title: State funeral

text: Since proclaiming independence in 1991, by law the presidents and prime ministers are entitled to a funeral with state honors, but by a decision of government its possible for other senior officials and distinguished persons with great merit for the state to be buried with state honors.


title: State funeral

text: The largest state funeral was held in 2004 for President Boris Trajkovski and the funeral was attended by 47 foreign delegations. Among others that are buried with state honors, are the first prime minister of independent Macedonia Nikola Kljusev and the famous singer Toše Proeski.


title: State funeral

text: Poland held a state funeral for President of Poland Lech Kaczyński and his wife, Maria Kaczyńska, on April 18, 2010, after he and 95 others perished in a plane crash.


title: State funeral

text: In Russia, during the time of the Soviet Union (1917-1991), the state funerals of the most senior political and military leaders were staged as massive events with millions of mourners all over the USSR. The ceremonies held after the deaths as Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, Leonid Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko all followed the same basic outline. They took place in Moscow, began with a public lying in state of the deceased in the House of the Unions and ended with an interment at the Red Square. The most notable examples of such state funerals during the Soviet period of Russian history are the ceremonies that were held for Lenin and Stalin, and for the death and funeral of Leonid Brezhnev.


title: State funeral

text: In the second half of the 20th century, whenever a General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union died, the event would first be officially acknowledged by Soviet radio and television. After several days of national mourning, the deceased would be given a state funeral and then buried. Soviet state funerals were often attended by foreign heads of state, heads of government, foreign ministers and other dignitaries from abroad. Following the death of General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev in 1982, there were five days of national mourning. Following the death of General Secretary Yuri Andropov in 1984, a four-day period of nationwide mourning was announced.


title: State funeral

text: The state funeral for a deceased General Secretary would be arranged, managed and prepared by a special committee of the Communist Party that would be formed for the occasion. As the funeral committee would normally be chaired by the deceased's successor, the preparations for Soviet state funerals were usually followed with great interest by foreign political scientists trying to gauge power shuffles within the Communist Party. The allocation of responsibilities during the funeral, appointment of pallbearers and positions within the order of precedence observed during the televised funeral ceremonies in Moscow could often be interpreted as a clue for the future position of Politburo members within the Party. When, after Brezhnev's death in 1982, Yuri Andropov was elected chairman of the committee in charge of Brezhnev's funeral, this was seen as a first sign by First World commentators that Andropov might be the most likely candidate for the position of General Secretary.


title: State funeral

text: Prior to interment, the body of the deceased General Secretary would lie in state in the Pillar Hall of the House of the Unions which was decorated by numerous red flags and other communist symbols. The mourners, which usually would be brought in by the thousands, shuffled up a marble staircase beneath chandeliers draped in black gauze. On the stage at the left side of the Pillar Hall, amid a veritable garden of flowers, a full orchestra in black tailcoats would play classical music. The deceased's embalmed body, dressed in a black suit, white shirt and a tie, would be displayed in an open coffin on a catafalque banked with carnations, red roses and tulips, facing the long queue of mourners. A small guard of honour would be in attendance in the background. At the right side of the hall there would be placed seats for guests of honour, with the front row reserved for the dead leader's family.


title: State funeral

text: On the day of the funeral, final ceremonies would be held at the Pillar Hall during which the lid of the coffin would be temporarily closed. The coffin would then be carried out of the House of the Unions and placed on a gun carriage drawn by a military vehicle. A funeral parade would then convey the coffin from the House of the Unions to the Red Square. Two officers led the funeral parade, carrying a large portrait of the deceased, followed by a group of numerous soldiers carrying red floral wreaths. A group of general officers would come next, carrying the late leader's decorations and medals on small red cushions. Behind them, the coffin rested atop a gun carriage. Walking immediately behind were the members of the deceased's family. The Politburo leaders, wearing red armbands, came next and led the last group of official mourners. At Brezhnev's funeral, the escort of official mourners included forty-four persons.


title: State funeral

text: As the coffin reached the middle of the Red Square, it would be removed from the carriage and placed on a red-draped bier facing the Lenin Mausoleum, with its lid removed. After a series of funeral speeches, which were delivered by military and political leaders (typically including the deceased's successor as General Secretary, as well as 'ordinary' workers) from the balcony of the Lenin Mausoleum, the coffin would be carried in a procession around the mausoleum to the Kremlin Wall Necropolis just behind it. There, with the most senior mourners looking on, the coffin would be placed on a red-draped bier and the mourners would pay last respects. The coffin's lid would then be closed for the final time and the body lowered into the ground by two men, with handfuls of earth thrown onto the coffin by the senior mourners. The grave would be filled in immediately afterward, while the mourners were still present to watch. Gun salutes would be fired, sirens sounded around the Kremlin and the Soviet national anthem be played. This marked the end of the interment. The senior mourners would then return to the balcony of the Lenin Mausoleum to review a parade on Red Square while the military band would play quick marches. This concluded the state funeral.


title: State funeral

text: With small deviations, the described protocol was roughly the same for the state funerals of Lenin, Stalin, Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko. Lenin and Stalin were placed inside the Lenin Mausoleum while the others were interred in individual graves in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis located behind the mausoleum along the actual Kremlin wall. Stalin's body would lie beside Lenin's in the mausoleum until being moved to the Kremlin Wall Necropolis several years after his death.


title: State funeral

text: In April 2007, Russian Federation's first President Boris Yeltsin was buried in state funeral after church ceremony at Novodevichy Cemetery. He was the first Russian leader and head of state in 113 years to be buried in a church ceremony, after Emperor Alexander III of Russia. His funeral is the template for all state funerals held in Russia today, but with the addition of prayers at the moment of burial by representatives of the Orthodox Church. In November 2010, Russian Federation's Third Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin Was Buried In A State Funeral In A Church Ceremony Novodevichy Cemetery. He Was The Third Prime Minister Of The Russian Federation And Was Considered The Second Longest Prime Minister In The Russian Federation For 6 Years. In June 2015, Russian Federation's Fourth Prime Minister Yevgeny Primakov Was Buried In A State Funeral In A Church Ceremony Novodevichy Cemetery. In April 2022, The Founder Of The Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Vladimir Zhirinovsky Was Buried In A State Funeral In A Church Ceremony Novodevichy Cemetery, He Was The Founder And The Longest Serving Leader of the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia For 29 Years During The Time.


title: State funeral

text: A state or ceremonial funeral consists of a military procession where the coffin is borne on a gun carriage from the private resting chapel to Westminster Hall. In a state funeral the gun carriage is pulled by members of the Royal Navy. In a royal ceremonial funeral, the gun carriage is pulled by horses, as opposed to servicemen. The body usually lies in state in Westminster Hall for three days. This is then followed by a funeral service at Westminster Abbey or St. Paul's Cathedral. Many of the features of a state funeral are shared by other types of funerals—a royal ceremonial funeral (for example, those of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother and Diana, Princess of Wales) often has a lying in state and Westminster Abbey service. The real distinction between a state funeral and a royal ceremonial funeral is that a state funeral requires a motion or vote in Parliament. State funerals are usually reserved for sovereigns, though on rare occasions, they may be granted to distinguished citizens with exceptional contributions to the country. Other members of the royal family, or occasionally politicians, typically receive ceremonial funerals instead.


title: State funeral

text: The most recent state funeral was that of Queen Elizabeth II in 2022. Prior to this, the most recent was the state funeral of Winston Churchill in 1965. Diana, Princess of Wales the mother of William and Harry received a ceremonial funeral in 1997. Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, Margaret, Baroness Thatcher and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh also received ceremonial funerals.


title: State funeral

text: A massive state funeral was held for the late President Josip Broz Tito on 8 May 1980 in Belgrade, the capital city of the SFR Yugoslavia. It was the largest funeral of a statesman in the 20th century, with 129 delegations from all around the world. Tito's funeral drew many statesmen to Belgrade. Notably absent statesmen from funeral were Jimmy Carter and Fidel Castro. His death came in the moment when Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ended American-Soviet détente. Yugoslavia, although a communist state, was non-aligned during the Cold War and fearful that the nation might be invaded like Czechoslovakia and Afghanistan. After learning that Chinese Premier Hua Guofeng would lead the delegation of China, ailing Leonid Brezhnev decided to lead the Soviet delegation. In order to avoid meeting with Leonid Brezhnev and the middle of electoral campaign for the 1980 United States Presidential election, Carter opted to send his mother Lilian Carter and Vice President Walter Mondale as heads of the US delegation. After realizing that leaders of all Warsaw Pact nations would attend the funeral, Carter's decision was criticized by Presidential candidate George H. W. Bush as sign that the United States "inferentially slams Yugoslavs at time that country has pulled away from Soviet Union". Carter visited Yugoslavia later in June 1980 and made a visit to Tito's grave.


title: State funeral

text: Helmut Schmidt, Chancellor of West Germany was the most active statesman, meeting with Brezhnev, Erich Honecker and Edward Gierek. British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher sought to rally world leaders in order to harshly condemn the Soviet invasion. While she was in Belgrade, she held talks with Kenneth Kaunda, Schmidt, Francesco Cossiga and Nicolae Ceaușescu. Brezhnev met with Kim Il-sung and Honecker. James Callaghan, President of the British Labour Party explained his presence in Belgrade as an attempt to warm relations between his party and Yugoslav communists, severed more than a decade ago after dissident Milovan Đilas was welcomed by Jennie Lee, Minister for the Arts under Harold Wilson. Mondale avoided Soviets, ignoring Brezhnev while passing close to him. Soviet and Chinese delegations also avoided each other.


