title: American Girl

text: The company then reversed its decision in a Facebook post in May 2017, stating that any existing or upcoming dolls from the line will revert to the old body design, and customers who bought a doll with permanent underwear are eligible for a "one-time" exchange to have the dolls retrofitted with conventional torsos. In addition, the company has switched back to the old "iconic boutique box" packaging after complaints by collectors who deemed the new boxes to be inferior and more susceptible to damage.


title: American Girl

text: YouTube videos made with American Girl Dolls are becoming increasingly popular. In 2015, the American Girl fan community, more specifically the practice of creating and uploading American Girl doll-based stop motion videos (AGSM for short), was featured in a news report for BBC News' Trending site, along with interviews and videos from several prominent doll community members. Besides stop-motion animations and music videos set to popular music, the report covers recurring subject matters in said clips such as cyberbullying and other social issues among children and teenagers, along with doll customization, photoshoots and unboxing videos showing new and discontinued clothes, accessories and dolls from the company.


title: American Girl

text: Besides YouTube, social media services, such as Instagram and Facebook, serve as platforms for fans of the toy line, spawning a community called AGIG, or American Girl Instagram, who photograph their dolls and post their photos on the service. Although mostly made up of girls usually around the age of 12–18, a number of boys and adults also participate and congregate on AGIG.


title: American Girl

text: American Girl's teenage fans, particularly ones on AGTube and AGIG, will meet up with other fans at American Girl stores. At the release of Lea Clark and Gabriela McBride, certain prominent community members were included in the "Clue" videos released by American Girl. At the release of Z Yang, American Girl hosted meetups at their New York City flagship store and their Dallas location.


title: American Girl

text: In 2019, the American Girls Podcast, a book-by-book exploration of the series, was launched. Co-hosted by historians Allison Horrocks and Mary Mahoney, each episode discusses one book from the series, contextualizing the story presented and making connections to elements of pop culture. The podcast has received positive attention from many media outlets, including "The New York Times".


title: American Girl

text: In May 2022, the American Girl Podcast Network was launched. The three original shows are aimed to capture a multi-generational fanbase, based on American Girl's advice book series, "A Smart Girl's Guide".


title: Rajiv Gauba

text: Rajiv Gauba (born 15 August 1959; IAST: ) is an Indian civil servant serving as the current Cabinet Secretary of India since 2019. He is an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer belonging 1982 batch of Jharkhand (erstwhile Bihar) cadre. Prior to his appointment as Cabinet Secretary, he was Home Secretary of India.


title: Rajiv Gauba

text: In a career spanning over four decades, Rajiv Gauba has worked in several important positions in the Government of India, the Government of Bihar and the Jharkhand. Prior to his appointment as Cabinet Secretary, i.e., the head of civil services in India, he served with distinction as the Union Home Secretary, Union Urban Development Secretary, and the Chief Secretary of Jharkhand.


title: Rajiv Gauba

text: Gauba, showed a rare flair for sensitivity and effectiveness even in his first assignment as SDM when as a young officer he handled the Anti-Sikh riots in October/November 1984 with total firmness, preventing any violent accident in the area under his charge. He worked as Deputy Development Commissioner in the predominantly tribal Dumka district. Gauba’s tenure of nearly six years as district magistrate and collector first in Nalanda, then Muzaffarpur and in Gaya were marked by his thrust on socio economic development and welfare. His handling of elections won him notable praise in the difficult elections held in Muzaffarpur in 1994 & 1995 and Gaya in 1996.


title: Rajiv Gauba

text: In 1996, Gauba moved on deputation to the Government of India, first being posted as Director in Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. Gauba was later appointed the Private Secretary (Chief of Staff) to the then Raksha Mantri (Union Defense Minister) Mr. George Fernandes. In this role he helped run the very strategic office at a time when India acquired nuclear capability and won the Kargil war.


title: Rajiv Gauba

text: For his keen grasp of international economics & policy issues, Gauba was selected for the prestigious post of Sr. Adviser to ED, India, IMF based in Washington. The period 2002-03 was a crucial one for relations between India and the IMF. India agreed to participate in the Financial Transaction Plan of the IMF in late 2002 i.e., it became a creditor to the IMF and has continued to remain a creditor since then. Selection of India by IMF as member of the FTP, for the first time in 2002, sent strong signals regarding the country’s strength and resilience of its external sector to the international community. Gauba returned to the Union Government in 2009 as Joint Secretary in the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change where he set up the National Mission on Clean Ganga.


title: Rajiv Gauba

text: As Additional Secretary in Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Gauba oversaw the implementation of the National E-Governance Plan. Later as Additional Secretary in Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), Gauba was the architect of National Action Plan to combat Left Wing Extremism which has helped to significantly contain this major internal security challenge.


title: Rajiv Gauba

text: Gauba was appointed the Chief Secretary of the Government of Jharkhand by the Chief Minister of Jharkhand on 20 January 2015.


title: Rajiv Gauba

text: As one of the youngest Chief Secretaries, Gauba set about on an ambitious agenda which involved changing the way the governance system worked. The Government of Jharkhand saw a major downsizing, bringing down the number of departments. Jharkhand was a state of immense potential but had belied hopes. Gauba spearheaded a number of initiatives, the most notable among them being tackling this problem through a combination of proactive policing, and developmental outreach. Young officers were posted as DMs and SPs and improve the reach of police & Government administration. CAPF and State Police camps were established in remote areas and Roads & Bridges were built to promote development. These culminated in significant shrinking of the area under LWE influence.


title: Rajiv Gauba

text: As an industrial state Jharkhand offered immense potential. To realize this, Ease of Doing Business reforms were carried out in true earnest and in World Bank’s Ease of Bizassessment, Jharkhand leapfrogged to the third position from almost the bottom of the list in 2016. This was done by removing archaic legislations like Agricultural Market Cess and Boiler Room Inspections among others, and by introducing positive changes by way of Labor Reforms. Initial reforms in Jharkhand were viewed with skepticism yet the ethos of governance changed from a negative obstructionist approach and to a positive enabling environment.


title: Rajiv Gauba

text: Gauba was appointed as the Union Urban Development Secretary by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) on 1 April 2016.


title: Rajiv Gauba

text: Gauba drove interventions aimed at addressing the huge infrastructure deficit in Indian cities/urban areas with focus on water supply, sewerage network and green spaces. As Urban Development Secretary, he helped conceptualize and implement a series of major initiatives for urban transformation such as the Smart Cities Mission, Swachh Bharat Mission and AMRUT Mission.


title: Rajiv Gauba

text: Gauba also led key initiatives of the Ministry, such as the preparation of the report of The High-Powered Committee On Decongesting Traffic In Delhi – which studied New Delhi’s traffic scenario in-depth and provided a four-pronged strategy for resolution – and it was under his tenure that the Ministry prepared the critical National Policy on Fecal Sludge and Septage Management.


title: Rajiv Gauba

text: One of the major projects under Gauba was the massive redevelopment project of seven general pool residential accommodations in India’s capital city New Delhi which sought to renew then 12,970 existing homes with 25,667 dwelling units, at an estimated project cost of INR 32,835 crores (operation costs for 30 years).


title: Rajiv Gauba

text: Gauba was appointed as the Union Home Secretary by the ACC on 22 June 2017, succeeding Rajiv Mehrishi. He served as an officer on special duty in the rank of secretary, till Mehrishi's retirement, he formally took charge on 31 August 2017.


title: Rajiv Gauba

text: During Gauba’s tenure, the Government of India undertook historic step of abrogation of the Article 370 and reorganization of J&K State. Gauba closely monitored and managed the on-ground situation. One of the major actions to ensure these changes were implemented was the banning of Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front, which has been at the forefront of separatist activities and violence since 1988. Gauba’s greatest success was the peaceful abolition of Art 370 and his management of the on-ground situation in Kashmir. The abolition was a historic achievement and the fulfillment of a long-standing demand of the Indian people.


title: Rajiv Gauba

text: Gauba as Union Home Secretary ensured effective implementation of the LWE strategy that he had conceptualized earlier. The renewed focus on mitigating and then combating the LWE menace across the country. Gauba is credited for significantly rationalizing the weapons and equipment procurement process for Central Armed Police Forces (CPRF, BSF), removing bulging procedural layers and empowering Commandant level officers with financial powers.


title: Rajiv Gauba

text: Gauba was appointed as Cabinet Secretary in August 2019. He handed over charge of Home Secretary to Ajay Kumar Bhalla (IAS) on 22 August 2019.


title: Rajiv Gauba

text: As Cabinet Secretary, Gauba has played a key role in India’s fight against the Covid19 pandemic. Amongst the important initiatives was the setting up of various task forces which mobilized the entire government machinery to ensure into a coherent and comprehensive response.


title: Rajiv Gauba

text: Gauba has been one of the leading players behind the Government of India’s Campaign to ensure ease of living for its citizens. He has been the driving force behind some of the most landmark reforms in India like Ease of Doing Business, Reduction of Compliance Burden and Decriminalization of minor offences.


title: Rajiv Gauba

text: His wife Pammi Gauba is Dean & Head of the Department, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology. Gauba has a son and a daughter.


title: Thar (film)

text: Thar is a 2022 Indian Hindi-language neo-Western action thriller film written and directed by Raj Singh Chaudhary and produced by Anil Kapoor and Harshvardhan Kapoor. Set in the 80s, "Thar" follows a city man who moves to a village located in the wilderness for some exploration work, but there is more to him than meets the eye. It stars Anil Kapoor, Harshvardhan Kapoor, and Fatima Sana Shaikh.


title: Thar (film)

text: It released on Netflix on 6 May 2022, to mixed to positive reviews from critics, who praised the direction, cinematography, performances, dialogues, background score, and its homages to the Western genre, though some criticized its predictable story, screenplay, and editing.


title: Thar (film)

text: In 1985, Siddharth Kumar, a mysterious antique dealer, travels through Munabao, a remote Rajasthani village situated in the Thar desert near the Pakistan border, that has been rocked recently by violent killings. As Inspector of Munabao, Surekha Singh, investigates these killings, when he crosses paths with Siddharth.


