title: Juno (spacecraft)

text: The spectrometer mapper JIRAM, operating in the near infrared (between 2 and 5 μm), conducts surveys in the upper layers of the atmosphere to a depth of between where the pressure reaches . JIRAM will provide images of the aurora in the wavelength of 3.4 μm in regions with abundant H ions. By measuring the heat radiated by the atmosphere of Jupiter, JIRAM can determine how clouds with water are flowing beneath the surface. It can also detect methane, water vapor, ammonia and phosphine. It was not required that this device meets the radiation resistance requirements. The JIRAM instrument is expected to operate through the eighth orbit of Jupiter.


title: Juno (spacecraft)

text: The magnetic field investigation has three goals: mapping of the magnetic field, determining the dynamics of Jupiter's interior, and determination of the three-dimensional structure of the polar magnetosphere. The magnetometer experiment consists of the Flux Gate Magnetometer (FGM), which will observe the strength and direction of the magnetic field lines, and the Advanced Stellar Compass (ASC), which will monitor the orientation of the magnetometer sensors.


title: Juno (spacecraft)

text: The purpose of measuring gravity by radio waves is to establish a map of the distribution of mass inside Jupiter. The uneven distribution of mass in Jupiter induces small variations in gravity all along the orbit followed by the probe when it runs closer to the surface of the planet. These gravity variations drive small probe velocity changes. The purpose of radio science is to detect the Doppler effect on radio broadcasts issued by "Juno" toward Earth in Ka-band and X-band, which are frequency ranges that can conduct the study with fewer disruptions related to the solar wind or Jupiter's ionosphere.


title: Juno (spacecraft)

text: The energetic particle detector JADE will measure the angular distribution, energy, and the velocity vector of ions and electrons at "low" energy (ions between 13 eV and 20 KeV, electrons of 200 eV to 40 KeV) present in the aurora of Jupiter. On JADE, like JEDI, the electron analyzers are installed on three sides of the upper plate which allows a measure of frequency three times higher.


title: Juno (spacecraft)

text: The energetic particle detector JEDI will measure the angular distribution and the velocity vector of ions and electrons at "high" energy (ions between 20 keV and 1 MeV, electrons from 40 to 500 keV) present in the polar magnetosphere of Jupiter. JEDI has three identical sensors dedicated to the study of particular ions of hydrogen, helium, oxygen and sulfur.


title: Juno (spacecraft)

text: This instrument will identify the regions of auroral currents that define Jovian radio emissions and acceleration of the auroral particles by measuring the radio and plasma spectra in the auroral region. It will also observe the interactions between Jupiter's atmosphere and magnetosphere. The instrument consists of two antennae that detect radio and plasma waves.


title: Juno (spacecraft)

text: UVS will record the wavelength, position and arrival time of detected ultraviolet photons during the time when the spectrograph slit views Jupiter during each turn of the spacecraft. The instrument will provide spectral images of the UV auroral emissions in the polar magnetosphere.


title: Juno (spacecraft)

text: A visible light camera/telescope, included in the payload to facilitate education and public outreach; later re-purposed to study the dynamics of Jupiter's clouds, particularly those at the poles. It was anticipated that it would operate through only eight orbits of Jupiter ending in September 2017 due to the planet's damaging radiation and magnetic field, but as of November 2022 (46 orbits), JunoCam remains operational.


title: Juno (spacecraft)

text: "Juno" is the first mission to Jupiter to use solar panels instead of the radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTG) used by "Pioneer 10", "Pioneer 11", the Voyager program, "Ulysses", "Cassini–Huygens", "New Horizons", and the "Galileo" orbiter. It is also the farthest solar-powered trip in the history of space exploration. Once in orbit around Jupiter, "Juno" receives only 4% as much sunlight as it would on Earth, but the global shortage of plutonium-238, as well as advances made in solar cell technology over the past several decades, makes it economically preferable to use solar panels of practical size to provide power at a distance of 5 a.u. from the Sun.


title: Juno (spacecraft)

text: The "Juno" spacecraft uses three solar panels symmetrically arranged around the spacecraft. Shortly after it cleared Earth's atmosphere, the panels were deployed. Two of the panels have four hinged segments each, and the third panel has three segments and a magnetometer. Each panel is long, the biggest on any NASA deep-space probe.


title: Juno (spacecraft)

text: The combined mass of the three panels is nearly . If the panels were optimized to operate at Earth, they would produce 12 to 14 kilowatts of power. Only about 486 watts were generated when "Juno" arrived at Jupiter, projected to decline to near 420 watts as radiation degrades the cells. The solar panels will remain in sunlight continuously from launch through the end of the mission, except for short periods during the operation of the main engine and eclipses by Jupiter. A central power distribution and drive unit monitors the power that is generated by the solar panels and distributes it to instruments, heaters, and experiment sensors, as well as to batteries that are charged when excess power is available. Two 55 Ah lithium-ion batteries that are able to withstand the radiation environment of Jupiter provide power when "Juno" passes through eclipse.


title: Juno (spacecraft)

text: "Juno" uses in-band signaling ("tones") for several critical operations as well as status reporting during cruise mode, but it is expected to be used infrequently. Communications are via the and antennas of the NASA Deep Space Network (DSN) utilizing an X-band direct link. The command and data processing of the "Juno" spacecraft includes a flight computer capable of providing about 50 Mbit/s of instrument throughput. Gravity science subsystems use the X-band and K-band Doppler tracking and autoranging.


title: Juno (spacecraft)

text: Due to telecommunications constraints, "Juno" will only be able to return about 40 megabytes of JunoCam data during each 11-day orbital period, limiting the number of images that are captured and transmitted during each orbit to somewhere between 10 and 100 depending on the compression level used. The overall amount of data downlinked on each orbit is significantly higher and used for the mission's scientific instruments; JunoCam is intended for public outreach and is thus secondary to the science data. This is comparable to the previous "Galileo" mission that orbited Jupiter, which captured thousands of images despite its slow data rate of 1000 bit/s (at maximum compression level) due to the failure of its high gain antenna.


title: Juno (spacecraft)

text: "Juno" uses a LEROS 1b main engine with hypergolic propellant, manufactured by Moog Inc in Westcott, Buckinghamshire, England. It uses approx. of hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide for propulsion, including available for the Jupiter Orbit Insertion plus subsequent orbital maneuvers. The engine provides a thrust of 645 newtons. The engine bell is enclosed in a debris shield fixed to the spacecraft body, and is used for major burns. For control of the vehicle's orientation (attitude control) and to perform trajectory correction maneuvers, "Juno" utilizes a monopropellant reaction control system (RCS) consisting of twelve small thrusters that are mounted on four engine modules.


title: Juno (spacecraft)

text: "Juno" carries a plaque to Jupiter, dedicated to Galileo Galilei. The plaque was provided by the Italian Space Agency (ASI) and measures . It is made of flight-grade aluminum and weighs . The plaque depicts a portrait of Galileo and a text in Galileo's own handwriting, penned in January 1610, while observing what would later be known to be the Galilean moons. The text translates as:


title: Juno (spacecraft)

text: The spacecraft also carries three Lego minifigures representing Galileo Galilei, the Roman god Jupiter, and his sister and wife, the goddess Juno. In Roman mythology, Jupiter drew a veil of clouds around himself to hide his mischief. Juno was able to peer through the clouds and reveal Jupiter's true nature. The Juno minifigure holds a magnifying glass as a sign of searching for the truth, and Jupiter holds a lightning bolt. The third Lego crew member, Galileo Galilei, has his telescope with him on the journey. The figurines were produced in partnership between NASA and Lego as part of an outreach program to inspire children's interest in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Although most Lego toys are made of plastic, Lego specially made these minifigures of aluminum to endure the extreme conditions of space flight.


title: Juno (spacecraft)

text: Among early results, "Juno" gathered information about Jovian lightning that revised earlier theories. "Juno" provided the first views of Jupiter's north pole, as well as providing insight about Jupiter's aurorae, magnetic field, and atmosphere.


title: Juno (spacecraft)

text: In 2021, analysis of the frequency of interplanetary dust impacts (primarily on the backs of the solar panels), as Juno passed between Earth and the asteroid belt, indicated that this dust, which causes the Zodiacal light, comes from Mars, rather than from comets or asteroids that come from the outer solar system, as was previously thought.


title: Juno (spacecraft)

text: Juno made many discoveries that are challenging existing theories about Jupiter's formation. When Juno flew over the poles of Jupiter it imaged clusters of stable cyclones that exist at the poles. It found that the magnetosphere of Jupiter is uneven and chaotic. Using its Microwave Radiometer Juno found that the red and white bands that can be seen on Jupiter extend hundreds of kilometers into the Jovian atmosphere, yet the interior of Jupiter isn't evenly mixed. This has resulted in the theory that Jupiter doesn't have a solid core as previously thought, but a "fuzzy" core made of pieces of rock and metallic hydrogen. This peculiar core may be a result of a collision that happened early on in Jupiter's formation.


title: Marvel Studios: Legends

text: Marvel Studios: Legends is an American television docuseries created for the streaming service Disney+, based on the Marvel Comics characters and objects that appear in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Produced by Marvel Studios, each episode showcases an individual character or object with footage from past MCU films and Disney+ series, highlighting their prominent moments from the MCU.


title: Marvel Studios: Legends

text: The series was first announced in December 2020. "Marvel Studios: Legends" premiered on January 8, 2021, with subsequent episodes releasing shortly before a Disney+ series or special's premiere or a film's initial release. It received positive responses for being helpful to casual viewers of the franchise, but criticism for being a clip show with no new footage or documentary elements.


title: Marvel Studios: Legends

text: The series examines individual heroes, villains, moments, and objects from the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) and how they connect, in anticipation of the upcoming stories that will feature them in the Disney+ , , and Special Presentations.


title: Marvel Studios: Legends

text: "Marvel Studios: Legends" was announced in December 2020 as a new series that would revisit characters from the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) ahead of their appearances in new feature films and Disney+ series as part of of the MCU. Two episodes were initially announced, with one for Wanda Maximoff and one for Vision ahead of their roles in "WandaVision". Upon its announcement, many commentators believed the series would be a clip show and a good way to remind viewers of a character's history and allow casual viewers a quick way to catch-up without watching hours of past MCU content. Chaim Gartenberg at "The Verge" also likened the series to the one-page recaps Marvel Comics uses to similarly catch readers up for ongoing stories.


