title: AMC Javelin

text: All the quality and engineering upgrades and revisions seen on AMC cars for 1972 were also present in Mexico. The 1972 VAM Javelin saw considerable improvements in terms of both performance and sportiness. Heavy-duty springs and shocks along with the front sway bar became standard equipment, as also were power front disk brakes and power steering, all regardless of transmission. Units equipped with the four-speed manual transmission changed to a rear differential gear ratio of 3.31:1 and included a center console with a locking compartment as standard equipment. The "Shift-Command" Borg-Warner automatic transmissions were replaced by the new "Torque Command" Chrysler-built A998 TorqueFlite. The chromed grille applied on the tail light lenses and the new rectangular grid front grille of the AMC Javelins arrived for the VAM models. The exterior included for the first time factory stripe designs. The interior saw new seat patterns and a new three-spoke sports steering wheel with an "American Motors" legend on the transparent plastic cap of the horn button. A new steering column design with a built-in safety lever to engage the steering lock came and the mechanism blocking the shifter to the ignition switch departed.


title: AMC Javelin

text: For the 1973 model year, the VAM Javelin received cosmetic changes. The car incorporated the new smaller rectangular grille design with integrated rectangular parking lights and mesh grille, open-air vents under the front of the fenders for cooling the brakes, the "TV screen" taillight design with a larger central bulls-eye emblem between them, and new original seat patterns. Mechanically, the car was the same as the year before with the only exception of a new engine head design with larger valves and independent rockers without a flute-type shaft. Except for the lack of intake porting, these heads were the same units used in the Go Pack engines. These were the most powerful VAM Javelins ever made in stock condition. Similar to the Mexican originals, the second-generation Javelins were not available with cowl induction hoods as the AMC Javelins in any form. Sales of this year went down from the previous seasons and the beginning of engine emission certification scheduled by the Mexican government the following year would take a toll on all high-compression gasoline engines produced in the country. This started to threaten not just the Javelin, but all performance cars produced in Mexico. All this plus the need to open a space to introduce the Gremlin line and the company's perception that the new Matador coupe model could take the position as the image builder and enthusiast generator of the marque prompted VAM to discontinue the Javelin at the end of the 1973 model year production, one year before AMC's production of the Javelin ended in the U.S.


title: AMC Javelin

text: While the Philippines was almost exclusively an American car market until 1941, the post-WWII years saw an influx of European cars enter the market. Despite a saturation of international brands, American Motors Corporation managed to establish a presence and the Rambler Classic and Rambler American were locally assembled in the Philippines by Luzon Machineries in Manila. Luzon Machineries later assembled the 1968 through 1970 AMC Javelins. The Javelin was one of only two "pony cars" to ever be available in the Philippines, the other being the Chevrolet Camaro. The Philippine-assembled Javelin came with AMC's 258 cu in 6-cylinder engines only. In 1970 Luzon Machineries began to end passenger vehicle manufacturing and for 1970 only a dozen Javelins were produced.


title: AMC Javelin

text: Beginning in 1970 Zurich automotive importer J.H Heller AG began importing the Javelin, along with the Gremlin and later the Pacer. Swiss market vehicles were shipped from AMC's Canadian plant.


title: AMC Javelin

text: American Motors exported factory right-hand-drive vehicles to the United Kingdom which were built at the Brampton plant in Ontario, Canada. These were marketed in the U.K by Rambler Motors (A.M.C.) Ltd in Chiswick, West London. The Chiswick plant had previously assembled Hudson, Essex, and Terraplane vehicles since 1926 and had become a subsidiary of AMC in 1961, thereafter importing complete AMC vehicles. The Chiswick depot also became the Rambler parts center for the United Kingdom, Europe, and the Middle East. They also kept parts for Hudson and the English-built Austin Metropolitan.


title: AMC Javelin

text: For 1968, the U.K market Javelin was available only in left-hand-drive. From 1969 U.K-market Javelins were exported in factory right-hand-drive.


title: AMC Javelin

text: Constructora Venezolana de Vehículos C.A. of Venezuela was a subsidiary of AMC beginning in 1967. The firm assembled AMC Javelins from 1968 until 1974 in its Caracas, Venezuela facility.


title: AMC Javelin

text: The Venezuelan 1968 Javelin was equipped with the V8 engine. In 1969, it came with the with automatic or four-speed manual transmission.


title: AMC Javelin

text: For the 1972–1974 (second-generation) Javelins, the only powertrain available for the Venezuelan market was AMC's with 4-barrel carburetor coupled to the Chrysler automatic transmission.


title: AMC Javelin

text: The "Chicago Sun-Times" auto editor Dan Jedlicka wrote that the Javelin, which he describes as "beautifully sculpted" and "one of the best-looking cars of the 1960s", is "finally gaining the respect of collectors, along with higher prices." The first generation Javelin has also been described as a "fun and affordable American classic with a rich racing pedigree and style that will always stand out from the omnipresent packs of Ford, General Motors, and Chrysler pony cars."


title: AMC Javelin

text: The AMC Javelin does not command the high prices of some other muscle cars and pony cars, but offers the same kind of style and spirit for collectors. However, in its day the car sold in respectable numbers, regularly outselling both the Plymouth Barracuda and Dodge Challenger that are popular with collectors today.


title: AMC Javelin

text: The Antique Automobile Club of America (AACA) divides the "muscle" AMC Javelins into two categories: Class 36-e for 1968–69 Javelin base and SST models equipped from the factory with 4-barrel or larger V8 engines; and Class 36-j for 1970–74 Javelin, SST, and AMX models equipped from the factory with four-barrel or larger V8 engines. Javelins built with smaller engines compete in the regular AMC classes according to their respective decade of production.


title: AMC Javelin

text: According to estimates from the "2006 Collector Car Price Guide" some of the desirable extras include the V8 engines, particularly the 390 and 401 versions, as well as the "Go" package, and special models including the "Big Bad" color versions. The 1971 through 1974 AMX versions also command higher prices, according to several collector price guides. The 1973 Trans Am Victory edition also adds a premium in several classic car appraisal listings, but the distinguishing decal was readily available and it has been added to many Javelins over the years.


title: AMC Javelin

text: The book "Keith Martin's Guide to Car Collecting" describes the cars as providing "style, power, nostalgia, and fun by venturing off the beaten path ... these overlooked cars offer great value" and includes the 1971–1974 Javelins as one of "nine muscle car sleepers."


title: AMC Javelin

text: Both first- and second-generation Javelins have been modified for more speed, handling, or acceleration. Some have been built as race-legal or race-ready tribute cars or replicas made to resemble AMC’s factory-backed Trans-Am racers.


title: AMC Javelin

text: There are active AMC automobile clubs, including owners interested in dragstrip amd racing in vintage events such as the National American Motors Drivers & Racers Association (NAMDRA). The Javelin shared numerous mechanical, body, and trim parts with other AMC models, and there are vendors specializing at AMC shows and swap meets specializing in new old stock (NOS) as well as reproduction components.


title: AMC Javelin

text: Ringbrothers of Spring Green, Wisconsin, built a custom 1972 AMC Javelin AMX powered by a "Hellcat" Hemi for the 2017 Specialty Equipment Market Association SEMA show. The 6.2-liter Hemi Mopar engine is fitted with a Whipple 4.5-liter supercharger and tuned to Wegner Motorsports to produce . The car was built for Prestone and is called "Defiant".


title: JT Daniels

text: Jonathan Tyler Daniels (born February 2, 2000) is an American football quarterback most recently for the West Virginia Mountaineers before entering the transfer portal in 2022. Daniels previously played for USC and Georgia, winning the CFP National Championship with the latter as a backup to Stetson Bennett, before transferring to West Virginia in 2022.


title: JT Daniels

text: Daniels attended Mater Dei High School in Santa Ana, California. During his high school career, he passed for 12,014 yards with 152 touchdowns and 14 interceptions.


title: JT Daniels

text: Daniels was notable for earning the starting position his freshman year and full play calling responsibility his sophomore year, the latter of which being a distinction that took fellow Mater Dei and USC alum Matt Barkley until his senior year to earn. He threw for 4,849 yards and 67 touchdowns his sophomore season. As a junior, he won the Gatorade Football Player of the Year and then later the Male Athlete of the Year award after passing for 4,123 yards and scoring 61 total touchdowns (52 passing, nine rushing), leading his team to a 15–0 record and a consensus high school football national championship. Mater Dei held the #1 position from the first week of the season and did not trail at any point in the season, winning every game by at least 10 points in CIF's Division I.


title: JT Daniels

text: Daniels was a five-star recruit and ranked as the number one overall recruit in his class by Rivals.com prior to his reclassification. He committed to the University of Southern California (USC) to play college football. In December 2017, Daniels announced that he would graduate early from high school and reclassify to the 2018 class. He enrolled in USC in June 2018 upon completion of his high school course work. In August 2018, he began USC's two week fall camp in a three-way competition for the starting quarterback position. Within three weeks, Daniels was named the starter over incumbents Matt Fink and Jack Sears, making him the second true freshman in school history to start a season opener. In his true freshman year, Daniels passed for 2,672 yards, 14 touchdowns, and ten interceptions in 11 games, missing just one game due to concussion. The Trojans went 5–7 for the season.


title: JT Daniels

text: In 2019, he won the starting job over Fink, Sears, and Kedon Slovis. During the season opener against Fresno State, he tore his ACL during a sack in the second quarter; at the time of the injury, he had completed 25 of 34 passes for 215 yards, a touchdown, and an interception. Daniels was eventually ruled out for the remainder of the year and Slovis was named the starting quarterback.


title: JT Daniels

text: Following the emergence of Kedon Slovis, USC head coach Clay Helton announced that Daniels entered his name in the NCAA transfer portal on April 16, 2020.


