title: Designated hitter

text: In Little League Baseball, the DH is not used except in the Senior League (age 13-16) division, where the DH can bat in place of any defensive player. However, a league may adopt a rule which requires all players present and able to play to be listed in the batting order (such that the order contains more than nine players), and thus all players will have a turn to bat even when they are not assigned a fielding position. Players in the batting lineup without a position on the field are given the position designation "extra hitter" (EH), a position seen occasionally in other amateur organizations (both youth and adult).


title: Pimple

text: A pimple is a kind of comedo that results from excess sebum and dead skin cells getting trapped in the pores of the skin. In its aggravated state, it may evolve into a pustule or papules. Pimples can be treated by acne medications, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatories prescribed by a physician, or various over the counter remedies purchased at a pharmacy.


title: Pimple

text: Sebaceous glands inside the pore of the skin produce sebum. When the outer layers of skin shed (a natural and continuous process, normally), dead skin and oily sebum left behind may bond together and form a blockage of the sebaceous gland at the base of the skin. This is most common when the skin becomes thicker at puberty. The sebaceous gland continues to produce sebum, which builds up behind the blockage, allowing bacteria to grow in the area, including the species "Staphylococcus aureus" and "Cutibacterium acnes", which causes inflammation and infection. Other causes of pimples include family history, stress, fluctuations in hormone levels, hair and skincare products, medication side effects, and un-diagnosed or underlying medical conditions. Pimples can be part of the presentation of rosacea.


title: Pimple

text: The American Academy of Dermatology recommends that adults with acne use products labeled as "non-comedogenic", "non-acnegenic", "oil-free" or "won’t clog pores", as they are "least likely" to cause skin irritation or acne.


title: Pimple

text: Common over-the-counter medications for pimples are benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, adapalene, and antibacterial agents such as triclosan. These topical medications, which can be found in many creams and gels used to treat acne (acne vulgaris), induce skin to slough off more easily, helping to remove bacteria faster. Before application, the face should be washed with warm water or a topical cleanser and then dried.


title: Pimple

text: A regimen of keeping the affected skin area clean, plus the regular application of these topical medications is usually enough to keep acne under control, if not at bay altogether. The most common product is a topical treatment of benzoyl peroxide, which has minimal risk apart from minor skin irritation that may present similar as a mild allergy. Recently, nicotinamide (vitamin B), applied topically, has been shown to be more effective in treatment of pimples than antibiotics such as clindamycin. Nicotinamide is not an antibiotic and has no side effects typically associated with antibiotics. It has the added advantage of reducing skin hyperpigmentation which results in pimple scars.


title: Pimple

text: Severe acne usually indicates the necessity of prescription medication to treat the pimples. Prescription medications used to treat acne and pimples include isotretinoin, which is a retinoid, anti-seborrheic medications, anti-androgen medications, hormonal treatments, alpha hydroxy acid, azelaic acid, and keratolytic soaps.


title: Pimple

text: Historically, antibiotics such as tetracyclines and erythromycin were prescribed. While they were more effective than topical applications of benzoyl peroxide, the bacteria eventually grew resistant to the antibiotics and the treatments became less and less effective. Also, antibiotics had more side effects than topical applications, such as stomach cramps and severe discoloration of teeth. Common antibiotics prescribed as of 2001 by dermatologists included doxycycline and minocycline.


title: Pimple

text: Isotretinoin is used primarily for severe cystic acne and acne that has not responded to other treatments. Many dermatologists also support its use for treatment of lesser degrees of acne that prove resistant to other treatments, or that produce physical or psychological scarring. It is teratogenic, and requires strict prevention of pregnancy during its use.


title: Pimple

text: Expression, the manual bursting of pimples which have evolved into whiteheads with one's fingers (colloquially, "popping"), can allow bacteria to be introduced into the open wound this creates. This can result in infection and permanent scarring. Thus expression is generally recommended against by dermatologists and estheticians in favour of allowing pimples to run through their natural lifespans. Some dermatologists offer incision and drainage services to sterilely drain the pimple.


title: 1995–96 UEFA Champions League

text: The 1995–96 UEFA Champions League was the 41st season of UEFA's premier European club football tournament, and the fourth since its rebranding as the UEFA Champions League. The tournament was won by Juventus, who beat defending champions Ajax on penalties in the final for their first European Cup since 1985, and their second overall. It was the only Champions League title that Juventus won in the 1990s, despite reaching the next two finals, and one of only three Italian wins in the final, despite there being a Serie A club in every final for seven consecutive years from 1992 to 1998.


title: 1995–96 UEFA Champions League

text: 24 teams entered the competition – the national champions of each of the top 24 nations in the UEFA coefficient rankings, including UEFA Champions League holders, Ajax. The national champions of the associations ranked 1–7, plus the title holders, all received a bye to the group stage, while the national champions of the associations ranked 8–24 entered in the qualifying round. The remaining national champions from the associations ranked 25–47 were only allowed to participate in UEFA Cup.


title: 1995–96 UEFA Champions League

text: Dynamo Kyiv won their tie against Aalborg BK, but, in their first group game against Panathinaikos, they were accused of a failed attempt to bribe the referee, Antonio López Nieto, to get a win. Despite an appeal, they were ejected from the competition and banned for two years, with Aalborg BK replacing them in the group stage. Dynamo's ban was eventually reduced to one season.


title: 1995–96 UEFA Champions League

text: 11 teams of 16 made their debut in the UEFA Champions League group stage: Aalborg BK, Blackburn Rovers, Borussia Dortmund, Ferencváros, Grasshopper, Juventus, Legia Warsaw, Nantes, Panathinaikos, Real Madrid and Rosenborg. Panathinaikos had already played in the group stage of the 1991–92 European Cup. Aalborg, Ferencvaros, Grasshopper, Legia and Rosenborg were the first teams to play in group stage from Denmark, Hungary, Switzerland, Poland and Norway respectively.


title: 2022 Pittsburgh Steelers season

text: The 2022 season is the ongoing Pittsburgh Steelers' 90th in the National Football League (NFL) and their 16th under head coach Mike Tomlin.


title: 2022 Pittsburgh Steelers season

text: This is the first season since 2003 without long-time quarterback Ben Roethlisberger on the roster, as he announced his retirement on January 27, 2022. It is also the first season since 1999 without long-time general manager Kevin Colbert, as he announced on January 28, 2022 that after 22 years with the organization, he would step down following the 2022 NFL Draft. He was succeeded by Omar Khan as general manager and Andy Weidl as assistant general manager on May 25, 2022. The Steelers began their season with a 3–7 record, their worst start since 2003. The team failed to improve on their 9–7–1 record from 2021 following a loss to the Baltimore Ravens in week 14.


title: 2022 Pittsburgh Steelers season

text: The Steelers started the 2022 season against the division rival Bengals in Cincinnati. The Steelers scored first in the first quarter when Minkah Fitzpatrick returned an interception 31 yards for a touchdown to make it 7–0. The Bengals made it 7–3 when Evan McPhearson made a 59-yard field goal. The Steelers then went ahead 10–3 after Chris Boswell kicked a 20-yard field goal. In the second quarter, the Steelers moved ahead 17–3 after Mitchell Trubisky found Najee Harris on a 1-yard touchdown pass. The Bengals drew closer at halftime when McPhearson made a 26-yard field goal to make it 17–6. After the break, the Bengals came within 3 in the third quarter when Joe Burrow found Tyler Boyd on a 2-yard touchdown pass (with a successful 2-point conversion) to make it 17–14. In the fourth quarter, the Steelers moved ahead by 6 when Boswell kicked a 48-yard field goal to make it 20–14. Later on in the quarter, the Bengals tied the game when Burrow found Ja'Marr Chase on a 6-yard touchdown pass (with a blocked PAT) to send the game into overtime tied at 20–20. After going back and forth on possessions, the Steelers managed to win the game when Boswell kicked the game winning 53-yard field goal with seconds left to make the final score 23–20.


title: 2022 Pittsburgh Steelers season

text: With their 3-game losing streak against the Bengals snapped, the Steelers started their season 1–0. Over the course of the game, the Steelers forced 5 turnovers.


title: 2022 Pittsburgh Steelers season

text: After a tough win in Week 1, the Steelers went home for their opener against the Patriots. The Patriots scored first as Nick Folk kicked a 28-yard field goal 3–0 for the only score of the period. The Steelers tied it up in the second quarter when Chris Boswell kicked a 36-yard field goal to make it 3–3. The Patriots then took the lead when Mac Jones found Nelson Agholor on a 44-yard touchdown pass to make it 10–3 at halftime. In the third quarter, the Steelers came within 4 when Boswell kicked a 52-yard field goal to make it 10–6. Though, the Patriots would move ahead by double digits later on when Damien Harris ran for a 2-yard touchdown to make it 17–6. The Steelers were able to come within 3 after Mitchell Trubisky found Pat Freiermuth on an 8-yard touchdown pass (with a successful 2-point conversion) to make it 17–14. Though, they were unable to complete the comeback as the Patriots held on for the victory and ran out the clock.


title: 2022 Pittsburgh Steelers season

text: After a tough loss at home to the Patriots, the Steelers traveled to Cleveland for Round 1 against the Browns. In the first quarter, the Browns scored the only points when Jacoby Brissett found Amari Cooper on an 11-yard touchdown to make it 7–0. The Steelers tied the game up in the second quarter when Najee Harris ran for a 5-yard touchdown to make it 7–7. The Browns retook the lead when Brissett found David Njoku on a 7-yard pass (with a failed PAT) to make it 13–7. The Steelers then took the lead before halftime when Mitchell Trubisky ran for a 1-yard touchdown to make it 14–13. In the third quarter, the Browns retook the lead when Cade York kicked a 34-yard field goal to make it 16–14 for the quarter's only score. They increased their lead in the fourth quarter when Nick Chubb ran for a 1-yard touchdown to make it 23–14. The Steelers came within 6 when Chris Boswell made a 34-yard field goal to make it 23–17. The final play of the game came with no time left when Denzel Ward recovered a fumble in the end zone to make the final score 29–17.


title: 2022 Pittsburgh Steelers season

text: The Steelers headed home for a game against the Jets. The Jets scored first in the first quarter when Greg Zuerlein kicked a 38-yard field goal to make it 3–0 for the quarter's only score. They made it 10–0 in the second quarter when Zach Wilson connected with Braxton Berrios on a 2-yard touchdown pass. The Steelers were able to get on the board before halftime in spite of 2 field goals from Boswell: From 51 and 59 yards out to make it 10–6. In the third quarter, the Steelers scored the only points when rookie QB Kenny Pickett ran for a 1-yard touchdown to make it 13–10. In the fourth quarter, they increased their lead when Pickett ran for a 2-yard touchdown to make it 20–10. The Jets drew closer when Wilson found Corey Davis on a 5-yard touchdown pass, making the score 20–17. They later took the lead when Breece Hall ran for a 2-yard touchdown to make it 24–20. The Steelers were able to drive down the field in the final seconds. However, Pickett would throw the game-losing interception in the end zone and it sealed yet another loss for the team.