title: State funeral

text: Tito was interred on May 8 twice. The first interment was for cameras and dignitaries. The grave was shallow with only a 200 kg replica of the sarcophagus. The second interment was held privately during the night. His coffin was removed and shallow grave was deepened. The coffin was enclosed with a copper mask and interred again into a much deeper grave which was sealed with cement and topped with a 9-ton sarcophagus. Communist officials were afraid that someone might steal the corpse, similarly to what happened to Charlie Chaplin. However, the 9 ton sarcophagus had to be put in place with a crane, which would make funeral unattractive.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: Jonathan Simon Woodgate (born 22 January 1980) is an English football manager and former player who is currently the First Team Coach at EFL Championship club, Middlesbrough.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: Woodgate began his career at Middlesbrough but moved to Leeds United at the age of sixteen. He was sold to Newcastle United for £9 million in 2003, where he impressed despite injury problems. His performances in Europe for Newcastle led to Real Madrid signing him for £13.4 million in 2004. Injuries blighted his time in Madrid, and throughout his career, and he failed to make a single appearance in the entire 2004–05 season. On his debut for Real Madrid, he scored an own goal and was sent off for two bookable offences.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: He went on to play 14 times for them before joining his hometown club Middlesbrough on loan, then permanently for a fee of £7 million. He joined Tottenham Hotspur for £8 million in 2008. He scored the winning goal for Spurs in the League Cup Final against Chelsea and went on to play 44 times in the 2008–09 season. After more injury problems, he only made four appearances in the next two seasons and was released in 2011 and signed a pay-as-you-play deal with Stoke City. He spent the 2011–12 season at Stoke and after his contract expired re-signed for Middlesbrough, remaining there until his retirement in 2016.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: Following retirement, Woodgate took up various coaching roles at Middlesbrough until June 2019 when he was appointed manager of the club, following the departure of Tony Pulis. He remained in the role for just over a year before he was dismissed in June 2020. He joined the coaching staff at AFC Bournemouth on 1 February 2021 before being appointed as caretaker manager two days later, following the sacking of Jason Tindall. On 21 February, he was given the role until the end of the season, but left in June after failing to lead the club back to the Premier League via the playoffs.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: Woodgate began his career at Middlesbrough but moved to Leeds United at the age of sixteen after disagreements over his future between Middlesbrough and his family. He helped Leeds to win the FA Youth Cup in 1997, and in October the following year made his debut for the senior side. Woodgate was a consistent and impressive performer for Leeds during his time there, competing with the likes of Rio Ferdinand, Lucas Radebe and Dominic Matteo for a starting place. He was regarded as one of the most complete all round players to come through the Leeds academy, and performed for Leeds in a time when they competed in the UEFA Cup, Champions League and regularly finished towards the top of the Premier League.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: His number of appearances were heavily reduced due to picking up several injuries on different occasions. But as a result of Leeds' financial problems Woodgate was sold to Newcastle to raise some much needed funds. He was described as the club's 'jewel in the crown' and his sale caused anger for many Leeds United fans as Peter Ridsdale revealed the perilous financial situation at the club. The sale also led to the dismissal of Terry Venables who disagreed with Woodgate's departure.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: Woodgate signed for Newcastle United in January 2003 for £9 million with add ons. He impressed and quickly became a fan favourite. One of his finest games came in Newcastle's 2004 UEFA Cup semi final clash with Olympique de Marseille, completely nullifying the threat of their forward line and clinical forward Didier Drogba. Unfortunately for Newcastle, a serious injury saw him end his final season early, and he could not feature in the second leg, where Newcastle were defeated 2–0 and knocked out.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: Woodgate signed for Real Madrid in August 2004 for a transfer fee of £13.4 million. This was to the surprise of many in the football world, due to his frequent absences through injury at his previous clubs, and indeed he was injured at the time of the transfer.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: Woodgate did not make any appearances for Real Madrid in his first season in Spain, eventually making his debut on 22 September 2005, in a league match against Athletic Bilbao. The game did not go well for him, as he scored an own goal and was later sent off for a second bookable offence. He scored his only goal for Real Madrid by heading the equaliser in the 4–1 UEFA Champions League defeat of Rosenborg BK on 19 October, his first appearance for the club in European competition.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: By February 2006, Woodgate had established himself as a first team player, with the other centre half position rotating among Sergio Ramos, Iván Helguera, Francisco Pavon and Álvaro Mejía. One Spanish newspaper even described him as having "become Madrid's true leader". However, further injury setbacks again stopped him playing. He was considered to have an outside chance of making the England squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, but due to surgery on his back was not named in the squad.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: In July 2007, Woodgate was voted the worst signing of the 21st century by users of the website of Spain's leading sports daily, "Marca", polling 37.11% of the votes cast.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: On 30 August 2006, Woodgate signed a one-year loan move to hometown club Middlesbrough. He made his debut against Arsenal at The Emirates Stadium on 9 September. He was later voted man of the match by local radio station, Century FM. In April 2007 Middlesbrough announced Woodgate would be their first summer signing for a fee of £7 million. He signed a four-year contract, keeping him at the club until June 2011.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: In October 2007 he was crowned North East Player of the Year by the Prince's Trust, beating players from Newcastle and Sunderland. During the 2007–08 pre-season Woodgate suffered an injury that allowed fellow hometown defender David Wheater to start in his place during pre-season. Wheater's form in pre-season earned him a place in the starting XI for the opening day Premier League fixture – Wheater's form then continued which triggered the transfer of Woodgate to Tottenham Hotspur.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: After rejecting the chance to re-sign for Newcastle, Woodgate moved to Tottenham Hotspur for a reported fee of £8 million on 28 January 2008. He made his Tottenham debut against Everton two days later and scored his first Tottenham goal on 24 February 2008 which was a header in the League Cup final against Chelsea in extra-time to win Tottenham their first trophy since 1999. His performance won him the Man of the match award.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: Woodgate scored his first Spurs league goal on 19 March 2008, coincidentally also against Chelsea, in a 4–4 draw at White Hart Lane. He first captained Tottenham in a 2–1 defeat at White Hart Lane to Aston Villa on 15 September. Following Harry Redknapp's appointment, Woodgate became the second vice-captain, behind Robbie Keane.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: On Spurs' disastrous start to the 2008–09 season, Woodgate told the press that it was worse than when Leeds were relegated. Woodgate had been transferred to Newcastle United some 16 months before Leeds's eventual relegation at the end of 2003–04. Woodgate played just three times in Spurs highly successful 2009–10 campaign after succumbing to a long term groin injury. Harry Redknapp hinted at Woodgate's exit due to having to comply with new Premier League rules which limited squad sizes to 25 – ironically these rules were put in place in order to help the careers of English and Welsh footballers. Woodgate travelled to Australia to have surgery.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: On 19 January 2011, Woodgate played his first game in 14 months in a friendly match with QPR. The defender completed 45 minutes in a 9–2 victory at Spurs Lodge. Following this, on 15 February, a Champions League tie with AC Milan, he came on in the 59th minute for the injured Vedran Ćorluka. He played out the rest of the game; however, was later diagnosed with a strain to his left adductor muscle. Spurs were unsuccessful in persuading Woodgate to agree a pay-as-you-play deal, and he was released on 16 June 2011.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: Woodgate signed a one-year contract on a pay-as-you-play deal with Stoke City on 11 July 2011, with a view of a further year on his contract, if he proved his fitness. Following his move to Stoke, Woodgate stated that he wanted to get his career back on track. He also revealed that he turned down a number of other contract offers from different clubs. He made his debut for Stoke in a pre-season friendly against Aldershot Town, playing for 62 minutes. He made his full debut for Stoke in a 1–0 win over Hajduk Split in the UEFA Europa League, playing the full 90 minutes. He then completed his first full 90 in the Premier League for Stoke in a 0–0 draw with Chelsea. Woodgate was left out of Stoke's Europa League squad by manager Tony Pulis who feared a recurrence of Woodgate's injuries if he spent too long travelling.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: Despite a decent enough start to his Stoke career, Woodgate went on to have poor performances against Sunderland, Newcastle and Bolton. He was dropped by Pulis and admitted that he needed to up his game. He failed to improve much, and in a match against Wolverhampton Wanderers Woodgate started the match at right back. He struggled against Matt Jarvis and gave away a penalty, then was substituted after twenty minutes by Pulis. He continued to play at right back though and admitted that his performances at Stoke had been 'up and down'. His contract with Stoke expired on 30 June 2012 and despite being offered a new deal he chose to return to his former club, Middlesbrough.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: Woodgate re-joined his hometown club Middlesbrough on 6 July 2012, signing a three-year contract. He made his second debut for Boro against Bury in the League Cup on 11 August. Woodgate scored his first goal for Middlesbrough in a 4–1 victory against Charlton Athletic on 3 November.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: On 10 February 2015, Woodgate started a match for Middlesbrough for the first time in 6 months and scored the first goal in a 2–1 win against Blackpool which sent Boro to the top of the Championship table. He was an unused substitute on 25 May as they lost the play-off final to Norwich City at Wembley. On 16 July 2015, Woodgate signed a one-year extension despite previously announcing retirement as a player. After playing only one game in the 2015–16 season, Woodgate left Middlesbrough on the expiration of his contract in May 2016 and retired from football.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: Woodgate was first called up to the England squad in April 1999, Kevin Keegan named him in the squad for the friendly against Hungary. However, he picked up an injury playing for Leeds United and had to withdraw from the squad. In May 1999, he was called up for the Euro 2000 qualifiers against Sweden and Bulgaria. On 9 June, Woodgate made his debut in the 1–1 draw against Bulgaria; he started the game before being replaced by Ray Parlour in the 64th minute. He retained his place in the squad for the Euro 2000 qualifiers against Luxembourg and Poland, but did not feature in either game. Woodgate was called up for the friendly against Belgium in October 1999, but he later withdrew from the squad because of a back injury. This turned out to be his last involvement with the England squad for nearly three years. The Football Association decided that Woodgate would not be allowed to play for England until the court case stemming from an incident during a night out in Leeds in January 2000 was over, and any subsequent punishments served. This meant he would miss out on both Euro 2000 and the 2002 FIFA World Cup.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: On 2 September 2002, manager Sven-Göran Eriksson recalled Woodgate to the England squad for the friendly against Portugal. He went on to earn his second cap, replacing Rio Ferdinand at half-time in the 1–1 draw at Villa Park. Woodgate was called up for the Euro 2004 qualifiers against Slovakia and Macedonia in October 2002; he started and played the whole 90 minutes in both games. Injuries blighted Woodgate over the next couple of years, but he did manage to win his fifth cap in a friendly against Sweden on 31 March 2004. He started in the 1–0 defeat at Ullevi in Gothenburg, and was replaced by Anthony Gardner at half-time. A thigh injury picked up whilst playing for Newcastle United, in April 2004, ruled Woodgate out of the Euro 2004 tournament in Portugal.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: After almost three years without an international cap, England manager Steve McClaren recalled Woodgate to the squad for the friendly against Spain in February 2007. On 7 February, Woodgate started in the 1–0 defeat at Old Trafford, before being replaced by Jamie Carragher in the 65th minute. The following month, he retained his place in the squad for the Euro 2008 qualifiers against Israel and Andorra. He would go on to miss both games because of a knee injury. In early 2008, Woodgate was named in Fabio Capello's first two England squads, for the friendlies against Switzerland and France, but failed to feature in either game. In May 2008, Woodgate was named in the England squad for the end-of-season friendlies against the United States and Trinidad and Tobago. He was an unused substitute in the 2–0 win against the United States, before winning his seventh cap in the 3–0 win against Trinidad and Tobago. On 20 August, Woodgate won his eighth and last cap in the friendly against the Czech Republic, he replaced Rio Ferdinand in the 58th minute of the 2–2 draw at Wembley Stadium.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: After a brief spell as an international scout for Liverpool in Spain and Portugal, on 31 March 2017, Woodgate was appointed as an assistant coach to newly appointed Middlesbrough caretaker manager Steve Agnew, following the dismissal of Aitor Karanka, with Woodgate becoming one of three new arrivals in the club's coaching staff alongside fellow part-timers Joe Jordan and Paul Jenkins. After the club were relegated from the Premier League at the end of the season, Woodgate vacated his position after new manager Garry Monk brought in his own coaching staff, with him being replaced by James Beattie.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: Following his departure from the first team, Woodgate joined the club's Academy coaching staff in June 2017, as the under-18 team's assistant coach under Mark Tinkler. In December 2017, Woodgate returned to his previous position as first team assistant coach, under the management of Tony Pulis, who replaced a dismissed Monk. In May 2019, Woodgate was the only member of Pulis' coaching staff not to be relieved from his duties, which saw him become the frontrunner to succeed the Welshman.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: After huge speculation, on 14 June 2019, Woodgate was appointed as the new permanent manager of Middlesbrough, signing onto a three-year contract. He brought in former associates Robbie Keane and Leo Percovich as his assistants, whereas Danny Coyne was appointed as the club's new goalkeeping coach. Following his appointment, Woodgate stated that he wanted to reintroduce attacking football to the club, having informed club chairman Steve Gibson that he wanted to "play a more expansive game", with both parties wanting to redevelop the team's style of play after Pulis' controversial spell.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: The summer transfer window saw the Smoggies complete the signings of former club goalkeeper Tomás Mejías, Marcus Browne, Marc Bola and Anfernee Dijksteel. Woodgate's first game as a manager came on 2 August, a 3–3 draw against newly promoted Luton Town, which saw supporters criticise his side's defence. At the end of August, Middlesbrough sat eighteenth in the Championship, having recorded a single victory out of a possible six as well as collecting three draws and two defeats. Middlesbrough slipped into the relegation zone following a goalless draw against Fulham, remaining there for a further two matches until a 2–2 draw with Hull City saw them climb into twenty-first, only qualifying for a higher league position through goal difference.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: After an indifferent start to management, Middlesbrough supporters demanded for Woodgate to be sacked, with many doubting his side's ability to avoid relegation. With pressure mounting on Woodgate, tabloids alleged that former Cardiff City and highly experienced Premier League manager Neil Warnock was favoured to replace him, causing chairman Gibson to openly state that he "is really behind" the manager, with him "understanding January needs" to improve the team. December, however, was a positive month for Middlesbrough; recording four victories as well as a singular draw and defeat. Crucial victories over Charlton Athletic, Stoke City, Huddersfield Town and then-league leaders West Bromwich Albion, a draw over Nottingham Forest and defeat to Swansea City saw them rise up to sixteenth in the Championship table, finishing off 2019 nine points above the relegation zone. As a result of Middlesbrough's turn around in form, Woodgate was rewarded as being named the Championship Manager of the Month for December.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: During the winter transfer window, Middlesbrough were heavily active: Patrick Roberts, Lukas Nmecha, Ravel Morrison and Harold Moukoudi all arrived on loan, whereas Dejan Stojanović joined for an undisclosed fee from St. Gallen. Middlesbrough dipped in form resulting in Woodgate's side heavily dropping down the league table; a 1–0 defeat to Yorkshire rivals Leeds United saw Middlesbrough drop to twenty-first, tying on points with Wigan Athletic, the latter looming in the relegation zone. After this, supporters once again demanded for Woodgate to be sacked; the manager later assured unsettled supporters that Gibson continued to "back him" despite their frequent dip in form.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: Woodgate was sacked as Middlesbrough manager on 23 June 2020, with the club only outside the Championship relegation zone on goal difference after 38 games, following a 3–0 home defeat to Swansea in the club's first game following the season's restart. He was replaced by Neil Warnock on the same day.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: On 1 February 2021, Woodgate was appointed as senior first team coach of AFC Bournemouth on a contract until the end of the 2020–21 season. Following the sacking of manager Jason Tindall two days later, Woodgate was appointed as caretaker manager on a temporary basis, before being appointed head coach until the end of the season on 21 February 2021. Following six wins from seven games, confirming their place in the play-offs in the process, Woodgate was awarded the Championship Manager of the Month award for April 2021. Bournemouth finished the season in 6th and entered the playoffs against Brentford, but despite winning 1–0 during the first leg, they lost 3–2 on aggregate, consigning them to another season in the championship. Scott Parker was appointed on 28 June 2021 as Woodgate’s successor and Woodgate subsequently left the club upon his contract's end.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: After over a year of unemployment, Woodgate was appointed as First Team Coach, alongside Head Coach Michael Carrick, at his former club, Middlesbrough.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: In 2000, he was a defendant with teammate Lee Bowyer in a court case after his involvement in an altercation outside the Majestyk nightclub in Leeds, in which a student was left with injuries to his face The initial trial collapsed, and following a second trial, in December 2001, Bowyer was cleared of charges of grievous bodily harm with intent and affray, while Woodgate was convicted of affray and sentenced to 100 hours' community service. He was also banned from international selection by the Football Association, which prevented him from being selected for the England squad for the 2002 World Cup.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