title: Marvel Studios: Legends

text: The series features short episodes made up of footage from past MCU films that featured the highlighted character, moment, or object. "Collider" Matt Goldberg felt "Marvel Studios: Legends" did not cost Disney or Marvel Studios "anything more than some editor's work and a bit of music" to produce given each episode's length and content. In February 2021, episodes for Falcon, Winter Soldier, Zemo, and Sharon Carter were announced ahead of "The Falcon and the Winter Soldier".


title: Marvel Studios: Legends

text: In May 2021, before the release of "Loki", episodes for Loki and the Tesseract were announced. The following month, an episode for Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow was announced ahead of the character's appearance in the Phase Four film "Black Widow" (2021), which was set to be made available on Disney+ with Premier Access. In July, episodes for Peggy Carter, the Avengers Initiative, and the Ravagers were announced, ahead of their appearances in the series "What If...?". In August, before the release of "Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings", an episode for the Ten Rings organization was announced. In October, an episode for Clint Barton / Hawkeye was announced to debut for Disney+'s "Disney+ Day" event, ahead of the character's appearance in "Hawkeye". In April 2022, episodes for Dr. Stephen Strange, Wong, and Wanda Maximoff / Scarlet Witch were announced, ahead of the characters' appearances in "Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness" (2022). At the end of June, three episodes for Thor, Jane Foster, and Valkyrie were revealed, ahead of their appearances in "" (2022). A "Legends" episode for Bruce Banner was revealed in August 2022, ahead of his appearance in "" (2022). In October, episodes for T'Challa, Shuri, and the Dora Milaje were revealed, ahead of their appearances in "" (2022), and the following month, episodes for Mantis and Drax were revealed, ahead of their appearances in "The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special" (2022).


title: Marvel Studios: Legends

text: "Marvel Studios: Legends" released its first two episodes on January 8, 2021, on Disney+. Additional episodes were released before a character's appearance in a Disney+ series, special or film.


title: Marvel Studios: Legends

text: The "Mantis" and "Drax" episodes were removed from Disney+ shortly after their release on November 23, 2022. It is believed the removal was because of the inclusion of a "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2" deleted scene in the "Mantis" episode, where the character was revealed as Peter Quill's sister; this was assumed to be a plot point that would be featured in "The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special".


title: Marvel Studios: Legends

text: Matt Goldberg at "Collider" described "Legends" as "elaborate fan videos that offer cross-promotion" for Marvel, which he did not think was bad but he did wish that the series "offered up something new", such as actors "talking about their characters or offering a fresh teaser for" what was being promoted. He concluded that "Legends" was "content to be a highly produced recap video". Charlie Ridgely, writing for "ComicBook.com", called "Legends" "incredibly handy" given there had not been any new MCU content in 2020. While conceding viewers already familiar with the highlighted character's stories might not see the need for the episodes since they were "quite literally just a recap of what happened in the movies", he felt it was still "a great refresher" for viewers interested in the new Marvel Disney+ content who "maybe aren't as into the greater MCU... allow[ing] everyone to be on a similar page". "Variety" Caroline Framke felt Marvel was anticipating confusion from casual MCU viewers during their new Disney+ series, and called "Legends" "pretty helpful" heading into "WandaVision". Some viewers were disappointed in the series, expecting a more in-depth documentary with creatives providing interviews rather than a clip show.


title: Marvel Studios: Legends

text: In February 2021, fellow Marvel Studios docuseries "" was announced. Some commentators called "Assembled" a companion series to "Legends", since "Assembled" presents behind the scenes material after a MCU film or series. In June 2022, the documentary short "A Fan's Guide to Ms. Marvel" was released on Disney+ in preparation for the character's debut in the series "Ms. Marvel". It featured an exclusive look at the production of the series and interviews from the filmmaking team and star Iman Vellani.


title: Pearl Lowe

text: Pearl Lowe (born Pearl Samantha Davis; 7 April 1970) is an English fashion and textiles designer, and former singer-songwriter.


title: Pearl Lowe

text: Lowe was the vocalist of mid-1990s indie bands Powder and Lodger, which she fronted after a brief period at LAMDA, and as a solo-artist under the name Pearl.


title: Pearl Lowe

text: Lowe is known for her love of vintage interiors and fashion. In 2001, she launched 'Pearl Lowe', her signature range of lace curtains and cushions. In 2006, Lowe moved to Somerset where she began designing her own bespoke handmade dresses and childrenswear that were sold to Liberty and The Cross in London. She has also designed capsule ranges for the High Street retailer, Peacocks. Alongside her textiles work, Lowe also designed interiors for many private clients.


title: Pearl Lowe

text: In 2017, she launched a collection of bespoke dresses for women through the Pearl Lowe website. Lowe's womenswear collection follows on from the Petite Pearl Lowe luxury dress up collection of vintage inspired costumes. The range is circus inspired and is aimed at young girls and sold through retailers, Harrods and Selfridges.


title: Pearl Lowe

text: Lowe published her memoir "All That Glitters" in 2007, a sombre look at overcoming addiction. In 2013, she launched her first interiors book, entitled "Pearl Lowe’s Vintage Craft", which saw her bring her styling advice to a much wider audience.


title: Pearl Lowe

text: Lowe has contributed to TV Programmes, design columns and blogs. She has also appeared on "Britain's Next Top Model" and more recently in Channel 4's "Four Rooms".


title: Pearl Lowe

text: She was briefly the face of Agent Provocateur. Lowe was an ambassador for the homeless charity Crisis, and is now an ambassador for Action on Addiction.


title: Pearl Lowe

text: Lowe's mother Leila is an interior designer. She was named after her maternal grandmother Pearl Teller, who died on the day she was born. Lowe's father Eddie died in 2016 of lung cancer.


title: Pearl Lowe

text: She has a daughter, Daisy Lowe (born 27 January 1989), with singer Gavin Rossdale. Daisy is a fashion model who also worked for Agent Provocateur.


title: Pearl Lowe

text: Since 1995, her partner has been Supergrass drummer Danny Goffey, with whom she has three children: Alfie (born 9 October 1996), Frankie (born 17 May 1998), and Betty (born 2005). Goffey and Lowe married on 4 December 2008 in Babington House, Somerset. Lowe and her family live in Frome, Somerset, after residing in north London for many years.


title: Ron Wyden

text: Ronald Lee Wyden (; born May 3, 1949) is an American politician and retired educator serving as the senior United States senator from Oregon, a seat he has held since 1996. A member of the Democratic Party, he served in the United States House of Representatives from 1981 until 1996. He is the dean of Oregon's congressional delegation and chairs the Senate Finance Committee.


title: Ron Wyden

text: Ronald Wyden was born in Wichita, Kansas, the son of Edith (née Rosenow) and Peter H. Wyden (originally Weidenreich, 1923–1998), both of whom were Jewish and had fled Nazi Germany. He grew up in Palo Alto, California, where he played basketball for Palo Alto High School. He attended the University of California, Santa Barbara, on a basketball scholarship, and later transferred to Stanford University, where he majored in political science and received his Bachelor of Arts in 1971. He received a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Oregon School of Law in 1974, but has never been a member of the Oregon State Bar.


title: Ron Wyden

text: While teaching gerontology at several Oregon universities, Wyden founded the Oregon chapter of the Gray Panthers, which he led from 1974 to 1980. He was also the director of the Oregon Legal Services Center for Elderly, a nonprofit law service. From 1977 to 1979 he served on the Oregon State Board of Examiners of Nursing Home Administrators.


title: Ron Wyden

text: Wyden ran for the United States House of Representatives in 1980. In the Democratic primary, Wyden, who was just 31 at the time, upset incumbent Representative Bob Duncan in , which includes most of Portland. Later that fall, Wyden defeated his Republican opponent, Darrell Conger, with 71% of the vote. The 3rd has long been the most Democratic district in Oregon, and Wyden was reelected seven times, never with less than 70% of the vote.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In the House, Wyden played an influential role in the passage of Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act of 1996.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In January 1996, in a special election to fill the Senate seat vacated by Bob Packwood, Wyden defeated Oregon State Senate President Gordon Smith by just over 18,000 votes, mainly due to swamping Smith by over 89,000 votes in Multnomah County. Smith won the November 1996 Senate election to succeed the retiring Mark Hatfield, and Smith and Wyden served together until Smith's defeat in 2008 by Democrat Jeff Merkley.


title: Ron Wyden

text: Wyden holds the Senate seat that was once held by Wayne Morse, a man whom Wyden worked for in the summer of 1968 as Morse's driver, and whom Wyden calls his mentor.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In June 1996, Wyden offered an amendment to the mission of the Federal Aviation Administration that was endorsed by Transportation Secretary Federico F. Pena. In September, Wyden joined Wendell H. Ford in requesting that the FAA publicize information on the federal government's reason for not making safety data on the airlines more readily available to travelers.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In late 1999, Wyden threatened a filibuster amid Senate debate over banning physician-assisted suicide.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In May 2000, Wyden and Republican Representative Bill Thomas announced they would collaborate on an attempt to add prescription drug benefits to Medicare that year.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In January 2001, Wyden and Chuck Schumer were the only two senators on the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee to vote against the confirmation of Gale Norton as United States Secretary of the Interior. Wyden admitted reluctance in his opposition and said he hoped that Norton would change his view of her.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In February 2001, after the U.S. Department of Transportation's Inspector General's Office released a report on airliners providing "untimely, incomplete, or unreliable reports" on flight delays and cancellations, Wyden said the matter amounted to a "failure to communicate honestly about delays and cancellations" as well as the bumping of passengers from flights and that Congress was capable of taking action to give passengers "timely, accurate information and reasonable service." In March, Wyden stated his support for ending a federal rule requiring commercial pilots to cease flying after age 60.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In April 2001, Wyden joined Gordon H. Smith in introducing a proposal for a change in a budget resolution, saying Congress not responding at a time of layoffs was "nothing short of government malpractice." The change was adopted without dissent.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In May 2001, Wyden released a letter by Inspector General Kenneth M. Mead in which he stated that airlines had admitted to him that they deliberately delayed some evening flights to accommodate late-arriving passengers who would otherwise have had to wait until the next morning without notifying passengers of the change in schedule. During an address to the International Aviation Club days later, Wyden warned that airlines that persisted in fighting modest steps like informing the public of perpetually late flights would encounter more burdensome requirements later.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In January 2002, Wyden charged Enron with resorting "to a variety of legal, regulatory and accounting contortions to keep investors and the public in the dark" and called for Congress to begin an investigation into the matter. In February, he said that thousands of Oregonians had been harmed by Enron's collapse and advocated that the Senate Commerce Committee continue inquiring about Enron until they had all the facts.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In March 2002, amid the Senate's inability to reach an agreement on legislation intended to overhaul American election procedures, Wyden said the bill was "not a corpse" and must not disrupt Oregon's and Washington's vote-by-mail systems.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In November 2003, Wyden announced his support for the Bush administration-backed Medicare bill, touted as "the biggest expansion of Medicare since its creation in 1965."