title: 2022 Pittsburgh Steelers season

text: After a tough loss at home, the Steelers then traveled to take on the Bills. The Bills scored first when Josh Allen found Gabe Davis on a 98-yard touchdown pass to make it 7–0. The Steelers got on the board for their only points of the game when Chris Boswell kicked a 29-yard field goal to make it 7–3. For the rest of the game, it was all Bills as they outscored the Steelers 31–0 to make the final score 38–3.


title: 2022 Pittsburgh Steelers season

text: With the loss, the Steelers fell to 1–4. This would be the largest margin of loss in Mike Tomlin's coaching career. This would also be the team's first game without a touchdown since Week 1 of the 2019 season.


title: 2022 Pittsburgh Steelers season

text: After a huge loss on the road, the Steelers returned home to face off against the Tom Brady-led Buccaneers. In the first quarter, the Steelers scored first when Najee Harris caught a 6-yard touchdown pass from Kenny Pickett to make the lead 7–0. The Bucs made it 7–3 when Ryan Succop kicked a 30-yard field goal. Succop got the Bucs closer in the second quarter when he kicked a 27-yard field goal to make it 7–6. Though, the Steelers pulled away when Chris Boswell kicked a 55-yard field goal to make it 10–6. As halftime approached, Succop got the Bucs within a point when he kicked a 54-yard field goal to make it 10–9. In the third quarter, the Steelers got back to work when Boswell kicked a 25-yard field goal to make it 13–9. Again, the Bucs came within a point when Succop kicked a 24-yard field goal to make it 13–12. Despite losing Pickett for the game, in the fourth quarter, Mitchell Trubisky came out and threw a 6-yard touchdown pass to Chase Claypool to make it 20–12. The Bucs would however score the remaining points of the game when Brady found Leonard Fournette on an 11-yard touchdown pass (with a failed 2-point conversion) to make the final score 20–18.


title: 2022 Pittsburgh Steelers season

text: With the win, the Steelers improved to 2–4. It was the Steelers' first home win against the Buccaneers since 2006.


title: 2022 Pittsburgh Steelers season

text: The Dolphins opened a 13–0 lead in the first quarter. The Steelers were able to shorten the lead to 13–10, but not long before the Dolphins made it 16–10 at halftime. Both teams went scoreless in the second half, resulting in that final score. With the loss, the Steelers fell to 2–5, and 0–4 against the AFC East.


title: 2022 Pittsburgh Steelers season

text: The Steelers traveled to Philadelphia to take on the Eagles. In the first quarter, the Eagles scored first when Jalen Hurts found A.J. Brown on a 39-yard touchdown pass to make it 7–0. The Steelers tied it at 7–7 later on in the quarter when Derek Watt found Chase Claypool on a 1-yard touchdown pass. In the second quarter, the Eagles were able to go up by double digits when Hurts and Brown connected on 2 touchdowns: from 27 and 29 yards out to make it 21–7. The Steelers shortened their deficit to 11 when Nick Sciba kicked a 38-yard field goal to make it 21–10 at halftime. In the third quarter, the Eagles went back to work when Hurts found Zach Pascal on a 34-yard touchdown pass to make it 28–10. Sciba then got the Steelers closer when he kicked a 29-yard field goal to make it 28–13. In the fourth quarter, the Eagles scored the only points when Miles Sanders ran for an 11-yard touchdown to make the final score 35–13.


title: 2022 Pittsburgh Steelers season

text: After coming off of their bye week, the Steelers returned home for a game against the Saints. The Steelers made it 7–0 in the first quarter when George Pickens ran for a 1-yard touchdown. They made it 10–0 in the second quarter when Matthew Wright kicked a 33-yard field goal. The Saints were able to tie the game up before halftime at 10–10 when Wil Lutz kicked a 44-yard


title: 2022 Pittsburgh Steelers season

text: field goal, followed up by Andy Dalton and Juwan Johnson hooking up on a 15-yard touchdown pass. After a scoreless


title: 2022 Pittsburgh Steelers season

text: third quarter, the Steelers scored the remaining points in the fourth when Matthew Wright kicked another 33-yard field goal to make it 13–10 and then finally Kenny Pickett ran for a 1-yard touchdown to make the final score 20–10. This game marked the return of T.J. Watt, who missed the previous 7 games.


title: 2022 Pittsburgh Steelers season

text: With the win, the Steelers improved to 3–6. It was the Steelers' first win against the Saints in Pittsburgh, and their first win against the Saints overall, both since 2006.


title: 2022 Pittsburgh Steelers season

text: Also with the win, the Steelers have now won at least one game against all other 31 teams since Mike Tomlin's hiring.


title: 2022 Pittsburgh Steelers season

text: After a tough home win, the Steelers stayed at home for Round 2 against the Bengals. In the first quarter, the Bengals scored first when Evan McPherson kicked a 45-yard field goal to make it 3–0. The Steelers then tied it up when Matthew Wright kicked a 42-yard field goal to make it 3–3. The Bengals then moved back into the lead when Joe Burrow found Samaje Berine on a 29-yard touchdown pass to make it 10–3. In the second quarter, the Steelers tied the game up at 10–10 when Najee Harris ran for a 19-yard touchdown. The Bengals then moved into the lead again when Burrow and Berine connected on a 11-yard touchdown pass to make it 17–10. The Steelers were able to tie it up at 17–17 when Kenny Pickett found George Pickens on a 24-yard touchdown pass. They took the lead at halftime 20–17 when Wright kicked a 30-yard field goal. In the third quarter, the Bengals retook the lead when Burrow found Trent Irwin on a 1-yard touchdown pass to make it 24–20. The Steelers drew closer when Wright kicked a 34-yard field goal to make it 24–23. The Bengals then pulled away when McPherson kicked a 54-yard field goal to make it 27–23. In the fourth quarter, the Bengals scored a couple more times: Burrow and Berine connected for a third time on a 6-yard touchdown pass for a 34–23 lead and then McPherson kicked a 44-yard field goal to make it 37–23. The Steelers concluded the scoring of the game when Harris ran for a 1-yard touchdown to make the final score 37–30.


title: 2022 Pittsburgh Steelers season

text: With the loss, the Steelers fell to 3–7. It would be the team's worst 10-game start since 2003 and in turn the worst 10-game start under head coach Mike Tomlin.


title: 2022 Pittsburgh Steelers season

text: After a tough loss at home, the Steelers traveled for a game against the Colts on Monday Night Football. The Steelers were able to make a 13–0 lead well into the first 2 quarters by way of Matthew Wright's 45 and 52 yard field goals and then a 6-yard touchdown run by Najee Harris. The Colts were able to get on the board in the second when Chase McLaughlin kicked a 51-yard field goal to make it 13–3. The Steelers pulled away as Wright closed the scoring of the first half with another field goal from 25 yards out to make it 16–3 at halftime. In the third quarter, it was all Colts as they found the end zone twice and were able to take a 17–16 lead: Johnathan Taylor's 2-yard run followed up by a 6-yard pass from Matt Ryan to Michael Pittman Jr. The Steelers responded in the fourth quarter by taking the lead back when Benny Snell ran for a 2-yard touchdown pass (with a successful 2-point conversion) to make the final score 24–17.


title: 2022 Pittsburgh Steelers season

text: After a win on Monday Night Football, the Steelers traveled south to face the Falcons. The Steelers scored the first quarter's only points when Matthew Wright kicked a 46-yard field goal to make it 3–0. They made it 6–0 in the second quarter when Wright kicked another 46-yard field goal. The Falcons got on the board when Younghoe Koo kicked a 51-yard field goal to make it 6–3. The Steelers moved ahead by double digits when Kenny Pickett found Connor Heyward on a 17-yard touchdown pass to make it 13–3. The Falcons came closer when Koo kicked a 51-yard field goal to make it 13–6. The Steelers moved ahead by double digits at halftime when Wright kicked a 48-yard field goal to make it 16–6. After the break, the Steelers went right back to work when Wright kicked a 33-yard field goal to make it 19–6. The Falcons shortened the lead later on in the quarter when Marcus Mariota found MyCole Pruitt on a 7-yard touchdown pass to make it 19–13. In the fourth, they would score the only points when Koo kicked a 28-yard field goal to make it 19–16. Getting the ball back with less then a minute left, the Falcons tried to rally. But Mariota threw the game-losing interception, sealing another Steelers victory.


title: 2022 Pittsburgh Steelers season

text: After a tough win on the road, the Steelers returned home for Round 1 against the Ravens. The Ravens struck first in the first quarter and made it 3–0 when Justin Tucker kicked a 42-yard field goal. They made it 10–0 with J.K. Dobbins's 4-yard touchdown run. Though, the Steelers were able to get on the board by way of Najee Harris's 1-yard touchdown run, making it 10–7. In the second quarter, the Ravens were able to make it 13–7 before halftime when Tucker kicked a 35-yard field goal. After a scoreless third quarter, they went back to work in the fourth to increase their lead with Tucker's 30-yard field goal, making it 16–7. The Steelers wrapped up the scoring of the game when Mitchell Trubisky found Pat Freiermuth on a 10-yard touchdown pass to make the final score 16–14.


title: We choose to go to the Moon

text: "We choose to go to the Moon", officially titled the Address at Rice University on the Nation's Space Effort, is a September 12, 1962, speech by United States President John F. Kennedy to bolster public support for his proposal to land a man on the Moon before 1970. Kennedy gave the speech, largely written by presidential advisor and speechwriter Ted Sorensen, to a large crowd at Rice University Stadium in Houston, Texas.


title: We choose to go to the Moon

text: In his speech, Kennedy characterized space as a new frontier, invoking the pioneer spirit that dominated American folklore. He infused the speech with a sense of urgency and destiny, and emphasized the freedom enjoyed by Americans to choose their destiny rather than have it chosen for them. Although he called for competition with the Soviet Union, Kennedy also proposed making the Moon landing a joint project. The speech resonated widely and is still remembered, although at the time there was disquiet about the cost and value of the Moon-landing effort. Kennedy's goal was realized posthumously, in July 1969, with the Apollo program's successful Apollo 11 mission.


