title: Inversion of control

text: related to the concept of program inversion described by Michael Jackson in his Jackson Structured Programming methodology in the 1970s. A bottom-up parser can be seen as an inversion of a top-down parser: in the one case, the


title: Inversion of control

text: Dependency injection is a specific type of IoC. A service locator such as the Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI) is similar. In an article by Loek Bergman, it is presented as an architectural principle.


title: Inversion of control

text: In an article by Robert C. Martin, the dependency inversion principle and abstraction by layering come together. His reason to use the term "inversion" is in comparison with traditional software development methods. He describes the decoupling of services by the abstraction of layers when he is talking about dependency inversion. The principle is used to find out where system borders are in the design of the abstraction layers.


title: Inversion of control

text: In traditional programming, the flow of the business logic is determined by objects that are statically bound to one another. With inversion of control, the flow depends on the object graph that is built up during program execution. Such a dynamic flow is made possible by object interactions that are defined through abstractions. This run-time binding is achieved by mechanisms such as dependency injection or a service locator. In IoC, the code could also be linked statically during compilation, but finding the code to execute by reading its description from external configuration instead of with a direct reference in the code itself.


title: Inversion of control

text: In dependency injection, a dependent object or module is coupled to the object it needs at run time. Which particular object will satisfy the dependency during program execution typically cannot be known at compile time using static analysis. While described in terms of object interaction here, the principle can apply to other programming methodologies besides object-oriented programming.


title: Inversion of control

text: In order for the running program to bind objects to one another, the objects must possess compatible interfaces. For example, class codice_1 may delegate behavior to interface codice_2 which is implemented by class codice_3; the program instantiates codice_1 and codice_3, and then injects codice_3 into codice_1.


title: Inversion of control

text: In object-oriented programming, there are several basic techniques to implement inversion of control. These are:


title: Inversion of control

text: In an original article by Martin Fowler, the first three different techniques are discussed. In a description about inversion of control types, the last one is mentioned. Often the contextualized lookup will be accomplished using a service locator.


title: Inversion of control

text: This basic outline in Java gives an example of code following the IoC methodology. It is important, however, that in the a lot of assumptions are made about the data returned by the data access object (DAO).


title: Inversion of control

text: Although all these assumptions might be valid at some time, they couple the implementation of the to the DAO implementation. Designing the application in the manner of inversion of control would hand over the control completely to the DAO object. The code would then become


title: Inversion of control

text: The example shows that the way the method is constructed determines if IoC is used. It is the way that parameters are used that define IoC. This resembles the message-passing style that some object-oriented programming languages use.


title: Bad (Michael Jackson song)

text: "Bad" is a song by American recording artist Michael Jackson. It was released by Epic Records on September 7, 1987, as the second single from his seventh studio album "Bad". The song was written and composed by Jackson, and produced by Quincy Jones and Jackson. Jackson stated that the song was influenced by a real-life story he had read about, of a young man who tried to escape poverty by attending private school but ended up being killed when he returned home.


title: Bad (Michael Jackson song)

text: "Bad" received positive reviews, with some critics noting that "Bad" helped give Jackson an edgier image. It reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and remained there for two weeks, becoming the album's second number-one single, and Jackson's eighth number one entry on the chart. It also charted on the Hot R&B Singles, Hot Dance Club Play and Rhythmic chart at number one. "Bad" is certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Internationally, the song was also commercially successful, charting at the top of the charts in Ireland, Norway, Spain and the Netherlands as well as charting in the top ten in Australia, Austria, Canada, France, West Germany, New Zealand, Switzerland, Sweden and the United Kingdom.


title: Bad (Michael Jackson song)

text: The short film for "Bad" premiered in a TV special, "Michael Jackson: The Magic Returns", on CBS during prime time on August 31, 1987. It was directed by Martin Scorsese and co-starred Wesley Snipes in one of his first appearances. The video, inspired in part by the film "West Side Story", shows Jackson and a group of gangsters portraying a street gang dancing in a subway station, set at the Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets station. It has been praised by critics as one of the most iconic and greatest videos of all time; Jackson's outfit has been recognized as an influence on fashion.


title: Bad (Michael Jackson song)

text: Michael Jackson wrote and recorded "Bad" in 1986. It was co-produced by Jackson and Quincy Jones, and included as the title track on Jackson's seventh studio album, released in 1987. Jackson planned to duet on "Bad" with musician Prince, but Prince declined the invitation; in a later interview, Prince said: "The first line of that song is 'your butt is mine'. Then I said 'Who's going to sing that to who?' ... because you sure aren't singing that to me, and I sure ain't singing it to you." Prince instead submitted his song "Wouldn't You Love To Love Me", but Jackson rejected it, so it was instead given to Taja Sevelle.


title: Bad (Michael Jackson song)

text: In a 1988 interview with "Ebony" and "Jet" magazines, Jackson said he was inspired by a true story that he had read about in either "Time" or "Newsweek". Jackson stated that the story was about a student who went to school in upstate New York, who was "from the ghetto", had tried to make something of his life and planned to leave all of his friends behind when he returned from Thanksgiving break. He added that the student's friends' jealousy resulted in them killing the student; Jackson stated that the student's death was not included in the music video. Various Jackson biographers have concluded that the story he was referring was that of Edmund Perry. However, Perry was not killed by kids in his neighborhood; he was killed by a plainclothes police officer when Perry and his brother allegedly attacked and badly beat the officer in a mugging attempt.


title: Bad (Michael Jackson song)

text: The song is written in the key of A minor with a time signature in common time. The pitch is raised almost a quarter of a whole tone from standard pitch, A440 Hz, up to circa A454 Hz. Jackson's vocal range spans from G to A. The track has a tempo of 114 beats per minute. The main bassline is based in the pentatonic blues scale.


title: Bad (Michael Jackson song)

text: "Bad" was viewed as a revived "Hit the Road Jack" progression. Davitt Sigerson wrote in "Rolling Stone" magazine, "When Jackson declares that 'the whole world has to answer right now,' he is not boasting but making a statement of fact regarding his extraordinary stardom. If anything, he is scorning the self-coronation of lesser funk royals and inviting his fickle public to spurn him if it dare." Sigerson compared the track to material by James Brown, whose "It's a Man's Man's Man's World" is openly referenced by the four chromatic note brass introduction to the song. Lyrically, "Bad" pertains to proving to people that you are tough by boasting, with Jackson asking "who's bad?"


title: Bad (Michael Jackson song)

text: "Bad" charted within the top ten, at number eight, on the "Billboard" Hot 100 on October 10, 1987 and peaked at number one on October 24, 1987. "Bad" stayed at the top position for two consecutive weeks. "Bad" was Jackson's "Bad" album's second number one single on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and Jackson's eighth number one entry on the chart. The track also charted on the "Billboard" Hot R&B Singles and "Billboard" Hot Dance Club Play at number one. "Bad" was commercially successful internationally, generally charting within the top ten, and reaching the top position on some charts. "Bad" debuted at number five on the United Kingdom charts on September 26, 1987. The following week, the song charted at its peak position of number three, where it remained for two weeks. "Bad" remained within the chart's top ten positions for four weeks, and charted within the top 100 for a total of eleven weeks in 1987. "Bad" peaked at number five on Canadian music charts on November 7, 1987. "Bad" peaked at number four in Sweden on October 14, 1987. The song spent four weeks within the chart's top ten. On October 3, "Bad" debuted at number nine in France, and after six weeks of charting within the top ten, the song peaked at number four on November 14. "Bad" debuted on New Zealand music charts at number four on October 18, and the following week moved to its peak position of number two. The song then stayed within the top ten for the next five weeks. The track charted within the top fifty positions for fifteen weeks in 1987 and 1988.


title: Bad (Michael Jackson song)

text: The song also charted at number two in Norway in the thirty-ninth week of 1987, and charted within the top ten positions for eight weeks in 1987. The song was also very successful on the Australian music charts, peaking at number four. "Bad" debuted on Austrian charts at number ten on November 1, 1987. The following week the song charted out of the top ten and the next week returned to the top ten at number nine, which was its peak position. The song debuted at number eighty-seven in Dutch on September 9, 1987. The following week, the song moved up to number eleven, which was seventy-three positions higher than its previous week. The song peaked at number one, and remained at the top position for two consecutive weeks. In 2006, Jackson's music re-entered charts following his music being re-issued for his "Visionary" album. The track entered Spanish charts for the first time on April 4, 2006, and debuted at the top position. "Bad" remained within the top twenty positions for nine consecutive weeks. The song debuted at its peak position at number five in Italy on April 6. After Jackson's death in June 2009, his music re-entered charts again worldwide. In July, the track peaked at number eleven in Italy, number twenty in Spain, number twenty-five in Sweden, number thirty-seven in Denmark and number forty in the United Kingdom.


title: Bad (Michael Jackson song)

text: "Bad" was well received by contemporary music critics. Some critics noted that the song helped Jackson's image become more edgy. Davitt Sigerson, a writer for "Rolling Stone" magazine, commented that the track" needs no "defense" and he generally praised Jackson's vocal performance in the song. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic listed "Bad", along with two other songs from the album, as being top picks from the album's eleven tracks. In separate review of the song, Erlewine commented that Jackson's vocals "sounded like [he was] the love child of James Brown and Mavis Staples" and added that "musically speaking, in this case, 'Bad' is very good". He also noted that the track's "authority and boasting helped to humanize" Jackson and "changed his image", remarking that it was "fun hearing him talking trash and being his own bigger booster". Jennifer Clay of Yahoo Music noted that while Jackson's new edgier image was a "little hard to swallow", the image worked musically on the album's songs "Bad", "Man in the Mirror", and "Dirty Diana".


title: Bad (Michael Jackson song)

text: The full music video for "Bad" is an 18-minute short film written by novelist and screenwriter Richard Price, shot by Michael Chapman, and directed by Martin Scorsese. The video was shot in Brooklyn over a 6-week period during November and December 1986. The video has many references to the 1961 film "West Side Story", especially the "Cool" sequence. The video used a different version of the song as opposed to the commercially released version. This version, using a different organ solo in the middle, hasn't been commercially released as of yet.