title: Ron Wyden

text: In April 2004, Wyden was among a group of senators who took to the Senate floor to endorse a permanent ban on taxes on Internet access. Wyden said the subject was "about as interesting as prolonged root-canal work" but that it was "fair to say that the decisions the Senate makes with respect to this subject will say a whole lot about the future of the Internet."


title: Ron Wyden

text: In August 2004, amid Democratic opposition to the nomination of Porter Goss for Director of Central Intelligence, Wyden said that Democrats were aware "of what happened in the last election cycle on homeland security" and that he hoped "that Democrats aren't accused by anybody of being obstructionist just by asking tough questions."


title: Ron Wyden

text: In December 2004, Wyden was one of four Democratic senators to refuse to sign "conference sheets" used by the House-Senate conference committee that was working on the 2005 intelligence authorization bill, the four objecting to a classified item in the bill that they believed the funding of which "should be expended on other intelligence programs that will make a surer and greater contribution to national security."


title: Ron Wyden

text: On March 2, 2006, Wyden unveiled the Internet Nondiscrimination Act of 2006, legislation intended to prohibit network operators from charging companies "for faster delivery of their content to consumers over the internet or favoring certain content over others." He said a two-tier system "could have a chilling effect on small mom and pop businesses that can't afford the priority lane, leaving these smaller businesses no hope of competing against the Wal-Marts of the world" and that neutrality in technology allowed "small businesses to thrive on the Internet".


title: Ron Wyden

text: In July 2009, President Barack Obama praised Wyden as a "real thought leader" and an ally on health care reform, but announced he would not support Wyden's health care plan because parts of it were too radical for the United States.


title: Ron Wyden

text: Wyden characterizes himself as an "independent voice for Oregonians and the nation" and emphasizes his positions on health care reform, national security, consumer protection, and government transparency. "On the Issues" characterizes him as a "Hard-Core Liberal."


title: Ron Wyden

text: On March 6, 2013, Wyden crossed party lines to join Republican Senator Rand Paul, who was engaged in a talking filibuster to block voting on the nomination of John O. Brennan as the Director of the CIA. Wyden questioned the use of drones, saying, "what it comes down to is every American has the right to know when their government believes that it is allowed to kill them."


title: Ron Wyden

text: "Politico" reported that Wyden's ascent to chair of the Senate Finance Committee would vault him into the ranks of the chamber's most influential. He has been praised for his ability to defuse partisan tensions and encourage bipartisan cooperation.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In August 2016, in response Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump's refusal to disclose his tax returns, Wyden and Chris Murphy announced that they would press for consideration of Wyden's bill that if enacted would require major-party presidential nominees to disclose at least three years of tax returns and thereby authorize the Treasury Department to release Trump's returns over Trump's objections. Wyden asserted that Americans expect candidates to release their tax returns and Trump's break from tradition was "an exceptional moment where a long-standing precedent has been broken, and it presents enormous peril to the public to have this information as private."


title: Ron Wyden

text: In May 2017, after Trump announced the firing of FBI Director James Comey, Wyden restated his past criticisms and said the decision to fire him amid investigation of Trump and his associate into possible Russian ties was "outrageous". Wyden advocated that Comey be called to testify in an open hearing about the investigation of Russia and Trump associates at the time his tenure was terminated.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In August 2017, Wyden was one of four senators to unveil the Internet of Things Cybersecurity Improvement Act of 2017, legislation intended to establish "thorough, yet flexible, guidelines for Federal Government procurements of connected devices."


title: Ron Wyden

text: In December 2017, Wyden called for Trump to resign over allegations of sexual misconduct and said Congress should investigate the matter in the event Trump decided to remain in office.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In May 2018, Wyden was one of six Democratic senators to sign a letter asking that all members of Senate be authorized to read a report from the Department of Justice underpinning the decision to not seek charges in the CIA's destruction of videotapes.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In July 2018, after Trump nominated Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court, Wyden said Trump had begun "a forced march back to the days when women's health care choices were made by government" and "a direct attempt to overturn "Roe v. Wade"."


title: Ron Wyden

text: On August 1, 2018, Wyden announced his intent to put a formal hold on Treasury deputy secretary nominee Justin Muzinich after his confirmation by the Senate Finance Committee. He also confirmed his support for IRS general counsel nominee Michael Desmond and criticized Treasury consideration of indexing capital gains taxes to inflation as contributing extra tax savings to the wealthy along with possibly being illegal.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In August 2018, after the White House barred CNN reporter Kaitlan Collins from covering an open press event after she repeatedly asked Trump about his relationship with his former attorney Michael Cohen, Wyden cosponsored a resolution urging Trump to respect the press.


title: Ron Wyden

text: Wyden supports legal abortion. Almost every year, he has maintained a 100% rating or close to it with pro-choice groups: NARAL Pro-Choice America, Planned Parenthood, and National Family Planning and Reproductive Health Association, and a 0% rating or close to it from the National Right to Life Committee.


title: Ron Wyden

text: Wyden personally opposes assisted suicide and said he voted against the Oregon Death with Dignity Act, first enacted in Oregon in 1997, each time it appeared on the ballot by voter referendum. Nevertheless, he successfully blocked congressional attempts to pass federal legislation to override Oregon's law. In 2000, Wyden blocked attempts in Congress to overturn the Oregon assisted-suicide law by threatening a filibuster. In 2001, he wrote to President George W. Bush urging him to not alter the law through federal executive action. In 2005, he and four other Democratic members of Oregon's congressional delegation filed an amicus brief in the Supreme Court case of "Gonzales v. Oregon" in support of the State of Oregon, and praised the eventual decision to uphold the law. In 2006, Wyden informed Senate leadership that he would block legislation overturning the Death with Dignity Act. In 2009 he said that he would continue to "fight tooth and nail" to block new federal attempts to block the law.


title: Ron Wyden

text: Wyden has been an advocate of gun control. He voted against limiting lawsuits against gun manufacturers and in favor of increasing background checks. Wyden also voted to renew the Federal Assault Weapons Ban.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In October 2015, Wyden was one of the Senate Democrats to unveil a new gun control campaign in the aftermath of the Umpqua Community College shooting. Wyden said the three areas the senators were focusing on, that of increasing background check requirements, closing "loopholes" on background checks when guns are purchased at gun shows or online, and closing the "pipeline of illegal guns" by rendering gun trafficking as a federal crime, were "common sense" and should have bipartisan support.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In January 2016, Wyden was one of 18 senators to call on the appropriations committee leadership to hold a hearing on funding for gun violence research at the CDC and spoke with other Democratic senators and researchers supporting federal funding for investigation into gun violence prevention.


title: Ron Wyden

text: At a March 2018 town hall, Wyden answered "Yes" when asked if he intended to pass bans on bump stocks and assault rifles. He expressed optimism about the chances of passing national gun legislation, noting that legislation passed in Florida in the wake of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting was strong enough to warrant lawsuit by the NRA. In July, Wyden confirmed he had joined other senators in introducing legislation intended to ensure gun dealers were not engaging in illegal sales and bestowing the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives with clear enforcement mechanisms. He said gun violence "demands real action by Congress" and the legislation "takes a long-overdue critical step in the right direction, holding gun dealers accountable for illegal sales, reducing the number of guns that fall into the wrong hands."


title: Ron Wyden

text: In late 1995, Wyden became the first U.S. Senate candidate (and then senator) to publicly support same-sex marriage. He was one of just 14 senators to vote against the Defense of Marriage Act in 1996. He has voted against the proposed Federal Marriage Amendment, which would have proposed an amendment to the Constitution to bar recognition of same-sex marriages. Despite undergoing tests in advance of prostate surgery scheduled two days later, Wyden appeared in the Senate chamber in December 2010 to vote for the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In May 2017, Wyden was one of 46 senators to introduce the Equality Act of 2017, described by Representative David Cicilline as ensuring "that every LGBT person can live their lives free from the fear of discrimination. Above all, it’s about honoring the values that have guided our nation since its founding. It’s critical that Congress pass the Equality Act into law."


title: Ron Wyden

text: In October 2018, Wyden was one of 20 senators to sign a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo urging him to reverse the rollback of a policy that granted visas to same-sex partners of LGBTQ diplomats who had unions not recognized by their home countries, writing that too many places around the world have seen LGBTQ individuals "subjected to discrimination and unspeakable violence, and receive little or no protection from the law or local authorities" and that the US refusing to let LGBTQ diplomats bring their partners to the US would be equivalent of America upholding "the discriminatory policies of many countries around the world."


title: Ron Wyden

text: In June 2007, Wyden was among the minority of Democrats to vote in favor of declaring English the official language of the United States.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In September 2017, Wyden was one of nine senators to sign a letter to Federal Communications Commission Chairman Ajit Pai that charged the FCC with failing "to provide stakeholders with an opportunity to comment on the tens of thousands of filed complaints that directly shed light on proposed changes to existing net neutrality protections."


title: Ron Wyden

text: In March 2018, Wyden was one of 10 senators to sign a letter spearheaded by Jeff Merkley lambasting a proposal by Pai that would curb the scope of benefits from the Lifeline program during a period where roughly 6.5 million people in poor communities relied on Lifeline to receive access to high-speed Internet, writing that it was Pai's "obligation to the American public, as the Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission, to improve the Lifeline program and ensure that more Americans can afford access, and have means of access, to broadband and phone service." The senators also advocated for insuring "Lifeline reaches more Americans in need of access to communication services."