title: We choose to go to the Moon

text: When John F. Kennedy became President of the United States in January 1961, many Americans perceived that the United States was losing the Space Race with the Soviet Union, which had successfully launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, almost four years earlier. The perception increased when, on April 12, 1961, Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space before the U.S. could launch its first Project Mercury astronaut. American prestige was further damaged by the Bay of Pigs fiasco five days later.


title: We choose to go to the Moon

text: Convinced of the political need for an achievement which would decisively demonstrate America's space superiority, Kennedy asked his vice president, Lyndon B. Johnson, in his role as chairman of the National Aeronautics and Space Council, to identify such an achievement. He specifically asked him to investigate whether the United States could beat the Soviet Union in putting a laboratory in space, or orbiting a man around the Moon, or landing a man on the Moon, and to find out what such a project would cost. Johnson consulted with officials of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Its new administrator, James E. Webb, told him that there was no chance of beating the Russians to launching a space station, and he was not certain that NASA could orbit a man around the Moon first, so the best option would be to attempt to land a man on the Moon. This would also be the most expensive option; Webb believed it would require $22 billion to achieve it by 1970. Johnson also consulted with Wernher von Braun; military leaders, including Lieutenant General Bernard Schriever; and three business executives: Frank Stanton from CBS, Donald C. Cook from American Electric Power, and George R. Brown from Brown & Root.


title: We choose to go to the Moon

text: Kennedy stood before Congress on May 25, 1961, and proposed that the US "should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth." Not everyone was impressed; a Gallup Poll indicated that 58 percent of Americans were opposed.


title: We choose to go to the Moon

text: Kennedy's goal provided a specific direction to NASA's Apollo program, which required expansion of NASA's Space Task Group into the Manned Spacecraft Center. Houston, Texas was chosen as the site for the new center, and the Humble Oil and Refining Company donated the land in 1961 through Rice University as an intermediary. Kennedy took a two-day visit in September 1962 to the new facility. He was escorted by Mercury Seven astronauts Scott Carpenter and John Glenn, and shown models of the Gemini and Apollo spacecraft. Kennedy also viewed "Friendship 7", the Mercury spacecraft in which Glenn had made America's first orbital flight. He took advantage of the opportunity to deliver a speech to drum up support for the nation's space effort. Initial drafts of the speech were written by Ted Sorensen, with changes by Kennedy.


title: We choose to go to the Moon

text: On September 12, 1962, a warm and sunny day, President Kennedy delivered his speech before a crowd of about 40,000 people, at Rice University's Rice Stadium. Many individuals in the crowd were Rice University students. The middle portion of the speech has been widely quoted:


title: We choose to go to the Moon

text: We set sail on this new sea because there is new knowledge to be gained, and new rights to be won, and they must be won and used for the progress of all people. For space science, like nuclear science and all technology, has no conscience of its own. Whether it will become a force for good or ill depends on man, and only if the United States occupies a position of pre-eminence can we help decide whether this new ocean will be a sea of peace or a new terrifying theater of war. I do not say that we should or will go unprotected against the hostile misuse of space any more than we go unprotected against the hostile use of land or sea, but I do say that space can be explored and mastered without feeding the fires of war, without repeating the mistakes that man has made in extending his writ around this globe of ours.


title: We choose to go to the Moon

text: There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet. Its hazards are hostile to us all. Its conquest deserves the best of all mankind, and its opportunity for peaceful cooperation may never come again. But why, some say, the Moon? Why choose this as our goal? And they may well ask, why climb the highest mountain? Why, 35 years ago, fly the Atlantic? Why does Rice play Texas?


title: We choose to go to the Moon

text: We choose to go to the Moon. We choose to go to the Moon... We choose to go to the Moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard; because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one we intend to win, and the others, too.The joke referring to the Rice–Texas football rivalry was handwritten by Kennedy into the speech text, and is the part of the speech remembered by sports fans. Although the Rice–Texas rivalry was highly competitive at the time of Kennedy's speech, with Rice holding an 18-17-1 edge over Texas from 1930 to 1966, Rice has only beaten Texas in 1965 and 1994 since Kennedy's speech. Later in the speech Kennedy also made a joke about the heat. The jokes elicited laughter from the audience. While these side comments may have diminished the rhetorical power of the speech, and do not resonate outside Texas, they stand as a reminder of the part Texas played in the space race.


title: We choose to go to the Moon

text: Kennedy's speech used three strategies: "a characterization of space as a beckoning frontier; an articulation of time that locates the endeavor within a historical moment of urgency and plausibility; and a final, cumulative strategy that invites audience members to live up to their pioneering heritage by going to the Moon."


title: We choose to go to the Moon

text: When addressing the crowd at Rice University, he equated the desire to explore space with the pioneering spirit that had dominated American folklore since the nation's foundation. This allowed Kennedy to reference back to his inaugural address, when he declared to the world "Together let us explore the stars". When he met with Nikita Khrushchev, First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Premier of the Soviet Union in June 1961, Kennedy proposed making the Moon landing a joint project, but Khrushchev did not take up the offer. There was rhetorical opposition in the speech to extending the militarization of space.


title: We choose to go to the Moon

text: Kennedy verbally condensed human history to fifty years, in which "only last week did we develop penicillin and television and nuclear power, and now if America's new spacecraft succeeds in reaching Venus [Mariner 2], we will have literally reached the stars before midnight tonight." With this extended metaphor, Kennedy sought to imbue a sense of urgency and change in his audience. Most prominently, the phrase "We choose to go to the Moon" in the Rice speech was repeated three times consecutively, followed by an explanation that climaxes in his declaration that the challenge of space is "one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win."


title: We choose to go to the Moon

text: Considering the line before he rhetorically asked the audience why they choose to compete in tasks that challenge them, Kennedy highlighted here the nature of the decision to go to space as being a choice, an option that the American people have elected to pursue. Rather than claim it as essential, he emphasized the benefits such an endeavor could provide – uniting the nation and the competitive aspect of it. As Kennedy told Congress earlier, "whatever mankind must undertake, free men must fully share." These words emphasized the freedom enjoyed by Americans to choose their destiny rather than have it chosen for them. Combined with Kennedy's overall usage of rhetorical devices in the Rice University speech, they were particularly apt as a declaration that began the American space race.


title: We choose to go to the Moon

text: Kennedy was able to describe a romantic notion of space in the Rice University speech with which all citizens of the United States, and even the world could participate, vastly increasing the number of citizens interested in space exploration. He began by talking about space as the new frontier for all of mankind, instilling the dream within the audience. He then condensed human history to show that within a very brief period of time space travel will be possible, informing the audience that their dream is achievable. Lastly, he uses the first-personal plural "we" to represent all the people of the world that would allegedly explore space together, but also involves the crowd.


title: We choose to go to the Moon

text: Paul Burka, the executive editor of "Texas Monthly" magazine, a Rice alumnus who was present in the crowd that day, recalled 50 years later that the speech "speaks to the way Americans viewed the future in those days. It is a great speech, one that encapsulates all of recorded history and seeks to set it in the history of our own time. Unlike today’s politicians, Kennedy spoke to our best impulses as a nation, not our worst." Ron Sass and Robert Curl were among the many members of the Rice University faculty present. Curl was amazed by the cost of the space exploration program. They recalled that the ambitious goal did not seem so remarkable at the time, and that Kennedy's speech was not regarded as so different from one delivered by President Dwight D. Eisenhower at Rice's Autry Court in 1960; but that speech has long since been forgotten, while Kennedy's is still remembered.


title: We choose to go to the Moon

text: The speech did not stem a rising tide of disquiet about the Moon landing effort. There were many other things that the money could be spent on. Eisenhower declared, "To spend $40 billion to reach the Moon is just nuts." Senator Barry Goldwater argued that the civilian space program was pushing the more important military one aside. Senator William Proxmire feared that scientists would be diverted away from military research into space exploration. A budget cut was only narrowly averted. Kennedy gave a speech to the United Nations General Assembly on September 20, 1963, in which he again proposed a joint expedition to the Moon. Khrushchev remained cautious about participating, and responded with a statement in October 1963 in which he declared that the Soviet Union had no plans to send cosmonauts to the Moon. However, his military advisors persuaded him that the offer was a good one, as it would enable the Soviet Union to acquire American technology. Kennedy ordered reviews of the Apollo project in April, August and October 1963. The final report was received on November 29, 1963, a week after Kennedy's assassination.


title: We choose to go to the Moon

text: The idea of a joint Moon mission was abandoned after Kennedy's death, but the Apollo Project became a memorial to him. His goal was fulfilled in July 1969, with the successful Apollo 11 Moon landing. This accomplishment remains an enduring legacy of Kennedy's speech, but his deadline demanded a necessarily narrow focus, and there was no indication of what should be done next once it was achieved. Apollo did not usher in an era of lunar exploration, and no further crewed missions were sent to the Moon after Apollo 17 in 1972. Subsequent planned Apollo missions were canceled.


title: We choose to go to the Moon

text: The Space Shuttle and International Space Station projects never captured the public imagination the way the Apollo Project did, and NASA struggled to realize its visions with inadequate resources. Ambitious visions of space exploration were proposed by Presidents George H. W. Bush in 1989 (Space Exploration Initiative) and George W. Bush in 2004 (Constellation program). After cancellation of Constellation, the future of the American space program seemed uncertain until proposal of the Artemis program by President Donald J. Trump in 2017, which was given sufficient funding by Congress for flight development in which it remains .


title: Raquel Cassidy

text: Raquel Cassidy is an English actress. She played the role of Phyllis Baxter in the television series "Downton Abbey" (2013–2015), winning a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series. She has reprised the role for both the 2019 feature film of the same name and its .


title: Raquel Cassidy

text: She has played leading roles in other television series including "Teachers", "Party Animals", "Moving Wallpaper", "Lead Balloon", "The Worst Witch" and "The Good Karma Hospital".


title: Raquel Cassidy

text: Born to a Spanish mother and an English father, she was the third child and only daughter born to the couple. Born and brought up in Fleet, Hampshire, she was educated at Farnborough Hill Convent, and then Girton College, Cambridge, where she studied modern languages. She later pursued a PhD in biological anthropology, but abandoned it to pursue a career in acting.


title: Raquel Cassidy

text: In an early role, Cassidy played Lola Chaves in an episode of "The Bill", speaking predominantly in Spanish. In 2001 she took the role of Susan Gately in "Teachers", returning for the second series in 2002. She has also played the Home Office Junior Minister Jo Porter in "Party Animals", Cassie Turner in "The Worst Week of My Life", Nancy Weeks in "Moving Wallpaper" and Mel in "Lead Balloon".


title: Raquel Cassidy

text: In 2013 Cassidy joined the cast of "Downton Abbey", playing the role of rehabilitated thief and ladies maid Phyllis Baxter for the show's final three series. In 2015 the cast won a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series. She reprised the role for the show's 2019 feature film, also called "Downton Abbey" and its .


