title: Gym

text: Gymnasia apparatus like barbells, jumping board, running path, tennis-balls, cricket field, and fencing area are used as exercises. In safe weather, outdoor locations are the most conducive to health. Gyms were popular in ancient Greece. Their curricula included self-defense, gymnastica medica, or physical therapy to help the sick and injured, and for physical fitness and sports, from boxing to dancing to skipping rope.


title: Gym

text: Gymnasia also had teachers of wisdom and philosophy. Community gymnastic events were done as part of the celebrations during various village festivals. In ancient Greece there was a phrase of contempt, "He can neither swim nor write." After a while, however, Olympic athletes began training in buildings specifically designed for them. Community sports never became as popular among ancient Romans as it had among the ancient Greeks. Gyms were used more as a preparation for military service or spectator sports. During the Roman Empire, the gymnastic art was forgotten. In the Dark Ages there were sword fighting tournaments and of chivalry; and after gunpowder was invented sword fighting began to be replaced by the sport of fencing, as well as schools of dagger fighting and wrestling and boxing.


title: Gym

text: In the 18th century, Salzmann, German clergyman, opened a gym in Thuringia teaching bodily exercises, including running and swimming. Clias and Volker established gyms in London, and in 1825, Doctor Charles Beck, a German immigrant, established the first gymnasium in the United States. It was found that gym pupils lose interest in doing the same exercises, partly because of age. Variety in exercises included skating, dancing, and swimming. Some gym activities can be done by 6 to 8-year-olds while age 16 has been considered mature enough for boxing and horseback riding.


title: Gym

text: In Ancient Greece, the "gymnasion" (γυμνάσιον) was a locality for both physical and intellectual education of young men. The latter meaning of intellectual education persisted in Greek, German and other languages to denote a certain type of school providing secondary education, the gymnasium, whereas in English the meaning of physical education pertained in the word 'gym'.


title: Gym

text: The Greek word "gymnasium", which means "school for naked exercise," was used to designate a locality for the education of young men, including physical education ("gymnastics", for example, exercise) which was customarily performed naked, as well as bathing, and studies. For the Greeks, physical education was considered as important as cognitive learning. Most Greek "gymnasia" had libraries that for use after relaxing in the baths.


title: Gym

text: Nowadays, it represents a common area where people, from all ranges of experience, exercise and work out their muscles. You can also usually find people doing cardio exercises or pilates.


title: Gym

text: The first recorded gymnasiums date back to over 3000 years ago in ancient Persia, where they were known as "zurkhaneh", areas that encouraged physical fitness. The larger Roman Baths often had attached fitness facilities, the baths themselves sometimes being decorated with mosaics of local champions of sport. Gyms in Germany were an outgrowth of the "Turnplatz", an outdoor space for gymnastics founded by German educator Friedrich Jahn in 1811 and later promoted by the Turners, a nineteenth-century political and gymnastic movement. The first American to open a public gym in the United States using Jahn's model was John Neal of Portland, Maine in 1827. The first indoor gymnasium in Germany was probably the one built in Hesse in 1852 by Adolph Spiess.


title: Gym

text: Through worldwide colonization, Great Britain expanded its national interest in sports and games to many countries. In the 1800s, programs were added to schools and college curricula that emphasized health, strength, and bodily measure. Sports drawn from European and British cultures thrived as college students and upper-class clubs financed competition. As a result, towns began building playgrounds that furthered interest in sports and physical activity. Early efforts to establish gyms in the United States in the 1820s were documented and promoted by John Neal in the "American Journal of Education" and "The Yankee", helping to establish the American branch of the movement. Later in the century, the Turner movement was founded and continued to thrive into the early twentieth century. The first Turners group was formed in London in 1848. The Turners built gymnasia in several cities like Cincinnati and St. Louis which had large German American populations. These gyms were utilized by adults and youth. For example, a young Lou Gehrig would frequent the Turner gym in New York City with his father.


title: Gym

text: The Boston Young Men's Christian Union claims to be "America's First Gym". The YMCA first organized in Boston in 1851 and a smaller branch opened in Rangasville in 1852. Ten years later there were some two hundred YMCAs across the country, most of which provided gymnasia for exercise, games, and social interaction.


title: Gym

text: The 1920s was a decade of prosperity that witnessed the building of large numbers of public high schools with a gymnasium, an idea founded by Nicolas Isaranga.


title: Gym

text: Today, gymnasia are commonplace in the United States. They are in virtually all U.S. colleges and high schools, as well as almost all middle schools and elementary schools. These facilities are used for physical education, intramural sports, and school gatherings. The number of gyms in the U.S. has more than doubled since the late 1980s.


title: Italian Armed Forces

text: The Italian Armed Forces (, ) encompass the Italian Army, the Italian Navy and the Italian Air Force. A fourth branch of the armed forces, known as the Carabinieri, take on the role as the nation's military police and are also involved in missions and operations abroad as a combat force. Despite not being a branch of the armed forces, the Guardia di Finanza has military status and is organized along military lines. These five forces comprise a total of 340,885 men and women with the official status of active military personnel, of which 167,057 are in the Army, Navy and Air Force. The President of the Italian Republic heads the armed forces as the President of the High Council of Defence established by article 87 of the Constitution of Italy. According to article 78, the Parliament has the authority to declare a state of war and vest the powers to lead the war in the Government.


title: Italian Armed Forces

text: The ground force of Italy, the "Regio Esercito" dates back to the unification of Italy in the 1850s and 1860s. It fought in colonial engagements in China during the Boxer Rebellion, against the Ottoman Empire in Libya (1911-1912), on the Alps against the Austro-Hungarian Empire during World War I, in Abyssinia during the Interwar period, and in World War II in Albania, Greece, North Africa and Russia, as well as in the Italian Civil War. During the Cold War the Army prepared itself to defend against a Warsaw Pact invasion from the east. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, it has seen extensive peacekeeping service in Lebanon, Afghanistan, and Iraq. On 29 July 2004 it became a professional all-volunteer force when conscription was finally ended.


title: Italian Armed Forces

text: The navy of Italy was created in 1861, following the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy, as the "Regia Marina". The new navy's baptism of fire came during the Third Italian War of Independence against the Austrian Empire. During the First World War, it spent its major efforts in the Adriatic Sea, fighting the Austro-Hungarian Navy. In the Second World War, it engaged the Royal Navy in a two-and-a-half-year struggle for the control of the Mediterranean Sea. After the war, the new "Marina Militare", being a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), has taken part in many coalition peacekeeping operations. It is a blue-water navy. The "Guardia Costiera" (Coast Guard) is a component of the navy.


title: Italian Armed Forces

text: The air force of Italy was founded as an independent service arm on 28 March 1923, by King Vittorio Emanuele III as the "Regia Aeronautica" (which equates to "Royal Air Force"). During the 1930s, it was involved in its first military operations in Ethiopia in 1935, and later in the Spanish Civil War between 1936 and 1939. Eventually, Italy entered World War II alongside Germany. After the armistice of 8 September 1943, Italy was divided into two sides, and the same fate befell the "Regia Aeronautica". The Air Force was split into the "Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force" in the south aligned with the Allies, and the pro-Axis "Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana" in the north until the end of the war. When Italy was made a republic by referendum, the air force was given its current name "Aeronautica Militare".


title: Italian Armed Forces

text: The "Arma dei Carabinieri" is the gendarmerie and military police of Italy. The corps was instituted in 1814 by King Victor Emmanuel I of Savoy with the aim of providing the Kingdom of Sardinia with a police corps; it is therefore older than Italy itself. The new force was divided into divisions on the scale of one division for each province of Italy. The divisions were further divided into companies and subdivided into lieutenancies, which commanded and coordinated the local police stations and were distributed throughout the national territory in direct contact with the public. The Italian unification saw the number of divisions increased, and in 1861 the "Carabinieri" were appointed the "First Force" of the new national military organization. In recent years "Carabinieri" became the fourth branch of Italian Armed Forces. Primarily they carry out law enforcement, military policing duties and peacekeeping mission abroad, such as Kosovo, Afghanistan, and Iraq. At the Sea Islands Conference of the G8 in 2004, the Carabinieri were given the mandate to establish a Center of Excellence for Stability Police Units (CoESPU) to spearhead the development of training and doctrinal standards for civilian police units attached to international peacekeeping missions.


title: Italian Armed Forces

text: Italy has joined in many UN, NATO and EU operations as well as with assistance to Russia and the other CIS nations, Middle East peace process, peacekeeping, and combating the illegal drug trade, human trafficking, piracy and terrorism.


title: Italian Armed Forces

text: Italy did take part in the 1982 Multinational Force in Lebanon along with US, French and British troops. Italy also participated in the 1990–91 Gulf War, with the deployment of eight Panavia Tornado IDS bomber jets; Italian Army troops were subsequently deployed to assist Kurdish refugees in northern Iraq following the conflict.


title: Italian Armed Forces

text: As part of Operation Enduring Freedom, Italy contributed to the international operation in Afghanistan. Italian forces have contributed to ISAF, the NATO force in Afghanistan, and to the Provincial reconstruction team. Italy has sent 3,800 troops, including one infantry company from the 2nd Alpini Regiment tasked to protect the ISAF HQ, one engineer company, one NBC platoon, one logistic unit, as well as liaison and staff elements integrated into the operation chain of command. Italian forces also command a multinational engineer task force and have deployed a platoon of Carabinieri military police.


title: Italian Armed Forces

text: The Italian Army did not take part in combat operations of the 2003 Iraq War, dispatching troops only when major combat operations were declared over by the U.S. President George W. Bush. Subsequently, Italian troops arrived in the late summer of 2003, and began patrolling Nasiriyah and the surrounding area. Italian participation in the military operations in Iraq was concluded by the end of 2006, with full withdrawal of Italian military personnel except for a small group of about 30 soldiers engaged in providing security for the Italian embassy in Baghdad. Italy played a major role in the 2004-2011 NATO Training Mission to assist in the development of Iraqi security forces training structures and institutions.


title: Italian Armed Forces

text: Since the second post-war the Italian armed force has become more and more engaged in international peace support operations, mainly under the auspices of the United Nations. The Italian armed forces are currently participating in 26 missions.


title: Grace Lee Whitney

text: Grace Lee Whitney (born Mary Ann Chase; April 1, 1930 – May 1, 2015) was an American actress and singer. She played Janice Rand on the original "" television series and subsequent "Star Trek" films.