title: Thar (film)

text: Pooja Biraia Jaiswal of "The Week" gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 stars and wrote ""Thar"s gripping atmospherics, set in 1985, is captured evocatively by Shreya Dev Dube, as the narrative unfolds in the desert's grim expanse". Taran Adarsh of "Bollywood Hungama" gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 stars and wrote ""Thar" is a surprise of the season and worth watching for its plot, direction, music score and the never before seen locales of Rajasthan". Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" gave the film a rating of 3/5 stars and wrote "There are hints of Sergio Leone and Cormac McCarthy in this Rajasthan-set mystery starring the actor and his son". Bharathi Pradhan of "Lehren" gave the film a rating of 3/5 stars and stated "Cruel & Compelling". Renuka Vyavahare of "The Times Of India" gave the film a rating of 3/5 stars and wrote "Anil Kapoor's film choices are only getting better and bolder with age. Be it "Thar" or "AK vs AK", he's showing the millennials and OTT clan what a certified movie star is made of". Reubyn Coutinho of Netflix Junkie wrote "Shots of the sprawling desert landscape give one that classic western feel that can transport them back in time to the classic westerns or even the spaghetti westerns." Prateek Sur of "Outlook India" gave the film a rating of 3/5 stars and wrote "While Chaudhary has made a great attempt at bringing forth a dark neo-noir thriller, but in his haste to keep it under two hours, he has just squandered a great plot at hand".


title: Thar (film)

text: Anna MM Vetticad of "Firstpost" gave the film a rating of 2.75/5 stars and wrote "Anil Kapoor's quiet charisma and innate appeal keep the film going even when its writing enters shallow waters". Saibal Chatterjee of "NDTV" gave the film a rating of 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Kapoor Sr delivers a restrained performance, and Kapoor Jr finds himself tackling a role that appears to be right up his narrow alley. Fatima Sana Shaikh is sultry and smouldering by turns". Shubhra Gupta of "The Indian Express" gave the film a rating of 2.5/5 stars and wrote "This is one of those films where the setting is the real hero-- the 'Marusthal' (desert) stretching as far as the eye can see, crumbling forts, bare trees providing meagre shade, implacable, hard beauty". Sukanya Verna of "Rediff" gave the film a rating of 2.5/5 stars and wrote ""Thar" fails to ignite any excitement on screen". Avinash Lohana of "Pinkvilla" gave the film a rating of 2.5/5 stars and wrote ""Thar" had immense potential and manages to retain a lot of it too, but what disappoints is the lack of enough twists, predictable turns and dispensable additions to the story". Gautaman Bhaskaran of "News18" gave the film a rating of 2/5 stars and wrote "Anil Kapoor as the cop frustrated that he has not been able to rise in the ranks, does a decent job. But there is not much coming from Kapoor's son". Soumya Srivastava of "The Hindustan Times" stated "Anil Kapoor outshines son Harsh Varrdhan Kapoor in the film, which begins as a Western set in Rajasthan but soon descends into torture porn genre".


title: M40 recoilless rifle

text: The M40 recoilless rifle is a portable, crew-served 105 mm recoilless rifle made in the United States. Intended primarily as an anti-tank weapon, it could also be employed in an antipersonnel role with the use of an antipersonnel-tracer flechette round. The bore was commonly described as being 106 mm caliber but is in fact 105 mm; the 106 mm designation was intended to prevent confusion with incompatible 105 mm ammunition from the failed M27. The air-cooled, breech-loaded, single-shot rifle fired fixed ammunition and was used primarily from a wheeled ground mount. It was designed for direct firing only, and sighting equipment for this purpose was furnished with each weapon, including an affixed spotting rifle.


title: M40 recoilless rifle

text: A limited number of M50 Ontos were built as a self-propelled light armored tracked anti-tank vehicle. They had six 106 mm M40 recoilless rifles as its main armament, which could be fired in rapid succession against a single target to guarantee a kill.


title: M40 recoilless rifle

text: Replacing the M27 recoilless rifle, the M40 primarily saw action during the Vietnam War and was widely used during various conflicts thereafter in Africa or in the Middle East. It was replaced by the BGM-71 TOW anti-tank missile system in the US Armed Forces.


title: M40 recoilless rifle

text: The earlier M27 recoilless rifle was a 105-mm weapon developed in the early 1950s and fielded in the Korean War. Although a recoilless rifle of this caliber had been a concept since the Second World War, the weapon was hurriedly produced with the onset of the Korean War. The speed with which it was developed and fielded resulted in problems with reliability caused by trunnions that were mounted too far to the rear. The M27 was also considered too heavy by the U.S. Army and had a disappointing effective range due to the lack of a spotting rifle. Taking the M27 as the basis for a new design, the Army developed an improved version of the M27 that was type-designated the M40 106-mm recoilless rifle in 1955. Although unsuitable for military purposes, M27 recoilless rifles were used to trigger controlled avalanches at ski resorts and mountain passes in the United States.


title: M40 recoilless rifle

text: The M40 is shaped like a long tube with an M8C .50 cal spotting rifle above. The spotting rifle fires a round whose trajectory closely matches that of the 105 mm round and gives off a puff of smoke on impact with the target. On the left side, there is an elevating wheel, in the center of which is the trigger wheel used to fine adjust the elevation and at the same time firing the spotting rifle when pulled, and the gun when pushed. The mounting is a tripod, but the front leg has a castering wheel. On top of the mount is a traverse wheel. On the center of the traverse wheel is a locking wheel, when the wheel is down, the rifle is locked in traverse, and can only be moved right and left with the traverse wheel. When the wheel is raised, the rifle can be traversed by hand. Austria produced a two-wheeled mount for the M40.


title: M40 recoilless rifle

text: The whole mounting can be placed on an M151 Jeep for mobile use. It has also been mounted on M113s, UMM 4x4s, Mahindra jeeps, Fath Safirs, Land Rover Defenders, Mercedes-Benz G-Wagen, Hotchkiss M201 jeeps, Toyota Land Cruisers, Jeep CJs, Willys M38s, HMMWVs, M274 Mechanical Mules, Tiuna 106mm weapons platforms, KADDB Al Jawad vehicles, RBY MK 1s, AIL Abirs and AIL Storms. They were also used on US Navy minesweepers (MSO) during Operation Market Time in Vietnam.


title: M40 recoilless rifle

text: A special vehicle called the Ontos carried six M40s. A version specific to the T195E5 mount, the M40A1C, was used. It was used only by the U.S. Marine Corps. Japan produced a self-propelled gun called the Type 60, which carried two side by side. Some Pakistani M113s have a dual mounting. Three Panagopoulos coastal patrol boats class of the Hellenic Coast Guard and the Hellenic Navy in service of 1976-2003 was armed with two sextuples M40.


title: M40 recoilless rifle

text: The M40 was a very successful export item and continues to be used by South Korea, Ecuador, Estonia, Greece, Honduras, Iran, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, the Philippines, Taiwan, Turkey, Colombia, Venezuela and many others, as well as anti-government forces in the Libyan Civil War and Syrian civil war.


title: M40 recoilless rifle

text: Ammunition for the 105 mm rifle was issued as one-piece fixed cartridges. The term "fixed" means that the projectile and the cartridge case are crimped together. This ensures correct alignment of the projectile and the cartridge case. It also permits faster loading because the projectile and the cartridge case are loaded as one unit. The rear end of the cartridge case is perforated, to allow the propellant gas to escape through the vented breech, thus neutralizing recoil. Most projectiles (except HEAT) used are pre-engraved, that is, the rotating bands are cut to engage the rifled bore. If the round was not rotated slightly when loading the M40 it could result in jamming in the breech.


title: M40 recoilless rifle

text: Types of ammunition included HEAT, High Explosive Plastic-Tracer (HEP-T), canister, High Explosive Anti Personnel, and the M368 dummy round which could not be fired and was used for crew drill. The original U.S. HEAT round penetrated more than 400 mm of armor. Near the end of the M40's service life, both Austria and Sweden produced HEAT rounds for the weapon capable of penetrating more than 700 mm of armor.


title: M40 recoilless rifle

text: The ammunition for the M8C spotting rifle is not .50 BMG, but a 12.7x77mm (22mm shorter) round than used in .50 caliber machine guns. The spotter round was developed to replicate the trajectory of the 106 mm ammunition, and features a tracer element and a point-detonating incendiary filler to create a puff of white smoke at the impact point. Four of the six 106mm rifles on the M50 Ontos mounted spotter rifles. Spotter rounds has a yellow tip with a red band and practice cartridges had a green tip.


title: M40 recoilless rifle

text: Although the spotting rifle could conceivably be used in an antipersonnel role, historic U.S. military doctrine strongly discouraged this use, for a purely tactical reason—to conceal the vulnerable M40 and its crew from the enemy until the main rifle was ready to fire. However, this restriction is believed to be the source of a long-standing misconception that the laws of war restrict the use of .50-caliber projectiles against enemy personnel more generally.


title: M40 recoilless rifle

text: In the early 1990s, the United States Forest Service (USFS) introduced the M40 for avalanche control as ammunition stocks for its M27 rifles became depleted. The M40 was initially successful due to operational similarities to the familiar M27 and ready availability from the U.S. military; however, in 1995, a USFS gunner was killed by shrapnel after a low-level premature warhead detonation inside an M40 barrel. The accident was attributed to an undiscovered hairline crack in the projectile's base plate. Following this incident, most USFS M40s were quickly replaced with surplus 105 mm howitzers, but a few were kept in service with safety barriers to protect the gunners, who fired the guns remotely. In December 2002, two M40s at Mammoth Mountain were destroyed by catastrophic bore explosions 13 days apart. The gunners were uninjured, having been protected by the safety barriers, but the incidents prompted the USFS to retire all remaining M40s in July 2003.


title: M40 recoilless rifle

text: Also in the mid 1990s, Parks Canada acquired four M40s for avalanche control to replace the Canadian Armed Forces using 105 mm towed howitzers in Rogers Pass (British Columbia) on the Trans-Canada Highway. Special pedestals were built at specific locations and a pneumatic remote firing system was devised to allow the operators to fire the recoilless rifle safely in case of ammunition malfunction. After a trial period, the M40s plan was abandoned and the Canadian Armed Forces once again began providing 105mm towed howitzers and artillery personnel to conduct avalanche control.


title: Arun Govil

text: Arun Govil ( ; born 12 January 1958) is an Indian actor who works in Hindi films and television. He is best known for portraying the role of Lord Rama in Ramanand Sagar's epic Television Series "Ramayan" and King Vikramāditya in "Vikram Aur Betaal". He also appeared in films like "Paheli" (1977), "Sawan Ko Aane Do" (1979), "Saanch Ko Aanch Nahin" (1979), "Jiyo To Aise Jiyo" (1981), "Himmatwala" (1983) and "Dilwaala" (1986).


title: Arun Govil

text: Arun Govil was born on 12 January 1958 in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. He got his formal education at Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, where he studied engineering science and acted in some plays. He spent his teenage life in Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh. His father wanted him to become a government servant while Arun wanted to do something for which he would be remembered.