title: Ron Wyden

text: Wyden joined the Senate Intelligence Committee in January 2001, and voted for the Patriot Act following 9/11. In 2006, he was one of 10 senators to vote against reauthorizing the Patriot Act.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In 2011, with the expiration of the Patriot Act approaching and efforts to reauthorize it intensifying, Wyden and Merkley sharply criticized the rush to pass the bill. Wyden said on the Senate floor, "The Patriot Act was passed a decade ago during a period of understandable fear. Now is the time to revisit this, revisit it and ensure that a better job is done of striking that balance between fighting terror and protecting individual liberty." Wyden and Merkley expressed particular concern about a provision of current law allowing law enforcement authorities to collect "a vast array of business records, emails, phone numbers, [and] even DNA from anyone deemed 'relevant' to an investigation." Wyden offered an amendment to reform the "business-records provision" of the Patriot Act, which he views as being used in an abusive and secret way.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In a Senate speech two days later, Wyden sharply criticized the use of Patriot Act, saying: "The fact is that anyone can read the plain text of the Patriot Act, and yet many members of Congress have no idea how the law is being secretly interpreted by the executive branch, because that interpretation is classified. It's almost as if there were two Patriot Acts, and many members of Congress have not read the one that matters. Our constituents, of course, are totally in the dark. Members of the public have no access to the secret legal interpretations, so they have no idea what their government believes the law actually means.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In an interview for the January 2013 documentary "", Wyden was asked about legal reviews and the scope of potential assassinations (or "targeted killings") of American citizens by their government, and responded, "the American people would be extraordinarily surprised if they could see the difference between what they believe a law says and how it has actually been interpreted in secret", but that he "is not permitted" to disclose the difference publicly.


title: Ron Wyden

text: Per a 2013 "Washington Post" article, Wyden's concerns "stemmed from top-secret information he had learned as a member of the Senate Intelligence Committee", a position he'd held for a dozen years by 2013, but he was "bound by secrecy rules."


title: Ron Wyden

text: On March 12, 2013, during a United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence hearing, Wyden quoted NSA director Keith B. Alexander's keynote speech at the 2012 DEF CON. Alexander had said that "Our job is foreign intelligence" and that "those who would want to weave the story that we have millions or hundreds of millions of dossiers on people, is absolutely false... From my perspective, this is absolute nonsense." Wyden then asked James Clapper, "Does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?" He responded, "No, sir." Wyden asked, "It does not?" and Clapper said, "Not wittingly. There are cases where they could inadvertently, perhaps, collect, but not wittingly."


title: Ron Wyden

text: When Edward Snowden was asked during a 2014 television interview what the decisive moment was or what caused him to whistle-blow, he replied: "Sort of the breaking point was seeing the director of national intelligence, James Clapper, directly lie under oath to Congress. ... Seeing that really meant for me there was no going back."


title: Ron Wyden

text: Following news of Snowden's leaks in early June 2013, Wyden noted on June 11 that Clapper's office had been provided with the question a day in advance of the hearing and was given the opportunity following Clapper's testimony to amend his response.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In February 2019, Wyden was one of 38 senators to sign a letter to Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Lindsey Graham calling on him to "hold a hearing" on universal background checks and noting Graham's statement that he "intended to have the Committee work on ‘red flag’ legislation and potentially also background checks, both actions" the senators supported.


title: Ron Wyden

text: On November 10, 2005, Wyden was one of five Senate Democrats who joined 44 Republicans in voting for Amendment no. 2516, brought to the floor by Republican senator Lindsey Graham, which ruled that enemy combatants did not have the right to Habeas Corpus.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In September 2018, Wyden was one of five senators to sign a letter to United States Secretary of State Mike Pompeo urging him to employ more multifactor authentication measures in order to secure the State Department's information systems and seeking answers on how the department would boost its security after the Office of Management and Budget designated the department's cyber-readiness as "high risk" as well as what the department would do to address the lack of multifactor authentication required by law and for statistics detailing the department's cyber incidents over the preceding three years.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In December 2020, in light of the 2020 United States federal government data breach, Wyden renewed calls for the introduction of mandatory security reviews for software used by federal agencies.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In 2007 Wyden and Representative Gabby Giffords sponsored the Stop Arming Iran Act, which would have barred the Defense Department from selling surplus F-14 parts and prohibited buyers who had already acquired surplus Tomcat parts from exporting them in order to prevent Iran from acquiring the parts.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In July 2017, Wyden voted for the Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act that placed sanctions on Iran, Russia and North Korea.


title: Ron Wyden

text: Wyden was one of 23 senators to vote against the authorization of military force in Iraq in 2002. In 2003, he voted to bar excessive overseas deployments of members of the National Guard and Reserves. In 2006, Wyden was one of 13 senators to vote to require the redeployment of U.S. forces from Iraq by July 2007, and one of 39 senators to vote to call on President George W. Bush to begin withdrawing forces from Iraq and establish a timeline for withdrawal. Wyden also voted many other times for withdrawal of combat forces from Iraq, against funding for the war without binding timelines, and against the establishment of permanent military bases in Iraq. He also opposed President Barack Obama's plan for a "troop surge" in Afghanistan in 2009.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In September 2016, in advance of a UN Security Council resolution 2334 condemning Israeli settlements in the occupied Palestinian territories, Wyden signed an AIPAC-sponsored letter urging Obama to veto "one-sided" resolutions against Israel.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In May 2017, Wyden co-sponsored the Israel Anti-Boycott Act, Senate Bill 720, which made it a federal crime, punishable by a maximum sentence of 20 years imprisonment, for Americans to encourage or participate in boycotts against Israel and Israeli settlements in the occupied Palestinian territories if protesting actions by the Israeli government. The bill would make it legal for U.S. states to refuse to do business with contractors that engage in boycotts against Israel.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In 2011, Wyden supported the no-fly zone and military intervention in Libya in order to protect civilians, saying, "The violence of Colonel [Muammar] Gaddafi against his own people is a humanitarian crisis. I support the international effort to protect the civilians of Libya." Wyden also stressed that his support was not unlimited and that he expected that the military action would be completed quickly. Along with Obama and Senator Merkley, Wyden agreed that U.S. forces should not be on the ground in Libya.


title: Ron Wyden

text: Wyden condemned the genocide of the Rohingya Muslim minority in Myanmar and called for a stronger response to the crisis.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In December 2010, Wyden voted for the ratification of New START, a nuclear arms reduction treaty between the U.S. and the Russian Federation obliging both countries to have no more than 1,550 strategic warheads and 700 launchers deployed during the next seven years along with providing a continuation of on-site inspections that halted when START I expired the previous year. It was the first arms treaty with Russia in eight years.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In December 2018, after United States Secretary of State Mike Pompeo announced the Trump administration was suspending its obligations in the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty in 60 days in the event that Russia continued to violate the treaty, Wyden was one of 26 senators to sign a letter expressing concern that the administration was "abandoning generations of bipartisan U.S. leadership around the paired goals of reducing the global role and number of nuclear weapons and ensuring strategic stability with America's nuclear-armed adversaries" and calling on Trump to continue arms negotiations.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In March 2018, Wyden voted against tabling a resolution spearheaded by Bernie Sanders, Chris Murphy, and Mike Lee that would have required Trump to withdraw American troops either in or influencing Yemen within the next 30 days unless they were combating Al-Qaeda.


title: Ron Wyden

text: Wyden's office has questioned the CIA-led Timber Sycamore covert operation to train and arm Syrian rebels, releasing a statement that "the US is trying to build up the battlefield capabilities of the anti-Assad opposition, but they haven't provided the public with details about how this is being done, which US agencies are involved, or which foreign partners those agencies are working with."


title: Ron Wyden

text: In March 2019, Wyden was one of 11 senators to sign a letter to congressional leaders urging them to "bring legislation providing disaster supplemental appropriations to your respective floors for consideration immediately" after noting that the previous year had seen 124 federal disaster declarations approved for states, territories, and tribal nations.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In December 2018, Wyden was one of 21 senators to sign a letter to FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb stating their approval of the agency's actions to hinder youth access to e-cigarettes and urging the FDA "to take additional, stronger steps to prevent and reduce e-cigarette use among youth".


title: Ron Wyden

text: Wyden has supported efforts to legalize cannabis at the federal level, cosponsoring the Marijuana Justice Act in 2017 and the Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement (MORE) Act in 2019. He also introduced Senate Bill 420 in 2019 to remove cannabis from the Controlled Substances Act and tax it similarly to alcohol.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In June 2017, Wyden, Elizabeth Warren, Mike Lee, and Tim Scott introduced legislation allowing graduate students to allocate money from stipends and fellowships into tax-deferred individual retirement accounts (IRAs).


title: Ron Wyden

text: In 2009, Wyden sponsored the Healthy Americans Act, an act that would institute a national system of market-based private insurance. Union interests attacked him for advocating replacement of the employer tax exclusion with a tax deduction that would apply to all Americans.


title: Ron Wyden

text: Wyden supported increasing Medicare funding, enrolling more of the uninsured in federal programs (although his Healthy Americans Act would eliminate many of these programs including Medicaid and SCHIP and replace them with private insurance), importing lower priced prescriptions from Canada, and negotiating bulk drug purchases for Medicare in order to lower costs.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In 2003, Wyden joined Senators Lindsey Graham and Trent Lott to help pass the Bush administration's Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act. The Bush administration is alleged to have forced officials to hide its true cost, which was triple its original claim. The bill has been criticized as favoring pharmaceutical companies, as it prohibits the federal government from negotiating prescription drug rates.


