title: Quotient rule

text: Let formula_17 Applying the definition of the derivative and properties of limits gives the following proof, with the term formula_18 added and subtracted to allow splitting and factoring in subsequent steps without affecting the value:formula_19The limit evaluation formula_14 is justified by the differentiability of formula_15, implying continuity, which can be expressed as formula_16.


title: Quotient rule

text: Let formula_23 so formula_24 The product rule then gives formula_25 Solving for formula_26 and substituting back for formula_27 gives:


title: Quotient rule

text: Let formula_29 Then the product rule givesformula_30To evaluate the derivative in the second term, apply the reciprocal rule, or the power rule along with the chain rule: formula_31


title: Quotient rule

text: Let formula_33 Taking the absolute value and natural logarithm of both sides of the equation givesformula_34Applying properties of the absolute value and logarithms,formula_35Taking the logarithmic derivative of both sides, formula_36Solving for formula_26 and substituting back formula_38 for formula_27 gives:formula_40Note: Taking the absolute value of the functions is necessary to allow logarithmic differentiation of functions that can have negative values, as logarithms are only defined for positive arguments. This works because formula_41, which justifies taking the absolute value of the functions for logarithmic differentiation.


title: Quotient rule

text: Implicit differentiation can be used to compute the th derivative of a quotient (partially in terms of its first derivatives). For example, differentiating formula_42 twice (resulting in formula_43) and then solving for formula_44 yieldsformula_45


title: Padi Padi Leche Manasu

text: Padi Padi Leche Manasu () is a 2018 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film written and directed by Hanu Raghavapudi. The film stars Sharwanand and Sai Pallavi while Priya Raman, Sampath Raj, Kalyani Natarajan, Murali Sharma, Priyadarshi, and Sunil play supporting roles.


title: Padi Padi Leche Manasu

text: The music was composed by Vishal Chandrasekhar with cinematography done by Jay Kay and editing by A. Sreekar Prasad. The film was finalized in December 2017 and shooting began in February 2018. Released on 21 December 2018, the film opened to mixed reviews at the critics. The film ended up as a commercial failure.


title: Padi Padi Leche Manasu

text: It is a Telugu-speaking community in Kolkata where a football player named Surya (Sharwanand) falls for a medical student named Vaishali (Sai Pallavi). The love story is not as simple as it appears to be. Surya starts trying to make Vaishali fall for him. After Vaishali falls in love with Surya and starts talking about marriage, Surya breaks up with her due to his fear of commitment as a result of his parents’ failed marriage. Vaishali tells him that exactly after a year, they will meet in Kathmandu, Nepal and decide whether they should get married or not.


title: Padi Padi Leche Manasu

text: Exactly after a year, the Nepal 2015 earthquake occurs, where Surya is searching for Vaishali. Simultaneously, Vaishali is searching for Surya in Kathmandu. In the earthquake Vaishali is injured and she asks her friend to tell Surya that she is diagnosed with retrograde amnesia and still acts as if she is fine, with her friends and family except Surya. So Surya tries to make her fall in love again, in a similar way he tried before. One day his father (who is a famous author) comes nearby to give a speech which is attended by Vaishali, Surya and Surya's mother. During the speech Vaishali realizes her love for Surya and his love for her. She asks him to marry her, where he realises she hasn't lost her memory, infuriating him. In a struggle here, Vaishali faints and is admitted to the hospital where it is revealed that she actually has retrograde amnesia and told only Surya the truth and that she was slowly forgetting the things even in her daily life.


title: Padi Padi Leche Manasu

text: The film schedule was to start by the end of March, but since actress Sai Pallavi had dates only in February, the film start scheduled was preponed to February. The first leg has been shot in Kolkata from 5 February 2018. The second leg of the film was shot extensively in Kathmandu. Some sequences of first leg were shot in interiors of West Bengal. Medical college scenes were shot in Mahindra École Centrale, Hyderabad. Pallavi plays a medical student in the film. Sharwanand lost 10 kilograms and sported a stylish hairstyle for the film. Priya Raman, who played Sharwanand's mother, made her comeback role in acting after 19 years. The film's title was unveiled as "Padi Padi Leche Manasu" in March 2018.


title: Padi Padi Leche Manasu

text: The film released on 21 December 2018. The film was also dubbed and released in Hindi as "Dil Dhadak Dhadak" on YouTube on 26 February 2021 by Goldmines Telefilms.


title: Padi Padi Leche Manasu

text: The soundtrack is composed by Vishal Chandrasekhar after his second collaboration with director Hanu Raghavapudi after Krishna Gaadi Veera Prema Gaadha.


title: The Golden Bough

text: The Golden Bough: A Study in Comparative Religion (retitled The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion in its second edition) is a wide-ranging, comparative study of mythology and religion, written by the Scottish anthropologist Sir James George Frazer. "The Golden Bough" was first published in two volumes in 1890; in three volumes in 1900; and in twelve volumes in the third edition, published 1906–1915. It has also been published in several different one-volume abridgments. The work was aimed at a wide literate audience raised on tales as told in such publications as Thomas Bulfinch's "The Age of Fable, or Stories of Gods and Heroes" (1855). The influence of "The Golden Bough" on contemporary European literature and thought was substantial.


title: The Golden Bough

text: Frazer attempted to define the shared elements of religious belief and scientific thought, discussing fertility rites, human sacrifice, the dying god, the scapegoat, and many other symbols and practices whose influences had extended into 20th-century culture. His thesis is that old religions were fertility cults that revolved around the worship and periodic sacrifice of a sacred king. Frazer proposed that mankind progresses from magic through religious belief to scientific thought.


title: The Golden Bough

text: Frazer's thesis was developed in relation to an incident in the "Aeneid", in which Aeneas and the Sibyl present the golden bough taken from a sacred grove to the gatekeeper of Hades to gain admission. The incident was illustrated by J. M. W. Turner's 1834 painting of "The Golden Bough". Frazer mistakenly states that the painting depicts the lake at Nemi, though it is actually Lake Avernus. The lake of Nemi, also known as "Diana's Mirror", was a place where religious ceremonies and the "fulfillment of vows" of priests and kings were held.


title: The Golden Bough

text: Frazer based his thesis on the pre-Roman priest-king Rex Nemorensis at the fane of Nemi, who was ritually murdered by his successor. The king was the incarnation of a dying and reviving god, a solar deity who underwent a mystic marriage to a goddess of the Earth. He died at the harvest and was reincarnated in the spring. Frazer claims that this legend of rebirth was central to almost all of the world's mythologies.


title: The Golden Bough

text: Frazer wrote in a preface to the third edition of "The Golden Bough" that while he had never studied Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, his friend James Ward, and the philosopher J. M. E. McTaggart, had both suggested to him that Hegel had anticipated his view of "the nature and historical relations of magic and religion". Frazer saw the resemblance as being that "we both hold that in the mental evolution of humanity an age of magic preceded an age of religion, and that the characteristic difference between magic and religion is that, whereas magic aims at controlling nature directly, religion aims at controlling it indirectly through the mediation of a powerful supernatural being or beings to whom man appeals for help and protection." Frazer included an extract from Hegel's "Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion" (1832).


title: The Golden Bough

text: "The Golden Bough" scandalized the British public when first published, as it included the Christian story of the resurrection of Jesus in its comparative study. Critics thought this treatment invited an agnostic reading of the Lamb of God as a relic of a pagan religion. For the third edition, Frazer placed his analysis of the Crucifixion in a speculative appendix; the discussion of Christianity was excluded from the single-volume abridged edition.


title: The Golden Bough

text: Frazer himself accepted that his theories were speculative and that the associations he made were circumstantial and usually based only on resemblance. He wrote: "Books like mine, merely speculation, will be superseded sooner or later (the sooner the better for the sake of truth) by better induction based on fuller knowledge." In 1922, at the inauguration of the Frazer Lectureship in Anthropology, he said: "It is my earnest wish that the lectureship should be used solely for the disinterested pursuit of truth, and not for the dissemination and propagation of any theories or opinions of mine." Godfrey Lienhardt notes that even during Frazer's lifetime, social anthropologists "had for the most part distanced themselves from his theories and opinions", and that the lasting influence of "The Golden Bough" and Frazer's wider body of work "has been in the literary rather than the academic world."


title: The Golden Bough

text: Robert Ackerman writes that, for British social anthropologists, Frazer is still "an embarrassment" for being "the most famous of them all" while they now dissociate themselves "from much that he wrote." While "The Golden Bough" achieved wide "popular appeal" and exerted a "disproportionate" influence "on so many [20th century] creative writers", Frazer's ideas played "a much smaller part" in the history of academic social anthropology. Lienhardt himself dismissed Frazer's interpretations of primitive religion as "little more than plausible constructs of [Frazer's] own Victorian rationalism", while


title: The Golden Bough

text: Ludwig Wittgenstein, in his "Remarks on Frazer's Golden Bough" (published in 1967), wrote: "Frazer is much more savage than most of his 'savages' [since] his explanations of [their] observances are much cruder than the sense of the observances themselves."


title: The Golden Bough

text: Initially, the book's influence on the emerging discipline of anthropology was pervasive. For example, the Polish anthropologist Bronisław Malinowski read Frazer's work in the original English, and afterwards wrote: "No sooner had I read this great work than I became immersed in it and enslaved by it. I realized then that anthropology, as presented by Sir James Frazer, is a great science, worthy of as much devotion as any of her elder and more exact studies and I became bound to the service of Frazerian anthropology." However, by the 1920s, Frazer's ideas "began to belong to the past": according to Godfrey Lienhardt:


title: The Golden Bough

text: Edmund Leach, "one of the most impatient critics of Frazer's overblown prose and literary embellishment of his sources for dramatic effect", was scathing of the artistic license exercised by Frazer in "The Golden Bough", saying: "Frazer used his ethnographic evidence, which he culled from here, there and everywhere, to "illustrate" propositions which he had arrived at in advance by "a priori" reasoning, but, to a degree which is often quite startling, whenever the evidence did not fit he simply altered the evidence!"


title: The Golden Bough

text: René Girard, a French historian, literary critic, and philosopher of social science, "grudgingly" praised Frazer for recognising kingly sacrifice as "a key primitive ritual", but described his interpretation of the ritual as "a grave injustice to ethnology." Girard's "grievances" against "The Golden Bough" were numerous, particularly concerning Frazer's assertion that Christianity was merely a perpetuation of primitive myth-ritualism and that the New Testament Gospels were "just further myths of the death and resurrection of the king who embodies the god of vegetation." Girard himself considered the Gospels to be "revelatory texts" rather than myths or the remains of "ignorant superstition", and rejected Frazer's idea that the death of Jesus was a sacrifice, "whatever definition we may give for that sacrifice."