title: Arun Govil

text: Arun's father, Shri Chandra Prakash Govil, was a government officer. Arun is the fourth of six brothers and two sisters. His elder brother Vijay Govil is married to Tabassum, a former child actress and the host of the first Bollywood Celebrity talk show on Doordarshan "Phool Khile Hain Gulshan Gulshan", which continued for 21 years.


title: Arun Govil

text: In 1975, He moved to Mumbai to join his brother's business there. After a short while, he found that he no longer enjoyed the work and decided to find something more enjoyable. After doing dramas in college he decided to start acting. Govil got his first break in Indian cinema in the 1977 film "Paheli", when he was introduced to Tarachand Barjatya by his sister-in-law Tabassum.


title: Arun Govil

text: He made his Bollywood debut in Prashanta Nanda's "Paheli" (1977). He shot to stardom after he was cast in Kanak Mishra's "Sawan Ko Aane Do" (1979) and Satyen Bose's "Saanch Ko Aanch Nahin" (1979). He made his small screen debut in Ramanand Sagar's "Vikram Aur Betaal" (1985). He was then cast as Lord Rama in Sagar's TV series "Ramayan" (1986), for which he won the Uptron Award in the Best Actor in a Leading Role category in 1988. He reprised his role as Rama in Sagar's "Luv Kush" and Padmalya Telefilms Limited"'s Jai Veer Hanuman"


title: Arun Govil

text: Barjatya was really impressed by Govil's performance in the film and he signed him a three-film-deal — Kanak Mishra's "Sawan Ko Aane Do" (1979), Vijay Kapoor's "Raadha Aur Seeta" (1979) and Satyen Bose's "Saanch Ko Aanch Nahin" (1979). "Sawan Ko Aane Do" became a major success at box office catapulting Govil to stardom. "Raadha Aur Seeta" was a box office failure while "Saanch Ko Aanch Nahin" was another success at box office. He featured in Kanak Mishra's "Jiyo To Aise Jiyo" (1981).


title: Arun Govil

text: Ramanand Sagar cast Govil as Vikramaditya in his television series "Vikram Aur Betaal" and Rama in "Ramayan".


title: Arun Govil

text: His role as Rama provided him great exposure and led him to be cast in other roles such as Harishchandra in the TV series "Vishwamitra" or Buddha in the TV series "Buddha". He lent his voice as Rama in Yugo Sako's Indo-Japanese animation film "" (1992). He also played the role of Laxman in V. Madhusudhana Rao's "Lav Kush" (1997). In the year 2020, he appeared on The Kapil Sharma Show as a guest along with Dipika Chikhlia , Sunil Lahri and Prem Sagar to promote book on Late Ramanand Sagar.


title: Red Heat (1988 film)

text: Red Heat is a 1988 American buddy cop action film directed, co-written, and co-produced by Walter Hill and starring Arnold Schwarzenegger as Moscow Militia Captain Ivan Danko, and Jim Belushi as Chicago police detective Art Ridzik. Finding themselves on the same case, Danko and Ridzik work as partners to catch a cunning and deadly Georgian drug kingpin, Viktor Rostavili (Ed O'Ross), who killed Danko's previous partner in the Soviet Union.


title: Red Heat (1988 film)

text: Most of the scenes set in the Soviet Union were actually shot in Hungary. Schwarzenegger was paid a salary of $8 million for his role in the film.


title: Red Heat (1988 film)

text: Captain Ivan Danko and Lieutenant Yuri Ogarkov of the Moscow Militia lead a sting operation against Georgian drug kingpin Viktor Rostavili. However, Rostavili manages to evade capture, and in an ensuing firefight, kills Ogarkov and flees to the United States. As Danko is recovering from his injuries, Rostavili is arrested for a minor traffic violation in Chicago, and Danko is subsequently dispatched to America to retrieve the felon, under strict orders not to reveal the true nature of Rostavili's extradition.


title: Red Heat (1988 film)

text: Upon arriving in Chicago, Danko is met by Police Detective Sergeant Art Ridzik and Detective Max Gallagher. As he is interrogating Rostavili, Danko confiscates a mysterious key hidden on his person. While he is being transported to the airport, the group is ambushed by his men and Gallagher is shot and killed, allowing the prisoner to escape. Against the wishes of local authorities, Danko resolves to remain in Chicago to apprehend Rostavili, and Ridzik is assigned to be his minder.


title: Red Heat (1988 film)

text: Through an informant, Danko and Ridzik learn that Rostavili is working with local street gangs to purchase and smuggle uncut cocaine into the Soviet Union. The duo confront Rostavili's American wife Cat Manzetti, but are led into an ambush where Rostavili demands Danko return his key, forcing the two to flee.


title: Red Heat (1988 film)

text: Danko and Ridzik go to a hospital to interrogate one of Rostavili's men, injured during the earlier ambush, but he is killed by another of Rostavili's accomplices disguised as a nurse. Danko subsequently shoots and kills the assassin. Ridzik's superiors confiscate Danko's sidearm, as he isn't licensed to carry one in the United States, and order him to cease the investigation. However Ridzik, who still wants to avenge his partner's murder, secretly gives Ivan his spare gun.


title: Red Heat (1988 film)

text: Returning to his hotel, Danko is attacked by Rostavili's men. While Danko fights them off, Rostavili sneaks into his room and steals the key. Ridzik takes Danko to visit a locksmith, where they match the key to ones produced for lockers at a bus terminal. Rostavili uses the key to retrieve his drug shipment, and steals an empty bus just as Danko and Ridzik arrive. Chasing him in another bus, Danko and Ridzik cause Rostavili to crash into an oncoming train. As Rostavili crawls out of the wreckage, Danko kills him. Later, Ridzik takes Danko to the airport. As a token of their new friendship, they exchange wristwatches.


title: Red Heat (1988 film)

text: The film was based on an original story by Walter Hill. He says he conceived of the idea for "Red Heat" because he and Arnold Schwarzenegger had long wanted to work together:


title: Red Heat (1988 film)

text: I didn't want to do sci-fi and it's tough to use Arnold credibly in an American context with his accent. I thought it would be interesting if he could play a Russian cop in the US. I wanted to do a traditional John Wayne/Clint Eastwood larger-than-life movie. You then ask the question: Will the American audience accept an unapologetic Soviet hero, someone who will not defect at the end of the movie?


title: Red Heat (1988 film)

text: According to Schwarzenegger, when Hill approached him he did not have a complete script – he just had the basic premise and the scene in which Danko rips off a henchman's leg to discover it is wooden and contains cocaine. Schwarzenegger agreed to make the movie on the basis of this and Hill's track record, in particular his earlier buddy action comedy "48 Hours".


title: Red Heat (1988 film)

text: The wooden leg scene originally came from a script by Harry Kleiner that had been sent to Hill. Hill did not want to do the script but loved the scene and paid Kleiner for it. "I think it's the best scene in the movie", said Hill later. "The movie, after he left Moscow, I never thought was much good, but I thought that was a terrific scene."


title: Red Heat (1988 film)

text: Hill says he deliberately chose to tone down the Schwarzenegger persona, making him more realistic and less prone to wisecracks. Hill:


title: Red Heat (1988 film)

text: I had confidence in him as an actor. I didn't want him just to throw a Volkswagen over a building. Arnold has an ability to communicate that cuts through cultures and countries. They just love to see this guy win. But everyone thinks it's his muscles. It's not that at all: it's his face, his eyes. He has a face that's a throwback to a warrior from the Middle Ages or ancient Greece.


title: Red Heat (1988 film)

text: Schwarzenegger says Hill told him to watch Greta Garbo's performance in "Ninotchka" (1939) "to get a handle on how Danko [his character] should react as a loyal Soviet in the West. I got to learn a little Russian, and it was a role for which my own accent was a plus."


title: Red Heat (1988 film)

text: The music score was done by James Horner. "I told James I wanted something like you're in the Olympics and you've just won a gold medal", said Hill. "I wanted something heroic." The second movement ("Philosophers") of Sergei Prokofiev's "Cantata for the 20th Anniversary of the October Revolution" was used in the opening and closing titles of the film.


title: Red Heat (1988 film)

text: Hill says he wanted to use buses rather than cars in the climactic action scene because it would be more interesting. "Also, I thought it was very appropriate for Arnold. He doesn't fit well in cars."


title: Red Heat (1988 film)

text: The script was constantly rewritten during the shoot. Among the writers who worked on it were Hill himself, Harry Kleiner, Troy Kennedy Martin, Steven Meerson & Peter Krikes, and John Mankiewicz & Daniel Pyne. "You've got to understand that Walter likes to create as he goes along", said a source close to the production. "Also, the project was put together quickly based on an idea of his-a Russian cop in Chicago. There was no script." A spokesman for the Writers Guild said Hill was a member in very good standing: "He does tend to hire a lot of people but he pays well above minimums and we feel he's been quite straightforward about screen credit."


title: Red Heat (1988 film)

text: Film title designer Wayne Fitzgerald created a new font for the film, a morph of English and Russian alphabets. For example, he removed the bar in "A" so that it imitates the Russian Л (Λ), and flipped letters N and R, so that they coincide with Russian И and Я, respectively.


title: Red Heat (1988 film)

text: The first half of the opening scene was shot in Budapest's Rudas Thermal Bath. It features a brawl between naked men, including Schwarzenegger. He approved the scene saying that "Whenever the scene calls for nudity and it fits into the movie, I don't mind that .. But if it is exploiting the whole idea and is thrown in for no reason, then it bothers me and I stay away from it."


title: Red Heat (1988 film)

text: The second half was shot in Austria because Budapest had no snow. The film shot in Moscow for four days, primarily at Red Square, which became possible due to the rapid warm up of the cultural and political relations between the Soviet Union and United States. Despite obtaining permission to film in Moscow, the film crew was unsure about exactly where they could shoot; hence many "Moscow" scenes were eventually filmed in Budapest. For example, Buda Castle was used as the Soviet Ministry of home affairs.


title: Red Heat (1988 film)

text: In the film, Danko is using "the best Soviet gun of 9.2 mm caliber designed by Podbyrin". Hill wanted it to be an unusually large and threatening weapon resembling Walther P38. Tim LaFrance designed the gun at his workshop in San Diego, starting from Desert Eagle as an inspiration; hence the gun was nicknamed the "Hollywood Eagle". After release of the movie, its copies were sold in the United States as "Pobyrin pistol".


title: Red Heat (1988 film)

text: As to the weapon of the main villain, Viktor Rostavili, Hill wanted it to be a concealed, mafia-style gun. LaFrance designed it as a modified derringer, which was strapped to a forearm using a spring-based system. The gun was hidden in a sleeve, and slid into the hand after a certain hand movement.


title: Red Heat (1988 film)

text: "Red Heat" opened in Los Angeles and New York on June 17, 1988. It was distributed by TriStar Pictures.


