title: THX

text: THX premiered their first consumer electronic product called the Onyx in 2021. This product was a mobile headphone DAC/Amplifier that utilized THX AAA technology.


title: THX

text: The first theater THX was used in was the University of Southern California's Eileen L. Norris Cinema Theatre, a part of USC's film school.


title: THX

text: THX has created a certification process for additional products including home audio, home theater, video, and automotive sound components and products. THX certification extends to home audio receivers, speakers, desktop systems, soundbars, acoustic materials, microphones, and HDMI cables.


title: THX

text: THX Certified Ultra products bring the cinematic experience to larger home theaters, in size, with a viewing distance of or greater from the screen.


title: THX

text: THX Certified Select products are for medium-sized rooms, up to in size, with a viewing distance from the screen.


title: THX

text: THX Certified Compact products for smaller sized rooms, up to in size, with an viewing distance from the screen.


title: THX

text: THX Certified Dominus products are for expansive home theater spaces, in size, with a viewing distance from the screen.


title: THX

text: THX's I/S Plus systems include an AV Receiver + Speaker Bundle and are certified to fill a small home theater or dorm room where the viewing distance from the screen is . These THX certified home theater in a box systems are so far exclusively made by Onkyo. and Enclave Audio.


title: THX

text: THX Certified Multimedia Products are designed and engineered for PC gaming and multimedia on the desktop.


title: THX

text: THX Certified DVD and video displays (plasma display and LCD or LED flat panels and projectors) including THX Optimode and Optimizer which allows users to see a program or the movie as originally intended. Some tests required the use of special "blue filter glasses," which would either be included with the Optimizer disc, or sold separately on the THX website at the time.


title: THX

text: The first DVD release to include the THX Optimode was 20th Century Fox's "Fight Club", which was released on June 6, 2000.


title: THX

text: THX's mascot is a robot named Tex. Tex was created by John Lasseter, the head of Pixar Animation Studios, responsible for, among other things, animated films. He first appeared in the original Tex trailer, which premiered in theaters on July 3, 1996, with the theatrical release of "Independence Day", in which he fixes up the THX logo. A second trailer called Tex 2: Moo Can premiered in theaters on November 26, 1997, with the original theatrical release of "Alien Resurrection". Less than a decade later on June 9, 2006, the Tex 3: Action trailer premiered with the release of "Cars". They were later seen in some prints of early Pixar animated films on DVDs including "Toy Story", "A Bug's Life", "Toy Story 2", "Monsters, Inc.", "Finding Nemo" and "Cars". In 2005, the trailers were not shown in the original home media on another Pixar animated feature film, "The Incredibles" which used the Cavalcade trailer instead. The Moo Can trailer was also seen on some 20th Century Fox DVDs, such as "" and "The Day the Earth Stood Still".


title: THX

text: On April 16, 2012, THX announced that they would be hosting an online photo contest called Where in the World is Tex. Running from April 23 to May 13, this event challenged fans from around the world to capture and upload their best photo of Tex in and around local THX certified cinemas or well-known city landmarks near those cinemas, and then share them on THX's Facebook page. Photos with Tex would earn fans a chance to win a number of prizes, including one year's worth of movie tickets (24 tickets total), cinema gift certificates, the Star Wars: The Complete Saga Blu-ray Box Set from 2011 and a variety of THX branded items, such as THX gift bags containing a THX branded hat, a messenger bag, a vintage t-shirt and a water bottle. Between May 14 and May 25, 2012, Facebook fans would vote by number of likes for one of the five finalists within each of the three contest categories to select the winner.


title: THX

text: Tex appeared in the Genesis trailer, which was released on August 20, 2019. In April 2020, THX released coloring sheets of Tex. Two months later in June, the company unveiled a new Spatial Audio trailer with Tex and a drone.


title: David Gandy

text: David James Gandy (born 19 February 1980) is an English male fashion model who began his career after winning a televised model-search competition. For several years, Gandy was the lead male model for Italian designers Dolce & Gabbana who featured him in their advertising campaigns and fashion shows.