title: The Golden Bough

text: Despite the controversy generated by the work, and its critical reception amongst other scholars, "The Golden Bough" inspired much of the creative literature of the period. The poet Robert Graves adapted Frazer's concept of the dying king sacrificed for the good of the kingdom to the romantic idea of the poet's suffering for the sake of his Muse-Goddess, as reflected in his book on poetry, rituals, and myths, "The White Goddess" (1948). William Butler Yeats refers to Frazer's thesis in his poem "Sailing to Byzantium". The horror writer H. P. Lovecraft's understanding of religion was influenced by "The Golden Bough", and Lovecraft mentions the book in his short story "The Call of Cthulhu". T. S. Eliot acknowledged indebtedness to Frazer in his first note to his poem "The Waste Land". William Carlos Williams refers to "The Golden Bough" in Book Two, part two, of his extended poem in five books "Paterson". "The Golden Bough" influenced Sigmund Freud's work "Totem and Taboo" (1913). Frazer's work also influenced the psychiatrist Carl Jung and the novelists James Joyce, Ernest Hemingway, William Gaddis and D. H. Lawrence.


title: The Golden Bough

text: The mythologist Joseph Campbell drew on "The Golden Bough" in "The Hero with a Thousand Faces" (1949), in which he accepted Frazer's view that mythology is a primitive attempt to explain the world of nature, though considering it only one among a number of valid explanations of mythology. Campbell later described Frazer's work as "monumental". The anthropologist Weston La Barre described Frazer as "the last of the scholastics" in "The Human Animal" (1955) and wrote that Frazer's work was "an extended footnote to a line in Virgil he felt he did not understand." The lyrics of the musician Jim Morrison's song "Not to Touch the Earth" were influenced by the table of contents of "The Golden Bough". The movie "Apocalypse Now" by Francis Ford Coppola shows the antagonist Kurtz with the book in his lair, and the film depicts his death as a ritual sacrifice as well. The philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein's commentaries on "The Golden Bough" have been compiled as "Remarks on Frazer's Golden Bough", edited by Rush Rhees, originally published in 1967 (the English edition followed in 1979). Robert Ackerman, in his "The Myth and Ritual School: J. G. Frazer and the Cambridge Ritualists" (1991), sets Frazer in the broader context of the history of ideas. The myth and ritual school includes scholars Jane Harrison, Gilbert Murray, F. M. Cornford, and A.B. Cook, who were connecting the new discipline of myth theory and anthropology with traditional literary classics at the end of the 19th century, influencing Modernist literature.


title: The Golden Bough

text: The critic Camille Paglia has identified "The Golden Bough" as one of the most important influences on her book "Sexual Personae" (1990). In "Sexual Personae", Paglia described Frazer's "most brilliant perception" in "The Golden Bough" as his "analogy between Jesus and the dying gods", though she noted that it was "muted by prudence". In "Salon", she has described the work as "a model of intriguing specificity wed to speculative imagination." Paglia acknowledged that "many details in Frazer have been contradicted or superseded", but maintained that the work of Frazer's Cambridge school of classical anthropology "will remain inspirational for enterprising students seeking escape from today's sterile academic climate." Paglia has also commented, however, that the one-volume abridgement of "The Golden Bough" is "bland" and should be "avoided like the plague."


title: Torn (Ednaswap song)

text: "Torn" is a song written by Scott Cutler, Anne Preven, and Phil Thornalley. It was first recorded in 1993 in Danish (renamed "", Danish for "Burnt") by Danish singer Lis Sørensen, then in 1994 by Cutler and Preven's American rock band Ednaswap, and in 1996 by American-Norwegian singer Trine Rein.


title: Torn (Ednaswap song)

text: "Torn" is best known as Australian singer Natalie Imbruglia's 1997 debut single. Her version was produced by Thornalley and peaked at number one on the singles charts of Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Spain, and Sweden, as well as on three US "Billboard" charts. Imbruglia's version sold over four million copies worldwide.


title: Torn (Ednaswap song)

text: "Torn" was written in 1991 by Scott Cutler and Anne Preven with producer Phil Thornalley as a solo song for Preven. Cutler and Preven's band Ednaswap performed it live, but did not initially release a recording.


title: Torn (Ednaswap song)

text: Ednaswap released a recorded version in 1995. The song followed the single "Glow" from their self-titled debut album. Thornalley and Cutler produced the session. The band later released several variations and remixes of the song as B-sides and on their album "Wacko Magneto".


title: Torn (Ednaswap song)

text: The first release recording of the song was in 1993 by the Danish singer Lis Sørensen as ""Brændt"" ("Burnt"). It was featured on her album "Under stjernerne et sted" ("Somewhere Below the Stars"), and was also a radio single. It became a hit in Denmark. Sørensen had received the song through music producer , as a suggestion for inclusion on her new album. The Danish lyrics were written by .


title: Torn (Ednaswap song)

text: A version of the song was recorded in 1996 by American-Norwegian singer Trine Rein and released on her second album, "Beneath My Skin" (1996). Rein's version reached No. 10 on the Norwegian charts. A music video was also produced to promote this version.


title: Torn (Ednaswap song)

text: In 1997, Australian singer and actress Natalie Imbruglia, working with Thornalley, covered the song for her debut studio album, "Left of the Middle" (1997). Imbruglia's version was recorded in Kilburn, London, with David Munday (lead guitar), Thornalley (bass, rhythm guitars), Chuck Sabo (drums), Henry Binns, Sam Hardaker (Zero 7) (drum programming) and Katrina Leskanich (background vocals). It was mixed by Nigel Godrich. Released as a single, Imbruglia's version became a worldwide hit.


title: Torn (Ednaswap song)

text: For the song, Imbruglia received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, losing to Celine Dion's "My Heart Will Go On". The accompanying music video for "Torn" features British actor Jeremy Sheffield.


title: Torn (Ednaswap song)

text: Imbruglia also recorded an acoustic version of the song in 2001 for "MTV Unplugged". The sheet music for "Torn" is published in the key of F major.


title: Torn (Ednaswap song)

text: Larry Flick from "Billboard" described the song as a "shuffling, acoustic-lined rocker", noting that it "has the rich texture and guitar flavor needed to win the props of rock radio." He added, "However, the song also has an infectious melody that will warm the heart of anyone with a hankering for a slice of pure pop. Imbruglia has a charming, heartfelt delivery mildly reminiscent of Jewel." Scottish newspaper "Daily Record" commented, "Gorgeous tune from a gorgeous lady". A reviewer from "Music & Media" stated that "this very convincing debut single" has taken the U.K. charts by storm, "and looks likely to do so elsewhere." "Music Week" rated it five out of five, picking it as Single of the Week. They wrote, "The former "Neighbours" star possesses a sweet voice and this song — produced by Nigel Godrich (Radiohead) — has a gentle beauty. Should be huge." The magazine's Alan Jones viewed it as an "excellent single", adding, "A star is reborn."


title: Torn (Ednaswap song)

text: In 2013, "Torn" was declared the "Best Pop Song" on a top 10 list, part of a larger collection of songs by "Q" magazine in their special edition "1001 Best Songs Ever" issue. In 2013, "Billboard" ranked "Torn" the number 26 Biggest Pop Song based only on pop radio charts compiled between 1992 and 2012. In 2005, "Torn" was listed at number 383 on "Blender" magazine's list of "500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born".


title: Torn (Ednaswap song)

text: The physical single of Imbruglia's version of the song has sold more than 4 million copies worldwide, including more than 1 million copies in the UK alone. In the UK, it is the 85th biggest selling single of all time. The track peaked at number two for three weeks, from 2 to 22 November 1997, and then dropped to number four, it broke the airplay record in the UK (more than 2000 plays) for six weeks and was number one for fourteen weeks in the UK radio chart. On 24 September 2007, Natalie Imbruglia's version of the song re-entered the UK Singles Chart at number 70, on the strength of digital sales after her greatest hits album was released. In the Flanders region of Belgium, the single peaked at a number one for 7 consecutive weeks and charted for 22 weeks.


title: Torn (Ednaswap song)

text: In the United States, the song peaked at number one on the Hot 100 Airplay chart for 11 consecutive weeks. However, as a result of rules preventing tracks which had not been released as physical singles from charting on the "Billboard" Hot 100, the song did not chart there during its peak of popularity in the United States. When the song was declining in popularity, the rules changed to allow airplay-only songs onto the chart, and the song charted for 2 weeks, peaking at number 42. In Canada, it peaked at number one on the "RPM" Top Singles chart for 12 nonconsecutive weeks, from 13 April to 8 June and 22 June to 6 July 1998. It was the most successful single of the year there.


title: Torn (Ednaswap song)

text: In the "Forbes" list of the UK's 40 most-played songs of the 2010s, "Torn" was at no. 40, and the only 1990s song in the list. It was the 19th-most-played song from 2000 to 2009 in the UK. In 2009, "News.com.au" reported that it was the most played song on Australian radio since 1990, played more than 300,500 times since its 1997 release, an average of 75 times a day, based on data compiled by the Australian Performing Rights Association (APRA).


title: Torn (Ednaswap song)

text: The music video to Natalie Imbruglia's cover version, filmed on 25 October 1997 under the direction of Alison Maclean, features a shot of an apartment where the angle of vision never changes. Shots of Imbruglia singing along with the song are interspersed with footage of her and British actor Jeremy Sheffield engaging in a romantically inclined conversation. These few scenes turn out to be B-roll footage, as the two actors are seen fumbling their lines and positions; and the director constantly steps into frame to redirect the two. During the last chorus, the apartment walls start wobbling and the crew comes to dismantle it, revealing the location to be a set inside a soundstage. Imbruglia begins to dance during the finishing guitar solo as her "world" crumbles around her.


title: Torn (Ednaswap song)

text: The song was pantomimed by David Armand for a 2005 HBO broadcast which spread on the internet. This popularity of the "Karaoke for the Deaf" performance by Armand as Johan Lippowitz resulted in the 2006 live performance (Amnesty International's Secret Policeman's Ball) with Imbruglia where she sings "Torn" and then joins into the "interpretive dance" pantomime featuring both Armand and Imbruglia acting out the words of the song.


