the title to Pearce on July 21. Cabana teamed with Eddie Edwards to take part in Global Tag League 2012 and gained five points but did not progress further. On September 14, 2012, Colton returned to his Matt Classic persona as he, Dasher Hatfield and Mark Angelosetti entered the 2012 King of Trios, losing to Team JWP (Command Bolshoi, Kaori Yoneyama and Tsubasa Kuragaki) in their first round match. On October 27, Colton concluded a seven match series against Adam Pearce with a victory leading to Pearce vacating the NWA World Title


title: Colt Cabana

text: On April 1, 2016, Cabana returned to ROH at Supercard of Honor X, confronting and challenging ROH World Champion Jay Lethal. Cabana received his title shot against Lethal on May 8 at Global Wars, but the match ended in a no contest, when Bullet Club took over the ring. On September 30, at All Star Extravaganza VIII Cabana and Dalton Castle defeated The All Night Express (Rhett Titus and Kenny King) (with Caprice Coleman), Keith Lee and Shane Taylor and War Machine (Hanson and Raymond Rowe) in a Four Corner Survival tag team match for the #1 contendership to the ROH World Tag Team Championship. On October 14, at Glory By Honor XV night one Cabana defeated Mark Briscoe. The next night Cabana was on Team ROH All-Stars with The Briscoes (Jay Briscoe and Mark Briscoe) and Dalton Castle against the Team ROH Champions (Adam Cole, Bobby Fish, and The Young Bucks (Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson) in an eight-man elimination tag team match that went to a no-contest because Cabana and Castle challenged Matt and Nick Jackson to a ROH World Tag Team Championship match where they were defeated. On the November 19, 2016 edition of ROH's television show, Colt Cabana turned heel by attacking Dalton Castle and splitting up his tag team. At Final Battle Cabana was defeated by Dalton Castle.


title: Colt Cabana

text: On January 1, 2017, Cabana became a commentator for Ring of Honor, replacing Nigel McGuinness (while still also wrestling). On the January 7 episode of "Ring of Honor Wrestling", Cabana was defeated Chris Sabin, with the help from The Boys. On February 18, episode of Ring of Honor Cabana defeated The Boys in a 1 on 2 Handicap Match. On March 4 at Manhattan Mayhem VI Cabana lost his rematch with Dalton Castle.


title: Colt Cabana

text: On April 15 episode of "Ring of Honor Wrestling" Cabana was involved in a random draw eight-man tag team match where he teamed with Bobby Fish, Lio Rush, and Hanson as they were defeated by Jay Lethal, Hangman Page, Jay White and Silas Young, where the winners faced each other in a fatal four number one contender match for the ROH World Championship.


title: Colt Cabana

text: On August 13, Cabana challenged Dalton Castle and the Boys for the ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Championship and teamed with The Tempura Boyz (Sho & Yohei) in an unsuccessful effort at winning the championship on August 20. After the match, Cabana shook hands with Castle and the Boys, turning him face. Colt became more active as a color commentator alongside Ian Riccaboni. At the 2019 Crockett Cup, Colt Cabana won the NWA National Heavyweight Championship from Willie Mack. On June 29, 2019, he lost the championship to James Storm but subsequently regained it in a victory on NWA Power. He lost the title to Aron Stevens in a triple threat match also involving Ricky Starks at NWA Into the Fire.


title: Colt Cabana

text: In 2022, he was a judge at Supercard of Honor XV for the ROH Pure Championship. On July 23, at Death Before Dishonor (2022), Cabana defeated Anthony Henry in the pre-show.


title: Colt Cabana

text: On February 22, 2019, Cabana, alongside plenty of other ROH talent, appeared on Day 1 of which took place in Korakuen Hall. Alongside Delirious and Cheeseburger, they faced Ryusuke Taguchi, Toru Yano, and Togi Makabe for the NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship, but in a losing effort. The next day, on Day 2 of Honor Rising: Japan, Cabana teamed with Toru Yano and were victorious in a match against Cheese Burger and Delirious. While the ROH talent headed back home after Honor Rising: Japan, Cabana would stay in Japan. On February 25, 2019, he was announced as one of the 32 participants in the New Japan Cup 2019. On March 8, 2019, Cabana stated that he would be making his official NJPW debut Cabana was eliminated from the 2019 New Japan Cup in the quarter-finals by Sanada and on March 24, Cabana stated that he had finished the tour.


title: Colt Cabana

text: After making multiple appearances for All Elite Wrestling since 2019, it was announced in February 2020 that Cabana has signed with the promotion. He made a surprise appearance at Revolution on February 29, 2020, attacking The Dark Order.


title: Colt Cabana

text: On April 1, 2020, Cabana made his guest commentator debut during "AEW Dynamite" alongside play-by-play commentator Tony Schiavone.