title: Bad (Michael Jackson song)

text: In the video, Jackson portrays a teenager named Darryl, who has just completed a term at an expensive private school. He returns to the city and takes the subway back to his neglected neighborhood. Darryl finds his home is empty where he is greeted by his old friends. The leader of the group is Mini Max (a then mostly unknown Wesley Snipes). At first, relations are friendly but slightly awkward. Then, the situation begins to deteriorate as the gang starts to realize how much Darryl has changed. They especially notice how uncomfortable he has become with their criminal activities. Darryl takes the gang to the subway station (Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets in Brooklyn) in an attempt to show his friends he is still "bad" by robbing an elderly man. He has a change of heart at the last minute and Mini Max chastises him, telling Darryl he's no longer bad. With Darryl provoked, the video then cuts to him and a group of street youths dancing while he sings the song "Bad". Darryl insists that Max is headed for a fall which is nearly Darryl's undoing. Eventually, Mini Max accepts that and after a final handshake, leaves Darryl in peace. At the end of the video, Darryl is left alone watching his former gang leave.


title: Bad (Michael Jackson song)

text: The video was not commercially released until it was included in the video albums; "Video Greatest Hits - HIStory" (long version on DVD and short version in VHS), "Number Ones" (short version), "Michael Jackson's Vision" (long version) and the Target version DVD of "Bad 25" (short version). The full video was introduced in a TV special, "Michael Jackson: The Magic Returns", on Primetime, a CBS television show on August 31, 1987. The full video won awards at various prestigious award ceremonies including Favorite Single (Soul/R&B) at the American Music Awards and Biggest Selling Album by a Male Soloist in the UK from the Guinness Book of World Records. The video has been praised by critics as one of the most iconic and greatest videos of all time; Jackson's outfit has been cited as an influence on fashion.


title: Bad (Michael Jackson song)

text: After Jackson's death in June 2009, Letitia James, of the New York City Council, began trying to convince the agency to rename or co-name the Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets station or to hang a plaque at the station in Jackson's honor. However, her request was denied by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority in September 2009. James commented, "Having Michael Jackson visit and moonwalk at this station was a huge deal not only for Brooklyn, but all of New York in the '80s ... And renaming this station in his honor would put it on the map and help ensure that people don't forget." A source from the MTA commented that no subway stations in the MTA system are named or co-named after individuals, mostly because it could confuse riders. The MTA also declined to put a plaque in the station, due to MTA guidelines forbidding such a thing.


title: Bad (Michael Jackson song)

text: The video's choreographers Jackson, Jeffrey Daniel, and Gregg Burge were influenced by "West Side Story" when designing the dance routines but wanted to keep the scene more contemporary and incorporated the "moonwalk" into the movements. Assistant choreographer Jeffrey Daniel commented, "It's like a train coming across the screen ... and that's the effect I was looking for and it worked". The music video received a nomination for choreography at the 1988 MTV Video Music Awards Ceremony. The video for "Bad" and Michael Jackson's "The Way You Make Me Feel" video were both nominated for Best Choreography. However, Janet Jackson's video "The Pleasure Principle" won the award.


title: Bad (Michael Jackson song)

text: "Bad" was performed during Jackson's "Bad" world tour concert series from 1987 to 1989, in both the first and second leg, as the final song in the first leg and sixteenth song in the second leg in the setlist. The song was also included on the first leg only of Jackson's Dangerous World Tour. A live version of the song at Wembley 1988 and Yokohama 1987 are available on the DVD "Live at Wembley July 16, 1988".


title: Bad (Michael Jackson song)

text: "Weird Al" Yankovic recorded a parody of the song, titled "Fat", for his 1988 album "Even Worse". Jackson granted Yankovic permission to film the music video for "Fat" on the actual subway set from the "Bad" music video.


title: Bad (Michael Jackson song)

text: In 1989, John Oswald released an expanded version of his original Plunderphonics album containing Michael Jackson's song "Bad," cut up, layered, and rearranged as "Dab." In 1990, notice was given to Oswald by the Canadian Recording Industry Association on behalf of several of their clients that all undistributed copies of Plunderphonics be destroyed under threat of legal action.


title: Bad (Michael Jackson song)

text: The American TV series "Glee" did a Michael Jackson tribute episode in 2012 titled "Michael", which included an a cappella version of "Bad" featuring the Beelzebubs as part of The Warblers. This cover debuted and peaked at number 80 at "Billboard" Hot 100, number 48 at "Billboard" Digital Songs, number 90 at "Billboard" Canadian Hot 100, and number 29 at "Billboard" Adult Pop Songs chart at the week of February 18, 2012.


title: Bad (Michael Jackson song)

text: In February 2018, Billie Eilish covered the song with her brother Finneas O'Connell for "Like a Version".


title: Bad (Michael Jackson song)

text: A remix of "Bad" featuring Afrojack, DJ Buddha and Pitbull was produced for the 2012 "Bad 25" album reissue. It was made available as a digital single prior to the album's release, via iTunes and Amazon.com on August 14, 2012.


title: Bad (Michael Jackson song)

text: Re-titled as "Bad 2012", the single appeared on several countries' music charts, including debuting at number 52 on the "Billboard" Japan Hot 100 chart, in the week of September 15, 2012 and peaking at number 6 several weeks later. It also appeared on the US "Billboard" Dance/Electronic Digital Songs Chart at number 45 for one week on September 1, 2012. On the week of September 29, 2012, it debuted on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart at number 42, and peaked at number 18.


title: Bad (Michael Jackson song)

text: This remix received overwhelmingly negative reviews from music critics. Randall Roberts of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote that the remixes on "Bad 25" were "terrible... and are an insult to MJ's memory not because they rework his music, but because they do it so ungracefully." Evan Sawdey from "PopMatters" said "Afrojack has two remixes of "Bad" here, obviously trying to make the song sound like it belongs on modern-day radio (one of them, with two guest verses from Pitbull, is just outright trash)." MisterCharlie from "SupaJam.com" also gave it an extremely negative review. "The Guardian"'s review said it was "a clubbed-up remix featuring the world's worst rapper."


title: Hoichoi

text: Hoichoi is an Indian subscription video on-demand and over-the-top streaming service, owned and maintained by SVF Entertainment Pvt Ltd with headquarters in Kolkata, India. It was launched on 20 September 2017. Hoichoi is currently available for Android, iOS, Apple TV, Amazon Fire TV, Android TV, Roku. Mi TV, LG Smart TV and Tizen. It is the first OTT platform from West Bengal focusing exclusively on Bengali language content, worldwide. The name "Hoichoi" means excitement.


title: Hoichoi

text: The on-demand platform focuses on Bengali language films and entertainment content mainly, but also provides English subtitles to all movies. It now has about 600 film titles, and 100+ original series. The platform is also introducing children's content, and has original films, web series and short films across many genres.


title: Hoichoi

text: ViewLift is Hoichoi's technology partner that controls the brand's OTT space; media and entertainment distribution, consumption and monetization. SVF gave the mandate to ViewLift in October 2016 to maintain and develop the official website and app.


title: Advait Chandan

text: Advait Chandan is an Indian film director works in Hindi film. He made his debut as a director in 2017 with the movie "Secret Superstar".


title: Advait Chandan

text: In 2007, Advait started his career with Reema Kagti's Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd. as the third assistant director and Taare Zameen Par as the assistant production manager. Collaborating with Aamir Khan again, Advait worked as the casting director and post-production supervisor on Kiran Rao's debut venture Dhobi Ghat.


title: Advait Chandan

text: After donning various roles in the film industry, Advait finally made his directorial debut in 2017 with the film Secret Superstar, featuring Aamir Khan and Zaira Wasim in the lead. He also wrote the screenplay of the film. It was the highest-grossing 2017 Hindi film, and the second-highest-grossing Hindi film of all time, behind only "Dangal" (2016). It is also the third-highest-grossing Indian film of all time, behind only "Dangal" and "" (2017), after surpassing Aamir Khan's own "PK" (2014). His most recent film as a director is the Aamir Khan starrer Lal Singh Chaddha which was released on 11 August 2022.


title: My Teenage Girl

text: My Teenage Girl () was a South Korean reality competition show created by Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (abbreviated as MBC). It was intended to form a seven-member girl group with the potential to chart on "Billboard". The contestants were put into age groups that specialize in vocals, rapping, and performance. A joint production between MBC and Phunky Studio (the company founded by Han Dong-chul of "Produce 101"), the show premiered on November 28, 2021, and was broadcast every Sunday at 9 PM KST for 12 weekly episodes until its finale on February 27, 2022. The finale was broadcast live and announced the seven winners to form Classy.


title: My Teenage Girl

text: Over 30,000 applications were submitted from different countries and 83 contestants were chosen. The 83 contestants were separated into four groups based on their ages.


title: My Teenage Girl

text: The show was intended to form a global seven-member girl group with the goal on becoming a "Billboard" chart-in.


title: My Teenage Girl

text: On June 1, 2021, the first video teaser was released. Applications for the show were open from June 1 to 30, 2021, for any female individual born in 2010 or earlier. By the time applications closed, 30,000 applications were submitted from countries such as the United States, Japan, Canada, and South America, as well as South Korea.


title: My Teenage Girl

text: From September 14 to November 12, 2021, a prequel season for the competition titled "Hesitation Before Going to School" (Korean: 등교 전 망설임; RR: "Deunggyo Jeon Mangseolim") was aired on Naver Now. During the season, the contestant profiles for all 83 contestants were released. Only 40 contestants (10 from each group) would actually participate in "My Teenage Girl".


title: My Teenage Girl

text: Each group performed separately on "Show! Music Core", a weekly music program broadcast on MBC. Interviews with six contestants were broadcast before the performances.