title: Ron Wyden

text: Not long after Tom Daschle's withdrawal as Obama's nominee for United States Secretary of Health and Human Services due to a scandal over his failure to pay taxes, "The Oregonian" reported that Wyden was being touted by many health care experts as a likely candidate for secretary-designate. Although Obama chose Kansas Governor Kathleen Sebelius instead, Wyden took advantage of the interim to reintroduce his Healthy Americans Act, with additional co-sponsorship from fellow Oregonian Democratic senator Jeff Merkley and Republican senators Lamar Alexander and Bob Bennett.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In late 2011 and early 2012, Wyden attracted attention for working with GOP House Budget Committee Chair Paul Ryan to develop a Medicare reform plan that would result in semi-privatization of the system, provoking a negative response from his Democratic allies, including Obama. The proposal would have kept traditional Medicare as an option, but would also have introduced private health insurance companies into an exchange in which they would offer competing plans to be paid for with government vouchers.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In March 2018, Wyden and Representative Frank Pallone sent a letter to Comptroller General of the United States Gene Dodaro calling for an investigation of eligibility requirements of Medicaid programs, writing, "If CMS continues to approve work requirements and other restrictions on Medicaid, the consequences could be severe for federal spending and the sustainability of the Medicaid program" and that the public "should have complete information about the consequences of proposed Section 1115 waivers to ensure limited taxpayer dollars are being used efficiently, appropriately, and towards the goal of promoting, not obstructing, access to health care."


title: Ron Wyden

text: In December 2018, Wyden was one of 42 senators to sign a letter to Trump administration officials Alex Azar, Seema Verma, and Steve Mnuchin arguing that the administration was improperly using Section 1332 of the Affordable Care Act to authorize states to "increase health care costs for millions of consumers while weakening protections for individuals with pre-existing conditions." The senators requested the administration withdraw the policy and "re-engage with stakeholders, states, and Congress."


title: Ron Wyden

text: In January 2019, during the 2018–19 United States federal government shutdown, Wyden was one of 34 senators to sign a letter to Commissioner of Food and Drugs Scott Gottlieb recognizing the FDA's efforts to address the shutdown's effect on public health and employees while remaining alarmed "that the continued shutdown will result in increasingly harmful effects on the agency’s employees and the safety and security of the nation’s food and medical products."


title: Ron Wyden

text: In November 2018, Wyden was one of 11 senators to sign a letter to then-United States Secretary of Defense James Mattis about "the overt politicization of the military" with the Trump administration's deployment of 5,800 troops to the U.S.-Mexico border and requesting a briefing and written justification from the U.S. Northern Command for troop deployment while urging Mattis to "curb the unprecedented escalation of DOD involvement in immigration enforcement."


title: Ron Wyden

text: In January 2019, Wyden was one of 20 senators to sponsor the Dreamer Confidentiality Act, a bill that would ban the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) from passing information collected on DACA recipients to Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), Customs and Border Protection (CBP), the Department of Justice, or any other law enforcement agency with exceptions in the case of fraudulent claims, national security issues, or non-immigration related felonies being investigated.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In the past, Wyden voted to continue federal funds for declared "sanctuary cities" and to declare English as the official language of the U.S. government.


title: Ron Wyden

text: Wyden voted for the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act of 2005, which would change federal law to allow federal money to fund embryonic stem-cell research, ending a federal ban. He urged President Bush to sign it, saying, "I see no reason why embryonic stem-cell research should be treated any differently than other research" in terms of federal grant funding. Bush vetoed the act twice. In 2007, Wyden and Senator Gordon Smith again supported the bill.


title: Ron Wyden

text: Wyden is a supporter of environmental protection measures, and was among the minority of senators to vote against confirming the appointment of Gale Norton as Secretary of the Interior. In May 2007, he also opposed the appointment of Lyle Laverty as assistant interior secretary for fish, wildlife and parks, this time on ethical grounds.


title: Ron Wyden

text: On April 6, 2011, Wyden voted against limiting the EPA's ability to regulate greenhouse gas emissions. On March 22, 2013, he voted against concurrent resolution creating a point of order that would make it harder for Congress to put a price on carbon. In November 2015, he voted in support of the Obama administration's Clean Power Plan.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In May 2014, in response to the National Climate Assessment, Wyden said that the "report adds to the ever-growing body of scientific evidence and on-the-ground proof that the effects of climate change are already being felt in every region of the United States". In June 2014, he said that "climate change is the most important environmental challenge of our time".


title: Ron Wyden

text: In October 2017, Wyden was one of 19 senators to sign a letter to Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency Scott Pruitt questioning Pruitt's decision to repeal the Clean Power Plan, asserting that the repeal's proposal used "mathematical sleights of hand to over-state the costs of industry compliance with the 2015 Rule and understate the benefits that will be lost if the 2017 repeal is finalized" and that denying science and fabricating math would fail to "satisfy the requirements of the law, nor will it slow the increase in frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, the inexorable rise in sea levels, or the other dire effects of global warming that our planet is already experiencing."


title: Ron Wyden

text: In November 2018, Wyden was one of 25 Democratic senators to cosponsor a resolution specifying key findings of the Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change report and National Climate Assessment. The resolution affirmed the senators' acceptance of the findings and their support for bold action toward addressing climate change.


title: Ron Wyden

text: Wyden is critical of the estate tax, which he feels is inefficient, and has voted repeatedly to abolish it. He co-authored the Internet Tax Nondiscrimination Act, which bans Internet taxes in the United States. He has also voted with Republicans to lower the capital gains tax, to encourage the study of the flat tax, and to require a 3/5 majority to raise taxes. Wyden voted against the Bush tax cuts passed in 2001 and 2003. He has also voted against the balanced budget amendment.


title: Ron Wyden

text: Wyden supports lower corporate taxes and was generally supportive of the draft proposal for deficit reduction released by the chairs of the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform in November 2010.


title: Ron Wyden

text: Len Burman of the Tax Policy Center has praised Wyden as a legislator who "has worked tirelessly to try to advance the cause of tax reform, [despite having] few allies in this quest."


title: Ron Wyden

text: In May 2016, Wyden introduced the Presidential Tax Transparency Act, legislation requiring sitting presidents and presidential nominees to release their tax returns publicly. Wyden reintroduced the legislation in January 2019, saying in a statement, "Trump blew off a 40-year, bipartisan, pro-transparency tradition by refusing to release his tax returns—a tradition that dates all the way back to Watergate. It’s not just a matter of the president destroying a good-government campaign tradition." He called the legislation "the one-two punch needed to keep the Trump administration from stonewalling congressional oversight efforts, and ensure public transparency if Trump's tax returns get tied up in court."


title: Ron Wyden

text: In January 2019, during the 2018–19 United States federal government shutdown, Wyden sent a letter to United States Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin and Commissioner of Internal Revenue Charles P. Rettig questioning the possible "increased risk of taxpayer ID theft" in the event the lRS attempted to "maintain normal operations" during the shutdown and related concerns of his constituents "that there may be no resolution in sight".


title: Ron Wyden

text: In February 2019, Wyden, Roy Blunt, and Tammy Baldwin led nine other senators in sponsoring the Craft Beverage Modernization and Tax Reform Act, legislation imposing a reduction in excise taxes, compliance burdens, and regulations for brewers, cider makers, vintners, and distillers as part of an attempt to ensure the continued growth of the craft beverage industry.


title: Ron Wyden

text: On November 19, 2010, Wyden announced he would take the steps necessary to put a hold on The Combating Online Infringement and Counterfeits Act (COICA) so it would not be enacted that year. If it were enacted, it would allow the Attorney General the authority to order internet providers in the U.S. to block access to websites deemed to infringe copyright. This effectively required the law to be resubmitted the next year rather than be rushed through the system at the end of the congress. Wyden said:


title: Ron Wyden

text: It seems to me that online copyright infringement is a legitimate problem, but it seems to me that COICA as written is the wrong medicine. Deploying this statute to combat online copyright infringement seems almost like using a bunker-busting cluster bomb when what you really need is a precision-guided missile. The collateral damage of this statute could be American innovation, American jobs, and a secure Internet.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In June 2011, Wyden announced his Geolocation Privacy and Surveillance Act in partnership with Representative Jason Chaffetz. The bill would establish a legal framework for the sharing and access of private tracking data by corporations, individuals, and federal agencies.


title: Ron Wyden

text: Wyden was the first politician in Congress to stand against the controversial Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) (in the House) and the PROTECT IP Act (PIPA) (in the Senate) on the grounds that it would "step towards an Internet in which those with money and lawyers and access to power have a greater voice than those who don't." Wyden delayed PIPA in the Senate by placing a hold on the legislation in 2010, which prevented it from being considered by the full Senate even after it was unanimously voted out of the Senate Judiciary Committee. Wyden's hold was credited with "[g]iving time for the Internet to rally against" SOPA and PIPA. With Representative Darrell Issa in the House, Wyden also introduced the Online Protection and Enforcement of Digital Trade Act as an alternative to SOPA and PIPA.


title: Ron Wyden

text: Ezra Klein wrote: "Perhaps no single member of Congress deserves as much credit for slowing the advance" of the bills than Wyden, who for much of 2010 "fought a one-man battle to keep the Senate version of the legislation from moving through on a unanimous vote." Wyden was called the "primary driver of opposition to the bill within the Senate."


title: Ron Wyden

text: When Senate leadership announced it was indefinitely postponing the bill following "massive protests" in January 2012, Wyden called it a "grassroots victory for the history books." For his role in fighting against SOPA and PIPA, "The Daily Dot" named Wyden one of the top ten most influential activists of 2012.


title: Ron Wyden

text: On April 10, 2019, Wyden, Senator Cory Booker, and Representative Yvette Clarke introduced the Algorithmic Accountability Act of 2019, legislation granting additional powers to the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) in addition to forcing companies to study whether race, gender or other biases influence their technology. Wyden said in a statement that computers were "increasingly involved in the most important decisions affecting Americans’ lives" and that too frequently "algorithms depend on biased assumptions or data that can actually reinforce discrimination against women and people of color."


title: Ron Wyden

text: In October 2019, Wyden proposed The Mind Your Own Business Act to allow the FTC to issue penalties for first-time privacy violators of up to 4% of annual revenue, like the European regulation GDPR.


title: Ron Wyden

text: During the global financial crisis of 2007-2010, Wyden voted against the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 backed by the George W. Bush administration. He did not vote on the automobile industry bailout, but said he would have voted for cloture if he had been present. Wyden added, "While I continue to have concerns about ensuring that taxpayers are protected if this loan is to occur, I believe that if the President can unwisely provide $750 billion of taxpayer money for the investment banks who took horribly unacceptable risks and helped trigger an economic collapse, we certainly have a duty to attempt to preserve a cornerstone domestic industry and the jobs of hundreds of thousands of working people whose personal actions are in no way responsible for the current economic crisis."