title: Raquel Cassidy

text: She has subsequently played the role of Miss Hardbroom in four series of the 2017 television revival of "The Worst Witch". In 2022, she is appearing in series 4 of "The Good Karma Hospital" as Frankie Martin.


title: Frank James

text: Alexander Franklin James (January 10, 1843 – February 18, 1915) was a Confederate soldier and guerrilla; in the post-Civil War period, he was an outlaw. The older brother of outlaw Jesse James, Frank was also part of the James–Younger Gang.


title: Frank James

text: James was born in Kearney, Missouri, to Baptist minister Reverend Robert Sallee James and his wife Zerelda (Cole) James. The couple came from Kentucky. He was of English, Welsh and Scottish descent. Frank was the oldest of three children. His father died in 1851 and his mother remarried Benjamin Simms in 1852. After his death, she married a third time to Dr. Reuben Samuel in 1855, when Frank was 13 years old. As a child, James showed interest in his late father's sizable library, especially the works of William Shakespeare. Census records show that James attended school regularly, and he reportedly wanted to become a teacher.


title: Frank James

text: The American Civil War began in 1861, when James was eighteen years old. The secessionists in Missouri, including Governor Claiborne Fox Jackson, attempted to drive the Union army out of the state, but were eventually defeated. The James family was from the heavily Confederate western portion of the state. On September 13, 1861, the Missouri State Guard, including private Frank James, besieged Lexington, Missouri. James fell ill and was left behind when the Confederate forces retreated. He surrendered to the Union troops, was paroled, and was allowed to return home. On his arrival, however, he was arrested by the local pro-Union militia and was forced to sign an oath of allegiance to the Union.


title: Frank James

text: After the withdrawal of regular Confederate troops in the fall of 1861, a bitter guerrilla conflict soon began between bands of pro-Confederate irregulars (commonly known as bushwhackers) and the Union homeguards. By early 1863, Frank, ignoring his parole and oath of allegiance, had joined the guerrilla band of Fernando Scott, a former saddler. He soon switched to the more active command led by William Clarke Quantrill.


title: Frank James

text: Union militiamen searching for Fernando Scott raided the Samuel farm and hanged Dr. Reuben Samuel (though not fatally), Frank's stepfather, torturing him to reveal the location of the guerrillas. Shortly afterward, Frank took part with Quantrill's company in the August 21, 1863 Lawrence Massacre where approximately 200 mostly unarmed civilians were killed.


title: Frank James

text: During his years as a bandit, James was involved in at least four robberies between 1868 and 1876 that resulted in the deaths of bank employees or citizens. The most famous incident was the disastrous Northfield, Minnesota, raid on September 7, 1876, that ended with the death or capture of most of the gang.


title: Frank James

text: Five months after the killing of his brother Jesse in 1882, Frank James boarded a train to Jefferson City, Missouri, where he had an appointment with the governor in the state capitol. Placing his holster in Governor Crittenden's hands, he explained,


title: Frank James

text: Accounts say that James surrendered with the understanding that he would not be extradited to Northfield, Minnesota.


title: Frank James

text: He was tried for only two of the robberies/murders: one in Gallatin, Missouri, for the July 15, 1881, robbery of the Rock Island Line train at Winston, Missouri, in which the train engineer and a passenger were killed, and the other in Huntsville, Alabama, for the March 11, 1881, robbery of a United States Army Corps of Engineers payroll at Muscle Shoals, Alabama. Among others, former Confederate General Joseph Orville Shelby testified on James's behalf in the Missouri trial. He was acquitted in both Missouri and Alabama. Missouri accepted legal jurisdiction over him for other charges, but they never came to trial. He was never extradited to Minnesota for his connection with the Northfield Raid.


title: Frank James

text: In the last thirty years of his life, James worked a variety of jobs, including as a shoe salesman in Nevada, Missouri and then as a burlesque theater ticket taker in St. Louis. One of the theater's spins to attract patrons was their use of the phrase "Come get your ticket punched by the legendary Frank James." He also served as an AT&T telegraph operator in St. Joseph, Missouri. James took up the lecture circuit, while residing in Sherman, Texas. In 1902, former Missourian Sam Hildreth, a leading thoroughbred horse trainer and owner, hired James as the betting commissioner at the Fair Grounds Race Track, in New Orleans. He returned to the North Texas area where he was a shoe salesman at Sanger Brothers in Dallas. The "Tacoma Times" reported in July, 1914, that he was picking berries at a local ranch in Washington state, and planned to buy a farm nearby. He was also part of a Chicago investment group which purchased the Fletcher Terrell's Buckskin Bill's Wild West Show, third in size after the Buffalo Bill and Pawnee Bill shows.


title: Frank James

text: In his final years, James returned to the James Farm, giving tours for the sum of 25 cents. He died there at age 72 on February 18, 1915. He left behind his wife Annie Ralston James and one son. He is interred in Hill Park Cemetery, in the western portion of Independence, Missouri.


title: Jeremiah Denton

text: Jeremiah Andrew Denton Jr. (July 15, 1924 – March 28, 2014) was an American politician and military officer who served as a U.S. Senator representing Alabama from 1981 to 1987. He was the first Republican to be popularly elected to a Senate seat in Alabama. Denton was previously a United States Navy Rear Admiral and Naval Aviator taken captive during the Vietnam War.


title: Jeremiah Denton

text: Denton was widely known for enduring almost eight years of grueling conditions as an American prisoner of war (POW) in North Vietnam after the A-6 Intruder he was piloting was shot down in 1965. He was the first of all American POWs released by Hanoi to step off an American plane during Operation Homecoming on February 12, 1973. As one of the earliest and highest-ranking officers to be taken prisoner in North Vietnam, Denton was forced by his captors to participate in a 1966 televised propaganda interview which was broadcast in the United States. While answering questions and feigning trouble with the blinding television lights, Denton blinked his eyes in Morse code, spelling the word "T-O-R-T-U-R-E"—and confirming for the first time to U.S. Naval Intelligence that American POWs were being tortured.


title: Jeremiah Denton

text: In 1976, Denton wrote "When Hell Was in Session" about his experience in captivity, which was made into the 1979 film with Hal Holbrook. Denton was also the subject of the 2015 documentary "Jeremiah" produced by Alabama Public Television.


title: Jeremiah Denton

text: In 1980, Denton was elected to the U.S. Senate, where he focused mainly on family issues and national security, helping pass the Adolescent Family Life Act (the so-called "Chastity Bill") in 1981 and heading the Judiciary Subcommittee on Security and Terrorism.


title: Jeremiah Denton

text: In 2019, the United States Secretary of the Navy announced that an upcoming guided missile destroyer will be named in Denton's honor. Construction on began in August 2022.


title: Jeremiah Denton

text: Denton was born July 15, 1924, in Mobile, Alabama, the oldest of three brothers, and the son of Jeremiah Sr. and Irene (Steele) Denton. He attended McGill–Toolen Catholic High School (Class of 1942) and Spring Hill College in Mobile, Alabama. His grandmother, Irene Claudia Jackson, was the grand-daughter of Roxana Virginia Hollinger, the daughter of Alexander Hollinger. Alexander Hollinger was the brother-in-law of Congressman George Washington Owen, the first member of Congress elected from Mobile in a district containing Mobile. Alexander Hollinger was the brother of Owen's wife Sarah Louise Hollinger.


title: Jeremiah Denton

text: In June 1943, he entered the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, and graduated three years later in the accelerated Class of 1947 on June 5, 1946, with a Bachelor of Science degree, the same class as future President Jimmy Carter.


title: Jeremiah Denton

text: His 34-year naval career included service on a variety of ships and on aircraft, including airships (blimps). His principal field of endeavor was naval operations. He also served as a test pilot, flight instructor, and commanding officer of an attack squadron flying the A-6 Intruder.


title: Jeremiah Denton

text: In 1957, he was credited with revolutionizing naval strategy and tactics for nuclear war as architect of the "Haystack Concept." This strategy called for concealing aircraft carriers from radar by intermingling with commercial shipping and avoiding formations suggestive of a naval fleet. The strategy was simulated in maneuvers and demonstrated effectiveness, allowing two aircraft carrier fleets thirty-five simulated atomic launches before aggressor aircraft and submarines could repel them. He went on to serve on the staff of the Commander, U.S. Sixth Fleet at the rank of Commander (O-5) as Fleet Air Defense Officer.


title: Jeremiah Denton

text: Denton graduated from the Armed Forces Staff College and the Naval War College, where his thesis on international affairs received top honors by earning the prestigious President's Award. In 1964, he received the degree of Master of Arts in International Affairs from George Washington University's School of Public and International Affairs in Washington, D.C.


title: Jeremiah Denton

text: Denton served as a United States Naval Aviator during the Vietnam War. In February 1965, he became the Prospective Commanding Officer of Attack Squadron Seventy-Five serving aboard aircraft carrier .


title: Jeremiah Denton

text: On July 18, 1965, Commander Denton was piloting his A-6A Intruder jet (BUNO 151577) while leading a twenty-eight aircraft bombing mission over North Vietnam off the "Independence" which was stationed in the South China Sea. He and LTJG Bill Tschudy, his bombardier/navigator, were forced to eject from their plane, damaged by one of their own Mark 82 bombs exploding shortly after its release after which it went down out of control near the city of Thanh Hoa in North Vietnam. Both men were quickly captured and taken prisoner.


title: Jeremiah Denton

text: Denton and Tschudy were held as prisoners of war for almost eight years, four of which were spent in solitary confinement. Denton was notable for his leadership during the Hanoi March in July 1966, when he and over 50 American prisoners were paraded through the streets of Hanoi and beaten by North Vietnamese civilians. Denton


title: Jeremiah Denton

text: is best known from this period of his life for the 1966 televised press conference in which he was forced to participate as an American POW by his North Vietnamese captors. He used the opportunity to send a distress message confirming for the first time to the U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence and Americans that American POWs were being tortured in North Vietnam. He repeatedly blinked his eyes in Morse code during the interview, spelling out the word "T-O-R-T-U-R-E". He was also questioned about his support for the U.S. war effort in Vietnam, to which he replied: "I don't know what is happening, but whatever the position of my government is, I support it fully. Whatever the position of my government, I believe in it, yes, sir. I am a member of that government, and it is my job to support it, and I will as long as I live." While a prisoner, he was promoted to the rank of captain. Denton was later awarded the Navy Cross and other decorations for heroism while a prisoner of war.