title: David Gandy

text: In an industry dominated by skinny models, Gandy's muscular build caused some menswear fashion designers to change standards. The increase in his popularity and name recognition resulted in a broad portfolio of magazine covers, editorial photo shoots, interviews and industry awards. He has gone on to participate in fashion-related and personal projects such as writing a blog for British "Vogue", writing car reviews for British "GQ", mobile app development and charity work.


title: David Gandy

text: Gandy was born in Billericay, Essex. In his youth, Gandy wanted to be a veterinarian, but his grades were not high enough to meet the needed standards for that line of study. So, while studying multimedia computing, he went to work for "Auto Express", delivering the latest Porsches and Jaguars to the track for testing. In 2001, while studying marketing at the University of Gloucestershire, Gandy's flatmate entered him (without his knowledge) into a modelling competition on ITV’s "This Morning" hosted by Richard and Judy. The 21-year-old Gandy won the competition, and the prize included a contract with Select Model Management in London. The following year, he left university a few modules shy of receiving his honours degree in order to pursue modelling full time.


title: David Gandy

text: During the early years of his career, Gandy modelled for a variety of companies, including Shiatzy Chen, 7 for all Mankind, Zara, Marks & Spencer, Gant U.S.A., Hugo Boss, Russell & Bromley, H&M, Carolina Herrera, Massimo Dutti and others. In 2006, he became the face of Dolce & Gabbana, annually starring in their apparel campaigns and fashion shows through 2011, working with female supermodels such as Gemma Ward, Scarlett Johansson, and Naomi Campbell as well as with male models including Noah Mills, Tony Ward, and Adam Senn.


title: David Gandy

text: Gandy is best known for the 2007 advertising campaign for Dolce & Gabbana's fragrance "Light Blue" with Marija Vujovic (shot by photographer Mario Testino), which had 11 million online hits and included a 50-foot billboard of Gandy displayed in Times Square. He modelled for Dolce & Gabbana's 2008 calendar, shot by photographer Mariano Vivanco. Gandy returned as the face of the second "Light Blue" fragrance campaign for 2010, but this time with Anna Jagodzinska. He also made a short promotional film for W Hotels with Helena Christensen called "Away We Stay".


title: David Gandy

text: In 2011, the fashion house published "David Gandy by Dolce & Gabbana", a 280-page photographic coffee table book of images chronicling their years of collaboration. That same year, Gandy shot four magazine covers and five fashion editorial photoshoots. In 2012, he was featured on 16 magazine covers, appeared on 18 fashion editorials, and modelled for Banana Republic, Lucky Brand Jeans, El Palacio de Hierro, and Marks & Spencer. In addition, Gandy was named the brand ambassador for Johnnie Walker Blue Label.


title: David Gandy

text: In 2013, Dolce & Gabbana released the third version of the "Light Blue" fragrance campaign, also featuring Gandy. Once again, Mario Testino filmed the adverts and commercial on location in the island of Capri, southern Italy, but this time with the Italian model Bianca Balti in the female role. Bionda Castana, a British shoe label, released a fashion film featuring Gandy called "David Gandy's Goodnight." In it, he seduces several women who discover later that he has stolen their shoes. On 26 September, Gandy and Jaguar released a short film called "Escapism", which featured Gandy driving models such as the C-Type, the E-Type, the XKSS, and the new F-Type. In November, Marks & Spencer launched their 2013 Christmas advertising campaign, "Magic & Sparkle"; the fairy-tale-themed commercial featured Rosie Huntington-Whiteley with Helena Bonham Carter and Gandy.


title: David Gandy

text: In May 2010, Gandy spoke at the University of Oxford Union as part of a panel that included photographer Tony McGee, Victoria & Albert Museum senior curator Claire Wilcox, fashion consultant Frances Card and Dolly Jones, the editor of British "Vogue". He released the "David Gandy Men's Style Guide" mobile app in 2010 which offered style and clothing advice to men and which ultimately hit Top 3 in the Lifestyle market.


title: David Gandy

text: In September 2011, Gandy was named the spokesman for the Martini’s "Luck Is An Attitude" campaign, launching their model-search competition on the Spanish Steps of Rome, which were opened specifically for the event. He was appointed to serve on the British Fashion Council's Committee to launch "London Collections: Men" as part of London Fashion Week 2012.