title: JT Daniels

text: On May 28, 2020, Daniels announced that he would be transferring to the University of Georgia. Daniels was granted immediate eligibility to play by the NCAA on July 13, 2020. Going into the 2020 season, Daniels competed with Jamie Newman, D'Wan Mathis, Stetson Bennett and Carson Beck for the starting job. On September 2, 2020, Newman announced he would opt-out of the 2020 season due to COVID-19 concerns and begin to prepare for the 2021 NFL Draft, leaving Daniels to compete with Mathis, Bennett and Beck. Ultimately, D'Wan Mathis was named the starting quarterback for the season-opener against Arkansas. Daniels was named the backup quarterback behind Stetson Bennett, who replaced Mathis due to poor play against Arkansas. Daniels was named the starting quarterback in the game against Mississippi State after Bennett sustained a shoulder injury against Florida.


title: JT Daniels

text: On November 21, 2020, Daniels made his first start and appearance with Georgia against Mississippi State and went 28-of-38 for 401 passing yards with 4 touchdowns in the 31–24 win. Following that game, Daniels was named the starter for the remainder of the season. Daniels led the Bulldogs to the Peach Bowl, where he went 26-of-38 for 392 passing yards with one touchdown and one interception in the 24–21 win. The Bulldogs went 4–0 in Daniels' four starts and Daniels finished the season with 80 passing completions out of 119 attempts for 1,231 passing yards with 10 touchdowns and 2 interceptions.


title: JT Daniels

text: Beginning the 2021 season, JT Daniels was the clear frontrunner for starting quarterback, with Stetson Bennett as backup. In the season opener against Clemson, Daniels threw 22-for-30 with 135 yards, with no touchdowns and one interception. Following Georgia's victory, Daniels was sidelined with an oblique injury, leaving Bennett as the starter for an indefinite period. Daniels returned two weeks later against South Carolina and threw 23-for-31 with 303 yards, and two touchdowns and one interception. Daniels started a week later on September 25 against Vanderbilt and threw 9-for-10 with two touchdowns for 129 yards, but was replaced by Bennett. Daniels did not return until November 6 against Missouri; however, he only appeared briefly in relief of a struggling Bennett, throwing 7-of-11 for 82 yards with a touchdown and an interception. Daniels' last appearance came against Charleston Southern on November 20 during senior day (the last home game of the season), and threw 7-for-12, gaining 73 yards and a touchdown during his brief stint.


title: JT Daniels

text: Despite a poor performance by Bennett in the SEC championship game against Alabama with two interceptions, coach Kirby Smart remained confident in Bennett's abilities for the remainder of the season. Following Georgia's national championship and Bennett's affirmation to play out his final season of eligibility in 2022, Daniels entered the NCAA transfer portal.


title: JT Daniels

text: On April 13, 2022, JT Daniels announced his intention to transfer to West Virginia University. On December 5, 2022, Daniels entered the transfer portal.


title: Irony of Negro Policeman

text: Irony of Negro Policeman is a painting created by American artist Jean-Michel Basquiat in 1981. It depicts a black figure as police officer, however, Basquiat found the idea of the "Negro Policeman" specifically ironic.


title: Irony of Negro Policeman

text: By 1981, Jean-Michel Basquiat made the transition from street artist to a gallery artist. Basquiat joined the Anina Nosei Gallery in New York, and Nosei provided him with studio space in the basement of her gallery where he created some of his most important artworks such as "Irony of a Negro Policeman". The painting sold for $12.6 million at a Phillips Contemporary Art auction in 2012.


title: Irony of Negro Policeman

text: The figure in the artwork—a black man dressed in a midnight blue police uniform—represents the totalitarian black mass. The hat that frames the head of the policeman resembles a cage, and represents what Basquiat believes are the constrained independent perceptions of African-Americans at the time, and how constrained the policeman's own perceptions were within white society. Basquiat drew upon his Haitian heritage by painting a hat that resembles the top hat associated with Baron Samedi of the Gede family of lwa, who embody the powers of death in Haitian Vodou.


title: Irony of Negro Policeman

text: Race was one of the most important themes in Basquiat's oeuvre. He consistently placed the black figure at the center his artwork because as he stated: "Black people are never really portrayed realistically in...I mean, not even portrayed in modern art enough." However, by titling the artwork "IRONY OF NEGRO PLCEMN" next to the figure, Basquiat is suggesting irony in that the oppressed is wearing the uniform of the oppressor. Author Jana Evans Braziel noted: The elided vowels in the word "policeman" (painted onto the wood panel as "PLCEMN") suggest that the "Negro Policeman" is merely a placement: a position or cog within the machine; as a placement, there can also be a replacement: to the system, he is expendable.


title: Irony of Negro Policeman

text: "Irony of a Negro Policeman" was painted the same year Basquiat created "La Hara" (1981), a menacing depiction of a white policeman. However the contrast of intimidation are opposites. The black officer in "Irony of a Negro Policeman" is outlined in white with a mask-like face, symbolizing hypocrisy, whereas "La Hara"'s cryptic message is conveyed with brutal-looking skeleton of a white officer.


title: Jolly Rancher

text: Jolly Rancher is an American brand of sweet hard candy, gummies, jelly beans, lollipops, sour bites, and a line of soda put out by Elizabeth Beverage Company in 2004. It is currently manufactured by The Hershey Company.


title: Jolly Rancher

text: Bill and Dorothy Harmsen founded the Jolly Rancher Company in 1949, choosing the name to give the impression of a friendly Western company, and opened their first Jolly Rancher Ice Cream Store in Golden, Colorado on May 28, 1949. Finding that ice cream was hard to sell in the cold winter months, they added a line of bulk and boxed chocolate that was provided by a small candy firm in the Denver area. Jolly Rancher Company opened a number of franchise stores in Colorado, Wyoming and Nebraska and provided both chocolate candies and a five cent hot cinnamon taffy stick that proved to be very popular. It was this candy's popularity that caused Jolly Rancher Company to expand its hard candy line.


title: Jolly Rancher

text: Jolly Rancher filed for a trademark for Jolly Rancher as a word mark on March 31, 1958, and received registration number 0695762 for that trademark on April 5, 1960. The first use in commerce for that Jolly Rancher word mark was noted in the filing as being June 1,1960.


title: Jolly Rancher

text: In 1966, Jolly Rancher Company was sold to Beatrice Foods, although Bill Harmsen continued to operate the business. In 1983, Leaf, Inc. acquired a number of candy brands from Beatrice, Jolly Rancher included. In October 1996, The Hershey Company agreed to purchase the North American confectionery brands of Leaf, Inc. which included Jolly Rancher, Whoppers, Milk Duds, Good & Plenty, PayDay and Heath bar. As part of the transaction, Hershey agreed to sell most of its European candy operations to Huhtamäki Oy, Leaf's parent company.


title: Jolly Rancher

text: In 2002, Hershey closed the Arvada, Colorado plant and moved the manufacturing of the candy to Mexico to save costs.


title: Jolly Rancher

text: In 2014, Hershey acquired Ontario based company The Allan Candy Co. and moved the manufacturing of the candy exclusively to the Granby plant, in Quebec, Canada.


title: Jolly Rancher

text: Jolly Rancher's original flavors were watermelon, apple, and fire stix. They soon introduced cherry, orange tangerine, lemon, grape, peach, black licorice, and sour apple. Eventually, blue raspberry replaced lemon. Current flavors include cherry, blue raspberry, grape, green apple, and watermelon. There are also sour, cinnamon, and smoothie varieties. In 2013, lemon was reintroduced in an all-lemon bag. In 2015, Jolly Rancher offered a "Fruity Bash" variety bag which includes strawberry, mountain berry, lemon, orange, and pineapple. In 2017, Jolly Rancher offered a "Hotties" variety bag which includes watermelon & cayenne pepper, blue raspberry & sriracha, cherry & habanero, and green apple & ginger. In 2020, Jolly Rancher offered a tropical variety bag featuring fruit punch, golden pineapple, lime, and mango flavors. They also offer a "red" bag, which included cherry, watermelon, strawberry and fruit punch. As of 2012, the passion mix, which included the peach flavor, and the wild berry mix were discontinued by The Hershey Company. The Hotties mix has been discontinued as of 2019. In 2020, the peach flavor has been brought back in an "all-peach" bag, and replaced the mountain berry flavor in the Fruity Bash bag.


title: Jolly Rancher

text: Jolly Ranchers are amorphous solids, meaning their molecular arrangements have no specific pattern. They are hard, brittle, rigid, translucent and have low molecular mobility. Jolly Ranchers are formed from highly concentrated sugar solutions (greater than 95% sugar) and have extremely high viscosity. Their "glassy" appearance is a result of the way they are processed. During processing, the sugar syrup is cooled so rapidly that no crystals have time to form. Jolly Ranchers hold their solid shape when kept in temperatures less than the glass transition temperature (T). If the temperature is greater than the T, the hard and glassy-like structure of the Jolly Rancher becomes a soft and rubbery material.


title: Jolly Rancher

text: Jolly Ranchers are manufactured by creating a solution of corn syrup, sucrose, glucose, or fructose syrup that is boiled to a temperature of and cooled to create a supersaturated mixture that is roughly 2.5 percent water. As the mixture is cooled, natural and artificial flavoring and artificial colors are added to individual batches of syrup solution which are later mixed with malic acid to improve shelf life and add further flavor. Once the mixture begins to cool, it is then extruded into long malleable strings that are cut to size and individually wrapped and packaged.


title: USS Independence (LCS-2)

text: USS "Independence" (LCS-2) is the lead ship of the of littoral combat ships. She is the sixth ship of the United States Navy to be named for the concept of independence. The design was produced by the General Dynamics consortium for the Navy's LCS program, and competes with the Lockheed Martin designed "Freedom" variant.


title: USS Independence (LCS-2)

text: "Independence", delivered to the Navy at the end of 2009, was a high speed, small crew corvette (although the U.S. Navy does not use the term) intended for operation in the littoral zone. She can swap out various systems to take on various missions, including finding and destroying mines, hunting submarines in and near shallow water, and fighting small boats (she is not intended to fight warships). The ship is a trimaran design with a wide beam above the waterline that supports a larger flight deck than those of the Navy's much larger destroyers and cruisers, as well as a large hangar and a similarly large mission bay below. The trimaran hull also exhibits low hydrodynamic drag, allowing efficient operation on two diesel powered water jets at speeds up to , and high speed operation on two gas turbine powered water jets at a sustainable and even faster for short periods.