text: Woodgate has two children with his wife Natalie Downing, the sister of former Middlesbrough teammate and England midfielder Stewart Downing.


title: Salman Khan Films

text: Salman Khan Films (SKF) is an Indian film production and distribution company established by Bollywood actor Salman Khan in 2011. Based in Mumbai, it mainly produces and distributes Hindi films.


title: Grey's Anatomy (season 1)

text: The first season of the American television medical drama "Grey's Anatomy", began airing in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) on March 27, 2005, and concluded on May 22, 2005. The first season introduces the main character, Meredith Grey, as she enrolls in Seattle Grace Hospital's internship program and faces unexpected challenges and surprises. Season one had nine series regulars, three of whom have been part of the main cast ever since. The season initially served as a mid-season replacement for the legal drama "Boston Legal", airing in the Sunday night time slot at 10:00, after "Desperate Housewives". Although no clip shows have been produced for this season, the events that occur are recapped in "Straight to Heart", a clip-show which aired one week before the winter holiday hiatus of the second season ended. The season was officially released on DVD as two-disc Region 1 box set under the title of "Grey's Anatomy: Season One" on February 14, 2006, by Buena Vista Home Entertainment.


title: Grey's Anatomy (season 1)

text: The series' protagonist and title character is Dr. Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), who is accepted into the residency program at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital. She joins the program as an intern and is assigned to work under their resident Dr. Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson), along with fellow interns: the extremely competitive Dr. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), the insecure Dr. George O'Malley (T. R. Knight), ex model Dr. Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl), and the arrogant Dr. Alex Karev (Justin Chambers). The surgical wing is primarily supervised by the Chief of Surgery Dr. Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.). Dr. Preston Burke (Isaiah Washington) is the head of Cardio surgery. Meredith is in a romantic relationship with her attending Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey) a stranger she had a one-night stand with, and is the daughter of the renowned surgeon Ellis Grey (Kate Burton), who now suffers from Alzheimer's.


title: Grey's Anatomy (season 1)

text: The season's reviews and critiques were highly positive, and the series received several awards and nominations for the cast and crew including three nominations at the 57th Primetime Emmy Awards including Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for Oh. The series also received three nominations at the Golden Globe Awards with the series itself being nominated for Best Drama Series, Dempsey nominated for Best Actor in a Drama Series, Oh winning the Best Supporting Actress while the entire cast was nominated in the Outstanding Cast – Drama Series category. Oh also won the Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series at the 12th Screen Actors Guild Awards. Chambers and Pompeo were nominated for Choice TV Breakout Performances at the 2005 Teen Choice Awards. Peter Horton and Jeffrey Melman were also nominated for the Best Directing – Drama Series, Night for "A Hard Day's Night" and "Into You Like a Train" respectively at the 58th Directors Guild of America Awards.


title: Grey's Anatomy (season 1)

text: The last four episodes, written and shot to air as the final episodes of the first season, actually aired as part of the beginning of the second season, due to the high number of viewers that watched "Who's Zoomin' Who?", the season's highest-rated episode with 22.22 million viewers tuning in. The series was chosen in the top 10 for several 2005 "best of television" lists, including "USA Today", "San Jose Mercury News", "The New York Times", "The Boston Globe" and "Chicago Tribune".


title: Grey's Anatomy (season 1)

text: The number in the "No. in series" column refers to the episode's number within the overall series, whereas the number in the "No. in season" column refers to the episode's number within this particular season. "U.S. viewers in millions" refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live. The first season's episodes are altogether 387 minutes in length. Each episode of this season is named after a song.