title: Ron Wyden

text: In early January 2009, Wyden was among several moderate Democratic senators who criticized President-elect Barack Obama's stimulus plan, calling for a greater emphasis on "tangible infrastructure investments" and warning that an effort had to be made to differentiate it from the Bush bailouts Wyden had opposed. Wyden ultimately voted for the bill and mostly voted with his party on various amendments to the bill.


title: Ron Wyden

text: Wyden voted against the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005, a Republican effort to restrict the number of class actions suits against businesses, and the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005, a bipartisan change in bankruptcy law designed to make it more difficult to file for bankruptcy and to make those in bankruptcy pay more of their debts. He voted for the previous Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2001 (S-420, substituted by amendment into H.R. 433), which contained many of the same provisions.


title: Ron Wyden

text: American video game company Activision Blizzard punished a Hong Kong-based professional gamer for supporting the pro-democracy 2019–20 Hong Kong protests. Many felt that Blizzard was cautious about potential repercussions from China's government, which had censored any support for the Hong Kong protests. Wyden accused Blizzard of censorship and tweeted: "Blizzard shows it is willing to humiliate itself to please the Chinese Communist Party. No American company should censor calls for freedom to make a quick buck."


title: Ron Wyden

text: Wyden supports lifting the United States embargo against Cuba as a more viable way to reach the Cuban people. He and Senator Byron Dorgan offered an unsuccessful amendment to end funding for TV Martí, an anti-Castro broadcasting project of the U.S. government aimed at Cuba. Dorgan and Wyden argued that the U.S. should "pull the plug on U.S. government television broadcasts to Cuba, broadcasts even the American government acknowledges Fidel Castro routinely jams and the Cuban people can't see", calling it a "complete and total waste of taxpayers' dollars" and noting that the transmissions would cost $21.1 million in the next year, but would "reach virtually no one in Cuba." The amendment was not adopted.


title: Ron Wyden

text: Wyden supports free trade. In the House, he voted for the North American Free Trade Agreement, and he has supported many trade deals in the Senate, one of very few Democrats to vote for the Central America Free Trade Agreement. He has voted against free trade agreements with Chile, Singapore, and Oman.


title: Ron Wyden

text: Wyden supported the reimposition of tariffs on Canadian softwood lumber in 2017, saying, "Canadian policies ... distort trade and hold American lumber businesses back from fully realizing their potential."


title: Ron Wyden

text: Wyden's home is in Portland, Oregon, and he has an apartment in Washington, D.C. He has two grown children, Adam and Lilly, by his first wife, Laurie (née Oseran); they divorced in 1999 after 20 years of marriage. His son Adam owns the hedge fund ADW Capital Partners LP.


title: Ron Wyden

text: Wyden married his current wife, Nancy Wyden (née Bass), daughter of an owner of New York's Strand Bookstore, in September 2005. They have three children: twins born in 2007, and a daughter born in 2012. In 2016, they sold their 5,300-square-foot townhouse in Manhattan for $7.5 million. During Wyden's 2010 Senate campaign, opponents questioned how much time Wyden spent in Oregon given his wife's New York residency.


title: Ron Wyden

text: In December 2010, Wyden underwent surgery for very early-stage prostate cancer, detected during a routine screening. He recovered quickly and returned to Congress in January 2011.


title: Comptroller

text: A comptroller (pronounced either the same as "controller" or as ) is a management-level position responsible for supervising the quality of accounting and financial reporting of an organization. A financial comptroller is a senior-level executive who acts as the head of accounting, and oversees the preparation of financial reports, such as balance sheets and income statements.


title: Comptroller

text: In most Commonwealth countries, the comptroller general, auditor general, or comptroller and auditor general is the external auditor of the budget execution of the government and of government-owned companies. Typically, the independent institution headed by the comptroller general is a member of the International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions. In American government, the comptroller is effectively the chief financial officer of a public body.


title: Comptroller

text: In business management, the comptroller is closer to a chief audit executive, holding a senior role in internal audit functions. Generally, the title encompasses a variety of responsibilities, from overseeing accounting and monitoring internal controls to countersigning on expenses and commitments.


title: Comptroller

text: The word is a variant of "controller". The "cont-" or "count-" part in that word was associated with "compt-", a variant of the verb "count". The term, though criticized by lexicographers such as Henry Watson Fowler, is probably retained in part because in official titles it was deemed useful to have the title dissociated from the word and concept "control".


title: Comptroller

text: A variant explanation is that "comptroller" evolved in the 15th century through a blend of the French "compte" ("an account") and the Middle English (someone who checks a copy of a scroll, from the French "contreroule" "counter-roll, scroll copy"), thus creating a title for a who specializes in checking financial ledgers. This etymology explains why the name is often pronounced identically to "controller" despite the distinct spelling. However, "comptroller" is sometimes pronounced phonetically by those unaware of the word's origins or who wish specifically to avoid confusion with "controller".


title: Comptroller

text: A comptroller is a person in the business who oversees accounting and the implementation and monitoring of internal controls, independently from the chief financial officer in some countries. In the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Israel and Canada, a comptroller or financial comptroller is a senior position, reporting to the CFO in companies that have one.


title: Comptroller

text: In business, the title is typically spelled "controller", with government organizations only using the spelling "comptroller".


title: Comptroller

text: In Mexico, the comptroller, translated as 'contralor', was established in the public administration during the presidency of Miguel de la Madrid, when he created the in 1982. This ministry was renamed as the Secretariat of the Civil Service by president Vicente Fox in 2003. Nevertheless, several states still name as General Comptroller Office their audit and oversight institutions. Namely, Mexico City has the Secretariat of the General Comptroller of Mexico City and Jalisco has the Comptroller General Office of the State of Jalisco.


title: Comptroller

text: The Comptroller and City Solicitor is one of the High Officers of the City of London Corporation, responsible for provision of all legal services. The post of comptroller dates from 1311, and that of City Solicitor from 1544; the two were amalgamated in 1945.


title: Comptroller

text: The Comptroller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks is the head of the UK Intellectual Property Office or Patent Office.


title: Comptroller

text: The Comptroller and Auditor General is head of the National Audit Office, and is the successor of the former Comptroller General of the Exchequer and the former Commissioners of Audit.


title: Morven Christie

text: Morven Christie (born 1 September 1981) is a Scottish actress. She is best known for her roles as Alison Hughes in the BBC drama "The A Word," Amanda Hopkins in the ITV drama "Grantchester", and DS Lisa Armstrong in ITV crime series "The Bay."


title: Morven Christie

text: Born and raised in Glasgow. Christie left school at 15, eventually studying acting at the Drama Centre London, under Reuven Adiv, an associate of Lee Strasberg.


title: Morven Christie

text: In 2006, Christie played Juliet and Hero for the Royal Shakespeare Company in their Complete Works season.


title: Morven Christie

text: In 2008, Christie was cast in Sam Mendes's first Bridge Project theatre company, playing Anya in Tom Stoppard's new adaptation of "The Cherry Orchard", and Perdita in Shakespeare's "The Winter's Tale" which finished at The Old Vic in London, after a sellout run at Brooklyn Academy of Music in New York City and a world tour. She played Isa in the National Theatre’s production of Glasgow classic Men Should Weep, directed by Josie Rourke.


title: Morven Christie

text: Among her many television roles, she played Ellen Rooney in the 2017 BBC drama "The Replacement". This role gained Christie her first BAFTA Scotland nomination.


title: Morven Christie

text: She also played Amanda Hopkins in the ITV drama "Grantchester" for its first three seasons, Alison Hughes in the critically acclaimed BBC drama "The A Word", for which she was again nominated for a BAFTA Scotland Award, playing the mother of an autistic child. In 2018 she also played Kirsten Lindstrom in Sarah Phelps' production of Agatha Christie's "Ordeal by Innocence".


title: Morven Christie

text: Christie starred as DS Lisa Armstrong, the lead role in the ITV crime drama series "The Bay", filmed through the latter months of 2018, and aired on ITV from 20 March 2019. She received her third consecutive BAFTA Scotland nomination for her performance. It was announced on 16 February 2021 that Christie had quit the drama, which had just completed a second series.


title: Morven Christie

text: She has since completed two independent films and Joe Cornish's 8-part drama "Lockwood & Co." for Netflix.


title: Katrín Jakobsdóttir

text: Katrín Jakobsdóttir (; born 1 February 1976) is an Icelandic politician who has been serving as the prime minister of Iceland since 2017 and a member of the Althing for the Reykjavík North constituency since 2007.


title: Katrín Jakobsdóttir

text: A graduate of the University of Iceland, she became deputy chairperson of the Left-Green Movement in 2003, and has been their chairperson since 2013. Katrín was Iceland's minister of education, science, and culture, and of Nordic co-operation from 2 February 2009 to 23 May 2013. She is Iceland's second female prime minister, after Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir. On 19 February 2020, she was named Chair of the Council of Women World Leaders.


title: Katrín Jakobsdóttir

text: Born in Reykjavík, Katrín graduated from the University of Iceland in 1999 with a bachelor's degree, with a major in Icelandic and a minor in French.


title: Katrín Jakobsdóttir

text: She went on to complete a Master of Arts degree in Icelandic literature at the University of Iceland in 2004, for a thesis on the work of popular Icelandic crime writer Arnaldur Indriðason.


title: Katrín Jakobsdóttir

text: Katrín worked part-time as a language adviser at the news agency at public broadcaster RÚV from 1999 to 2003. She then freelanced for broadcast media, and wrote for a variety of print media from 2004 to 2006, as well as being an instructor in life-long learning and leisure at the Mímir School from 2004 to 2007. She did editorial work for the publishing company Edda and magazine JPV from 2005 to 2006, and was a lecturer at the University of Iceland, Reykjavík University, and Menntaskólinn í Reykjavík from 2006 to 2007.


title: Katrín Jakobsdóttir

text: Katrín became deputy chairwoman of the Left-Green Movement in 2003, and has been their chairperson since 2013.


title: Katrín Jakobsdóttir

text: Katrín was Iceland's minister of education, science, and culture, and of Nordic co-operation from 2 February 2009 to 23 May 2013.


title: Katrín Jakobsdóttir

text: Before becoming Prime Minister, Katrín was chairperson of the Left-Green Movement. In the wake of the 2017 Icelandic parliamentary election, President Guðni Th. Jóhannesson tasked her with forming a governing coalition to consist of the Left-Green Movement, the Progressive Party, the Social Democratic Alliance, and the Pirate Party. Coalition talks between the four parties formally began on 3 November 2017, but were unsuccessful because of Progressive Party concerns that her coalition would have too thin a majority. As a result, Katrín sought to lead a three-party coalition with the Independence Party and Progressive Party. After coalition talks were completed, President Guðni formally granted her a mandate to lead the government, which was installed on 30 November. She is the second woman to serve as Prime Minister of Iceland.


title: Katrín Jakobsdóttir

text: According to political scientists, Katrín's government "combines conventional economic and social emphases (e. g., support for the regions and primary industries) with opposition to European integration". Despite being a coalition government of the left-socialist Left-Greens, the centre (Progressive Party), and the right-wing (Independence Party), the coalition was stable throughout 2018.


title: Katrín Jakobsdóttir

text: As head of government, Katrín made taxes more progressive, invested in social housing, extended parental leave, and reduced gender pay inequality. She has had to make concessions to her right-wing partners to maintain her coalition, such as giving up the creation of a national park in the center of the country.


title: Katrín Jakobsdóttir

text: In September 2021, almost four years after her inauguration, Katrín remains highly popular, and leaves an image of integrity and sincerity. Her good management of the COVID-19 pandemic has been praised, with the country having one of the best health records in Europe, with 33 deaths.


title: Katrín Jakobsdóttir

text: The 2021 parliamentary elections were a failure for the Prime Minister's party, Left-Green Movement, which lost three of its 11 seats in Parliament. However, the coalition government retained its majority, and negotiations began between the parties to renew their agreement. Polls conducted in the days following the election indicated that a large majority of Icelanders wanted Katrín Jakobsdóttir to remain in government.


title: Katrín Jakobsdóttir

text: Katrín opposes Icelandic membership of NATO, but as part of the compromise between the Left-Greens and their coalition partners, the government does not intend to withdraw from NATO or hold a referendum on NATO membership. Katrín also opposes Iceland joining the European Union (EU). The coalition government does not intend to hold a referendum on restarting Iceland's accession negotiations with the EU.


title: Katrín Jakobsdóttir

text: She hails from a family which has produced many prominent people in Icelandic politics, academia, and literature. She is the younger sister of twin brothers Ármann Jakobsson and Sverrir Jakobsson, who are both professors in the humanities at the University of Iceland. Katrín is the great-granddaughter of the politician and judge Skúli Thoroddsen and the poet Theodóra Thoroddsen, and granddaughter of the engineer and MP Sigurður S. Thoroddsen. The poet Dagur Sigurðarson is her maternal uncle.


title: Club 33

text: Club 33 comprises a number of private dining clubs located within the various Disney Parks. First opening in 1967 inside Disneyland Park, the club was modeled after numerous executive VIP lounges created by pavilion sponsors in the 1964 New York World's Fair. At the time, Club 33 was the only location within Disneyland Park to offer alcoholic beverages.


title: Club 33

text: Additional locations of Club 33 currently exist at Tokyo Disneyland and Shanghai Disneyland and as a lounge in each of the four theme parks of the Walt Disney World Resort. Disneyland Club 33 members, and their guests, also have access to the 1901 Lounge at the Carthay Circle in Disney California Adventure.


title: Club 33

text: Club 33 is located above the Pirates of the Caribbean attraction and next to Walt Disney's former apartment. The entrance of the club was formerly located next to the Blue Bayou Restaurant at "33 Royal Street" with the entrance recognizable by an ornate address plate with the number 33 engraved on it. Following a major remodeling in January 2014, the entrance was relocated to the Court of Angels with the La Mascarade d'Orleans holiday decoration shop converted into a reception foyer. Andrew Sutton, the executive chef at the Carthay Circle and Napa Rose restaurants at the Disneyland resort, was placed in charge of the club's kitchen.


title: Club 33

text: According to Disney, Club 33 is simply named after its address at 33 Royal Street in New Orleans Square at Disneyland. However, several others believe that there are other explanations behind the name. Some speculate that the name refers to 33 institutional patrons at Disneyland in 1966-1967 when the club was being built and opened.


title: Club 33

text: Others speculate that the name is a reference to the 33rd degree of Freemasonry. While there is no concrete evidence to support that Walt Disney was himself a Freemason, there is proof that he was at least a member of DeMolay International, a fraternal organization that is essentially Freemasonry for youth. There is also some supporting evidence of masonic roots found in the Disney theme parks themselves, such as this prop crate located in Disney World's Magic Kingdom with the inscription "H. Abiff's Working Tools," a likely reference to Hiram Abiff, who "is the foundational (character) of Freemasonry's ritualistic drama of the third, or Master's Degree."


title: Club 33

text: Additionally, 1933 is the year in which the United States repealed the prohibition of alcohol. Prior to the 2019 opening of Oga's Cantina in Disneyland's Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge, Club 33 was the only location within Disneyland Park to offer alcoholic beverages.


title: Club 33

text: When Walt Disney was working with various corporate promoters such as Dylan Connolly at his attractions at the 1964–1965 New York World's Fair, he noted the multiple various "VIP Lounges". This gave him the idea that culminated in Club 33.


title: Club 33

text: Originally, Walt Disney hosted VIPs in the lounge of the Red Wagon Inn restaurant at Disneyland. The number of VIPs grew to be too large for the lounge. When New Orleans Square was planned, this area for corporate sponsors and VIPs was included. Disney asked artist Dorothea Redmond to paint renderings and hired Hollywood set director Emile Kuri to decorate the facility. While Club 33 was originally intended for use by Disneyland's corporate sponsors, when it opened on June 15, 1967, six months after Disney's death, individual memberships were also offered.


title: Club 33

text: In January 2014, the Disneyland location was closed for renovation which included a doubling in size and a change in entrance location. It was reopened in mid-July 2014. Among the changes, the kitchen was moved and expanded by taking over the Trophy Room, previously a secondary dining area.


title: Club 33

text: In 1967 when the club first opened, its doorway was at 33 Royal Street. It was a simple doorway that looked unassuming to the average guest. The doorway was remodeled in 2014 with the rest of the upgrades but is no longer the main entrance to the club, which is now about 40 feet away. The front door opens into a vestibule that used to be a small shop. Check-in occurs in this vestibule and beyond there is an open-air courtyard, the Court of Angels. From there you can take an Art Nouveau themed elevator or winding staircase to the second level where the new club entrance is located.


title: Club 33

text: At the top of the stairs, there are two rooms: Le Grand Salon and Le Salon Nouveau. The walls are adorned with butterflies pinned under glass and hand-painted animation cels from the original "Fantasia" film. Walt Disney handpicked much of the Victorian bric-a-brac in New Orleans antique stores.


title: Club 33

text: Le Salon Nouveau is entered by passing through an area paneled in dark wood and lined with refrigerated wine cases. This room contains the original antique-style glass lift which was used prior to the 2014 remodel to take guests to the second level. The other room, Le Grand Salon, is more formal. It is the main dining room and is a New Orleans theme based on designs by Disney Imagineer Kim Irvine. Prior to 2014 remodel, the style was Napoleon-era First Empire. This dining room is a la carte service for lunch only, while before the reconstruction was buffet only.


title: Club 33

text: The club is also furnished with a few props from Disney films. There is a functional dark wood telephone booth with leaded glass, just off the restroom balcony. An ornate walnut table with white marble top was used in "Mary Poppins". A video capture from the film on display atop the table shows actors Karen Dotrice, Matthew Garber, and David Tomlinson standing immediately to its left. A harpsichord which was rumored to have been an antique was in fact custom-built for Lillian Disney specifically for use in Club 33. The underside of the lid features a Renaissance-style art piece that was hand-painted by Disney artists.


title: Club 33

text: Walt Disney wanted to make use of Audio-Animatronic technology within Club 33. In the former Trophy Room, microphones in overhead lighting fixtures would pick up the sounds of normal conversation while an operator would respond via the characters. Though the system was never fully implemented, it was partially installed and remains so. An Audio-Animatronic vulture is perched atop a grandfather clock in the club's upstairs lobby. The microphones were visible at the bottom of each of the old Trophy Room's lighting fixtures.


title: Club 33

text: Membership in the club has been exclusive since the very beginning. In fact, in 2007 the waitlist became so long that the club officially closed the waitlist for 5 years before reopening it again in 2012. That same year, the reported cost of membership was a $50,000 initiation fee and $15,000 annually for individuals, and even more for corporations.


title: Club 33

text: Membership initiation fees and dues are reportedly much higher now; as of 2022, it is reported that individuals invited to join must pay closer to $60-70,000 for initiation and up to $20,000 annually, according to current members. As opposed to waitlist protocols in the past, membership invitations are currently heavily influenced by referrals from current members.


title: Club 33

text: Tokyo Disneyland began operations of the second location in 1983. Rather than being located in New Orleans Square, it is located on Center Street of World Bazaar, the park's version of Main Street, U.S.A.


title: Club 33

text: Shanghai Disney Resort's Club 33 location opened along with the park in the summer of 2016. Like the Tokyo location, it is located at the park's version of Main Street, U.S.A., Mickey Avenue.


title: Club 33

text: An additional set of Club 33 locations opened at Walt Disney World. Originally confirmed to the "Orlando Sentinel" on April 13, 2017, the locations were set to open in Fall 2017. The first club opened the following year in Hollywood Studios on March 2018, followed by Epcot and Magic Kingdom.


title: Skin tag

text: A skin tag, or acrochordon (pl. acrochorda), is a small benign tumor that forms primarily in areas where the skin forms creases (or rubs together), such as the neck, armpit and groin. They may also occur on the face, usually on the eyelids. Though tags up to half an inch (12.7 mm) long have been seen, they are typically the size of a grain of rice. The surface of an acrochordon may be smooth or irregular in appearance and is often raised from the surface of the skin on a fleshy stalk called a peduncle. Microscopically, an acrochordon consists of a fibrovascular core, sometimes also with fat cells, covered by an unremarkable epidermis. However, tags may become irritated by shaving, clothing, jewellery or eczema.