title: Torn (Ednaswap song)

text: In 2005, Brazilian girl group Rouge recorded a Portuguese version of the song, titled "O Amor é Ilusão" (lit.: "Love is an illusion"), included in the group's 2005 fourth studio album "Mil e Uma Noites". It was the album's second and last single, and their last overall until "Bailando" in 2018.


title: Torn (Ednaswap song)

text: The lyrics were written by Milton Guedes, who co-wrote their hits "Não Dá pra Resistir", "Beijo Molhado", and others, with production by Rick Bonadio.


title: Torn (Ednaswap song)

text: After three studio albums, their record label Sony BMG demanded a compilation album, against the band members' wishes. At the time, rumors of their breakup circulated in the press, and they felt a new release would help dispel those allegations. "Mil e Uma Noites" was eventually released as a compromise, with most tracks being previously released hits, plus six all-new tracks.


title: Torn (Ednaswap song)

text: As always, the album featured songs originally in English rewritten for Portuguese, including "Torn". After the success of the album's first single "Vem Habib (Wala Wala)", "O Amor é Ilusão" was announced as the follow-up and released in late September.


title: Torn (Ednaswap song)

text: This version keeps most of the original's lyrical themes, about a lost love who gradually drifts away from the narrator.


title: Torn (Ednaswap song)

text: The song appeared in several television series, the most prominent of which being the American TV series "Charmed", in the episode "I've Got You Under My Skin". Imbruglia's version of the song appeared in other shows as well; examples include the Chilean soap opera "Separados" (broadcast by TVN), the Turkish teen drama "Love 101" (broadcast and distributed by Netflix), and the Philippine TV series "Gimik" (aired by ABS-CBN).


title: Torn (Ednaswap song)

text: In 2010, British-Irish boyband One Direction sang an acoustic version of "Torn" for their first performance as a group on "The X Factor". The group would perform the song again in November 2015 on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge, this time as a quartet following Zayn Malik's departure earlier in the year.


title: Torn (Ednaswap song)

text: In 2018, Welsh pop punk band Neck Deep covered the song, with an accompanying music video that parodies Natalie Imbruglia's 1997 video.


title: UFC 280

text: UFC 280: Oliveira vs. Makhachev was a mixed martial arts event produced by the Ultimate Fighting Championship that took place on October 22, 2022, at the Etihad Arena in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.


title: UFC 280

text: A UFC Lightweight Championship bout for the vacant title between former champion Charles Oliveira and Islam Makhachev headlined the event. Oliveira was stripped of the title at UFC 274 when he failed to make weight for his attempted title defense against former interim champion (also former WSOF Lightweight Champion) Justin Gaethje. Beneil Dariush, who is scheduled to face former KSW Featherweight and Lightweight Champion Mateusz Gamrot, revealed in mid-September that he was expected to serve as backup to this contest. In turn, current UFC Featherweight Champion Alexander Volkanovski announced in mid-October that he was the official replacement in case either of the headliners pull out. Dariush still claimed that he had the backup spot, but no official announcement had been made by the promotion. Volkanovski eventually weighed in successfully as the official substitute.


title: UFC 280

text: A UFC Bantamweight Championship bout between current champion Aljamain Sterling and former two-time champion T.J. Dillashaw was originally targeted as the main event of UFC 279, but the promotion opted to change plans and move it to this event.


title: UFC 280

text: Former UFC Women's Flyweight Championship challenger Katlyn Chookagian and Manon Fiorot met in a women's flyweight bout at this event. They were originally scheduled to meet at a month earlier, with Chookagian pulling out once due to undisclosed reasons, only to return as a replacement for her own substitute. At the weigh-ins, Chookagian weighed in at 127.5 pounds, one and a half pounds over the flyweight non-title fight limit. The bout proceeded at catchweight and she was fined 20% of her purse, which went to Fiorot.


title: UFC 280

text: A women's strawweight bout between Marina Rodriguez and Amanda Lemos was expected to take place at the event. However, the bout was postponed to UFC Fight Night 214 for unknown reasons.


title: UFC 280

text: A heavyweight bout between Parker Porter and Hamdy Abdelwahab was scheduled for the event. However, Abdelwahab was removed for unknown reasons and replaced by promotional newcomer Slim Trabelsi. In turn, the pairing was cancelled altogether as Trabelsi pulled out due to contractual issues with ARES FC and Porter opted to pursue a later fight, rather than a replacement barring unforeseen circumstances.


title: UFC 280

text: Jamie Mullarkey was expected to face Magomed Mustafaev in a lightweight bout. However, Mullarkey pulled out in mid-September due to injury. He was replaced by Yamato Nishikawa. In turn, Nishikawa was forced to withdraw due to contractual issues and the bout was scrapped.


title: UFC 280

text: A heavyweight bout between Shamil Abdurakhimov and Jailton Almeida was expected to take place at this event. They were originally scheduled to meet at UFC 279, but Abdurakhimov withdrew due to visa issues. In turn, Almeida was booked against Maxim Grishin at UFC Fight Night 214 in a catchweight of 220 pounds, after Abdurakhimov withdrew again for unknown reasons.


title: UFC 280

text: A featherweight bout between Zubaira Tukhugov and Lucas Almeida was expected to take place at this event. However, the bout was scrapped the day before the event due to weight management issues related to Tukhugov.


title: Daniel

text: Daniel is a masculine given name and a surname of Hebrew origin. It means "God is my judge" (cf. Gabriel—"God is my strength"), and derives from two early biblical figures, primary among them Daniel from the Book of Daniel. It is a common given name for males, and is also used as a surname. It is also the basis for various derived given names and surnames.


title: Daniel

text: The name evolved into over 100 different spellings in countries around the world. Nicknames (Dan, Danny) are common in both English and Hebrew; "Dan" may also be a complete given name rather than a nickname. The name "Daniil" (Даниил) is common in Russia. Feminine versions (Danielle, Danièle, Daniela, Daniella, Dani, Danitza) are prevalent as well. It has been particularly well-used in Ireland. The Dutch names "Daan" and "Daniël" are also variations of Daniel. A related surname developed as a patronymic, Daniels. Other surnames derived from "Daniel" include McDaniel and Danielson.


title: Daniel

text: In the United States, the U.S. Social Security Administration reports that Daniel has peaked as the fifth most popular name for newborns in 1985, 1990, 2007, and 2008. The U.S. Census Bureau reported that in the 2000 census, "Daniels" was the 182nd most common surname in the U.S., while "McDaniel" was ranked at 323, and "Daniel" (without a final "s") was ranked at 380. In 2016, Top 100 Baby Names in Canada ranked it at number 27.


title: Greek cuisine

text: Greek cuisine (Greek: Ελληνική Κουζίνα) is the cuisine of Greece and the Greek diaspora. In common with many other cuisines of the Mediterranean, it is founded on the triad of wheat, olive oil, and wine. It uses vegetables, olive oil, grains, fish, and meat, including pork, poultry, veal and beef, lamb, rabbit, and goat. Other important ingredients include pasta (for example hilopites), cheeses, lemon juice, herbs, olives, and yogurt. Bread made of wheat is ubiquitous; other grains, notably barley, are also used, especially for paximathia. Common dessert ingredients include nuts, honey, fruits, and filo pastries. It continues traditions from Ancient Greek and Byzantine cuisine, while incorporating Balkan, Turkish and Italian influences.


title: Greek cuisine

text: Greek cuisine is part of the culture of Greece and is recorded in images and texts from ancient times. Its influence spread to ancient Rome and then throughout Europe and beyond.


title: Greek cuisine

text: Ancient Greek cuisine was characterized by its frugality and was founded on the "Mediterranean triad": wheat, olive oil, and wine, with meat being rarely eaten and fish being more common. This trend in Greek diet continued in Cyprus and changed only fairly recently when technological progress has made meat more available. Wine and olive oil have always been a central part of it and the spread of grapes and olive trees in the Mediterranean and further afield is correlated with Greek colonization.


title: Greek cuisine

text: The Spartan diet was also marked by its frugality. A notorious staple of the Spartan diet was "melas zomos" (black soup), made by boiling the blood of pigs with vinegar to prevent coagulation. This dish was noted by the Spartans' Greek contemporaries, particularly Athenians and Corinthians, as proof of the Spartans' different way of living.


title: Greek cuisine

text: Byzantine cuisine was similar to ancient cuisine, with the addition of new ingredients, such as caviar, nutmeg and basil. Lemons, prominent in Greek cuisine and introduced in the second century, were used medicinally before being incorporated into the diet. Fish continued to be an integral part of the diet for coastal dwellers. Culinary advice was influenced by the theory of humors, first put forth by the ancient Greek doctor Claudius Aelius Galenus. Byzantine cuisine benefited from Constantinople's position as a global hub of the spice trade.


title: Greek cuisine

text: The most characteristic and ancient element of Greek cuisine is olive oil, which is used in most dishes. It is produced from the olive trees prominent throughout the region, and adds to the distinctive taste of Greek food. The olives themselves are also widely eaten. The basic grain in Greece is wheat, though barley is also grown. Important vegetables include tomato, aubergine (eggplant), potato, green beans, okra, green peppers (capsicum), and onions. Honey in Greece is mainly honey from the nectar of fruit trees and citrus trees: lemon, orange, bigarade (bitter orange) trees, thyme honey, and pine honey. "Mastic" (aromatic, ivory-coloured resin) is grown on the Aegean island of Chios.


title: Greek cuisine

text: Greek cuisine uses some flavorings more often than other Mediterranean cuisines do, namely oregano, mint, garlic, onion, dill, cummin, coriander, and bay laurel leaves. Other common herbs and spices include basil, thyme and fennel seed. Parsley is also used as a garnish on some dishes. Many Greek recipes, especially in the northern parts of the country, use "sweet" spices in combination with meat, for example cinnamon, allspice and cloves in stews.


title: Greek cuisine

text: The climate and terrain has tended to favour the breeding of goats and sheep over cattle, and thus beef dishes are uncommon. Fish dishes are common in coastal regions and on the islands. A great variety of cheese types are used in Greek cuisine, including "Feta", "Kasseri", "Kefalotyri", "Graviera", "Anthotyros", "Manouri", "Metsovone", "Ladotyri" (cheese with olive oil), "Kalathaki" (a specialty from the island of Limnos), "Katiki Domokou" (creamy cheese, suitable for spreads), "Mizithra" and many more.