title: Grey's Anatomy (season 1)

text: The series was created by Shonda Rhimes and was aired on the ABC Network in the U.S. The season was produced by Touchstone Television, currently ABC Studios, The Mark Gordon Company, ShondaLand Production Company, and was distributed by Buena Vista International, Inc. The season's executive producers were Rhimes, Betsy Beers, Mark Gordon, James D. Parriott, Krista Vernoff, Rob Corn, and Mark Wilding. The staff writers were Rhimes, Parriott, Ann Hamilton, Vernoff, Kip Koenig, Mimi Schmir, Gabrielle Stanton, and Harry Werksman, Jr. The directors throughout the season were Peter Horton, Tony Goldwyn, Adam Davidson. John David Coles, Scott Brazil, Darnell Martin, Sarah Pia Anderson, and Wendey Stanzler. Rhimes served as the season's showrunner. She and Horton, who wrote and directed the first two episodes respectively, would also have written and directed the season's final two episodes, had they not been transferred into the second season.


title: Grey's Anatomy (season 1)

text: The show was announced in late 2004 as a mid-season replacement for "Boston Legal". It was originally scheduled to run in the "Boston Legal" time slot for just four weeks, but after receiving high ratings remained in the time-slot for the remainder of the season. ABC Entertainment President Steve McPherson commented on the scheduling decision: "Ultimately we decided that, without having adequate lead time or marketing dollars to devote to moving either show so late in the season, we'd continue to let "Grey's" build on its tremendous momentum through May". Prior to broadcast, it was announced that the show's title would change from "Grey's Anatomy" to "Complications", although ultimately this did not come to pass. Francie Calfo, executive vice president for development at ABC Entertainment, commented on the show's conception: "I think there was a need for this kind of show on our air, specifically a medical show. And Shonda found a twist on it that made it perfect for where we're at right now. Medical shows are hard, and it was hard trying to figure out where ours could be different. But where everybody else is speeding up their medical shows, she found a way to slow it down, so you get to know the characters. There's definitely a strong female appeal to it". Rhimes explained that she had found the idea of a show about smart women competing against one another an interesting one.


title: Grey's Anatomy (season 1)

text: Nine actors had star billing in the show's first season. Series creator Shonda Rhimes wanted a diverse cast, and so created characters without pre-specified races. Determined not to have a show in which "all the extras are white, except the lone janitor", she has created what "The New York Times" has called "one of the most colorful backgrounds in television." Rhimes used a "blind-casting" technique, which resulted in several roles going to actors of different racial backgrounds than first envisioned. Isaiah Washington, eventually cast as Preston Burke, was originally considered for the role of Derek Shepherd, while Burke was initially to be played by a white actor who dropped out at the last moment. Chandra Wilson was cast in the role of Miranda Bailey, who Rhimes had imagined as a blonde until auditioning Wilson. "The Campus" have observed that the "Grey's Anatomy" cast is actually more diverse than the city it emulates, noting that Seattle is actually 70% Caucasian.


title: Grey's Anatomy (season 1)

text: The nine characters who appear as series-regulars in the first season all work in the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital. Five of the characters are interns: Meredith Grey portrayed by Ellen Pompeo, who is in a romantic relationship with her attending Derek Shepherd, and is the daughter of the renowned surgeon Ellis Grey, who now suffers from Alzheimer's; Cristina Yang portrayed by Sandra Oh, an extremely competitive intern who befriends Meredith and begins a relationship with Preston Burke; Izzie Stevens portrayed by Katherine Heigl, an ex-model who struggles to be recognized as a doctor; Alex Karev portrayed by Justin Chambers, an arrogant intern who initially annoys his colleagues, and George O'Malley portrayed by T. R. Knight, an insecure intern with a lack of confidence, who develops a crush on Meredith. The interns are mentored by their resident Miranda Bailey portrayed by Chandra Wilson, a disciplined woman who is nicknamed "The Nazi". The surgical program is led by the Chief of Surgery Dr. Richard Webber portrayed by James Pickens Jr. In his employ are Preston Burke and Derek Shepherd from New York portrayed by Isaiah Washington and Patrick Dempsey respectively. Guest stars include Meredith's mother Ellis, portrayed by Kate Burton, nurse Olivia Harper portrayed by Sarah Utterback, who serves as a love-interest for Alex and George, and Derek's estranged wife Addison Montgomery played by Kate Walsh.


title: Grey's Anatomy (season 1)

text: The first season of "Grey's" received positive reviews from critics. In regard to the first season, "New York Daily News" named "Grey's Anatomy" a "winner", whereas "Newsday" expressed a positive opinion by stating "You simply can't stop watching!" Walter Chaw from "Film Freak Central" said the show was "so odious, so repugnant, that it's impossible not to have predicted its newly-minted role as the most popular program in the land." "The Washington Post"<nowiki>'s</nowiki> Tom Shales was critical of the early series, finding it reminiscent of "ER" and commenting that: "The show is much more a matter of commercial calculation than an honest attempt to try something fresh and different." He called Rhimes' script for the pilot episode "nothing but a casserole made of equal parts ham-and-corn", writing that overall: "It's a 'new' show only in the sense that Dr. Frankenstein's monster was a new man." Kate Aurthur for "The New York Times" deemed the show a hybrid of "Ally McBeal", "Sex and the City" and "ER", writing of the news that it had become the highest-rated midseason drama in 12 years that: "When you parse its ratings, "Grey's Anatomy" underscores one of the real lessons of the current season - men will watch shows with a female lead. That goes against conventional wisdom, which dictates that it's easier to get women to watch shows aimed at men." "Review Stream" gave positive reviews regarding the pilot episode, "A Hard Day's Night", due to the undeniable chemistry between Ellen Pompeo and Patrick Dempsey from the series' first scene. Regarding Miranda Bailey's appearance in the pilot, "ReviewStream.com" stated "She's such a small woman but wait until she speaks." HomeTheaterInfo.com, however, had a mixed perspectives on the pilot, noting that the storylines were similar to fellow ABC series "Desperate Housewives", but also "brilliantly written, extremely well-acted and directed to near perfection." "IGN" gave a positive review stating, "The show isn't derivative, and actually maintains a tenuous edge over its predecessor, the characters resemble real people - who are fragile, and yes, fallible." and added, "this facile description does little justice to the show's tightly-wound plotting, character subtleties, or masterful acting, it speaks to the intangible nature of what differentiates the wheat from the chaff, so to speak, in network television."


title: Grey's Anatomy (season 1)

text: Sandra Oh won Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film at the 63rd Golden Globe Awards and Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series at the 12th Screen Actors Guild Awards in 2005, for her portrayal of Cristina Yang during "Grey's Anatomy"s first season. The season also resulted in a number of awards nominations: At the 2005 Directors Guild of America Awards, Peter Horton received a nomination for the Best Directing in a Drama Series, for his work on "A Hard Day's Night." He was nominated for the same award and episode at the 57th Primetime Emmy Awards, which also saw "Grey's Anatomy" nominated for Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series, and Oh was nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series. Patrick Dempsey was nominated for Best Actor – Television Series Drama at the 63rd Golden Globe Awards, where the show was also nominated Best Television Series – Drama. The Producers Guild of America Awards in 2005 saw the season again nominated for Best Producer in a Drama Series, while that year's Satellite Awards saw the show nominated for Best Television Series – Drama, and Oh nominated for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film. Dempsey was nominated for the Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series at the 12th Screen Actors Guild Awards, where the whole cast were also nominated for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series.


title: Grey's Anatomy (season 1)

text: The first season's ratings were consistently high, ranking #1 in its time-slot and leading its closest competition by 7.2 million viewers. It delivered ABC's best audience retention following "Desperate Housewives", was the highest-rated show amongst 18-to-49-year-olds in 13 years since "The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles", and produced ABC's strongest series performance in the hour in more than 4 years. Commenting on the first season's high ratings, "Magna Global USA" media analyst Steve Sternberg stated: "Roughly 80 percent of households during primetime only have one TV set on. People are looking for shows they can watch with other household members. And just as "Desperate Housewives" reaches a broad audience – younger, older, male, female – so does "Grey's Anatomy"". The season finale was watched by 22.22 million viewers, and was ranked No. 9 in viewership.


title: Grey's Anatomy (season 1)

text: "Grey's Anatomy: Season One" was released as a widescreen 2-disc Region 1 DVD box set in the USA on February 14, 2006. It was distributed by Buena Vista. In addition to all the episodes that had aired, it included an alternate title-sequence, audio commentaries, an extended pilot episode and a making-of featurette. The same set was released on October 11, 2006, in Region 2, featuring the planned 14 episodes over 3 discs.


title: Grey's Anatomy (season 1)

text: The first season was officially released on DVD in Region 1 on February 14, 2006, during the show's second season. Under the title "Grey's Anatomy: Season One", the box set consists of episodes with Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound and widescreen format. It also contained extras available only on DVD, including extended episodes, footage from behind the scenes, audio commentaries and unaired scenes cut from the aired episodes. The same set was released in Region 4 on April 26, 2006, almost 3 months after its original release in the United States, whereas its release date in Region 4 was October 11, 2006. The UK set contained the original 14 episodes, being released as a 3-disc box-set.


title: Horace Mann

text: Horace Mann (May 4, 1796August 2, 1859) was an American educational reformer, slavery abolitionist and Whig politician known for his commitment to promoting public education. In 1848, after public service as Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Education, Mann was elected to the United States House of Representatives (1848–1853). From September 1852 to his death, he served as President of Antioch College.


title: Horace Mann

text: Arguing that universal public education was the best way to turn unruly American children into disciplined, judicious republican citizens, Mann won widespread approval from modernizers, especially in the Whig Party, for building public schools. Most U.S. states adopted a version of the system Mann established in Massachusetts, especially the program for normal schools to train professional teachers. Educational historians credit Horace Mann, along with Henry Barnard and Catharine Beecher as one of the major advocates of the Common School Movement.