title: Jeremiah Denton

text: Denton was first sent to the Hỏa Lò Prison, nicknamed the "Hanoi Hilton", and was later transferred to the Cu Loc Detention Center, nicknamed the "Zoo". In 1967 he was transferred to a prison nicknamed "Alcatraz". Here, he became part of a group of American POWs known as the "Alcatraz Gang". The group consisted of George Coker, Harry Jenkins, Sam Johnson, George McKnight, James Mulligan, Howard Rutledge, Robert Shumaker, James Stockdale (who had graduated with Denton from the Naval Academy), Ronald Storz, and Nels Tanner. They were put in "Alcatraz" and solitary confinement to separate them from other POWs because their strong resistance led other POWs in resisting their captors. "Alcatraz" was a special facility in a courtyard behind the North Vietnamese Ministry of National Defense, located about one mile away from Hoa Lo Prison. Each of the American POWs spent day and night in windowless cells mostly in legcuffs.


title: Jeremiah Denton

text: On February 12, 1973, both Denton and Tschudy were released in Hanoi by the North Vietnamese along with numerous other American POWs during Operation Homecoming. Stepping off the jet back home in uniform, Denton said: "We are honored to have had the opportunity to serve our country under difficult circumstances. We are profoundly grateful to our Commander-in-Chief and to our nation for this day. God bless America." The speech has a prominent place in the 1987 documentary, "".


title: Jeremiah Denton

text: Denton was briefly hospitalized at the Naval Hospital Portsmouth, Virginia, and then was assigned to the Commander, Naval Air Forces, U.S. Atlantic Fleet, from February to December 1973. In January 1974, Denton became the commandant of the Armed Forces Staff College in Norfolk (now known as the Joint Forces Staff College), to June 1977. His final assignment was as special assistant to the Chief of Naval Education and Training at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida, from June 1977 until his retirement from the Navy on November 1, 1977 with the rank of Rear Admiral.


title: Jeremiah Denton

text: He wrote his book in 1976, "When Hell was in Session", detailing his detention as an American POW in North Vietnam, which was made into a television movie of the same title in 1979, starring Hal Holbrook as Denton.


title: Jeremiah Denton

text: Denton accepted a position with the Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN) as a consultant to CBN founder and friend, Pat Robertson, from 1978 to 1980. During his time with CBN, both Denton and Robertson repeatedly expressed support for the Contra forces in Nicaragua. In 1981, he founded and chaired the National Forum Foundation. Through his National Forum Foundation, Denton arranged shipments of donated goods to countries in need of aid.


title: Jeremiah Denton

text: Denton founded the Coalition for Decency, which tried to clean up television by urging boycotts of sponsors that promoted sexual promiscuity.


title: Jeremiah Denton

text: In 1980, Denton ran as a Republican for a U.S. Senate seat from his home state of Alabama, and was supported by Jerry Falwell's Moral Majority. In the primary election, he easily defeated former U.S. Congressman Armistead Selden, a Democrat who had switched parties and garnered the support of the Republican establishment in the state. He then achieved a surprise victory with 50.2 percent of the vote in November over Democratic candidate Jim Folsom Jr., who himself had defeated the incumbent, Donald W. Stewart, in the Democratic primary election. In doing so, Denton became the first retired Navy admiral elected to the United States Senate. He was the second retired Navy admiral to serve in the U.S. Senate, as Admiral Thomas C. Hart, U.S. Navy (ret.) of Connecticut was appointed to fill a vacant Senate seat and served from November 15, 1945 to November 5, 1946.


title: Jeremiah Denton

text: He was the first Republican to be popularly elected in Alabama since the direct election of U.S. Senators began in 1913, the first Republican senator since Reconstruction to represent Alabama in the U.S. Senate, and the first Catholic to be elected to statewide office in Alabama.


title: Jeremiah Denton

text: As a Senator, Denton was most outspoken on issues related to the regulation of sexual promiscuity and the preservation of the nuclear family, a goal that he sought to pursue through a $30 million bill to push chastity among teenagers. In 1981 he was able to pass the Adolescent Family Life Act (nicknamed the "Chastity Bill") as a part of the 1981 omnibus.


title: Jeremiah Denton

text: Denton was also outspoken on national security issues, particularly with regard to the Soviet Union. By the mid-1980s, he told "Time" magazine at the outset of the decade, "We will have less national security than we had proportionately when George Washington's troops were walking around barefoot at Valley Forge." Along with Republican Senators Orrin Hatch and John East, Denton set up and later chaired the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Security and Terrorism, which focused on communist and Soviet threats. Citing testimonies from journalist Claire Sterling, former CIA director William Colby, neoconservative writer Michael Ledeen and journalist and spy thriller writer Arnaud de Borchgrave, the committee alleged that left-wing activist groups, publications and think tanks had been infiltrated by Soviet agents of the KGB. Media at the time referred to committee's role and its accusations bearing similarity to the Red Scare tactics used by Senator Joseph McCarthy in the 1940s and 1950s.


title: Jeremiah Denton

text: In 1986, Denton narrowly lost his bid for reelection to the U.S. Senate, receiving 49.7 percent of the vote against U.S. Congressman Richard Shelby, a conservative Democrat who later became a Republican.


title: Jeremiah Denton

text: In 2007, Denton's first wife and the mother of his seven children, the former Kathryn Jane Maury, died after sixty-one years of marriage. He married Mary Belle Bordone in 2010.


title: Jeremiah Denton

text: His children included James S. Denton, publisher and editor of "World Affairs" and the director of the World Affairs Institute.


title: Jeremiah Denton

text: Denton died of complications from a heart ailment at a hospice in Virginia Beach on March 28, 2014, at age 89. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery with his wife Jane.


title: Polychaete

text: Polychaeta () is a paraphyletic class of generally marine annelid worms, commonly called bristle worms or polychaetes (). Each body segment has a pair of fleshy protrusions called parapodia that bear many bristles, called chaetae, which are made of chitin. More than 10,000 species are described in this class. Common representatives include the lugworm ("Arenicola marina") and the sandworm or clam worm "Alitta".


title: Polychaete

text: Polychaetes as a class are robust and widespread, with species that live in the coldest ocean temperatures of the abyssal plain, to forms which tolerate the extremely high temperatures near hydrothermal vents. Polychaetes occur throughout the Earth's oceans at all depths, from forms that live as plankton near the surface, to a 2- to 3-cm specimen (still unclassified) observed by the robot ocean probe "Nereus" at the bottom of the Challenger Deep, the deepest known spot in the Earth's oceans. Only 168 species (less than 2% of all polychaetes) are known from fresh waters.


title: Polychaete

text: Polychaetes are segmented worms, generally less than in length, although ranging at the extremes from to , in "Eunice aphroditois". They can sometimes be brightly coloured, and may be iridescent or even luminescent. Each segment bears a pair of paddle-like and highly vascularized parapodia, which are used for movement and, in many species, act as the worm's primary respiratory surfaces. Bundles of bristles, called chaetae, project from the parapodia.


title: Polychaete

text: However, polychaetes vary widely from this generalised pattern, and can display a range of different body forms. The most generalised polychaetes are those that crawl along the bottom, but others have adapted to many different ecological niches, including burrowing, swimming, pelagic life, tube-dwelling or boring, commensalism, and parasitism, requiring various modifications to their body structures.


title: Polychaete

text: The head, or prostomium, is relatively well developed, compared with other annelids. It projects forward over the mouth, which therefore lies on the animal's underside. The head normally includes two to four pair of eyes, although some species are blind. These are typically fairly simple structures, capable of distinguishing only light and dark, although some species have large eyes with lenses that may be capable of more sophisticated vision, including the Alciopids' complex eyes which rival cephalopod and vertebrate eyes.


title: Polychaete

text: The head also includes a pair of antennae, tentacle-like palps, and a pair of pits lined with cilia, known as "nuchal organs". These latter appear to be chemoreceptors, and help the worm to seek out food.


title: Polychaete

text: The outer surface of the body wall consists of a simple columnar epithelium covered by a thin cuticle. Underneath this, in order, are a thin layer of connective tissue, a layer of circular muscle, a layer of longitudinal muscle, and a peritoneum surrounding the body cavity. Additional oblique muscles move the parapodia. In most species the body cavity is divided into separate compartments by sheets of peritoneum between each segment, but in some species it's more continuous.


title: Polychaete

text: The mouth of polychaetes is located on the peristomium, the segment behind the prostomium, and varies in form depending on their diets, since the group includes predators, herbivores, filter feeders, scavengers, and parasites. In general, however, they possess a pair of jaws and a pharynx that can be rapidly everted, allowing the worms to grab food and pull it into their mouths. In some species, the pharynx is modified into a lengthy proboscis. The digestive tract is a simple tube, usually with a stomach part way along.


title: Polychaete

text: The smallest species, and those adapted to burrowing, lack gills, breathing only through their body surfaces. Most other species have external gills, often associated with the parapodia.


title: Polychaete

text: A simple but well-developed circulatory system is usually present. The two main blood vessels furnish smaller vessels to supply the parapodia and the gut. Blood flows forward in the dorsal vessel, above the gut, and returns down the body in the ventral vessel, beneath the gut. The blood vessels themselves are contractile, helping to push the blood along, so most species have no need of a heart. In a few cases, however, muscular pumps analogous to a heart are found in various parts of the system. Conversely, some species have little or no circulatory system at all, transporting oxygen in the coelomic fluid that fills their body cavities.


title: Polychaete

text: The blood may be colourless, or have any of three different respiratory pigments. The most common of these is haemoglobin, but some groups have haemerythrin or the green-coloured chlorocruorin, instead.


title: Polychaete

text: The nervous system consists of a single or double ventral nerve cord running the length of the body, with ganglia and a series of small nerves in each segment. The brain is relatively large, compared with that of other annelids, and lies in the upper part of the head. An endocrine gland is attached to the ventral posterior surface of the brain, and appears to be involved in reproductive activity. In addition to the sensory organs on the head, photosensitive eye spots, statocysts, and numerous additional sensory nerve endings, most likely in involved with the sense of touch, also occur on the body.


title: Polychaete

text: Polychaetes have a varying number of protonephridia or metanephridia for excreting waste, which in some cases can be relatively complex in structure. The body also contains greenish "chloragogen" tissue, similar to that found in oligochaetes, which appears to function in metabolism, in a similar fashion to that of the vertebrate liver.


title: Polychaete

text: The cuticle is constructed from cross-linked fibres of collagen and may be 200 nm to 13 mm thick. Their jaws are formed from sclerotised collagen, and their setae from sclerotised chitin.


title: Polychaete

text: Polychaetes are extremely variable in both form and lifestyle, and include a few taxa that swim among the plankton or above the abyssal plain. Most burrow or build tubes in the sediment, and some live as commensals. A few are parasitic. The mobile forms (Errantia) tend to have well-developed sense organs and jaws, while the stationary forms (Sedentaria) lack them, but may have specialized gills or tentacles used for respiration and deposit or filter feeding, e.g., fanworms.


title: Polychaete

text: Underwater polychaetes have eversible mouthparts used to capture prey. A few groups have evolved to live in terrestrial environments, like Namanereidinae with many terrestrial species, but are restricted to humid areas. Some have even evolved cutaneous invaginations for aerial gas exchange.


title: Polychaete

text: Most polychaetes have separate sexes, rather than being hermaphroditic. The most primitive species have a pair of gonads in every segment, but most species exhibit some degree of specialisation. The gonads shed immature gametes directly into the body cavity, where they complete their development. Once mature, the gametes are shed into the surrounding water through ducts or openings that vary between species, or in some cases by the complete rupture of the body wall (and subsequent death of the adult). A few species copulate, but most fertilize their eggs externally.


title: Polychaete

text: The fertilized eggs typically hatch into trochophore larvae, which float among the plankton, and eventually metamorphose into the adult form by adding segments. A few species have no larval form, with the egg hatching into a form resembling the adult, and in many that do have larvae, the trochophore never feeds, surviving off the yolk that remains from the egg.


title: Polychaete

text: However, some polychaetes exhibit remarkable reproductive strategies. Some species reproduce by epitoky. For much of the year, these worms look like any other burrow-dwelling polychaete, but as the breeding season approaches, the worm undergoes a remarkable transformation as new, specialized segments begin to grow from its rear end until the worm can be clearly divided into two halves. The front half, the atoke, is asexual. The new rear half, responsible for breeding, is known as the epitoke. Each of the epitoke segments is packed with eggs and sperm and features a single eyespot on its surface. The beginning of the last lunar quarter is the cue for these animals to breed, and the epitokes break free from the atokes and float to the surface. The eye spots sense when the epitoke reaches the surface and the segments from millions of worms burst, releasing their eggs and sperm into the water.


title: Polychaete

text: A similar strategy is employed by the deep sea worm "Syllis ramosa", which lives inside a sponge. The rear end of the worm develops into a "stolon" containing the eggs or sperm; this stolon then becomes detached from the parent worm and rises to the sea surface, where fertilisation takes place.


title: Polychaete

text: Stem-group polychaete fossils are known from the Sirius Passet Lagerstätte, a rich, sedimentary deposit in Greenland tentatively dated to the late Atdabanian (early Cambrian). The oldest found is Phragmochaeta canicularis. Many of the more famous Burgess Shale organisms, such as "Canadia", may also have polychaete affinities. "Wiwaxia", long interpreted as an annelid, is now considered to represent a mollusc. An even older fossil, "Cloudina", dates to the terminal Ediacaran period; this has been interpreted as an early polychaete, although consensus is absent.


title: Polychaete

text: Being soft-bodied organisms, the fossil record of polychaetes is dominated by their fossilized jaws, known as scolecodonts, and the mineralized tubes that some of them secrete. Most important biomineralising polychaetes are serpulids, sabellids, and cirratulids. Polychaete cuticle does have some preservation potential; it tends to survive for at least 30 days after a polychaete's death. Although biomineralisation is usually necessary to preserve soft tissue after this time, the presence of polychaete muscle in the nonmineralised Burgess shale shows this need not always be the case. Their preservation potential is similar to that of jellyfish.


title: Polychaete

text: Taxonomically, polychaetes are thought to be paraphyletic, meaning the group excludes some descendants of its most recent common ancestor. Groups that may be descended from the polychaetes include the oligochaetes (earthworms and leeches), sipunculans, and echiurans. The Pogonophora and Vestimentifera were once considered separate phyla, but are now classified in the polychaete family Siboglinidae.


title: Polychaete

text: Much of the classification below matches Rouse & Fauchald, 1998, although that paper does not apply ranks above family.


title: Polychaete

text: Older classifications recognize many more (sub)orders than the layout presented here. As comparatively few polychaete taxa have been subject to cladistic analysis, some groups which are usually considered invalid today may eventually be reinstated.


title: Jerry Weintraub

text: Jerome Charles "Jerry" Weintraub (September 26, 1937 – July 6, 2015) was an American film producer, talent manager and actor whose television films won him three Emmys.


title: Jerry Weintraub

text: He began his career as a talent agent, having managed relatively unknown singer John Denver in 1970, developing Denver's success through concerts, television specials, and film roles, including "Oh, God!" (1977). Weintraub has been credited with making "show business history" by being the first to organize and manage large arena concert tours for singers. Among the other performers whose tours he managed were Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra, The Four Seasons, Neil Diamond, Bob Dylan, Led Zeppelin, Three Dog Night and The Carpenters.


title: Jerry Weintraub

text: Following his years as a concert promoter, he began producing films. Among them were director Robert Altman's "Nashville" (1975), Barry Levinson's "Diner" (1982), the films from the "The Karate Kid (franchise)," as well as the remake "Ocean's Eleven" (2001), and its two sequels. Later, he was executive producer of HBO's series "The Brink" and HBO's "Behind the Candelabra" in 2013, which won an Emmy. In 2014, he won another Emmy as co-producer of "Years of Living Dangerously", a television documentary about global warming. In 2011, HBO broadcast a television documentary about Weintraub's life, called "His Way."


title: Jerry Weintraub

text: Weintraub was born to a Jewish family in Brooklyn, and raised in the Bronx, the son of Rose (née Bass) and Samuel Weintraub. His father was a gem dealer. While growing up, he worked as a theater usher and as a waiter in the Catskills.


title: Jerry Weintraub

text: After several years at MCA, where he first started work as a mailroom clerk, he left and formed his own personal management company. While at MCA, he was assistant to Lew Wasserman, whom he reportedly thought of as a father figure.


title: Jerry Weintraub

text: In the 1960s, he co-founded the vocal group The Doodletown Pipers. Among the acts that Weintraub managed at this time were Paul Anka, Shelley Berman, Pat Boone, Joey Bishop, The Four Seasons, Jackson Browne, Jimmy Buffett, and singer Jane Morgan, whom he would later marry.


title: Jerry Weintraub

text: Weintraub was the manager of singer and actor John Denver whom he signed in 1970. Weintraub first saw Denver performing at a small club in Greenwich Village and liked his easy, "mountaineer's" manner. Weintraub produced a dozen television music specials starring Denver, winning an Emmy for one of them. Later, he produced the film "Oh, God!" (1977), starring Denver and George Burns. After Denver became a major success as a singer, he bought Weintraub a Rolls-Royce as a thank you gift. Weintraub said, "I couldn't help thinking that it wasn't too long ago that neither of us had bus fare."


title: Jerry Weintraub

text: Denver and Weintraub's professional relationship ended acrimoniously, however, he regretted not being reconciled with Denver before the singer's death


title: Jerry Weintraub

text: In 1970, Weintraub convinced Elvis Presley and his manager, Col. Tom Parker, to do Presley's first national tour, something they had not considered, as Presley was by then a successful film star. The tour, with a modern sound system created for it, helped develop Weintraub's career as a concert promoter.


title: Jerry Weintraub

text: He next promoted a tour for Frank Sinatra in 1974, whom Weintraub first put in Madison Square Garden's boxing arena. For the previous six years, Sinatra had basically retired due to the failure of his last album. Weintraub convinced him to do a tour, which led to Sinatra's "transformation from saloon singer to stadium singer", wrote biographer Will Friedwald. "When Frank came out of retirement and started doing stadiums, he didn't know if he would draw," recalled guitarist Al Viola. "Weintraub deserves most of the credit (after Sinatra, that is) for pulling this off," says Friedwald.


title: Jerry Weintraub

text: Bob Dylan signed with Weintraub in 1978 after watching a Neil Diamond concert in Las Vegas, knowing that Weintraub managed the event. Dylan began a world tour beginning in Japan which continued through Europe and the US, performing 114 shows in front of two million people.


title: Jerry Weintraub

text: Biographer David Morrell writes, "We take this for granted now, but Weintraub's ability to organize these massive concerts made show-business history." Led Zeppelin manager, Peter Grant, recalls that Weintraub worked hard at putting on these large shows. "It was an event," Grant says. And "Jerry Weintraub loved it." Weintraub acknowledged his motivations: "When I believe in something, it's going to get done," he wrote in his autobiography.


title: Jerry Weintraub

text: Weintraub also managed or promoted concerts for such musical acts as Cuba Gooding Sr., The Main Ingredient, The Carpenters, The Moody Blues, and The Beach Boys.


title: Jerry Weintraub

text: Weintraub's first film as a producer was Robert Altman's "Nashville" (1975). Until then, United Artists producer David Picker had dismissed the script and would not make the film. A short time later, Weintraub was hosting a party for John Denver in New York, and among the guests he invited was Altman, whom he admired but had never met. "Altman pulled Weintraub aside", recalled screenwriter, Joan Tewkesbury, "and over a shared joint", Altman told Weintraub about the script. After another meeting with Altman, Weintraub was hooked on the story. However, no studio wanted to work with Altman, telling Weintraub that the director was a "pain in the ass". Weintraub eventually managed to find investors and gave Altman the $2 million he needed to make the film.


title: Jerry Weintraub

text: Following "Nashville" , Weintraub's credits as producer over the next few years included "Oh, God!" (1977), "September 30, 1955" (1978), "Cruising" (1980), "All Night Long" (1981), and "Diner" (1982).


title: Jerry Weintraub

text: The success of "The Karate Kid" (1984), led Kirk Kerkorian, then owner of MGM/UA, to appoint Weintraub as chairman and CEO of the neglected United Artists division, with Weintraub acquiring a minority stake, but clashes between the two men led to Weintraub's departure after five months. "The Karate Kid" had several sequels, all produced by Weintraub, "The Karate Kid Part II" (1986), "The Karate Kid Part III" (1989) and "The Next Karate Kid" (1994).


title: Jerry Weintraub

text: Weintraub formed Weintraub Entertainment Group (WEG) in February 1987 with $461 million in financing from Columbia Pictures, Cineplex Odeon and others. WEG also signed a 20-year distribution deal with Columbia, and planned to release seven or more movies per year. In 1990 WEG filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, and Weintraub would then produce for Warner Bros. WEG also subsequently settled a suit brought against it by Columbia.