title: David Gandy

text: During the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Gandy was the only male to walk the Union Jack-shaped catwalk featuring British fashions, alongside models Naomi Campbell, Kate Moss, Jourdan Dunn, Lily Donaldson, Georgia May Jagger, Karen Elson and Stella Tennant. For the occasion, he wore a gold bespoke suit by British designer Paul Smith. Gandy was invited to the Oxford Union once again on 19 November 2012 with Alex Bilmes, Editor of "Esquire" to discuss "The importance of men's fashion."


title: David Gandy

text: On 28 April 2013, Gandy participated in the 2013 Vogue Festival as part of a panel discussing, "Too Fat, Too Thin, Will We Ever Be Content?" The panel, chaired by Vogue's editor-in-chief, Fiona Golfar, also included model Daisy Lowe, child star Patsy Kensit and Vogue contributing editor Christa D’Souza.


title: David Gandy

text: Since February 2011, Gandy has regularly written a blog for British "Vogue" where he discusses his career, fashion/style, cars, antiques and life in London. He is also an official car reviewer for British "GQ". In October 2011, London's "Evening Standard" invited Gandy to be guest writer/editor of their Men's Issue. His body has inspired fitness-industry interviews, exercise videos as well as his own fitness app which was released in December 2012.


title: David Gandy

text: After receiving his racing licence in 2012, Gandy was invited to be one of the drivers in the 2013 Mille Miglia ("1,000 Mile") race in Italy. Each year, the three-day event passes through nearly 200 Italian towns from Brescia to Rome and back, recreating the original races which took place between 1927 and 1957. He and his co-driver, Yasmin Le Bon, were part of "Team Jaguar", driving a 1950 XK120. Early in the race, Gandy and Le Bon were "pushed off the road by a competitor" which caused body damage to the bumper and side of the vintage car. They re-entered the race, ultimately finishing in 158th place out of 415 cars.


title: David Gandy

text: On 12 September 2013, "The Daily Telegraph" launched a new men's lifestyle section called "Telegraph Men". They announced that Gandy would be a contributing columnist.


title: David Gandy

text: Gandy has been nominated for or received several awards in the modelling industry. In 2008, Spanish "Glamour" magazine named him "Most Beautiful International Male Face" at an event in Madrid, Spain. On 26 June 2009, "Forbes" magazine ranked him as the world's third most successful male model, behind Matt Gordon and Sean O'Pry. In 2010, Gandy was the first male ever nominated for "Model of the Year" by the British Fashion Council (BFC) and "ShortList" named him the "Face of Today" in 2011.


title: David Gandy

text: The "Evening Standard" included Gandy in their list of "London's 1,000 Most Influential People" for 2011 and again for 2012. For a second time, BFC nominated him for "Model of the Year" in 2012. "Glamour" readers voted him one of the "100 Sexiest Men of 2012" and he was ranked #17 of the "50 Best-Dressed in Britain" by "GQ Magazine" in 2012. At the end of 2012, Models.com ranked him #4 in the list of "Money Guys" and #5 in the list of "Top Icons".


title: David Gandy

text: "Cosmopolitan" named Gandy one of "The Sexiest Men of 2013" and "British GQ" included him in their 2013 list of the "100 Most Influential Men in Britain". In October, "Forbes" updated their ranking of "The World's Top-Earning Male Models Of 2013". The list placed Gandy at #2 just behind Sean O'Pry. In December 2013, Glamour readers once again voted Gandy among the "Sexiest Men of 2013".


title: David Gandy

text: By the first of 2014, Gandy had moved up to #3 on Models.com's "Money Guys" and #3 on their list of "Top Icons".


title: Sonos

text: Sonos, Inc. is an American developer and manufacturer of audio products best known for its multi-room audio products. The company was founded in 2002 by John MacFarlane, Craig Shelburne, Tom Cullen, and Trung Mai. Patrick Spence has been its CEO since 2017.