title: Colt Cabana

text: In May, Cabana began a losing streak as Brodie Lee tried to recruit him into The Dark Order. On the June 10 episode of "Dynamite", after Cabana lost to Sammy Guevara, Lee came out to help Cabana to his feet and once again offer him a spot in the Dark Order. Later that night, Cabana was seen heading into Lee’s office. The following week, Cabana was handed an envelope by Lee that stated they will team together against Joey Janela and Sonny Kiss. Cabana and Lee would defeat Janela and Kiss after Cabana pinned Janela. Over the next few weeks, Cabana experienced a winning streak while teaming with members of the Dark Order as he was slowly recruited into the group over time, thus slowly turning heel.


title: Colt Cabana

text: Following the death of Brodie Lee, Cabana, alongside the rest of The Dark Order, transitioned into babyfaces. At the Brodie Lee Celebration of Life memorial show, Cabana teamed with The Young Bucks to defeat Matt Hardy and Private Party, securing the pinfall victory.


title: Colt Cabana

text: On the November 2, 2022 episode of "Dynamite", Cabana challenged Chris Jericho for the ROH World Championship in a losing effort.


title: Colt Cabana

text: On December 23, 2019, RetroSoft Studios announced Riccaboni and Cabana would be providing commentary for the sequel to the 1991 arcade game WWF WrestleFest RetroMania Wrestling on PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, Xbox One, and PC.


title: Colt Cabana

text: While at Western Michigan University, Colton became friends with Matt Cappotelli, who went on to participate in "WWE Tough Enough".


title: Colt Cabana

text: In February 2015, WWE doctor Christopher Amann filed a lawsuit against Colton and Phillip Brooks (CM Punk) for comments made during a November 2014 episode of the podcast. Amann was seeking roughly $4 million in compensation and an undisclosed amount in punitive damages. In 2018, the case went to trial, where a jury ruled in favor of Colton and Brooks.


title: Colt Cabana

text: In August 2018, Colton filed a lawsuit against Brooks, alleging breach of contract and fraud due to Brooks' alleged agreement and later refusal to pay Colton's legal fees for the Amann suit. Colton sought $200,000 in damages and an additional $1 million in punitive damages. Brooks filed a counterclaim against Colton for $600,000 and additional fees the following June. Both lawsuits were settled and dismissed in September 2019. According to "PWInsider", the settlement involved no financial compensation.


title: Legal person

text: In law, a legal person is any person or 'thing' (less ambiguously, any legal entity) that can do the things a human person is usually able to do in law – such as enter into contracts, sue and be sued, own property, and so on. The reason for the term ""legal" person" is that some legal persons are not people: companies and corporations are "persons" legally speaking (they can legally do most of the things an ordinary person can do), but they are not people in a literal sense.


title: Legal person

text: There are therefore two kinds of legal entities: human and non-human. In law, a human person is called a "natural person" (sometimes also a "physical person"), and a non-human person is called a "juridical person" (sometimes also a "juridic", "juristic", "artificial", "legal", or fictitious person, ).


title: Legal person

text: Juridical persons are entities such as corporations, firms (in some jurisdictions), and many government agencies. They are treated in law as if they were persons.


title: Legal person

text: While natural persons acquire legal personality "naturally", simply by being born (or before that, in some jurisdictions), juridical persons must have legal personality conferred on them by some "unnatural", legal process, and it is for this reason that they are sometimes called "artificial" persons. In the most common case (incorporating a business), legal personality is usually acquired by registration with a government agency set up for the purpose. In other cases it may be by primary legislation: an example is the Charity Commission in the UK. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 16 advocates for the provision of legal identity for all, including birth registration by 2030 as part of the 2030 Agenda.


title: Legal person

text: As legal personality is a prerequisite to legal capacity (the ability of any legal person to amend – i.e. enter into, transfer, etc. – rights and obligations), it is a prerequisite for an international organization to be able to sign international treaties in its own name.


title: Legal person

text: The term "legal person" can be ambiguous because it is often used as a synonym of terms that refer "only" to non-human legal entities, specifically in contradistinction to "natural person".


title: Legal person

text: Artificial personality, juridical personality, or juristic personality is the characteristic of a non-living entity regarded by law as having the status of personhood.


title: Legal person

text: A juridical or artificial person (; also juristic person) has a legal name and has certain rights, protections, privileges, responsibilities, and liabilities in law, similar to those of a natural person. The concept of a juridical person is a fundamental legal fiction. It is pertinent to the philosophy of law, as it is essential to laws affecting a corporation (corporations law).


title: Legal person

text: Juridical personhood allows one or more natural persons ("universitas personarum") to act as a single entity (body corporate) for legal purposes. In many jurisdictions, artificial personality allows that entity to be considered under law separately from its individual members (for example in a company limited by shares, its shareholders). They may sue and be sued, enter into contracts, incur debt, and own property. Entities with legal personality may also be subjected to certain legal obligations, such as the payment of taxes. An entity with legal personality may shield its members from personal liability.