title: Horace Mann

text: Horace Mann was born in Franklin, Massachusetts. His father was a farmer without much money. From ten years of age to twenty, he had no more than six weeks' schooling during any year, but he made use of the Franklin Public Library, the first public library in America. At the age of twenty, he enrolled at Brown University and graduated in three years as valedictorian (1819). The theme of his oration was "The Progressive Character of the Human Race." He learned Greek and Latin from Samuel Barrett, who later became a famous Unitarian minister. He then studied law for a short time in Wrentham, Massachusetts and was a tutor of Latin and Greek (1820–1822) and a librarian (1821–1823) at Brown. During 1822, he also studied at Litchfield Law School and, in 1823, was admitted to the bar in Dedham, Massachusetts.


title: Horace Mann

text: Mann was elected to the Massachusetts legislature in 1827, and in that role was active in the interests of education, public charities, and laws for the suppression of alcoholic drinks and lotteries. He established an asylum in Worcester, and in 1833 was chairman of its board of trustees. Mann continued to be returned to the legislature as a representative from Dedham until his removal to Boston in 1833. While in the legislature he was a member and part of the time chairman of the committee for the revision of the state statutes, and a large number of salutary provisions were incorporated into the code at his suggestion. After their enactment, he was appointed one of the editors of the work and prepared its marginal notes and its references to judicial decisions. He was elected to the Massachusetts State Senate from Boston in 1835 and was its president in 1836–1837. As a member of the Senate, he spent time as the majority leader, and aimed his focus at infrastructure, funding the construction of railroads and canals.


title: Horace Mann

text: In 1830, Mann married Charlotte Messer, who was the daughter of the president of Brown University. She died two years later on August 1, 1832, and he never fully recovered from the intense grief and shock that accompanied her death.


title: Horace Mann

text: In 1843, he married Mary Tyler Peabody. Afterward, the couple accompanied Samuel Gridley Howe and Julia Ward Howe on a dual honeymoon to Europe. They then purchased a home in West Newton, Massachusetts at the corner of Chestnut and Highland Streets. Horace and Mary had three sons: Horace Mann Jr., George Combe Mann, and Benjamin Pickman Mann.


title: Horace Mann

text: It was not until he was appointed Secretary in 1837 of the newly created Massachusetts Board of Education that he began the work which was to make him one of America's most influential educational reformers. Upon starting his duties, he withdrew from all other professional or business engagements as well as politics.


title: Horace Mann

text: As Secretary of Education, Mann held teachers' conventions, delivered numerous lectures and addresses, carried on an extensive correspondence, and introduced numerous reforms. Mann persuaded his fellow modernizers, especially those in the Whig Party, to legislate tax-supported elementary public education in their states and to feminize the teaching force. Most northern states adopted one version or another of the system he established in Massachusetts, especially the program for "normal schools" to train professional teachers.


title: Horace Mann

text: Mann traveled to every School in the state so he could physically examine each school ground. He planned and inaugurated the Massachusetts normal school system in Lexington (which shortly thereafter moved to Framingham), Barre (which shortly thereafter moved to Westfield) and Bridgewater, and began preparing a series of annual reports, which had a wide circulation and were considered as being "among the best expositions, if, indeed, they are not the very best ones, of the practical benefits of a common school education both to the individual and to the state". By his advocacy of the disuse of corporal punishment in school discipline, he was involved in a controversy with some of the Boston teachers that resulted in the adoption of his views.


title: Horace Mann

text: In 1838, he founded and edited "The Common School Journal". In this journal, Mann targeted the public school and its problems. His six main principles were:


title: Horace Mann

text: Under the auspices of the board, but at his own expense, he went to Europe in 1843 to visit schools, especially in Prussia, and his seventh annual report, published after his return, embodied the results of his tour. Many editions of this report were printed, not only in Massachusetts but in other states, in some cases by private individuals and in others by legislatures; several editions were issued in England.


title: Horace Mann

text: Mann hoped that by bringing all children of all classes together, they could have a common learning experience. This would also allow the less fortunate to advance in the social scale and education would "equalize the conditions of men." Moreover, it was viewed also as a road to social advancement by the early labor movement and as a goal of having common schools. Mann also suggested that having schools would help those students who did not have appropriate discipline in the home. Building a person's character was just as important as reading, writing, and arithmetic. Instilling values such as obedience to authority, promptness in attendance, and organizing the time according to bell ringing helped students prepare for future employment.


title: Horace Mann

text: Mann faced some resistance from parents who did not want to give up the moral education to teachers and bureaucrats. The normal schools trained mostly women, giving them new career opportunities as teachers. Mann believed that women were better suited for teaching, regardless of their status as a mother, and used his position to push for a feminization of the profession.


title: Horace Mann

text: The practical result of Mann's work was a revolution in the approach used in the common school system of Massachusetts, which in turn influenced the direction of other states. In carrying out his work, Mann met with bitter opposition by some Boston schoolmasters who strongly disapproved of his innovative pedagogical ideas, and by various religious sectarians, who contended against the exclusion of all sectarian instruction from the schools.


title: Horace Mann

text: As the "Old Deluder Satan Act" and other 17th-century Massachusetts School Laws attest, early education in Massachusetts had a clear religious intent. However, by the time of Mann's leadership in education, various developments (including a vibrant populist Protestant faith and increased religious diversity) fostered a secular school system with a religiously passive stance.


title: Horace Mann

text: While Mann affirmed that "our Public Schools are not Theological Seminaries" and that they were "debarred by law from inculcating the peculiar and distinctive doctrines of any one religious denomination amongst us ... or all that is essential to religion or salvation," he assured those who objected to this secular nature that "our system earnestly inculcates all Christian morals; it founds its morals based on religion; it welcomes the religion of the Bible; and, in receiving the Bible, it allows it to do what it is allowed to do in no other system—to speak for itself. But here it stops, not because it claims to have compassed all truth; but because it disclaims to act as an umpire between hostile religious opinions."


title: Horace Mann

text: Mann stated that this position resulted in a near-universal use of the Bible in the schools of Massachusetts and that this served as an argument against the assertion by some that Christianity was excluded from his schools, or that they were anti-Christian. A devotee of the pseudoscience of phrenology, Mann believed education could eliminate or reduce human failings and compensate for any biological flaws.


title: Horace Mann

text: Mann also once stated that "it may not be easy theoretically, to draw the line between those views of religious truth and of Christian faith which is common to all, and may, therefore, with propriety be inculcated in schools, and those which, being peculiar to individual sects, are therefore by law excluded; still it is believed that no practical difficulty occurs in the conduct of our schools in this regard."


title: Horace Mann

text: Rather than sanctioning a particular church as was often the norm in many states, the Legislature proscribed books "calculated to favor the tenets of any particular set of Christians."


title: Horace Mann

text: Like many nineteenth century reformers, Horace Mann believed that "children would find it far more interesting and pleasurable to memorize words and read short sentences and stories without having to bother to learn the names of the letters". According to Diane Ravitch, he condemned the alphabet method, claiming that it was "repulsive and soul-deadening to children". He described the letters of the alphabet as "skeleton-shaped, bloodless, ghostly apparitions". To him, teaching the alphabet was entirely illogical: "When we wish to give a child the idea of a new animal, we do not present successively the different parts of it,—an eye, an ear, the nose, the mouth, the body, or a leg: but we present a whole animal, as one object".


title: Horace Mann

text: Mann believed that "children's earliest books should teach whole words, skipping the alphabet and the sounds of the letters", though he may have been confused between "the alphabet method of learning letters through words and a word method, now called the look-and-say method, or learning to read through saying the word as a whole".


title: Horace Mann

text: In the spring of 1848 he was elected to the United States Congress as a Whig to fill the vacancy caused by the death of John Quincy Adams. His first speech in that role was in advocacy of its right and duty to exclude slavery from the territories, and in a letter, in December of that year, he said: "I think the country is to experience serious times. Interference with slavery will excite civil commotion in the South. But it is best to interfere. Now is the time to see whether the Union is a rope of sand or a band of steel." Again he said: "I really think if we insist upon passing the Wilmot proviso for the territories that the south—a part of them—will rebel; but I would pass it, rebellion or not. I consider no evil so great as the extension of slavery."


title: Horace Mann

text: During the first session, he volunteered as counsel for Drayton and Sayres, who were indicted for stealing 76 slaves in the District of Columbia, and at the trial was engaged for 21 successive days in their defense. In 1850, he was engaged in a controversy with Daniel Webster concerning the extension of slavery and the Fugitive Slave Law, calling Webster's support for the Compromise of 1850 a "vile catastrophe", and comparing him to "Lucifer descending from Heaven". Mann was defeated by a single vote at the ensuing nominating convention by Webster's supporters; but, on appealing to the people as an independent anti-slavery candidate, he was re-elected, serving from April 1848 until March 1853.


title: Horace Mann

text: Mann was a staunch opponent of slavery as a member of Congress; in a written address to an 1852 "Convention of the Colored Freemen of Ohio" he stated "[t]hat slavery is to continue always, it would be the grossest atheism to affirm. A belief in the existence of a just Governor of the Universe, includes a belief in the final and utter abolition of slavery." In the same address he opposed plans to forcibly deport freedmen from the United States to other nations: "The idea of forcibly expelling the American born negro from the place of his birth and residence, and driving him out of the country against his will, is as abhorrent to my notions of justice and equality, as it can be to those of anyone. The next most cruel thing to kidnapping a race of men, forcing them from their home and dooming them to slavery in a foreign land, would be the seizure of the descendants of that race, and driving them from the new home they had acquired. So great a crime as this second expatriation would be, could hardly be conceived unless by a mind that had prepared itself for it by participating in the commission of the first." Mann considered there to be three legitimate methods by which the Africans in captivity in the US could emancipate themselves, including, as a last resort, that "such as our revolutionary fathers adopted against Great Britain [...] not only with the justification but with the approval of the civilized world. For this there are two conditions: a sufficient degree of oppression to authorize an appeal to force, and a chance, on the part of the oppressed, of bettering their condition. The measure of the first condition is already full - heaped up - running over. The second condition will be fulfilled, either when the slaves believe they can obtain their freedom by force, or when they are so elevated and enlarged in their moral conceptions as to appreciate that glorious supplication of Patrick Henry, 'Give me liberty or give me death!'" Mann's preferred method for the self-emancipation of the slaves was that free blacks should voluntarily form all-black communities of their own - either in Jamaica or in another Caribbean nation - or perhaps in the American West - in which men like Frederick Douglass, Henry Bibb and Henry Box Brown "instead of making speeches might be making laws. Instead of commanding the types of a newspaper press [...] might be commanding armies and navies" and could more effectively organize the liberation of their enslaved brethren in the U.S. from these strongholds.