title: Greek cuisine

text: Dining out is common in Greece. The "taverna" and "estiatorio" are widespread, serving home cooking at affordable prices to both locals and tourists. Locals still largely eat Greek cuisine.


title: Greek cuisine

text: Fast food became popular in the 1970s, with some chains, such as Goody's and McDonald's serving international food like hamburgers, and others serving Greek foods such as souvlaki, gyros, tyropita, and spanakopita.


title: Greek cuisine

text: Many dishes can be traced back to ancient Greece: lentil soup, fasolada (though the modern version is made with white beans and tomatoes, both New World plants), tiganites, retsina (white or rosé wine flavored with pine resin) and pasteli (candy bar with sesame seeds baked with honey); some to the Hellenistic and Roman periods: loukaniko (dried pork sausage); and Byzantium: feta cheese, avgotaraho (cured fish roe), moustalevria and paximadi (traditional hard bread baked from wheat, barley and rye). There are also many ancient and Byzantine dishes which are no longer consumed: porridge ("chilós" in Greek) as the main staple, fish sauce ("garos"), and salt water mixed into wine.


title: Greek cuisine

text: Some dishes show Italian influence, due to Venetian and Genoese rule of many parts of Greece from the 13th to the 18th century. Such dishes include pastitsio, pastitsada, stifado, salami, macaronia, mandolato and more.


title: Greek cuisine

text: Many Greek dishes are inherited from Ottoman cuisine, which combined influences from Persian, Levantine-Arabic, Turkish and Byzantine cuisines: phyllo, tzatziki, yuvarlakia, eggplant papoutsaki, boureki, meze, dolma, hummus, pita bread, papoutsakia, baklava, kadaifi, halva, loukoumi, and more.


title: Greek cuisine

text: In the 20th century, French cuisine had a major influence on Greek cooking, largely due to the French-trained chef Nikolaos Tselementes, who created the modern Greek pastitsio; he also created the modern Greek version of moussaka by combining an existing eggplant dish with a French-style gratin topping.


title: Greek cuisine

text: Some ethnic minorities living in Greece also have their own cuisine. One example is the Aromanians and their Aromanian cuisine.


title: Greek cuisine

text: Many food items are wrapped in filo pastry, either in bite-size triangles or in large sheets: kotopita (chicken pie), spanakopita (spinach and cheese pie), hortopita (greens pie), kreatopita (meat pie, using minced meat), kolokythopita (zucchini pie) etc. In general, the Greeks do with filo what the Italians do with pasta; They have countless variations of pitas (savory pies).


title: Greek cuisine

text: North-Western and Central Greece (Epirus, Thessaly and Roumeli/Central Greece) have a strong tradition of filo-based dishes, such as some special regional pitas.


title: Countdown to Extinction

text: Countdown to Extinction is the fifth studio album by American thrash metal band Megadeth, released on July 14, 1992, through Capitol Records. It was the group's second studio release to feature the "classic" lineup of Dave Mustaine, Marty Friedman, David Ellefson and Nick Menza, with all of them contributing to songwriting on the album. The album features some of the band's best known songs such as "Symphony of Destruction", "Sweating Bullets", and "Skin o' My Teeth", which enjoyed significant chart success and made a great musical impact.


title: Countdown to Extinction

text: "Countdown to Extinction" received positive reaction from music critics, who noted its politically oriented lyrics and simplified sound in comparison to their previous record. The album entered the "Billboard" 200 at number two, the band's highest position ever. It eventually achieved double platinum status and became their most commercially successful album. The record was nominated for Best Metal Performance at the 1993 Grammy Awards, while the album's title track won the Humane Society's Genesis Award for raising awareness for animal rights issues.


title: Countdown to Extinction

text: In 2012, in recognition of the album's 20th anniversary, Megadeth kicked off a 20th anniversary tour in South America, playing the album in its entirety. In addition, a 20th anniversary special edition of the album was released in November 2012, and featuring a performance of the full album was released in September 2013.


title: Countdown to Extinction

text: "Countdown to Extinction" is Megadeth's fifth studio album, and the second to feature the line-up of Dave Mustaine, Marty Friedman, David Ellefson and Nick Menza. In an interview for "Billboard" at the time, Mustaine admitted that he fired past members Chuck Behler and Jeff Young because they resisted his pleas to seek rehabilitative counseling. He added that it was a "major accomplishment" that all four members of Megadeth contributed material to the album, unlike their earlier releases which were "nearly all Mustaine". Mustaine also revealed that producer Max Norman had significant input to the album by making "a lot of suggestions and a lot of great artistic ideas". However, Norman later accused Mustaine of attempting to steal some credit from him. Guitarist Marty Friedman said that unlike "Rust in Peace", the creation of this record was "completely different". He further stated that the band had changed the songs "a million times" before recording them on demo and entering the studio.


title: Countdown to Extinction

text: The music for "Countdown to Extinction" was written in two different sessions. The first session was done following the conclusion of Clash of the Titans tour, while the second session took place after a one-month break, in the fall of 1991. The album was recorded in the first half of 1992, when the Rodney King Riots took place. These events negatively affected the recording process, as the band was forced to leave the studio every night at six o'clock because of the enacted curfew. Dave Mustaine shared his experience: "There’s nothing worse than getting a creative moment and you have to leave. It was like a school bell ringing." The record was produced by Mustaine and Max Norman at The Enterprise in Burbank, California, while the mixing was handed by Norman with the help of Fred Kelly. Referring to the recording process, Mustaine said that "Countdown to Extinction" "was one of those records where everything was firing on all 12 cylinders and you just know it". He also said that it didn't take the band a long time to record the album because "records were a lot easier to make back then because the pressure wasn't quite as hard".


title: Countdown to Extinction

text: Following Metallica's mainstream breakthrough in 1991 with the success of their eponymous album which saw them strip down their sound, Mustaine decided to follow suit, though the music remained as technically perfectionist as their previous releases. Drummer Nick Menza explained: "Metallica has definitely opened the doors for other bands to step through. We're obviously the next band to step through that doorway." Musically, "Countdown to Extinction" saw Megadeth beginning to incorporate more melody and mid-tempos into its traditional sound. Bassist David Ellefson noted that the band's goal was to "create music that had more of a groove to it," capitalizing on the melodic playing style employed by Friedman, and further assisted by the input of producer Norman. Author Thomas Harrison wrote that with this album, Megadeth's music became "more virtuosic than noisy and took the next step toward widespread acceptance".


title: Countdown to Extinction

text: Like its predecessor, many of the songs on the album have political and military undertones. However, the opening track "Skin o' My Teeth" was speculated being about suicide, a theme which differs from the rest of the album.


title: Countdown to Extinction

text: "Symphony of Destruction", with lyrics written by Dave Mustaine inspired in part by the movie The Manchurian Candidate, details a story about a regular citizen as the head of a puppet regime, as the country is run by a phantom government. The song was noted by critics for its great social and philosophical impact. "Architecture of Aggression" explores the nature of global conflict; Mustaine revealed that the song was about former Iraq president Saddam Hussein, who was engaged in the Gulf War at the time. "Foreclosure of a Dream" deals with economic concerns and social inequality. According to music critic Eduardo Rivaldivia, "perhaps no other Megadeth song in history deals as directly and soberly" with these issues. The song sampled then-U.S. president George H. W. Bush's infamous "" speech, making a statement about taxation endangering the "American Dream". "Billboard" praised the track, along with "Symphony of Destruction", for being "socially conscious" and described them as "powerful statements for hard rockers".


title: Countdown to Extinction

text: The fifth track, "Sweating Bullets", shows Mustaine's battle with his inner selves, which is presented throughout a conversational singing style. "Sweating Bullets" was written during the second recording session and was released as the album's third single. Its lyrical theme deals with paranoia. David Ellefson commented that the song's lyrics were "psychotically perfect" and sounded like "the inside of a crazed lunatic's mind". The title track was inspired by environmental concerns about the future of the planet, as well as criticisms of trophy hunting and the negative impact that it has. The name was suggested by Nick Menza, who had read a story in "Time" magazine entitled "The Countdown to Extinction". "High Speed Dirt" focuses on skydiving. "Captive Honour" is a song about prison and the consequences of crime, while "Psychotron" was written about the Marvel Comics character Deathlok. The album's closing track, "Ashes in Your Mouth", concentrates on the negative aftermaths of war. The longest tune on the record, it is performed at intense tempo and features shredding guitar leads.


title: Countdown to Extinction

text: "Countdown to Extinction" received generally positive reaction from critics. "Spin" wrote that the album "may just be the finest thrash metal album ever made, although purists may find it a bit too polished and easy to swallow". AllMusic reviewer Steve Huey said that "Megadeth guns for arena thrash success and gets it on "Countdown to Extinction"". However, Huey noted the simplification of Megadeth's sound on the album in response to Metallica's commercially successful self-titled album released the previous year. Sputnikmusic reviewer Mike Stagno praised Mustaine's vocals as well as a number of the album's tracks. Despite calling this effort "Megadeth's first step into the world of mainstream music", he also noted that "the band still maintains its identity". Reflex described the sound as "impressively clean, streamlined, and sharp, brimming with killing riffs". They highlighted the vocal delivery on the record, saying "Mustaine's never sounded more confident, verbally and vocally".


title: Countdown to Extinction

text: Popmatters writer Craig Hayes opined that "Countdown to Extinction" was "either an exemplary illustration of nimble-fingered thrash metal that introduced Megadeth to a legion of new fans" or "an unimaginative, artistically cynical stab at arena-baiting commercial success". According to Greg Sandow from "Entertainment Weekly", Megadeth's "music has lost its former hurricane verve but keeps its crunch, and feels more rooted, even more melodic". Chad Bowar from About.com raved the album's 20th anniversary edition, describing the songs as "more straightforward" and the lyrics predominantly being "politically charged". Jon Hadusek, writing in Consequence of Sound, labeled "Countdown to Extinction" as Mustaine's "political record" and said that the record "saw Megadeth moving away from thrash metal and closer to generic hard rock, a sonic shift they would embrace on subsequent albums". In an unfavorable review, Karen Csengeri of "Rolling Stone" wrote that "while "Countdown" echoes the band's earlier work thematically, it's stylistically disappointing". However, the magazine would later rank the album 33rd on their 2017 "100 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time" list. By contrast, Holger Stratmann of "Rock Hard" concluded that the disc is "a compact album with a few strokes of genius". Reviewing the album's deluxe edition for "Record Collector", journalist Joel McIver eulogized it as a "masterpiece of technical, melodic thrash" and a showcase of Megadeth "at their best and most coherent".