title: My Teenage Girl

text: On October 20, 2021, Girls' Generation's Yuri, (G)I-dle's Soyeon, and former Fin.K.L member Ock Joo-hyun joined the cast of the show as mentors (also known as "homeroom teachers").


title: My Teenage Girl

text: On February 9, 2022, a rhythm game titled "Superstar Teenage Girls" was announced by Dalcomsoft and is based on the show. The game contains songs and performances from the show, as well as special cards for the 14 finalists. The game was released for mobile devices on February 23, 2022.


title: My Teenage Girl

text: On February 26, 2022, the day before the live finale, the 14 finalists performed two original songs, "Lions" and "Sonic Boom", on "Show! Music Core".


title: My Teenage Girl

text: The show starts with performances by the mentors known as the "homeroom teachers", who would assess the contestants known as the "students" and help them succeed in the show. Shortly after, Yoon Kyun-sang was introduced as the host of the show known as the "messenger" and explains the first mission known as the "Entrance Exam". In the first mission, the contestants perform their songs introduced in "Hesitation Before Going to School" and each would be assessed by the audience and the mentors. There are two rounds for each performance. To pass the first round, the contestants must receive at least 75% of the votes from the audience before being assessed by the mentors. To pass the second round, each contestant must receive at least three votes from the mentors before being sent to a classroom according to their group. Only 40 contestants (10 from each group) would move on to the second mission while those who fail a round or have their group full would be eliminated. 23 contestants performed first in this episode, with 15 moving on to the second mission and the other 8 being eliminated after failing a round.


title: My Teenage Girl

text: The first mission continues with performances by 26 contestants. During the mentors' assessment of one of the performing teams from Grade 3, Ryou Jay-hyun was mistakenly eliminated after the voting system miscounted her votes with two, but was able to move on to the second mission after another vote from one of the mentors was added to the voting system. Unaired performances by some performing acts were aired with results for each performing act. Out of 26 contestants performing in this episode, 21 moved on to the second mission while the other 5 were eliminated after failing a round.


title: My Teenage Girl

text: The first mission continues with performances by the other 34 contestants. At the end of the first mission, the remaining contestants noticed there would be a change on the number of contestants who would move on to the second mission. Due to an excessive number of contestants, each group would have 16 contestants instead of the original 10 and some contestants who were originally eliminated returned to the show, bringing a total of 64 passers for the first round. The mentors held a meeting to discuss and decide who would mentor each group. The results for the mentors were revealed and each was assigned a group: Jeon So-yeon became the mentor for Grade 4, Ock Joo-hyun became the mentor for Grade 3, Kwon Yu-ri became the mentor for Grade 2, and Aiki became the mentor for Grade 1. Following the addition of originally eliminated contestants, the second mission known as the "Grade Battle" was revealed. In the second mission, each group competes against each other and would be assessed by the audience and the mentors. The winning group is exempt from elimination and the other groups face elimination. After the mid-point check of each group, the mentors noticed only 40 contestants (10 from each group) would actually perform in the second mission, forcing themselves to eliminate 24 contestants (six from each group) from the show. Six contestants from Grade 2 who performed poorly in the mid-point check were eliminated first.


title: My Teenage Girl

text: The episode starts with eliminations by 18 other contestants (six from each group). Before the eliminations, each of the three other groups performed in the mid-point check to determine the eliminated contestants. In a survey that was held after the mid-point check, Grade 4 was chosen as the "weakest" group for not practicing enough before the mid-point check. Following the eliminations in the mid-point check, the second mission begins. Before each group performed, the first individual ranking announcement was held with the top seven being revealed for the first time. According to Yoon Kyun-sang, the group with the highest score in each round would take a spot in the forming group one by one, making the latter consist of seven contestants regardless of their winning groups. Grade 3's Kim Hyun-hee ranked first out of the 40 remaining contestants, making the first spot in the forming group available to a Grade 3 contestant.


title: My Teenage Girl

text: Following the first individual ranking announcement, grades 3 and 4 performed first with results after each performance. Choi Yoon-jung and Yoon Chae-won received the highest scores in their respective groups and performed Hwasa's "Twit" to show their skills.


title: My Teenage Girl

text: The episode starts with final results for grades 3 and 4 in the second mission. Kim Min-ji and Kim Da-som were nominated for elimination after receiving the lowest scores in their respective groups. According to the rules for the second mission, the nominee in the losing group would be eliminated from the show. Grade 4 won against Grade 3 in the second mission, resulting in Kim Min-ji being eliminated from the show.


title: My Teenage Girl

text: Following the final results for grades 3 and 4, grades 1 and 2 performed with results after each performance. Kim Seon-you and Kim Ri-won received the highest scores in their respective groups and performed Chungha's "Snapping" to show their skills. Oh Yoo-jin and Ju Hyo-rin were nominated for elimination after receiving the lowest scores in their respective groups. Grade 1 won against Grade 2 in the second mission, resulting in Ju Hyo-rin being eliminated from the show.


title: My Teenage Girl

text: The second mission ends with Yoon Kyun-sang announcing the third mission known as the "Concept Battle". In the third mission, the winning and the losing groups collaborate and compete against each other using different concepts and would be assessed by the audience and the mentors. The winning groups compete for first place while the losing groups compete for third place. The winning group ranked first and the losing group ranked third are exempt from elimination, the former of which would take the second spot in the forming group. Grades 2 and 3 were divided into teams and must choose one of the following concepts: pretty, competent, or talented. The team choosing the "pretty" concept performs Oh My Girl's "Dun Dun Dance". The team choosing the "competent" concept performs Beyoncé's "Run the World (Girls)". The team choosing the "talented" concept performs Red Velvet's "Red Flavor". The "pretty" and the "competent" teams performed first with results after each performance.


title: My Teenage Girl

text: The episode starts with the "talented" team from the previous episode performing. After the team's performance, the results for the team were announced with feedback from the mentors. Following the performances by grades 2 and 3, the final results for both groups were announced with Grade 2 ranking third. Grade 3 ranked fourth in the third mission and faced elimination. According to the rules, the contestant in the losing group with the least votes from the viewers would be eliminated. Park Hyo-lim was eliminated from the show for receiving the least votes from the viewers.


title: My Teenage Girl

text: Following Park Hyo-lim's elimination, grades 1 and 4 performed, but were assigned the same concepts as grades 2 and 3 and divided into teams. The team choosing the "pretty" concept performs Iz*One's "La Vie en Rose". The team choosing the "competent" concept performs CL's "Hello Ladies". The team choosing the "talented" concept performs Hyuna's "I'm Not Cool". Each team formed by grades 1 and 4 performed with results after each performance. Following the performances by grades 1 and 4, the final results for both groups were announced with Grade 1 ranking first and taking the second spot in the forming group. Grade 4 ranked second in the third mission and faced elimination. Kim Da-som was eliminated from the show for receiving the least votes from the viewers. The episode ends with Yoon Kyun-sang announcing the fourth mission known as the "Position Battle".


title: My Teenage Girl

text: The episode starts with the introduction of the fourth mission known as the "Position Battle". In the fourth mission, each group collaborates and competes against each other based on their positions. They can only perform based on the following positions: vocal, rap, dance, or a combination of the three positions known as "all-rounder". For each position, the remaining contestants are divided into small teams and perform a song that best fits their musical abilities. Before the fourth mission, the second individual ranking announcement was held with changes in the top seven. Grade 4's Myung Hyung-seo and Yoon Chae-won entered the top seven for the first time, the latter of which replaced Grade 3's Kim Hyun-hee in first place and made the third spot in the forming group available to a Grade 4 contestant. Following the second individual ranking announcement, the vocal and dance teams performed first with rehearsals before each performance.


title: My Teenage Girl

text: The fourth mission continues with performances by the remaining teams. Rehearsals were held before each remaining performance to check the remaining contestants' performance skills. By the end of the fourth mission, the remaining spots in the forming group were revealed, resulting in the completion of the forming group. The group formed by the show would consist of one contestant from Grade 2 and two contestants each from other groups. Prior to the completion of the forming group, the final results for each remaining contestant were revealed based on the viewers' votes. The three contestants from each alliance with the least votes from the viewers would be eliminated from the show. Grade 1's Jung Yu-ju and Jung Si-woo, Grade 2's Park Hyo-won, Grade 3's Ryou Jay-hyun and Kim Su-hye, and Grade 4's Lee Yu-min were eliminated from the show for receiving the least votes in their respective alliances.


title: My Teenage Girl

text: The fourth mission ends with Yoon Kyun-sang announcing the fifth mission known as the "Representative Selection". In the fifth mission, each group competes against themselves and forms two small teams to perform an assigned song. When each team finishes performing their song, both teams perform a dance break combining both songs. Grade 3 formed two trios and performed first with the following songs: Twice's "Likey" and Mamamoo's "Hip".


title: My Teenage Girl

text: The fifth mission continues with performances by other groups. After Grade 4's performances, the first representatives of the forming group were revealed based on their votes during the fifth mission. Grade 1's Kim Seon-you and Park Bo-eun, Grade 2's Kim Ri-won, Grade 3's Kim Hyun-hee and Kim Yun-seo, and Grade 4's Yoon Chae-won and Kim Yoo-yeon became the first representatives of the forming group after receiving the most votes in their respective groups. Shortly after, eliminations for other contestants were held. The nine contestants with the least votes from the viewers would be eliminated from the show. Grades 1 and 2 eliminated four contestants each while Grade 4 eliminated Song Ye-rim from the show. Grade 3 became the only group who survived the eliminations, meaning the remaining contestants in that group survived.


title: My Teenage Girl

text: The fifth mission ends with Yoon Kyun-sang announcing the sixth mission known as the "Representative Takeover". In the sixth mission, the representatives of the forming group compete against 14 other contestants known as "challengers". The 14 contestants are divided into two teams of seven and are assigned the following songs: Everglow's "Dun Dun" and Itzy's "Mafia in the Morning". The representatives of the forming group perform an original song titled "Surprise". The members of the winning team would perform with the representatives of the forming group separately. The episode ends with two contestants forming a trio with a representative of the forming group.