title: Grace Lee Whitney

text: Whitney was born on April 1, 1930, in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and was adopted by the Whitney family, who changed her name to Grace Elaine. She started her entertainment career as a "girl singer" on Detroit's WJR radio at the age of 14. After she left home, she began to call herself Lee Whitney, eventually becoming known as Grace Lee Whitney. In her late teens, she moved to Chicago, where she opened in nightclubs for Billie Holiday and Buddy Rich, and toured with the Spike Jones and Fred Waring bands.


title: Grace Lee Whitney

text: Whitney debuted on Broadway in "Top Banana", with Phil Silvers and Kaye Ballard, playing Miss Holland. Following the successful run of the show, she joined the cast in Hollywood, where she recreated the role in the 1954 movie of the same name. While in Los Angeles, Whitney auditioned for and was cast in the starring role of Lucy Brown in the national tour of "The Threepenny Opera", taking over the role from Bea Arthur, who had played the part in New York off-Broadway.


title: Grace Lee Whitney

text: Whitney made more than 100 television appearances following her television dramatic debut in "Cowboy G-Men" in 1953. She appeared on episodes of "The Real McCoys", "Wagon Train", "The Islanders", "Hennesey", "The Roaring 20s", "Gunsmoke", "Bat Masterson", "The Rifleman", "77 Sunset Strip", "Mike Hammer", "Batman", "The Untouchables", and "Hawaiian Eye".


title: Grace Lee Whitney

text: During the 1950s and early 1960s, Whitney was a frequent semiregular on over 80 live television shows, including "You Bet Your Life" hosted by Groucho Marx in 1953, "The Red Skelton Show", "The Jimmy Durante Show", and "The Ernie Kovacs Show", largely appearing in gag sketches. From 1957 to 1958, she appeared as a "Vanna-type adornment" on the popular daytime show "Queen for a Day".


title: Grace Lee Whitney

text: Her other appearances included an episode of "The Outer Limits", "Controlled Experiment", co-starring Barry Morse and Carroll O'Connor, "Mannix", "Death Valley Days", "The Big Valley", and "The Virginian". In 1962, she appeared in the episode of "The Rifleman" entitled "The Tin Horn". In 1964, she played a character Babs Livingston on "Bewitched" in the episode "It Shouldn't Happen to a Dog".


title: Grace Lee Whitney

text: Whitney was cast as a member of the all-female band in Billy Wilder's comedy "Some Like It Hot" (1959). She shared several scenes with Jack Lemmon, Tony Curtis, and Marilyn Monroe, including the "upper berth" sequence. She had uncredited roles in "House of Wax" (1953), "Top Banana" (1954), "The Naked and the Dead" (1958), and "Pocketful of Miracles" (1961). Whitney was credited as Tracey Phillips in the drama "A Public Affair" (1962), and as Texas Rose in the Western "The Man from Galveston" (1963). Billy Wilder then gave her the featured role of Kiki the Cossack in "Irma la Douce" (1963).


title: Grace Lee Whitney

text: "" creator Gene Roddenberry cast Whitney in the role of Yeoman Janice Rand, the personal assistant to Captain James T. Kirk, in 1966. Whitney appeared in eight of the first 15 episodes, after which she was released from contract. She said that, while still under contract, she was sexually assaulted by an executive associated with the series. Later, in a public interview, she stated that Leonard Nimoy had been her main source of support during that time. She went into more details about the assault in her book "The Longest Trek", but refused to name the executive, saying in the book, "This is my story, not his."


title: Grace Lee Whitney

text: Whitney returned to the "Star Trek" franchise in the 1970s after DeForest Kelley saw Whitney on the unemployment line and told her that fans had been asking for her at fan conventions.


title: Grace Lee Whitney

text: Whitney reprised her role as Janice Rand, who had received a promotion to chief petty officer in "" (1979). She also appeared in "" (1984), "" (1986), and "" (1991), with another promotion, as Lieutenant Commander Janice Rand.


title: Grace Lee Whitney

text: Five years later, to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the franchise, she returned in the 1996 "" episode "", along with George Takei.


title: Grace Lee Whitney

text: As well as these canonical appearances, Whitney reprised her role in two fan-created "Star Trek" productions: "" and "". "New Voyages" premiered on August 24, 2007, while "Of Gods and Men" made its debut in late 2007. The fifth episode of "Star Trek Continues", "Divided We Stand" (released September 26, 2015), was dedicated to her "lovely and endearing spirit".


title: Grace Lee Whitney

text: Her roles in the 1970s included "The Bold Ones", "Cannon", and "Hart to Hart". In 1983, she had a small part in the television film "The Kid with the 200 I.Q.", with Gary Coleman. In 1998, she appeared in an episode of "", which reunited her with her "Star Trek" colleagues George Takei, Walter Koenig, and Majel Barrett.


title: Grace Lee Whitney

text: Whitney played historical figure Nellie Cashman, then a restaurateur, in the 1969 episode "The Angel of Tombstone" of the syndicated Western series "Death Valley Days", hosted by Robert Taylor. In the story line, Cashman and several men from Tombstone, Arizona, travel to Baja California in search of gold found by a Mexican prospector.


title: Grace Lee Whitney

text: In the 1960s and 1970s, she sang with a number of orchestras and bands, including the Keith Williams Orchestra. Later, she concentrated on jazz/pop vocalizing while fronting for the band Star. In the 1970s, with her second husband, Jack Dale, she wrote a number of "Star Trek"-related songs. A 45-rpm record was released in 1976 with the songs "Disco Trekkin’" (A side) and "Star Child" (B side). She recorded such tunes as "Charlie X", "Miri", "Enemy Within", and "USS "Enterprise"". Many of these songs were released in the 1990s on cassette tape: "Light at the End of the Tunnel" in 1996 and "Yeoman Rand Sings!" in 1999.


title: Grace Lee Whitney

text: Whitney's autobiography, "The Longest Trek: My Tour of the Galaxy", was released in 1998 (). Along with her hiring and firing from "Star Trek", the book recounts her work as the first Chicken of the Sea mermaid and her struggles with and eventual recovery from alcohol and substance abuse.


title: Grace Lee Whitney

text: Whitney had two sons, Scott and Jonathan Dweck. She moved to Coarsegold, California, in 1993 to be close to Jonathan, and she "continued her fellowship work in Fresno and Madera [counties], completely dedicating her life to helping herself and others find daily sobriety and a higher power out of addiction." Jonathan Dweck said his mother wanted to be known more as a survivor of addiction than as a "Star Trek" cast member.


title: Grace Lee Whitney

text: Her last film appearance (and as a "Star Trek" character) was in the fan fiction film "" in 2007. Her final screen appearance was in the William Shatner documentary "The Captains" in 2011.


title: His Master's Voice

text: His Master's Voice (HMV) was the name of a major British record label created in 1901 by The Gramophone Co. Ltd. The phrase was coined in the late 1890s from the title of a painting by English artist Francis Barraud, which depicted a Jack Russell Terrier dog named Nipper listening to a wind-up disc gramophone and tilting his head. In the original, unmodified 1898 painting, the dog was listening to a cylinder phonograph. The painting was also famously used as the trademark and logo of the Victor Talking Machine Company, later known as RCA Victor.


title: His Master's Voice

text: In the 1970s, an award was created which is a copy of the statue of the dog and gramophone, "His Master's Voice", cloaked in bronze, and was presented by the record company (EMI) to artists, music producers and composers in recognition of selling more than 1,000,000 recordings.


title: His Master's Voice

text: The trademark image comes from a painting by English artist Francis Barraud titled "His Master's Voice". It was acquired from the artist in 1899 by the newly formed Gramophone Company and adopted as a trademark by the Gramophone Company's United States affiliate, the Victor Talking Machine Company.


title: His Master's Voice

text: In early 1899, Francis Barraud applied for copyright of the original painting using the descriptive working title "Dog looking at and listening to a Phonograph". He was unable to sell the work to any cylinder phonograph company, but William Barry Owen, the American founder of the Gramophone Company in England, offered to purchase the painting under the condition that Barraud modify it to show one of their disc machines. Barraud complied and the image was first used on the company's catalogue from December 1899. As the trademark gained in popularity, several additional copies were subsequently commissioned from the artist for various corporate purposes.


title: His Master's Voice

text: In 1967, EMI converted the HMV label into an exclusive classical music label and dropped its POP series of popular music. HMV's POP series artists' roster was moved to Columbia Graphophone and Parlophone and licensed American POP record deals to Stateside Records.


title: His Master's Voice

text: The globalised market for the compact disc resulted in EMI abandoning the HMV label in favour of "EMI Classics", a name that could be used worldwide; however, between 1988 and 1992 Morrissey's recordings were issued on the HMV label. The HMV/Nipper trademark is now owned by the retail chain in the UK. The formal trademark transfer from EMI took place in 2003. The old HMV classical music catalogue is now controlled by the Warner Classics unit of Warner Music Group. Most reissues of HMV pop material that EMI previously controlled are now reissued on Warner's Parlophone label. In the UK, Warner Classics's online presence was launched as 'Dog and Trumpet' on Spotify, Facebook, Twitter and Instagram in January 2017.


title: His Master's Voice

text: On 1 April 2007, HMV announced that Gromit, the animated dog of "Wallace and Gromit", would stand in for Nipper for a three-month period, promoting children's DVDs in its UK stores.


title: His Master's Voice

text: HMV shops in Australia, Ireland, and the UK also use the Nipper trademark. HMV applied for trademark status in order to use Nipper at HMV stores in Canada but in 2010 abandoned the application.


title: His Master's Voice

text: On 15 January 2013, HMV Group plc entered receivership; stores in Ireland closed 16 January 2013 and were no longer accepting vouchers. The HMV website posted a receivership notice and no further online sales were made.


title: His Master's Voice

text: As of 28 December 2018, HMV has confirmed that it has called in KPMG as administrators and entered administration for the second time in six years.


title: His Master's Voice

text: On 5 February 2019, the Canadian retailer Sunrise Records announced its acquisition of HMV Retail for an undisclosed amount (later reported to be £883,000). Sunrise planned to maintain the HMV chain and five Fopp stores, but immediately closed 27 locations. By late-February, HMV had reopened a number of stores (including 1 Fopp branch).


title: West Virginia University

text: West Virginia University (WVU) is a public land-grant research university with its main campus in Morgantown, West Virginia. Its other campuses are those of the West Virginia University Institute of Technology in Beckley, Potomac State College of West Virginia University in Keyser, and clinical campuses for the university's medical and school at Charleston Area Medical Center in Charleston and the Eastern Division at the WVU Medicine Berkeley and Jefferson Medical Centers. WVU Extension Service provides outreach with offices in all 55 West Virginia counties.