title: Horace Mann

text: In September 1852, he was nominated for governor of Massachusetts by the Free Soil Party, and the same day was chosen president of the newly established Antioch College at Yellow Springs, Ohio. Failing in the election for governor, he accepted the presidency of the college, which he continued until his death. There he taught economics, philosophy, and theology; he was popular with students and with lay audiences across the Midwest who attended his lectures promoting public schools. Mann also employed the first female faculty member to be paid on an equal basis with her male colleagues, Rebecca Pennell, his niece. His commencement message to the class of 1859 was to "Be ashamed to die until you have won some victory for humanity".


title: Horace Mann

text: Antioch College was founded by the Christian Connexion, which later withdrew its financial support causing the college to struggle for many years with meager financial resources due to sectarian infighting. Mann himself was charged with nonadherence to sectarianism because, previously a Congregationalist by upbringing, he joined the Unitarian Church.


title: Horace Mann

text: Mann was also drawn to Antioch because it was a coeducational institution, among the first in the country to teach men and women in the same classes, Mann and his wife had conflicts with female students, however, who came to Yellow Springs in search of greater equality. The young women chafed at restrictions on their behavior, and wanted to meet with men in literary societies, which Mann and his wife opposed.


title: Horace Mann

text: He collapsed shortly after the 1859 commencement and died that summer of typhoid fever. Antioch historian Robert Straker wrote that Mann had been "crucified by crusading sectarians." Ralph Waldo Emerson lamented "what seems the fatal waste of labor and life at Antioch." Mann's wife, who wrote in anguish that "the blood of martyrdom waters the spot," later disinterred his body from Yellow Springs. He is buried in the North Burial Ground in Providence, Rhode Island, next to his first wife, Charlotte Messer Mann. (Charlotte Messer Mann was the daughter of Asa Messer, an early president of Brown University.)


title: Horace Mann

text: Many historians treat Mann as one of the most important leaders of education reform in the antebellum period.


title: Horace Mann

text: Mann's endorsement of "word method" for reading instruction made a lasting impression on other reformers of the period, and "by 1890 the alphabet method had virtually died out". Francis Parker and John Dewey used the "word method" as one of the features of the "Progressive" system of education. As Nancy Millichap notes, "Despite the enthusiasm of educators for their new methods of teaching, the illiteracy rate remained high. Among American soldiers enlisted in World War I, 24.9 percent proved unable to read or write, and during World War II approximately the same percentage of British servicemen [who were taught using the same method] were found to be similarly handicapped. In 1940, one-third of high school students were incapable of mastering reading and writing well enough to profit from textbook instruction, and one half of the adult population in the United States was functionally illiterate".


title: Horace Mann

text: The backlash against "word method" culminated in a 1955 book "Why Johnny Can't Read" by Rudolf Flesch, in which he condemned this method for "treating children as if they were dogs" and recommended returning to teaching phonics. Nevertheless, the "ill-informed, ineffective reading instruction" remains the norm in American colleges of education and, accordingly, in American elementary schools.


title: Horace Mann

text: Many places around the world are named after Mann. Among them are more than 50 public schools in the United States.


title: Horace Mann

text: Horace Mann's statue stands in front of the Massachusetts State House along with that of Daniel Webster.


title: Horace Mann

text: At Antioch College, a monument carries his quote, which has been recently adopted as the college motto: "Be Ashamed to Die Until You Have Won Some Victory for Humanity."


title: Horace Mann

text: The University of Northern Colorado named the gates to their campus in his dedication, a gift of the Class of 1910.


title: Horace Mann

text: The Springfield, Illinois-based Illinois Education Association Mutual Insurance Company, was renamed in honor of Mann in 1950 as the Horace Mann Educators Corporation.


title: Horace Mann

text: Pittsburg State University in Pittsburg, Kansas, has a building named Horace Mann School. It currently houses the Student Welcoming Center.


title: Horace Mann

text: In Massachusetts, public charter schools that are authorized by local school districts are known as Horace Mann charters.


title: Horace Mann

text: American educators were fascinated by German educational trends. In 1818, John Griscom gave a favorable report of Prussian education. Beginning in 1830, English translations were made of French philosopher Victor Cousin's work, "Report on the State of Public Education in Prussia." Calvin E. Stowe, Henry Barnard, Horace Mann, George Bancroft and Joseph Cogswell all had a vigorous interest in German education. In 1843, Mann traveled to Germany to investigate how the educational process worked. Mann focused on two aspects of Prussian education upon his return to the United States: the creation of Normal Schools (although unlike Prussia, Mann advocated for a female-only teaching force) and well-appointed, safe, and well-resourced schoolhouses.


title: Joseph Prince

text: Joseph Prince (born "Xenonamandar Jegahusiee Singh"; 15 May 1963) is the evangelist and senior pastor of New Creation Church based in Singapore. He is one of the church's founders in 1983.


title: Joseph Prince

text: He was born Xenonamandar Jegahusiee Singh in Singapore to a Sikh priest of Indian origin and a Chinese mother, spent his primary school years in Perak, Malaysia. He studied at Commonwealth Secondary School and completed his A levels at a private school, Our Lady of Lourdes.


title: Joseph Prince

text: He adopted the name Joseph Prince while serving as an IT consultant, just before being appointed senior pastor in 1990.


title: Joseph Prince

text: Prince has preached at churches in Australia, Canada, Great Britain, Italy, Indonesia, the Netherlands, Norway, South Africa and the United States.


title: Joseph Prince

text: On 5 October 2008, in an interview with the "Sunday Times", Prince, also the executive chairman of the church council, acknowledged that he was "well-paid" with his salary going up $50,000 a month.


title: Joseph Prince

text: On 30 March 2009, "The Straits Times" reported that the church had paid one employee between $500,001 and $550,000 in its last financial year. Under the recommendations of the Code of Governance for charities then, all charities and non-profit organisations in Singapore were encouraged to disclose the salary bands of their top executives to the Commissioner of Charities. While not confirming the identity of the employee, the church responded that its policy is to "recognize and reward key contributors to the church and Senior Pastor Prince is the main pillar of our church's growth and revenue." On 15 April 2009, Deacon Matthew Kang, the church chairman, responded that it was not a public charity and did not solicit public donations, asserting that "there is absolutely no compulsion to give whether in tithes or offerings, and any giving is done out of a willing heart", and that "every giver is appreciated and it is taken in good faith that he believes in the elected leadership and will trust them to make good decisions for the particular church he has chosen to attend, whether as a member or a visitor."


title: Joseph Prince

text: In October 2014, a list published by entertainment website richestlifestyle.com placed Prince as the 10th richest pastor in the world, with a reported net worth of S$6.4 million (£3.13 million). New Creation Church denied the report, claiming that his actual net worth was "substantially lower" than the reported figure and that it regarded Prince's net worth as "personal in nature".


title: Joseph Prince

text: On 28 October 2014, "The Straits Times" reported that according to a 2012 tax document filed, Prince had not received any compensation from Joseph Prince Ministries or "any related organisations. The report further stated that the New Creation Church council had stated that Prince had not received any salary from the organisation since 2009.


title: Joseph Prince

text: Joseph Prince is married to Wendy Prince. They have a daughter, Jessica Shayna Prince, and a son, Justin David Prince.


title: The War of the Roses (film)

text: The War of the Roses is a 1989 American satirical black comedy film based upon the 1981 novel of the same name by Warren Adler. The film follows a wealthy couple with a seemingly perfect marriage. When their marriage begins to fall apart, material possessions become the center of an outrageous and bitter divorce battle.


title: The War of the Roses (film)

text: The film co-stars Michael Douglas, Kathleen Turner, and Danny DeVito. The three actors had previously worked together in "Romancing the Stone" and its sequel "The Jewel of the Nile". DeVito directed the film, which also had producer James L. Brooks and actor Dan Castellaneta working on a project outside of "The Simpsons". The opening title sequence was created by Saul Bass and Elaine Makatura Bass.


title: The War of the Roses (film)

text: In both the novel and the film, the married couple's family name is Rose, and the title is an allusion to the battles between the warring houses of York and Lancaster who were contending for the English throne during the late Middle Ages. In Germany, the film was such a huge success that its German title "Der Rosenkrieg" became synonymous with high-conflict divorce and is now regularly used in the media.


title: The War of the Roses (film)

text: Lawyer Gavin d'Amato is in his office discussing a divorce case with a taciturn client. Noticing the man's determination to divorce his wife, Gavin decides to tell him the story of one of his previous clients, a personal friend of his.


title: The War of the Roses (film)

text: Eighteen years earlier, Oliver Rose, a student at Harvard Law School, meets Barbara at an auction on Nantucket, where they bid on the same antique. Oliver chats Barbara up and they become friends. When she misses her ferry home, the two end up spending the night together. Eventually they marry, have two children and settle in Washington, DC. Over the years, the Roses grow richer, and Barbara purchases an old mansion whose owner has recently died. However, cracks seem to be forming in the family, such as the children being overweight due to Barbara spoiling them with treats. As Oliver becomes a successful partner in his law firm, Barbara, who was a doting and loving wife early in the marriage, grows restless and begins to dislike him immensely.


title: The War of the Roses (film)

text: Oliver cannot understand what he has done to earn Barbara's contempt, oblivious to his controlling, self-centered and generally dismissive behavior toward her. When he believes he is suffering a heart attack the day after an argument, Barbara does not show any concern for his well-being, and ultimately admits that she no longer loves him and wants a divorce. Oliver accepts, but tension arises between the two during a meeting with Barbara's lawyer when Barbara makes it clear that she wants the house and everything in it, even using Oliver's final love note to her (which he had written in the hospital) as leverage against him in their legal battle. Oliver hires Gavin on a retainer as his legal counsel.