title: USS Independence (LCS-2)

text: On 29 July 2021, the Navy decommissioned "Independence" during a private ceremony at Naval Base San Diego, CA.


title: USS Independence (LCS-2)

text: The design for "Independence" is based on a high speed trimaran ("Benchijigua Express") hull built by Austal (Henderson, Australia). The surface combatant design requires a crew of 43 sailors.


title: USS Independence (LCS-2)

text: With of payload volume, she was designed to carry two mission modules, allowing the ship to do multiple missions without having to be refitted. The flight deck, , can support two SH-60 Seahawk helicopters, multiple unmanned aerial vehicles, or one CH-53 Sea Stallion-class helicopter. The trimaran aluminum hull will allow flight operations up to sea state 5.


title: USS Independence (LCS-2)

text: "Independence" carries a default armament for self-defense, and command and control. Unlike traditional combatants with fixed armament such as guns and missiles, tailored mission modules can be configured for one mission package at a time. Modules may consist of manned aircraft, unmanned vehicles, off board sensors, or mission manning detachments.


title: USS Independence (LCS-2)

text: The interior volume and payload is greater than some destroyers, allowing the ship to serve as a high speed transport and maneuver platform. The mission bay takes up most of the deck below the hangar and flight deck.


title: USS Independence (LCS-2)

text: In addition to cargo or container sized mission modules, the bay can carry four lanes of multiple Strykers, armored Humvees, and their associated troops. An elevator allows air transport of packages the size of a shipping container that can be moved into the mission bay while at sea. A side access ramp allows for vehicle roll-on/roll-off loading to a dock and would have allowed the ship to transport the cancelled Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle.


title: USS Independence (LCS-2)

text: Bunks and living spaces are below the bridge. The helm is controlled by joysticks instead of a traditional steering wheel.


title: USS Independence (LCS-2)

text: "Independence" also has an integrated LOS Mast, Sea Giraffe 3D radar and SeaStar Safire FLIR. Side and forward surfaces are angled to reduce the ship's radar profile. In addition, H-60-series helicopters provide airlift, rescue, anti-submarine, radar picket and anti-ship capabilities with torpedoes and missiles.


title: USS Independence (LCS-2)

text: The Raytheon Evolved SeaRAM missile defense system is installed on the hangar roof. The SeaRAM combines the sensors of the Phalanx 1B close in weapon system with an eleven missile launcher for the Rolling Airframe Missile (RAM), creating an autonomous system.


title: USS Independence (LCS-2)

text: Northrop Grumman has demonstrated sensor fusion of on and off board systems in the Integrated Combat Management System (ICMS) used on "Independence".


title: USS Independence (LCS-2)

text: "Independence" has an Interior Communications Center that can be curtained off from the rest of bridge, instead of the heavily protected Combat Information Center found on other Navy warships.


title: USS Independence (LCS-2)

text: Austal claims that "Independence" will use one-third less fuel than "Freedom", but the Congressional Budget Office found that fuel would account for 18 percent or less of the total lifetime cost of "Freedom". While it was unable to judge the fuel usage of "Independence", the higher purchase price of "Independence" would dominate her lifetime costs.


title: USS Independence (LCS-2)

text: The contract was awarded to General Dynamics in July 2003. The contract to build her was then awarded to Austal USA of Mobile, Alabama, on 14 October 2005 and her keel was laid down on 19 January 2006. Delivery to the United States Navy was scheduled for December 2008.


title: USS Independence (LCS-2)

text: On 1 May 2009, a second vessel was reordered by the Navy, . The keel was laid on 17 December 2009, with delivery scheduled for May 2012. It was delivered 27 September 2013.


title: USS Independence (LCS-2)

text: For fiscal year 2010, the Navy planned a competition between Lockheed Martin and General Dynamics for the next three littoral combat ships, with the winner building two ships and the loser only one. "Independence" was christened 5 October 2008 by Doreen Scott, wife of 10th Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy Terry D. Scott.


title: USS Independence (LCS-2)

text: Navy leaders said that the fixed price competition offered the Austal design an equal shot, in spite of its excess size and cost and limited service. In June 2009, the development and construction of "Independence" was 220% over-budget. The total projected cost for the ship was $704 million. The Navy had originally projected the cost at $220 million. "Independence" began builder's trials near Mobile, Alabama on 2 July 2009, three days behind schedule because of maintenance issues.


title: USS Independence (LCS-2)

text: In response to problems with the propulsion plant (the port gas turbine shaft seal sprang a leak), General Dynamics rearranged builder's trials to test other systems until this was fixed. The ship completed builder's trials on 21 October 2009 and acceptance trials on 19 November 2009.


title: USS Independence (LCS-2)

text: On 9 December 2009, the Navy announced that the ship had completed its first INSURV inspection. The inspection found 2,080 discrepancies, including 39 high-priority deficiencies, but concluded that all could be resolved before the Navy accepted the ship as scheduled. The ship was delivered to the Navy on 17 December 2009, and the service officially accepted it the next day. However, the ship was found to be incomplete and a second round of acceptance trials was scheduled for 2011.


title: USS Independence (LCS-2)

text: The ship was commissioned on 16 January 2010 at Mobile, Alabama and completed her maiden voyage in April 2010.In 2010, the Navy asked for an additional $5.3 million to correct problems found in the sea trials. Galvanic corrosion caused by an aluminum hull acts as an anode in contact with the stainless steel propulsion system with sea water acting as an electrolyte, and electrical currents not fully isolated, caused "aggressive corrosion." Prior to the discovery of corrosion, Austal and General Dynamics had both agreed to dissolve their relationship with each other and agree to act as competitors in March. The cause of the split was due to the planned competition between Lockheed Martin and General Dynamics. Prior to the split, General Dynamics was to continue maintenance on the ship after it entered service. In 2011 the corrosion problem was found to be even worse than expected and repair would require time in a drydock to completely remove the water jets. In response, Austal blamed the U.S. Navy for not properly maintaining the ship. However the Navy replied that the electrical insulation had been improperly installed during construction. Later Austal said it had found a fix for the problem that would be tested on the third Austal LCS ship. In 2011, seven U.S. senators sent a letter to the Department of Defense questioning the management of the corrosion problems of "Independence". In July 2011, a Navy Public Information Officer reported that a "cathodic protection system" would be installed on the ship. Such systems generally consist of strategically located deposits of "sacrificial metals" which act as an anode to reduce corrosion of the metal being protected.


title: USS Independence (LCS-2)

text: On 2 May 2012, "Independence" completed her maiden voyage to her homeport, Naval Base San Diego, California, where she was assigned to Littoral Combat Ship Squadron One


title: USS Independence (LCS-2)

text: In 2013, U.S. Navy sources described early documents that showed that the ship was to be named as a mistake.


title: USS Independence (LCS-2)

text: On 19 May 2014, a spokesman for the U.S. Pacific Fleet confirmed that "Independence" would take part in RIMPAC 2014, reversing an earlier decision to keep littoral combat ships in southern California to carry out tests and various exercises. The ship would join more than two dozen foreign ships and a similar number of Navy ships in exercises off Hawaii from 6–25 July 2014. "Independence" was operating out of San Diego testing its MCM package when it was decided that it would take part in RIMPAC 2014, so the ship returned to port and switched it out for the surface warfare package in 96 hours. The first RIMPAC scenario was acting as plane guard for the aircraft carrier , for which it received "Bravo Zulu" (well done) from the strike group commander. In a four-hour event, the ship played opposition force alone against four other vessels, going nearly two hours without being located. "Independence" performed its first joint combined operations, acting as an afloat forward staging base for Navy and foreign fast-roping helicopter operating teams, and operated two helicopters near simultaneously while launching and recovering boats. The ship performed two to three tasks per day and completed them all while not needing to pull into port and being refueled twice. RIMPAC exercises were at a much higher operating tempo than previous tests, and "Independence" accomplished its tasks without experiencing any major difficulties.


title: USS Independence (LCS-2)

text: "Independence" tested the MCM and ASW mission modules for the littoral combat ship designs during the summer of 2014. It was the first time the ship had conducted end-to-end missions, and the crew successfully performed at the high operational tempos. When moving through a mock minefield twice, the suite of counter-mine technologies detected mines each instance and completed search, detect, and destroy phases; it was also the first time all three components of the MCM package had been integrated on board the ship. Testing of the ASW package was conducted in September, where for the first time both the active and passive sonars were towed at once to make sure the two systems did not cross.


title: USS Independence (LCS-2)

text: On 20 June 2020, the US Navy announced that they would be taking "Independence" out of commission in March 2021, and placing her, along with , , and in reserve.


title: USS Independence (LCS-2)

text: On 29 July 2021, the Navy decommissioned "Independence" during a private ceremony at Naval Base San Diego, CA.