title: West Virginia University

text: Enrollment for the Fall 2021 semester was 25,474 for the main campus, while enrollment across all three non-clinical campuses was 28,267. The Morgantown campus offers more than 350 bachelor's, master's, doctoral, and professional degree programs throughout 13 colleges and schools, including that states only law and dental schools.


title: West Virginia University

text: The university has produced 25 Truman Scholars, 47 Goldwater Scholars, 88 Gilman Scholars, 70 Fulbright Scholars, 28 Boren Scholars, 36 Critical Language Scholars, 4 George C. Marshall (British) Scholars, 6 Morris K. Udall Scholars, 5 USA Today All-USA College Academic First Team Members (and 11 academic team honorees), 3 Department of Homeland Security Scholars, 1 Jack Kent Cooke Foundation Graduate Scholar, 27 National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowships, 1 Schwarzman Scholar. Twenty-five Rhodes Scholars are WVU alumni, including former WVU president David C. Hardesty, Jr.


title: West Virginia University

text: Under the terms of the 1862 Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act, the West Virginia Legislature created the Agricultural College of West Virginia on February 7, 1867, and the school officially opened on September 2 of the same year. On December 4, 1868, lawmakers renamed the college West Virginia University to represent a broader range of higher education. It built on the grounds of three former academies, the Monongalia Academy of 1814, the Morgantown Female Academy of 1831, and Woodburn Female Seminary of 1858. Upon its founding, the local newspaper claimed that "a place more eligible for the quiet and successful pursuit of science and literature is nowhere to be found".


title: West Virginia University

text: The first campus building was constructed in 1870 as University Hall and was renamed Martin Hall in 1889 in honor of West Virginia University's first president, the Rev. Alexander Martin of Scotland. After a fire destroyed the Woodburn Seminary building in 1873, the centerpiece of what is now Woodburn Hall was completed in 1876, under the name New Hall. The name was changed to University Building in 1878 when the College of Law was founded as the first professional school in the state of West Virginia. The precursor to Woodburn Circle was finished in 1893 when Chitwood Hall (then Science Hall) was constructed on the bluff's north side. In 1909 a north wing was added to University Building, and the facility was renamed Woodburn Hall. Throughout the next decade, Woodburn Hall underwent several renovations and additions, including the construction of the south wing and east tower (in 1930) housing the Seth Thomas clock. The three Woodburn Circle buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. In 1899, the Vance Farm was acquired for the West Virginia University Experiment Station.


title: West Virginia University

text: WVU was required to have a Cadet Corps under the terms of the Morrill Act of 1862, which allowed for the creation of land-grant colleges. The United States Department of War—a predecessor of the U.S. Department of Defense—offered military equipment to the university at no charge, forming the basis of the school's Military Tactics department. The heavy military influence led to opposition of female enrollment that lasted through the first decade of the university. The trend changed in 1889 when ten women were allowed to enroll and seek degrees at the university. In June 1891, Harriet Lyon became the first woman to receive a degree from West Virginia University, finishing first in the class ahead of all male students. Lyon's academic success supported the acceptance of women in the university as students and educators.


title: West Virginia University

text: During the university's early years, daily chapel services and roll call for all students were mandatory, limiting time for student recreation. Following the removal of these obligations, students became active in extracurricular activities and established many of the school's first athletic and student organizations. The first edition of the student newspaper known as the "Athenaeum", now "The Daily Athenaeum", was published in 1887, and the "West Virginia Law Review" became the fourth-oldest law review in the United States when it was founded in 1894. Phi Kappa Psi was the first fraternity on campus, founded May 23, 1890, while Kappa Delta, the first sorority at WVU, was established in 1899. The first football team was formed in 1891, and the first basketball team appeared in 1903.


title: West Virginia University

text: The university's outlook at the turn of the 20th century was optimistic, as the school constructed the first library in present-day Stewart Hall in 1902.


title: West Virginia University

text: The campus welcomed U.S. President William Howard Taft to the campus for WVU President Thomas Hodges's inauguration in 1911. On November 2, 1911, President Taft delivered the address "World Wide Speech", from the front porch of Purinton House. However, the University's efforts to attract more qualified educators, increase enrollment, and expand the campus was hindered during a period that saw two World Wars and the Great Depression. With a heavy military influence in the university, many students left college to join the army during World War I, and the local ROTC was organized in 1916. Women's involvement in the war efforts at home led to the creation of Women's Hall dormitory, now Stalnaker Hall, in 1918.


title: West Virginia University

text: Despite its wartime struggles, the university established programs in biology, medicine, journalism, pharmacy, and the first mining program in the nation. In 1918, Oglebay Hall was built to house the expanded agriculture and forestry programs. Additionally, the first dedicated sports facilities were constructed including "The Ark" for basketball in 1918, and the original Mountaineer Field in 1925. Stansbury Hall was built in 1928 and included a new basketball arena named "The Fieldhouse" that held 6,000 spectators. Elizabeth Moore Hall, the woman's physical education building, was also completed in 1928. Men's Hall, the first dormitory built for men on campus, was built in 1935 and was funded in part by the Works Progress Administration.


title: West Virginia University

text: The Mountaineer mascot was adopted during the late 1920s, with an unofficial process to select the Mountaineer through 1936. An official selection process began naming the mascot annually in 1937, with Boyd "Slim" Arnold becoming the first Mountaineer to wear the buckskin uniform.


title: West Virginia University

text: As male students left for World War II in 1941–42, women became more prominent in the University and surpassed the number of males on campus for the first time in 1943. Soldiers returning from the war qualified for the G.I. Bill and helped increase enrollment to over 8,000 students for the first time, but the University's facilities were becoming inadequate to accommodate the surging student population.


title: West Virginia University

text: Preparation for the baby boomer generation and plans for curriculum expansion led to the purchase of land for the Evansdale and Medical campuses. The growth of downtown Morgantown limited the space available on the original campus; therefore, the new site was nearly two miles north on what had been farmland. Beginning in the late 1950s the university experienced the most rapid period of growth in its history. In 1957, WVU opened a Medical Center on the new campus and founded the first school of dentistry in West Virginia. The basketball program reached a new level of success when the university admitted future 14‑time NBA All-Star and Hall of Fame player Jerry West, who led the team to the national championship game in 1959. As enrollment approached 14,000 in the 1960s, the University continued expansion plans by building the Evansdale Residential Complex to house approximately 1,800 students, the Mountainlair student union, and several engineering and creative arts facilities on the Evansdale campus. In 1970 the WVU Coliseum, a basketball facility with a capacity of 14,000, opened near the new campus. As the facilities expanded, the university researched ways to move its growing student population across the split campuses and to solve its worsening traffic congestion. The resulting Personal Rapid Transit system opened in 1973 as the world's first automated rapid transit system.


title: West Virginia University

text: The student population continued to grow in the late 1970s, reaching 22,000. With no room for growth on the downtown campus, the football stadium was closed, and the new Mountaineer Field was opened near the Medical campus on September 6, 1980. Mountaineer Field would later be named Mountaineer Field at Milan Puskar Stadium. After an $8 million donation to the university, Ruby Memorial Hospital opened on the Medical campus in 1988, providing the state's first level-one trauma center. Early the next year, the undefeated Mountaineer football team, led by Major Harris, made it to the national championship game before losing to Notre Dame in the Fiesta Bowl.


title: West Virginia University

text: During the 1990s the university developed several recreational activities for students, including FallFest and WVU "Up All Night". While the programs were created to provide safe entertainment for students and to combat WVU's inclusion as one of the nation's top party schools, they also garnered national attention as solutions for reducing alcohol consumption and partying on college campuses across the country. In 2001, a $34 million, recreation facility opened on the Evansdale campus, providing students with exercise facilities, recreational activities, and personal training programs.


title: West Virginia University

text: WVU reached a new level of athletic success to start the new millennium. The football team featured a 3‑0 BCS bowl record, ten consecutive bowl game appearances, a #1 ranking in the "USA Today" Coaches' Poll, three consecutive 11‑win seasons amassing a 33–5 record, 41 consecutive weeks in the top 25, and 6 conference championships. The men's basketball team won the 2007 NIT Championship and the 2010 Big East championship, while appearing four times in the sweet sixteen, twice in the elite-eight, and once in the final-four of the NCAA tournament. The athletic successes brought the university a new level of national exposure, and enrollment has since increased to nearly 30,000 students.


title: West Virginia University

text: On April 24, 2008, the "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette" reported the university had improperly granted an [[MBA] to [[Heather Bresch]], the daughter of the state's governor [[Joe Manchin]] and an employee of [[Mylan]], a pharmaceutical company whose then-chairman Milan Puskar was one of the University's largest donors. In the aftermath, the university determined Bresch's degree had been awarded without the prerequisite requirements having been met. They subsequently rescinded it, leading to the resignation of the president [[Michael Garrison (politician)|Michael Garrison]], provost Gerald Lang, and business school dean Steve Sears. Garrison had been profiled as a trend toward non-traditional university presidents by the "[[Chronicle of Higher Education]]" and "[[Inside Higher Ed]]", but the Faculty Senate approved a vote of no confidence in the search that selected him. C. Peter McGrath was named interim president in August 2008. [[James P. Clements]] became WVU's 23rd president on June 30, 2009. He had previously served as provost at [[Towson University]]. On September 16, 2009, Michele G. Wheatly was named Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs. In November 2013, James P. Clements was selected to be Clemson University's 15th president. [[Gordon Gee|E. Gordon Gee]] served as interim president and continues to serve as the president; this was Dr. Gee's second time in this role, having first served as president of WVU in 1981.


title: West Virginia University

text: WVU is [[Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education|classified]] among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". According to the [[National Science Foundation]], WVU spent $185.1 million on research and development in 2018, ranking it 121st in the nation. WVU is affiliated with the Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, dedicated to the study of Alzheimer's and other diseases that affect the brain. WVU is also a leader in biometric technology research and the Federal Bureau of Investigation's lead academic partner in biometrics research.


title: West Virginia University

text: Freshman West Virginia resident applicants must have a 2.0 GPA and either an SAT super score of 990 of 1600 or an ACT super score of 19 of 36. For non-residents the requirements are a GPA of 2.5 and either a super score SAT 1060 or a super score ACT of 21. College and program admission requirements for first-time freshmen vary by program. The general freshman acceptance rate at WVU is 71.9% of applications received with an average entering student GPA of 3.42, an SAT super score of 1115 of 1600, and an ACT super score of 24 of 36.