title: Red Heat (1988 film)

text: The film opened at the top spot at the box office, it grossed $35 million in the US, but was far outpaced by Schwarzenegger's other comedy film in 1988, "Twins".


title: Red Heat (1988 film)

text: Schwarzenegger later wrote the film "wasn't the smash I'd expected. Why is hard to guess. It could be that audiences were not ready for Russia, or that my and Jim Belushi's performances were not funny enough, or that the director didn't do a good enough job. For whatever reason, it just didn't quite close the deal."


title: Red Heat (1988 film)

text: Walter Hill said the film "did pretty well at the domestic box office but not as well as what we hoped it would do. It was big foreign. It was a very big seller on cassette. Did the movie do poorly, medium or well?"


title: Red Heat (1988 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 68% based on reviews from 25 critics, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The site's consensus states: ""Red Heat"'s overreliance on genre formula is bolstered by Walter Hill's rugged direction and a strong touch of humor." On Metacritic the film has a score of 61% based on reviews from 13 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Red Heat (1988 film)

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave it 3 out of 4, and wrote: "The film is punctuated by violence, a great deal of violence, although most of it is exaggerated comic-book style instead of being truly gruesome. Walking that fine line is a speciality of Hill." "Variety" gave it a positive review, stating "Schwarzenegger [...] is right on target with his characterization of the iron-willed soldier, and Belushi proves a quicksilver foil.


title: Red Heat (1988 film)

text: Hal Hinson of "The Washington Post" panned the film: ""Red Heat" is poorly, or even indifferently, made. It's a joyless exercise, and too much angry resignation seeps in for it to be very funny or very entertaining." Film historian Leonard Maltin seemed to agree with Hinson, calling the film "...cheerless and foul-mouthed, with two of the least-appealing characters imaginable as the good guys."


title: Dwight York

text: Dwight D. York (born June 26, 1945), also known as Malachi Z. York, Issa al-Haadi al-Mahdi, "et alii", is an American criminal, pedophile, child molester, musician, and writer best known as the founding leader of several black Muslim groups in New York, most notably the Nuwaubian Nation, a new religious movement that has existed in some form since the 1960s. He is a convicted child molester.


title: Dwight York

text: York began founding several black Muslim groups in the late 1960s. In 1967 he was preaching to the "Ansaaru Allah" (viz. African-Americans) in Brooklyn, New York, during the period of the black power movement. He founded numerous religious movements under various names between the 1960s and 1980s. These were at first based on pseudo-Islamic themes and Judaism (Nubian Islamic Hebrews). Later he developed a theme derived from "Ancient Egypt", mixing ideas taken from black nationalism, cryptozoology, Christianity, UFO religions, New Age, and popular conspiracy theories. He last called his group the United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors, Nuwaubian Nation, or Nuwabians.


title: Dwight York

text: Around 1990, York and the Nuwaubian Nation relocated to rural Putnam County, Georgia, where they built a large complex. They came under scrutiny in the early 1990s, after they built "Tama-Re," an Egyptian-themed "city" for about a hundred of his followers in Putnam County. Before York's trial, the community had been joined directly and in the area by hundreds of other followers from out of state, while alienating both Black and White local residents. The community was intensively investigated after numerous reports that York had molested numerous children of his followers. He and his group were originally based in Brooklyn, New York and some of them relocated to Athens, Georgia after his arrest. York was convicted in 2004 of child molestation and violations of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act. He is serving a 135-year sentence.


title: Dwight York

text: York and his wife, Kathy Johnson, were arrested in May 2002. In 2004, he was convicted on federal charges of transporting minors across state lines for the purposes of child sexual molestation, as well as racketeering and financial reporting violations. York's case was reported as the largest prosecution for child molestation ever directed at a single person in the history of the United States, both in terms of number of victims and number of incidents.


title: Dwight York

text: According to a birth certificate issued in the United States, Dwight D. York was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Other sources give his birthplace as New Jersey, New York, Baltimore, or Takoradi, Ghana.


title: Dwight York

text: York says that he was raised in Massachusetts, and at the age of seven went to Aswan, Egypt, to learn about Islam. "My grandfather, As Sayyid Abdur Rahman Al Mahdi, the Imaam of the Ansaars in the Sudan until 1959 AD, upon looking into my eyes foretold that I was the one who would possess 'the light.'" He says he returned to the United States in 1957 at age 12 and continued to study Islam. As an adolescent, he moved with his family to Teaneck, New Jersey.


title: Dwight York

text: In the late 1960s York, calling himself "Imaam Isa", combined elements of the Moorish Science Temple of America, the Nation of Islam, the Nation of Gods and Earths and Freemasonry, and founded a quasi-Muslim black nationalist movement and community. He called it "Ansaar Pure Sufi", or the "Ansaaru Allah Community", c. 1970. He instructed members to wear black and green dashikis.


title: Dwight York

text: He later changed his name to "Imaam Isa Abdullah" and renamed his "Ansaar Pure Sufi" ministry to the "Nubians" in Brooklyn in 1967. The group was considered to be part of the Black Hebrews phenomenon, under the name "Nubian Islaamic Hebrews" and "Nubian Hebrew Mission" as of 1969. Unlike other groups, they were not Judeo-Christian but Judeo-Islamic. This was also the period of Black Power among some African Americans.


title: Dwight York

text: York later traveled to Africa, to Sudan and Egypt in particular. He met and persuaded members of Mohamed Ahmed Al-Mahdi's family to finance him to set up a cell of their organization in the United States. This was to be a "west" or "American" political wing of Sudan's Ansar movement under Sadiq al-Mahdi (also see Umma Party). He began to develop the claim of his "Sudanese" roots in order to authenticate his American branch of the sect.


title: Dwight York

text: After York returned from a pilgrimage to (Egypt and Sudan), he invited Sadiq Al-Mahdi to the US. In 1970 his group changed its name to the "Ansaaru Allah Community in the West". A 1993 FBI report described this group as a "front for a wide range of criminal activity, including arson, welfare fraud and extortion."


title: Dwight York

text: The women of the Ansaaru Allah Community focus on memorizing history as their Imam sees it, learning Arabic (many of them are quite fluent), incorporating Sudanese etiquette into their mannerisms and memorizing the Qur'an. They participate in the compilation of the various texts produced by the community and also work in the recording studio owned by the community. Other than this work, the women's main source of income comes from US government public assistance and monies earned by the men in various enterprises such as food shops, jewelry and merchandise stores, and street vending.


title: Dwight York

text: He was based in Coney Island for a time, and operated a bookstore and a printing press on Flatbush Ave. in the 70s. In the 80s he was based in Brooklyn, on Bushwick Ave. York's students are best remembered by New Yorkers as practitioners of orthodox Islam – members of certain New York Five-Percent Nation, Nation of Islam and Arab Islamic mosques still regard the Nuwaubians as a rival faction – but at different times they followed the paths of Christianity and Judaism. Operations relocated to Liberty, near the Catskills, around 1991, then to Georgia in 1993.


title: Dwight York

text: The community in Brooklyn, reported as identifying as the "Holy Tabernacle of the Most High" and also as the "Children of Abraham", was said to be led by Rabboni Y'shua Bar El Haady. They practiced a mixture of Judaism and Islam. They were reported as numbering about 300 persons and in 1994 the group reportedly still owned nine apartment buildings, of which five were in tax arrears. Local politicians were concerned that the abandoned buildings would become centers of uses that would damage the neighborhood. Anecdotal reports were that some of the group went to Monroe County, New York, and others to Georgia.


title: Dwight York

text: In the early 1980s, York performed as vocalist with his own groups, known as Jackie and the Starlights, the Students, and Passion.


title: Dwight York

text: He launched his own record label, named Passion Productions, recording as the solo artist "Dr. York". His debut release was the single "Only a Dream" (later included in the album "New York," Hot Melt Records UK, 1985). "Dr. York" and Passion Productions were advertised in the May 4, 1985, issue of "Billboard" magazine.


title: Dwight York

text: Later York formed York Records releasing the music of several successful artists within the genre of R&B, Hip Hop, Gospel, and others.  York Records released York's single called “It’s Too Late” in 1986 featuring Sarah Dash of Patti Labelle's Labelle. In 1988 York Records released “He’s Coming” by Gospel legends Doc Mckenzie and the Hi-Lites. Also in 1988 he released Kenne & Petite's “What Is He To You?”. Petite went onto become the early 90s group Ex-Girlfriend featuring Stacy Francis from X-Factor and TV One's R&B Divas Los Angeles. Then Nubian Egyptian/Sudanese vocalist and oud player Hamza El Din “Live At The Ansaaru Allah Community In America” also in 1998.


title: Dwight York

text: He also released Passion on his York Records and Passion Records imprint. A group that consisted of York, Zeemo (Abdul Aziz), and Steve (Segovia) and later even featured Wendell Sawyer, Vernon Sawyer, and Ted Mills of the group Blue Magic. York said he performed popular music in order to "reach a mass majority of my people through my music."


title: Dwight York

text: York's groups had a variety of names and functions: quasi-religious, fraternal, and tribal. They were called "Holy Tabernacle Ministries", " Church of Karast," "Holy Seed Baptist Synagogue", "Ancient Mystic Order of Melchizedek", "Ancient Order", "All Eyez on Egypt", "United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors", "Yamassee Native American Tribe", "Washitaw Tribe", and "Lodge 19 of the Ancient and Mystic Order of Malachizodok." While drawing from various religious and historical themes, Malachi York continued to focus on Nubia. He promoted a design featuring an ankh in the middle of a six-pointed star of Judaism and Islamic crescent, a symbol used by the Ansarullah Community. The ankh is associated with pre-Islamic Sudan, Nubia.


title: Dwight York

text: Dwight York changed his name legally in 1990 to "Issa al Haadi al Mahdi" when he was still living in Brooklyn. He changed it again in 1993 to "Malachi York", but also adopted a number of titles and pseudonyms, including "The Supreme Grand Master Dr. Malachi Z. York," "Nayya Malachizodoq-El", and "Chief Black Eagle".


title: Dwight York

text: By 1985 York had added miracle-performance to his repertoire. He claimed to materialize sacred, healing ash in front of his followers, much in the fashion of Sathya Sai Baba.


title: Dwight York

text: York left Brooklyn with an estimated 300 followers about 1990. Some settled in upstate New York. He later moved with numerous followers to Georgia. Others joined them from such cities as Baltimore, Philadelphia, Hartford, New York and Washington, D.C. According to former follower Robert J. Rohan, who later wrote a book about the movement, York moved in order to avoid criminal investigations and other charges in New York.


title: Dwight York

text: Perhaps to avoid scrutiny from the international Muslim community, the Nation of Islam, the Nation of Gods and Earths, legal troubles, and the negative history of his group during their New York period, he changed his own name several times, as well as the group's name, and masked different parts of their doctrine. In Georgia, they changed their name to the "United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors".


title: Dwight York

text: At York's direction, the community purchased land and built "Tama-Re" (originally named Kadesh), an Egyptian-themed complex built on of land near Eatonton, Georgia. It was built over a period of years and completed in 1993.


title: Dwight York

text: Tensions with county authorities increased in 1998, when the county sought an injunction against construction and uses that violated zoning. At the same time, the Nuwaubian community increased its leafletting of Eatonton and surrounding areas, charging white officials with racial discrimination and striving to increase opposition to them. Threats mounted and an eviscerated dog carcass was left at the home of the county attorney.


title: Dwight York

text: Within Putnam County, the Nuwaubians lost black support, in part by trying to take over the NAACP chapter. But outside, they appealed to activists, claiming to be persecuted in the county. During this period, the group maintained Holy Tabernacle stores "in more than a dozen cities in the U.S., the United Kingdom and Trinidad." And York purchased a $557,000 mansion in Athens, Georgia, about 60 miles away, the base of the University of Georgia.


title: Dwight York

text: In July 1999, "Time magazine" reported on the "40-ft. pyramids, obelisks, gods, goddesses and a giant sphinx," built by York's followers in rural Georgia in an article titled "Space Invaders".


title: Dwight York

text: In 2005 federal government officials acquired the property of Tama-Re through asset forfeiture after York was convicted and sentenced to prison for 135 years. He owed money for violating financial laws. After the property was sold, new owners demolished the buildings and monuments.


title: Dwight York

text: Beginning in Brooklyn, York had established strict sexual practices within the community, reserving for himself sexual access to many women and girls, including wives and children of followers.


title: Dwight York

text: [W]hile extolling the virtues and importance of family life and the conjugal relationship, he [York] denies such relationships to his followers except at strictly controlled intervals. He urges his female followers to pattern themselves on the Islamic paradigms of the wife and the mother, apparently desiring the creation of stable family units. But in reality the husbands and wives are segregated in dormitories, separated also from their children. York permits spouses to cohabit only once every three months. They are permitted to meet in the "Green Room" by prior appointment only.


title: Dwight York

text: Anonymous letters were sent to Putnam County officials alleging child molestation at the Nuwaubian community. The FBI, which had started investigating the group in 1993, assigned a major task force to it. In 2002 York was arrested and charged with more than 100 counts of sexually molesting dozens of children, some as young as four years old. According to Bill Osinski, who wrote a 2007 book about York and the case:


title: Dwight York

text: When he [York] was finally indicted, state prosecutors literally had to cut back the number of counts listed — from well beyond a thousand to slightly more than 200 — because they feared a jury simply wouldn't believe the magnitude of York's evil.… [It] is believed to be the nation's largest child molestation prosecution ever directed at a single person, in terms of number of victims and number of alleged criminal acts.


title: Dwight York

text: In early 2003 York's lawyer had him evaluated by a forensic psychologist, who diagnosed a DSM-IV impression consisting of Axis I – Clinical Syndrome of Delusional (Paranoid) Disorder, Generalized anxiety disorder, Adjustment disorder with depressed mood, and Axis II – personality disorders; histrionic personality traits, self-defeating personality traits, and schizotypal personality features.


title: Dwight York

text: In 2003, York entered into a plea bargain that was later dismissed by the judge. He was convicted by a jury on January 23, 2004. The judge rejected his plea to be returned for trial to his own "tribe", after York claimed status as an indigenous person:


title: Dwight York

text: Your Honor, with all due respects to your government, your nation, and your court, we the indigenous people of this land have our own rights, accepted sovereign, our own governments. We are a sovereign people, Yamassee, Native American Creeks, Seminole, Washitaw Mound Builders. And all I'm asking is that the Court recognize that I am an indigenous person. Your court does not have jurisdiction over me. I should be transferred to the Moors Cherokee Council Court in which I will get a trial by juries of my peers. I cannot get a fair trial, Your Honor, if I'm being tried by the settlers or the confederates. I have to be tried by Native Americans as a Native American. That's my inalienable rights, and it's on record.


title: Dwight York

text: He asserted to the court that he was a "secured party", and answered questions in court with the response: "I accept that for value." This may have been a heterodox legal strategy based on patriot mythology.


title: Dwight York

text: Early in 2004, York was convicted in federal court by a jury of multiple RICO, child molestation, and financial reporting charges. He was sentenced to 135 years in prison.


title: Dwight York

text: His case was appealed to the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals, which upheld the convictions on October 27, 2005. A U.S. Supreme Court appeal was denied in June 2006.


title: Dwight York

text: York's followers assert a number of defenses, including that their leader Malachi Z. York, who was charged and convicted, is not the same person as the Dwight D. York who is listed in court documents as the defendant. (One of York's sons is named Dwight, and sometimes the claim is made that it is York's son and not York who is or should be the real defendant.) Others say that York was "set up" by his son Jacob in coordination with al Qaeda-linked American mosques jealous of York's influence among black Muslims.


title: Dwight York

text: York believes that his betrayal, arrest, trial and imprisonment (and eventual release) were foretold in chapter 10 of Zecharia Sitchin's "The Wars of the Gods and the Men", with York being represented by Mar-duq in that story.


title: Dwight York

text: , Dwight York is serving his sentence at the United States Penitentiary Administrative Maximum Facility (ADX) in Florence, Colorado, as Inmate # 17911–054. His projected release date is July 12, 2120.


title: Dwight York

text: York's followers have said that since 1999 York has been a Consul General of Monrovia, Liberia, under appointment from then-President Charles Taylor. They argue he should be given diplomatic immunity from prosecution and extradited as a "persona non-grata" to Liberia. Officials have not accepted this claim.


title: Dwight York

text: York has taught an ever-changing and multifaceted doctrine over the years, with influences and borrowings from many sources. It has included a baroque cosmology, unconventional theories about race and human origins, cryptozoological and extraterrestrial speculations, black nationalism, conspiracy theory, and religious practices invented or borrowed from many existing religions.


title: Dwight York

text: York has claimed to be an extraterrestrial master teacher from the planet Rizq. He wrote, "We have been coming to this planet before it had your life form on it. ... My incarnation as an Ilah Mutajassid or Avatara was originally in the year 1945 A.D. In order to get here I travelled by one of the smaller passenger crafts called SHAM out of a Motherplane called MERKABAH or NIBIRU." This version of York came to Earth on March 16, 1970. (Comet Bennett, which was visible on that date, is said to have really been York's spacecraft.) York taught that the Motherplane/NIBIRU would launch the Crystal City or New Jerusalem (see: Book of Revelation 21:2) to our solar system from its position in Orion. A 40-year process of taking the 144,000 Chosen Few (see: Book of Revelation 14:1) — 12,000 each from the Twelve Tribes of Israel — into the Planet Craft NIBIRU began on August 12, 2003, and will end on August 12, 2043. These Chosen Few will be groomed for 1,000 years and returned to Earth for the final battle against the Luciferians and also to redeem man from the 6,000-year rulership of the Devil and his seed.


title: Dwight York

text: York has had a variety of stories about his ancestry and birth, including that he was born in Omdurman, Sudan. This has not been documented. His parents of record are Mary C. York ("née" Williams), now also known as Faatimah Maryam, and her husband David Piper York. York has claimed that his biological father was Al Haadi Abdur Rahman Al Mahdi, whom his mother ostensibly met while studying as a student in the Sudan. This is not supported by any documentary sources.


title: Dwight York

text: York claims that the name he was given at birth was "Isa Al Haadi Al Mahdi" and that he was not given the name "York" (without a first name) until a month later when he and his mother returned to Boston. David and Mary York had four other children together: David, Dale, Debra and Dennis. York has claimed, without documentation being found, that his father was descended from "Ben" York, an enslaved African American who took part in the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806).


title: Dwight York

text: He claims a paternal Sudanese grandfather, As Sayyid Abdur Rahman Al Mahdi, making York a descendant of the Muslim leader Muhammad Ahmad. There is no documentation to support this.


title: Dwight York

text: On his mother's side, York described his maternal grandfather, Clarence Daniel "Bobby" Williams, as "an Egyptian Moor named Salah Hailak Al Ghala, a merchant seaman from a little village called Beluwla, in Nubia of Ancient Egypt." Another genealogical tree shows Bobby Williams' father as unknown and his mother as "Madam Decontee" of the Bassa tribe of Liberia. These claims have not been documented.


title: Dwight York

text: York has been known by a multitude of aliases over the years, many of which he used simultaneously. They include the following:


title: Sheila Kelley (American actress)

text: Sheila Kelley (born October 9, 1963) is an American actress. She is known for her roles as Gwen Taylor on "L.A. Law" as Dr. Charlotte "Charley" Bennett Hayes on "Sisters" and as Debbie Wexler on "The Good Doctor."


title: Sheila Kelley (American actress)

text: Kelley was raised in Greensburg, Pennsylvania, the youngest child in a household of six daughters and three sons. The two eldest were children of Leonard and Kate Thom; following Thom's 1950 death in a train accident, Kate married mining engineer and inventor Jay Kelley, with whom she had seven children including Sheila.


title: Sheila Kelley (American actress)

text: Kelley studied ballet, anatomy and movement physiology at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts. One day during the months immediately following her freshman year, Kelley began suffering from the effects of congenital hip dysplasia, which ended her hopes of a dance career. Kelley switched to taking acting classes, and graduated from New York University with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree. After working in public relations, she acquired a talent agent, began performing in plays, and with friends formed an Off-Off-Broadway theater troupe, The Elephant Company.


title: Sheila Kelley (American actress)

text: Kelley began her acting career in the 1980s in television, with her first credited TV role in 1987. Her first film was "Some Girls" in 1988. She played the character Gwen Taylor in the legal drama "L.A. Law" from 1990 to 1993. Most of her work has been in guest roles on American TV series, although she notably played a stripper and performed a seductive dance routine onscreen in the 2000 feature film "Dancing at the Blue Iguana".


title: Sheila Kelley (American actress)

text: Kelley was cast in a recurring role in the final season of "Lost" in 2010, playing Zoe. From 2011 to 2012, she played Carol Rhodes on "Gossip Girl".


title: Sheila Kelley (American actress)

text: Kelley and actor Richard Schiff married in 1996. Kelley was cast to play his love interest, and later his wife, on "The Good Doctor". They have a son, Gus, born in 1994, and a daughter, Ruby, born in August 2000.


title: Sheila Kelley (American actress)

text: Following her role as a stripper in the film "Dancing at the Blue Iguana" (2000), Kelley became a fan of pole dancing, and built a national chain of exercise studios around her "S Factor" exercise method, including her book, "S Factor: Strip Workouts for Every Woman", DVDs, and inspirational monthly editorials at the "S Factor" website. Her fitness program incorporates Pilates, yoga, stretching and pole dance routines.


title: SRGB

text: sRGB is a standard RGB (red, green, blue) color space that HP and Microsoft created cooperatively in 1996 to use on monitors, printers, and the World Wide Web. It was subsequently standardized by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) as IEC 61966-2-1:1999. sRGB is the current defined standard colorspace for the web, and it is usually the assumed colorspace for images that are neither tagged for a colorspace nor have an embedded color profile.


title: SRGB

text: sRGB essentially codifies the display specifications for the computer monitors in use at that time, which greatly aided its acceptance. sRGB uses the same color primaries and white point as ITU-R BT.709 standard for HDTV, a transfer function (or gamma) compatible with the era's CRT displays, and a viewing environment designed to match typical home and office viewing conditions.


title: SRGB

text: An amendment of the IEC 61966-2-1 standard document that defines sRGB includes the definition of a number of variants including sYCC, which is a Y′Cb′Cr′ luma-chroma-chroma color representation of sRGB colors with an extended range of values in the RGB domain (supporting negative values in the RGB domain).


title: SRGB

text: sRGB defines the chromaticities of the red, green, and blue primaries, the colors where one of the three channels is nonzero and the other two are zero. The gamut of chromaticities that can be represented in sRGB is the color triangle defined by these primaries. As with any RGB color space, for non-negative values of R, G, and B it is not possible to represent colors outside this triangle, which is well inside the range of colors visible to a human with normal trichromatic vision.


title: SRGB

text: The primaries come from HDTV (ITU-R BT.709), which are somewhat different from those for older color TV systems (ITU-R BT.601). These values were chosen to reflect the approximate color of consumer CRT phosphors at the time of its design. Since flat-panel displays at the time were generally designed to emulate CRT characteristics, the values also reflected prevailing practice for other display devices as well.


title: SRGB

text: The IEC specification indicates a reference display with a nominal gamma of 2.2, intended to be similar to the gamma response of CRT displays. The ability to directly display sRGB images on a CRT without any lookup greatly helped sRGB's adoption. Gamma also conveniently places more numbers near the black, reducing visible quantization artifacts.


title: SRGB

text: The standard further defines a nonlinear electro-optical transfer function (EOTF), which exactly defines the relationship between the output intensity of the primaries and the image data as stored. This curve is a slight tweaking of the simple Gamma 2.2 function. A linear section is near zero, in order to avoid an infinite or zero slope that a gamma curve has. This is spliced to a curved section designed so the overall function is very close to a gamma 2.2 function. In order to do this a formula using a higher exponent (2.4 in this case) is necessary. The "instantaneous" gamma (the slope when plotted on a log:log scale) varies from 1 in the linear section to 2.4 at maximum intensity, with a median value being close to 2.2.


title: SRGB

text: In practice a pure gamma curve may be used with sRGB data with very little difference, this is referred to as "simple sRGB" by Adobe, and also what happens when it is displayed unchanged on a CRT.


title: SRGB

text: The values and were chosen so the curve closely resembled the gamma-2.2 curve. This gives . These values, rounded to sometimes describe sRGB conversion.


title: SRGB

text: Draft publications by sRGB's creators further rounded , resulting in a small discontinuity in the curve. Some authors adopted these incorrect values, in part because the draft paper was freely available and the official IEC standard is behind a paywall. For the standard, the rounded value of was kept and was recomputed as to make the curve continuous, resulting in a slope discontinuity from below the intersection to above.


title: SRGB

text: The sRGB specification assumes a dimly lit encoding (creation) environment with an ambient correlated color temperature (CCT) of 5003 K. This differs from the CCT of the illuminant (D65). Using D50 for both would have made the white point of most photographic paper appear excessively blue. The other parameters, such as the luminance level, are representative of a typical CRT monitor.


title: SRGB

text: For optimal results, the ICC recommends using the encoding viewing environment (i.e., dim, diffuse lighting) rather than the less-stringent typical viewing environment.


title: SRGB

text: The sRGB component values formula_6, formula_7, formula_8 are in the range 0 to 1. When represented digitally as 8-bit numbers, these color component values are in the range of 0 to 255, and should be divided (in a floating point representation) by 255 to convert to the range of 0 to 1.


title: SRGB

text: These gamma-expanded values (sometimes called "linear values" or "linear-light values") are multiplied by a matrix to obtain CIE XYZ (the matrix has infinite precision, any change in its values or adding not zeroes is not allowed):


title: SRGB

text: This is actually the matrix for BT.709 primaries, not just for sRGB, the second row corresponds to the BT.709-2 luma coefficients (BT.709-1 had a typo in these coefficients).


title: SRGB

text: The CIE XYZ values must be scaled so that the "Y" of D65 ("white") is 1.0 ("X" = 0.9505, "Y" = 1.0000, "Z" = 1.0890). This is usually true but some color spaces use 100 or other values (such as in CIELAB, when using specified white points).


title: SRGB

text: The first step in the calculation of sRGB from CIE XYZ is a linear transformation, which may be carried out by a matrix multiplication. (The numerical values below match those in the official sRGB specification, which corrected small rounding errors in the original publication by sRGB's creators, and assume the 2° standard colorimetric observer for CIE XYZ.) This matrix depends on the bitdepth.


title: SRGB

text: These gamma-compressed values (sometimes called "non-linear values") are usually clipped to the 0 to 1 range. This clipping can be done before or after the gamma calculation, or done as part of converting to 8 bits. If values in the range 0 to 255 are required, e.g. for video display or 8-bit graphics, the usual technique is to multiply by 255 and round to an integer.


title: SRGB

text: Due to the standardization of sRGB on the Internet, on computers, and on printers, many low- to medium-end consumer digital cameras and scanners use sRGB as the default (or only available) working color space. However, consumer-level CCDs are typically uncalibrated, meaning that even though the image is being labeled as sRGB, one can't conclude that the image is color-accurate sRGB.


title: SRGB

text: If the color space of an image is unknown and it is an 8 bit image format, sRGB is usually the assumed default, in part because color spaces with a larger gamut need a higher bit depth to maintain a low color error rate (∆E). An ICC profile or a look up table may be used to convert sRGB to other color spaces. ICC profiles for sRGB are widely distributed, and the ICC distributes several variants of sRGB profiles, including variants for ICCmax, version 4, and version 2. Version 4 is generally recommended, but version 2 is still commonly used and is the most compatible with other software including browsers. Version 2 of the ICC profile specification does not officially support piecewise parametric curve encoding ("para"), though version 2 does support simple gamma curves. Nevertheless, lookup tables are more commonly used as they are computationally more efficient. Even when parametric curves are used, software will often reduce to a run-time lookup table for efficient processing.


title: SRGB

text: As the sRGB gamut meets or exceeds the gamut of a low-end inkjet printer, an sRGB image is often regarded as satisfactory for home printing. sRGB is sometimes avoided by high-end print publishing professionals because its color gamut is not big enough, especially in the blue-green colors, to include all the colors that can be reproduced in CMYK printing. Images intended for professional printing via a fully color-managed workflow (e.g. prepress output) sometimes use another color space such as Adobe RGB (1998), which accommodates a wider gamut. Such images used on the Internet may be converted to sRGB using color management tools that are usually included with software that works in these other color spaces.


title: SRGB

text: The two dominant programming interfaces for 3D graphics, OpenGL and Direct3D, have both incorporated support for the sRGB gamma curve.


title: SRGB

text: OpenGL supports textures with sRGB gamma encoded color components (first introduced with EXT_texture_sRGB extension, added to the core in OpenGL 2.1) and rendering into sRGB gamma encoded framebuffers (first introduced with EXT_framebuffer_sRGB extension, added to the core in OpenGL 3.0). Correct mipmapping and interpolation of sRGB gamma textures has direct hardware support in texturing units of most modern GPUs (for example nVidia GeForce 8 performs conversion from 8-bit texture to linear values before interpolating those values), and does not have any performance penalty.


title: SRGB

text: Amendment 1 to IEC 61966-2-1:1999, approved in 2003, includes the definition of a Y′Cb′Cr′ color representation called sYCC, which is based on sRGB except for supporting negative values of the R, G and B components and thus allowing for an extended-gamut. Although the RGB color primaries are based on BT.709, the equations for transformation from sRGB to sYCC and vice versa are based on BT.601 instead of BT.709.


title: SRGB

text: The amendment describes how to apply the gamma correction to negative values, by applying when is negative (and is the sRGB↔linear functions described above), as part of the Y′Cb′Cr′ definition. This is also used by scRGB.


title: SRGB

text: The amendment also recommends a higher-precision XYZ to sRGB matrix using seven decimal points, to more accurately invert the sRGB to XYZ matrix (which remains at the precision shown above):


title: SRGB

text: Additionally, the amendment contains an extended-gamut encoding for sRGB called bg-sRGB and a YCC transformation for it called bg-sYCC.


title: Tipi

text: A tipi , often called a lodge in English, is a conical tent, historically made of animal hides or pelts, and in more recent generations of canvas, stretched on a framework of wooden poles. The word is Siouan, and in use in Dakhótiyapi, Lakȟótiyapi, and as a loanword in US and Canadian English, where it is sometimes spelled phonetically as "teepee" and "tepee" (also pronounced ).


title: Tipi

text: Historically, the tipi has been used by some Indigenous peoples of the Plains in the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies of North America, notably the seven tribes of the Sioux, as well as among the Iowa people, the Otoe and Pawnee, and among the Blackfeet, Crow, Assiniboines, Arapaho, and Plains Cree. They are also used west of the Rocky Mountains by Indigenous peoples of the Plateau such as the Yakama and the Cayuse. They are still in use in many of these communities, though now primarily for ceremonial purposes rather than daily living. Modern tipis usually have a canvas covering.


title: Tipi

text: Non-Native people have often stereotypically and incorrectly assumed all Native Americans in the United States and Indigenous peoples in Canada live in tipis, which is incorrect, as many Native American cultures and civilizations and First Nations from other regions have used other types of dwellings (pueblos, wigwams, hogans, chickees, and longhouses).


title: Tipi

text: The wigwam or "wickiup", a dome-shaped shelter typically made of bark layered on a pole structure, was also used by various tribes, especially for hunting camps. The term "wigwam" has often been incorrectly used to refer to a conical skin tipi.


title: Tipi

text: The conventional translation in French and English for all Indigenous dwellings at one time was "lodge," resulting in many compounds and place names such as sweatlodge, lodgepole pine, Red Lodge, and so on.


title: Tipi

text: A tipi is distinguished from other conical tents by the smoke flaps at the top of the structure. The tipi is durable, provides warmth and comfort in winter, is cool in the heat of summer, and is dry during heavy rains. Tipis can be disassembled and packed away quickly when people need to relocate and can be reconstructed quickly upon settling in a new area. Historically, this portability was important to Plains Indians with their at-times nomadic lifestyle. Tribes would have well-organized camp circles of family units living in multiple tipis arranged in order depending on rank or roles in the family unit, community, or ceremony. Generally, the door and camp openings face east in the direction of the sunrise.


title: Tipi

text: A typical family tipi is a conical, portable structure with two adjustable smoke flaps, multiple poles (historically from long) called lodge poles.


title: Tipi

text: Lewis H. Morgan noted that tipi frames were 13 to 15 poles that were tall. These poles, "after being tied together at the small ends, are raised upright with a twist so as to cross the poles above the fastening." The builders pull the lower ends out to form a circle about in diameter on the ground. They stretch a covering of tanned and untanned buffalo hides, sewn together, over the frame, which they then secure with stakes at the base. "At the top there is an extra skin adjusted as a collar, so as to be open on the windward side to facilitate the exit of the smoke. A low opening is left for a doorway, which is covered with an extra skin used as a drop. The fire-pit and arrangements for beds are the same as in the Ojibwa lodge, grass being used in the place of spruce or hemlock twigs."


title: Tipi

text: Lodgepole pine is the preferred wood in the Northern and Central Plains and red cedar in the Southern Plains. Tipis have a detachable cover over the structure. The cover has historically been made of buffalo hide, an optional skin or cloth lining, and a canvas or bison calf skin door. Modern lodges are more often made of canvas.


title: Tipi

text: Ropes (historically rawhide thongs or babiche) and wooden pegs are required to bind the poles, close the cover, attach the lining and door, and anchor the resulting structure to the ground. Tipis are distinguished from other tents by two crucial elements: the opening at the top and the smoke flaps, which allow the dwellers to heat themselves and cook with an open fire; and the lining that is primarily used in the winter, which insulates. Tipis were designed to be easily set up or taken down to allow camps to be moved to follow game migrations, especially the bison. When dismantled the tipi poles were used to construct a dog- or later horse-pulled travois on which additional poles and tipi cover were placed.


title: Tipi

text: Tipi covers are made by sewing together strips of canvas or tanned hide and cutting out a semicircular shape from the resulting surface. Trimming this shape yields a door and the smoke flaps that allow the dwellers to control the chimney effect to expel smoke from their fires. Old-style traditional linings were hides, blankets, and rectangular pieces of cloth hanging about above the ground tied to the poles or a rope.


title: Tipi

text: Historically, most tipis in a village were not painted. Painted tipis often depicted noteworthy historical battles and often featured geometric portrayals of celestial bodies and animal designs. Sometimes tipis have been painted to depict personal experiences such as war, hunting, a dream, or vision. When depicting visions, "ceremonies and prayers were first offered, and then the dreamer recounted his dream to the priests and wise men of the community. Those known to be skilled painters were consulted, and the new design was made to fit anonymously within the traditional framework of the tribe's painted tipis."


title: Tipi

text: During the later reservation era, retired warriors would paint on canvas tipis depicting different events in tribal history, including battles with Americans. He Nupa Wanica (Joseph No Two Horns), a Hunkpapa Lakota warrior who fought in 40 battles, including the Battle of the Little Bighorn, is one such artist known for his many tipi paintings, shields and horse effigies now in museums.


title: Tipi

text: Tribes in the modern-day use the tipi as means to teach traditional, scientific and psychological teachings. The Siksika (Blackfoot) nation's worldview is based on the shape of a tipi, which inspired Maslow's hierarchy of needs teachings. In Cree communities, the tipi can represent the power of women and her role as the foundation of the family unit. In Lakota communities, youth are taught how to assemble tipis with each pole representing different traditional virtues, understanding geometry and learning teamwork.


title: Chocolate Hills

text: The Chocolate Hills (, ) are a geological formation in the Bohol province of the Philippines. There are at least 1,260 hills, but there may be as many as 1,776 hills spread over an area of more than . They are covered in green grass that turns brown during the dry season, hence the name.


title: Chocolate Hills

text: The Chocolate Hills are a famous tourist attraction of Bohol. They are featured in the provincial flag and seal to symbolize the abundance of natural attractions in the province. They are in the Philippine Tourism Authority's list of tourist destinations in the Philippines; they have been declared the country's third National Geological Monument and proposed for inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage List.


title: Chocolate Hills

text: The Chocolate Hills form a rolling terrain of haycock-shaped hills—mounds of a generally conical and almost symmetrical shape. Estimated to be from 1,268 to about 1,776 individual mounds, these cone-shaped or dome-shaped hills are actually made of grass-covered limestone. The domes vary in size from high with the largest being in height. One of Bohol's best known tourist attractions, these unique mound-shaped hills are scattered by the hundreds throughout the towns of Carmen, Batuan and Sagbayan.


title: Chocolate Hills

text: During the dry season, the grass-covered hills dry up and turn chocolate brown. The vegetation is dominated by grass species such as "Imperata cylindrica" and "Saccharum spontaneum". Several "Compositae" and ferns also grow on them. In between the hills, the flat lands are cultivated with rice and other cash crops. However, the natural vegetation on the Chocolate Hills is now threatened by quarrying activities.


title: Chocolate Hills

text: The Chocolate Hills are conical karst hills. These hills consist of Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene, thin to medium bedded, sandy to rubbly marine limestone. These limestones contain the abundant fossils of shallow marine foraminifera, coral, mollusks, and algae. These conical hills are geomorphological features called cockpit karst, which were created by a combination of the dissolution of limestone by rainfall, surface water, and groundwater, and their subaerial erosion by streams after they had been uplifted above sea level and fractured by tectonic processes. These hills are separated by well developed flat plains and contain numerous caves and springs. The Chocolate Hills are considered to be a remarkable example of conical karst topography.


title: Chocolate Hills

text: The origin for the conical karst of the Chocolate Hills is described in popular terms on the bronze plaque at the viewing deck in Carmen, Bohol. This plaque states that they are eroded formations of a type of marine limestone that sits on top of hardened clay. The plaque reads:The unique land form known as the Chocolate Hills of Bohol was formed ages ago by the uplift of coral deposits and the action of rain water and erosion.The plaque also makes reference to a fanciful explanation of the origin of the Chocolate Hills that is unsupported by any published scientific research, e.g. neither Hillmer nor Travaglia and others, when it states:


title: Chocolate Hills

text: Self-published, popular web pages present a variety of fanciful and less credible explanations about how these hills formed. They include sub-oceanic volcanism; limestone covered blocks created by the destruction of an active volcano in a cataclysmic eruption; and tidal movements. The lack of any exposed or associated volcanic rocks in the Chocolate Hills refutes the popular theories involving volcanic eruptions. The theories involving either a sudden, massive geologic shift, coral reefs being erupted from the sea, or tidal movements lack any corroborating evidence and support among geologists.


title: Chocolate Hills

text: The Chocolate Hills inspired many legends. One tells a story of two giants fighting by throwing stones and sand on each other. After the fight, the hills remained. Another legend speaks about a young, strong giant who fell in love with a human girl. When she died, he cried and his tears then petrified and formed the Chocolate Hills.


title: Chocolate Hills

text: Two of the hills have been developed into tourist resorts. The main viewing point of the Chocolate Hills is the government-owned Chocolate Hills Complex in Carmen, about from the regional capital Tagbilaran. The other main point to view the Chocolate Hills is at Sagbayan Peak, in Sagbayan, away from the Chocolate Hills complex in neighboring Carmen.


title: Chocolate Hills

text: The National Committee on Geological Sciences declared the Chocolate Hills of Bohol a National Geological Monument on June 18, 1988, in recognition of its special characteristics, scientific importance, uniqueness, and high scenic value. As such, this included the Chocolate Hills among the country's protected areas. More protection was provided by "Proclamation No. 1037" signed by President Fidel V. Ramos on July 1, 1997, which established the Chocolate Hills and the areas within, around, and surrounding them located in the municipalities of Carmen, Batuan and Sagbayan, Bilar, Valencia and Sierra Bullones, Province of Bohol as a natural monument to protect and maintain its natural beauty and to provide restraining mechanisms for inappropriate exploitation. As such, they are covered under the National Integrated Protected Areas System with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) as the lead implementing agency for its protection.


title: Chocolate Hills

text: Land-use conflict prompted President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo to sign an amendment to "Proclamation 468" dated September 26, 1994, declaring the land around or in between Chocolate Hills as no longer part of the national monument during the Bohol Sandugo Celebration on July 17, 2002. This amendment allowed the tracts of land surrounding and within the famous tourist spot to be developed by the provincial government and other entities that have control over the area. Further, the amended proclamation ensures that the areas that have to be preserved are preserved, while those that could be developed would be excluded from the national monument area and classified as alienable and disposable by the government. The president initially decided on the issue during the joint meeting of the Regional Development Council-Regional Peace and Order Council of Region VII which was conducted at the Bohol Tropics Resort.


title: Chocolate Hills

text: Bills have been filed aiming to strengthen protection of the hills. On July 6, 2004, the Philippine House of Representatives introduced "House Bill No. 01147" entitled "an act declaring the Chocolate Hills as national patrimony and geological monuments, penalizing their plunder, destruction or defacement, and for other purposes." The house bill was authored by Congressman Eladio "Boy" Jala and co-authored by Congressman Roilo Z. Golez and Edgar M. Chatto. Though this has not been passed into law.


title: Chocolate Hills

text: On May 16, 2006, the DENR submitted the Chocolate Hills to the UNESCO World Heritage for inclusion in the list of Natural Monuments because of its outstanding universal value:


title: Chocolate Hills

text: Balancing their protection, resource utilization and tourism are the challenges faced by the Chocolate Hills. Before they were designated national geological monuments, some of the hills (about ) were classified as alienable and disposable or private lands such that they were titled to some locals. The declaration consequently caused some social unrest, resulting in almost simultaneous civil uprising, led by the long-established New People's Army (generally described as Maoist guerrillas) establishing a new front, known as the Chocolate Hills Command. To some farmers, the proclamation is a government scheme which suppresses their right to own lands. As such, conflicts between the New People's Army group and government military forces escalated, culminating in two major engagements.