title: My Teenage Girl

text: The sixth mission continues with the formation of the two "challenger" teams by doing a spinning challenge. Shortly after, both teams do splits to determine which team would perform first. Team B performed first after winning the split challenge. Before Team B's performance, the representatives of the forming group performed "Surprise" to showcase their skills as a team. Shortly after, both "challenger" teams performed to determine which team would perform with the representatives of the forming group. Team B won against Team A with 356 votes, the latter of which was nominated for elimination after losing with 282 votes. The representatives of the forming group start their battles against members of Team B, with Yoon Chae-won and Lee Tae-rim performing first with Rosé's "On the Ground". Yoon Chae-won remained as a representative of the forming group after winning against Lee Tae-rim. The episode ends with Kim Seon-you and Choi Yoon-jung performing (G)I-dle's "Lion", the latter of which replaced the former as a representative of the forming group.


title: My Teenage Girl

text: This episode was originally scheduled to air on February 6, 2022; however, the episode was delayed to February 20 due to the 2022 Winter Olympics, as well as two scheduled online fan meetings overlapping the episode's broadcast.


title: My Teenage Girl

text: The sixth mission continues with performances by the remaining representatives of the forming group and members of Team B. By the end of the sixth mission, Grade 1's Park Bo-eun and Grade 4's Yoon Chae-won and Kim Yoo-yeon remained as representatives of the forming group. Grade 2's Minami, Grade 3's Choi Yoon-jung, and Grade 4's Hong Hye-ju and Myung Hyung-seo became representatives of the forming group after replacing four original representatives during the sixth mission. The representatives were exempt from elimination and automatically moved on to the live finale. Shortly after, Yoon Kyun-sang announced the other seven finalists by their ranks in descending order. The seven nominees with the least votes from the viewers were eliminated from the show and finished as semi-finalists. Grade 2 became the only group whose remaining contestants moved on to the live finale. The episode ends with Yoon Kyun-sang announcing the final mission with live performances.


title: My Teenage Girl

text: The finale was originally scheduled to air on February 13, 2022; however, the finale was delayed to February 27 due to the 2022 Winter Olympics, as well as a scheduled online fan meeting overlapping the finale's broadcast.


title: My Teenage Girl

text: The finale starts with the 14 finalists appearing on-stage. Prior to their appearances, the group name was briefly revealed as Classy to introduce the forming group. Immediately after the 14 finalists appear on-stage, Yoon Kyun-sang explains the final mission. In the final mission, both teams compete against each other while performing two songs. One of the two songs performed by each team is introduced to the viewers as part of the final mission. The team with the highest score would earn 50,000 points as a benefit. Live voting was open during the final mission to determine the final members of Classy. Prior to the closure of live voting, the results for both teams were announced, with the "challenger" team winning against the representatives with 478 points. Shortly after, the 14 finalists thanked their mentors for helping them succeed in the show. The final results for the finalists were announced to form Classy. The finalists finishing in the top seven would become members of Classy. Park Bo-eun was announced as the first member of Classy after finishing in sixth place. The finalists ranked third to fifth were Myung Hyung-seo, Hong Hye-ju, and Kim Ri-won, respectively. Won Ji-min and Kim Seon-you were announced as candidates for first place, the former of which finished in first place with 243,302.4 points. Yoon Chae-won was announced as the last member of Classy after finishing in seventh place. The show ends with the final top 14 appearing on-screen to announce those who failed to become a member of Classy.


title: My Teenage Girl

text: Prior to the premiere, 83 contestants participated in "Hesitation Before Going to School". The contestants are listed by their final ranks.


title: My Teenage Girl

text: The English names of Korean and Chinese contestants are presented in Eastern order according to the official website while Japanese contestants' names are presented in Western order. The English spelling of contestants' names are taken from their official profiles.


title: My Teenage Girl

text: For Japanese and Chinese contestants, their Korean names are listed along with their respective languages' names.


title: My Teenage Girl

text: The finale was broadcast live on February 27, 2022. The finalists finishing in the top seven formed Classy.


title: My Teenage Girl

text: The theme song "Same Same Different" was recorded and performed by the contestants. It was released on October 2, 2021, on digital music platforms. Each group performed the song separately on "Show! Music Core" in the span of four weeks, starting with Grade 3 and ending with Grade 2.


title: My Teenage Girl

text: In the table below, the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings.


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: John Owen Brennan (born September 22, 1955) is a former American intelligence officer who served as the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) from March 2013 to January 2017. He served as chief counterterrorism advisor to U.S. President Barack Obama, with the title Deputy National Security Advisor for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism, and Assistant to the President. Previously, he advised Obama on foreign policy and intelligence issues during the 2008 election campaign and presidential transition.


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: Brennan withdrew his name from consideration for Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) during the first Obama administration over concerns about his support for torture, after defending on TV the transferring of terror suspects to countries where they might be tortured while serving under President George W. Bush. Instead, Brennan was appointed Deputy National Security Advisor, a position which did not require Senate confirmation.


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: Brennan's 25 years with the CIA included work as a Near East and South Asia analyst, as station chief in Saudi Arabia, and as director of the National Counterterrorism Center. After leaving government service in 2005, Brennan became CEO of The Analysis Corporation, a security consulting business, and served as chairman of the Intelligence and National Security Alliance, an association of intelligence professionals.


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: Brennan served in the White House as Assistant to the President for Homeland Security between 2009 and 2013. Obama nominated Brennan as his next director of the CIA on January 7, 2013. The ACLU called for the Senate not to proceed with the appointment until they confirmed that "all of his conduct was within the law" at the CIA and White House. Brennan was approved by the Senate Intelligence Committee on March 5, 2013, to succeed David Petraeus as the Director of the CIA by a vote of 12 to 3.


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: On August 15, 2018, President Donald Trump announced that he had revoked Brennan's security clearance, although the White House reportedly did not follow through with the revocation process. Brennan had harshly criticized Trump several times since his election and responded to the revocation by stating "My principles are worth far more than clearances. I will not relent."


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: Brennan serves as a senior national security and intelligence analyst for NBC News and MSNBC. His inaugural appearance was on "Meet the Press with Chuck Todd" on Sunday, February 4, 2018.


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: Brennan was born in North Bergen, New Jersey, the son of Owen and Dorothy (Dunn) Brennan. His Irish father, a blacksmith, emigrated from County Roscommon, Republic of Ireland, to New Jersey in 1948. He attended the Immaculate Heart of Mary Elementary School and graduated from Saint Joseph of the Palisades High School in West New York, New Jersey.


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: Brennan attended Fordham University, graduating with a B.A. in political science in 1977. While a college student, in 1976, he voted for the Communist Party USA candidate for president, Gus Hall. He has later described his vote as a way of "signaling my unhappiness with the system", specifically the partisanship of the Watergate era. After Fordham, Brennan attended the University of Texas at Austin, receiving a Master of Arts in government with a concentration in Middle East studies in 1980. He speaks Arabic fluently. His studies included a junior year abroad learning Arabic and taking courses at the American University in Cairo.


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: While riding a bus to class at Fordham, he saw an ad in "The New York Times" that said that the CIA was recruiting. He decided that a CIA career would be a good match for his "wanderlust" and his desire for public service. He applied to the CIA in 1980. During his application he admitted during a lie-detector test that he had voted for the Communist Party candidate four years earlier. To his surprise, he was still accepted; he later said that he finds it heartening that the CIA valued freedom of speech.


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: Brennan began his CIA career as an analyst and spent 25 years with the agency. He was a daily intelligence briefer for President Bill Clinton. In 1996, he was CIA station chief in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, when the Khobar Towers bombing killed 19 U.S. servicemen. In 1999, he was appointed chief of staff to George Tenet, then-Director of the CIA. Brennan became deputy executive director of the CIA in March 2001. He was director of the newly created Terrorist Threat Integration Center from 2003 to 2004, an office that sifted through and compiled information for President Bush's daily top secret intelligence briefings and employed the services of analysts from a dozen U.S. agencies and entities.


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: Brennan then left government service for a few years, becoming Chairman of the Intelligence and National Security Alliance (INSA) and the CEO of The Analysis Corporation (TAC). He continued to lead TAC after its acquisition by Global Strategies Group in 2007 and its growth as the Global Intelligence Solutions division of Global's North American technology business GTEC, before returning to government service with the Obama administration as Homeland Security Advisor on January 20, 2009.


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: On January 7, 2013, President Obama nominated Brennan to be director of the Central Intelligence Agency.


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: On January 20, 2017, Brennan's CIA appointment ended, and he was replaced by President Trump's nominee Mike Pompeo on January 23, 2017.


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: In September 2017, Brennan was named a Distinguished Non-Resident Scholar at The University of Texas at Austin, where he also acts as a senior advisor to the University's Intelligence Studies Project. He serves as a consultant on world events for Kissinger Associates.


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: Brennan was an early national security adviser to then-candidate Obama. In late 2008, Brennan was reportedly the top choice to become the Director of the CIA in the incoming Obama administration. However, Brennan withdrew his name from consideration because of opposition to his CIA service under President George W. Bush and past public statements he had made in support of enhanced interrogation and the transfer of terrorism suspects to countries where they might be tortured (extraordinary rendition). President Obama then appointed him to be his Deputy National Security Advisor for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism, the president's chief counterterrorism advisor and a position that did not require Senate confirmation. His responsibilities included overseeing plans to protect the country from terrorism and respond to natural disasters, and he met with the president daily.