title: West Virginia University

text: In the fall of 2020, the university relaxed its test score requirements for students applying for admission in response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic|coronavirus pandemic]]. According to WVU assistant vice president of Enrollment Management George Zimmerman, if students are unable to take the [[SAT]] or ACT, they will still be admitted to WVU as long as they have shown academic ability in other areas of their application. The policy is said to be in effect until spring 2023.


title: West Virginia University

text: West Virginia University is organized into 15 degree-granting colleges or schools and also offers an Honors College.


title: West Virginia University

text: [[West Virginia University at Parkersburg]], a primarily 2-year school, was a regional campus of WVU but has been independent since 2009.


title: West Virginia University

text: [[Forensics]] and Investigative Science is a nationally recognized program at WVU, originally created through a partnership with the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]. The program is accredited by the [[American Academy of Forensic Sciences]] and is the official library holdings repository for the [[International Association for Identification]]. The program includes three main areas of emphasis, the examiner track, which specializes in crime scene investigation and comparison sciences, the biology track, which specializes in body fluids and DNA analysis, and the chemistry track, which specializes in the chemical identification of seized drugs, fire debris, trace evidence and explosives. Facilities include four "crime-scene" houses, a vehicle processing garage, a ballistics laboratory, and numerous traditional laboratories and classrooms in Ming Hsieh Hall and Oglebay Hall. A separate Criminology & Investigative Sciences major was later added to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences. The College of Business and Economics also provides a certificate in forensic accounting and fraud examination.


title: West Virginia University

text: WVU robotics teams have won several international competitions such as the NASA Robotic Mining Competition and the NASA/NIA RASC-AL Exploration Robot-OPS Challenge. In 2016, a WVU team led by Dr. Yu Gu won the final NASA Sample Return Robot Centennial Challenge with a $750,000 prize.


title: West Virginia University

text: [[Biometrics]] is an engineering-centric field of study offered at WVU, the first institution in the world to establish a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in Biometric Systems. In 2003 the University also founded the initial chapter of the Student Society for the Advancement of Biometrics (SSAB). The program, in the Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering (LCSEE), provides a firm understanding of the underlying [[electrical engineering]] and [[computer engineering]] disciplines that support [[biometric]] applications. On February 6, 2008, WVU became the national academic leader for the [[FBI]]'s biometric research. WVU is also the founding site for the Center for Identification Technology Research (CITeR), focusing on biometrics and [[Digital identity|identification technology]]. CITeR maintains and develops collaborative relationships with other academic institutions to meet research needs.


title: West Virginia University

text: The Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center is on West Virginia University's Evansdale Campus and houses the Schools of Dentistry, Medicine, Nursing, and Pharmacy. These schools grant doctoral and professional degrees in 16 different fields, as well as a variety of other [[Master's degree|Master's]] and [[Bachelor's degree|Bachelor's]] degrees. For 2012 "[[U.S. News & World Report]]" ranked WVU's Medical School ninth in the United States for [[Rural health|rural medicine]].


title: West Virginia University

text: Also on the Health Sciences Campus is WVU's local teaching hospital, [[Ruby Memorial Hospital]], which is one of only two designated Trauma I hospitals in the state and has also been designated a magnet hospital for its ability to attract and retain high-quality nursing staff.


title: West Virginia University

text: The Morgantown campus comprises three sub-campuses. The original main campus, typically called the Downtown Campus, is in the Monongahela River valley on the fringes of downtown Morgantown. This part of the campus includes eight academic buildings on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. The Downtown Campus comprises several architectural styles predominantly featuring red brick including Victorian Second Empire, Federal, Neoclassical, and Collegiate Gothic among others. The Evansdale Campus, a mile and a half north-northwest, on a rise above the flood plain of the [[Monongahela River]], was developed in the 1950s and 1960s to accommodate a growing student population since space for expansion was limited at the Downtown Campus. The Health Sciences Campus, in the same outlying area (but on the other side of a ridge), includes the Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, the Erma Byrd Biomedical Research Facility, Ruby Memorial Hospital, Chestnut Ridge Hospital, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, WVU Healthcare Physicians Office Center, [[Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute]], WVU Eye Institute, and the WVU Children's Hospital.


title: West Virginia University

text: The Health Sciences Campus is near [[Mountaineer Field at Milan Puskar Stadium|Mountaineer Field]], over a ridge from the Evansdale Campus.


title: West Virginia University

text: Due to the distance between WVU's three campuses, the university built the innovative Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) system to link the campuses (Downtown, Evansdale, and Health Sciences) and reduce student traffic on local highways. [[Boeing]] began construction on the Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) system in 1972. The unique aspect that makes the system "personal" is that a rider specifies their destination when entering the system and, depending on the system load, the PRT can dispatch a car that will travel directly to that station.


title: West Virginia University

text: WVU students, faculty, and staff ride for free; they swipe their magnetically encoded ID cards through the turnstiles when entering the stations. Others pay a cash fare of $0.50. The PRT began operation in 1973, with U.S.  President [[Richard Nixon]]'s daughter, Tricia, aboard one of five prototype cars for a demonstration ride. The PRT handles 16,000 riders per day () and uses approximately 70 cars.


title: West Virginia University

text: The system has of guideway track and five stations: Walnut, Beechurst, Engineering, Towers, and Medical/Health Sciences. The vehicles are rubber-tired, but the cars have constant contact with a separate electrified rail. [[Steam]] heating keeps the elevated guideway free of snow and ice. Although most students use the PRT, this technology has not been replicated at other sites for various reasons, including the high cost of maintaining the heated track system in winter.


title: West Virginia University

text: The PRT cars are painted in school colors (blue with gold trim) and feature the University name and logo on the front. Inside, the seats are light beige [[fiberglass]] and the carpeting is blue. Each car has eight seats with an overall capacity of 20 people, including standing room.


title: West Virginia University

text: The [[National Society of Professional Engineers]] named the [[Morgantown Personal Rapid Transit|WVU PRT]] one of the top 10 engineering achievements of 1972, and in 1997 "[[The New Electric Railway Journal]]" picked the WVU PRT as the best [[people mover]] in North America (for 1996).


title: West Virginia University

text: In 2006 the [[U.S. Department of Transportation]] and [[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] dubbed WVU one of the best workplaces for commuters.


title: West Virginia University

text: Each autumn, during Mountaineer Week celebrations, a special PRT car is placed in front of the [[Mountainlair]] [[student activity center|student union]] where groups of students participate in the "PRT Cram" with the objective of squeezing in as many people as possible. A record of 97 was set in 2000.


title: West Virginia University

text: Buses and shuttles operated by the university can be used (during limited hours) in addition to the community's Mountain Line, which operates every day into the early morning. Students can use their Mountaineer Card to ride the Mountain Line bus for free. The Health Science Center also operates a shuttle service to help students, visitors, and patients to get to and from the Health Science Center campus. Many non-University, private student housing communities in the area also operate a shuttle to campus/town and back to the housing community.


title: West Virginia University

text: The PRT has become a cultural mainstay of the WVU campus. However, it is not without problems. One student was seriously injured in 2020 when a boulder collapsed onto the track, smashing a cart. Two more students had to be transported to [[Ruby Memorial Hospital]].


title: West Virginia University

text: The [[West Virginia University Libraries]] encompasses seven libraries and the WVU Press, including the Downtown Campus Library, Evansdale Library, Health Sciences Library (Morgantown), Law Library, Health Sciences Library (Charleston), the Mary F. Shipper Library at Potomac State College in Keyser, the Beckley Library at the WVU Institute of Technology, and the [[West Virginia and Regional History Center]] (the world's largest collection of West Virginia-related research material), is in the Wise Library on the Downtown Campus. Collections include the Appalachian Collection, Digital Collections, Government Documents, Map Collection, Myers Collection, Patent and Trademarks, Rare Books Collections, and Theses and Dissertations. West Virginia University libraries contain nearly 1.5 million printed volumes, 2.3 million microforms, more than 10,000 electronic journals, and computers with high-speed Internet access.


title: West Virginia University

text: The Evansdale Library supports the academic programs and research centered on the Evansdale Campus. The library holds materials in the disciplines of agriculture, art, computer science, education, engineering, forestry, landscape architecture, mineral resources, music, physical education, and theater. In addition to the collections, Evansdale Library is home to da Vinci's Cafe, an Information Technology Services Big Prints! poster printing lab, and the Academic Innovation Teaching and Learning Commons Sandbox.


title: West Virginia University

text: The university co-publishes the "[[Labor Studies Journal]]" with the [[United Association for Labor Education]].


title: West Virginia University

text: The Core Arboretum is a 91-acre (37 ha) arboretum owned by West Virginia University and on Monongahela Boulevard in Morgantown, West Virginia. It is open to the public daily without charge.


title: West Virginia University

text: The Arboretum's history began in 1948 when the university acquired its site. Professor Earl Lemley Core (1902-1984), chairman of the Biology Department, then convinced President Irvin Stewart to set the property aside for the study of biology and botany. In 1975 the Arboretum was named in Core's honor.


title: West Virginia University

text: The Arboretum is now managed by the WVU Department of Biology and consists of mostly old-growth forests on steep hillside and Monongahela River floodplain. It includes densely wooded areas with 3.5 miles (5.6 km) of walking trails, as well as 3 acres (12,000 m) of lawn planted with specimen trees.


title: West Virginia University

text: The Arboretum has a variety of natural habitats in which several hundred species of native WV trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants may be found. Some of the large trees are likely over 200 years old.


title: West Virginia University

text: The Arboretum is well known as a superb site to see spring ephemeral wildflowers from late March to early May. Varied habitats and the riverside location also make the area an excellent site to observe birds and animals.


title: West Virginia University

text: The university created WVU Alert, a text-based alert system for quickly disseminating emergency situations to faculty, staff, and students. WVU also uses LiveSafe, a smart phone application that enables users to anonymously report crimes or safety concerns, or to use the walk safe feature which allows the user to invite a friend to monitor their location while they walk. Additionally, there are 37, easily accessible, blue-lit towers housing emergency phones across the WVU campuses that automatically dial 911 in the event of an emergency.