title: Jerry Weintraub

text: Weintraub's later films as producer were "Happy New Year" (1987), "Pure Country" (1992), "The Specialist" (1994), "Vegas Vacation" (1997), "The Newton Boys" (1998), "The Avengers" (1998), "Soldier" (1998), "Nancy Drew" (2007), "The Karate Kid" (2010), and the 2001 remake of "Ocean's Eleven", for which he founded the company JW Productions. In addition to producing the sequels "Ocean's Twelve" (2004) and "Ocean's Thirteen" (2007), he appeared in all the "Ocean's" films. Weintraub had a small role in "Vegas Vacation" (1997) as "Gilly from Philly" a high roller casino gambler with two pals, and in "The Firm" (1993).


title: Jerry Weintraub

text: He was executive producer of HBO's series, "The Brink", and HBO's "Behind the Candelabra" in 2013, an Emmy-winning drama about the last ten years in the life of pianist Liberace. In 2014, he also won an Emmy as co-producer of "Years of Living Dangerously", a television documentary about global warming.


title: Jerry Weintraub

text: A television documentary film about Weintraub's life, called "His Way," directed by Douglas McGrath, was broadcast on HBO in 2011. On a 2010 television appearance of "The View", Weintraub made a handshake deal with Whoopi Goldberg to play the next God in a future "Oh, God!" sequel, should a favorable script become available. Weintraub had agreed to produce a new adaptation of "The Legend of Tarzan" for Warner Bros. which was released on July 1, 2016.


title: Jerry Weintraub

text: Weintraub was a major contributor to many charities, including the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Museum of Contemporary Art, the Music Center, the UCLA School of Dentistry and the Children's Museum of Los Angeles. In 1988, the American Friends of the Hebrew University gave Weintraub and his wife, Jane, the Scopus Award in gratitude for their support. He was also a major supporter of Chabad and was close with the Lubavitcher Rebbe.


title: Jerry Weintraub

text: He also began doing charitable work to help stop the ongoing genocide taking place in Darfur in 2007. Weintraub, Matt Damon, George Clooney, Don Cheadle, and Brad Pitt cofounded the nonprofit organization, Not On Our Watch, dedicated to preventing mass killings in Darfur and other areas of the world. They raised $9.3 million to aid their relief efforts.


title: Jerry Weintraub

text: Weintraub was married twice. His first wife was Janice Greenberg, a dentist's daughter from his Bronx neighborhood who had been singer Julius La Rosa's secretary. They had a son, Michael.


title: Jerry Weintraub

text: Weintraub's second wife was singer and actress Jane Morgan, who was 13 years his senior. Their relationship went from professional to personal and the two were married in 1965 when she was 41 and he was 28. They adopted three daughters. The couple separated in the 1980s, but never divorced. For 20 years until his death, Weintraub had been living with his girlfriend and longtime companion, Susan Ekins.


title: Jerry Weintraub

text: Weintraub supported both political parties at various times in his life. However, it is widely noted that he was friends with both George H. W. Bush and Ronald Reagan. He also had a strong spiritual side, which he once described to television host Larry King. He was a devotee of The Lubavitcher Rebbe and believed in his mystical powers.


title: Jerry Weintraub

text: Following the announcement of his death, celebrities and friends paid tribute to Weintraub. "Jerry was an American original, who earned his success by the sheer force of his instinct, drive, and larger-than-life personality," said former president George H.W. Bush, a longtime friend. "He had a passion for life, and throughout the ups and downs of his prolific career it was clear just how much he loved show business."


title: Jerry Weintraub

text: "He was a force of nature," said actor and director Carl Reiner. Actor Don Cheadle wrote, "Jerry was to me equal parts Godfather, rainmaker, caretaker, PT Barnum and friend." George Clooney, star of the "Ocean's" movies, said that "in the coming days there will be tributes about our friend Jerry Weintraub. We'll laugh at his great stories, and applaud his accomplishments. And in the years to come, the stories and accomplishments will get better with age, just as Jerry would have wanted it. But not today. Today our friend died."


title: Jerry Weintraub

text: In 1986, the National Association of Theatre Owners named Weintraub the Producer of the Year. In 1991, he was named to the board of the Kennedy Center. Weintraub was one of the first independent film producers to be honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 2007, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars was dedicated to him. 2012 he was honored with the Career Achievement Award of Zurich Film Festival.


title: 116th United States Congress

text: The 116th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. It convened in Washington, D.C., on January 3, 2019, and ended on January 3, 2021, during the final two years of Donald Trump's presidency. Senators elected to regular terms in 2014 finished their terms in this Congress, and House seats were apportioned based on the 2010 Census.


title: 116th United States Congress

text: In the November 2018 midterm elections, the Democratic Party won a new majority in the House, while the Republican Party increased its majority in the Senate. Consequently, this was the first split Congress since the 113th Congress of 2013–2015, and the first Republican Senate–Democratic House split since the 99th Congress of 1985–1987. This Congress was the youngest incoming class by mean age, compared to the previous three the incoming class of freshman representatives, and the most demographically diverse in history.


title: 116th United States Congress

text: Upon joining the Libertarian Party on May 1, 2020, Justin Amash became the first member of Congress to represent a political party other than the Democrats or the Republicans since Rep. William Carney, who served as a Conservative before switching to the Republican Party in 1985. Before joining the Libertarian Party, Amash had been serving as an independent since his departure from the Republican Party on July 4, 2019. Paul Mitchell also left the Republicans in December 2020, becoming an independent. Neither incumbent ran for re-election.


title: 116th United States Congress

text: This is the most recent Congress to feature a Republican Senator from Arizona, Martha McSally, who lost an election to finish John McCain's term in the final weeks of the Congress.


title: 116th United States Congress

text: Most members of this Congress were Christian (88.2%), with approximately half being Protestant and 30.5% being Catholic. Jewish membership is 6.4%. Other religions represented included Buddhism, Islam, and Hinduism. One senator said that she was religiously unaffiliated, while the number of members refusing to specify their religious affiliation increased.


title: 116th United States Congress

text: Roughly 96% of members held college degrees. All but 128 members were white and all but 131 members were men.


title: 116th United States Congress

text: The Senate included 74 men and 26 women, the most women to date. In 6 states, both senators were women; 14 states were represented by 1 man and 1 woman; and 30 states were represented by 2 men. During this Congress, Johnny Isakson retired for health reasons and Kelly Loeffler was appointed, which increased the number of women from 25 after the 2018 elections to 26. There were 91 non-Hispanic white, 4 Hispanic, 2 Black, 2 Asian, and 1 multiracial (Black/Asian) senators. Additionally, 2 senators were LGBTQ+. The average age of Senators at the beginning of this congress was 62.9 years.


title: 116th United States Congress

text: There were 101 women in the House, the largest number in history. There were 313 non-Hispanic white, 56 Black, 44 Hispanic, 15 Asian, and 4 Native American congress members. Eight were LGBTQ+. Two Democrats — Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and Donna Shalala — were the youngest (30) and oldest (78) freshmen women in history. Freshmen Rashida Tlaib (D-MI) and Ilhan Omar (DFL-MN) were the first two Muslim women and freshmen Sharice Davids (D-KS) and Deb Haaland (D-NM) were the first two Native American women elected as well. The average age of Members of the House at the beginning of the 116th Congress was 57.6 years.


title: 116th United States Congress

text: With the election of Carolyn Maloney as the first woman to chair the House Oversight Committee, women chaired a record six House committees in a single Congress (out of 26 women to ever chair House committees in the history of Congress), including House members Maxine Waters (Financial Services), Nita Lowey (Appropriations), Zoe Lofgren (Administration), Eddie Bernice Johnson (Science, Space and Technology) and Nydia Velázquez (Small Business), as well as Kathy Castor, who chaired the Select Committee on the Climate Crisis. In addition, women chaired a record 39 House subcommittees. Lowey and Kay Granger were also the first women to serve as chair and ranking member of the same committee in the same Congress since the since-defunct Select Committee on the House Beauty Shop, which was chaired and populated entirely by congresswomen during its existence from 1967 to 1977.


title: 116th United States Congress

text: The demographics of the 116th U.S. Congress freshmen were more diverse than any previous incoming class.


title: 116th United States Congress

text: At least 25 new congressional representatives were Hispanic, Native American, or people of color, and the incoming class included the first Native American women, the first Muslim women, and the two youngest women ever elected. The 116th Congress included more women elected to the House than any previous Congress.


title: 116th United States Congress

text: The numbers refer to their Senate classes. All class 1 seats were contested in the November 2018 elections. In this Congress, class 1 means their term commenced in the current Congress, requiring re-election in 2024; class 2 means their term ends with this Congress, requiring re-election in 2020; and class 3 means their term began in the last Congress, requiring re-election in 2022.


title: 116th United States Congress

text: Also called "elected" or "appointed" officials, there are many employees of the House and Senate whose leaders are included here.


title: Dan Butler

text: Daniel Eugene Butler (born December 2, 1954) is an American actor known for his role as Bob "Bulldog" Briscoe on the TV series "Frasier" (1993–2004); Art in "Roseanne" (1991–1992); for the voice of Mr. Simmons on the "Nickelodeon" TV show "Hey Arnold" (1997–2002), which was later reprised the role in "" (2017); and films roles in "Enemy of the State" (1998) and "Sniper 2" (2001).


title: Dan Butler

text: Butler was born in Huntington, Indiana, and raised in Fort Wayne, the son of Shirley, a housewife, and Andrew Butler, a pharmacist. While a drama student at Purdue University Fort Wayne in 1975, he received the Irene Ryan Acting Scholarship, sponsored by the Kennedy Center. From 1976 to 1978, he trained at the American Conservatory Theatre in San Francisco.


title: Dan Butler

text: Butler is best known for his role as Bob "Bulldog" Briscoe in the NBC sitcom "Frasier", appearing in every season but one between 1993 and 2004. The character was a volatile, boorish, intensely macho sports presenter who hosted the show which followed Frasier's daily broadcast at the radio station KACL.


title: Dan Butler

text: He is also one of two actors to play two different characters within the Hannibal Lecter franchise. In 1986, he played the role of Jimmy Price, a technician in the film "Manhunter"; then, 5 years later, he played the role of Roden in 1991's "The Silence of The Lambs". The other actor is Frankie Faison.


title: Dan Butler

text: In 2006, Butler produced and starred in the faux documentary "Karl Rove, I Love You" (which he also co-wrote and co-directed). Other film work includes roles in "Prayers for Bobby" and "Longtime Companion".


title: Dan Butler

text: Butler is also an established stage actor. In 2018, he played Lenin in the Broadway revival of Tom Stoppard's "Travesties". Other recent appearances include as Truman Capote in American Repertory Theatre's 2017 production of Rob Roth's "Warhol/Capote" and Jack in the 2013 Off-Broadway production of Conor McPherson's "The Weir".