title: Countdown to Extinction

text: "Countdown to Extinction" was released on July 14, 1992 through Capitol Records and debuted at number two on the "Billboard" 200 with first week sales of 128,000 copies. It was prevented from entering the chart at number one because of Billy Ray Cyrus' long chart-topping reign with "Some Gave All". The album was acknowledged as the band's commercial breakthrough, and according to authors Pete Prown and Harvey P. Newquist, Megadeth "reached the heights of popularity and critical acclaim" with this particular record. Two years after its original release, "Countdown to Extinction" was certified double platinum and became the band's most commercially successful album, confirming that they had retained their audience in the wake of grunge. The record was nominated for Best Metal Performance at the 1993 Grammy Awards, while the album's title track won the Humane Society's Genesis Award for raising awareness for animal rights issues.


title: Countdown to Extinction

text: The record enjoyed similar chart success outside of the United States. It managed to peak within the top 5 on the charts in the United Kingdom and New Zealand, and charted for eight weeks on both of them. It also entered the top 10 on the Japanese and Norwegian albums chart, while it charted slightly lower in several other countries as well. It was eventually certified three times platinum from the Canadian Music Association for shipping 300,000 copies and received a silver award from the British Phonographic Industry for having a shipment of 300,000 copies.


title: Countdown to Extinction

text: Asked how does he think that the album has aged, Dave Mustaine responded: "I think it's timely and timeless at the same time, and I think that's one of the most difficult things for a musician to do. Very few records in our genre are like that. Musically it's heavy and the lyrics are very symbolic." In the liner notes of the album's 20th anniversary edition, music journalist Kory Grow wrote that "thanks to a perfect balance of hard-rock song structures, epic choruses, and fleet-fingered guitar work, "Countdown to Extinction" became an instant classic, benefiting from copious MTV and radio play." Artistdirect editor in chief Rick Florino called the album a "seminal" release and commented that it "changed the game by preserving the band's thrash intensity and impressive technical prowess, while dropping some of the biggest hooks the genre had ever seen". In a retrospective review of the album, Craig Hayes from Popmatters wrote that "Countdown to Extinction"'s "status as a gateway metal album is indisputable" and its "popularity speaks volumes about its significance in the metal canon".


title: Countdown to Extinction

text: The group started the "Countdown to Extinction" tour in 1992 with Pantera, Suicidal Tendencies and White Zombie as the opening acts. They headlined the Roskilde Festival in Denmark on June 27 the same year, and continued with dates in Europe during the summer. The tour carried on throughout 1993, with the band making appearances on a number of large festivals. In January they performed in the United States with Stone Temple Pilots as the supporting act. Although these two bands had scheduled tour dates in Japan during the month of May, the dates were subsequently canceled. In June 1993, Megadeth played at the Milton Keynes National Bowl with Diamond Head and later opened for Iron Maiden and Metallica on their European tour. After finishing their major European tour, the band began a US tour which eventually ended on December 8, 1993.


title: Countdown to Extinction

text: Megadeth honored the 20-year jubilee of the album's release with a headlining tour on which they played the record in its entirety. The tour began in September 2012 with live performances in South America, and continued the following two months with shows in North America. During this tour, three songs from the record ("Architecture of Aggression", "Psychotron" and "Captive Honour") had their live premiere, and a couple of others ("This Was My Life" and "High Speed Dirt") have been performed for the first time in many years. David Ellefson shared his impressions from playing the set live with newer members Shawn Drover and Chris Broderick by saying that they "executed [the songs] to 100% perfection". A which features a performance of the full album was released on September 24, 2013.


title: Countdown to Extinction

text: In July 2004, Capitol Records released a remixed and remastered version of the album with four bonus tracks. The remixed edition was a part of the band's reissued catalog during their tenure at Capitol. Dave Mustaine himself was in charge during the remixing process. In June 2006, two audiophile remasters of the album were released; an Ultradisc II Gold CD version by the Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab, and a 180 gram vinyl 2LP version, both mixed by Mustaine. A 20th anniversary edition was released on November 6, 2012. This release features the original album on disc one, omitting the bonus tracks from the 2004 re-release. Disc two features a recording of the band's performance at San Francisco's Cow Palace in 1992, a show never before released in its entirety. Additionally, a 24" x 36" poster and four collectible postcards are included in the package. The liner notes have also been written by music journalist Kory Grow, and the reissue includes a poster and four postcards featuring head shots of each member from the album's lineup.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: Neuropathic pain is pain caused by damage or disease affecting the somatosensory system. Neuropathic pain may be associated with abnormal sensations called dysesthesia or pain from normally non-painful stimuli (allodynia). It may have continuous and/or episodic (paroxysmal) components. The latter resemble stabbings or electric shocks. Common qualities include burning or coldness, "pins and needles" sensations, numbness and itching.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: Up to 7%-8% of the European population is affected, and in 5% of persons it may be severe. Neuropathic pain may result from disorders of the peripheral nervous system or the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). Thus, neuropathic pain may be divided into peripheral neuropathic pain, central neuropathic pain, or mixed (peripheral and central) neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain may occur in isolation or in combination with other forms of pain. Medical treatments focus on identifying the underlying cause and relieving pain. In cases of neuropathy, the pain may progress to insensitivity.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: Diagnosis of pain conditions relies on the character of the pain with a sharp stabbing character and the presence of particular features such as mechanical allodynia and cold allodynia. Neuropathic pain also tends to affect defined dermatomes and there may be limits to the area of pain. For neuropathic pain, clinicians look for an underlying lesion to the nervous system or an inciting cause consistent with the development of neuropathic pain. The obvious presence of an underlying feature or cause is not always detectable, and response to treatment may be used as a surrogate particularly in cases where diagnosis of the underlying lesion leaves the patient in pain for a prolonged period of time. MRI may be helpful in the identification of underlying lesions, reversible causes or serious underlying conditions such as primary presentation of a tumor or multiple sclerosis. Quantitative sensory testing (QST), a system of detailed analysis of the somatosensory system, is frequently used in research situations to identify neuropathic pain and a more detailed analysis of its components. It has been suggested by some authorities that QST may have a future role in the diagnosis of neuropathic pain and in particular the identification of neuropathic pain subtypes. Neuropathic pain can occur alone or in combination with other types of pain. The identification of neuropathic pain components is important as different classes of analgesic are required.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: The gold standard for diagnosing small fiber neuropathy as the etiology of neuropathic pain is skin biopsy. Sudomotor assessment, through electrochemical skin conductance, an accurate objective technique, could be considered as a good screening tool to limit skin biopsy in patients in whom it is not suitable.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: Central neuropathic pain is found in spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, Peripheral neuropathies are commonly caused by diabetes, metabolic disorders, herpes zoster infection, HIV-related neuropathies, nutritional deficiencies, toxins, remote manifestations of malignancies, immune mediated disorders and physical trauma to a nerve trunk. Neuropathic pain is common in cancer as a direct result of cancer on peripheral nerves (e.g., compression by a tumor), or as a side effect of chemotherapy (chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy), radiation injury or surgery.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: Neuropathic pain has profound physiological effects on the brain which can manifest as psychological disorders. Rodent models where the social effects of chronic pain can be isolated from other factors suggest that induction of chronic pain can cause anxio-depressive symptoms and that particular circuits in the brain have a direct connection. Depression and neuropathic pain may have a bidirectional relationship and relief of co-morbid depression may underlie some of the therapeutic efficacy of antidepressants in neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain has important effects on social well-being that should not be ignored. People with neuropathic pain may have difficulty working exhibiting higher levels of presenteeism, absenteeism and unemployment, exhibit higher levels of substance misuse (which may be related to attempted self-medication), and present difficulties with social interactions. Moreover, uncontrolled neuropathic pain is a significant risk factor for suicide. Certain classes of neuropathic pain may cause serious adverse effects necessitating hospital admission, for instance trigeminal neuralgia can present as a severe crisis where the patient may have difficulty talking, eating and drinking. As neuropathic pain may be comorbid with cancer, it can have important dose limiting effects on certain classes of chemotherapeutic.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: Neuropathic pain can be very difficult to treat with only some 40-60% of people achieving partial relief.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: First line treatments are certain antidepressants (tricyclic antidepressants and serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors), anticonvulsants (pregabalin and gabapentin). Opioid analgesics are recognized as useful agents but are not recommended as first line treatments. A broader range of treatments are used in specialist care. There are limited data and guidance for the long-term treatment of pain. Notably, strong evidence from randomized controlled trials is not available for all interventions.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: Pregabalin and gabapentin may reduce pain associated with diabetic neuropathy. The anticonvulsants carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine are especially effective in trigeminal neuralgia. Carbamazepine is a voltage-gated sodium channel inhibitor, and reduces neuronal excitability by preventing depolarisation. Carbamazepine is most commonly prescribed to treat trigeminal neuralgia due to clinical experience and early clinical trials showing strong efficacy. Gabapentin may reduce symptoms associated with neuropathic pain or fibromyalgia in some people. There is no predictor test to determine if it will be effective for a particular person. A short trial period of gabapentin therapy is recommended, to determine the effectiveness for that person. 62% of people taking gabapentin may have at least one adverse event, however the incidence of serious adverse events was found to be low. Although gabapentin and pregabalin possess low abuse potential, these drugs can cause physical dependence over the course of normal treatment, and certain patients may become psychologically dependent as well.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: Meta analysis of randomized clinical trials suggests that Lamotrigine is not useful for the majority of patients although it may have use in treatment refractory cases.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: Dual serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors in particular duloxetine, as well as tricyclic antidepressants in particular amitriptyline, and nortriptyline are considered first-line medications for this condition.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: Opioids, while commonly used in chronic neuropathic pain, are not a recommended first or second line treatment. In the short and long term they are of unclear benefit, although clinical experience suggests that opioids like tramadol may be useful for treating sudden onset severe pain In the intermediate term evidence of low quality supports utility.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: Several opioids, particularly levorphanol, methadone and ketobemidone, possess NMDA receptor antagonism in addition to their µ-opioid agonist properties. Methadone does so because it is a racemic mixture; only the l-isomer is a potent µ-opioid agonist. The d-isomer does not have opioid agonist action and acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist; d-methadone is analgesic in experimental models of chronic pain.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: There is little evidence to indicate that one strong opioid is more effective than another. Expert opinion leans toward the use of methadone for neuropathic pain, in part because of its NMDA antagonism. It is reasonable to base the choice of opioid on other factors. It is unclear if fentanyl gives pain relief to people with neuropathic pain. The potential pain relief benefits of strong opioids must be weighed against their significant addiction potential under normal clinical use and some authorities suggest that they should be reserved for cancer pain. Importantly, recent observational studies suggest a pain-relief benefit in non-cancer related chronic pain of reducing or terminating long-term opioid therapy.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: Non-pharmaceutical treatments such as exercise, physical therapy and psychotherapy may be useful adjuncts to treatment.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: Local intradermal injection of botulinum neurotoxin type A may be helpful in chronic focal painful neuropathies. However, it causes muscle paralysis which may impact quality of life.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: Evidence for the use of Cannabis based medicines is limited, low-moderate quality evidence suggests a benefit in pain intensity, sleep quality and psychological distress. The use of Cannabis has to be weighed against the negative psychotomimetic effects that may impact quality of life. Therefore, cannabis is not recommended as a mainstream treatment but may have a place for treatment refractory cases.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: Neuromodulation is a field of science, medicine and bioengineering that encompasses both implantable and non-implantable technologies (electrical and chemical) for treatment purposes.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: Implanted devices are expensive and carry the risk of complications. Available studies have focused on conditions having a different prevalence than neuropathic pain patients in general. More research is needed to define the range of conditions that they might benefit.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: The best long-term results with deep brain stimulation have been reported with targets in the periventricular/periaqueductal grey matter (79%), or the periventricular/periaqueductal grey matter plus thalamus and/or internal capsule (87%). There is a significant complication rate, which increases over time.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: Stimulation of the primary motor cortex through electrodes placed within the skull but outside the thick meningeal membrane (dura) has been used to treat pain. The level of stimulation is below that for motor stimulation. As compared with spinal stimulation, which is associated with noticeable tingling (paresthesia) at treatment levels, the only palpable effect is pain relief.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: Spinal cord stimulators use electrodes placed adjacent to but outside the spinal cord. The overall complication rate is one-third, most commonly due to lead migration or breakage but advancements in the past decade have driven complication rates much lower. Lack of pain relief occasionally prompts device removal.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: The "N"-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor seems to play a major role in neuropathic pain and in the development of opioid tolerance. Dextromethorphan is an NMDA antagonist at high doses. Experiments in both animals and humans have established that NMDA antagonists such as ketamine and dextromethorphan can alleviate neuropathic pain and reverse opioid tolerance. Unfortunately, only a few NMDA antagonists are clinically available and their use is limited by a very short half life (ketamine), weak activity (memantine) or unacceptable side effects (dextromethorpan).