title: West Virginia University

text: The West Virginia University Police Department (UPD) is the largest campus police department in the state and the only campus law enforcement agency in the state accredited by the International Association of Campus Law Enforcement Administrators. The UPD has a sworn officer operations division, a central communication unit, a student cadet unit, investigations, K-9 teams and other support services. Officers have the same authority and powers as city and county police officers.


title: West Virginia University

text: FallFest welcomes students to the university by providing an evening of entertainment and musical performances traditionally held during the first week of the fall semester and traditionally at the [[Mountainlair| Mountainlair Student Union]]. The event began in 1995 as a safe alternative to partying and has become one of the largest University-sponsored events, typically drawing crowds of 15,000 or more. The celebration has been highlighted by a series of evening concerts by renowned artists. A dance party, film festival, comedy show, and several indoor musical performances are also featured.


title: West Virginia University

text: Mountaineer Week is a celebration of WVU tradition and [[Appalachia| Appalachian heritage]] that began in 1947. Festivities have expanded to include competitions among WVU students, designed to honor school and state pride. A beard-growing competition introduced in 1949 has continued throughout the event's history. Participants must shave before the panel of judges that also chooses the winner at the end of the competition. The Mr. and Ms. Mountaineer competition has been included in Mountaineer Week since 1962,


title: West Virginia University

text: honoring one male and one female student who show outstanding school spirit, academic excellence, and extracurricular involvement. The annual PRT Cram features the unique [[Morgantown Personal Rapid Transit|PRT system]], where students compete to fit the maximum number of riders on a special-model PRT car with the windows removed. The record was set in 2000 when 97 students fit inside one PRT car.


title: West Virginia University

text: The Lighting of Woodburn Hall is an annual university ceremony held in early December to light historic Woodburn Hall for the holiday season. The event began in 1987 and is open to the public. Christmas carols are typically sung and donations are taken at the event to support community organizations. Patients from [[West Virginia University Hospitals|WVU's Children's hospital]] are often selected to light the Hall.


title: West Virginia University

text: Fall Family Weekend is an opportunity for students' family members to experience WVU campus life by attending classes, athletic events, college presentations, and student events such as WVU "Up All Night". Tours of the campus facilities are offered by individual colleges and organizations,


title: West Virginia University

text: Homecoming weekend activities include the Alumni Band-led homecoming parade through downtown Morgantown, the crowning of the royalty, and a football game with a performance by the WVU Alumni band. Student organizations participate in the parade by designing floats. Receptions are held by colleges, student groups, and the alumni center.


title: West Virginia University

text: Greek Week is held during the spring semester, providing a venue for competition between Greek organizations. Highlights include airband events, where organizations compete in [[cheerleading]] and dance routines, and sports competitions on the Mountainlair recreational field. The competitions strive to highlight WVU's student spirit and present a positive image of the fraternities and sororities.


title: West Virginia University

text: The [[Mountainlair|Mountainlair Student Union]], commonly called "the Lair" by students, is the three-floor [[student activity center|student union]] building at WVU. The building dates to 1968 and replaced an earlier structure built in 1948. The student union offers many recreational opportunities to students including a [[movie theater]], [[bowling alley]], [[pool hall]], [[ballroom]]s, [[Video arcade|video game arcade]], a cafeteria-style restaurant, and a collection of fast food restaurants.


title: West Virginia University

text: The Student Recreation Center is a recreation facility that opened before the 2001 academic year with an initial construction cost of $34 million. The facility offers a six-lane swimming pool, 20‑seat spa, of cardio and free-weight equipment, an elevated running track, basketball courts,


title: West Virginia University

text: volleyball and badminton courts, glass squash and racquetball courts, and a climbing wall. The center also offers a variety of wellness programs, personal training, child care services, exercise classes, and intramural activities.


title: West Virginia University

text: The Mountaineer Adventure Program (MAP) offers several activities including Adventure WV, Challenge Course, and International Trips. Adventure WV is focused on providing guidance to freshmen and sophomores through various outdoor orientation expeditions. The Challenge Course program uses a recreational facility designed to teach teamwork and problem-solving skills through physical interaction. International Trips offers worldwide recreational opportunities to places like [[Fiji]] and [[Peru]], as well as study abroad credit courses. Several of the MAP programs provide University-accepted credit hours.


title: West Virginia University

text: The Outdoor Recreation Center, a division of the Student Recreation Center, helps students find recreational activities locally and in other parts of West Virginia. The center sponsors some trips, including whitewater rafting on the [[Cheat River]] and hiking in the [[Monongahela National Forest]]. Students can take advantage of [[Environment of West Virginia|West Virginia's natural wilderness]] by renting outdoor recreational equipment for [[hiking]], [[camping]], [[climbing]], [[fishing]], [[biking]], [[skiing]], and [[rafting|whitewater rafting]], all of which is available with minimal travel time. WVU's main campus is next to the [[Monongahela River]] along which runs the Caperton Trail, also known as the "Rail Trail", a paved path for walking, running, or biking. Other connecting trails total in additional length, extending from the [[Pennsylvania]] border to [[Prickett's Fort State Park]]. Many student groups take day trips to the nearby [[Coopers Rock State Forest]], which is less than from WVU's campus.


title: West Virginia University

text: West Virginia University offers more than 400 student-run organizations and clubs. Many of the organizations are associated with academia, religion, culture, military service, politics, recreation, or sports. New student groups may be formed by submitting a constitution and petition to become recognized as a student organization.


title: West Virginia University

text: The Student Government Association (SGA) serves as representatives for the student body and as a liaison to the university administration and officials. The President of the Student Body also serves as a full voting member of the university's Board of Governors.


title: West Virginia University

text: WVU Greek fraternities are [[Phi Beta Sigma]], [[Alpha Epsilon Pi]], [[Alpha Gamma Rho]], [[Kappa Alpha Order]], [[Lambda Chi Alpha]], [[Phi Delta Theta]], [[Phi Kappa Psi]], [[Pi Kappa Phi]], [[Sigma Alpha Epsilon]], [[Sigma Nu]], [[Phi Sigma Phi]], [[Sigma Phi Delta]], [[Sigma Phi Epsilon]] and [[Theta Chi]]. Greek sororities are [[Zeta Phi Beta]], [[Alpha Omicron Pi]], [[Alpha Phi]], [[Alpha Xi Delta]], [[Chi Omega]], [[Delta Gamma]], [[Kappa Kappa Gamma]], [[Pi Beta Phi]], and [[Sigma Kappa]].


title: West Virginia University

text: In 2014, 18-year-old [[Kappa Sigma]] pledge Nolan Burch died during a hazing incident at the fraternity house. Police say his blood-alcohol level was 0.493% at the time of his death. A lawsuit was settled over the student's death in 2018 for $250,000.


title: West Virginia University

text: In 2019, City Drive Studios produced the documentary "Breathe, Nolan, Breathe", which details what led up to Nolan's death. The film begins with security footage inside the Kappa Sigma house, showing a fraternity brother performing CPR on Nolan's limp body hours after he was dragged inside. The brother kept repeating the words, "breathe, Nolan, breathe." Video also shows fraternity brothers taking videos of Burch laying on a wooden plank, walking around him, and even kicking him. The film is being used by the university to kick off a bystander awareness campaign. According to City Drive Studios, " The purpose of this film is to stop this from ever happening again and to save lives."


title: West Virginia University

text: In 2018 several WVU fraternities chose to disassociate themselves after the school sent out stricter rules and regulations for Greek life. For example, Sigma Chi was restricted to one social event per semester. David Coram of Sigma Chi says this was one of the main reasons the fraternity decided to disassociate. WVU also decided to raise the required GPA for rushing students from 2.5 to 2.75. For Farris, the biggest concern with the breakaway is student safety, reports the WV Gazette-Mail. He explained how the university would not be able to help in situations such as an injury or sexual assault if they were not recognized by the school.


title: West Virginia University

text: 2018 brought another fraternity incident as, according to WVU, senior finance major David Rusko, 22, fell down steps and was knocked unconscious at the fraternity house where he was visiting after a football game. An investigation found two hours elapsed between the fall and when medical help was sought. West Virginia University announced that three students were no longer enrolled at the university and 15 others agreed to other disciplinary action as a result.


title: West Virginia University

text: The [[Daily Athenaeum]], nicknamed "the DA", is the 9th-largest newspaper in West Virginia. Offered free on campus, it generates income through advertisements and student fees. The paper began in 1887 as a weekly [[literary magazine]], with writing, editing and production taken over by the newly formed School of Journalism in the 1920s. In 1970, the paper split from the School of Journalism and became an independent campus entity governed by the Student Publications Board. "The DA" was voted as the "[[Princeton Review]]"'s 10th-best college newspaper in the United States in 2005, 15th in 2006, and 8th in 2007.


title: West Virginia University

text: [[WWVU-FM]], called U92 or The Moose, plays new music, talk shows, and newscasts. On the air since 1982, U92 can be heard in the Morgantown area at 91.7 FM and also streams live on the internet. In 2007 the station was one of four college radio stations nominated for College Music Journal's Station of the Year Award. In 2015 CMJ awarded the station with three awards including Station of the Year.


title: West Virginia University

text: "The Mountaineer Jeffersonian" was a news, economic, and political journal founded by WVU students. The publication was founded in 2008 and ceased publication in 2011.


title: West Virginia University

text: The Student Center of Health, also known under the label "WELLWVU", provides services related to student health, disease prevention, and awareness. The Carruth Center for Psychological and Psychiatric Services offers therapy to any WVU student. The Robert C. Byrd Health Science Center and the associated West Virginia University Hospitals, on the Health Science Campus, serve as West Virginia's largest healthcare institution. The hospitals provide a comprehensive set of healthcare needs for local and regional patients. WVU students have full access to healthcare resources, which are accessible from the PRT towers station.


title: West Virginia University

text: Starting with the Fall 2014 semester WVU implemented a mandatory student health insurance policy, with an opt-out. All domestic students at West Virginia University and WVU Tech, enrolled in 6 or more credit hours and international students enrolled in 1 or more credit hours will be required to carry health insurance coverage.


title: West Virginia University

text: With the opening of the new Student Health and Wellness building on the Evansdale Campus, WVU Medical Corporation now operates the medical services of Student Health. This is a WVU Urgent Care Clinic office and is the primary care provider to students who use WVU's Aetna Health Insurance policy. The Clinic is open 7 days a week.


title: West Virginia University

text: As of the end of the Spring 2020 semester, two students have committed suicide after not being able to seek counseling at the Carruth Center for Mental Health. There have also been numerous accounts of a culture of [[alcoholism]] and [[mental illness]]. The school has offered limited support via email regarding the deaths of these students.