title: The War of the Roses (film)

text: Barbara initially throws Oliver out of the house, but he moves back in after discovering a legal loophole that allows him to stay while the outcome of the divorce is pending. As a result, Barbara immediately begins plotting to remove Oliver herself, even going as far as trying to seduce Gavin into siding with her instead. In an effort to compromise, Oliver offers his wife a considerable sum of cash in exchange for the house, but Barbara still refuses to settle. Realizing that his client is in a no-win situation, Gavin advises Oliver to end the conflict by leaving Barbara with the house and starting a new life for himself. Oliver responds by firing Gavin and decides to take matters into his own hands.


title: The War of the Roses (film)

text: At this point, the couple begin spiting and humiliating each other in every way possible, even in front of friends and potential business clients. Both begin destroying their furnishings; the stove, furniture, Staffordshire ornaments, and dishware. In addition, Oliver accidentally runs over Barbara's cat in the driveway. When she finds out, she retaliates by trapping Oliver inside his private sauna, where he nearly succumbs to heatstroke and dehydration.


title: The War of the Roses (film)

text: Oliver eventually calms down and attempts to make peace with Barbara over an elegant dinner, but finally reaches his breaking point when she serves him a paté which she implies was made from his dog (which turns out to be a bluff). He physically attacks Barbara, who flees into the attic. Oliver boards up the house to prevent Barbara from escaping, while Barbara loosens the chandelier to drop on Oliver. When their German housekeeper Susan pays them an unexpected visit during the night, she senses something is terribly wrong and discreetly contacts Gavin for help.


title: The War of the Roses (film)

text: By the time Gavin arrives, Oliver and Barbara's quarrel has culminated in the two hanging dangerously from the insecure chandelier. During this time, Oliver admits that despite their hardships, he always loved Barbara, but she does not respond. Before Gavin can come inside with a ladder, the chandelier's support cable fails, leaving only the electrical wiring to the fuse box supporting the couple and the chandelier. Despite Oliver's conviction that each wire can hold "at least two hundred pounds," the wire eventually fails as well, sending Oliver, Barbara, and the chandelier crashing violently to the floor. In his final breaths, Oliver reaches out to touch Barbara's shoulder, but Barbara uses her last ounce of strength to push his hand away, firmly asserting her hatred for him even in death.


title: The War of the Roses (film)

text: Finishing his story, Gavin presents his client with two options: either proceed with the divorce and face a horrific bloodbath in court, or go home to his wife to settle their differences properly. The client chooses the latter, and Gavin, satisfied, calls his wife to tell her he loves her and is on his way home.


title: The War of the Roses (film)

text: The premiere of "The War of the Roses" took place in Los Angeles on December 4 and in New York at the Gotham Theatre on December 6, 1989. It was released in the United States on December 8, 1989, by 20th Century Fox. The film was preceded in theaters by "Family Therapy", a "The Simpsons" short from "The Tracey Ullman Show" which was also included on the film's UK and Australian VHS rental releases.


title: The War of the Roses (film)

text: "The War of the Roses" was released in the U.S. on DVD Special Edition on December 18, 2001. Released by 20th Century Fox, the film is presented in its original 1.85:1 widescreen format; and features director commentary with Danny DeVito, deleted scenes, computer sketches, storyboards, still galleries, 4 theatrical trailers, and 6 TV advertisements. A Blu-ray Filmmakers ‘Signature Series’ released on September 18, 2012 ports over old bonus features and adds new featurette interviews in HD about revisiting the film and its musical score. A Blu-ray was released by Fox in the United Kingdom in January 2013 with the same extra features.


title: The War of the Roses (film)

text: Upon its release, "The War of the Roses" grossed $87 million in the United States and Canada, and $73 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $160 million.


title: The War of the Roses (film)

text: During the film's weekend debut it grossed $9.5 million across 1,259 theaters, finishing number-one at the box office the week ending December 10. The film grossed $6.9 million in its second weekend, representing a drop of just 26.5% and finishing second, and then made $5.5 million on the third. On its fourth weekend the film climbed up to first place again grossing $10,490,781 across 1,526 theaters on New Years long weekend. In its fifth weekend the film made $7 million, bringing its running domestic total to $53.4 million. In its twelfth weekend, its domestic total earnings reached $80.5 million. It was the thirteenth highest-grossing film of 1989.


title: The War of the Roses (film)

text: On "Rotten Tomatoes" the film has an 85% rating based on 40 reviews, with an average rating of 7.08/10. The site's critical consensus reads: ""The War of the Roses" is a black comedy made even funnier by hanging onto its caustic convictions -- and further distinguished by Danny DeVito's stylish direction." On Metacritic the film has a score of 79% based on reviews from 17 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.


title: The War of the Roses (film)

text: The "Chicago Sun Times" film critic Roger Ebert gave it three out of four stars, writing ""The War of the Roses" is a black, angry, bitter, unrelenting comedy, a war between the sexes that makes James Thurber's work on the same subject look almost resigned by comparison. And yet the Roses fell so naturally and easily into love, in those first sunny days so long ago." He concluded "This is an odd, strange movie and the only one I can remember in which the moral is, "Rather than see a divorce lawyer, be generous - generous to the point of night sweats."


title: The War of the Roses (film)

text: Sheila Benson of the "Los Angeles Times" called it "Biting and vicious, a styptic pencil on the battered face of "civilized divorce." It's also thoughtful, laceratingly funny, and bravely true to its own black-and-blue comic vision."


title: The War of the Roses (film)

text: Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" wrote: "Under the astute direction of Danny DeVito, who does a sly turn as Oliver's attorney, this acid-dipped epic of revenge is killingly funny and dramatically daring."


title: Millennium Actress

text: Ginei Studios, a prestigious but bankrupt film studio, goes out of business. Television interviewer Genya Tachibana and his cameraman Kyoji Ida prepare for a retrospective interview with Chiyoko Fujiwara, the studio's best known star, who thirty years prior retired from acting and became a recluse. When they meet, Tachibana gives Chiyoko a key he believes she lost at the studio, prompting her to reflect on her life.


title: Millennium Actress

text: As Chiyoko begins, the film becomes a surreal story within a story wherein events from Chiyoko's life are interwoven with scenes from films she has appeared in, while Tachibana and Ida appear within them as documentary filmmakers. As a teenager, she was given the key by an artist and political dissident opposing the Sino-Japanese War. She helped him escape from the authorities and after his departure, decided to become a film actress in the hope that he would recognize and find her. Her quest continues for decades and Chiyoko becomes famous, acting in films ranging from "jidaigeki" to "kaiju". Despite not hearing from the mysterious artist, she never loses hope.


title: Millennium Actress

text: Chiyoko loses the key one day during filming and resigns to marrying Junichi Ōtaki, a director at the studio. Years later, Chiyoko finds the key hidden in their home and confronts her husband about it; former lead actress Eiko Shimao reveals that she stole it out of jealousy and gave it to Junichi. One day, the former military policeman who had been pursuing the artist comes to Chiyoko to atone for his sins during the war, and gives her a letter from the artist. He tells Tachibana, who was working as a studio assistant at the time, that the artist was tortured and killed after his arrest. Though she does not receive this information, Chiyoko abandons her search for the artist, accepting that she is no longer the girl the artist once knew.


title: Millennium Actress

text: In the present, an earthquake strikes during the interview, upsetting Chiyoko's fragile health. On her hospital deathbed she reflects on her life, telling Tachibana that despite never seeing the man again, she realized that the search for him was what she loved most.


title: Millennium Actress

text: "Millennium Actress" is the second film directed by Satoshi Kon and his first original work, after the highly acclaimed "Perfect Blue".


title: Millennium Actress

text: Following the release of "Perfect Blue", Kon considered adapting the Yasutaka Tsutsui novel "Paprika" (1993) into his next film.


title: Millennium Actress

text: However, these plans were stalled when the distribution company for "Perfect Blue", Rex Entertainment, went bankrupt.


title: Millennium Actress

text: The project for "Millennium Actress" came from the words ""Let's make a movie that looks like a trompe l'oeil"" by Taro Maki, who decided to produce Kon's film because he thought his previous work was amazing.


title: Millennium Actress

text: The script writing began with a sentence that Kon came up with: ""An old woman who was once touted as a great actress is supposed to be recounting her life story, but her memories get confused and the various roles she played in the past begin to blend into it, creating a tumultuous story.""


title: Millennium Actress

text: The structure of the story was decided at the rough plot stage when Kon fleshed out this sentence, and the last scene remained intact in the finished film.


title: Millennium Actress

text: He then worked with the scenario writer, Sadayuki Murai, and the producer to develop the episodes and detailed character settings to be included in the plot.


title: Millennium Actress

text: Unlike the previous film, which he was hired to direct, this one was his original project, so he was able to express his own opinions, and decided to put more emphasis on the sound, especially the music, and asked Susumu Hirasawa, who had been adored for a long time, to compose the music.


title: Millennium Actress

text: There were about 250 staff members in total, and the production period was about two years. The 20 or so main staff members were almost the same as in the previous work, with only the animation director changing.


title: Millennium Actress

text: In the previous work, the character design was done by Hisashi Eguchi and the animation director by Hideki Hamasu, but in this work, both were done by Takeshi Honda.


title: Millennium Actress

text: The reason for this is that the animation director is a very important and burdensome position, and the animators who have the skills and abilities that Kon would like to work with are usually those prefer to draw key frames rather than the animation director, making it difficult to ask them to continue their work.


title: Millennium Actress

text: For the character designs, Honda was chosen because he is someone who draws elegant pictures that ordinary people don't frown upon and is genuinely talented in the animation industry, in order to make sure that the movie would not end up being just for a few animation fans just because it is an animation movie.