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: In August 2009, Brennan criticized some Bush-administration anti-terror policies, saying that waterboarding had threatened national security by increasing the recruitment of terrorists and decreasing the willingness of other nations to cooperate with the U.S. He also described the Obama administration's focus as being on "extremists" and not "jihadists". He said that using the second term, which means one who is struggling for a holy goal, gives "these murderers the religious legitimacy they desperately seek" and suggests the US is at war with the religion of Islam. Brennan told "The New York Times" in January 2010, "I was somebody who did oppose waterboarding," a claim that he repeated in 2013, during the Senate's hearings about whether to confirm him as Obama's CIA director. None of Brennan's superior officers at the CIA, however, recall hearing his objections, and in 2018, Brennan admitted to "The New York Times", "It wasn't as though I was wearing that opposition on my sleeve throughout the agency. I expressed it privately, to individuals."


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: In an early December 2009 interview with the "Bergen Record", Brennan remarked, "the U.S. intelligence and law enforcement communities have to bat 1.000 every day. The terrorists are trying to be successful just once." At a press conference days after the failed Christmas Day bomb attack on Northwest Airlines Flight 253 by Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, Brennan said U.S. intelligence agencies did not miss any signs that could have prevented the attempt but later said he had let the president down by underestimating a small group of Yemeni terrorists and not connecting them to the attempted bomber. Within two weeks after the incident, however, he produced a report highly critical of the performance of U.S. intelligence agencies, concluding that their focus on terrorist attempts aimed at U.S. soil was inadequate. In February 2010, he claimed on "Meet the Press" that he was tired of Republican lawmakers using national security issues as political footballs, and making allegations where they did not know the facts.


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: Brennan was present in the Situation Room in May 2011 when the United States conducted the military operation that killed Osama bin Laden. He called Obama's decision to go forward with the mission one of the "gutsiest calls of any president in memory". In the aftermath of the operation, Brennan said that the U.S. troops in the raid had been "met with a great deal of resistance", and bin Laden had used a woman as a human shield.


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: In April 2012, Brennan was the first Obama administration official to publicly acknowledge CIA drone strikes in Pakistan, Yemen, Somalia, Libya, Afghanistan, and elsewhere. In his speech, he explained the legality, morality, and effectiveness of the program. The ACLU and other organizations disagreed. In 2011–2012, he also helped reorganize the process, under the aegis of the Disposition Matrix database, by which people outside of war zones were put on the list of drone targets. According to an "Associated Press" story, the reorganization helped "concentrate power" over the process inside the White House administration. According to "The New York Times", Brennan was the "principal coordinator" of U.S. kill lists. Former Obama administration counter-terrorism official Daniel Benjamin has stated that Brennan "probably had more power and influence than anyone in a comparable position in the last 20 years".


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: In June 2011, Brennan claimed that US counter-terrorism operations had not resulted in "a single collateral death" in the past year because of the "precision of the capabilities that we've been able to develop". Nine months later, Brennan claimed he had said "we had no information" about any civilian, noncombatant deaths during the timeframe in question. The Bureau of Investigative Journalism disagreed with Brennan, citing their own research that initially led them to believe that 45 to 56 civilians, including six children, had been killed by ten US drone strikes during the year-long period in question. Additional research led the Bureau to raise their estimate to 76 deaths, including eight children and two women. According to the Bureau, Brennan's claims "do not appear to bear scrutiny". "The Atlantic" has been harsher in its criticism, saying, "Brennan has been willing to lie about those drone strikes to hide ugly realities."


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: According to the Bureau of Investigative Journalism, Brennan's comments about collateral death are perhaps explained by a counting method that treats all military-aged males in a strike zone as combatants unless there is explicit information to prove them innocent.


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: Obama twice nominated Brennan to serve as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. Morris Davis, a former Chief Prosecutor for the Guantanamo Military Commissions compared Brennan to Canadian Omar Khadr, who was convicted of "committing murder in violation of the law of war". He suggested that Brennan's role in targeting individuals for CIA missile strikes was no more authorized than the throwing of the grenade of which Khadr was accused.


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: On February 27, 2013, the Senate Intelligence Committee postponed a vote on the confirmation of Brennan, expected to be taken the next day, until the following week. On March 5, the Intelligence Committee approved the nomination 12–3. The Senate was set to vote on Brennan's nomination on March 6, 2013. However, Kentucky Senator Rand Paul began a talking Senate filibuster prior to the vote, citing Obama and his administration's use of combat drones against Americans, stating "No one politician should be allowed to judge the guilt, to charge an individual, to judge the guilt of an individual and to execute an individual. It goes against everything that we fundamentally believe in our country." Paul's filibuster continued for 13 hours, ending with the words: "I'm hopeful that we have drawn attention to this issue, that this issue will not fade away, and that the president will come up with a response." After the filibuster, Brennan was confirmed by a vote of 63–34. He was sworn into the office of CIA Director on March 8, 2013.


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: Two months after assuming his post at the CIA, Brennan replaced Gina Haspel, head of the National Clandestine Service with another unidentified, career intelligence officer and former Marine. In June 2013, Brennan installed Avril Haines as Deputy Director of the Agency.


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: In April 2014, Brennan visited Kyiv where he met with Ukrainian Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk and First Deputy Prime Minister Vitaliy Yarema and purportedly discussed intelligence-sharing between the United States and Ukraine.


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: In the summer of 2014, Brennan faced scrutiny after it was revealed that some CIA employees had improperly accessed the computer servers of the Senate Intelligence Committee in the wake of oversight of the CIA's role in enhanced interrogation and extraordinary rendition. Brennan apologized to Senators and stated that he would "fight for change at the CIA", and stated he would pass along the findings of the Inspector General on the incident. After the incident, Senator Mark Udall (D-Colo.) stated he had "lost confidence in Brennan".


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: In December 2014, Brennan again came under fire when he defended the CIA's past interrogation tactics as having yielded "useful" intelligence, during a news conference. While admitting that the actions of the CIA officers were "abhorrent", worthy of "repudiation", and had, at times, exceeded legal boundaries Brennan stated the CIA had also done "a lot of things right during this difficult time to keep this country strong and secured".


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: During testimony to the Senate Intelligence Committee in June 2016, Brennan warned of the threat posed by ISIL claiming it had the ability to draw on a "large cadre of Western fighters" and reiterated the threats posed by lone wolf attackers, calling them "an exceptionally challenging issue for the intelligence community". Brennan detailed ISIL's size to the committee, specifying they had more fighters than al-Qaeda at its height and that they were spread between Africa and southwest Asia.


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: In September 2016, the Congress passed the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act (JASTA) that would allow relatives of victims of the September 11 attacks to sue Saudi Arabia for its government's alleged role in the attacks. Congress overwhelmingly rejected President Barack Obama's veto. Brennan warned of the JASTA bill's "grave implications for the national security of the United States."


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: While director, Brennan created ten new "mission centers" in his campaign to focus the CIA on threats in cyberspace, where analysts and hackers work in teams with focuses on specific areas of the globe and particular issues. In addition, he created the Directorate for Digital Innovation (DDI) to hone the Agency's tradecraft in the information technology sector and create new tools dedicated to cyber-espionage. Despite general praise for his actions from within the intelligence community about Brennan's shift towards cyber, some CIA officials said they held reservations in moving away from traditional human intelligence. In January 2017, Brennan, alongside FBI director James Comey, NSA director Mike Rogers, and Director of National Intelligence James Clapper briefed President-elect Donald Trump in Trump Tower on the findings of the intelligence community in regards to Russian election interference and the allegations contained in the Steele dossier.


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: British security hacker Kane Gamble, sentenced to 2 years in youth detention, posed as CIA chief to access highly sensitive information and hacked into Brennan's private email and iCloud accounts, made hoax calls to his family home and even took control of his wife's iPad. The judge said Gamble engaged in "politically motivated cyber terrorism."


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: Less than a week before Brennan left office in January 2017, he expressed several criticisms of incoming President Trump. Brennan said "I don't think he has a full appreciation of Russian capabilities, Russia's intentions and actions that they are undertaking in many parts of the world." Brennan stated that it was "outrageous" that Trump was "equating the intelligence community with Nazi Germany".


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: In October 2015, the contents of Brennan's personal AOL e-mail account were stolen by a hack and posted on WikiLeaks. The e-mails did not contain classified information but did include sensitive personal information, including a draft of Brennan's Standard Form 86 (SF-86) application. During a subsequent security conference at George Washington University, Brennan proclaimed his "outrage" at the hack but also demonstrated the need to "evolve to deal with these new threats and challenges". In January 2017, a North Carolina college student pleaded guilty in a Virginia federal court to charges relating to hacking Brennan's e-mail. The two North Carolina men eventually pleaded guilty to a conspiracy with a group that called itself "Crackas With Attitude" to commit unauthorized computer intrusions, identity theft, and telephone harassment. Justin Gray Liverman was sentenced to five years in federal prison and Andrew Otto Boggs was sentenced to two years. Other co-conspirators were located in the United Kingdom and were prosecuted by the Crown Prosecution Service.


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: Brennan helped establish the FBI’s counterintelligence investigation of Donald Trump’s campaign, which included the use of foreign intelligence, during the period leading up to the 2016 presidential election. Since leaving office, Brennan has been harshly critical of President Trump. In March 2018, Brennan said Trump had "paranoia", accused him of "constant misrepresentation of the facts", and described him as a "charlatan". Following the firing of FBI Deputy Director Andrew McCabe later that month, Brennan tweeted to Trump, "When the full extent of your venality, moral turpitude, and political corruption becomes known, you will take your rightful place as a disgraced demagogue in the dustbin of history. You may scapegoat Andy McCabe, but will not destroy America... America will triumph over you."


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: Axios quoted Brennan tweeting a response to Trump's harsh comments about James Comey: "Your kakistocracy is collapsing after its lamentable journey... we have the opportunity to emerge from this nightmare stronger & more committed to ensuring a better life for all Americans, including those you have so tragically deceived." On July 16, 2018, Brennan tweeted his reaction to Trump's comments at the 2018 Helsinki summit meeting with Russian president Vladimir Putin:


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: In December 2018, Brennan tweeted that Trump should prepare for the "forthcoming exposure of your malfeasance & corruption." One day after the release of the Barr letter in March 2019, Brennan said on MSNBC: "Well, I don't know if I received bad information, but I think I suspected there was more than there actually was. I am relieved that it's been determined there was not a criminal conspiracy with the Russian government over our election...I still point to things that were done publicly, or efforts to try to have conversations with the Russians that were inappropriate, but I’m not all that surprised that the high bar of criminal conspiracy was not met.” The Barr letter was criticized by many as deceptive after the release of the Mueller report weeks later, with Mueller writing to Barr that the letter “did not fully capture the context, nature, and substance” of Mueller’s work.


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: In a tweet on July 23, 2018, Senator Rand Paul accused Brennan of making money from his security clearance and he called for Brennan's clearance to be revoked. Adding in a second tweet, Paul said, "Today I will meet with the President and I will ask him to revoke John Brennan's security clearance!" Later at a press conference on that date Sarah Huckabee Sanders told reporters that President Trump was considering removing the clearances of several of Obama's intelligence officials, including Brennan, saying, "The president is exploring the mechanisms to remove security clearance because they politicize and in some cases monetize their public service and security clearances."


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: On August 15, 2018, White House Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders read a statement from President Trump dated July 26, 2018, in which he revoked Brennan's security clearance. The statement said Brennan's "lying and recent conduct, characterized by increasingly frenzied commentary, is wholly inconsistent with access to the nation's most closely held secrets and facilitates the very aim of our adversaries, which is to sow division and chaos". The statement said further, that Brennan had "recently leveraged his status as a former high-ranking official with access to highly sensitive information to make a series of unfounded and outrageous allegations – wild outbursts on the internet and television – about this Administration".


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: On August 16, Brennan stated that Trump's claims of no collusion with Russia were "hogwash": "The only questions that remain are whether the collusion that took place constituted criminally liable conspiracy, whether obstruction of justice occurred to cover up any collusion or conspiracy, and how many members of 'Trump Incorporated' attempted to defraud the government by laundering and concealing the movement of money into their pockets."<ref name="Brennan_8/16/2018"></ref>


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: Following the announcement, 15 former senior intelligence officials and 60 other high-ranking former CIA officers protested the Trump decision in an open letter saying, "... former government officials have the right to express their unclassified views on what they see as critical national security issues without fear of being punished for doing so." Calling Brennan "one of the finest public servants I have ever known," retired Navy admiral William H. McRaven addressed President Trump in an op-ed saying, "I would consider it an honor if you would revoke my security clearance as well, so I can add my name to the list of men and women who have spoken up against your presidency."


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: In an extensive interview on August 17, Brennan responded to Trump's decision to remove his security clearance, expressing alarm for the nation's national security in the statement: "[the country] is in a crisis in terms of what Mr. Trump has done and is liable to do. Are the Republicans on the Hill who have given him a pass -- are they going to wait for a disaster to happen before they actually find their backbones and spines to speak up against somebody who clearly, clearly, is not carrying out his responsibilities with any sense of purpose and common sense from the standpoint of national security?"


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: On August 19, Brennan told the host of NBC's "Meet the Press" that he was considering legal action to prevent Trump from doing the same to others.


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: "The New York Times" reported in May 2019 that the administration had not followed through on the bureaucratic process to revoke Brennan's clearance.


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: In March 2019, attorney general Bill Barr appointed United States Attorney for the District of Connecticut John Durham to investigate the origins of the FBI Crossfire Hurricane investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 elections, which involved some Trump associates. In December 2019, "The New York Times" reported that Durham was specifically scrutinizing Brennan's role. Durham interviewed Brennan for eight hours on August 21, 2020, after which a Brennan advisor said Durham told Brennan he was not a subject or target of a criminal investigation, but rather a witness to events.


title: John Brennan (CIA officer)

text: Brennan is married to Kathy Pokluda Brennan. Together they have one son, Kyle and two daughters, Kelly and Jaclyn. He is agnostic.


title: Bobby Kimball

text: Robert Troy Kimball (born March 29, 1947) is an American singer and songwriter best known as the original and longtime frontman of the rock band Toto from 1977 to 1984 and again from 1998 to 2008. Kimball has also performed as a solo artist and session singer.


title: Bobby Kimball

text: Kimball was born in Orange, Texas but raised in nearby Vinton, Louisiana. (Vinton did not have a hospital.) He started singing as a child, dabbling on vocals and playing piano and acoustic guitar in a musical household throughout his youth - mostly covering and performing 1950s and 1960s R&B hits, 1800s Traditional Olde Tyme music; as well as rare local Swamp pop and Cajun folk songs, typical of Louisiana.


title: Bobby Kimball

text: His parents were extremely supportive of his hobby of performing music and his musical talents; and devoted much interest in his opportunity to become a professional musician as full-time career by adulthood. He is of English, Cajun French, Welsh and Jewish ancestry. He graduated from McNeese State University in Lake Charles, Louisiana in 1969.


title: Bobby Kimball

text: Throughout the 1970s, Kimball performed as the vocalist in various New Orleans-area bands, including "The Levee Band", which became Louisiana's LeRoux after Kimball left.


title: Bobby Kimball

text: In 1974, Kimball moved from Louisiana to Los Angeles, California to pursue a full-time music career. In California, he joined three members of Three Dog Night to form a band called S.S. Fools. They released one album on CBS Records, which was considered a commercial failure, causing the band to be dropped from their label and to split up within a year and a half. In 1976, David Paich and Jeff Porcaro asked Kimball to join them with three other session musicians, who would eventually form Toto. He submitted a self-penned audition song for the band: "You Are the Flower", which he had written for his daughter and was later included on Toto's debut album. Paich and Porcaro were impressed by Kimball's bluesy vocal style and offered him the job of vocalist and songwriter. The pair liked Kimball's ability to sing in an R&B style and to fuse it with hard rock and jazz, which was characteristic and attributed to his Louisiana origins.


title: Bobby Kimball

text: Kimball performed on the first four studio albums by Toto. He was asked to leave the band in 1984 during the sessions for the "Isolation" album. In the late 1990s, on good terms with his former bandmates, Kimball was asked to rejoin Toto, which he accepted.


title: Bobby Kimball

text: A longstanding urban legend holds that the band named itself 'Toto' after Kimball's "real" name, "Robert Toteaux." This story was an in-joke perpetuated by Toto's original bassist, David Hungate - due to Kimball's home-state of Louisiana and his Cajun heritage. According to Toto guitarist Steve Lukather, the real reason for this choice of band name was that Toto was "Just a really simple (unpretentious) name: easy to remember and easily identifiable, in any language."


title: Bobby Kimball

text: After splitting from Toto in 1984, Bobby Kimball relocated to Germany for a solo career under producer Frank Farian of the Far Corporation.


title: Bobby Kimball

text: Kimball also continued to work as a session artist, singing background vocals with a trio composed of Michael McDonald from The Doobie Brothers and Bill Champlin of Chicago. Kimball was nearly asked by the band to return to Toto during 1989–1990 to record songs for the band's greatest hits album, "Past to Present 1977–1990", only to be replaced by singer Jean-Michel Byron (a decision said to have derived from Sony, the band's record company at the time). Byron was let go shortly thereafter, and guitarist-vocalist Steve Lukather took over Toto's primary lead vocal duties from 1991 to 1999. After leaving the band, Kimball released the live album "Classic Toto Hits" in late 1990, in which he performed various Toto songs from over the years. He recorded the album with the Frankfurt Rock Orchestra. In 1994, Kimball released his first solo album "Rise Up", featuring the single "Woodstock".


title: Bobby Kimball

text: In 1998, Kimball rejoined Toto. The band then returned to the studio to record "Mindfields". Toto toured in support of the album throughout 1999 and 2000. In late 1999, the band released the live album "Livefields". In 1999, Kimball released his second solo album "All I Ever Needed", with the single "Kristine". In 2002, Toto released a covers album "Through the Looking Glass".


title: Bobby Kimball

text: In February 2006, Toto released "Falling in Between", their first studio album of new material since 1999; however, it was announced in June 2008 that the band members had gone separate ways. When the group reformed in 2010, Kimball was not asked to return and was replaced by previous Toto vocalist Joseph Williams.


title: Bobby Kimball

text: Kimball was involved in the Pink Floyd tribute album, "Pigs and Pyramids, An All Star Lineup Performing the Songs of Pink Floyd", released in 2002. His contribution "Have a Cigar" also appeared on another Pink Floyd tribute album that year, "Pink Box: Songs of Pink Floyd".


title: Bobby Kimball

text: Kimball provided additional backing vocals on the song, "Caroline," on the 2006 Chicago album, "XXX".


title: Bobby Kimball

text: In January 2010, he did fourteen concerts in Germany on the "Rock Meets Classic" Tour with the Bohemian Symphony Orchestra Prague, featuring Philipp Maier as Conductor and Music Arranger. The singers with Kimball on this tour were Lou Gramm, the original lead vocalist of Foreigner, and Dan McCafferty, from the band Nazareth.


title: Bobby Kimball

text: On May 16, 2010, at the LMHOF Louisiana Music Homecoming in Erwinville, Louisiana, Bobby Kimball was inducted into The Louisiana Music Hall of Fame.


title: Bobby Kimball

text: Kimball recorded a progressive rock album in 2010 entitled "Elements" under the band name Yoso with former Yes members Tony Kaye and Billy Sherwood. Kimball recorded the 2011 album "Kimball/Jamison" with Jimi Jamison.


title: Bobby Kimball

text: In July 2011, Kimball toured Ireland with an emerging Irish band, Shadowplay. The tour visited Dublin, Galway, Limerick and Sligo, concluding in a headline performance at The Buncrana Music Festival, Ireland's largest not-for-profit music event.


title: Bobby Kimball

text: In November 2012, Kimball toured South America. The tour included Argentina, Uruguay, Chile and Peru. In March 2013, Kimball was a special guest vocalist with the "Raiding the Rock Vault" classic rock tribute show in Las Vegas, Nevada.


title: Bobby Kimball

text: In May 2014, in Genoa, at the FIM - Fiera Internazionale della Musica, Kimball obtained from the director of the event Verdiano Vera, the FIM Award 2014 - Legend of Rock - Best Voice. In February 2015, he represented the United States at the LVI International Song Festival in Viña del Mar, Chile, with the song "Living Your Life for Happiness".


title: Bobby Kimball

text: In late 2016, Bobby released a solo album, "We're Not In Kansas Anymore", and the same year, music website "No Echo" featured Kimball on their "Best Male AOR Singers" list.


title: Bobby Kimball

text: In November 2019, German media reported that Kimball suffers from dementia. This was also confirmed by Steve Lukather in an interview with Eonmusic in 2021.


title: Microcomputer

text: A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer having a central processing unit (CPU) made out of a microprocessor. The computer also includes memory and input/output (I/O) circuitry together mounted on a printed circuit board (PCB). Microcomputers became popular in the 1970s and 1980s with the advent of increasingly powerful microprocessors. The predecessors to these computers, mainframes and minicomputers, were comparatively much larger and more expensive (though indeed present-day mainframes such as the IBM System z machines use one or more custom microprocessors as their CPUs). Many microcomputers (when equipped with a keyboard and screen for input and output) are also personal computers (in the generic sense). An early use of the term "personal computer" in 1962 predates microprocessor-based designs. "(See "Personal Computer: Computers at Companies" reference below)". A "microcomputer" used as an embedded control system may have no human-readable input and output devices. "Personal computer" may be used generically or may denote an IBM PC compatible machine.


title: Microcomputer

text: The abbreviation "micro" was common during the 1970s and 1980s, but has since fallen out of common usage.


title: Microcomputer

text: The term "microcomputer" came into popular use after the introduction of the minicomputer, although Isaac Asimov used the term in his short story "The Dying Night" as early as 1956 (published in "The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction" in July that year). Most notably, the microcomputer replaced the many separate components that made up the minicomputer's CPU with one integrated microprocessor chip.


title: Microcomputer

text: In 1973, the French Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) was looking for a computer able to measure agricultural hygrometry. To answer this request, a team of French engineers of the computer technology company R2E, led by its Head of Development, François Gernelle, created the first available microprocessor-based microcomputer, the Micral N. The same year the company filed their patents with the term "Micro-ordinateur", a literal equivalent of "Microcomputer", to designate a solid state machine designed with a microprocessor.


title: Microcomputer

text: In the US the earliest models such as the Altair 8800 were often sold as kits to be assembled by the user, and came with as little as 256 bytes of RAM, and no input/output devices other than indicator lights and switches, useful as a proof of concept to demonstrate what such a simple device could do.


title: Microcomputer

text: As microprocessors and semiconductor memory became less expensive, microcomputers grew cheaper and easier to use.


title: Microcomputer

text: All these improvements in cost and usability resulted in an explosion in their popularity during the late 1970s and early 1980s.


title: Microcomputer

text: A large number of computer makers packaged microcomputers for use in small business applications. By 1979, many companies such as Cromemco, Processor Technology, IMSAI, North Star Computers, Southwest Technical Products Corporation, Ohio Scientific, Altos Computer Systems, Morrow Designs and others produced systems designed for resourceful end users or consulting firms to deliver business systems such as accounting, database management and word processing to small businesses. This allowed businesses unable to afford leasing of a minicomputer or time-sharing service the opportunity to automate business functions, without (usually) hiring a full-time staff to operate the computers. A representative system of this era would have used an S100 bus, an 8-bit processor such as an Intel 8080 or Zilog Z80, and either CP/M or MP/M operating system.


title: Microcomputer

text: The increasing availability and power of desktop computers for personal use attracted the attention of more software developers. As the industry matured, the market for personal computers standardized around IBM PC compatibles running DOS, and later Windows. Modern desktop computers, video game consoles, laptops, tablet PCs, and many types of handheld devices, including mobile phones, pocket calculators, and industrial embedded systems, may all be considered examples of microcomputers according to the definition given above.


title: Microcomputer

text: By the early 2000s, everyday use of the expression "microcomputer" (and in particular "micro") declined significantly from its peak in the mid-1980s. The term is most commonly associated with the most popular all-in-one 8-bit home computers (such as the Apple II, ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, BBC Micro, and TRS-80) and small-business CP/M-based microcomputers.


title: Microcomputer

text: In colloquial usage, "microcomputer" has been largely supplanted by the term "personal computer" or "PC", which specifies a computer that has been designed to be used by one individual at a time, a term first coined in 1959. IBM first promoted the term "personal computer" to differentiate the IBM PC from CP/M-based microcomputers likewise targeted at the small-business market, and also IBM's own mainframes and minicomputers. However, following its release, the IBM PC itself was widely imitated, as well as the term. The component parts were commonly available to producers and the BIOS was reverse engineered through cleanroom design techniques. IBM PC compatible "clones" became commonplace, and the terms "personal computer", and especially "PC", stuck with the general public, often specifically for a computer compatible with DOS (or nowadays Windows).


title: Microcomputer

text: Monitors, keyboards and other devices for input and output may be integrated or separate. Computer memory in the form of RAM, and at least one other less volatile, memory storage device are usually combined with the CPU on a system bus in one unit. Other devices that make up a complete microcomputer system include batteries, a power supply unit, a keyboard and various input/output devices used to convey information to and from a human operator (printers, monitors, human interface devices). Microcomputers are designed to serve only one user at a time, although they can often be modified with software or hardware to concurrently serve more than one user. Microcomputers fit well on or under desks or tables, so that they are within easy access of users. Bigger computers like minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers take up large cabinets or even dedicated rooms.


title: Microcomputer

text: A microcomputer comes equipped with at least one type of data storage, usually RAM. Although some microcomputers (particularly early 8-bit home micros) perform tasks using RAM alone, some form of secondary storage is normally desirable. In the early days of home micros, this was often a data cassette deck (in many cases as an external unit). Later, secondary storage (particularly in the form of floppy disk and hard disk drives) were built into the microcomputer case.


title: Microcomputer

text: Although they did not contain any microprocessors, but were built around transistor-transistor logic (TTL), Hewlett-Packard calculators as far back as 1968 had various levels of programmability comparable to microcomputers. The HP 9100B (1968) had rudimentary conditional (if) statements, statement line numbers, jump statements (go to), registers that could be used as variables, and primitive subroutines. The programming language resembled assembly language in many ways. Later models incrementally added more features, including the BASIC programming language (HP 9830A in 1971). Some models had tape storage and small printers. However, displays were limited to one line at a time. The HP 9100A was referred to as a personal computer in an advertisement in a 1968 Science magazine, but that advertisement was quickly dropped. HP was reluctant to sell them as "computers" because the perception at that time was that a computer had to be big in size to be powerful, and thus decided to market them as calculators. Additionally, at that time, people were more likely to buy calculators than computers, and, purchasing agents also preferred the term "calculator" because purchasing a "computer" required additional layers of purchasing authority approvals.


title: Microcomputer

text: The Datapoint 2200, made by CTC in 1970, was also comparable to microcomputers. While it contains no microprocessor, the instruction set of its custom TTL processor was the basis of the instruction set for the Intel 8008, and for practical purposes the system behaves approximately as if it contains an 8008. This is because Intel was the contractor in charge of developing the Datapoint's CPU, but ultimately CTC rejected the 8008 design because it needed 20 support chips.


title: Microcomputer

text: Another early system, the Kenbak-1, was released in 1971. Like the Datapoint 2200, it used small-scale integrated transistor–transistor logic instead of a microprocessor. It was marketed as an educational and hobbyist tool, but it was not a commercial success; production ceased shortly after introduction.


title: Microcomputer

text: In late 1972, a French team headed by François Gernelle within a small company, Réalisations & Etudes Electroniques (R2E), developed and patented a computer based on a microprocessor – the Intel 8008 8-bit microprocessor. This Micral-N was marketed in early 1973 as a "Micro-ordinateur" or "microcomputer", mainly for scientific and process-control applications. About a hundred Micral-N were installed in the next two years, followed by a new version based on the Intel 8080. Meanwhile, another French team developed the Alvan, a small computer for office automation which found clients in banks and other sectors. The first version was based on LSI chips with an Intel 8008 as peripheral controller (keyboard, monitor and printer), before adopting the Zilog Z80 as main processor.


title: Microcomputer

text: In late 1972, a Sacramento State University team led by Bill Pentz built the Sac State 8008 computer, able to handle thousands of patients' medical records. The Sac State 8008 was designed with the Intel 8008. It had a full set of hardware and software components: a disk operating system included in a series of programmable read-only memory chips (PROMs); 8 Kilobytes of RAM; IBM's Basic Assembly Language (BAL); a hard drive; a color display; a printer output; a 150 bit/s serial interface for connecting to a mainframe; and even the world's first microcomputer front panel.


title: Microcomputer

text: In early 1973, Sord Computer Corporation (now Toshiba Personal Computer System Corporation) completed the SMP80/08, which used the Intel 8008 microprocessor. The SMP80/08, however, did not have a commercial release. After the first general-purpose microprocessor, the Intel 8080, was announced in April 1974, Sord announced the SMP80/x, the first microcomputer to use the 8080, in May 1974.


title: Microcomputer

text: Virtually all early microcomputers were essentially boxes with lights and switches; one had to read and understand binary numbers and machine language to program and use them (the Datapoint 2200 was a striking exception, bearing a modern design based on a monitor, keyboard, and tape and disk drives). Of the early "box of switches"-type microcomputers, the MITS Altair 8800 (1975) was arguably the most famous. Most of these simple, early microcomputers were sold as electronic kits—bags full of loose components which the buyer had to solder together before the system could be used.