title: Dan Butler

text: Butler lives in Vermont and is married to producer Richard Waterhouse. He came out to his family when he was in his early 20s. He wrote a one-man show, "The Only Thing Worse You Could Have Told Me", which opened in Los Angeles in 1994 and also played in San Francisco and off-Broadway in New York. It was Butler's public coming out. The play had ten characters "just processing what gay means". He was nominated for the 1995 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding One-Person Show.


title: Park Ji-hyun (actress)

text: Park Ji-hyun (born November 26, 1994) is a South Korean actress and model. She is best known for her role in the television series "Rookie Historian Goo Hae-ryung" and in the films "" and "The Divine Fury".


title: Park Ji-hyun (actress)

text: Park Ji-hyun studied at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies. She joined the agency Namoo Actors in 2016. She made her debut as an actress in 2017. Nominated for the Rookie of the Year Award at the 39th Blue Dragon Film Awards in 2018 and at the 24th Spring Festival in 2019, she has taken on several memorable roles in both films and television dramas, since her debut, including those in "Your Honor" and "The Divine Fury".


title: Kajol filmography

text: Kajol is an Indian actress who is known for her work in Hindi films. She made her screen debut in the 1992 film "Bekhudi". She was noted for her performance and went on to sign the 1993 commercially successful thriller "Baazigar" opposite Shah Rukh Khan. She starred in the 1994 film "Udhaar Ki Zindagi", which earned her critical acclaim. This was followed by a role in "Yeh Dillagi" alongside Akshay Kumar and Saif Ali Khan. Kajol featured in five films in 1995. She appeared briefly in the thriller "Karan Arjun", and played Simran, an NRI in Aditya Chopra’s romance "Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge", both of which ranked among the highest-grossing Bollywood films of the year, and the success of the latter established her career in Bollywood. As of 2021, "Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge" is the longest-running Indian film. Also in 1995, she appeared in the box-office flops "Hulchul" and "Gundaraj". Her only screen appearance of 1996 was in "Bambai Ka Babu", a financial failure.


title: Kajol filmography

text: In 1997, Kajol featured in the film "Minsara Kanavu", her first Tamil feature. She played an obsessive lover in the mystery film "" (1997), and became the first woman to win the Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role. Later in 1997, she featured as a poor girl in the romantic film "Ishq", a box-office hit. In 1998, she played the leading lady in three romantic comedies, which were among the top-grossing Bollywood productions of the year — "Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya", "Pyaar To Hona Hi Tha", and "Kuch Kuch Hota Hai". Also in 1998, she played dual roles in the drama "Dushman". The following year, she played the mistress of Ajay Devgn's character in "Dil Kya Kare" and starred in the commercially successful film "Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain". Following this, she starred in the films "Raju Chacha" (2000) and "Kuch Khatti Kuch Meethi" (2001), both of which performed poorly at the box-office.


title: Kajol filmography

text: Kajol played opposite Khan in Karan Johar's ensemble melodrama "Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham..." (2001), which became the highest-grossing Bollywood film in overseas to that point. After a five-year absence from film, Kajol played a blind Kashmiri girl in the romantic thriller "Fanaa" (2006). The film, which was based on terrorism, was a commercial success. Two years later, she featured as a talent judge for the television dance and singing reality show "Rock-N-Roll Family". Later that year, she was paired with her husband Ajay Devgn in the romantic comedy "U Me Aur Hum" (2008). In the film, Kajol played an Alzheimer's patient. In 2010, she reunited with Khan and Johar in the drama "My Name Is Khan", in which she played an Indian-American Hindu married to a Muslim man. For the film, she won the Filmfare Award for Best Actress for a record tying fifth time. Her next appearance of the year was in the family drama "We Are Family", an adaption of the 1998 Hollywood film "Stepmom".


title: Kajol filmography

text: In 2015, after five years, she made her comeback with Rohit Shetty's "Dilwale", one of the highest-grossing Bollywood films of all time. In 2017, she was seen in Soundarya Rajnikanth's film "Velaiilla Pattadhari 2", which was a profitable venture. She played a single mother who gives up her career as an aspiring singer in Pradeep Sarkar's family drama, Helicopter Eela, which didn't do well. After an absence in 2019, she starred in "Tanhaji" (2020), which was a major critical and commercial success. In 2021, she was praised for her portrayal of a woman with a traumatic childhood in the Netflix family drama "Tribhanga".


title: Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon

text: The Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon (LRHW) is a medium-range surface-to-surface boost-glide hypersonic missile planned for use by the United States Army. The United States Navy intends to procure a ship/submarine-launched variant of the missile as part of the service's Intermediate-Range Conventional Prompt Strike (IRCPS) program. The weapon consists of a large rocket booster that carries the unpowered Common-Hypersonic Glide Body (C-HGB) in a nose cone. Once the booster reaches significant altitude and speed, it releases the C-HGB, which glides at hypersonic speeds as it descends towards its target. Dynetics will build the glide vehicle while Lockheed Martin will build the booster as well as assemble the missile and launch equipment.


title: Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon

text: The C-HGB has been successfully tested twice, in October 2017 and March 2020. The missile is planned to enter service with the Army in 2023. The Navy intends to field the weapon aboard its "Zumwalt"-class destroyers by 2025 and later on its Block V "Virginia"-class submarines in 2028; it was intended to also be fielded on guided missile variants of the "Ohio"-class ballistic missile submarines, but funding delays and the boats' impending retirement caused those plans to be scrapped.


title: Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon

text: In 2018, the Navy was designated to lead the design of the Common-Hypersonic Glide Body with input from the Army's Rapid Capabilities and Critical Technologies Office.


title: Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon

text: The design of the Common-Hypersonic Glide Body is based on the previously developed Alternate Re-Entry System, which was tested in the early 2010s as part of the Army's Advanced Hypersonic Weapon program. The Alternate Re-Entry System was itself based on the Sandia Winged Energetic Reentry Vehicle Experiment (SWERVE) prototype developed by Sandia National Laboratories in the 1980s. Design work is by Sandia while Dynetics constructs prototypes and test units.


title: Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon

text: The first test of the Intermediate Range Conventional Prompt Strike Flight Experiment-1, was on 30 October 2017. A missile capable of fitting in the launch tube of an "Ohio"-class ballistic missile submarine flew over 2,000 nautical miles from Hawaii to the Marshall Islands at hypersonic speeds. The Common-Hypersonic Glide Body was tested in March 2020.


title: Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon

text: On 29 October 2021, the booster rocket for the Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon was successfully tested in a static test in Utah; the first stage thrust vector control system was included in the test.


title: Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon

text: In March 2021, training with inert missile canisters began. On 7 October 2021, 17th Field Artillery Brigade of the I Corps received ground equipment for the first operational LRHW battery.


title: Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon

text: In June 2022 in Hawaii, a launch failure of Conventional Prompt Strike occurred after ignition. The test of an All-Up-Round for CPS, which uses a two-stage booster, failed before ignition of the C-HGB.


title: Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon

text: The United States Army intends to deploy the Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon in an eight missile battery containing four M983 trucks and trailers each holding two missiles in launch canisters alongside a command vehicle.


title: Sanath Jayasuriya

text: Deshabandu Sanath Teran Jayasuriya (, ; born 30 June 1969), is a former Sri Lankan cricketer and a captain. He is credited for having revolutionized one-day international cricket with his explosive batting with Romesh Kaluwitharana in the mid-1990s, which initiated the hard-hitting modern-day batting strategy of all nations.


title: Sanath Jayasuriya

text: Considered one of the greatest attacking batsmen of all time, Jayasuriya is well known for his powerful striking and match-winning all-round performances in all formats of the game. Jayasuriya was an all-rounder, who had an international cricket career that spread over two decades. He is the only player to score over 10,000 runs and capture more than 300 wickets in One Day International cricket and is also regarded as one of the best all-rounders in the history of limited-overs cricket, Jayasuriya created many world records during his career.


title: Sanath Jayasuriya

text: He was named the Most Valuable Player of 1996 Cricket World Cup and Wisden Cricketers' Almanack broke an age-old tradition by naming him one of Five Cricketers' of the Year 1997 despite not playing the previous season in England. Jayasuriya was also the captain of the Sri Lankan cricket team from 1999 to 2003. He is affectionately known as the Master Blaster (making him the third batting legend of cricket's history to receive the Master Blaster nickname, after Sachin Tendulkar of India and Sir Viv Richards of the West Indies).


title: Sanath Jayasuriya

text: He was also a key member of the team that won the 1996 Cricket World Cup and was part of the team that made the finals of 2007 Cricket World Cup and 2009 ICC World Twenty20. He retired from Test cricket in December 2007 and from limited-overs cricket in June 2011. On 28 January 2013, Sri Lanka Cricket appointed him as the chairman of the cricket selection committee. Sri Lanka won the ICC World Twenty20 for the first time in 2014, during his tenure as the chief selector.


title: Sanath Jayasuriya

text: Jayasuriya ran for public office at the 2010 Sri Lankan general elections and was elected to the parliament from his native Matara District. He topped the UPFA parliamentary election list for Matara district by obtaining 74,352 preferential votes.


title: Sanath Jayasuriya

text: He served as the deputy minister of Postal services in the former UPFA government led by Mahinda Rajapaksa, and later as the Deputy Minister of Local Government & Rural Development under president Maithripala Sirisena. Jayasuriya did not contest for the 2015 Sri Lankan general election, though he won most votes from Matara district under UPFA in the 2010 Sri Lankan general election. He is currently not active in politics.


title: Sanath Jayasuriya

text: Sanath Jayasuriya was born in the Southern Sri Lankan city of Matara, to the family of Dunstan and Breeda Jayasuriya. He has an elder brother, Chandana Jayasuriya. He was educated at St. Servatius' College, Matara, where his cricketing talents were nourished by his school principal, G.L. Galappathy, and cricket coach, Lionel Wagasinghe. He excelled in cricket while at St. Servatius College, Matara and captained the college cricket team at the annual St. Thomas'–St. Servatius Cricket Encounter in 1988. Jayasuriya was picked as the 'Observer Schoolboy Cricketer of the Year' in the Outstation Segment in 1988. He also received the awards for the 'Best Batsman' and 'Best All-rounder' in the Outstation Segment at the Observer School Cricket Awards ceremony in the same year. Jayasuriya represented Sri Lanka in the inaugural ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup which was held in Australia in 1988 and was subsequently selected for a tour in Pakistan a few months later with the Sri Lanka 'B' team, where he made two unbeaten double centuries. Shortly afterward he was drafted into the national side for the tour to Australia in 1989–90.


title: Sanath Jayasuriya

text: He made his One Day International debut against Australia at Melbourne on Boxing Day of 1989 and his Test debut against New Zealand at Hamilton in February 1991.