title: Sonos

text: Sonos has partnered with over 100 companies that offer music services, including Pandora, iHeartRadio, Spotify, MOG, QQ Music, and Amazon Music. Sonos products work with the three major voice assistants: Amazon Alexa, Google Assistant, and Apple Siri, although the latter is currently only supported through Apple's Home app. In 2019 Sonos acquired Snips SAS, a privacy-focused AI voice platform for connected devices with the goal to bring a music-specific assistant to its devices.


title: Sonos

text: The company's product line consists mainly of powered speakers, amplifiers and peripherals. Current products include:


title: Sonos

text: In addition, through a partnership with IKEA, the following speakers are also part of the Sonos ecosystem:


title: Sonos

text: Sonos currently makes car audio systems. The first automotive brand to partner with Sonos is Audi in the Audi Q4 e-tron.


title: Sonos

text: Sonos was founded in August 2002 by John MacFarlane, Craig Shelburne, Tom Cullen and Trung Mai, with MacFarlane wanting to create a wireless service.


title: Sonos

text: During 2004, MacFarlane brought prototypes of the first Sonos products to several industry events, including the June 2004 "D2: All Things Digital" conference in Carlsbad, California (where Steve Jobs told MacFarlane that the Sonos controller's scroll wheel might violate Apple patents related to the iPod,) and the December 2004 Digital Music Summit.


title: Sonos

text: Sonos aimed to begin shipping its products in the fourth quarter of 2004 but missed that deadline. The company first introduced its products to the market in January 2005 and first shipped them in either January or March 2005.


title: Sonos

text: In May 2005, Sonos announced that its initial product line would go on sale in the United Kingdom in the following month. The company has continued to broaden its international sales, for example to Japan in 2018.


title: Sonos

text: In May 2012, Sonos opened the Sonos Studio in Los Angeles, a studio and art gallery in which art was exhibited along with Sonos' products for free, and featured events with artists like Beck, The Lonely Island and Solange, and released a video about its development. The Los Angeles location was closed in 2018; a London location remains open.


title: Sonos

text: In December 2013, the company was estimated to have raised $118 million in venture funding, including a $25 million round; its investors included Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, Redpoint Ventures and Elevation Partners.


title: Sonos

text: In January 2015, Sonos was rebranded by Bruce Mau Design, with a new visual identity and improved logotype that was created over the span of four years, from 2011 to 2014. There have been other brand refreshes, including one in 2019.


title: Sonos

text: In March 2016, CEO John MacFarlane announced the company's shift to streaming music services and voice control instead of local playback, and laid off some employees.


title: Sonos

text: In September 2016, the company announced that its products would become available at the Apple Store.


title: Sonos

text: In January 2017, MacFarlane announced via the company's blog that he would be stepping down from his role as CEO, and that he would be succeeded in this position by former COO Patrick Spence.


title: Sonos

text: In December 2017, IKEA and Sonos announced a collaboration to build Sonos' technology into furniture sold by IKEA.


title: Sonos

text: In November 2019, Sonos acquires Snips SAS, a privacy-focused AI voice platform for connected devices with the goal to bring a music-specific assistant to its devices.


title: Sonos

text: In April 2020, Sonos revealed a new "sonic logo" composed by Philip Glass, featuring an ensemble of 21 musicians. The logo will be heard in the listening experience of Sonos Radio, an Internet radio streaming service that was unveiled by the company the same month.


title: Sonos

text: In June 2020, Sonos announced plans to lay off 12% of its workforce, close its New York store and six of its offices, and cut its top executives' pay by 20% for three to six months, in response to the economic disruptions caused by the COVID pandemic.


title: Sonos

text: In January 2022, Sonos won the lawsuit against Google and Google had to remove certain features such as group volume controller from its devices.


title: Sonos

text: In April 2005, Sonos announced that its products could play music from Rhapsody, the first of many music services that its products would support. Starting in September 2006 Sonos supported Rhapsody from its own Controller without use of a PC. Subsequently, added services include:


title: Sonos

text: Sonos devices support the Amazon Alexa and Google Assistant virtual assistants. Apple Siri is only supported through Apple's Home app.