title: USS Independence (LCS-2)

text: As of 2022, "Independence", resides with the US Naval Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility in Bremerton, Wa.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: "The End of Time" is a two-part story of the British science fiction television series "Doctor Who", originally broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC One on 25 December 2009 (Part 1) and 1 January 2010 (Part 2). It is the fifth "Doctor Who" Christmas special and the last entry in a series of specials aired from 2008 to 2010. It marks the final regular appearance of David Tennant as the Tenth Doctor and introduces Matt Smith as the Eleventh Doctor. It was at the time, the last "Doctor Who" story written and produced by Russell T Davies, who shepherded the series' return to British television in 2005 and served as the series' executive producer and chief writer. He is set to return to that role in 2023 with the 60th anniversary special. Davies was succeeded as executive producer and showrunner by Steven Moffat.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: Bernard Cribbins, who appeared in the story "Voyage of the Damned" and throughout Series 4 as Wilfred Mott, grandfather of Donna Noble, acts as the companion to the Doctor in this two-part story. The special also features the return of many other actors to the show, including Catherine Tate, John Simm, Jacqueline King, Alexandra Moen, Billie Piper, Camille Coduri, Freema Agyeman, Noel Clarke, John Barrowman, Elisabeth Sladen, Tommy Knight, Jessica Hynes and Russell Tovey.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: The story features the Tenth Doctor (Tennant), who has been running from a prophecy of his impending demise, as he is drawn into a scheme by his old nemesis, the Master (Simm). The Master brings the human race under his control as part of an elaborate plan to restore the world of his and the Doctor's own people, the Time Lords, from their demise in the Time War referred to in the series. The Doctor is able to avert this, but incurs fatal injuries. In the episode's conclusion, as has happened before, the Doctor regenerates and becomes a new man with a new personality and physical traits, setting up the show's following series with Matt Smith as the Eleventh Doctor and Steven Moffat as executive producer.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: A narrator states that in the last days of humanity, everyone had bad dreams of the Master, but only Wilfred Mott remembers them, and as a result is searching for the Doctor. A cult resurrects the Master in a prison, but his ex-wife, Lucy Saxon, imprisoned for killing the Master ("Last of the Time Lords"), sabotages the ceremony. The resultant explosion destroys the prison, killing everyone inside, while the Master is reborn with great strength but constant, ravenous hunger.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: On the home planet of the Ood, the Doctor is warned of the Master's resurrection, as well as the imminent "end of time". Returning to Earth, the Doctor encounters Wilfred and explains the prophecy that he will hear "four knocks" before his death. The Doctor finds the Master in the wastelands outside London. The Doctor learns that the sound of drums the Master hears, previously assumed by the Doctor to be a symptom of the Master's insanity, is real and has been implanted externally. Before the Doctor can learn more, the Master is captured by armed troops and placed in custody of billionaire Joshua Naismith. Naismith has recovered a broken alien "Immortality Gate" and wants the Master to fix its programming.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: The Doctor regroups with Wilfred, who identifies Naismith. Wilfred prepares to go with the Doctor, but a mysterious woman warns him to arm himself to protect the Doctor before departing. At Naismith's mansion, the Doctor and Wilfred meet two Vinvocci disguised as humans, who assert the Gate is a harmless medical device from their homeworld. The Doctor is too late stopping the Master from activating the Gate, which he has reprogrammed to replace all of humankind's DNA with his own, making humanity doppelgängers of him; the only humans unaffected are Wilfred, protected in the Gate's control rooms, and the Doctor's former companion and Wilfred's granddaughter, Donna Noble, due to Time Lord biological traits she already has ("Journey's End"). Donna begins to remember her travels with the Doctor, which the Doctor had made her forget to save her life. The Master and his doppelgängers taunt the Doctor, who can only look on in horror.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: Elsewhere, the Lord President of the Time Lords (revealed to be the narrator of the episode) observes the situation and declares to the Time Lord Senate that Gallifrey will return.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: The Doctor and Wilfred become fugitives from the Masters and escape to the Vinvocci spacecraft. Donna is saved by a fail-safe implanted by the Doctor, which stuns her and several doppelgängers via a release of energy, causing her to forget the Doctor again.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: Meanwhile, the Lord President, following a prophecy about the future of the Time Lords after the Time War, implants the sound of drums in the Master's head as a child; in the present, the billions of Masters amplify that signal. The Lord President orders a Gallifreyan diamond to be launched to Earth for the Master to use to create a strong link that allows the Time Lords to bring Gallifrey out of the "time lock" they were stuck in and move in close orbit to Earth. The Doctor jumps from the Vinvocci ship into Naismith's mansion, armed with only Wilfred's gun, as the Lord President appears with a small ensemble of Time Lords and reverts the human race to its original form.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: The Doctor tells the Master that Gallifrey cannot be allowed to return due to the horrors of the Time War, its corrupting effect on the Time Lords, and the Lord President's plan to end time itself and ascend to a state of pure consciousness, but the Master is unmoved. The Doctor finds himself torn between shooting the Master or the Lord President to sever the link and return Gallifrey to the "time lock". Among the Lord President's ensemble, the Doctor spots the same woman in white Wilfred had seen. The Doctor then fires the gun at the diamond instead, destroying the link. As Gallifrey is pulled back, the Lord President, revealed to be Rassilon, attempts to kill the Doctor, but the Master intervenes, saving the Doctor and seeing his act as revenge for what the Time Lords had done to him. Soon after, the Master, the Time Lords, and Gallifrey have disappeared.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: The Doctor considers himself victorious until he hears four knocks. He sees Wilfred, who knocks a further four times and then waves to him, and learns Wilfred had come to help him, but is now trapped in one of the Gate's isolated control rooms that is about to be flooded by a lethal dose (500,000 rads) of radiation. The Doctor gives up his life to free Wilfred by absorbing the radiation, meaning he will soon regenerate.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: After dropping Wilfred back home, the Doctor visits past companions and acquaintances; as a "final reward" for him. He then regenerates in the TARDIS into the Eleventh Doctor, causing an explosion that destroys the control room. Subsequently, the wrecked TARDIS begins to plummet back to Earth.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: At the start of "Part One" the Doctor explains his delay to Ood Sigma. Among his various adventures, he mentions having married "Good Queen Bess" and refers to her nickname, 'The Virgin Queen'. At the end of "The Shakespeare Code" Queen Elizabeth appears infuriated at seeing the Doctor, calling him her sworn enemy; he does not recall meeting her and presumes he will meet her in his future, which eventually happens in "The Day of the Doctor".


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: One of the two dissident Time Lords, described as "The Woman" in the credits, visits Wilfred on several occasions, appearing and disappearing in unexplained ways. When she lowers her arms to stare at the Tenth Doctor he appears to recognise her, but when later asked by Wilfred about her identity, the Doctor evades the question. British newspapers "The Daily Telegraph" identified the character as the Doctor's mother as early as April 2009. The episodes' writer Russell T Davies wrote in an email to journalist Benjamin Cook, "I like leaving it open, because then you can imagine what you want. I think the fans will say it's Romana. Or even the Rani. Some might say that it's Susan's mother, I suppose. But of course it's meant to be the Doctor's mother."


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: The Doctor at one point addresses the Lord President as "Rassilon", the name of the founder of Time Lord society from the classic series, although the character is only identified in the credits as "The Narrator" in part one and "Lord President" in part two. In the accompanying episode of "Doctor Who Confidential", Davies stated that the character's name was indeed Rassilon.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: Verity Newman is played by Jessica Hynes, the same actress who played Joan Redfern, who is Verity's great-grandmother, in the episodes "Human Nature" and "The Family of Blood". The name "Verity Newman" is based on "Doctor Who" creator Sydney Newman and the show's first producer, Verity Lambert. Professor John Smith averred that his parents were Verity and Sydney. A pocket watch featured prominently in the plot of both Hynes's original episodes, and a pocket watch is featured on the cover of Newman's book.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: When the Doctor visits Captain Jack Harkness in the alien bar, the song playing in the background ("My Angel Put the Devil in Me") was sung by Tallulah in the episode "Daleks in Manhattan". He also informs Jack that the sailor he is eyeing is named Alonso. It is actually Midshipman Alonso Frame (Russell Tovey), from the Christmas special "Voyage of the Damned."


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: After regenerating, the Eleventh Doctor is disappointed that he is "still not ginger", referring to the Tenth Doctor's comment "Aw, I wanted to be ginger... I've never been ginger!" in "The Christmas Invasion". This line was a source of complaint for some viewers, leading the BBC to issue a statement clarifying its intent.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: Davies described the story as "huge and epic, but also intimate." Davies had been planning the story for some time, indicating that it continued the trend of series finales being progressively more dramatic:


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: The Christmas specials constitute Davies' last script for "Doctor Who" and Julie Gardner's last job producing the series. It is also the last story in which Tennant appears until "The Day of the Doctor", the 50th-anniversary special. In issue 407 of "Doctor Who Magazine", Davies wrote about the night when he finished the script:


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: When asked about the emotional impact of writing his last "Doctor Who" script, he said, "I would have thought that when I handed in the last script I might have burst into tears or got drunk or partied with 20 naked men, but when these great moments happen you find that real life just carries on. The emotion goes into the scripts." Tennant and Julie Gardner separately said that they cried when they read the script.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: The last three specials of 2009 are foreshadowed in the episode "Planet of the Dead", when the low-level psychic character Carmen gives the Doctor the prophecy, "You be careful, because your song is ending, sir. It is returning, it is returning through the dark. And then... oh, but then... he will knock four times." This evokes memories of the Ood prophecy to the Doctor and Donna in "Planet of the Ood". Tennant explained the prophecy meant that the Doctor's "card [had become] marked" and the three specials would thus be darker—characterising "Planet of the Dead" as the "last time the Doctor gets to have any fun"—and that the subject of the prophecy was not the obvious answer:


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: Writing in his regular column in "Doctor Who Magazine" issue 416, Davies revealed that the original title for "Part One" of "The End of Time" was "The Final Days of Planet Earth", while "Part Two" was always referred to as "The End of Time". Due to the sheer scale of the story, however, it was decided that both instalments needed the same title, differentiated by part numbers, the first such instance since "Survival".