title: Microcomputer

text: The period from about 1971 to 1976 is sometimes called the of microcomputers. Many companies such as DEC, National Semiconductor, Texas Instruments offered their microcomputers for use in terminal control, peripheral device interface control and industrial machine control. There were also machines for engineering development and hobbyist personal use. In 1975, the Processor Technology SOL-20 was designed, which consisted of one board which included all the parts of the computer system. The SOL-20 had built-in EPROM software which eliminated the need for rows of switches and lights. The MITS Altair just mentioned played an instrumental role in sparking significant hobbyist interest, which itself eventually led to the founding and success of many well-known personal computer hardware and software companies, such as Microsoft and Apple Computer. Although the Altair itself was only a mild commercial success, it helped spark a huge industry.


title: Microcomputer

text: By 1977, the introduction of the second generation, known as home computers, made microcomputers considerably easier to use than their predecessors because their predecessors' operation often demanded thorough familiarity with practical electronics. The ability to connect to a monitor (screen) or TV set allowed visual manipulation of text and numbers. The BASIC language, which was easier to learn and use than raw machine language, became a standard feature. These features were already common in minicomputers, with which many hobbyists and early produces were familiar.


title: Microcomputer

text: In 1979, the launch of the VisiCalc spreadsheet (initially for the Apple II) first turned the microcomputer from a hobby for computer enthusiasts into a business tool. After the 1981 release by IBM of its IBM PC, the term personal computer became generally used for microcomputers compatible with the IBM PC architecture (PC compatible).


title: Tiefling

text: The tiefling ( ) is a fictional humanoid race in the "Dungeons & Dragons" ("D&D") fantasy roleplaying game. Originally introduced in the "Planescape" campaign setting in the second edition of "Advanced Dungeons & Dragons" as a player character race for the setting, they became one of the primary races available for player characters in the fourth edition of the game.


title: Tiefling

text: In the Planescape setting, where tieflings were introduced, they were described as being a mixture of human and "something else" with the implication that the medium-sized non-human ancestors originated from the evil "lower planes". In further supplements it was clarified that tieflings were usually descended from fiends but not in the same manner as half-fiends, since a tiefling's fiendish ancestry lies further up the family tree. This description remained true in 3rd Edition.


title: Tiefling

text: In 4th Edition "Dungeons & Dragons", tieflings are a race whose human ancestors made a bargain with devils to increase their power. Their origin is similar in 5th Edition.


title: Tiefling

text: The name, pronounced , was derived by Wolfgang Baur from German "tief" meaning "deep, low", and the suffix "-ling", "offspring," alluding to their origins in the "lower planes" (in the 2nd and 3rd editions).


title: Tiefling

text: The tiefling was introduced in the "Planescape Campaign Setting" (1994) with more information in the first "Planescape Monstrous Compendium Appendix" (1994) and "The Planewalker's Handbook" (1996).


title: Tiefling

text: The fey'ri and tanna'ruk tieflings appeared in "Monsters of Faerun" (2001). The tiefling is presented as a player character race for the Forgotten Realms setting in the "Forgotten Realms Campaign Setting" (2001), and the tiefling and fey'ri appear as player character races in "Races of Faerûn" (2003).


title: Tiefling

text: The tiefling appears in the revised "Monster Manual" for this edition (2003) under the planetouched entry.


title: Tiefling

text: The tiefling appears as a player character race in the "Planar Handbook" (2004), and "Races of Destiny" (2004).


title: Tiefling

text: The tiefling appears as a player character race in the "Player's Handbook" for the 4th edition (2008), and again in "Heroes of the Forgotten Kingdoms" (2010). Tieflings also have a racial book dedicated to them in this edition, "".


title: Tiefling

text: William O'Connor, the artist responsible for designing tieflings in this edition, commented that there were few artistic depictions of the race in previous editions. However, with the tiefling becoming a core player race, the 4th edition design team "wanted to radically update their appearance to make them look more intimidating and 'cool'. [...] The horns and the tail were the defining elements of the race so my first direction was to make them as prominent as possible. Part of the design of the 4th edition was to integrate the design into being a miniature game so part of the process was to make the character's silhouettes easily recognizable from a distance". O'Connor highlighted a conversation he had with the creative director Stacy Longstreet who described tieflings as a "cursed people" which helped him figure out "their cultural aesthetic". O'Connor stated that:My immediate touchstone was of course vampires, and I worked to give the tielfing that sexy, dark and gothic appeal despite their "deformity". I carried this idea over into everything about them, their clothes and equipment. I wanted everything to have a twisted aesthetic as if all of their prized heirlooms and weapons, all the relics of a lost past, were also cursed and contorted into horrible but beautiful shapes, imagining that the forms of the weapons should reflect the shapes of their tails. Elegant and deadly like the tielfing themselves.


title: Tiefling

text: The tiefling appears as a player character race in the "Player's Handbook" for the 5th edition (2014). Variant tiefling options appear in the "Sword Coast Adventure Guide" (2015) and "Mordenkainen's Tome of Foes" (2018). "Mordenkainen's Tome of Foes" specfically outlines the nine tiefling bloodlines of the Archdevils of the Nine Hells.


title: Tiefling

text: The "One D&D" playtest released in August 2022 updated the base tiefling to have "options encompassing all the Lower Planes. Infernal tieflings are tied to lawful evil planes like Acheron or the Nine Hells, abyssal tieflings to chaotic evil planes like the Abyss or Pandemonium, and chthonic tieflings to neutral evil planes like Gehenna or Hades. The options differ in their damage resistances, and in the spells they learn at first, third, and fifth level".


title: Tiefling

text: In the setting of "Dungeons & Dragons" 4th Edition, the tieflings trace their origins to the ancient human Empire of Bael Turath. In the Empire, the noble class was completely obsessed with preserving and gaining power. Rumors of their schemes and obsession with power reached a realm called the Nine Hells, located around the Astral Sea. The devils that resided in the Nine Hells gave the ruling classes of Bael Turath visions while they slept, containing the directions for a grisly, month-long ritual that would extend their rule into eternity. The details of the ritual have been left unclear in the books from the "Player's Handbook" series describing the events, though it is described as being very horrible. As the ritual demanded the participation of every noble house, those that refused were wholly slaughtered. Once this was done, the ruling class began their ritual. Afterwards, devils from the Nine Hells began to appear, and the nobles gladly made pacts with them. These pacts gave power to the nobles and their descendants forever, but also gave them the devilish features of horns, non-prehensile tails, sharp teeth, and red skin. From that point forward, the former humans were the race known as the tieflings.


title: Tiefling

text: In the 5th Edition, the overlord of the Nine Hells, Asmodeus, is cited as the ancestral source of their devilish features.


title: Tiefling

text: In earlier versions of "Dungeons & Dragons", 3.5 and previous, tieflings have any of a number of features that reference (directly or indirectly) their fiendish lineage. These include horns located on their heads, pointed sharp teeth, extra fingers, cloven hooves in place of feet, tails, and unusually colored eyes. They exude a feeling of "evil" even though their race has become civil and no longer lusts for power. Many races distrust or outright hate tieflings, seeing them as devil worshippers. Tiefling villains often live up to this reputation, whereas player characters have the choice to abandon this stereotype.


title: Tiefling

text: In 4th edition and later, tieflings are a core character race and have had their appearance altered from 3.5 and earlier. All tieflings possess large thick horns of various styles on their heads, prehensile tails approximately 4 to 5 feet in length, sharply pointed teeth, and their eyes are solid orbs of red, black, white, silver, or gold. Tiefling skin ranges through common human shades right into the reds, ranging from brick red to a ruddy tan. Tiefling hair, which starts behind their horns, ranges from dark blue to purple to red in addition to more normal human colors.


title: Tiefling

text: Within the setting of "Dungeons & Dragons" 4th Edition, tieflings are characterized as charismatic and self-reliant, and make excellent warlocks, warlords, and wizards.


title: Tiefling

text: In "Dungeons & Dragons" 4th Edition, tieflings do not associate with a specific god or gods. Their lack of faith also means paladins and clerics are seldom, if ever, found. Tieflings have no homeland and are very rare due to a long-lasting war with the dragonborn, another race seen in the 4th edition of "Dungeons & Dragons". Most tieflings prefer to be adventurers and rarely ever adventure with their own kin due to the prejudices of other races (people are concerned when two or more of their kind travel together).


title: Tiefling

text: In most editions, tiefling naming conventions consist of ancestral Infernal names. In 3.5, tieflings use human names until they seek to differentiate themselves from their parents, after which they usually take fiendish "names" of Infernal or Abyssal origin that sound menacing. In 4.0 onwards, tieflings usually take an ancestral Infernal name, although some young tieflings, striving to find a place in the world, choose a name that signifies a concept and then try to embody the concept.


title: Tiefling

text: In most editions, tieflings are described as slow to trust, but those who do earn their trust and loyalty earn a firm friend or ally for life.


title: Tiefling

text: Unlike half-fiends, tieflings are not necessarily of evil alignments. Tieflings of all alignments exist, including good, although many take more shady jobs, such as that of thieves, assassins or spies. Tieflings are often portrayed as antiheroes.


title: Tiefling

text: In a standard 3.0 and 3.5 game, tieflings tend to have an unsettling air about them, and most people are uncomfortable around them, whether they are aware of the tiefling's unsavory ancestry or not.


title: Tiefling

text: In 5th edition, tieflings do not have an innate tendency towards evil, though many usually end up going down that path due to the prejudice against them. Also due to the prejudice against them, tieflings have a fierce independent streak and are inclined towards being chaotic.


title: Tiefling

text: In the "Forgotten Realms" campaign setting, both tieflings and aasimar are more common than in other settings. Tieflings even have elven and orc counterparts (Fey'ri and Tanarruk, respectively). In the 3rd Edition of Dungeons and Dragons, less common varieties of the tiefling were introduced, including a dwarven counterpart, the Maeluth and a halfling counterpart, the Wispling.


title: Tiefling

text: In the "Planescape" campaign setting, tieflings are a common race available to player characters, though they are mistrusted and reviled by many inhabitants of the planes.