title: West Virginia University

text: WVU Arts & Entertainment (A&E) sponsors entertainment events for students throughout the academic year. The department organizes the annual FallFest event, which features popular musicians, comedians, and other performers. WVU A&E annually hosts several concerts at the [[WVU Coliseum]] and Creative Arts Center, with past performances by [[Akon]], [[The All-American Rejects]], [[The Fray]], [[Kelly Clarkson]], [[Ludacris]], [[Maroon 5]], [[Reba McEntire]], [[Willie Nelson]], and [[50 Cent]] among others.


title: West Virginia University

text: The West Virginia Public Theater (WVPT) is one of two professional musical theaters in West Virginia. The group is near WVU's campus and performs several Broadway numbers yearly.


title: West Virginia University

text: The Art Museum of West Virginia University features touring exhibitions and displays a collection including over 2,500 works of art from the Appalachian region, Asia, and Africa.


title: West Virginia University

text: [[The Royce J. and Caroline B. Watts Museum]], on the Evansdale campus, features tools, equipment, artifacts, photos, and other items related to West Virginia's coal and petroleum industries.


title: West Virginia University

text: The school's sports teams are called the Mountaineers and compete in the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]]'s Division I. The school has teams in 17 college sports and has won several national championships, including 19 [[NCAA Rifle Championship]]s . Formerly a full member of the [[Big East Conference (1979–2013)|Big East Conference]] in all sports, on October 28, 2011, the school accepted an invitation to join the [[Big 12 Conference]] and became a member on July 1, 2012.


title: West Virginia University

text: Notable athletes from West Virginia University include [[Jerry West]], [[Jim Braxton]], [[Marc Bulger]], [[Avon Cobourne]], [[Mike Compton (American football)|Mike Compton]], [[Noel Devine]], [[Cecil Doggette]], [[Mike Gansey]], [[Major Harris (American football)|Marc "Major" O. Harris]], [[Chris Henry (wide receiver)|Chris Henry]], [[Johannes Herber|Joe Herber]], [[Jeff Hostetler]], [[Chuck Howley]], [[Sam Huff]], [[Darryl Talley]], [[Rod Hundley|"Hot Rod" Hundley]], [[Pacman Jones|Adam "Pacman" Jones]], [[Joe Stydahar]], [[Dan Mozes]], [[Kevin Pittsnogle]], [[Jerry Porter (American football)|Jerry Porter]], [[Todd Sauerbrun]], [[Steve Slaton]], [[Ray Gaddis]], [[Rod Thorn]], [[Oliver Luck]], [[Mike Vanderjagt]], [[Pat White (American football)|Pat White]], [[Quincy Wilson (running back)|Quincy Wilson]], [[Amos Zereoué]], [[Greg Jones (wrestler)|Greg Jones]], [[Joe Alexander (basketball)|Joe Alexander]], [[Owen Schmitt]], [[Georgann Wells]], [[Geno Smith]], [[Virginia Thrasher|Ginny Thrasher]], [[Pat McAfee]], [[Tavon Austin]], [[Miles McBride]] and [[Jedd Gyorko]].


title: West Virginia University

text: WVU has had two undefeated regular seasons; they went 11–0 in 1988 and 1993. However, West Virginia lost both bowl games, 34‑21 to Notre Dame in the National Championship, and 41–7 to Florida. The [[2005 West Virginia Mountaineers football team|2005 season]] and the [[2006 West Virginia Mountaineers football team|2006 season]] produced the first consecutive 11-win seasons in school history. In the [[2007 West Virginia Mountaineers football team|2007 season]], the Mountaineers started the season as the #3-ranked team, the highest preseason ranking in school history. That team eventually was ranked #1 in the Coaches Poll and finished the season with a third consecutive 11-win season after their [[2008 Fiesta Bowl|Fiesta Bowl]] victory.


title: West Virginia University

text: West Virginia men's basketball has competed in three basketball championship final matches: the [[1959 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament|1959 NCAA final]], the 1942 [[National Invitation Tournament|NIT]] final (at that time, the NIT was considered more prestigious than the NCAA), and the [[2007 National Invitation Tournament|2007 NIT Championship]]. They lost to [[University of California, Berkeley|California]] in the 1959 NCAA finals, while the Mountaineers won the [[1942 National Invitation Tournament|1942 NIT Championship]] over [[Western Kentucky University|Western Kentucky]], and the 2007 [[National Invitation Tournament|NIT]] contest over [[Clemson University|Clemson]]. In 1949 future Mountaineers head coach, [[Fred Schaus]], became the first player in NCAA history to record 1,000 points.


title: West Virginia University

text: Recently, West Virginia reached the Final Four of the [[2010 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament]], led by West Virginia coach and former WVU player [[Bob Huggins]]. The Mountaineers won the [[2010 Big East men's basketball tournament]] and received a #2 seed in the East Region of the [[2010 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament]].


title: West Virginia University

text: In 2015, West Virginia reached the Sweet Sixteen of the [[2015 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament]]. They were eliminated from the tournament after losing to Kentucky. In 2018, West Virginia again reached the Sweet Sixteen of the [[2018 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament]]. They were eliminated from the tournament after losing in the fourth round to #1 seed and eventual champion Villanova.


title: West Virginia University

text: Since joining the [[Big 12 Conference]] ahead of the 2012 season, West Virginia women's soccer has posted a 27-1-3 record in regular-season league games. In 2016, the Mountaineers claimed their fifth consecutive outright regular-season league championship, becoming the first team in Big 12 history to accomplish that feat. West Virginia also won back-to-back Big 12 tournament championships in 2013 and 2014, as well as two additional Big 12 tournament championships in 2016 and 2018. The Mountaineers are coached by Nikki Izzo-Brown, the program's only head coach.


title: West Virginia University

text: With a total of 26 individual NCAA National Champions and 19 team NCAA National Championship titles, West Virginia University's rifle team is the most successful rifle program in the history of the NCAA. Their most recent National Championship as a team was won in 2017. The Mountaineers compete in the [[Great America Rifle Conference]] where they have won 11 regular-season conference championships. The team's home matches take place at the WVU Rifle Range which opened in 2010. Virginia Thrasher, who won a gold medal in the [[Shooting_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_10_metre_air_rifle|women's 10-meter air rifle]] at the [[2016 Summer Olympics]], was on the Mountaineers rifle team from 2015 to 2019.


title: West Virginia University

text: The West Virginia University Mountaineer Marching Band is nicknamed "The Pride of West Virginia." The 380-member band performs at every home football game and makes several local and national appearances throughout the year. The band was the recipient of the prestigious [[Sudler Trophy]] in 1997.


title: West Virginia University

text: In a state that lacks professional sports franchises, West Virginians passionately support West Virginia University and its athletics teams. Men's basketball head coach [[Bob Huggins]], a former Mountaineer basketball player who was born in Morgantown, stated that the "strong bond between the university and the people of West Virginia" is a relationship that is difficult for non-natives to understand.


title: West Virginia University

text: Some WVU fans, primarily in the student sections, better known as the "Mountaineer Maniacs" have developed a reputation for unruly behavior, being compared to "soccer hooligans"


title: West Virginia University

text: by "[[GQ]]" magazine. At some events, there have been cases of objects thrown onto the field or at opposing teams. There were also issues with small-scale fires, most notably of couches, being set after games; over 1,100 intentionally ignited street fires were reported from 1997 to 2003.


title: West Virginia University

text: Members of the Morgantown-area community volunteered as Goodwill City Ambassadors for the first time in the fall of 2012 to welcome visiting fans to the football games. The Goodwill City initiative is a collaborative effort of the City of Morgantown, WVU, Morgantown's "Dominion Post", and community residents.


title: West Virginia University

text: The Mountaineer was adopted in 1890 as the official school mascot and unofficially began appearing at sporting events in 1936. A new Mountaineer is selected each year during the final two men's home basketball games, with the formal title "The Mountaineer of West Virginia University". The new Mountaineer receives a scholarship, a tailor-made buckskin suit with a coonskin hat, and a period rifle and powder horn for discharging when appropriate and safe. The mascot travels with most sports teams throughout the academic year. While not required, male mascots traditionally grow a beard.


title: West Virginia University

text: The "Flying WV" is the most widely used logo in West Virginia athletics. It debuted in 1980 as a part of a football uniform redesign by Coach [[Don Nehlen]], and was adopted as the official logo for the university in 1983.


title: West Virginia University

text: While the "Flying WV" represents all university entities, unique logos are occasionally used for individual departments. Some examples include the script West Virginia logo for the WVU Department of Intercollegiate Athletics and the interlocking WV logo used in baseball.


title: West Virginia University

text: Fight songs of West Virginia University include "[[Hail, West Virginia]]" and "Fight Mountaineers". The [[West Virginia University Alma Mater]] was composed in 1937, and is sung before every home football game. The crowd sings along as the WVU Marching Band stands playing it on the field, as part of the pregame show.


title: West Virginia University

text: "Old gold and blue", the official University colors, were selected by the upperclassmen of 1890 from the West Virginia state seal. While the official school colors are old gold and blue, brighter gold is used in official university logos and merchandise. This change in color scheme is often cited for the lack of a universal standard for colors during the 19th century when the university's colors were selected. Additionally, the brighter gold is argued to create a more intimidating environment for sporting events. The university accepts "gold and blue" for the color scheme, but states clearly that the colors are not "blue and gold", to distinguish West Virginia from its rival, the [[University of Pittsburgh]].


title: West Virginia University

text: The unofficial song of the university, "[[Take Me Home, Country Roads]]" by [[John Denver]], became an official West Virginia [[state song]] on March 8, 2014.


title: West Virginia University

text: In 1980 [[John Denver]] performed his hit song "Take Me Home, Country Roads" at the dedication of [[Mountaineer Field]], and it has since become a tradition for fans to remain in the stands following every [[West Virginia Mountaineers|Mountaineer]] victory and sing the song with the players. Although the tradition originated during football games, it is now recognized throughout the university, with the song performed at various athletic events and ceremonies. "[[Sports Illustrated]]" named the singing of "Country Roads" as one of the must-see college traditions.