title: Neuropathic pain

text: Intrathecal pumps deliver medication to the fluid filled (subarachnoid) space surrounding the spinal cord. Opioids alone or opioids with adjunctive medication (either a local anesthetic or clonidine). Rarely there are complications such as serious infection (meningitis), urinary retention, hormonal disturbance and intrathecal granuloma formation have been noted with intrathecal infusion, associated with the delivery method.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: Ziconotide is a voltage-gated calcium channel blocker which may be used in severe cases of ongoing neuropathic pain it is delivered intrathecally.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: Ambroxol is a drug that reduces mucus. Preclinical research suggests it may produce analgesic effects by blocking sodium channels in sensory neurons.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: The use of gene therapy is a potential treatment for chronic neuropathic pain. In animals a gene therapy for local transgenes encoding for GABA synthesizing-releasing inhibitory machinery has been demonstrated and was effective for months at a time. It increases synaptically GABA-mediated neuronal inhibition in the spinal cord (or in the brain) via the induced expression of genes GAD65 and VGAT without any detected systemic or segmental side effects.<ref name="10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.04.023"></ref>


title: Neuropathic pain

text: In some forms of neuropathy the topical application of local anesthetics such as lidocaine may provide relief. A transdermal patch containing lidocaine is available commercially in some countries.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: Repeated topical applications of capsaicin are followed by a prolonged period of reduced skin sensibility referred to as desensitization, or nociceptor inactivation. Capsaicin causes reversible degeneration of epidermal nerve fibers. Notably the capsaicin used for the relief of neuropathic pain is a substantially higher concentration than capsaicin creams available over the counter, there is no evidence that over the counter capsaicin cream can improve neuropathic pain and topical capsaicin can itself induce pain.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: Orthopaedic interventions are frequently used to correct underlying pathology which may contribute to neuropathic pain. Many orthopaedic procedures have more limited evidence. Historically, neurosurgeons have attempted lesions of regions of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system. Whilst they cause some short term analgesia, these are considered to be universally ineffective.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: There is no good evidence that herbal products (nutmeg or St John's wort) are useful for treating neuropathic pain.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: A 2007 review of studies found that injected (parenteral) administration of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) was found to reduce the various symptoms of peripheral diabetic neuropathy. While some studies on orally administered ALA had suggested a reduction in both the positive symptoms of diabetic neuropathy (dysesthesia including stabbing and burning pain) as well as neuropathic deficits (paresthesia), the meta-analysis showed "more conflicting data whether it improves sensory symptoms or just neuropathic deficits alone". There is some limited evidence that ALA is also helpful in some other non-diabetic neuropathies.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: Benfotiamine is an oral prodrug of Vitamin B1 that has several placebo-controlled double-blind trials proving efficacy in treating neuropathy and various other diabetic comorbidities.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: The history of pain management can be traced back to ancient times. Galen also suggested nerve tissue as the transferring route of pain to the brain through the invisible psychic pneuma. The idea of origination of pain from the nerve itself, without any exciting pathology in other organs is presented by medieval medical scholars such as Rhazes, Haly Abbas and Avicenna. They named this type of pain specifically as ""vaja al asab"" [nerve originated pain], described its numbness, tingling and needling quality, discussed its etiology and the differentiating characteristics.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: The description of neuralgia was made by John Fothergill (1712-1780). In a medical article entitled "Clinical Lecture on Lead Neuropathy" published in 1924 the word "Neuropathy" was used for the first time by Gordon.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: The underlying pathophysiology of neuropathic pain remains a contested topic. The etiology and mechanism of pain are related to the cause of the pain. Certain forms of neuropathic pain are associated with lesions to the central nervous system such as thalamic pain associated with certain lesions (for instance strokes) to the thalamus whereas other forms of pain have a peripheral inciting injury such as traumatic neuropathies. The inciting cause of neuropathy has important consequences for its mechanistic basis as different tissues and cells are involved. The mechanistic basis of neuropathic pain remains controversial as do the relative contributions of each pathway. Notably our understanding of these processes is largely driven by rodent models in part because studying these tissues in living adults is difficult.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: With peripheral nervous system lesions, a number of processes may occur. Intact neurons may become unusually sensitive and develop spontaneous pathological activity and abnormal excitability.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: During neuropathic pain, ectopic activity arises in the peripheral nociceptors and this appears to be due in part to changes in the ion channel expression at the level of the periphery. There may be an increase in the expression or activity of voltage gated sodium and calcium channels which will support action potential generation. There may also be a decrease in potassium channels which would normally oppose action potential generation. Each of these changes appears to support an increase in excitability, which may allow endogenous stimuli to cause spontaneous pain.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: Central mechanisms of neuropathic pain involve a number of major pathways. Nociception is ordinarily transduced by a polysynaptic pathway through the spinal cord, and up the spinothalamic tract to the thalamus and then the cortex. Broadly speaking in neuropathic pain, neurons are hypersensitized, glia become activated and there is a loss of inhibitory tone.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: A major hypothesis in the theory of pain perception is the gate control theory of pain, proposed by Wall and Melzack in 1965. The theory predicts that the activation of central pain inhibitory neurons by non-pain sensing neurons prevents the transmission of non-harmful stimuli to pain centers in the brain. A loss of inhibitory neurons, GAD65/67 expression (the enzymes that synthesise GABA; the predominant inhibitory transmitter in the adult brain), has been observed in some systems following peripheral neuropathy such as in rats, and mice. However, these observations remain controversial with some investigators unable to detect a change. The loss of inhibitory inputs may allow fibers to transmit messages via the spinothalamic tract thus causing pain in normally painless stimuli. This loss of inhibition may not be limited to the spinal cord and a loss of GABA has also been observed in chronic pain patients in the thalamus.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: During neuropathic pain, glia become "activated" leading to the release of proteins that modulate neural activity. The activation of glia remains an area of intense interest for researchers. Microglia, the brain and spinal cord resident immune cells, respond to extrinsic cues. The source of these cues may include neurons secreting chemokines such as CCL21 and surface immobilized chemokines such as CX3CL1. Other glia such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes may also release these extrinsic cues for microglia and microglia themselves may produce proteins that amplify the response. The effect of microglia on neurons that leads to the neurons being sensitized is controversial. Brain derived neurotrophic factor, prostaglandins, TNF and IL-1β may be produced by microglia and cause changes in neurons that lead to hyperexcitability.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: Central sensitization is a potential component of neuropathic pain. It refers to a change in synaptic plasticity, efficacy, and intrinsic disinhibition that leads to an uncoupling of noxious inputs. In the sensitized neuron, outputs are no longer coupled to the intensity or duration and many inputs may be combined.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: During high frequency stimulation synapses conveying nociceptive information may become hyper efficient in a process that is similar although not identical to long-term potentiation. Molecules such as substance P may be involved in potentiation via neurokinin receptors. NMDA activation also triggers a change in the post synapse, it activates receptor kinases that increase receptor trafficking and post-translationally modify receptors causing changes in their excitability.


title: Neuropathic pain

text: The phenomena described above are dependent on changes at the cellular and molecular levels. Altered expression of ion channels, changes in neurotransmitters and their receptors, as well as altered gene expression in response to neural input, are at play. Neuropathic pain is associated with changes in sodium and calcium channel subunit expression resulting in functional changes.  In chronic nerve injury, there is redistribution and alteration of subunit compositions of sodium and calcium channels resulting in spontaneous firing at ectopic sites along the sensory pathway.


title: Drop Dead Diva

text: Drop Dead Diva is an American legal comedy-drama/fantasy television series that aired on Lifetime from July 12, 2009, to June 22, 2014. The series was created by Josh Berman and produced by Sony Pictures Television. It stars Brooke Elliott as Jane, a plus-sized lawyer whose body is inhabited by the soul of a fashion model.