title: Skin tag

text: Skin tags are thought to occur from skin rubbing against skin, since they are so often found in skin creases and folds. Studies have shown existence of low-risk human papillomaviruses 6 and 11 in skin tags, hinting at a possible role in their pathogenesis, although a 2012 study found no association between skin tags and either low or high risk HPV. Acrochorda have been reported to have a prevalence of 46% in the general population. A causal genetic component is thought to exist. They are also more common in women than in men. Acrochorda were once thought to be associated with colorectal polyps, but studies have shown no such connection exists. Rarely, they can be associated with Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome, acromegaly, or polycystic ovary syndrome.


title: Skin tag

text: Elevated blood sugar and insulin is linked to an increased incidence of skin tags through an unknown mechanism.


title: Skin tag

text: Removal, if desired or warranted, can be done by a dermatologist, general practitioner or similarly trained professional who may use cauterization, cryosurgery, excision, laser, or surgical ligation to remove the acrochorda. Varied home remedies are also available, but most are unproven and some (e.g. tea tree oil) may cause allergic skin reactions.


title: WrestleMania VI

text: WrestleMania VI was the sixth annual WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE). It took place on April 1, 1990, at SkyDome in Toronto, Ontario in Canada, marking the first WrestleMania to be held outside of the United States. The event had an announced attendance of 67,678, a record for the Skydome at the time. The main event of WrestleMania VI was "the Ultimate Challenge" — the main event match pitting WWF Champion Hulk Hogan against WWF Intercontinental Heavyweight Champion the Ultimate Warrior.


title: WrestleMania VI

text: WrestleMania is considered the World Wrestling Federation's (WWF, now WWE) flagship pay-per-view event, having first been held in 1985. It is held annually between mid-March to mid-April. It was the first of the WWF's original four annual pay-per-views, which includes Royal Rumble, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series, which were eventually dubbed the "Big Four". WrestleMania VI was chosen to be held on April 1, 1990, at the SkyDome in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, marking the first WrestleMania to be held outside of the United States.


title: WrestleMania VI

text: On February 3, 1990, a week after Hogan and Warrior crossed paths in the 1990 Royal Rumble match, Hogan put forth "the Ultimate Challenge" to Warrior, and had to know whether "Hulkamania" or the "power of Warrior" was the "strongest force" in the WWF. On February 10, the match was officially announced as the main event of WrestleMania VI by then WWF President Jack Tunney. On February 24, Tunney announced that both the WWF Championship and WWF Intercontinental Championship would be on the line for the first time ever during the match.


title: WrestleMania VI

text: Future multi-time world champions Edge and Christian were in attendance at WrestleMania VI, as were Lance Storm and Renee Young. Actor Stephen Amell, who would go on to compete in a match at SummerSlam in 2015, was also in attendance. Mary Tyler Moore was sitting at ringside.


title: WrestleMania VI

text: The first bout was a singles match in which Paul Roma defeated the Brooklyn Brawler. This was a dark match which did not air on the pay-per-view broadcast.


title: WrestleMania VI

text: The second bout, and the first match to air on the pay-per-view broadcast, was a singles bout between Koko B. Ware and Rick Martel. Martel won the match by submission using a "Quebec Crab".


title: WrestleMania VI

text: The third bout was a tag team match in which WWF Tag Team Champions the Colossal Connection defended their titles against Demolition. Demolition won the bout to become the new WWF Tag Team Champions after Ax pinned Haku following a "Demolition Decapitation". Immediately after the match, the Colossal Connection's manager Bobby Heenan began yelling at André the Giant in the ring, blaming him for the loss and slapping him in the face. In response, André grabbed Heenan and knocked Heenan out of the ring; when Haku attempted to sneak attack André, André caught his leg and knocked Haku from the ring, making André a face for the first time in three years.


title: WrestleMania VI

text: The fourth bout was a singles match pitting Earthquake against Hercules. Earthquake won the bout by pinfall following an "Earthquake Splash".


title: WrestleMania VI

text: The fifth bout was a singles match pitting Brutus "The Barber" Beefcake against Mr. Perfect. Beefcake won the bout by pinfall using a schoolboy, marking what was credited as Mr Perfect's first loss in the WWF. Following the match, Beefcake knocked out Mr. Perfect's manager The Genius using a sleeper hold, then used shears to cut his hair.


title: WrestleMania VI

text: The sixth bout was a singles match pitting Bad News Brown against "Rowdy" Roddy Piper. The match ended in a double count-out after both men brawled out of the ring.


title: WrestleMania VI

text: Following the sixth bout, a backstage segment aired in which Steve Allen sang the State Anthem of the Soviet Union with the Bolsheviks.


title: WrestleMania VI

text: The seventh bout was a tag team match pitting the Bolsheviks against the Hart Foundation. The Hart Foundation won a short squash when Bret Hart pinned Boris Zhukov following a "Hart Attack".


title: WrestleMania VI

text: The eighth bout was a singles match pitting the Barbarian against Tito Santana. The Barbarian won the bout by pinfall following a flying clothesline.


title: WrestleMania VI

text: The ninth bout was a mixed tag team match pitting Dusty Rhodes and Sapphire against "Macho King" Randy Savage and Queen Sherri. Rhodes and Sapphire won the bout when Sapphire pinned Queen Sherri using a roll-up.


title: WrestleMania VI

text: The tenth bout was a tag team match pitting the Orient Express against the Rockers. The Orient Express won the bout after their manager Mr. Fuji tripped Marty Jannetty and then Sato threw salt in his eyes, causing him to be counted-out.


title: WrestleMania VI

text: The eleventh bout was a singles match pitting Dino Bravo against "Hacksaw" Jim Duggan. Duggan the bout by pinfall after hitting Bravo with a 2×4.


title: WrestleMania VI

text: The twelfth bout was a singles match in which "The Million Dollar Man" Ted DiBiase defended the Million Dollar Championship against Jake "The Snake" Roberts. DiBiase won the match by count-out after his bodyguard Virgil attached Roberts outside of the ring, preventing him from re-entering in time.


title: WrestleMania VI

text: The thirteenth bout was a singles match pitting Akeem against Big Boss Man. Big Boss Man the bout by pinfall following a "Boss Man Slam".


title: WrestleMania VI

text: Following the thirteenth bout, Rhythm and Blues and their manager Jimmy Hart were driven to the ring in a pink Cadillac by Diamond Dallas Page, where they performed the song "Hunka Hunka Honky Love". After performing the song, they were attacked by the Bushwackers who chased them from the ring and destroyed their instruments.


title: WrestleMania VI

text: The fourteenth bout was a singles match pitting Jimmy Snuka against "Ravishing" Rick Rude. Rude won the bout by pinfall following a "Rude Awakening".


title: WrestleMania VI

text: The main event bout was a Winner Takes All match between WWF Champion Hulk Hogan and WWF Intercontinental Champion the Ultimate Warrior. The Ultimate Warrior won the bout by pinfall following a big splash, thus becoming the new WWF Champion and the first person to hold the WWF Championship and WWF Intercontinental Championship simultaneously.


title: WrestleMania VI

text: The event received mixed-to-positive reviews, though most reviewers praised the main event between Hogan and Warrior. Jason Powell was among the reviewers who praised the main event, calling it "A truly amazing match considering the limitations of both men, particularly Warrior". However, he went on to say, "The overall WrestleMania 6 card was softer than WrestleMania 5 card, but it was a better show that [sic] WrestleManias 1, 2, and 4". The Hulk Hogan-Ultimate Warrior match was named 1990's "Match of the Year" by "Pro Wrestling Illustrated" magazine readers.


title: WrestleMania VI

text: The match between Roddy Piper and Bad News Brown received heavy criticism for featuring Piper (at that point a babyface) being painted in half-black against the African American Brown. In 2021, the match and promo was removed from the version of WrestleMania VI streamed on Peacock in the United States.


title: WrestleMania VI

text: Because Intercontinental Heavyweight Champion The Ultimate Warrior defeated Hulk Hogan to win the WWF Championship, Warrior was forced to vacate the Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship, as the rules prohibited any wrestler from holding more than one singles belt simultaneously. An eight-man tournament was held, conducted on the WWF's syndicated "WWF Superstars of Wrestling" and "WWF Wrestling Challenge", with Curt Hennig}Mr. Perfect winning the title by defeating Tito Santana in the finals.


title: WrestleMania VI

text: When Brutus "The Barber" Beefcake defeated Mr. Perfect at Wrestlemania VI, it was billed as Perfect's first pinfall loss in the WWF. However, in reality, Perfect had been pinned by The Ultimate Warrior in a match at Madison Square Garden that aired on the MSG Network less than two weeks prior to WrestleMania. Brutus would continue his feud with Perfect (with an Intercontinental title match pending at SummerSlam 1990) until a parasailing accident in July 1990 put Brutus out of wrestling for nearly a year.


title: WrestleMania VI

text: As the new WWF Champion, The Ultimate Warrior would initially be a successful main event draw, with his main rival being "Ravishing" Rick Rude – a wrestler he had fought during much of 1989 over the Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship – during the spring and summer of 1990.


title: WrestleMania VI

text: Hulk Hogan wrestled several matches in Japan shortly after WrestleMania VI but soon began feuding with the 470-pound Earthquake, with that feud heating up when Earthquake sneak-attacked Hogan on "The Brother Love Show" in May. Announcers explained that Hogan's injuries from the attack and the loss to Warrior both took such a huge toll on his fighting spirit that he wanted to retire, and viewers were persuaded to write Hogan to encourage him to return. Hogan would return by SummerSlam in August 1990 and got revenge on Earthquake, dominating him in matches that continued into early 1991.


title: WrestleMania VI

text: WrestleMania VI would prove to be André the Giant's last televised match in the WWF as real-life health problems with acromegaly were continuing to take their toll. Andre returned to the WWF late in 1990 for several non-wrestling appearances that continued into 1991, but Andre's health would continue to decline, and he died on January 27, 1993.


title: WrestleMania VI

text: Demolition began a slow heel turn during the spring of 1990, adding a third member Crush to the team. This was due to Bill Eadie (who competed as Ax) desiring to take a lesser active role in wrestling, and Crush and Smash would soon become the primary defenders of the belt.