title: West Virginia University

text: [[West Virginia University Mountaineer Marching Band|The Pride of West Virginia]] is the official marching band of the university. The band's football pre-game show includes traditions such as the Drumline's "Tunnel" and "Boogie" cadences, the 220‑beat per minute run-on cadence to start the performance, marching the "WV" logo down the field to the university fight song, "Fight Mountaineers", expanding circles during "[[Simple Gifts]]", and the formation of the state's outline during "[[Hail, West Virginia]]".


title: West Virginia University

text: The Firing of the Rifle is a tradition carried out by the Mountaineer Mascot to open several athletic events. The Mountaineer points the gun into the air with one arm and fires a blank shot from a custom rifle, a signal to the crowd to begin cheering at home football and basketball games. The Mountaineer also fires the rifle every time the team scores during football games.


title: West Virginia University

text: The Carpet Roll is a [[West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball|WVU Men's Basketball]] tradition. In 1955 Fred Schaus and Alex Mumford devised the idea of rolling out an elaborate gold and blue carpet for Mountaineer basketball players to use when taking the court for pre-game warm-ups. In addition, Mountaineer players warmed up with a special gold and blue basketball. The university continued this tradition until the late 1960s when it died out, but former Mountaineer player Gale Catlett reintroduced the carpet when he returned to West Virginia University in 1978 as head coach of the men's basketball team.


title: Criminal Justice (British TV series)

text: Criminal Justice is a British television drama series produced by the BBC and first shown in 2008. Written by Peter Moffat, each five-episode series follows the journey of an individual through the justice system and was first broadcast over five successive nights on BBC One. The first series, first shown in 2008, starred Ben Whishaw as Ben Coulter, a young man who is accused of murder after a drunken and drug-filled night out, though is unable to remember committing the crime. It was directed by Otto Bathurst and Luke Watson. In 2009, the second series featured Maxine Peake as troubled housewife Juliet Miller whose husband was stabbed in their bed. Yann Demange and Marc Jobst directed the second series. The first series won two British Academy Television Awards for Best Drama Serial and Best Writer, three Royal Television Society Awards and an International Emmy. The first season has been re-made into an HBO miniseries "The Night Of", starring John Turturro and Riz Ahmed.


title: Criminal Justice (British TV series)

text: The first series was composed of five episodes, which were broadcast nightly from 30 June to 4 July 2008 on BBC One. The first series starred Ben Whishaw as Ben Coulter, a young man who is accused of murder after a drunken and drug-filled night out, though is unable to remember committing the crime. As well as Whishaw, the show starred Pete Postlethwaite, Con O'Neill, Lindsay Duncan, David Westhead, Ruth Negga and Bill Paterson.


title: Criminal Justice (British TV series)

text: Ben Coulter takes his parents' black cab out for the night. At a traffic light, a young woman gets into the cab. Despite telling her he does not take fares, she insists on going to the seaside. While there, she offers Ben ecstasy, which he accepts. The pair go back to her house, and after sleeping together, Ben awakes downstairs, seeing a knife on the table at which he was sleeping. He goes upstairs to find the girl dead, with a stab wound to the chest.


title: Criminal Justice (British TV series)

text: Police stop Ben after he crashes the taxi in shock. They later find he matches a description given by a neighbour, who saw Ben break into the girl's house to wipe his DNA off the house. They also find a knife in Ben's pocket. He is arrested on suspicion of murder. He is later charged and refused bail.


title: Criminal Justice (British TV series)

text: Ben spends his first day in prison. He seeks protection after being beaten up by Milroy, a feared jailbird. In return for being protected, Ben must smuggle an item past the prison guard. He also re-employs his former lawyer. This episode sees the first appearance of Vineeta Rishi as Frances Kapoor, who becomes his new barrister.


title: Criminal Justice (British TV series)

text: He shares his cell mostly with Hooch, who has the status of "Listener" in the prison. His advice and support to Ben are marred by his own limitations and ties. Finally he makes the sacrifice to open the path to Ben's release and his own absolution.


title: Criminal Justice (British TV series)

text: Ben's expensive new barrister persuades him to plead self-defence despite his misgivings, he then takes to the witness box before returning to prison and getting into a brawl. Ben's barrister, Frances Kapoor, appears to be the only person who believes Ben's pleas of innocence and so tries to free him. However, Ben's solicitor persuades him to appeal on the grounds of inappropriate relationship with his (female) barrister, therefore perhaps ruining Frances' career as a barrister. Ben is freed when CCTV evidence is eventually released, of a man who committed another murder in the area on the same night, chasing the girl Ben is accused of killing. He also got help from Hooch who demanded the name of the real murderer from another prisoner. Ben wants to withdraw the chamber's inquiry against Frances, but his solicitor says it is too late, as the ball was already rolling, and Ben should get on with his life.


title: Criminal Justice (British TV series)

text: The series was written by Peter Moffat, and produced by Pier Wilkie. Otto Bathurst directed the first three episodes, with Luke Watson directing the final two.


title: Criminal Justice (British TV series)

text: The first series was generally praised by critics, "The Sunday Telegraph" calling it "nerve-shreddingly exciting". However, the series received complaints from lawyers and solicitors over the way they were portrayed over the five episodes – the character of Stone (played by Con O'Neill) being particularly controversial for his attitude, saying that, in the criminal justice system, "the truth can go to hell".


title: Criminal Justice (British TV series)

text: A second series of the drama was commissioned by the BBC and was broadcast from 5–9 October 2009 as part of the BBC's autumn drama line-up. It returned with another five episodes, starring Maxine Peake as Juliet Miller. The series follows Juliet as she struggles to lead a normal life and, after stabbing her abusive husband, following her trail through the criminal justice system. Matthew Macfadyen plays Joe, a barrister at the height of his professional powers. He is married to Juliet who is fragile and isolated at home. They have one daughter, 13-year-old Ella, played by Alice Sykes. Other cast members include Sophie Okonedo, Denis Lawson, Steven MacKintosh, Eddie Marsan, Zoe Telford and Kate Hardie.


title: Criminal Justice (British TV series)

text: Juliet prepares for her husband, Joe's, return from work. He arrives with flowers and greets wife and daughter but both seem jumpy. Unsettling clues as to what might be going on are revealed and that night, Juliet stabs Joe. She calls the emergency services but leaves the house and her daughter finds Joe seriously injured and removes the knife, before being instructed not to. The police and paramedics take Joe to hospital and Ella is taken to the police station. Juliet eventually arrives at the hospital where Joe is in intensive care, and is arrested. While in custody, she behaves abnormally, leading her solicitor to question her mental state, but she admits stabbing Joe in a second interview, without her solicitor.


title: Criminal Justice (British TV series)

text: Juliet's solicitor asks that Juliet be released on bail but this is refused due to fears of her absconding or attempting contact with Ella and/or Joe. Ella goes into emergency care but soon moves in with her best friend's family, suffering nightmares about the way she found Joe. She visits Juliet in prison but the visit only makes matters worse, thanks to Juliet's lack of remorse. Her solicitor tries to get Juliet to talk about her and Joe's marriage but get nowhere so her legal team try prompting her. They question if she was raped but that is revealed not to be the case and that she is pregnant. Only after Juliet gives birth to her second daughter amid fears of separation does she open up about her marriage.


title: Criminal Justice (British TV series)

text: Joe's condition, meanwhile, worsens and he dies in hospital. Juliet is charged with murder but pleads not guilty, due to provocation. She is found not guilty after revealing the domestic abuse she suffered at Joe's hands but does, however, plead guilty to manslaughter.


title: Criminal Justice (British TV series)

text: Peter Moffat wrote the series, with Steve Lightfoot producing. Yann Demange directed the first three episodes, with Marc Jobst directing the final two.


title: Criminal Justice (British TV series)

text: The second series also garnered a positive reception from critics. John Preston of "The Telegraph" praised the first episode for successfully ratcheting up the tension with "Hitchcockian precision", and how writer Peter Moffat allowed "the weight of the character's dilemmas to drive the narrative forward". He also acclaimed Maxine Peake's performance as a "marvel".


title: Criminal Justice (British TV series)

text: In "The Independent" Brian Viner hailed the serial as a "well written" and "superbly acted" drama, and noted Moffat's script as "particularly clever" in how it "manipulated [audience] sympathies".


title: Criminal Justice (British TV series)

text: The first series of Criminal Justice is available on DVD. Series Two was released on 28 December 2009. Both titles are distributed by Acorn Media UK.


title: Criminal Justice (British TV series)

text: An eight-episode miniseries produced by HBO debuted on 10 July 2016. In the adaptation, John Turturro portrays New York City lawyer John Stone, and the Pakistani-American murder suspect is played by Riz Ahmed.


title: Criminal Justice (British TV series)

text: An Indian series based on Criminal Justice was released on Hotstar Specials on 5 April 2019. It is directed by Tigmanshu Dhulia and Vishal Furia starring Jackie Shroff, Pankaj Tripathi, Vikrant Massey, Anupriya Goenka and Mita Vashist in lead roles. Background Score given by Sameer Phaterpekar. The official trailer of the series was launched by Hotstar Specials on 28 March 2019. The description accompanying the trailer reads, “A one night stand turns into a nightmare for Aditya when he wakes up with blood on his hands."


title: Criminal Justice (British TV series)

text: On January 5, 2021, it was announced that Studio M, Chorokbaem Media and Gold Medalist will co-produce a South Korean adaptation of "Criminal Justice". Kim Soo-hyun and Cha Seung-won are set to star, Kwon Soon-kyu will write the project, and Lee Myung-woo will direct. BBC Studios confirmed the adaptation on January 13, through its media centre. The series premiered on Coupang Play on 27 November 2021 in South Korea and in other Asian markets on Viu.


title: Criminal Justice (British TV series)

text: A six-episode adaptation titled "Une Si Longue Nuit" (literally "A Really Long Night") starring among others Mathilde Seigner and Jean-Pierre Darroussin was released on French streaming service Salto on 20 December 2021, preceding a TV broadcast on La Une in Belgium starting on 2 January 2022 and on TF1 in France starting on 20 January 2022.


title: The Producers (musical)

text: The Producers is a musical comedy with music and lyrics by Mel Brooks, and a book by Brooks and Thomas Meehan. It is adapted from Brooks's 1967 film of the same name.


title: The Producers (musical)

text: The story concerns two theatrical producers who scheme to get rich by fraudulently overselling interests in a Broadway flop. Complications arise when the show unexpectedly turns out to be successful. The humor of the show draws on ridiculous accents, caricatures of gay people and Nazis, and many show business in-jokes.