title: Drop Dead Diva

text: On October 25, 2013, Lifetime renewed the series for a sixth season, which premiered on March 23, 2014, and concluded on June 22, 2014.


title: Drop Dead Diva

text: The series revolves around vapid aspiring model Deborah "Deb" Dobkins (played by Brooke D'Orsay), who is killed in a car crash on the way to an audition for "The Price Is Right". As her soul enters the gates of Heaven, she finds herself being judged by a gatekeeper named Fred (Ben Feldman). As a result of her shallowness, Fred declares her a "zero-zero", since she has performed zero good deeds and zero bad deeds during her time on Earth. While he is distracted, Deb presses the "return" key before Fred can stop her, and is brought back to life in the body of a recently deceased lawyer named Jane Bingum (Elliott), who died protecting her boss, Jay Parker (Josh Stamberg).


title: Drop Dead Diva

text: Jane is the complete opposite of Deb; she is brilliant, hard-working, charitable, and plus-sized. Deb finds that Jane also works in the same law firm, Harrison-Parker, as Deb's fiancé Grayson Kent (Jackson Hurst). After immediately telling her best friend, Stacy Barrett (April Bowlby), of her predicament, Deb prepares herself to tell Grayson the truth about her new body. However, Fred's assignment as Deb's guardian angel serves as punishment for letting her leave heaven. His purpose on Earth is to prevent Deb from telling Grayson the truth and insisting that no one else can know that she is really Deb in Jane's body.


title: Drop Dead Diva

text: Deb struggles to learn more about her inherited life, learning lessons about self-esteem and personal acceptance. Eventually, the real Jane Bingum (played by Natalie Hall) reappears in another person's body after having pressed the return key, leading Deb to finally reveal the truth to Grayson, now one of Jane's closest friends. Grayson, after grieving and moving on from Deb's passing, becomes conflicted, but finally accepts Deb in her new body, saying that he wants her to be her and no one else.


title: Drop Dead Diva

text: In addition to working with Grayson at the law firm, Deb (as Jane) also contends with her professional rival, Kim Kaswell (Kate Levering), who briefly dates Grayson after Deb's passing.


title: Drop Dead Diva

text: Many well known actors and celebrities have made guest appearances on the show. Among them are: Quinton Aaron, Melissa Ponzio, Candice Accola, Clay Aiken, Louis Van Amstel, Jake T. Austin, Diedrich Bader, Lance Bass, Amanda Bearse, Corbin Bleu, Delta Burke, Danielle Campbell, Bruce Davison, David Denman, Patty Duke, Jorja Fox, Vivica A. Fox, Robin Givens, Tony Goldwyn, Elliott Gould, Nancy Grace, Kathy Griffin, Tim Gunn, Jasmine Guy, Deidre Hall, Valerie Harper, Gregory Harrison, Natasha Henstridge, Howard Hesseman, Star Jones, Kim Kardashian, Rami Kashou, Ricki Lake, Sharon Lawrence, Mario Lopez, Chad Lowe, MacKenzie Mauzy, Abby Lee Miller, Seamus Dever, Liza Minnelli, Tyler Jacob Moore, Mark Moses, Mary Mouser, Kathy Najimy, Kelly Osbourne, Jake Pavelka, Teri Polo, Susan May Pratt, John Ratzenberger, Crystal Reed, LeAnn Rimes, Romy Rosemont, Olesya Rulin, Tony Sears, Chelsea Staub, Cybill Shepherd, Jamie-Lynn Sigler, James Snyder, Leelee Sobieski, Patti Stanger, Wanda Sykes, Lee Tergesen, Jennifer Tilly, Gina Torres, Steve Valentine, Nia Vardalos, Dylan Walsh, Barry Watson, Serena Williams, Wendy Williams, Jeff Wincott, Chuck Woolery, Nick Zano, Maddie Ziegler, and the late Joan Rivers.


title: Drop Dead Diva

text: "Drop Dead Diva" was originally planned for Fox, but the studio passed after seeing the script. Afterward, Lifetime stepped in and ordered the script to pilot. According to Berman, "It's a cross between "Freaky Friday" and "Heaven Can Wait"," calling it a "life-affirming dramedy." He adds that in Hollywood, "beauty has been defined as size 2 and under 25; hopefully we can help redefine the paradigm."


title: Drop Dead Diva

text: Though the background setting for "Drop Dead Diva" is set in Los Angeles, the series is filmed in Peachtree City, Georgia, and Senoia, Georgia, with principal photography taking place in a studio contained in a large hangar at Atlanta Regional Airport, and outdoor locations shot around the town. Filming originally took place in Georgia for tax incentives.


title: Drop Dead Diva

text: On January 15, 2013, Lifetime announced that despite the cliffhanger at the end of season four, that would be the final season of "Drop Dead Diva". Lifetime's decision to cancel the expensive drama came after the cable network approached producer Sony Pictures Television for cost-cutting options to continue with the series. Despite the cancellation, ratings for the season-four finale marked a season high, with 2.76 million viewers. However, a month and a half after Lifetime cancelled the series, the cable network signed a deal with producer Sony Pictures TV to bring the show back for a fifth season. The decision to bring back the series suggests that the two sides had reached a new, more cost-effective agreement.


title: Drop Dead Diva

text: "Drop Dead Diva" holds a score of 68 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 12 reviews by critics for the first season. Writing for the "Los Angeles Times", Mary McNamara praised Josh Berman for the series, saying: "Berman produces a deft juggling trick of heart and humor, balancing Deb's shallowness with some solid common sense and Jane's inadequate self esteem with kindness and legal brilliance." She added describing the series itself as "a lot of fun to watch". "The New York Times" Alessandra Stanley commented: "while the presumption that a woman can be either brainy or beautiful, or in this case, good or thin, but not both, is a bit primitive, the series has humor and charm beneath its facile message, in large part (no disrespect intended) to a subtle, winning performance by Ms. Elliott." Brian Lowry of "Variety" was less enthusiastic about the series, commenting: "Granted, there's much to be said for a program featuring a smart, plus-sized heroine in today's rail-thin TV world, but "Diva" under nourishes its premise amid a sea of legal-procedural banalities." He went on to state that "the epiphanies come a little too easily, and the legal triumphs predicated on knowledge of posing are a little too "Legally Blonde."" "New York Daily News" David Hinckley, gave the premiere two out of five stars, describing "Drop Dead Diva" as "still feeling like a pasted-together assortment of ideas and plot lines from productions past." However, on a more positive note he stated that "this could turn out to be the TV equivalent of a good old-fashioned summer beach read."


title: Drop Dead Diva

text: "USA Today" called Brooke Elliott "a full-blown instant star and delight who makes you wonder where she has been hiding herself." Adding: "one of the many wonderful things about Elliott's performance is that they are two people. Her transitions — like scrunching up her eyes when "Jane" is thinking, then opening them in wide, thrilled shock when "Deb" realizes that "Jane" has had a thought — are clear without seeming forced. There's pain and pleasure in the situation for both women, and Elliott makes each emotion ring true." "Boston Globe" also praised Elliott's performance as Jane Bingum, stating that "As Deb-inside-Jane, Elliott does a great job portraying pathos, absurd disappointment, and wide-eyed discovery."


title: Drop Dead Diva

text: The show's premiere scored a 1.6 overall and more than 2.8 million viewers tuning in. "Drop Dead Diva" scored its highest ratings ever among women 18–49 (2.0), a 25% increase over its season-to-date average, and women 25–54 (2.3), a 28% increase over its season-to-date average.


title: Drop Dead Diva

text: The show aired on the Nine Network in Australia, but failed to achieve high ratings for the channel and was subsequently dropped in early September, then the following week began airing the series starting with the first episode again on Nine's digital channel GO!. In October 2011, new episodes of "Drop Dead Diva" moved to another of Nine's digital channels GEM, but episodes have been shown sporadically.


title: Drop Dead Diva

text: In the UK, the show airs on Living and premiered on April 1, 2010, at 20h to 206,000 viewers, being the seventh-most watched broadcast of the week on Living. An additional 129,000 viewers watched the premiere on Living's one-hour timeshift service. The second series premiered on September 7 at 21h. The third season started airing in September 2011 on the revamped Sky Living. With the DVD release of the second series, in Region 2 is to be released in November over a year after its airing. After Sky Living dropped the show from their schedule, season four was made available to Netflix users in the UK and Ireland.


title: Drop Dead Diva

text: All six seasons were released on DVD by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment while the complete series' DVD and Blu-ray sets were released through Mill Creek Entertainment on June 4, 2019.


title: Drop Dead Diva

text: A soundtrack for "Drop Dead Diva" was released on June 1, 2010, by Madison Gate Records. It is titled "Drop Dead Diva (Music from the Original Television Series)". The track list includes music by Brooke Elliott, Margaret Cho, Ben Feldman, Scott Starrett, Confetti, Becca Jones, Platinum Pied Pipers, Lil' Wendy, Madi Diaz, Dri, Katie Herzig, Malbec and Joshua Morrison.


title: Drop Dead Diva

text: In 2017, South Korean TV network MBC announced that it will broadcast a local remake of the series, titled "Goddess of the Court" (). Jointly produced by Sony Pictures Television and local production company Redwoods (the company behind the hit 2015–2016 TV series "Six Flying Dragons"), it is planned for broadcast on the network's Wednesday–Thursday primetime slot in early 2018. SPT also plans to broadcast the series on its owned-and-operated channels across 160 countries, including Sony One.


title: Drop Dead Diva

text: In September 2021, it was reported that a reboot of the series titled "Drop Dead Dave" was in development at CBS. It was to be produced by Osprey Production and Sony Pictures Television, with Berman returning as writer and executive producer and Jamie Babbit as director. The new series would have incorporated a gender-swap premise, with the main character, Dave, having his soul transferred into a lawyer named Rita following a freak accident. CBS however opted to not pick up the series.


title: High-altitude military parachuting

text: High-altitude military parachuting, or military free fall (MFF), is a method of delivering military personnel, military equipment, and other military supplies from a transport aircraft at a high altitude via free-fall parachute insertion. Two techniques are used: HALO (high altitude – low opening, often called a HALO jump) and HAHO (high altitude – high opening).


title: High-altitude military parachuting

text: In the HALO technique, the parachutist opens the parachute at a low altitude after free-falling for a period of time, while in the HAHO technique, the parachutist opens the parachute at a high altitude just a few seconds after jumping from the aircraft.


title: High-altitude military parachuting

text: Although HALO techniques were first developed in the 1960s for military use, in recent years HALO parachute designs have been more widely used in non-military applications, including as a form of skydiving.


title: High-altitude military parachuting

text: In military operations, HALO is also used for delivering equipment, supplies, or personnel, while HAHO is generally used exclusively for personnel. In typical HALO/HAHO insertions the troops jump from altitudes between . Military parachutists will often reach a terminal velocity of , allowing for a jump time under two minutes.


title: High-altitude military parachuting

text: The origins of the HALO technique date back to 1960 when the United States Air Force began conducting experiments that followed earlier work by Colonel John Stapp in the late 1940s through early 1950s on survivability for pilots ejecting at high altitude. Stapp, a research biophysicist and medical doctor, used himself in rocket sled tests to study the effects of very high g-forces. Stapp also solved many of the problems of high-altitude flight in his earliest work for the U.S. Air Force and subjected himself to exposure to altitudes of up to . He later helped develop pressure suits and ejection seats, which have been used in jets ever since. As part of the experiments, on August 16, 1960, Colonel Joseph Kittinger performed the first high-altitude jump at above the Earth's surface. Kittinger's friend and United States Naval Parachute Test Jumper Joe Crotwell was also among the consultants and test jumpers of the original program. The first time the technique was used for combat was during the Vietnam War in Laos by members of MACV-SOG Recon Team Florida. SEAL Teams of the United States Navy expanded the HALO technique to include delivery of boats and other large items.


title: High-altitude military parachuting

text: The technique is used to airdrop supplies, equipment, or personnel at high altitudes, where aircraft can fly above surface-to-air missile (SAM) engagement levels through enemy skies without posing a threat to the transport or load. In the event that anti-aircraft cannons are active near the drop zone, the HALO technique also minimizes the parachutist's exposure to flak.


title: High-altitude military parachuting

text: For military cargo airdrops, the rigged load is cut free and rolls out of the plane as a result of gravity. The load then proceeds to fall under canopy to a designated drop zone.


title: High-altitude military parachuting

text: In a typical HALO exercise, the parachutist will jump from the aircraft, free-fall for a period of time at terminal velocity, and open his parachute at an altitude as low as AGL depending on the mission. The combination of high downward speed, minimal forward airspeed, and the use of only small amounts of metal helps to defeat radar and reduces the amount of time a parachute might be visible to ground observers, enabling a stealthy insertion.


title: High-altitude military parachuting

text: The HAHO technique is used to airdrop personnel at high altitudes when aircraft are unable to fly above enemy skies without posing a threat to the jumpers. In addition, HAHO parachute jumps are employed in the covert insertion of military personnel (generally special operations forces) into enemy territory, in circumstances where the covert nature of an operation may be compromised by the loud noise of parachutes opening at low altitude.


title: High-altitude military parachuting

text: HAHO jumps also allow a longer travel distance due to increased under-canopy time, allowing travelling distances of more than .


title: High-altitude military parachuting

text: In a typical HAHO exercise, the jumper will jump from the aircraft and deploy the parachute immediately after exiting the aircraft. The jumper will use a compass or GPS device for guidance while flying for 30 or more miles (50 kilometers). The jumper must use way points and terrain features to navigate to their desired landing zone and correct their course to account for changes in wind speed and direction. If deploying as a team, the team will form up in a stack while airborne with their parachutes. Usually, the jumper in the lowest position will set the travel course and act as a guide for the other team members. HAHO insertions (excluding training) are intended to be executed at night.


title: High-altitude military parachuting

text: Whilst in the British Special Forces (22 SAS), due to his extensive skydiving background, Charles "Nish" Bruce was pivotal in the original trials and development of the HAHO tactic now routinely used as a conflict insert for special forces.


title: High-altitude military parachuting

text: In the United States, military personnel who intend to participate in high-altitude military operations must undergo intense training with strict rules and regulations. Military free-fall is one of the most dangerous and physically demanding skills in special operations. MFF operations are typically done under the cover of darkness, so as to hide the operator's presence from opposing forces.


title: High-altitude military parachuting

text: The transition into being military free-fall certified starts with successfully completing the static-line certification at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. The military free-fall course is also instructed at Fort Bragg and spans four weeks. The first week of the course students will learn how to stabilize their body in flight in a specially constructed vertical wind tunnel.


title: High-altitude military parachuting

text: All types of parachuting techniques are dangerous, but HALO/HAHO carry special risks. At high altitudes (greater than ), the partial pressure of oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere is low. Oxygen is required for human respiration and lack of pressure can lead to hypoxia. Also, rapid ascent in the jump aircraft without all nitrogen flushed from the bloodstream can lead to decompression sickness, also known as caisson disease or "the bends".


title: High-altitude military parachuting

text: A typical HAHO exercise will require a pre-breathing period (30–45 minutes) prior to jump where the jumper breathes 100% oxygen in order to flush nitrogen from their bloodstream. Also, a HAHO jumper will employ an oxygen bottle during the jump. Danger can come from medical conditions affecting the jumper. For example, cigarette smoking, alcohol and drug use (including antihistamines, sedatives, and analgesics), anemia, carbon monoxide, fatigue and anxiety can all lead to a jumper being more susceptible to hypoxia. In addition, problems with the oxygen bottle and during the changeover from the pre-breather to the oxygen bottle can result in the return of nitrogen to the jumper's bloodstream and, therefore, an increased likelihood of decompression sickness A jumper suffering from hypoxia may lose consciousness and therefore be unable to open his parachute. A jumper suffering from decompression sickness may die or become permanently disabled from nitrogen bubbles in the bloodstream, which causes inflammation of joints.


title: High-altitude military parachuting

text: Another risk is from the low ambient temperatures prevalent at higher altitudes. At an altitude of , the jumper faces temperatures of , and can experience frostbite. However, HAHO jumpers generally wear polypropylene knit undergarments and other warm clothing under a windproof shell to prevent this.


title: High-altitude military parachuting

text: HALO carries the additional risk that if the parachute fails to deploy or lines become tangled, there is less time to resort to the reserve (back-up parachute) or untangle the lines.


title: High-altitude military parachuting

text: A retrospective study pinpointed 134 parachutists with 141 injuries. All these injuries were a result of members in HALO training. The most common injuries found were fractures, which accounted for 35% of the total injuries. Muscle sprains accounted for 34.7% of injuries. Other proportionally higher injuries were dislocations at 9.9%, contusions at 7.8%, and cuts and lacerations at 4.9%. The article also noted that two deaths occurred while the study was being conducted.


title: Sergei Polunin

text: Sergei Vladimirovich Polunin (, , "Serhiy Volodymyrovych Polunin"; born 20 November 1989) is a Ukrainian ballet dancer, actor and model. He has Ukrainian, Russian, and Serbian citizenship, but has "always regarded himself as Russian".


title: Sergei Polunin

text: Born in Kherson, Ukrainian SSR, Polunin started out in gymnastics before switching to ballet at the age of eight and attended the Kyiv State Choreographic Institute. After graduating, he joined the British Royal Ballet School at the age of 13 in 2003. Polunin has received numerous awards, including the Prix de Lausanne and Youth America Grand Prix in 2006, and in 2007 was named the Young British Dancer of the Year. In 2010, at the age of 20, Polunin became the Royal Ballet's youngest ever male principal dancer.


title: Sergei Polunin

text: After two years, he quit the ballet company to focus on a freelance career. As a freelance principal dancer, Polunin has been a guest artist at various theaters worldwide such as Royal Ballet, Sadler's Wells Theatre, Bolshoi Theatre, Stanislavski and Nemirovich-Danchenko Moscow Academic Music Theatre, La Scala Theatre, Teatro San Carlo and was a guest artist for the Bayerisches Staatsballet.


title: Sergei Polunin

text: Sergei Polunin was born in Kherson, Ukrainian SSR. From the age of four to eight, he trained at a gymnastics academy, and then spent another four years at the Kyiv State Choreographic Institute. His mother, Galina, moved with him to Kyiv, while his father, Vladimir Polunin, worked in Portugal to support them.


title: Sergei Polunin

text: After Polunin graduated from the Kyiv Choreographic Academy (КДХУ), he joined the British Royal Ballet School at the age of 13 in 2003, sponsored by the Rudolf Nureyev Foundation. Polunin has received numerous awards, including the Prix de Lausanne and Youth America Grand Prix in 2006, and in 2007 was named the Young British Dancer of the Year. He became a first soloist at the Royal Ballet in 2009. In June 2010, at the age of 20, Polunin became the Royal Ballet's youngest ever male principal. The "New York Times" described Polunin as "a fabulous dancer, with a steely technique and beautiful line" in its review of "Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland" (2011) when he danced as the Knave, who doubled as Alice's romantic interest.


title: Sergei Polunin

text: After two successful years with the Royal Ballet, on 24 January 2012, Polunin announced his resignation from the company with immediate effect. He said he had become so unhappy that, "the artist in [him] was dying." Several months later, in summer 2012, Polunin was invited to Russia by the artistic director of ballet of the two Russian theatres, Igor Zelensky, and became a principal dancer with the Stanislavsky Music Theatre and Novosibirsk State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre. In early April 2013, it was reported that Polunin had walked out on the Schaufuss Ballet's performance of "Midnight Express" just days before its opening night.


title: Sergei Polunin

text: He was first shown in the international spotlight in the role of Slavemaster/Sheppard in the 25th Anniversary "The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall". Polunin was shortlisted as the best male dancer for the 2014 National Dance awards in the U.K. In 2014, Polunin started his collaboration with the famed American photographer and music director David LaChapelle and took part in his new projects, including a dance video to the song "Take Me to Church" by Hozier in February 2015. The video went viral and exposed Polunin to a wider audience. Polunin was the subject of the 2016 documentary film "Dancer", directed by Steven Cantor, analyzing his childhood, training, and rise to international fame.


title: Sergei Polunin

text: In 2017, he set up Project Polunin, which aims to create new dance and ballet works for both stage and film. Project Polunin aims to bring together dancers, contemporary artists, musicians and choreographers from various creative backgrounds to work together. In June 2018, a promotional video starring Polunin was featured in a grand ceremony of the reopening of the National Museum of Serbia after 15 years of renovation and in July of the same year, Polunin performed on the Main Stage of the Serbian EXIT festival for the grand opening ceremony of 18th festival edition. His performance was inspired by the festival's theme, dubbed EXIT Freedom. The company was reincorporated as Polunin Ink in 2018.