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: Davies's script for the second episode finished with the Tenth Doctor's final line, "I don't want to go", followed by action text describing the regeneration and ending with the words, "And there he is. Blinking. Dazed. The New Man." He then sent the script to his successor Steven Moffat, who is responsible for all of the Eleventh Doctor's dialogue that follows. Moffat, as incoming executive producer, also assisted in the production of the final scene.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: The first location recording for this story took place on Saturday, 21 March 2009 at a bookstore in Cardiff. Jessica Hynes was recorded signing a book titled "A Journal of Impossible Things", by Verity Newman.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: Recording also took place at Tredegar House in Newport, which had previously been used for the recording of the 2008 Christmas special "The Next Doctor". John Simm, who played the Master in the 2007 series finale episodes "Utopia", "The Sound of Drums" and "Last of the Time Lords", was spotted on location during the Tredegar House recording.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: Recording that took place during the Easter Bank Holiday was widely covered by the British press. Catherine Tate recorded several scenes in the episode in Swansea, including one recorded in the Kardomah Café. and another depicting her character getting a parking ticket. Other recording locations included Nant Fawr Road in Cyncoed, Cardiff—the previously regular location used for the Noble household—where recording on 12 April showed Bernard Cribbins wearing reindeer antlers and boarding a minibus. Recording took place in the following week on Victoria Road, Penarth, in an area which had been regularly used for a location for Sarah Jane Smith's neighbourhood in "The Sarah Jane Adventures". Elisabeth Sladen, who played Sarah Jane Smith, and Tommy Knight, who played her son Luke, were recorded on location with David Tennant.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: On the night of 20–21 April, Cribbins recorded a Christmas scene on Wharton Street in Cardiff's city centre, with a large Christmas tree and brass band.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: The science fiction website io9 published a photograph showing Tennant alongside Simm and Timothy Dalton, with Dalton dressed in Time Lord robes. On 26 July 2009, io9 published an interview with David Tennant in which he confirmed Dalton's involvement in the specials.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: Due to the special effects used to simulate the violent nature of the Tenth Doctor's regeneration, the glass central pillar in the middle of the TARDIS console was damaged so badly it had to be rebuilt prior to the recording of the next series. It was made by Bristol Blue Glass based in Brislington.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: A teaser trailer, featuring Timothy Dalton's opening narration and brief shots of the main characters, was shown at Comic-Con 2009. A 'Next Time' trailer, consisting some of the Ood Elder's monologue with excerpts from various scenes in part one, was included at the end of "The Waters of Mars". In November 2009 a special preview of the opening moments on the Ood Sphere was shown on the "Children in Need" telethon. The pre-Christmas publicity trailer and promotional clips also showed a selection of scene excerpts from part one.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: Following the broadcast of part one, a trailer for part two was released on the BBC Doctor Who website.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: Additionally, the 2009 Christmas idents for BBC One featured David Tennant as the Doctor using the TARDIS as a sleigh pulled by reindeer. Though unrelated to the episode, it was used to introduce both parts of the story, with Tennant himself providing a voiceover introduction for Part Two. After Part Two was broadcast, the ident continued for the remainder of the day but no longer featured Tennant, since he was no longer the Doctor.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: Concurrently with the recording of the story, a music video was produced, featuring the cast, extras, crew and CGI Adipose, all lip-synching and dancing to the Proclaimers' 1988 song, "I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)". Tennant appeared with each pair of featured actors, as well as with the Proclaimers themselves.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: Overnight ratings placed Part One as the third most watched programme of Christmas Day, behind "EastEnders" and "The Royle Family" with a provisional viewing figure of 10.0 million viewers. The episode achieved a 42.2% share of the total viewing audience, and an appreciation index score of 87, considered 'Excellent'.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: Final consolidated ratings placed Part One as the third most watched program of Christmas Day, behind "The Royle Family" and "EastEnders" with a final figure of 11.57 million viewers. This is the highest timeshift that the show has received since its revival (the previous highest being 11.4 million for "The Next Doctor" in Christmas 2008). When simulcast HD figures are added to the BBC One transmission, "Doctor Who" actually comes out as the most watched show on Christmas Day with a total of 12.04 million viewers, narrowly ahead of "The Royle Family" and "EastEnders".


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: Overnight ratings placed Part Two as the second most watched programme of New Year's Day, behind "EastEnders", with a provisional viewing figure of 10.4 million viewers (including 389,000 watching on BBC HD). The episode achieved a 35.5% share of the total viewing audience on an evening where an estimated 30 million viewers were watching TV in the UK. Official BARB ratings placed Part Two as the second most watched programme of the week behind "EastEnders" at 11.79 million viewers; however, when the simulcast figures on BBC HD are added, an additional 480,000 viewers bring the total figure to 12.27 million. When this figure is recognised, the program becomes the most watched of the week, only the third time the show has achieved this. Additionally, "The End of Time" received over 1.3 million requests on BBC's online iPlayer.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: In a review of the first part of the story, Peter Robins of "The Guardian" states that "Doctor Who" was never going to stop for Christmas this year as "there are stories that need completing, fireworks to set up; the End of Time means No End of Plot." Robins notes that the first part had been "a rush" and questions whether any previous Who story managed to erase the entire human race before the end of the first episode or done it in such a comic and Christmas friendly way? But Robins concedes that when the story is done it is the quieter more emotional parts from the beginning of the episode that the viewer will remember. Robins also notes that Cribbins seems to be playing the same role that Tate did by "becoming the tragic hero while remaining the comic relief." Robins concludes by saying that the story did not need to be a Christmas story in the way previous ones have been.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: Andrew Pettie of "The Daily Telegraph" states that his Doctor Who revelation came in the nick of time after previously thinking that the show was overrated. Pettie states that Davies raised the stakes as high as the laws of physics would allow. Commenting on Cribbins' performance, Pettie states that he cut a King Lear like figure and notes that the Master's plan was evil even by his standards. Pettie notes as the credits rolled his thoughts turned to the dramatic shortcomings of the show before realising that the "true brilliance of Doctor Who can only be felt if you're experiencing it in the company of wide-eyed seven-year-olds", a comment which he likens to Christmas itself.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: Mark Lawson of "The Guardian" stated that the plot device of the Master repopulating the human race as himself "gave Simm the chance to wear a lot of different costumes and the special effects department to show some of the digital ingenuity which has helped the show's renaissance." However, Lawson goes on to say that the plot was slightly unfortunate given that some newspapers complained of Tennant overload over the festive period (Tennant managed to make 75 appearances on the BBC over the festive period). Lawson also went on to praise Tennant for bringing a "proper tragic force" to the role and was again shown in this last story. But on a side note Lawson states that the script seemed to be modelled on Hamlet, a role which Tennant took on both on stage and on TV during 2009. Lawson concluded that "the final line Davies gave to Tennant was a suddenly regretful 'I don't want to go!', and it is likely that, somewhere inside, both actor and writer feel a little like that."


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: In his review of Part Two published the day after transmission, Andrew Pettie of "The Daily Telegraph" awarded a rating of four stars out of five, summing up the episode as "a barnstorming hour of family entertainment." Despite expressing slight dissatisfaction with the plot, which he perceived as excessively complicated, Pettie admitted that the episode "charged forward with such apocalyptic brio it was hard to be unduly worried about what, precisely, was going on." Praising Tennant's final performance as the Doctor, he also commented on the "unnerving experience" of seeing the character so helpless in his final appearance, but ended his review on a note of optimism for the future of the series with a new lead actor: "[Matt] Smith's youth and lack of fame make his Doctor Who an exciting prospect."


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: The episodes were first shown in the United States on 26 December 2009 and 2 January 2010, on BBC America. The broadcast of part two on 2 January helped BBC America to earn its highest ever primetime rating. The two episodes also reached the top two positions on the US iTunes Store, where they were available to purchase for download by American users.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: The Australian Broadcasting Corporation broadcast Part 1 on 14 February 2010 and Part 2 on 21 February 2010.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: Both parts of "The End of Time" were released on DVD in the UK in January 2010 as a double pack with "The Waters of Mars". The specials were also released on the same day on DVD and Blu-ray in a collection entitled "Doctor Who – The Complete Specials". The set includes "The Next Doctor", "Planet of the Dead", "The Waters of Mars" and "The End of Time". In North America, "The End of Time" was released in February 2010 on DVD and Blu-ray, as a single release, and as part of a package of the final four David Tennant specials. "The End of Time" is also part of the special 50th Anniversary "Regenerations" DVD box set and book collection released on Monday 24 June 2013 and limited to 10,000 copies. This story was also released as part of the Doctor Who DVD Files in issue 56 on 23 February 2011.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: To celebrate 5 years to the date after its original broadcast, Watch aired both parts of the story on 1 January 2015.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: The ten Christmas specials between "The Christmas Invasion" and "Last Christmas" inclusive were released in a boxset titled "Doctor Who – The 10 Christmas Specials" on 19 October 2015.


title: The End of Time (Doctor Who)

text: Selected pieces of score from this two-part special, as composed by Murray Gold, were included in the specials soundtrack on 4 October 2010, released by Silva Screen Records.


title: Capital punishment by the United States federal government

text: Capital punishment is a legal penalty under the criminal justice system of the United States federal government. It can be imposed for treason, espionage, murder, large-scale drug trafficking, or attempted murder of a witness, juror, or court officer in certain cases.


text: The federal government imposes and carries out a small minority of the death sentences in the U.S., with the vast majority being applied by state governments. The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) manages the housing and execution of federal death row prisoners.


text: In practice, the federal government rarely carries out executions. As a result of the Supreme Court opinion in "Furman v. Georgia" in 1972, the federal death penalty was suspended from law until its reinstatement by Congress in 1988. No federal executions occurred between 1972 and 2001. From 2001 to 2003, three people were executed by the federal government. No further federal executions occurred from March 18, 2003, up to July 14, 2020, when they resumed under President Donald Trump, during which 13 death row inmates were executed in the last 6 months of his presidency. Since January 16, 2021 no further executions have been performed. On July 1, 2021, U.S. Attorney General Merrick Garland placed a moratorium on all federal executions pending review of policy and procedures. There are 44 offenders remaining on federal death row.


text: The Crimes Act of 1790 defined some capital offenses: treason, murder, robbery, piracy, mutiny, hostility against the United States, counterfeiting, and aiding the escape of a capital prisoner. The first federal execution was that of Thomas Bird on June 25, 1790, due to his committing "murder on the high seas".


text: The use of the death penalty in U.S. territories was handled by federal judges and the U.S. Marshal Service.


text: Historically, members of the U.S. Marshals Service conducted all federal executions. Pre-"Furman" executions by the federal government were normally carried out within the prison system of the state in which the crime was committed. Only in cases where the crime was committed in a territory, the District of Columbia, or a state without the death penalty was it the norm for the court to designate the state in which the death penalty would be carried out, as the federal prison system did not have an execution facility.


text: The last pre-"Furman" federal execution took place on March 15, 1963, when Victor Feguer was executed for kidnapping and murder, after President John F. Kennedy denied clemency.


text: Capital punishment was halted in 1972 after the "Furman v. Georgia" decision but was once again permitted under the "Gregg v. Georgia" decision in 1976.


text: In the late 1980s, Senator Alfonse D'Amato, from New York State, sponsored a bill to make certain federal drug crimes eligible for the death penalty as he was frustrated by the lack of a death penalty in his home state. The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 restored the death penalty under federal law for drug offenses and some types of murder. President Bill Clinton signed the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, expanding the federal death penalty in 1994. In response to the Oklahoma City bombing, the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 was passed in 1996. Federal Correctional Complex, Terre Haute became the only federal prison to execute people and one of only three prisons to hold federally condemned people.


text: The federal death penalty applies even in areas without a state death penalty since federal criminal law is the same for the entire country and is enforced by federal courts, rather than by state courts. From 1988 to October 2019, federal juries gave death sentences to eight convicts in places without a state death penalty when the crime was committed and tried.


text: The federal death penalty is also applicable for any crime involving the killing of a United States national even if such killing occurred outside of the United States.


text: Timothy McVeigh was executed on June 11, 2001, for his involvement in the Oklahoma City bombing, where 168 people were killed. The first federal execution since 1963, it was broadcast on a closed circuit-television to survivors and victims' families.


text: Most of the federal death row inmates are imprisoned at Federal Correctional Complex in Terre Haute, Indiana. , aside from those at Terre Haute, two male death row inmates, Dzhokhar Tsarnaev and Kaboni Savage, are held at ADX Florence. Three people have had their sentences commuted to life in prison: one by President Bill Clinton in 2001, and two in 2017 by President Barack Obama, who commuted one death sentence handed down by a federal district court and another issued by a court-martial.


text: On July 25, 2019, U.S. Attorney General William Barr announced that the federal government would resume executions using pentobarbital, rather than the three-drug cocktail previously used. The Bureau of Prisons' acting director then scheduled 5 convicted death row inmates to be executed in December 2019 and January 2020. However, on November 20, 2019, U.S. District Judge Tanya S. Chutkan issued a preliminary injunction preventing the resumption of federal executions, because the plaintiffs in the case argued that the use of pentobarbital alone violated the Federal Death Penalty Act of 1994. The injunction was upheld by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit and, on December 6, 2019, by the United States Supreme Court, but it told the court of appeals to rule on the case "with appropriate dispatch". Justices Alito, Gorsuch, and Kavanaugh wrote that they believed the government would ultimately win the case and that they would have set a 60-day deadline for the court of appeals to finalize it. In January 2020, the Justice Department argued to the appeals court that when Congress declared that federal executions must be carried out "in the manner prescribed by the state" where inmates were convicted, it was referring to the general method of execution allowed in states, such as lethal injection, rather than the specific drugs to be used.


text: In July 2020, the first federal execution under the presidency of Donald Trump was carried out, the first after a 17-year hiatus. Overall, thirteen federal prisoners were executed between July 2020 and January 2021, including the first woman executed by the federal government in 67 years.


text: The Boston Marathon bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was sentenced to death on June 24, 2015, for his role in the terrorist attack of the 2013 Boston Marathon bombings, but that sentence was vacated by a federal appeals court on July 31, 2020. Following a Supreme Court decision, the sentence was reinstated on March 4, 2022.


text: It is the intention of Senator Dick Durbin and Representative Ayanna Pressley to introduce legislation in the 117th Congress to discontinue the federal death penalty. Durbin and Pressley cited wrongful convictions and racial disparities as partial justification for their effort.


text: Democrats introduced the Federal Death Penalty Abolition Act of 2021 on January 4, 2021. The bill is currently before the House Judiciary Committee.


text: In the federal system, the final decision to seek the death penalty rests with the United States Attorney General. This differs from states, where local prosecutors have the final say with no involvement from the state attorney general.


text: In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, a life sentence is issued, even if a single juror opposed death (there is no retrial).


text: While death row inmates sentenced by state governments may appeal to both state courts and federal courts, federal death row inmates have to appeal directly to federal courts.


text: The method of execution of federal prisoners for offenses under the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 is that of the state in which the conviction took place. If the state has no death penalty, the judge must select a state with the death penalty for carrying out the execution.


text: The federal government has a facility and regulations only for executions by lethal injection, but the United States Code allows U.S. Marshals to use state facilities and employees for federal executions.


text: Pre-"Furman" federal executions were often conducted by hanging or electrocution, and less commonly by cyanide gas.


text: Four Presidents of the United States were slain by assassins while in office. The assassination of Abraham Lincoln was tried by a military commission based on the military nature of the conspiracy. Charles Guiteau's trial was held in a civilian court of the District of Columbia where the assassination of James Garfield happened.


text: The assassin of William McKinley, Leon Czolgosz, was tried and executed for murder by New York state authorities. The accused assassin of John F. Kennedy, Lee Harvey Oswald, would presumably have been tried for murder by Texas state authorities had he not been killed two days later by Jack Ruby in the basement of the Dallas Municipal Building (then Dallas Police Department headquarters) while being transferred to the county jail. (Ruby himself was initially tried and convicted of murder in a Texas state court, but that was overturned by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals and he died before he could be retried.) Only after Kennedy's death was it made a federal crime to murder the President of the United States.


text: The United States military has executed 135 people since 1916. The most recent person to be executed by the military is U.S. Army Private John A. Bennett, executed on April 13, 1961, for child rape and attempted murder. Since the end of the Civil War in 1865, only one person has been executed for a purely military offense: Private Eddie Slovik, who was executed on January 31, 1945, after being convicted of desertion.


text: For offenses related to their service, members of the military are usually tried in courts-martial that apply the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) and may order the death penalty as a possible sentence for some crimes. Military commissions may also be established in the field in time of war to expeditiously try and sentence enemy military personnel under the UCMJ for certain offenses. Controversially, the Military Commissions Act of 2009 allows military commissions to try and sentence alien unprivileged enemy belligerent[s] accused of having engaged in or purposefully and materially support[ed] hostilities against the United States or its allies, without the benefit of some UCMJ protections. In a military commission trial, the death penalty may only be imposed in case of a unanimous verdict and sentencing decision.


title: Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy

text: The Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy is a Golden Globe Award presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association. It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role in a musical or comedy film. Previously, there was a single award for "Best Actor in a Motion Picture", but the creation of the category in 1951 allowed for recognition of it and the Best Actor – Drama.


text: The formal title has varied since its inception. In 2006, it was officially called: "Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy". , the wording is "Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy".


title: Lagrange polynomial

text: In numerical analysis, the Lagrange interpolating polynomial is the unique polynomial of lowest degree that interpolates a given set of data.


title: Lagrange polynomial

text: Given a data set of coordinate pairs formula_1 with formula_2 the formula_3 are called "nodes" and the formula_4 are called "values". The Lagrange polynomial formula_5 has degree formula_6 and assumes each value at the corresponding node, formula_7


title: Lagrange polynomial

text: Although named after Joseph-Louis Lagrange, who published it in 1795, the method was first discovered in 1779 by Edward Waring. It is also an easy consequence of a formula published in 1783 by Leonhard Euler.


title: Lagrange polynomial

text: Uses of Lagrange polynomials include the Newton–Cotes method of numerical integration and Shamir's secret sharing scheme in cryptography.


title: Lagrange polynomial

text: For equispaced nodes, Lagrange interpolation is susceptible to Runge's phenomenon of large oscillation.


title: Lagrange polynomial

text: Given a set of formula_8 nodes formula_9, which must all be distinct, formula_10 for indices formula_11, the Lagrange basis for polynomials of degree formula_6 for those nodes is the set of polynomials formula_13 each of degree formula_14 which take values formula_15 if formula_16 and formula_17. Using the Kronecker delta this can be written formula_18 Each basis polynomial can be explicitly described by the product:


title: Lagrange polynomial

text: Notice that the numerator formula_20 has formula_14 roots at the nodes formula_22 while the denominator formula_23 scales the resulting polynomial so that formula_24


title: Lagrange polynomial

text: The Lagrange interpolating polynomial for those nodes through the corresponding "values" formula_25 is the linear combination:


title: Lagrange polynomial

text: Each basis polynomial has degree formula_14, so the sum formula_28 has degree formula_6, and it interpolates the data because formula_30


title: Lagrange polynomial

text: The interpolating polynomial is unique. Proof: assume the polynomial formula_31 of degree formula_6 interpolates the data. Then the difference formula_33 is zero at formula_8 distinct nodes formula_35 But the only polynomial of degree formula_6 with more than formula_14 roots is the constant zero function, so formula_38 or formula_39


title: Lagrange polynomial

text: Each Lagrange basis polynomial formula_40 can be rewritten as the product of three parts, a function formula_41 common to every basis polynomial, a node-specific constant formula_42 (called the "barycentric weight"), and a part representing the displacement from formula_43 to formula_44:


title: Lagrange polynomial

text: By factoring formula_46 out from the sum, we can write the Lagrange polynomial in the so-called "first barycentric form":


title: Lagrange polynomial

text: If the weights formula_48 have been pre-computed, this requires only formula_49 operations compared to formula_50 for evaluating each Lagrange basis polynomial formula_51 individually.


title: Lagrange polynomial

text: The barycentric interpolation formula can also easily be updated to incorporate a new node formula_52 by dividing each of the formula_48, formula_54 by formula_55 and constructing the new formula_56 as above.


title: Lagrange polynomial

text: For any formula_57 formula_58 because the constant function formula_59 is the unique polynomial of degree formula_60 interpolating the data formula_61 We can thus further simplify the barycentric formula by dividing formula_62


title: Lagrange polynomial

text: This second form has advantages in computation cost and accuracy: it avoids evaluation of formula_64; the work to compute each term in the denominator formula_65 has already been done in computing formula_66 and so computing the sum in the denominator costs only formula_67 addition operations; for evaluation points formula_44 which are close to one of the nodes formula_43, catastrophic cancelation would ordinarily be a problem for the value formula_70, however this quantity appears in both numerator and denominator and the two cancel leaving good relative accuracy in the final result.


title: Lagrange polynomial

text: Using this formula to evaluate formula_5 at one of the nodes formula_3 will result in the indeterminate formula_73; computer implementations must replace such results by formula_74


title: Lagrange polynomial

text: Solving an interpolation problem leads to a problem in linear algebra amounting to inversion of a matrix. Using a standard monomial basis for our interpolation polynomial formula_75, we must invert the Vandermonde matrix formula_76 to solve formula_77 for the coefficients formula_78 of formula_5. By choosing a better basis, the Lagrange basis, formula_80, we merely get the identity matrix, formula_81, which is its own inverse: the Lagrange basis automatically "inverts" the analog of the Vandermonde matrix.


title: Lagrange polynomial

text: This construction is analogous to the Chinese remainder theorem. Instead of checking for remainders of integers modulo prime numbers, we are checking for remainders of polynomials when divided by linears.


title: Lagrange polynomial

text: Furthermore, when the order is large, Fast Fourier transformation can be used to solve for the coefficients of the interpolated polynomial.


title: Lagrange polynomial

text: The Lagrange form of the interpolation polynomial shows the linear character of polynomial interpolation and the uniqueness of the interpolation polynomial. Therefore, it is preferred in proofs and theoretical arguments. Uniqueness can also be seen from the invertibility of the Vandermonde matrix, due to the non-vanishing of the Vandermonde determinant.


title: Lagrange polynomial

text: But, as can be seen from the construction, each time a node "x" changes, all Lagrange basis polynomials have to be recalculated. A better form of the interpolation polynomial for practical (or computational) purposes is the barycentric form of the Lagrange interpolation (see below) or Newton polynomials.


title: Lagrange polynomial

text: Lagrange and other interpolation at equally spaced points, as in the example above, yield a polynomial oscillating above and below the true function. This behaviour tends to grow with the number of points, leading to a divergence known as Runge's phenomenon; the problem may be eliminated by choosing interpolation points at Chebyshev nodes.


title: Lagrange polynomial

text: The Lagrange basis polynomials can be used in numerical integration to derive the Newton–Cotes formulas.


title: Lagrange polynomial

text: When interpolating a given function "f" by a polynomial of degree at the nodes formula_91 we get the remainder formula_92 which can be expressed as


title: Lagrange polynomial

text: where formula_94 is the notation for divided differences. Alternatively, the remainder can be expressed as a contour integral in complex domain as


title: Lagrange polynomial

text: Clearly, formula_97 is zero at nodes. To find formula_98 at a point formula_99, define a new function formula_100 and choose formula_101 where formula_102 is the constant we are required to determine for a given formula_103. We choose formula_102 so that formula_105 has formula_106 zeroes (at all nodes and formula_103) between formula_108 and formula_109 (including endpoints). Assuming that formula_110 is formula_111-times differentiable, since formula_5 and formula_113 are polynomials, and therefore, are infinitely differentiable, formula_105 will be formula_111-times differentiable. By Rolle's theorem, formula_116 has formula_111 zeroes, formula_118 has formula_119 zeroes... formula_120 has 1 zero, say formula_121. Explicitly writing formula_122:


title: Lagrange polynomial

text: The Lagrange polynomial can also be computed in finite fields. This has applications in cryptography, such as in Shamir's Secret Sharing scheme.


title: Frank Sinatra discography

text: American vocalist Frank Sinatra recorded 59 studio albums and 297 singles in his solo career, spanning 54 years. Sinatra signed with Columbia Records in 1943; his debut album "The Voice of Frank Sinatra" was released in 1946. Sinatra would achieve greater success with Capitol and Reprise Records, the former of which he released his final two albums on—"Duets" and "Duets II". Eight compilation albums under Sinatra's name were released in his lifetime, with more albums released following his death in 1998.


title: Frank Sinatra discography

text: Columbia Records introduced the LP album on June 21, 1948; prior to that albums were collections of 78s in a booklet resembling a photo album, rarely more than four records to a set. Sinatra's Capitol studio albums were released on "Concepts" in 1992, and the bulk of his Capitol recordings released on the 1998 album "The Capitol Years".


title: Frank Sinatra discography

text: Singles are listed with B-side immediately succeeding. Where a song is listed as (by X), or (instrumental), Sinatra does not feature. (US) Number indicates highest chart position on combined "Billboard" charts.


title: Frank Sinatra discography

text: Sinatra's Capitol singles were released on "The Complete Capitol Singles Collection" (1996). UK Singles Chart positions from 1952 onwards.


title: Frank Sinatra discography

text: Sinatra's Qwest singles were released as part of "The Complete Reprise Studio Recordings" (1995), and originally appeared on "L.A. Is My Lady" (1984).


title: Frank Sinatra discography

text: Since many radio stations in the US adopt a format change to Christmas music each December, many holiday hits have an annual spike in popularity during the last few weeks of the year and are retired once the season is over. In December 2011, "Billboard" began a Holiday Songs chart with 50 positions that monitors the last five weeks of each year to "rank the top holiday hits of all eras using the same methodology as the Hot 100, blending streaming, airplay, and sales data", and in 2013 the number of positions on the chart was doubled, resulting in the Holiday 100. A handful of Sinatra recordings have made appearances on the Holiday 100 and are noted below according to the holiday season in which they charted there.


title: Frank Sinatra discography

text: This is a list of programs featuring Frank Sinatra that are officially sanctioned by the Sinatra estate. Most releases consist of videotaped television specials or live concerts. Like many recording artists of the era, even major stars like Elvis Presley and The Beatles, there is very little performance footage shot on actual film to create modern day high definition releases. All titles listed have been released on DVD separately and collectively in various countries, most are also on VHS and some on LaserDisc.


title: Avestan

text: Avestan (), or historically Zend, is an umbrella term for two Old Iranian languages: Old Avestan (spoken in the 2nd millennium BCE) and Younger Avestan (spoken in the 1st millennium BCE). They are known only from their conjoined use as the scriptural language of Zoroastrianism, and the Avesta likewise serves as their namesake. Both are early Eastern Iranian languages within the Indo-Iranian language branch of the Indo-European language family. Its immediate ancestor was the Proto-Iranian language, a sister language to the Proto-Indo-Aryan language, with both having developed from the earlier Proto-Indo-Iranian language; as such, Old Avestan is quite close in both grammar and lexicon to Vedic Sanskrit, the oldest preserved Indo-Aryan language.


title: Avestan

text: The Avestan text corpus was composed in the ancient Iranian satrapies of Arachosia, Aria, Bactria, and Margiana, corresponding to the entirety of present-day Afghanistan as well as parts of Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The Yaz culture of Bactria–Margiana has been regarded as a likely archaeological reflection of the early "Eastern Iranian" culture that is described in the Zoroastrian Avesta.


title: Avestan

text: Scholars traditionally classify Iranian languages as "old", "middle" and "new" according to their age, and as "eastern" or "western" according to geography, and within this framework Avestan is classified as Eastern Old Iranian. But the east–west distinction is of limited meaning for Avestan, as the linguistic developments that later distinguish Eastern from Western Iranian had not yet occurred. Avestan does not display some typical (South-)Western Iranian innovations already visible in Old Persian, and so in this sense, "eastern" only means "non-western".


title: Avestan

text: Old Avestan is closely related to Old Persian and largely agrees morphologically with Vedic Sanskrit. The old ancestor dialect of Pashto was close to the language of the Gathas.


title: Avestan

text: The Avestan language is attested in roughly two forms, known as "Old Avestan" (or "Gathic Avestan") and "Younger Avestan". Younger Avestan did not evolve from Old Avestan; the two differ not only in time, but are also different dialects.


title: Avestan

text: Every Avestan text, regardless of whether originally composed in Old or Younger Avestan, underwent several transformations. Karl Hoffmann traced the following stages for Avestan as found in the extant texts. In roughly chronological order:


title: Avestan

text: Many phonetic features cannot be ascribed with certainty to a particular stage since there may be more than one possibility. Every phonetic form that can be ascribed to the Sasanian archetype on the basis of critical assessment of the manuscript evidence must have gone through the stages mentioned above so that "Old Avestan" and "Young Avestan" really mean no more than "Old Avestan and Young Avestan of the Sasanian period".


title: Avestan

text: The script used for writing Avestan developed during the 3rd or 4th century AD. By then the language had been extinct for many centuries, and remained in use only as a liturgical language of the Avesta canon. As is still the case today, the liturgies were memorized by the priesthood and recited by rote.


title: Avestan

text: The script devised to render Avestan was natively known as "Din dabireh" "religion writing". It has 53 distinct characters and is written right-to-left. Among the 53 characters are about 30 letters that are – through the addition of various loops and flourishes – variations of the 13 graphemes of the cursive Pahlavi script (i.e. "Book" Pahlavi) that is known from the post-Sassanian texts of Zoroastrian tradition. These symbols, like those of all the Pahlavi scripts, are in turn based on Aramaic script symbols. Avestan also incorporates several letters from other writing systems, most notably the vowels, which are mostly derived from Greek minuscules. A few letters were free inventions, as were also the symbols used for punctuation. Also, the Avestan alphabet has one letter that has no corresponding sound in the Avestan language; the character for (a sound that Avestan does not have) was added to write Pazend texts.


title: Avestan

text: The Avestan script is alphabetic, and the large number of letters suggests that its design was due to the need to render the orally recited texts with high phonetic precision. The correct enunciation of the liturgies was (and still is) considered necessary for the prayers to be effective.


title: Avestan

text: The Zoroastrians of India, who represent one of the largest surviving Zoroastrian communities worldwide, also transcribe Avestan in Brahmi-based scripts. This is a relatively recent development first seen in the ca. 12th century texts of Neryosang Dhaval and other Parsi Sanskritist theologians of that era, which are roughly contemporary with the oldest surviving manuscripts in Avestan script. Today, Avestan is most commonly typeset in the Gujarati script (Gujarati being the traditional language of the Indian Zoroastrians). Some Avestan letters with no corresponding symbol are synthesized with additional diacritical marks, for example, the in "zaraθuštra" is written with "j" with a dot below.


title: Avestan

text: Avestan has retained voiced sibilants, and has fricative rather than aspirate series. There are various conventions for transliteration of Dīn Dabireh, the one adopted for this article being:


title: Avestan

text: The glides "y" and "w" are often transcribed as "ii" and "uu", imitating Dīn Dabireh orthography. The letter transcribed "t̰" indicates an allophone of with no audible release at the end of a word and before certain obstruents.


title: Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk

text: Johann Ludwig "Lutz" Graf Schwerin von Krosigk (Born Johann Ludwig von Krosigk; 22 August 18874 March 1977) was a German senior government official who served as the minister of Finance of Germany from 1932 to 1945 and "de facto" chancellor of Germany during May 1945.