title: The Producers (musical)

text: After 33 previews, the original Broadway production opened at the St. James Theatre on April 19, 2001, starring Nathan Lane and Matthew Broderick, and ran for 2,502 performances, winning a record-breaking 12 Tony Awards. It spawned a successful West End production running for just over two years, national tours in the US and UK, many productions worldwide and a 2005 film version.


title: The Producers (musical)

text: David Geffen persuaded Mel Brooks to turn his film into a stage musical. When Brooks met with Jerry Herman to discuss their working together, Herman declined, telling Brooks that he should do the job himself, as he was a good songwriter. Brooks then asked Thomas Meehan to join him in writing the book for the stage. Brooks persuaded Mike Ockrent and his wife Susan Stroman to join the creative team as director and choreographer. After Ockrent's death in 1999, Stroman agreed to continue as both director and choreographer.


title: The Producers (musical)

text: In New York in 1959, theatre producer Max Bialystock opens "Funny Boy", a musical version of "Hamlet" ("Opening Night"). Reviews are overwhelmingly negative, and the show closes after one performance. Max, who was once called the King of Broadway, tells a crowd of down-and-outs of his past achievements and vows to return to form ("King of Broadway").


title: The Producers (musical)

text: The next day, Leo Bloom, a mousy accountant, comes to Max's office to audit his books. When one of Max's little old lady "investors" arrives, Max tells Leo to wait in the bathroom until she leaves. She plays a sex game with Max, who eventually persuades her to give him a check to be invested in his next play, to be called "Cash". Leo reveals his lifelong dream to be a Broadway producer. After recovering from a panic attack caused by Max touching his blue blanket, Leo tells Max that he has found an accounting error in his books: Max raised $100,000 for "Funny Boy", but the play only cost $98,000. Max begs Leo to cook the books to hide the discrepancy; Leo reluctantly agrees. After some calculations, he realizes that "under the right circumstances, a producer could make more money with a flop than he could with a hit". Inspired, Max proposes a scheme to find the worst musical ever written, hire the worst director and actors in New York, raise two million dollars of investment from "old ladies", produce the work on Broadway, close it as a huge failure, and escape to Rio with the money. However, Leo refuses to help Max with his scheme ("We Can Do It").


title: The Producers (musical)

text: When he arrives at work six minutes late, Leo's horrid boss, Mr. Marks, reminds him that he is a nobody. While he and his miserable co-workers toil over accounts, Leo daydreams of becoming a Broadway producer ("I Wanna Be a Producer"). He realizes that his job is terrible, quits, and returns to Max ("We Can Do It" (reprise)). The next day, they search for the worst play ever written, and Max discovers a sure-fire flop that would offend people of all races, creeds and religions: "Springtime for Hitler: A Gay Romp with Adolf and Eva at Berchtesgaden", written by ex-Nazi Franz Liebkind, which Max describes as "a love letter to Hitler". They go to the playwright's home in Greenwich Village to get the rights to the play, where Franz is on the roof of his tenement with his pigeons reminiscing about the grand old days ("In Old Bavaria"). The producers get him to sign their contract by joining him in singing Adolf Hitler's favorite tune ("Der Guten Tag Hop Clop") and reciting the Siegfried Oath, under penalty of death, promising never to dishonor "the spirit and the memory of Adolf Elizabeth Hitler".


title: The Producers (musical)

text: Next, they go to the townhouse of the flamboyantly gay Roger De Bris, the worst director in New York. At first, Roger and his "common law-assistant" Carmen Ghia decline the offer to direct because of the serious subject matter. After much persuading and invoking the possibility of a Tony Award, Roger relents and tells them that the second act must be rewritten so the Germans win World War II ("Keep It Gay"). Max and Leo return to the office to meet a Swedish bombshell named Ulla Inga Hansen Benson Yansen Tallen Hallen Svaden Swanson, who wants to audition for their next play ("When You've Got It, Flaunt It"). The producers are impressed, mostly by her sex-appeal, and hire her to be their "secretary-slash-receptionist". Max leaves to raise two million dollars to produce "Springtime for Hitler" by calling on all the little old ladies of New York ("Along Came Bialy"), and succeeds at raising the money ("Act I Finale").


title: The Producers (musical)

text: Leo and Ulla are left alone in Max's office ('redecorated' by Ulla), and they start to fall in love ("That Face"). Max walks in and sees the tempting form of Ulla's covered behind ("That Face" (reprise)).


title: The Producers (musical)

text: At the auditions for the title role, Hitler, one terrible actor after another is rejected by Roger in summary fashion. Finally, a frustrated Franz performs his own jazzy rendition of "Haben Sie Gehört Das Deutsche Band?", at the end of which Max approves Franz's audition. Opening night arrives, and after Leo curses the production by wishing everyone "good luck" ("You Never Say 'Good Luck' on Opening Night"), Franz literally breaks his leg falling down the stairs. Roger is the only one who knows the part of Hitler, and he rushes to the dressing room to get ready. The curtain rises, and Max and Leo watch the theatrical disaster unfold ("Springtime for Hitler"). Unfortunately, Roger's performance is so campy and outrageous that the audience mistakes it for satire, and the show becomes a surprise smash.


title: The Producers (musical)

text: Back at the office, Max and Leo are horrified as they read positive critical reviews for "Springtime" ("Where Did We Go Right?"). Roger and Carmen come to congratulate them, only to find them fighting over the accounting books. Franz bursts in, waving a pistol, outraged by Roger's portrayal of his beloved Führer; fearful for his life, Max finally admits to Leo, "We're in too deep." Max suggests that Franz shoot the actors (not the producers) as a way to close the show. The police are summoned by the commotion and arrest Franz, who breaks his other leg while trying to escape. They also arrest Max and take the books. As Leo hides, Ulla finds him and persuades him to take the two million dollars and run off to Rio with her.


title: The Producers (musical)

text: In jail awaiting trial, Max receives a postcard from Leo (who is now in Rio with Ulla) and, feeling betrayed, recounts the whole show ("Betrayed"). At his trial, Max is found "incredibly guilty", but the now-married Leo and Ulla arrive in the nick of time. Leo turns in the stolen money and tells the judge that Max is a good man who has never hurt anyone despite his swindling, and the only man he has ever called a friend ("'Til Him"). Touched by their friendship, the judge decides not to separate the partners, sending them both (plus Franz) to Sing Sing prison for five years. In prison, they write a new musical entitled ""Prisoners of Love"", and they are pardoned by the governor for "having, through song and dance, brought joy and laughter into the hearts of every murderer, rapist, and sex maniac in Sing Sing." Soon after taking "Prisoners of Love" to Broadway (starring Roger and Ulla), Leo and Max become the kings of Broadway and walk off into the sunset ("Leo & Max"). Everyone comes back for one last song, telling the audience that it's time for them to leave ("Goodbye").


title: The Producers (musical)

text: "The Producers" had a pre-Broadway tryout at Chicago's Cadillac Palace from February 1 to 25, 2001, starring Nathan Lane as Max Bialystock and Matthew Broderick as Leo Bloom.


title: The Producers (musical)

text: The production opened on Broadway with the same cast at the St. James Theatre on April 19, 2001. It ran for 2,502 performances, closing on April 22, 2007. The director and choreographer was Susan Stroman. Glen Kelly was the musical arranger and supervisor. The production won 12 Tony Awards, breaking the record held for 37 years by "Hello, Dolly!" which had won 10.


title: The Producers (musical)

text: After the opening, "The Producers" broke the record for the largest single day box-office ticket sales in theatre history, taking in more than $3 million. The loss of the original stars later in the run had a detrimental effect on the success of the production, prompting the return of Lane and Broderick for a limited run from December 2003 to April 2004. The show's sales then broke its own record with over $3.5 million in single day ticket sales.


title: The Producers (musical)

text: From September 2002 to July 2005, there were two touring companies that played 74 cities across the United States, grossing over $214 million. The first touring company starred Lewis J. Stadlen and Don Stephenson. They were replaced during the Los Angeles engagement in 2003 by Jason Alexander and Martin Short for the duration of the show's run in that city, as well as in San Francisco. Michael Kostroff, who had several supporting roles in that production and understudied Max, published a 2005 memoir of his touring experience, "Letters from Backstage".


title: The Producers (musical)

text: A second national tour opened in mid-2003 at the Colonial Theatre in Boston starring Brad Oscar as Max and Andy Taylor as Leo. The cast also featured Lee Roy Reams as Roger and Bill Nolte as Franz. This company toured the US for two years before playing in Tokyo, Japan.


title: The Producers (musical)

text: "The Producers" opened in London's West End at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, on November 9, 2004 and closed on January 6, 2007, after 920 performances. The production featured Nathan Lane as Max, after Richard Dreyfuss was "let go" by the producers after finding that he was unable "to fulfil the rigours of the role", with four days to go before first previews. Lee Evans played Leo (Lane and Evans had worked together in the 1997 movie "MouseHunt"), with Leigh Zimmerman as Ulla, Nicolas Colicos as Franz Liebkind, Conleth Hill as Roger De Bris, and James Dreyfus as Carmen Ghia.


title: The Producers (musical)

text: The show enjoyed excellent box office success as it had in New York. Despite the departure of Lane from the show, it continued to enjoy strong sales. Max Bialystock was then played by Brad Oscar, Fred Applegate, and Cory English. Leo Bloom was later played by John Gordon Sinclair and Reece Shearsmith.


title: The Producers (musical)

text: A United Kingdom tour opened in Manchester on February 19, 2007, where it played for three months before moving on. English and Sinclair reprised their roles of Max and Leo, respectively, and Peter Kay was cast in the role of Roger. For the majority of the tour, which ran until early 2008, Joe Pasquale took over the role of Leo and Russ Abbot played Roger.


title: The Producers (musical)

text: A Los Angeles, California, production opened ran from May 2003 to January 2004 at the Pantages Theatre. Co-starring were Jason Alexander as Max Bialystock and Martin Short as Leo Bloom. The Las Vegas, Nevada production ran for a year in 2007 to 2008 at the Paris Hotel & Casino. It starred Brad Oscar as Bialystock, Larry Raben as Bloom and Leigh Zimmerman as Ulla, with David Hasselhoff receiving top billing as Roger De Bris. Once Hasselhoff left the production, top-billing went to Tony Danza, who stepped in as Bialystock. The production was a 90-minute version. In 2007, the first U.S. regional theater production played in Lincolnshire, Illinois at the Marriott Theatre from September to November 2007 and starred Ross Lehman as Bialystock and Guy Adkins as Bloom.