title: Chocolate Hills

text: Being alienable and disposable lands, the Chocolate Hills are seen as quarrying assets and source of income for small-scale miners, as well as quarry materials for the province's construction projects. The challenge is how the national and local officials can harmonize the current needs of small-scale miners, the construction sector and the tourism sector with the preservation of the Chocolate Hills. Even with their protected status, mining permits continue to be granted by DENR and local government units. Hence, mining and quarrying are still taking place. Because of this, the provincial government of Bohol has requested jurisdiction over the Chocolate Hills from the DENR. Meanwhile, the provincial government has suggested that the legislation defining the Natural Monument should be changed, which will require that the proclamation be redrafted and ratified by both the Philippine House and Senate. This is a cumbersome and costly process, on which no progress has been made to date. Future development and investment challenges within the Chocolate Hills area include: obtaining the national government's sanction for the project; persuading landowners to sell; convincing the Protected Areas Management Board, which has jurisdiction over the hills, not to use its veto power over any investment requiring physical facilities.


title: BMW R1200GS

text: The BMW R1200GS and R1200GS Adventure are motorcycles manufactured in Berlin, Germany by BMW Motorrad, part of the BMW group. It is one of the BMW GS family of dual sport motorcycles. Both motorcycles have a , two-cylinder boxer engine with four valves per cylinder. The Adventure has a large-capacity fuel tank and long travel suspension. As of 2012, BMW's R1200GS bikes are their top-selling models.


title: BMW R1200GS

text: and produced , an increase of 19%. BMW continued to produce the R1150GS Adventure, releasing a final run-out, special-edition model,


title: BMW R1200GS

text: Upgrades for model year 2007 included increased power to , a new Integral ABS II antilock braking system was released without servo assistance. In 2008 new options were added including electronic suspension adjustment and the Automatic Stability Control traction control system.


title: BMW R1200GS

text: In 2010 model year, both models had a revised cylinder head with double overhead camshaft, an increased redline limit to 8,500 rpm, and an exhaust flap to give the exhaust a different tone. Power is increased to at 7,750 rpm.


title: BMW R1200GS

text: At the 2012 Intermot, BMW announced that the 2013 model would have water cooling, deliver an additional , and weigh about more than the outgoing model.


title: BMW R1200GS

text: Although the 2013 model has since proved itself, it had a somewhat shaky start. In the UK, the R1200GS has been subject to various Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency vehicle recalls covering the front brakes, antilock braking system, throttle cable, fuel pump, clutch, final drive assembly, brake pipes, and gearbox; similar recalls have been issued in other countries. Early journalistic reports described the bike as having a front-end "head shake" or speed wobble, and deliveries of the motorcycle were halted while BMW revised the front-end geometry.


title: BMW R1200GS

text: For the 2014 through 2016 model years, incremental annual updates were made, including adjustments to road handling, and adding options such as LED headlights, keyless ignition, a quickshifter, an antitheft system, and another lower seat option. A new ABS mode available as a software update allows safer braking while cornering.


title: BMW R1200GS

text: For the 2017 model year, the bike was given a facelift, with technical changes to meet European EU4 regulations. Side reflectors and an on-board diagnostic indicator light in the cockpit to indicate a malfunction were added. Like the R1200GS Adventure, all liquid-cooled boxer models were given a damper on the transmission output shaft. The selector drum actuator, transmission shafts, and transmission shaft bearing were revised. The GS was also given a new crash bar option, allowing cylinder protection covers to be mounted, as had been standard on the Adventure.


title: BMW R1200GS

text: In 2006, the R1200GS was the best-selling motorcycle in the United Kingdom, with combined sales of 2,227 units. The next-best-selling bike, the Honda Fireblade, sold 2,067 units.


title: BMW R1200GS

text: In 2008, the R1200GS was again BMW's best-selling motorcycle, with 22,845 standard models and 12,460 Adventure models delivered.


title: BMW R1200GS

text: In 2012, "Cycle World" called the R1200GS "the most successful motorcycle in the last two-and-a-half decades" and credited it for creating the adventure touring category.


title: BMW R1200GS

text: For the sixth year in a row, BMW Motorrad increased sales in 2016 with a nearly 6% growth in sales compared with 2015, according to sales figures released by the company. As of December 2016, 145,032 motorcycles and maxiscooters sold. Sales of BMW Motorrad vehicle has grown by about 50% compared with the 98,047 vehicles sold in 2010. The R series represented 53.6% of all BMW motorcycles sold in 2016. About 17% of the bikes it sold in 2016 were the BMW R1200GS, with a growth of 7% over 2015. The R1200GS Adventure sold 21,391 units (a sales increase of 18.8%) and the R1200RT sold 9,648 units.


title: BMW R1200GS

text: In 2004, the R1150GS Adventure model of the previous series of BMW boxer-twin engined bikes was used by Ewan McGregor and Charley Boorman for an epic motorcycle road trip from London to New York City "via" Europe, Asia, and Alaska, and the adventure was in the book and TV series, "Long Way Round". In 2007, the same pair used R1200GS Adventure BMWs for a sequel trip from John o' Groats in Scotland to Cape Agulhas in South Africa, this project being documented in "Long Way Down".


title: BMW R1200GS

text: The R1200GS appeared in several episodes the BBC Two television programme "The Hairy Bikers' Cookbook", ridden by chefs Dave Myers and Si King.


title: BMW R1200GS

text: Noted motorcycle journalist Kevin Ash died from injuries sustained in a crash while test riding the R1200GS at its 2013 press launch. An inquest gave a finding of accidental death, but the UK coroner could not give full reasons "due to insufficient evidence".


title: BMW R1200GS

text: The R1200GS is heavily featured in Neil Peart's book "Roadshow: Landscape with Drums – A Concert Tour by Motorcycle", which documents his travels through America, Canada, and Europe on his R1200GS during his band Rush's .


title: Silat

text: The word is used by Malay-speaking countries throughout Southeast Asia, but is officially called in Indonesia. The term was adopted globally in reference to being performed as professional competitive sport, similar to "wushu". Regional dialect names including in Sundanese, in Minangkabau, or in the lower speech of Sundanese, "gayong" or in parts of Sumatra, Singapore, and Malaysia, or in Southern Thailand and in Southern Philippines.


title: Silat

text: Both and were recognized as a piece of Intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) in December 2019.


title: Silat

text: The origin of the word "silat" is uncertain. The Malay term "silat" is linked to the Minangkabau word "silek", thus a Sumatran origin of the term is likely. It possibly related to silambam, the Tamil martial art that has been recorded as practiced in Malaysia since at least the fifteenth century in Malacca. According to Malaysian source, the word 'silat' originates from the Arabic word 'silah' (سِلَاح) meaning 'weapon' or 'silah' (صِلَةُ) meaning 'connection'. The most popular theory in Malaysia is that it derives from "sekilat" meaning "as (fast as) lightning".


title: Silat

text: Other theories derive "silat" from the Sanskrit "śīla" meaning morality or principle, or the Southern Chinese "saula" which means to push or perform with the hands. The Sanskrit theory is particularly popular in Thailand, as "sila" is an alternate form of the word "silat" in that country. Another possibility is "si elat," which means someone who confuses, deceives or bluffs. A similar term, "ilat", means an accident, misfortune or calamity. Yet another similar-sounding word is "silap" meaning wrong or error. Some styles contain techniques called "Langkah Silap" designed to lead the opponent into making a mistake.


title: Silat

text: In its proper usage in the languages of its origin, "silat" is often a general term for any fighting style. This is still common in Indonesia where in some regions both "silat" and "kuntau" are traditionally interchangeable.


title: Silat

text: Stories detail the history of particular styles, which are often used as "silat" origin stories. One such tale is of a woman named Rama Sukana who witnessed a fight between a tiger and a large hawk. By using the animals' movements, she was able to fend off a group of drunken men who attacked her. She then taught the techniques to her husband, Rama Isruna, from whom they formally passed down. There are several variations of this story across the region. On Bawean, Rama Sukana is believed to have watched monkeys fighting each other, while the Sundanese of West Java believe that she saw a monkey battle a tiger.


title: Silat

text: The legend in the Malay Peninsula is that the heroine is named Teemoh. The daughter of a raja in the Langkasuka , her husband is a possessive man named Uma. Teemoh tries to scare away a white-rumped shama or "murai batu" (more than one in some versions) that flies at her as she bathes. With each move the bird makes, she attempts to wave it off with her hands, and spins as it flies around her. Rather than fighting off drunken men, Teemoh fends off her husband who tries to beat her for taking so long. The fact that this legend attributes "silat" to a woman reflects the prominence of women in Southeast Asian society, as can be seen in the matriarchal "adat perpatih" customs of West Sumatra. The exploits of Malay warriors are prominently featured in many classical Malay texts. The "Hikayat Hang Tuah" epic literature tells the stories of Hang Tuah and his four companions, who with their exceptional skill in martial arts and warfare, rose in fame to become the Malacca's foremost "Hulubalang". The text recounts arguably the most famous "silat" duel in literature, that is "kris"-fighting between Hang Tuah and one of his companions, Hang Jebat.


title: Silat

text: Another legend tells of three Minangkabau warriors from West Sumatra. By their masters' instruction, the young men were travelling north in the hope of attaining "moksha" (enlightenment). On their journey, they are caught in a bloody battle near the Thai border. One of the three is wounded but escapes into a forest. Following a stream, he reaches a waterfall where he rests. The warrior notices a lotus flower come down the waterfall but even as it is pushed below the surface by the waterfall, the lotus reemerges completely intact. The warrior tries throwing a stone and then a stick at the lotus, with the same result. Finally he goes into the water and tries slashing at it with his sword, but the lotus only swirls away unharmed. The exhausted warrior then falls into the water and upon climbing out, he contemplates how this principle of overcoming the hard with the soft could be applied to battle. He creates a method of "silat" with two compatriots. This story is often told in the Malay Peninsula either as the origin of a particular lineage or to explain the spread of "silat" from the Minangkabau heartland into mainland Southeast Asia. A Minangkabau-style "silat" called "silek minang" influenced the style of "Silat" in Negeri Sembilan in the Malay Peninsula.


title: Silat

text: The time period for this tale is generally believed to be the 14th century. However, a later version with a more Islamic setting places it in the 17th century. In this version, the three men are named Burhanuddin, Shamsuddin and Aminuddin. Rather than a quest for enlightenment, they journey to Aceh where Islam has recently been introduced in order to learn more about the religion. Their status as warriors is not mentioned. Instead, Burhanuddin is filling a water jar when he sees the lotus blossom. He then thought he heard a voice from the tree telling him to teach others what he learned. Upon returning home, each of the three men became religious teachers. This version links it with Burhanuddin Ulakan, a Minangkabau man who studied in Aceh and became the first Muslim preacher in West Sumatra.