title: Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk

text: A non-partisan conservative, he was appointed to the post of Minister of Finance by Franz von Papen in 1932. At the request of President Paul von Hindenburg, he continued in that office under Kurt von Schleicher and Adolf Hitler. He and his ministry were involved in the persecution of German and European Jews, including by stealing their property, and laundering money. During May 1945, after the suicides of Hitler and his designated successor Joseph Goebbels, he also served as "Leading Minister" of the short-lived Flensburg government of President Karl Dönitz. Schwerin von Krosigk also held the essentially nominal offices of Foreign Minister and Finance Minister in the provisional government that controlled only a small, progressively shrinking portion of Germany, due to the rapid advance of the Allied forces who finally dissolved it and arrested its members.


title: Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk

text: Besides Adolf Hitler himself, Schwerin von Krosigk was one of the few members of the Third Reich's cabinet (along with Wilhelm Frick, Konstantin von Neurath and Franz Seldte) to serve continuously from Hitler's appointment as Chancellor until his death. By accepting the Golden Party Badge personally bestowed by Adolf Hitler, given for honour on 30 January 1937, he automatically became a member of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) with membership number 3,805,231. He also joined the Academy for German Law in 1937.


title: Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk

text: At the 1949 Ministries Trial, he was convicted of war crimes and sentenced to 10 years in prison; his sentence was commuted in 1951. He later worked as an author and publicist. He died on 4 March 1977.


title: Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk

text: Born as Johann Ludwig von Krosigk into a family of traditional Lutheran Protestants in Rathmannsdorf in the Duchy of Anhalt of the German Empire, his father Erich Adolf Wilhelm was a member of an old noble but untitled family of Anhalt and his mother Luise Rosalie Friederike Julie Emma Ludmilla was born a countess of the Schwerin family. (In 1925 he was adopted by Alfred Wilhelm Detlof Graf von Schwerin, and promoted himself to a count, taking the name Johann Ludwig Graf Schwerin von Krosigk).


title: Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk

text: Krosigk studied law and political science at Halle and Lausanne and then, as a Rhodes Scholar, at Oriel College, Oxford.


title: Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk

text: During World War I, Krosigk served in the German Army, attaining the rank of Lieutenant, and was awarded the Iron Cross, 1st class. On 7 February 1918, during the war, he married a baroness, Ehrengard Freiin von Plettenberg (1895–1979), with whom he had four sons and five daughters. In 1922, he became an "Oberregierungsrat" (senior government official) and in 1929, a ministerial director and head of the budget department at the finance ministry. In 1931, he joined the department of reparations payments, formed to deal with the reparations Germany still owed the Allied Powers after the Great War.


title: Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk

text: In 1932 Franz von Papen appointed Krosigk as national Minister of Finance, and at the request of President Paul von Hindenburg he continued in that office under Kurt von Schleicher and throughout the period of Nazi rule. Several members of his family took part in assassination attempts against Adolf Hitler, but not Krosigk himself. He was rarely seen in public, and Hitler did not hold regular cabinet meetings. Following the final meeting of Hitler's cabinet in 1938 Krosigk did not make any public political statements and instead focused on running his ministry.


title: Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk

text: Krosigk held his position under both Schleicher and Hitler as a representative of the conservative movement in Germany. While he later claimed to have remained in the role only to prevent "worse things" from happening, he welcomed the Nazi Party's rise to power and both agreed with and contributed to many of its policies. These included measures targeting Germany's Jewish community. While Krosigk's ability to shape Germany's fiscal policies was constrained by the influence of both the President of the Reichsbank and Hermann Göring (in his role as Plenipotentiary of the Four Year Plan), he was able to implement policies. In August 1938 Krosigk sent Hitler a memorandum which strongly argued against starting a war over the Sudeten crisis as the German economy was not yet ready, and claimed that "Communists, Jews and Czechs" were seeking to lure the country into a premature conflict. He argued that Germany should instead "await her hour" and initiate war once it had completed building up its military and economy.


title: Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk

text: From 1939, Krosigk's ministry was increasingly focused on persecuting Jews and stealing their belongings as well as illegally laundering money.


title: Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk

text: In February 1945 von Krosigk stressed the importance of preserving Germany's remaining industrial capacities in a letter to Reich Minister for Weapons, Munitions, and Armaments Albert Speer. This was motivated by his mistaken belief that the Allied bombing campaign directed at Germany had the goal of destroying the country's industry so that it could not be captured by the Soviet Union, and that retaining industrial capacity would position Germany to re-establish friendly relations with the western Allies following the war. It is unclear whether this had any influence of Speer's actions to prevent the implementation of the "scorched earth" policy ordered by Hitler.


title: Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk

text: In his final testament Hitler selected Krosigk to continue as finance minister after his death. He was to serve in a government headed by Goebbels as Chancellor ("Reichskanzler"). However, Goebbels himself committed suicide only a day later, on 1 May 1945. "Reichspräsident" Karl Dönitz then asked Schwerin von Krosigk to succeed him as Chancellor. He declined but accepted the position of "Leading Minister" the following day. In a broadcast to the German people on 2 May 1945, he became one of the first commentators to refer to an "Iron Curtain" across Europe, a phrase he had picked up from an article by Joseph Goebbels and which was later made famous by Winston Churchill.


title: Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk

text: Rapidly advancing Allied forces limited the jurisdiction of the new German government to an area around Flensburg near the Danish border, where Dönitz's headquarters were located, along with Mürwik. Accordingly, this administration was referred to as the Flensburg government. Dönitz and Schwerin von Krosigk attempted to negotiate an armistice with the Western allies while continuing to resist the Soviet Army. On 7 May 1945, Dönitz authorised the signature of the German Instrument of Surrender to the Allies, which took place in Rheims before General Dwight D. Eisenhower; Dönitz would later authorise the Wehrmacht to sign another instrument of surrender in Berlin, in a ceremony presided over by the Soviets. On 23 May 1945, the Flensburg Government was dissolved by order of the Supreme Allied Commander, General Eisenhower, and its members arrested.


title: Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk

text: Krosigk was put on trial at Nuremberg, along with other leading members of the Nazi government. At the conclusion of the Ministries Trial in 1949 he was found guilty of laundering property stolen from Nazi victims and financing the concentration camps, and sentenced to ten years imprisonment. His sentence was reviewed by the "Peck Panel". He was released during an amnesty in 1951.


title: Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk

text: In later years, Schwerin von Krosigk wrote several books on economic policy and two versions of his memoirs.


title: Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk

text: His elder daughter, Felicitas-Anita, Countess Schwerin von Krosigk, is the mother of Alternative for Germany Member of the German Bundestag Beatrix von Storch.


title: Burden of proof (law)

text: In a legal dispute, one party has the burden of proof to show that they are correct, while the other party had no such burden and is presumed to be correct. The burden of proof requires a party to produce evidence to establish the truth of facts needed to satisfy all the required legal elements of the dispute.


title: Burden of proof (law)

text: The burden of proof is usually on the person who brings a claim in a dispute. It is often associated with the Latin maxim "semper necessitas probandi incumbit ei qui agit", a translation of which is: "the necessity of proof always lies with the person who lays charges." In civil suits, for example, the plaintiff bears the burden of proof that the defendant's action or inaction caused injury to the plaintiff, and the defendant bears the burden of proving an affirmative defense. The burden of proof is on the prosecutor for criminal cases, and the defendant is presumed innocent. If the claimant fails to discharge the burden of proof to prove their case, the claim will be dismissed.


title: Burden of proof (law)

text: The term "burden of proof" is a party's duty to prove a disputed assertion or charge, and includes the burden of production (providing enough evidence on an issue so that the trier-of-fact decides it rather than in a peremptory ruling like a directed verdict) and the burden of persuasion (standard of proof such as preponderance of the evidence).


title: Burden of proof (law)

text: A "burden of persuasion" or "risk of non-persuasion" is an obligation that remains on a single party for the duration of the court proceeding. Once the burden has been entirely discharged to the satisfaction of the trier of fact, the party carrying the burden will succeed in its claim. For example, the presumption of innocence in a criminal case places a legal burden upon the prosecution to prove all elements of the offense (generally beyond a reasonable doubt), and to disprove all the defenses except for affirmative defenses in which the proof of non-existence of all affirmative defense(s) is not constitutionally required of the prosecution.


title: Burden of proof (law)

text: The burden of persuasion should not be confused with the evidential burden, or burden of production, or duty of producing (or going forward with evidence) which is an obligation that may shift between parties over the course of the hearing or trial. The evidential burden is the burden to adduce sufficient evidence to properly raise an issue at court.


title: Burden of proof (law)

text: There is no burden of proof with regard to motive or animus in criminal cases in the United States. The intent surrounding an offense is nevertheless crucial to the elements of the offense in a first-degree-murder conviction. This brings up the ethical dilemma of whether or not a death sentence should be imposed when the defendant's motives or intentions are the contingent factors in sentencing. However, in some cases such as defamation suits with a public figure as the defamed party, the public figure must prove actual malice.


title: Burden of proof (law)

text: Burden of proof refers most generally to the obligation of a party to prove its allegations at trial. In a civil case, the plaintiff sets forth its allegations in a complaint, petition or other pleading. The defendant is then required to file a responsive pleading denying some or all of the allegations and setting forth any affirmative facts in defense. Each party has the burden of proof of its allegations.


title: Burden of proof (law)

text: Per "" (1985), in order to take away a prisoner's for a disciplinary violation, prison officials need only have "some evidence," i.e., "a modicum of evidence"; however, the sentencing judge is under no obligation to adhere to good/work time constraints, nor are they required to credit time served.


title: Burden of proof (law)

text: "Reasonable indication (also known as reasonable suspicion) is substantially lower than probable cause; factors to consider are those facts and circumstances a prudent investigator would consider, but must include facts or circumstances indicating a past, current, or impending violation; an objective factual basis must be present, a mere 'hunch' is insufficient."


title: Burden of proof (law)

text: The reasonable indication standard is used in interpreting trade law in determining if the United States has been materially injured.