title: Millennium Actress

text: Some of the character designs were done by Kon himself, and all the posters of Chiyoko in the movie were also drawn by Kon.


title: Millennium Actress

text: This is Kon's last traditional animation, as his later works were digital animations. And most of the scenes are drawn based on Kon's layout.


title: Millennium Actress

text: The budget was initially 130 million yen, and the final budget was around 100 million and a few tens of millions of yen, one of the lowest production costs for an animated film in Japan.


title: Millennium Actress

text: The film was released in North America on September 12, 2003, distributed by DreamWorks' arthouse and foreign movie publishing company Go Fish Pictures, with a total of six screens.


title: Millennium Actress

text: Theatrical anime distribution company Eleven Arts acquired the North American rights and re-released the film theatrically in its original Japanese language version on August 13, 2019 and in an all-new English dubbed version on August 19, 2019.


title: Millennium Actress

text: Commercially, the film performed modestly on its US release earning $18,732 on its opening weekend and $37,285 during its full three-week release. The film was shown almost exclusively in New York and Los Angeles and received a minimal advertising campaign from Go Fish Pictures, a division of DreamWorks SKG.


title: Millennium Actress

text: Although the scale of the release was not large, the merit of the theatrical release was not only in the box-office revenue, but also in the fact that critics would view the film and publish reviews and criticisms in general newspapers, magazines and websites, which would raise awareness of the work and reach a wider audience than just anime fans.


title: Millennium Actress

text: "Millennium Actress" began with a request to make a trompe l'oeil movie like the previous "Perfect Blue". However, it was only a film technique, not a film theme. Both works share the same methodology of "blurring the boundary between fiction and reality," and both works are like two sides of the same coin for Kon.


title: Millennium Actress

text: The previous film focused on the negative side of human nature, while this film focuses on the positive side.


title: Millennium Actress

text: The previous film depicted the gradual blurring of the boundary between fiction and reality, while this film seamlessly connects fiction and reality from the beginning, and shows the characters freely moving back and forth between fiction and reality.


title: Millennium Actress

text: The technique of mixing fiction and reality was used to express the protagonist's uneasy inner world in the previous film, and used in this film for a fun adventure, turning the film from psycho-horror and suspense to a tricky and humorous entertainment.


title: Millennium Actress

text: In the previous film, he tried to confuse the audience by depicting the inner turmoil and chaos of the main character through the mixture of fiction and reality, but in this film, his intention is not to confuse the audience, but to let the audience enjoy the mixture of fiction and reality itself.


title: Millennium Actress

text: He aimed to create a film a kind of The Adventures of Old Lady Blowing Smoke by mixing fiction and reality to the point where it becomes meaningless to distinguish between them.


title: Millennium Actress

text: There are various kinds of trompe l'oeil paintings, but one example that Kon gave to the staff was Utagawa Kuniyoshi's ukiyoe ""At first glance he looks very fierce, but he is actually a kind person"" (みかけハこハゐがとんだいゝ人だ). At first glance, it appears to be the face of a single person, but upon closer inspection, one can see that many people are intertwined, and he likened this characteristic of the painting, "non-faces coming together to form a face," to the concept of this work, "lies piling up to reveal the truth.


title: Millennium Actress

text: The film has a complex structure in which the staff members who visit the legendary actress for an interview experience her life story in a fictional world where the actress' past and the movies she appeared in intersect, making the story a mixture of reality and fiction as well as a tribute to various classic movies.


title: Millennium Actress

text: The main character is modeled on Setsuko Hara and Hideko Takamine, and the movies that appear in the film include a period piece in the style of Akira Kurosawa's "Throne of Blood", a film by Yasujiro Ozu, a chanbara (sword fighting) story featuring "Kurama Tengu", a monster story that borrows images from "Godzilla", and a science fiction story.


title: Millennium Actress

text: The story follows the personal story of Chiyoko Fujiwara, an elderly actress, and gradually becomes a muddle of reality, dreams, and movies. Each episode repeats a series of scenes of "chasing, running, and falling" in different situations and times. Her life, the sum of all of these, also repeats various setbacks and revivals while continuing to chase after Man with Key, who is almost an illusion.


title: Millennium Actress

text: The story also reflects the hospitalization Kon experienced after his debut as a manga artist, and the frustration and struggle he felt at that time: "Everything is ruined, but can I still make a comeback?"


title: Millennium Actress

text: This film is famous for making many audiences feel betrayed by Chiyoko's last line. Kon said that the process of human growth is a repetition of death and rebirth, in which the values we have accumulated up to that point become unacceptable in a new phase, and even if we rebuild them once they are broken, they become unacceptable again in a new phase, and he involved the audience in the fractal of the film by asking them whether they would be able to get up and continue to "chase, run, and fall" even after they "fell" at the end of the film.


title: Millennium Actress

text: Kon said, ""There is no single solution - that's what I want most for my work to be. I want people to see it in many different ways.""


title: Millennium Actress

text: "Millennium Actress" was favorably received by critics, gaining a 93% "fresh" rating at Rotten Tomatoes. "Los Angeles Times" critic Kenneth Turan said of the film "as a rumination on the place movies have in our personal and collective subconscious, "Millennium Actress" fascinatingly goes where films have not often gone before". Kevin M. Williams of the "Chicago Tribune" gave the movie 4 stars and put his feelings for the film this way: "A piece of cinematic art. It’s modern day Japanese animation at its best […] It's animated, but it's human and will touch the soul of anyone who has loved deeply". In February 2004, "Cinefantastique" listed the anime as one of the "10 Essential Animations", stating that it "represents a new maturity for anime, one where the technical achievements of 40 years are finally put at the full service of an emotionally rich story."


title: Millennium Actress

text: "Millennium Actress" received the Grand Prize in the Japan Agency of Cultural Affairs Media Arts Festival, tying with "Spirited Away". Additionally, it won the awards of Best Animation Film and Fantasia Ground-Breaker at the 2001 Fantasia Film Festival. It was awarded the Feature Film Award at the 8th Animation Kobe. The movie took home the prestigious Ofuji Noburo Award at the 2002 Mainichi Film Awards, and was honored with the Orient Express Award at the 2001 Festival de Cine de Sitges in Spain. The film was nominated for four Annie Awards in 2004, including Outstanding Direction and Writing. It was also promoted by its studio as a contender for the 2003 Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, but it was not nominated.


title: Suva

text: Suva () is the capital and largest city of Fiji. It is the home of the country largest metropolitan area and serves as its major port. Located on the southeast coast of the island of Viti Levu, in Rewa Province, Central Division.


title: Suva

text: In 1877, the capital of Fiji was moved to Suva from Levuka, the main European colonial settlement at the time, due to its restrictive geography and environs. The administration of the colony was transferred from Levuka to Suva in 1882.


title: Suva

text: As of the 2017 census, the city of Suva had a population of 93,970, and Suva's metropolitan area, which includes its independent suburbs, had a population of 185,913. The combined urban population of Suva and the towns of Lami, Nasinu, and Nausori that border it was around 330,000: over a third of the nation's population. (This urban complex, excluding Lami, is also known as the Suva-Nausori corridor.)


title: Suva

text: Suva is the political, economic, and cultural centre of Fiji. It is also the economic and cultural capital of the South Pacific, hosting the majority of the regional headquarters of major international corporations, international agencies, and diplomatic missions. The city also has a thriving arts and performance scene, and a growing reputation as the region's fashion capital.


title: Suva

text: In 1868, when Suva was still a small village, the Bauan chieftain, Seru Epenisa Cakobau, granted of land to the Australian-based Polynesia Company, in exchange for the company's promise to pay off debts owed to the United States. More than a tenth of this land area, , was located near Suva. The company's original intention was to develop a cotton farming industry, but the land and climate proved unsuitable.


title: Suva

text: In 1874, control of the Fiji Islands was ceded to the United Kingdom. In 1877, the colonial authorities decided to move the capital to Suva from Levuka, Ovalau, Lomaiviti, because Levuka's location between a steep mountain and the sea made any expansion of the town impractical. Colonel F.E. Pratt of the Royal Engineers was appointed Surveyor-General in 1875 and designed the new capital in Suva, assisted by W. Stephens and Colonel R.W. Stewart. The transfer to Suva was made official in 1882.


title: Suva

text: In 1910, Suva acquired the status of a municipality, under the Municipal Constitution Ordinance of 1909. Its area remained one square mile until 1952, when Suva annexed the Muanikau and Samabula wards, expanding its territory to . In October of that year, Suva was officially designated a city – Fiji's first. Suva later annexed Tamavua. Most recently, Suva further extended its boundaries by incorporating the Cunningham area at its northern edge. Since then, urban sprawl has led to the growth of a number of suburbs that remain outside the city limits. Together with the city, they form the metropolitan area known as the Greater Suva Area.


title: Suva

text: Suva hosted the South Pacific Games in 2003 for the third time in the event's 40-year history. In preparation for hosting the event, the Fijian government, with the help of a $16 million aid package from the People's Republic of China, funded the construction of a new gymnasium, indoor sports centre, swimming pool, stadium, field hockey pitch, and grandstands in the area around Suva.


title: Suva

text: Suva is not only the capital of Fiji, but also its commercial and political centre (though not necessarily its cultural centre), and its main port city. It has a mix of modern buildings and colonial-period architecture.


title: Suva

text: Suva is located around a harbour on a hilly peninsula in the southeast corner of Viti Levu Island, between Laucala Bay and Suva Harbour. The mountains to its north and west catch the southeast trade winds, producing year-round moist conditions.


title: Suva

text: Although Suva is on a peninsula, and almost surrounded by sea, its coast is lined with mangroves, and the nearest beach is 40 kilometres (25 mi) away, at Pacific Harbour. A significant part of the city centre, including the Parliament buildings, is built on reclaimed mangrove swampland.


title: Suva

text: Suva is divided into six wards. Its central business district, which is in what is known as the Central Ward, occupies almost the whole southwestern side of the peninsula.


title: Suva

text: Below is a list of the city's six wards, beginning with the city centre, followed by the northernmost ward, and then in clockwise order: