title: Haute cuisine

text: Trained kitchen staff was essential to the birth of "haute cuisine" in France, which was organized at the turn of the century by August Escoffier into the brigade de cuisine. The extravagant presentations and complex techniques that came from these kitchens required ingredients, time, equipment, and therefore money. For this reason, early "haute cuisine" was accessible to a small demographic of rich and powerful individuals. Not only were professional chefs responsible for building and shaping "haute cuisine", but their role in the cuisine was what differentiated it from regular French cuisine.


title: Haute cuisine

text: "Haute cuisine" is influenced by French cuisine with elaborate preparations and presentations that serves small, multiple courses prepared by a hierarchical kitchen staff, historically at the grand restaurants and hotels of Europe. The cuisine was very rich and opulent, with decadent sauces made out of butter, cream, and flour, the basis for many typical French sauces still in use today. The 17th-century chef and writer La Varenne (1615-1678) marked a change from cookery as known in the Middle Ages, to somewhat lighter dishes, and more modest presentations. Subsequently, Antonin Carême (1784-1833) also published works on cooking, and he simplified and codified an earlier and even more complex cuisine. Nineteenth-century French "haute cuisine" interacted with the development of fine dining in Britain.


title: Haute cuisine

text: Georges Auguste Escoffier is a central figure in the modernisation of "haute cuisine" as of about 1900, which became known as "cuisine classique". These were simplifications and refinements of the early work of Carême, Jules Gouffé and Urbain Dubois. It was practised in the grand restaurants and hotels of Europe and elsewhere for much of the 20th century. The major developments were to replace service "à la française" (serving all dishes at once) with service "à la russe" (serving meals in courses) and to develop a system of cookery, based on Escoffier's "Le Guide Culinaire", which formalized the preparation of sauces and dishes. In its time, it was considered the pinnacle of "haute cuisine", and was a style distinct from "cuisine bourgeoise" (the cuisine of affluent city dwellers), the working-class cuisine of bistros and homes, and cuisines of the French provinces.


title: Haute cuisine

text: The 1960s were marked by the appearance of "nouvelle cuisine", as chefs rebelled from Escoffier's "orthodoxy" and complexity. Although the term "nouvelle cuisine" had been used in the past, the modern usage can be attributed to authors André Gayot, Henri Gault, and Christian Millau, who used "nouvelle cuisine" to describe the cooking of Paul Bocuse, Alain Chapel, Jean and Pierre Troisgros, Michel Guérard, Roger Vergé and Raymond Oliver, many of whom were once students of Fernand Point.


title: Haute cuisine

text: In general, "nouvelle cuisine" puts an emphasis on natural flavours, so the freshest possible ingredients are used, preparation is simplified, heavy sauces are less common, as are strong marinades for meat, and cooking times are often reduced. "Nouvelle cuisine" was a movement towards conceptualism and minimalism and was a direct juxtaposition to earlier "haute cuisine" styles of cooking, which were much more extravagant. While menus were increasingly short, dishes used more inventive pairings and relied on inspiration from regional dishes.


title: Haute cuisine

text: Within 20 years, however, chefs began returning to the earlier style of "haute cuisine", although many of the new techniques remained.


title: Raman scattering

text: Raman scattering or the Raman effect () is the inelastic scattering of photons by matter, meaning that there is both an exchange of energy and a change in the light's direction. Typically this effect involves vibrational energy being gained by a molecule as incident photons from a visible laser are shifted to lower energy. This is called normal Stokes Raman scattering. The effect is exploited by chemists and physicists to gain information about materials for a variety of purposes by performing various forms of Raman spectroscopy. Many other variants of Raman spectroscopy allow rotational energy to be examined (if gas samples are used) and electronic energy levels may be examined if an X-ray source is used in addition to other possibilities. More complex techniques involving pulsed lasers, multiple laser beams and so on are known.


title: Raman scattering

text: Light has a certain probability of being scattered by a material. When photons are scattered, most of them are elastically scattered (Rayleigh scattering), such that the scattered photons have the same energy (frequency, wavelength and color) as the incident photons but different direction. Rayleigh scattering usually has an intensity in the range 0.1% to 0.01% relative to that of a radiation source. An even smaller fraction of the scattered photons (approximately 1 in 1 million) can be scattered "inelastically", with the scattered photons having an energy different (usually lower) from those of the incident photons—these are Raman scattered photons. Because of conservation of energy, the material either gains or loses energy in the process.


title: Raman scattering

text: The Raman effect is named after Indian scientist C. V. Raman, who discovered it in 1928 with assistance from his student K. S. Krishnan. Raman was awarded the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of Raman scattering. The effect had been predicted theoretically by Adolf Smekal in 1923.


title: Raman scattering

text: The elastic light scattering phenomena called Rayleigh scattering, in which light retains its energy, was described in the 19th century. The intensity of Rayleigh scattering is about 10 to 10 compared to the intensity of the exciting source. In 1908, another form of elastic scattering, called Mie scattering was discovered.


title: Raman scattering

text: The inelastic scattering of light was predicted by Adolf Smekal in 1923 and in older German-language literature it has been referred to as the Smekal-Raman-Effekt. In 1922, Indian physicist C. V. Raman published his work on the "Molecular Diffraction of Light", the first of a series of investigations with his collaborators that ultimately led to his discovery (on 28 February 1928) of the radiation effect that bears his name. The Raman effect was first reported by Raman and his coworker K. S. Krishnan, and independently by Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelstam, in Moscow on 21 February 1928 (one week earlier than Raman and Krishnan). In the former Soviet Union, Raman's contribution was always disputed; thus in Russian scientific literature the effect is usually referred to as "combinational scattering" or "combinatory scattering". Raman received the Nobel Prize in 1930 for his work on the scattering of light.


title: Raman scattering

text: In 1998 the Raman effect was designated a National Historic Chemical Landmark by the American Chemical Society in recognition of its significance as a tool for analyzing the composition of liquids, gases, and solids.


title: Raman scattering

text: Modern Raman spectroscopy nearly always involves the use of lasers as an exciting light source. Because lasers were not available until more than three decades after the discovery of the effect, Raman and Krishnan used a mercury lamp and photographic plates to record spectra. Early spectra took hours or even days to acquire due to weak light sources, poor sensitivity of the detectors and the weak Raman scattering cross-sections of most materials. The most common modern detectors are charge-coupled devices (CCDs). Photodiode arrays and photomultiplier tubes were common prior to the adoption of CCDs.


title: Raman scattering

text: The following focuses on the theory of normal (non-resonant, spontaneous, vibrational) Raman scattering of light by discrete molecules. X-ray Raman spectroscopy is conceptually similar but involves excitation of electronic, rather than vibrational, energy levels.


title: Raman scattering

text: Raman scattering generally gives information about vibrations within a molecule. In the case of gases, information about rotational energy can also be gleaned. For solids, phonon modes may also be observed. The basics of infrared absorption regarding molecular vibrations apply to Raman scattering although the selection rules are different.


title: Raman scattering

text: For any given molecule, there are a total of 3 degrees of freedom, where N is the number of atoms. This number arises from the ability of each atom in a molecule to move in three dimensions. When dealing with molecules, it is more common to consider the movement of the molecule as a whole. Consequently, the 3 degrees of freedom are partitioned into molecular translational, rotational, and vibrational motion. Three of the degrees of freedom correspond to translational motion of the molecule as a whole (along each of the three spatial dimensions). Similarly, three degrees of freedom correspond to rotations of the molecule about the formula_1, formula_2, and formula_3-axes. Linear molecules only have two rotations because rotations along the bond axis do not change the positions of the atoms in the molecule. The remaining degrees of freedom correspond to molecular vibrational modes. These modes include stretching and bending motions of the chemical bonds of the molecule. For a linear molecule, the number of vibrational modes is 3-5, whereas for a non-linear molecule the number of vibrational modes is 3-6.


title: Raman scattering

text: Molecular vibrational energy is known to be quantized and can be modeled using the quantum harmonic oscillator (QHO) approximation or a Dunham expansion when anharmonicity is important.


title: Raman scattering

text: where "n" is a quantum number. Since the selection rules for Raman and infrared absorption generally dictate that only fundamental vibrations are observed, infrared excitation or Stokes Raman excitation results in an energy change of formula_5


title: Raman scattering

text: The energy range for vibrations is in the range of approximately 5 to 3500 cm. The fraction of molecules occupying a given vibrational mode at a given temperature follows a Boltzmann distribution. A molecule can be excited to a higher vibrational mode through the direct absorption of a photon of the appropriate energy, which falls in the terahertz or infrared range. This forms the basis of infrared spectroscopy. Alternatively, the same vibrational excitation can be produced by an inelastic scattering process. This is called Stokes Raman scattering, by analogy with the Stokes shift in fluorescence discovered by George Stokes in 1852, with light emission at longer wavelength (now known to correspond to lower energy) than the absorbed incident light. Conceptually similar effects can be caused by neutrons or electrons rather than light. An increase in photon energy which leaves the molecule in a lower vibrational energy state is called anti-Stokes scattering.


title: Raman scattering

text: Raman scattering is conceptualized as involving a virtual electronic energy level which corresponds to the energy of the exciting laser photons. Absorption of a photon excites the molecule to the imaginary state and re-emission leads to Raman or Rayleigh scattering. In all three cases the final state has the same electronic energy as the initial state but is higher in vibrational energy in the case of Stokes Raman scattering, lower in the case of anti-Stokes Raman scattering or the same in the case of Rayleigh scattering. Normally this is thought of in terms of wavenumbers, where formula_6 is the wavenumber of the laser and formula_7 is the wavenumber of the vibrational transition. Thus Stokes scattering gives a wavenumber of formula_8 while formula_9 is given for anti-Stokes. When the exciting laser energy corresponds to an actual electronic excitation of the molecule then the resonance Raman effect occurs.


title: Raman scattering

text: A classical physics based model is able to account for Raman scattering and predicts an increase in the intensity which scales with the fourth-power of the light frequency. Light scattering by a molecule is associated with oscillations of an induced electric dipole. The oscillating electric field component of electromagnetic radiation may bring about an induced dipole in a molecule which follows the alternating electric field which is modulated by the molecular vibrations. Oscillations at the external field frequency are therefore observed along with beat frequencies resulting from the external field and normal mode vibrations.


title: Raman scattering

text: The spectrum of the scattered photons is termed the Raman spectrum. It shows the intensity of the scattered light as a function of its frequency difference "Δν" to the incident photons, more commonly called a Raman shift. The locations of corresponding Stokes and anti-Stokes peaks form a symmetric pattern around the Rayleigh"Δν=0" line. The frequency shifts are symmetric because they correspond to the energy difference between the same upper and lower resonant states. The intensities of the pairs of features will typically differ, though. They depend on the populations of the initial states of the material, which in turn depend on the temperature. In thermodynamic equilibrium, the lower state will be more populated than the upper state. Therefore, the rate of transitions from the more populated lower state to the upper state (Stokes transitions) will be higher than in the opposite direction (anti-Stokes transitions). Correspondingly, Stokes scattering peaks are stronger than anti-Stokes scattering peaks. Their ratio depends on the temperature, and can therefore be exploited to measure it:


title: Raman scattering

text: In contrast to IR spectroscopy, where there is a requirement for a change in dipole moment for vibrational excitation to take place, Raman scattering requires a change in polarizability. A Raman transition from one state to another is allowed only if the molecular polarizability of those states is different. For a vibration, this means that the derivative of the polarizability with respect to the normal coordinate associated to the vibration is non-zero: formula_11. In general, a normal mode is Raman active if it transforms with the same symmetry of the quadratic forms formula_12, which can be verified from the character table of the molecule's point group. As with IR spectroscopy, only fundamental excitations (formula_13) are allowed according to the QHO. There are however many cases where overtones are observed. The rule of mutual exclusion, which states that vibrational modes cannot be both IR and Raman active, applies to certain molecules.


title: Raman scattering

text: The specific selection rules state that the allowed rotational transitions are formula_14, where formula_15 is the rotational state. This generally is only relevant to molecules in the gas phase where the Raman linewidths are small enough for rotational transitions to be resolved.


title: Raman scattering

text: A selection rule relevant only to ordered solid materials states that only phonons with zero phase angle can be observed by IR and Raman, except when phonon confinement is manifest.


title: Raman scattering

text: Monitoring the polarization of the scattered photons is useful for understanding the connections between molecular symmetry and Raman activity which may assist in assigning peaks in Raman spectra. Light polarized in a single direction only gives access to some Raman–active modes, but rotating the polarization gives access to other modes. Each mode is separated according to its symmetry.


title: Raman scattering

text: The symmetry of a vibrational mode is deduced from the depolarization ratio , which is the ratio of the Raman scattering with polarization orthogonal to the incident laser and the Raman scattering with the same polarization as the incident laser: formula_16 Here formula_17 is the intensity of Raman scattering when the analyzer is rotated 90 degrees with respect to the incident light's polarization axis, and formula_18 the intensity of Raman scattering when the analyzer is aligned with the polarization of the incident laser. When polarized light interacts with a molecule, it distorts the molecule which induces an equal and opposite effect in the plane-wave, causing it to be rotated by the difference between the orientation of the molecule and the angle of polarization of the light wave. If formula_19, then the vibrations at that frequency are "depolarized"; meaning they are not totally symmetric.


title: Raman scattering

text: The Raman-scattering process as described above takes place spontaneously; i.e., in random time intervals, one of the many incoming photons is scattered by the material. This process is thus called "spontaneous Raman scattering".


title: Raman scattering

text: On the other hand, "stimulated Raman scattering" can take place when some Stokes photons have previously been generated by spontaneous Raman scattering (and somehow forced to remain in the material), or when deliberately injecting Stokes photons ("signal light") together with the original light ("pump light"). In that case, the total Raman-scattering rate is increased beyond that of spontaneous Raman scattering: pump photons are converted more rapidly into additional Stokes photons. The more Stokes photons that are already present, the faster more of them are added. Effectively, this "amplifies" the Stokes light in the presence of the pump light, which is exploited in Raman amplifiers and Raman lasers.


title: Raman scattering

text: Stimulated Raman scattering is a nonlinear optical effect. It can be described using a third-order nonlinear susceptibility formula_20.


title: Raman scattering

text: Suppose that the distance between two points A and B of an exciting beam is . Generally, as the exciting frequency is not equal to the scattered Raman frequency, the corresponding relative wavelengths and are not equal. Thus, a phase-shift appears. For , the scattered amplitudes are opposite, so that the Raman scattered beam remains weak.


title: Raman scattering

text: In labs, femtosecond laser pulses must be used because the ISRS becomes very weak if the pulses are too long. Thus ISRS cannot be observed using nanosecond pulses making ordinary time-incoherent light.


title: Raman scattering

text: The inverse Raman effect is a form of Raman scattering first noted by W. J. Jones and Boris P. Stoicheff. In some circumstances, Stokes scattering can exceed anti-Stokes scattering; in these cases the continuum (on leaving the material) is observed to have an absorption line (a dip in intensity) at ν+ν. This phenomenon is referred to as the "inverse Raman effect"; the application of the phenomenon is referred to as "inverse Raman spectroscopy", and a record of the continuum is referred to as an "inverse Raman spectrum".


title: Raman scattering

text: In the original description of the inverse Raman effect, the authors discuss both absorption from a continuum of higher frequencies and absorption from a continuum of lower frequencies. They note that absorption from a continuum of lower frequencies will not be observed if the Raman frequency of the material is vibrational in origin and if the material is in thermal equilibrium.


title: Raman scattering

text: For high-intensity continuous wave (CW) lasers, stimulated Raman scattering can be used to produce a broad bandwidth supercontinuum. This process can also be seen as a special case of four-wave mixing, in which the frequencies of the two incident photons are equal and the emitted spectra are found in two bands separated from the incident light by the phonon energies. The initial Raman spectrum is built up with spontaneous emission and is amplified later on. At high pumping levels in long fibers, higher-order Raman spectra can be generated by using the Raman spectrum as a new starting point, thereby building a chain of new spectra with decreasing amplitude. The disadvantage of intrinsic noise due to the initial spontaneous process can be overcome by seeding a spectrum at the beginning, or even using a feedback loop as in a resonator to stabilize the process. Since this technology easily fits into the fast evolving fiber laser field and there is demand for transversal coherent high-intensity light sources (i.e., broadband telecommunication, imaging applications), Raman amplification and spectrum generation might be widely used in the near-future.


title: Raman scattering

text: Raman spectroscopy employs the Raman effect for substances analysis. The spectrum of the Raman-scattered light depends on the molecular constituents present and their state, allowing the spectrum to be used for material identification and analysis. Raman spectroscopy is used to analyze a wide range of materials, including gases, liquids, and solids. Highly complex materials such as biological organisms and human tissue can also be analyzed by Raman spectroscopy.


title: Raman scattering

text: For solid materials, Raman scattering is used as a tool to detect high-frequency phonon and magnon excitations.


title: Raman scattering

text: Raman lidar is used in atmospheric physics to measure the atmospheric extinction coefficient and the water vapour vertical distribution.


title: Raman scattering

text: Stimulated Raman transitions are also widely used for manipulating a trapped ion's energy levels, and thus basis qubit states.


title: Raman scattering

text: Raman spectroscopy can be used to determine the force constant and bond length for molecules that do not have an infrared absorption spectrum.


title: Raman scattering

text: The Raman effect is also involved in producing the appearance of the blue sky (see Rayleigh Scattering: 'Rayleigh scattering of molecular nitrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere includes elastic scattering as well as the inelastic contribution from rotational Raman scattering in air').


title: Raman scattering

text: Raman spectroscopy has been used to chemically image small molecules, such as nucleic acids, in biological systems by a vibrational tag.


title: Sandman (DC Comics)

text: The Sandman is the pseudonym of several fictional characters appearing in comic books published by DC Comics. They have appeared in stories of various genres, including the pulp detective character Wesley Dodds, superheroes such as Garrett Sanford and Hector Hall, and mythic fantasy characters more commonly called by the name Dream. Named after the folklore character that is said to bring pleasant dreams to children, each has had some thematic connection to dreaming, and efforts have been made to tie them into a common continuity within the DC Universe.


title: Sandman (DC Comics)

text: Wesley Dodds is the first DC Comics fictional character to bear the name of the Sandman. Attired in a green business suit, fedora, and gas mask, the Sandman uses a gun emitting a sleeping gas to sedate criminals. He starts out as a "mystery man", but eventually develops into a more standard superhero, becoming a founder of the Justice Society of America. He later uses sand and a blowtorch that he could use to quickly create walls, and wears a purple and gold costume. He would later pick up a sidekick, Sandy the Golden Boy. The Sandman appeared in "Adventure Comics" #40 (July 1939) through #102 (Feb 1946).


title: Sandman (DC Comics)

text: The Sandman of the 1970s was created by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby. Issue #1 was intended as a one-shot, but five more issues and an additional story followed. After the first issue, the stories were written by Michael Fleisher. The second and third issues were illustrated by Ernie Chua. Inks were by Kirby, Mike Royer and, in the sixth issue, Wally Wood. All covers were by Kirby, and the fourth issue noted his return to the interior artwork on the cover.


title: Sandman (DC Comics)

text: This Sandman was originally intended to be the actual Sandman of popular myth, "eternal and immortal", despite his superhero-like appearance and adventures. The Sandman is assisted by two living nightmares named Brute and Glob, whom he releases from domed cells with the help of a magic whistle. They are nuisances who beg for release, who are intent on hand-to-hand combat, but are implied to be relatively harmless and well-intentioned once freed. Using security monitoring devices, the Sandman can enter the "Dream Stream" or the "Reality Stream" (in which he acts like the superhero he looks like), and he carries a pouch of dream dust with which he can cause anyone to sleep and dream. The Sandman's main task is protecting children from nightmare monsters within their dreams, especially one young boy named Jed, who lives with his grandfather, Ezra Paulsen, as well as to ensure that children have an appropriate level of nightmares rather than dealing with such anxieties in real life.


title: Sandman (DC Comics)

text: Implied to be a major foe of his is the Nightmare Wizard, who creates nightmares that are too extreme and sometimes kill children who dream them. In none of his three appearances does the Nightmare Wizard serve as an antagonist, but the two are clearly opposed to each other.


title: Sandman (DC Comics)

text: In the final Fleischer-Kirby-created adventure (intended for "The Sandman" #7 but published in "The Best of DC" #22) he even assists the legendary Santa Claus against a menacing band of Seal Men who are angry about being sent the wrong gifts during the previous Christmas.


title: Sandman (DC Comics)

text: This version of the Sandman only appeared for a handful of issues and was generally unused for years thereafter. In a retcon by Roy Thomas, appearing in "Wonder Woman" #300 (Feb. 1983), the Sandman is revealed to be Dr. Garrett Sanford, a UCLA psychology professor who became trapped in the Dream Dimension while saving the life of a great man (there are hints that it is a U.S. President), who was in a coma while being terrorized by a powerful nightmare monster. This issue, and the following appearance, note for the first time that his appearances outside the Dream Dimension were strictly limited to one hour, because physically entering the Dream Dimension was a one-way process, so others could send him equipment, but he could not be brought out. Despite this, Sanford nevertheless tries to romance Diana in spite of her acceptance of Steve Trevor's proposal of marriage. The issue also introduced Hippolyta Trevor (daughter of the Earth-Two counterparts of Diana and Steve Trevor), who would later be married to Sanford's successor, Hector Hall, and a major character in the Vertigo series as mother of Daniel Hall.


title: Sandman (DC Comics)

text: The Sandman also becomes an honorary member of the Justice League in "Justice League of America Annual" #1 (1983) (written by Paul Levitz and Len Wein), in which they fought Doctor Destiny, who had trapped Sanford in a tube like those used for Brute and Glob, and eventually the Justice League as well. Sanford declined a full membership because he cannot leave the Dream Dimension for more than an hour at a time.


title: Sandman (DC Comics)

text: The latter two appearances, and the subsequent uses of the costume, featured a red hourglass on the front of the suit that did not appear in the Kirby (or Chua) art.


title: Sandman (DC Comics)

text: Letters pages in the original series often complained of the series being too juvenile, while "Wonder Woman" #300 makes references to sexual dreams and has Sanford admit to observing Diana's dreams inappropriately.


title: Sandman (DC Comics)

text: Sandman, Jed, Brute, and Glob, observed by Metron, appeared in one panel of "Swamp Thing" #62, Rick Veitch's first writing on the series.


title: Sandman (DC Comics)

text: In "Infinity Inc." #50 (May 1988), it is revealed that Sanford had since gone insane due to the loneliness of the Dream Dimension and committed suicide, and that Hector Hall (formerly the Silver Scarab and son of Carter Hall) has now supplanted the deceased Sanford as the Sandman, and was, in fact, using Sanford's body after his own was taken by the Silver Scarab.


title: Sandman (DC Comics)

text: In "The Sandman" vol. 2 #12 (1990), it is further revealed that the Dream Dimension was, in fact, a small universe in the mind of Jed Walker which was created by Brute and Glob (who were explained as being two former servants of Dream that had escaped his realm during the Lord of Dream's long absence). It turns out that Hall has actually died some years before, and that his incarnation as the Sandman is merely a shell that Dream sucks into another part of the Dreaming when he defeats the two creatures.


title: Sandman (DC Comics)

text: Hall goes on to be reincarnated as Doctor Fate. His only appearances as The Sandman are in "Infinity Inc." #49–51, "The Sandman" vol. 2, #11–12 and "The Sandman Presents: The Thessaliad" #2.


title: Sandman (DC Comics)

text: Ambush Bug briefly wore the Sanford/Hall costume in "Ambush Bug Nothing Special" #1, in an attempt to become sidekick to Dream.


title: Sandman (DC Comics)

text: This Sandman likeness appeared, along with Brute and Glob, in "JSA" #63–64. This time, the costume was worn by Sandy Hawkins. Daniel Hall recaptured Brute and Glob and again retired the Kirby Sandman design.


title: Sandman (DC Comics)

text: Dream, also known as Morpheus, is one of seven archetypal beings referred to as the Endless who embody various aspects of existence. He is the main character of the second "Sandman" series, written by Neil Gaiman. Dream is the personification of dreams, storytelling and—because the Endless also represent the opposite of that which they personify—reality. Gaiman's Dream more closely resembles the concept of the Sandman as he is portrayed in mythology than a traditional superhero genre character. In the course of Gaiman's story arcs, it is retconned that the other DC Sandman characters were in various ways derived from Morpheus or his activities. For instance, Wesley Dodds' prophetic dreams warning him of crimes and disasters are explained as an attempt by reality to fill the void left by Dream's absence from his realm during most of the 20th century, while the Kirby version of the Sandman is the result of two nightmares trying to manipulate a human being into fulfilling that same role in the hopes that they would be able to control the new incarnation of Dream.


title: Sandman (DC Comics)

text: Daniel Hall, the child of Hector Hall, eventually assumes the position of Dream when Morpheus dies. He, like Morpheus, is the embodiment of dreams, storytelling and reality. He refers to himself as simply "Dream of the Endless"; in "" he states that he has no right to the name of "Morpheus", and that the part of him which was the mortal boy Daniel Hall no longer exists.


title: Sandman (DC Comics)

text: Some time later in the pages of "JSA" 63–64, the chairman and heir to the Sandman legacy Sand has his soul stolen by Brute and Glob to briefly assume the role of the Dream Dimension's protector, again in the Kirby-designed costume. Eventually, Dr Fate (Hector Hall) and his wife Lyta lead a contingent of the JSA to Sand's rescue. Brute and Glob are abjured to parts known only as "The Darkness". This fragment of the Dream Dimension is currently not known to be inhabited.


title: Sandman (DC Comics)

text: Subsequently, Sand officially adopted the Sandman name and a costume patterned after Wesley Dodds in the third volume of "Justice Society of America".


title: Sandman (DC Comics)

text: In the "Sandman Mystery Theatre: Sleep of Reason" mini-series, photojournalist Kieran Marshall briefly takes on the identity of the Sandman to battle insurgents in Afghanistan, inspired by a visit Wesley Dodds made to the region shortly before his death.


title: Sandman (DC Comics)

text: An unidentified Sandman appears in the "DC Super Hero Girls" episode "Welcome to Super Hero High" as a graduate of the titular school.


title: Nina Persson

text: Nina Elisabet Persson (; born 6 September 1974) is the lead singer and lyricist for the Swedish rock band The Cardigans. She has also worked as a solo artist, releasing two albums as A Camp and one under her own name, and has also appeared as a guest artist with several other acts.


title: Nina Persson

text: She appears on the Manic Street Preachers song "Your Love Alone Is Not Enough", which reached #2 on the UK chart, on the album "Send Away the Tigers". She also features on the 2009 Sparklehorse/Danger Mouse collaboration "Dark Night of the Soul" singing "Daddy's Gone".


title: Nina Persson

text: Persson's first solo album released under her own name, "Animal Heart", was released on 10 February 2014 on the independent British record label Lojinx Records.


title: Nina Persson

text: Persson grew up in Jönköping, Sweden. "I grew up in a middle-class, academic family," Persson said in 2014. "I lived in a villa with a garden. I had two younger brothers."


title: Nina Persson

text: She did not want to be a musician growing up, having an interest in art instead, which resulted in her attending art school. "I never really strived to be a musician; I was just, sort of, recruited into this band. I was bored out of my mind in this small, safe place (Jönköping). I was like, 'Awesome, I get to hang with fun guys.'"


title: Nina Persson

text: After three attempts at in vitro fertilization, their son Nils was born on 30 September 2010. For several years the family resided in Harlem, New York City, but in 2015 they decided to relocate to Malmö, the former base of the Cardigans. In an interview with Swedish daily "Dagens Nyheter" in March 2018, Persson talked about her expatriate years, the return to Sweden and pointed out that the return to her native country was family business and did not reflect any wish to reboot her old band.


title: Nina Persson

text: Appeared in a web exclusive of Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, disposing plastic dolls by feeding them to a talking garbage can.


title: Dana Snyder

text: Dana Snyder is an American actor. He is known for his voice roles of Master Shake in "Aqua Teen Hunger Force", Granny Cuyler in "Squidbillies", Baby Ball on "", and other roles in various Adult Swim television shows. His other voice roles include voicing Dr. Colosso in Nickelodeon's comedy series "The Thundermans" and Gazpacho in Cartoon Network's animated series "Chowder", alongside live-action work in shows such as "Your Pretty Face is Going to Hell" and "Saul of the Mole Men".


title: Dana Snyder

text: Snyder was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania and grew up in Las Vegas, Nevada. He credits Don Rickles, Rip Taylor, and Phil Silvers as childhood influences in his decision to pursue acting. Snyder graduated from Las Vegas High School in 1992 and from Webster University in St. Louis in 1996 with a BFA from Webster's Conservatory of Theatre Arts.


title: Dana Snyder

text: Snyder was hired to voice Master Shake on "Aqua Teen Hunger Force", auditioning over the phone in a call with Dave Willis, the show's co-creator. Snyder played the vocal role of Gazpacho on "Chowder", Dr. Wang on "Minoriteam", The Alchemist and The President on "The Venture Bros.", Baby Ball on "", and Granny Cuyler on "Squidbillies". He voices Todd and Benny Lee on the G4TV show "Code Monkeys", Leonard the Koala in "The Penguins of Madagascar", and plays a teacher named "Mr. Baldwin" on the Disney series "Fish Hooks".


title: Dana Snyder

text: Snyder provided the voices of Sam and that of Cold Fusion Reactor Dad on the web series "Suicide by Side." He narrated the Adult Swim web series "Sipes Stories" that he co-produced with Andy Sipes. He has starred on "Adventure Time" as the Ancient Sleeping Magi of Life Giving from the episode "Little Dude" in the fifth season. He played the voice of Belcitane within the White Knight Chronicles, and the White Knight Chronicles II.


title: Dana Snyder

text: He voices the recurring character McSweats in the Disney XD animated series "Pickle and Peanut". Snyder played Dr. Colosso on Nickelodeon's comedy "The Thundermans" from 2013 to 2018 where he voiced his rabbit form and portrayed his human form. He also played as Graballa the Hutt on the Disney XD animated series "".


title: Dana Snyder

text: In 2021, Snyder appeared as Patrick Star's grandfather on "The Patrick Star Show" and in the role of Scratch the ghost on "The Ghost and Molly McGee".


title: Dana Snyder

text: On April 15, 2010, Snyder and Dave Willis went on a multi-city tour called "Aqua Teen Hunger Force Live!". In June 2010, he appeared as Max Bialystock in the Arrow Rock Lyceum Theatre's production of Mel Brooks' "The Producers" in Arrow Rock, Missouri. In February and March 2011, he again played Max Bialystock in "The Producers" at the Riverside Theatre in Vero Beach, Florida. Snyder has also been seen in the Lyceum Theatre 2011 productions of "Run For Your Wife", "Damn Yankees", and "The Sound of Music" and has worked at several other United States regional theaters, including Repertory Theatre of St. Louis, Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park, and Cleveland Play House. Snyder was also a guest performer during several performances of the Atlanta-based burlesque revue "Dames Aflame" in 2010 and 2012.


title: Dana Snyder

text: Snyder has made guest appearances on "ER", "Brothers and Sisters", and "Gary Unmarried". Snyder also appeared in "Saul of the Mole Men", "The Young Person's Guide to History", and "Your Pretty Face is Going to Hell". He guest appeared on the Christian live action television show "Come On Over".


title: Dana Snyder

text: Snyder co-hosted the "Ken P.D. Snydecast" with Ken "Plumey" Plume, which was a free podcast. The first episode of the show appeared on the internet on January 11, 2006, with the last episode appearing September 18, 2017. The show was initially produced out of IGN and was produced out of Fred Entertainment before its finale in 2017. In addition to Snyder and Plume, guests have included Doc Hammer, Paul Sabourin, and Jay Wade Edwards. In late 2013, Dana began co-hosting the podcast "Drunk on Disney" with Guy Hutchinson.


title: Dana Snyder

text: Since 2018, Snyder started hosting "Dino and Dana's Safe Space Starring Spencer and Tish" with Dino Stamatopoulos, Spencer Crittenden and Tish Burns. Occasional guests include Jeff B. Davis and Cassandra Church. As of January 2021, "Dino and Dana’s Safe Space" no longer stars Spencer or Tish and exclusively streams on Patreon. Podcast regulars now include Lisa Corrao (comedian), and duo, Bob and Ron (of Chicago’s own "Bob and Ron’s Record Club").


title: Dana Snyder

text: He married Christine "Sweety" Snyder (née Ciccone) in August 2005. They have one daughter born in June 2014.


title: Maserati GranTurismo

text: The Maserati GranTurismo and GranCabrio are a series of a grand tourers produced by the Italian automobile manufacturer Maserati. They succeeded the 2-door V8 grand tourers offered by the company, the Maserati Coupé, and Spyder.


title: Maserati GranTurismo

text: The first generation of Maserati GranTurismo("Tipo M145") is unveiled at the 2007 Geneva Motor Show, and is built between 2007 and December 2019. The GranTurismo set a record for the most quickly developed car in the auto industry, going from design to production stage in just nine months. The reason being that the proposed replacement for the Maserati Coupé looked like it was going to be too expensive to manufacture by Maserati and FIAT Chrysler Automobiles' Ferrari division needed a small car in its range and so it was launched as the Ferrari California instead, leaving Maserati without a coupe in its range. A total of 28,805 GranTurismo coupe is produced.


title: Maserati GranTurismo

text: The model was initially equipped with a 4.2-litre () V8 engine developed in conjunction with Ferrari. The engine generates a maximum power output of and is equipped with a 6-speed ZF automatic transmission. The 2+2 body was derived from the Maserati M139 platform, also shared with the Maserati Quattroporte V, with double-wishbone front suspension and a multilink rear suspension. The grand tourer emphasises comfort in harmony with speed and driver-enjoyment. The GranTurismo has a drag coefficient of 0.33.


title: Maserati GranTurismo

text: The better equipped S variant was unveiled at the 2008 Geneva Motor Show and features the enlarged 4.7-litre () V8 engine shared with the Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione, rated at at 7,000 rpm and of torque at 4,750 rpm. At the time of its introduction, it was the most powerful road-legal Maserati offered for sale (excluding the homologation special MC12). The engine is mated to the 6-speed automated manual built by Graziano Trasmissioni and shared with the Ferrari F430. With the transaxle layout weight distribution improved to 47% front and 53% rear. The standard suspension set-up is fixed-setting steel dampers, with the Skyhook adaptive suspension available as an option along with a new exhaust system, and upgraded Brembo brakes. The seats were also offered with various leather and Alcantara trim options. The upgrades were made to make the car more powerful and more appealing to the buyers while increasing performance, with acceleration from happening in 4.9 seconds and a maximum speed of . Aside from the power upgrades, the car featured new side skirts, unique 20-inch wheels unavailable on the standard car, a small boot lip spoiler, and black headlight clusters in place of the original silver. The variant was available in the North American market only for MY2009 with only 300 units offered for sale.


title: Maserati GranTurismo

text: The GranTurismo MC is the racing version of the GranTurismo S developed to compete in the FIA GT4 European Cup and is based on the Maserati MC concept. The car included a 6-point racing harness, fuel tank, front and rear brake discs with 6-piston calipers at the front and 4-piston calipers at the rear, 18-inch racing wheels with 305/645/18 front and 305/680/18 rear tyres, carbon fibre bodywork and lexan windows throughout along with a race interior. All the weight-saving measures lower the weight to about . The car shares the 4.7-litre V8 engine from the GranTurismo S but is tuned to generate a maximum power output of along with the 6-speed automated manual transmission.


title: Maserati GranTurismo

text: The GranTurismo MC was unveiled at the Paul Ricard Circuit in France. It went on sale in October, 2009 through the Maserati Corse programme. 15 GranTurismo MC racecars were developed, homologated for the European Cup and National Endurance Series, one of which was taken to be raced by GT motorsport organization Cool Victory in Dubai in January, 2010.


title: Maserati GranTurismo

text: Introduced in 2008, the GranTurismo MC Sport Line is a customisation programme based on the GranTurismo MC concept. Changes include front and rear carbon-fibre spoilers, carbon-fibre mirror housings and door handles, 20-inch wheels, carbon-fibre interior (steering wheel rim, paddle shifters, instrument panel, dashboard, door panels), stiffer springs, shock absorbers and anti-roll bars with custom Maserati Stability Programme software and lower height than GranTurismo S. The programme was initially offered for the GranTurismo S only, with the product line expanded to all GranTurismo variants and eventually all Maserati vehicles in 2009.


title: Maserati GranTurismo

text: Replacing both the GranTurismo S and S Automatic, the Granturismo Sport was unveiled in March 2012 at the Geneva Motor Show. The revised 4.7L engine is rated at .


title: Maserati GranTurismo

text: The Sport features a unique MC Stradale-inspired front fascia, new headlights and new, sportier steering wheel and seats. The ZF six-speed automatic gearbox is now standard, while the six-speed automated manual transaxle is available as an option. The latter has steering column-mounted paddle-shifters, a feature that's optional with the automatic gearbox. New redesigned front bumper and air splitter lowers drag coefficient from .


title: Maserati GranTurismo

text: In September 2010, Maserati announced plans to unveil a new version of the GranTurismo - the MC Stradale - at the 2010 Paris Motor Show. The strictly two-seat MC Stradale is more powerful than the GranTurismo at , friction reduction accounts for the increase, says Maserati, due to the strategic use of “diamond-like coating", an antifriction technology derived from Formula 1, on wear parts such as the cams and followers. It is also 110 kg lighter (1,670 kg dry weight) from the GranTurismo, and more aerodynamic than any previous GranTurismo model - all with the same fuel consumption as the regular GranTurismo. In addition to two air intakes in the bonnet, the MC Stradale also receives a new front splitter and rear air dam for better aerodynamics, downforce, and improved cooling of carbon-ceramic brakes and engine. The body modifications make the car longer.


title: Maserati GranTurismo

text: The MC Race Shift 6-speed robotised manual gearbox (which shares its electronics and some of its hardware from the Ferrari 599 GTO) usually operates in an "auto" mode, but the driver can switch this to 'sport' or 'race' (shifting happening in 60 milliseconds in 'race' mode), which affects gearbox operations, suspension, traction control, and even the sound of the engine. The MC Stradale is the first GranTurismo to break the barrier, with a claimed top speed of .


title: Maserati GranTurismo

text: The push for the Maserati GranTurismo MC Stradale came from existing Maserati customers who wanted a road-legal super sports car that looked and felt like the GT4, GTD, and Trofeo race cars. It has been confirmed by the Maserati head office that only 497 units of 2-seater MC Stradales were built in total from 2011 to 2013 in the world, Europe: 225 units, China: 45 units, Hong Kong: 12, Taiwan: 23 units, Japan: 33 units, Indonesia :6 units, Oceania: 15 units and 138 units in other countries.


title: Maserati GranTurismo

text: US market MC's do not have the "Stradale" part of the name, and they are sold with a fully automatic six-speed transmission rather than the one available in the rest of the world. US market cars also do not come with carbon fibre lightweight seats like the rest of the world.


title: Maserati GranTurismo

text: The MC Stradale's suspension is 8% stiffer and the car rides slightly lower than the GranTurismo S following feedback from racing drivers who appreciated the better grip and intuitive driving feel of the lower profile. Pirelli has custom-designed extra-wide 20-inch P Zero Corsa tyres to fit new flow-formed alloy wheels.


title: Maserati GranTurismo

text: The Brembo braking system with carbon-ceramic discs weighs around 60% less than the traditional system with steel discs. The front is equipped with 380 x 34 mm ventilated discs, operated by a 6 piston caliper. The rear discs measure 360 x 32 mm with four-piston calipers. The stopping distance is 33 m at with an average deceleration of 1.2g.


title: Maserati GranTurismo

text: At the 2013 Geneva Motor Show, an update to the GranTurismo MC Stradale was unveiled. It features an updated V8 engine rated at at 7,000 rpm and of torque at 4,750 rpm, as well as the MC Race Shift 6-speed robotized manual gearbox which shifts in 60 milliseconds in 'race' mode. The top speed is . All models were built at the historic factory in viale Ciro Menotti in Modena.


title: Maserati GranTurismo

text: The GranCabrio (GranTurismo Convertible in the United States and Canada) is a convertible version of the GranTurismo S Automatic, equipped with a canvas folding roof. The GranCabrio retains the four seat configuration of the GranTurismo coupé, and is thus Maserati's first ever four-seater convertible.


title: Maserati GranTurismo

text: The GranCabrio was unveiled at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show, with production beginning in 2010. It is built in the Viale Ciro Menotti Maserati factory. European sales were to begin in February 2010, with the United States receiving its first cars a month later. Planned sales for 2010 were 2,100 units, of which two-thirds were intended to go stateside.


title: Maserati GranTurismo

text: The GranCabrio is powered by the same 4.7-litre V8 engine (rated at at 7,000 rpm and at 4,750 rpm) that is fitted to the GranTurismo S Automatic. About 11,715 units of the convertible model were produced.


title: Maserati GranTurismo

text: At the 2011 Geneva Motor Show, Maserati unveiled a new version of the GranCabrio, with an enhanced level of performance and handling. This version also has the 4.7-litre V8, coupled with the ZF six-speed automatic transmission and fitted with the slightly uprated version of the V8 engine, with torque. To hint at the car's more sporting nature, the headlights have black surrounds and other details such as the bars in the grille are also finished in black. There are also larger side skirts as well as tiny winglets on the lower front corners. New front bumper and air splitter substantially lower drag coefficient from original .


title: Maserati GranTurismo

text: The Fendi is a version of the GranCabrio designed by Silvia Venturini Fendi. It was unveiled at the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show.


title: Maserati GranTurismo

text: The GranCabrio MC four-seater open-top is longer than GranCabrio with front end inspired directly by MC Stradale and equipped with much improved aerodynamics compared to standard models. Power comes from 4.7 L 90° V8 delivering and of torque. Top speed is and acceleration from 0– happens in 4.9 seconds. The only transmission is an MC Auto Shift, 6-speed ZF automatic. Wheels are 20 inch MC Design units. It premiered on 27 September 2012 at the Paris Motor Show.


title: Maserati GranTurismo

text: Debuted by Carrozzeria Touring Superleggera in March 2018 at Geneva Motor Show, the car was based on the Maserati GranTurismo and inspired by the original Maserati 5000 GT "Shah of Persia".


title: Maserati GranTurismo

text: The car was introduced by Carrozzeria Touring Superleggera at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2019 and was based on the Maserati GranCabrio. A total of 15 Coupés and Cabriolets are to be manufactured, with reportedly only one Coupé manufactured and the remaining 14 being Cabriolets.


title: Maserati GranTurismo

text: It's the final production example of the first generation GranTurismo. It was presented painted in a gradient of blue, black and white colours.


title: Maserati GranTurismo

text: The architecture of the GranTurismo and GranCabrio derives from the M139 platform of the fifth generation Quattroporte, shortened about in the wheelbase and in the rear overhang.


title: Maserati GranTurismo

text: Like on the Quattroporte the engine is pushed back beyond the front wheel's centerline, inside the wheelbase—in the front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout. This confers a 49%/51% front/rear weight distribution to automatic transmission cars. "MC SportShift" automated manual transmission variants have a further rear-biased 47%/53% weight distribution, due to the gearbox mounted at the rear with the differential—in the transaxle layout.


title: Maserati GranTurismo

text: The chassis is made of stamped and boxed steel sections, and is complemented by two aluminium subframes: one at the front supporting the engine and providing suspension attaching points, and a tubular one at the rear supporting both suspension and differential (or the entire transmission in transaxle cars). Structural body panels are steel, the bonnet is aluminium and the boot lid is a single sheet moulding compound piece.


title: Maserati GranTurismo

text: The suspension system consists of unequal length control arms with forged aluminium arms and cast aluminium uprights, coil springs and anti-roll bars on both axles. Dampers are either fixed-rate and set up for handling or "Skyhook" adaptive. The Skyhook system uses aluminium-bodied gas dampers, allowing automatic and continuous damping rate adjustment by means of proportioning valves.


title: Maserati GranTurismo

text: Depending on the model, two transmissions were available on the GranTurismo and GranCabrio: a conventional torque converter 6-speed automatic or a 6-speed automated manual gearbox.


title: Maserati GranTurismo

text: This transmission includes Auto Normal Mode, Auto Sports Mode, Auto ICE Mode, and Manual Mode. Auto Normal mode shifts gears automatically at low rpm to achieve the most comfortable ride and at higher rpm when driving style becomes more sporty. AutoSport Mode changes gears 40% faster than in Normal Mode, downshifts when lifting off as a corner approaches; then it activates the stability control, stiffening Skyhook suspension, and opening exhaust valves when the engine is over 3,000 rpm (in the GranTurismo S Automatic). Auto ICE mode is for low-grip conditions; it reduces maximum torque at the wheel, prevents 1st gear starts, and only allows gear changes below 1,000 rpm.


title: Maserati GranTurismo

text: The automated manual transmission includes "Manual Normal" and "Manual Sport", "Manual Sport" with "MC-Shift", "Auto Normal", "Auto Sport", "Auto ICE" modes.


title: Joel Campbell

text: Joel Nathaniel Campbell Samuels (; born 26 June 1992) is a Costa Rican professional footballer who plays as a forward and winger for Liga MX club León and the Costa Rica national team.


title: Joel Campbell

text: Campbell joined Arsenal in 2011 and was thereafter loaned out to French side Lorient, Spanish club Real Betis and Greek outfit Olympiacos. He made his competitive Arsenal debut as the club won the 2014 FA Community Shield. He was again sent on loan to La Liga team Villarreal before he scored his first Arsenal goal in 2015.


title: Joel Campbell

text: Campbell has so far earned over 120 caps for Costa Rica and was a member of the squad which won the 2014 Copa Centroamericana. He was also part of the Costa Rican side which reached the last eight of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, and played in the 2018 and 2022 World Cup as well. Campbell additionally helped Costa Rica get to the quarter-finals of the 2015, 2019 and 2021 CONCACAF Gold Cups, as well as the semi-finals of the 2017 Gold Cup.


title: Joel Campbell

text: Campbell's career began with Saprissa in 2009 before being sent on loan to Puntarenas in January 2011.


title: Joel Campbell

text: On 28 July 2011, Costa Rican television reported that Campbell had come to an agreement with Arsenal, after having been discovered by club scout Danny Karbassiyoon. Campbell later said that while he had not yet signed, talks were taking place. On 6 August, Costa Rican media reported that Campbell was set to sign a five-year deal with Arsenal after rejecting moves to Sevilla and Fiorentina. According to Campbell, he was also approached by Manchester United's Alex Ferguson, who wanted to bring him under Ryan Giggs' mentorship.


title: Joel Campbell

text: On 19 August 2011, Arsenal confirmed that they had signed Campbell, but it was reported eight days later that he had failed to obtain a work permit to enable him to play in England. Campbell finally received that permit in July 2013.


title: Joel Campbell

text: Unable to get a work permit in England, Campbell along with Gilles Sunu both joined French club Lorient, with Campbell moving on loan and Sunu on a permanent transfer. He made his debut for Lorient as a 79th-minute substitute for Grégory Bourillon in the 1–1 draw away to Sochaux, and created the assist for Innocent Emeghara to score and earn Lorient an away point. On 1 October, he scored his first goal for Lorient against Valenciennes in the 2–0 win, Campbell's right-footed shot found the bottom left hand corner of the goal. On 26 October, Campbell scored his second goal for Lorient in a Coupe de la Ligue match against Montpellier. He scored his third goal also against Montpellier in a 2–1 win which proved to be the winner.


title: Joel Campbell

text: On 6 July 2012, Campbell joined La Liga side Real Betis on a season-long loan. He made his debut on 25 August, coming on as a substitute for Salvador Agra to play the last 20 minutes in their 2–1 home defeat to Rayo Vallecano.


title: Joel Campbell

text: Campbell played 28 league matches and scored two goals; his first was on 2 December, to give Betis a 3–2 away win against Deportivo de La Coruña, and his second came in the seventh minute of a 2–0 home victory against Levante on 13 January.


title: Joel Campbell

text: By summer 2013, Campbell had been granted a work permit in England but he joined Greek side Olympiacos on another one-year loan.


title: Joel Campbell

text: On 27 October 2013, Campbell starred in Olympiacos' win over OFI Crete, picking up four assists to help his side win 5–1. Campbell impressed again on 10 November, scoring once and earning two assists as Olympiacos thrashed PAOK 4–0.


title: Joel Campbell

text: On 25 February 2014, Campbell scored the second goal Olympiacos' 2–0 win over Manchester United in the last 16 of the UEFA Champions League. Olympiacos, however, did not proceed to the next round after losing 3–0 in the second leg.


title: Joel Campbell

text: Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger announced that Campbell would be part of his first team plans for Arsenal's 2014–15 season. On 2 August 2014, Campbell scored in Arsenal's 5–1 win over Benfica in the Emirates Cup. Eight days later in the 2014 FA Community Shield, he replaced Aaron Ramsey for the final five minutes of the 3–0 win over Manchester City at Wembley Stadium. He made his Premier League debut on 23 August in a 2–2 draw against Everton at Goodison Park, coming off the bench to replace Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain on the 74th minute of the match.


title: Joel Campbell

text: Campbell's first Arsenal start came in the third round of the League Cup on 23 September, lining up in attack with Alexis Sánchez and Lukas Podolski in a 1–2 home defeat against Southampton. BBC Sport described Campbell and Podolski as "largely anonymous" during the match.


title: Joel Campbell

text: During an April 2020 interview for TD Más, Campbell recalled his frustration during this time, revealing that Arsenal had declined an offer by Benfica to sign him, because "they [Arsenal] told me they needed me because Giroud was injured," but Arsenal nonetheless decided to sign Danny Welbeck.


title: Joel Campbell

text: On 24 January 2015, Villarreal announced the signing of Campbell on loan until the end of the season. On 10 May, he scored his first goal for the team, the only goal in a victory over fellow Valencians Elche, which secured sixth place for The Yellow Submarine in La Liga and entry into the following season's UEFA Europa League.


title: Joel Campbell

text: After returning from his loan at Villarreal, Campbell started his first game of the season in a 2–1 win against Tottenham Hotspur in the League Cup third round on 23 September 2015. On 31 October, due to injuries to Theo Walcott and Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain, Campbell made his first Premier League start for the club against Swansea City at the Liberty Stadium, scoring his first competitive goal in a 3–0 win. Having scored his first Premier League goal, Campbell scored his first Emirates Stadium goal against Sunderland on 6 December, the first for Arsenal in a 3–1 win. The sides faced at the Emirates again in the FA Cup third round on 9 January 2016, with Campbell again scoring Arsenal's first as they matched the scoreline they achieved just over a month earlier.


title: Joel Campbell

text: Campbell recounted that he had lost regularity at Arsenal after a 1–2 defeat to Watford. Campbell, "with tears in [his] eyes out of helplessness," asked Arsène Wenger about this situation, to which Wenger replied "I noticed you were tired;" but despite Campbell's desire to play, he remained irregular during the season. Frustrated, Campbell requested a new loan.


title: Joel Campbell

text: On 28 July, in the 2016 MLS All-Star Game in San Jose, California, Campbell won an early penalty when fouled by Laurent Ciman, and took it himself to open a 2–1 victory. On 21 August 2016, Portuguese Primeira Liga side Sporting CP signed Campbell on loan until the end of the season.


title: Joel Campbell

text: He went on to pick up an injury in a game against Espanyol in late October 2017. This put him out of action for another three months. Campbell sought to make a comeback to the club's training squad in late January 2018.


title: Joel Campbell

text: Campbell was selected for Costa Rica's squad for the 2009 CONCACAF U-17 Championship. He was the team's highest scorer, although he had only two goals in total. That same year, he participated in the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup held in Nigeria. He was named in the 2011 CONCACAF U-20 Championship two years later and tied for top scorer with six goals.


title: Joel Campbell

text: Campbell was first called up to the senior team in March 2011, for friendlies with PR China and Argentina. He would juggle cans on the streets of San José. Before the friendlies, he was spotted doing this by national team manager Ricardo La Volpe. In announcing Campbell's inclusion in the squad, La Volpe said, "Who is Messi? Who is Neymar? Gentlemen of the press – I present to you: Campbell. I discovered him playing with cans."


title: Joel Campbell

text: Campbell was called up for the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup in the United States. In their group opener on 5 June at Cowboys Stadium, he replaced Marco Ureña in the 56th minute and a quarter of an hour later volleyed a goal to conclude a 5–0 win over Cuba. In the quarter-finals at the MetLife Stadium, he again came on for Ureña in the second half of extra time; the game went to a penalty shootout in which Campbell netted his attempt but Honduras advanced 4–2.


title: Joel Campbell

text: Campbell was part of Costa Rica's squad when they were invited to the 2011 Copa América in Argentina, and started all of their games as they came third in Group A and were eliminated. In their second group game, on 7 July at the Estadio 23 de Agosto in Jujuy, he concluded a 2–0 win over Bolivia after being set up by Heiner Mora, and was also fouled for Wálter Flores' red card.


title: Joel Campbell

text: In September 2013, Campbell became the subject of controversy when video emerged of his off-the-ball dive against the United States' Matt Besler in a World Cup qualifying match. Besler received a yellow card and was suspended. The footage generated discussion of the quality of CONCACAF refereeing, and whether such cheating should be eligible for post-match disciplinary action. Campbell's dive was described as "pathetic", "cynical" and "disgraceful". On 13 September, the Costa Rican media reported that FIFA were investigating Campbell over the incident, although nothing came of the investigation. On 4 October, FIFA officially reprimanded Campbell for unsporting behaviour.


title: Joel Campbell

text: On 14 June 2014, Campbell scored Costa Rica's first goal in the 2014 FIFA World Cup, equalising against Uruguay in an eventual 3–1 victory. His pass to Marco Ureña also set up Costa Rica's third goal in the game. During the round of 16, Campbell was the fourth of five Costa Rican players to successfully convert his kick in a 5–3 penalty shootout victory over Greece.


title: Joel Campbell

text: Joel Campbell is the son of Humberto Campbell and Roxana Samuels and is of Jamaican descent. He is in a relationship with Maria Fernanda Cascante. He has three siblings by the names of Nekisha, Humberto and Katherine. Campbell is a devout Christian. He says that family is the second pillar in his life, with the first being God. Campbell also recites Psalm 27 before every game.


title: Orthotics

text: Orthotics () is a medical specialty that focuses on the design and application of orthoses, or braces. An is "an externally applied device used to influence the structural and functional characteristics of the neuromuscular and skeletal system".


title: Orthotics

text: Orthotic devices are classified into four areas of the body according to the international classification system (ICS): orthotics of the lower extremities, orthotics of the upper extremities, orthotics for the trunk, and orthotics for the head.


title: Orthotics

text: Under the International Standard terminology, orthoses are classified by an acronym describing the anatomical joints which they contain. For example, a knee-ankle-foot orthosis (English abbreviation: KAFO for Knee-ankle-foot orthoses) spans the knee joint, the ankle, and the foot. A spinal orthosis (English abbreviation: TLSO for Thoraco-lumbo-sacral orthoses) affects the thoracic spine, the lumbar spine and the sacrum. Use of the International Standard is promoted to reduce the widespread variation in the description of orthoses, which is often a barrier to the interpretation of research studies.


title: Orthotics

text: The transition from an orthosis to a prosthesis can be fluid. An example of this is compensating for a leg length discrepancy, which is equivalent to replacing a missing part of a limb. Another example is the replacement of the forefoot after a forefoot amputation. This treatment is often made from a combination of a prosthesis to replace the forefoot and an orthosis to replace the lost muscular function (orthoprosthesis).


title: Orthotics

text: An orthotist is a primary medical clinician responsible for the prescription, manufacture, and management of orthoses. Orthoses are offered as custom-fabricated products, semi-finished products, or finished products.


title: Orthotics

text: Custom-fabricated products are in the foreground of an optimal supply and are individually manufactured. If the physical examination of a patient is carried out precisely, the clinical picture often shows a combination of several functional deviations. Each functional deviation can be slight or severe. The combination of the functional deviation and its characteristics leads to a detailed indication. A major advantage of custom-made products is that the various necessary orthotic functions when doing the configuration of the orthotics can be optimally matched to the determined functional deviations. Another advantage of custom-made products is that each orthosis is made to fit the individual body shape of the patient. Custom-fabricated products were traditionally made by following a tracing of the extremity with measurements to assist in creating a well-fitted device. Subsequently, the advent of plastics and later even more modern materials such as carbon fiber composites and aramid fibers as a material of choice for construction necessitated the idea of creating a plaster of Paris mold of the body part in question. This method is still extensively used throughout the industry. By introducing composite materials made of carbon fiber materials and aramid fibers embedded in an epoxy resin matrix, the weight of modern orthoses is extremely reduced. With this technique, modern orthoses can achieve perfect stiffness in the areas where this is necessary (e.g. the connection between ankle and knee joint) and flexible areas where flexibility is required (e.g. in the area of the forefoot on the foot part of an orthosis).


title: Orthotics

text: Semi-finished products are used for fast supply in the case of diseases that occur frequently. They are manufactured industrially and in some cases can be adapted to the anatomical body conditions. Semi-finished products are also referred to as prefabricated products and custom fitted products, but in these cases it is not custom-fabricated.


title: Orthotics

text: Custom-fabricated products and Semi-finished products are used in long-term care and are manufactured or adapted by the orthotist or by trained orthopedic technicians according to the prescription. In many countries the physician or clinician defines the functional deviations in his prescription, e.g. paralysis (paresis) of the calf muscles (M. Triceps Surae) and derives the indication from this, e.g. orthotic to restore safety when standing and walking after a stroke. The orthotist creates another detailed physical examination and compares it with the prescription from the physician. The orthotist describes the configuration of the orthosis, which shows which orthotic functions are required to compensate for the functional deviation of the neuromuscular or skeletal system and which functional elements must be integrated into the orthosis for this. Ideally, the necessary orthotic functions and the functional elements to be integrated are discussed in an interdisciplinary team between physician, physical therapist, orthotist and patient.


title: Orthotics

text: Finished products are short-term orthoses or bandages for a limited duration of therapy and are manufactured industrially. Finished products are also referred to as off-the-shelf products.


title: Orthotics

text: The manufacture of modern orthoses requires that the orthotist acquire or have both manual skills in processing traditional and innovative materials and artistic skills in modeling body shapes. Orthotics also combines knowledge of anatomy and physiology, pathophysiology, biomechanics and engineering. Currently, CAD/CAM, CNC machines and 3D printing are involved in orthotic manufacture.


title: Orthotics

text: All orthoses that affect the foot, the ankle joint, the lower leg, the knee joint, the thigh or the hip joint belong to the category of orthoses for the lower extremities.


title: Orthotics

text: Paralysis orthoses are used both for paralyses with complete functional failure of muscles or muscle groups, as well as for incomplete paralysis (paresis). They are intended to correct or influence functional limitations or to replace functions that have been lost as a result of the paralysis. Functional leg length differences caused by paralysis can be compensated for using the orthosis.


title: Orthotics

text: For the quality and function of a paralysis orthosis, it is of great importance that the orthotic shells are in total-contact fitting with the patient's leg to create an optimal fit, which is why a custom-made orthotic is often preferred.


title: Orthotics

text: Reducing the weight of an orthosis makes a significant contribution to lowering the energy costs of walking for those affected, which is why the use of highly resilient and at the same time light materials such as carbon fiber, titanium and aluminum is indispensable for the manufacture of a custom-made orthosis.


title: Orthotics

text: The production of a custom-made orthosis also offers the advantage that orthotic joints can be integrated into the orthosis. By using orthotic joints, the dynamics of the orthotic can be matched exactly with the pivot points of the axes of movement of the anatomical joints of the lower extremity. Since the dynamics of the orthosis are realized via the orthotic joints, it is possible to manufacture the orthotic shells as stable and torsion-resistant. As a result, the dynamics of the orthosis take place exactly where the movements are dictated by the anatomy in the skeletal system. This is necessary for the quality and function of the orthosis. The orthosis thus offers the necessary stability to regain the security that has been lost due to paralysis when standing and walking.


title: Orthotics

text: In addition, an orthosis can be individually configured through the use of orthosis joints. In this way, the function of the orthotic device can be optimally adjusted to any existing functional deviations that have resulted from the muscle weakness via the combination of the orthotic joints and the adjustability of the functional elements. The goal of high-quality orthotic fitting is to adapt the functional elements so precisely to the functional deviation that the orthosis provides the necessary support. At the same time, the orthotic device should restrict the dynamics of the lower extremities as little as possible through the adjustable dynamics of the orthotic joints in order to promote the remaining functionality of the muscles.


title: Orthotics

text: In the case of paralysis due to diseases or injuries to the spinal/peripheral nervous system, the strength levels of the six major muscle groups of the affected leg are first determined as part of the physical examination, in order to determine the necessary functions of an orthosis.


title: Orthotics

text: A muscle function test according to Vladimir Janda is carried out to determine the strength levels. The degree of paralysis is given for each muscle group on a scale from 0 to 5, with the value 0 indicating complete paralysis (0%) and the value 5 indicating normal strength (100%). The values between 0 and 5 indicate a percentage reduction in muscle function. All strength levels below 5 are referred as muscle weakness.


title: Orthotics

text: The combination of strength levels of the muscle groups determines the type of orthosis (AFO or KAFO).


title: Orthotics

text: In addition, the strength levels of the muscle groups result in the necessary functional elements of the orthosis, which compensate for the restrictions caused by the reduced level of strength of the respective muscular functions.


title: Orthotics

text: Paralysis may be caused by diseases or injuries to the spinal or peripheral nervous system after spinal cord injury and also occur in spina bifida, poliomyelitis and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. In this group of paralyzes, the inclusion of the strength levels of the large muscle groups is of elementary importance in order to determine the necessary orthotic functions when configuring the orthosis.


title: Orthotics

text: Paralysis caused by diseases or injuries to the central nervous system (e.g. cerebral palsy, traumatic brain injury, stroke, and multiple sclerosis).


title: Orthotics

text: When determining the necessary functions of an orthosis, it makes sense to consider the group of paralyzes caused by diseases or injuries to the central nervous system separately from the group of paralyzes due to diseases or injuries to the spinal or peripheral nervous system. Incorrect motor impulses from the central nervous system often result in clearly visible deviations in the gait pattern. The necessary functions of an orthosis in this group of paralyzes can therefore only be determined to a limited extent by determining the muscle weakness in strength levels of the six major muscle groups. Even with results with high degrees of strength, disturbances of the gait pattern can be recognizable in these paralyzes due to the incorrect control of the central nervous system.


title: Orthotics

text: In patients with paralysis due to cerebral palsy (CP) and traumatic brain injury, but who are able to walk, the gait pattern is analyzed as part of the physical examination to determine the necessary functions of an orthosis. One way of assessing is the classification according to the "Amsterdam Gait Classification". According to this classification method, five gait types are described. To assess the gait pattern, the patient is viewed visually or via a video recording from the side of the leg to be assessed. At the point in time at which the leg to be viewed is in mid-stance and the leg not to be viewed in mid-swing, the knee angle and also the contact of the foot with the ground are assessed.


title: Orthotics

text: In gait type 1, the knee angle is normal and foot contact is complete. In gait type 2, the knee angle is hyperextended and the foot contact is complete. In gait type 3, the knee angle is hyperextended and foot contact is incomplete (only on the forefoot). In gait type 4, the knee angle is flexed and foot contact is incomplete (only on the forefoot). At gait 5, the knee angle is flexed and foot contact is complete.


title: Orthotics

text: Patients with paralysis due to cerebral palsy or traumatic brain injury are usually treated with an ankle-foot orthosis (AFO). The functional elements to be used in the orthosis are the same as the functional elements of an AFO to compensate for paralysis of large muscle groups. However, it is important to understand that the muscle groups are not paralyzed, but are controlled by the brain with the wrong impulses. The compensatory gait is an unconscious reaction to the lack of security when standing or walking. The gait pattern usually worsens with increasing age. If the right functional elements are integrated into the orthosis, which both maintain physiological mobility and provide security when standing and walking, the necessary motor impulses can be created to create new cerebral connections. The goal of an orthotic fitting is the best possible approximation of the physiological gait pattern.


title: Orthotics

text: In the case of paralysis after a stroke, rapid care with an orthosis is necessary. Often areas of the brain are affected that contain "programs" for controlling the musculoskeletal system. With the help of an orthosis, physiological standing and walking can be learned again, and late health consequences caused by a wrong gait pattern can be prevented. In order to consider the correct functional elements when configuring the orthosis, it is important to understand that the muscle groups are not paralyzed, but are controlled by the brain with wrong impulses, which is why a muscle function test according to Vladimir Janda can lead to incorrect results when assessing the ability to stand and walk.


title: Orthotics

text: An important basic requirement for regaining the ability to walk is that the patient trains early on to be able to stand on both legs safely and well balanced. An orthosis with functional elements to support balance and safety when standing and walking can already be integrated into the therapy concept to support the first standing exercises. This makes the work of mobilizing the patient at an early stage easier. If the right functional elements are integrated into the orthosis, which both maintain physiological mobility and provide security when standing and walking, the necessary motor impulses can be created to create new cerebral connections. Clinical studies confirm the importance of orthoses in stroke rehabilitation.


title: Orthotics

text: After a stroke, it can happen that only the "dorsiflexors" are supplied with incorrect impulses from the central nervous system, which can lead to the risk of stumbling due to insufficient foot lifting when walking during swing phase. In these cases, an orthosis that only has functional elements to support the dorsiflexors can be helpful. Such an orthosis is also called drop foot orthosis. However, when configuring such a foot lifter orthosis, it makes sense to use adjustable functional elements for setting the resistance, which make it possible to adapt the passive lowering of the forefoot (plantar flexion) to the eccentric work of the dorsal flexors during loading response.


title: Orthotics

text: In many cases the muscle group of the "plantar flexors" is supplied with wrong impulses from the central nervous system, which leads to great uncertainty when standing and walking. The compensatory gait is an unconscious reaction to the lack of security when standing or walking. When configuring an orthosis, functional elements that can restore safety when standing and walking must be used in these cases. In such cases, a foot lifter orthosis is not suitable for restoring the lack of safety, since it only has functional elements that compensate for the functional deviations in the event of weakness of the dorsiflexors.


title: Orthotics

text: In patients with paralysis after stroke, but who are able to walk have the option of analyzing the gait pattern as part of the patient history in order to determine the optimal function of an orthosis. One way of assessing is the classification according to the "N.A.P. Gait Classification". N.A.P. is a physiotherapeutic treatment concept. According to this classification, four gait types are described. The gait pattern is assessed in the gait phase in which the leg to be viewed is in mid-stance phase and the leg not to be viewed is in mid-swing.


title: Orthotics

text: To assess the gait, in the first step, the patient is viewed visually or via a video recording from the side of the leg to be assessed. In gait type 1 the knee angle is hyperextended. In gait type 2 the knee angle is flexed.


title: Orthotics

text: The patient is then viewed from the front. If the forefoot is on the outer edge of the foot, which is accompanied by a varus position in the knee, the letter "a" is added to the gait. This foot position is called inversion. If the patient stands on the inner edge of the foot, which is associated with a valgus position in the knee, the letter "b" is added to the gait type. This foot position is called eversion.


title: Orthotics

text: The patients can be classified according to gait types 1a, 1b, 2a or 2b. The goal of orthotic fitting for patients who are able to walk is the best possible approximation of the physiological gait pattern.


title: Orthotics

text: In the case of paralysis due to multiple sclerosis, the degree of strength of the six major muscle groups of the affected leg should be determined as part of the physical examination, just as in the case of diseases or injuries to the spinal/peripheral nervous system, in order to determine the necessary functions of an orthosis. However, patients with multiple sclerosis may experience muscular or cognitive fatigue beyond the physiological level. The fatigue can be more or less pronounced and, depending on the severity, lead to considerable restrictions in everyday life. Persistent stress (e.g. walking) causes a deterioration in muscle function and has a significant effect on the spatial and temporal parameters when walking, for example by significantly reducing the cadence and walking speed. Fatigue can be measured as muscle weakness. As part of the patient's medical history when determining the strength levels of the six major muscle groups, fatigue can be taken into account by using a standardized walking test. The six-minute walk test is suitable for this. The muscle function test according to Vladimir Janda is carried out in combination with the six-minute walk test in the following steps:


title: Orthotics

text: This sequence of muscle function test and -minute walk test is used to check whether a controlled muscular fatigue can be induced. If the test reveals that there is muscular fatigue, the strength levels should be included in the planning of an orthosis, taking into account the measured fatigue when determining the functional elements.


title: Orthotics

text: "Paralysis of the" "Dorsiflexors" – weakness of the dorsiflexors results in a so-called drop foot. The patient's foot can only be insufficiently lifted when walking during the swing phase, since the necessary concentric work of the dorsiflexors can not be activated. There is a risk of stumbling. In addition, the patient cannot influence the shock absorption when walking (gait phase, loading response), as the eccentric work of the dorsiflexors is limited. After Initial heel contact the forefoot slaps too quickly on the floor via the heel rocker, which creates an audible noise or the foot does touch the floor with forefoot first, which disrupts gait development.


title: Orthotics

text: "Paralysis of the" "Plantar flexors" – If the plantar flexors are weak, the muscles of the forefoot lever are only inadequately activated or not activated at all. The patient has no balance when standing and has to support himself with aids such as crutches. There is a lost of energy during walking. The forefoot lever required for energy-saving walking in the gait phases from mid-stance to pre-swing cannot be activated by the plantar flexors. This leads to excessive dorsiflexion in the ankle joint in terminal stance. The center of gravity of the body lowers towards the end of the stance phase and the knee of the contralateral leg is flexed excessively. With each step, the center of gravity must be raised above the leg with the excessively flexed knee by straightening it. Since the plantar flexors have their origin above the knee joint, they also have a knee-extension effect in the stance phase.>


title: Orthotics

text: "Paralysis of the" "Knee extensors" – if the knee extensors are weak, there is an increased risk of falling. The physiological knee flexion is only inadequately or not controlled by the knee extensors when walking between loading response to the mid-stance. To control the knee, the patient develops compensatory mechanisms that lead to an incorrect gait pattern. That leads for example in the initial contact with the forefoot and not with the heel takes place in order to prevent the knee-flexing effect of the heel rocker. Another way to compensate for weak knee extensors is to exaggerate the activation of the plantar flexors, which leads into hyperextension of the knee.


title: Orthotics

text: "Paralysis of the" "Knee flexors" – if the knee flexors are weak, it is more difficult to flex the knee in pre-swing.


title: Orthotics

text: "Paralysis of the" "Hip flexors" – if the hip flexors are weak, it is more difficult to flex the knee in pre-swing.


title: Orthotics

text: "Paralysis of the" "Hip extensors" – the hip extensors support the control of the knee against unwanted flexion when walking between loading response and mid-stance.


title: Orthotics

text: The functional elements of an orthosis ensure the flexion and extension movements of the ankle joint, the knee joint and the hip joint. They correct and control the movements and secure the joints against undesired incorrect movements, e.g. to avoid falls when standing or walking.


title: Orthotics

text: "Functional elements in paralysis of the dorsiflexors" – if the dorsiflexors are weak, an orthosis should lift the forefoot during the swing phase in order to reduce the risk of the patient stumbling. An orthosis that has only one functional element for lifting the forefoot in order to compensate for a weakness in the dorsiflexors is also known as a drop foot orthosis. If other muscle groups, such as the plantar flexors, are weak, additional functional elements must be taken into account. An AFO of the drop foot orthosis type is therefore not suitable for the care of patients with weakness in other muscle groups. In addition, initial contact with the heel should be achieved by lifting the foot through the orthosis. If the dorsiflexors are very weak, dynamic functional elements, in which the resistance of the plantar flexion can be adjusted, should also take over the control of the rapid drop of the forefoot. They should be able to be adapted to the functional deviation of the dorsiflexors in order to correct the shock absorption via the heel rocker lever of the orthosis in loading response, without blocking the plantar flexion. Static functional elements that block the plantar flexion of the ankle joint lead to excessive flexion in knee and hip and thereby to an increased energy consumption when walking, which is why such a technical solution is not recommended due to newer technical alternatives.


title: Orthotics

text: "Functional elements in paralysis of the plantar flexors" – in order to compensate for a weakness of the plantar flexors, the orthosis has to transfer great forces that the strong muscle group of the plantar flexors would otherwise take over. The forces in the orthosis are transmitted in a similar way to a ski boot during downhill skiing via the functional elements of the foot part, ankle joint and lower leg shell. Dynamic functional elements should preferably be used in the ankle joint in order to secure the dorsiflexion. Static functional elements would completely block the dorsiflexion. A completely blocked dorsiflexion would have to be compensated by compensatory movements in the upper body, which would result in an increasing of energy cost when walking. The resistance of the functional element to protect against unwanted dorsiflexion should be able to be adapted to the weakness of the plantar flexors. In the case of very weak plantar flexors, the resistance of the functional element to secure against undesired dorsiflexion must be very high in order to be able to compensate for the functional deviations of the plantar flexors. Adjustable functional elements of an orthosis allow an exact adjustment of the resistance to the weakness of the muscle and scientific studies have come to the recommendation that the resistance of the orthosis should be adjustable in patients with paralysis or weakness of the plantar flexors.


title: Orthotics

text: "Functional elements in paralysis of knee extensors and hip extensors" – in the case of weak knee extensors or hip extensors, the orthosis must take over the stability and stance phase control when walking. Depending on the weakness of these two muscle groups, different knee-securing functional elements are integrated into the orthosis. In order to compensate for functional deviations with slightly weakness of these muscle groups, free moving mechanical knee joints with a posterior shift of the mechanical pivot point behind the anatomical knee pivot point can be sufficient. In the case of significant weakness, the knee flexion effect when walking must be controlled by functional elements that mechanically secure the knee joint against unwanted knee flexion in the early stance phases between loading response and mid stance. Stance phase control knee joints can be used here. These lock the knee joint in the early stance phases and release the knee joint for knee flexion during the swing phase. With stance phase control knee joints, a natural gait pattern can be achieved despite mechanical securing against unwanted knee flexion. In these cases, locked knee joints are often used, which have a good safety function, but do not allow knee flexion when walking during swing phase. The knee joint remains mechanically locked during the swing phase. Patients with locked knee joints have to manage the swing phase with stiff leg. This only works if the patient develops compensatory mechanisms, e.g. by raising the body's center of gravity in the swing phase (Duchenne limping) or by swinging the orthotic leg to the side (circumduction). Stance phase control knee joints and locked joints can be mechanically "unlocked" so that the knee joint can be flexed to sit down.


title: Orthotics

text: AFO is the abbreviation for ankle-foot orthoses; English name for an orthosis that spans the ankle and foot. In the treatment of paralyzed patients, an AFO is mainly used when there is a weakness of the "dorsiflexors" or "plantar flexors".


title: Orthotics

text: Through the use of modern materials such as carbon fibers and aramid fibers and the new knowledge about processing these materials in composite fiber materials, the weight of orthotics has been extremely reduced compared to previous techniques. Taking into account the weight reduction, it were these materials and technologies that created the possibility of making special areas of an orthosis so rigid that the forces of the weakened muscles can actually be taken over by the AFO, e.g. the connection from the ankle joint to the frontal contact surface on the shin. At the same time, the areas in which flexibility is required can be produced very flexibly, e.g. the flexible part of the forefoot.


title: Orthotics

text: The new technologies with the possibility of producing lightweight orthotics with high rigidity values at the same time brought new demands on orthotics:


title: Orthotics

text: Since several years it has been possible to combine the required rigidity of the orthotic shells with simultaneous dynamics in the ankle.


title: Orthotics

text: A custom-made AFO can compensate for the functional deviations of the muscle groups mentioned. It should be configured according to the patient data through a function and load calculation so that it meets the functional requirements and the loads. When calculating or configuring, functional variants are optimally matched to individual requirements with regard to the functional elements in the area of the ankle joint, the stiffness of the foot shell and the shape of the lower leg shell. The size of the components used is selected by calculating their resilience to match the load data.


title: Orthotics

text: An ankle joint based on new technology is the connection between the foot shell and the lower leg shell and at the same time contains all the necessary adjustable functional elements of an AFO.


title: Orthotics

text: Different functional elements to compensate for a weakness of the "dorsiflexors" or a weakness of the "plantar flexors" can be integrated into the ankle joint of the orthosis depending on the combination of the degree of paralysis of the two muscle groups. In case of weakness of both muscle groups, both functional elements should be integrated in one orthotic joint. The necessary dynamics and the resistance to movements in the ankle are specifically adapted via adjustable functional elements in the ankle joint of the orthosis. In this way, the orthosis can compensate for muscle weaknesses in order to provide safety when standing and walking and at the same time allow as much mobility as possible. For example, adjustable spring units with pre-compression can enable an exact adaptation of the static basic resistance and the dynamic movement resistance to the measured degree of muscle weakness. Studies show the positive effects of these new technologies. It is of great advantage if the resistances for these two functional elements can be set separately.


title: Orthotics

text: An AFO with functional elements to compensate for a weakness of the "plantar flexors" can also be used for slight weakness of the knee-securing muscle groups, the "knee extensors" and the "hip extensors".


title: Orthotics

text: An AFO that has only one functional element for lifting the forefoot in order to compensate for a weakness in the dorsiflexors is also known as a drop foot orthosis. If other muscle groups, such as the plantar flexors, are weak, additional functional elements must be taken into account. An AFO of the drop foot orthosis type is therefore not suitable for the care of patients with weakness in other muscle groups.


title: Orthotics

text: Before these new technologies were available, there was a standard that the International Committee of the Red Cross published in its 2006 Manufacturing Guidelines for Ankle-Foot Orthoses. At that time, the aim was already to offer people with disabilities worldwide standardized processes for the production of high-quality, modern, durable and economical devices.


title: Orthotics

text: Because the new technologies are still not widely used, AFOs are often still made from polypropylene-based plastic, mostly in the shape of an "L" with the upright part behind the calf and the lower part under the foot. The continuous "L" shape of these constructions, however, only offers the rigidity that can be produced with these materials. Such constructions made of polypropylene are still called "DAFO (dynamic ankle-foot orthosis)", "SAFO (solid ankle-foot orthosis)" or "Hinged AFO". Either they are not stable enough to transfer the high forces required to balance the weak plantar flexors when standing and walking (DAFO) or they block the mobility of the ankle joint (SAFO). A "Hinged AFO" at that time, only allow for the compensation of that kind of muscular weakness that could be achieved with the orthotic joints available at that time. In this technology, for example, it is still common to block plantar flexion, as the orthotic joints available at the time cannot simultaneously transmit the large forces that are required to compensate for muscle deviations and at the same time offer the necessary dynamics. While there was this multitude of AFOs in clinical practice, which differed in their design, studies have already established that there was a clear lack of details regarding the design and the materials used for manufacture. Eddison and Chockalingam have called for a new standardization of the terminology. With a focus on the care of children with cerebral palsy (CP), there was already a recommendation from clinical practice in the context of the manufacture of orthotics made of polypropylene and their multitude of possible designs that the potential for improving the gait pattern through specifically adapted orthotics through further studies to investigate. The integration of orthotic joints with modern functional elements in the old production technology with polypropylene, on the other hand, is unusual because the orthotic shells made of polypropylene could not transfer the high forces under the boundary condition of an acceptable weight or would be too soft.


title: Orthotics

text: New studies now show the better possibilities for improving the gait pattern through the new technologies.


title: Orthotics

text: Unfortunately, today's terminologies were determined on the basis of the technologies available until then and therefore now require a particularly high level of explanation.


title: Orthotics

text: The International Committee of the Red Cross published its manufacturing guidelines for ankle–foot orthoses in 2006. Its intent is to provide standardized procedures for the manufacture of high-quality modern, durable and economical devices to people with disabilities throughout the world. Because of the studies already mentioned above which recognize the new technologies available, the main types mentioned are in need of revision today.


title: Orthotics

text: KAFO is the abbreviation for ankle-foot orthoses; English name for an orthosis that spans the knee, the ankle and the foot. In the treatment of paralyzed patients, a KAFO is used when there is a weakness of the knee extensors or hip extensors. The orthotic ankle joint forms the connection between the foot shell and the lower leg shell and the orthotic knee joint forms the connection between the lower leg shell and the thigh shell.


title: Orthotics

text: A KAFO can be roughly divided into three variants, which essentially differ in the function of the mechanical knee joint used, "knee joint locked", "knee joint unlocked" or "knee joint locked and unlocked".