title: Sonos

text: Multiple Sonos devices in a single household are connected to each other wirelessly, through a wired Ethernet network, or a mixture of the two. The Sonos system creates a proprietary AES-encrypted peer-to-peer mesh network, known as SonosNet. This allows for each unit to play any chosen input and if desired share it as synchronized audio with one or more other chosen zones. The first versions of SonosNet required a single ZonePlayer or ZoneBridge to be wired to a network for access to LAN and Internet audio sources or when creating a 3.1/5.1 surround setup. SonosNet 2.0 integrated MIMO on 802.11n hardware, providing a more robust connection. Later, the company added support for connecting to an existing Wi-Fi network for internet connectivity, removing the wired network requirement.


title: Sonos

text: In 2020, Sonos released its S2 operating system. Its existing system was renamed "S1" to differentiate it from its new system. All products launched after May 2020 support S2 exclusively.


title: Sonos

text: In November 2015, a tuning feature called Trueplay was released in a software update. Trueplay tunes the output of Sonos smart speaker units to the acoustics of the room they are in. The initial tuning process requires the use of a suitable Apple smartphone or tablet.


title: Sonos

text: Sonos devices generally do not have power buttons, and the company claims that each speaker consumes 4–8W in idle/standby. Its battery-powered lineup does have power buttons to turn them on and off.


title: Sonos

text: In November 2004, the Sonos Digital Music System won the "Best of Audio" award at the 2005 CES Innovations Design and Engineering awards.


title: Sonos

text: A February 2005 Macworld review of the first Sonos system explained its background, components and operation.


title: Sonos

text: Support for the CR100 ended in 2018 when Sonos sent out an update that intentionally caused the CR100 to cease to function, resulting in expressions of unhappiness from a number of long-time Sonos customers. Sonos later settled a class action lawsuit related to its decision to intentionally cause the CR100 to cease to function.


title: Sonos

text: Sonos was criticized by media outlets in December 2019 for its "Recycle Mode", which bricks devices that users register into the company's trade-in program. Customers who participate in the program receive a 30 percent discount on a purchase of a new Sonos device, but the registration puts the device into Recycle Mode, which starts a timer that turns the device permanently non-functional in 21 days. An electronic waste recycler criticized the procedure on Twitter for being environmentally unfriendly, stating that it discourages reuse by preventing recyclers from reselling functional Sonos units. Sonos responded that Recycle Mode was intended to ensure that prospective customers purchase newer Sonos models instead of older secondhand models. In March 2020, Sonos discontinued the Recycle Mode and no longer requires customers to dispose of products submitted for its trade-in program.


title: Sonos

text: On January 22, 2020, Sonos notified the end of support for speakers made before 2015, meaning that they eventually will lose functionality, something that sparked anger from their owners. Many of these speakers were purchased by customers after 2015, meaning that customers paid full price for equipment that will cease to be supported after two or three years. On January 23, 2020, following a widespread backlash and criticism of this announcement, Sonos reversed and clarified it, stating that it would continue to support its older equipment.


title: Sonos

text: The first official Sonos Store was opened in New York City on July 12, 2016. It was closed in June 2020. A store opened on Seven Dials in London, in November 2017. A store opened in Berlin in April 2018.


title: Sonos

text: There are currently 12 offices operated by Sonos independently. These are located in Australia, China, Denmark, France, Germany, Netherlands, United States, Sweden and the United Kingdom. An engineering office was present in Boston, US as of 2017.


title: Candlebox

text: Candlebox is an American rock band from Seattle, Washington. Since its formation in 1990, the group has released seven studio albums, several charting singles, a compilation, and a CD+DVD.


title: Candlebox

text: Candlebox found immediate success with the release of its self-titled debut album in July 1993. "Candlebox" featured four singles: "Change", "You", "Far Behind" and "Cover Me". "Far Behind" reached the top 20, and the album was certified quadruple platinum by the RIAA. The band's next album, "Lucy" (1995), was certified gold, and was followed three years later by "Happy Pills" (1998). After troubles with its record company, Candlebox broke up in 2000. The band reunited in 2006 and they have since released four more studio albums: "Into the Sun" (2008), "Love Stories & Other Musings" (2012) "Disappearing in Airports" (2016), and "Wolves" (2021).


title: Candlebox

text: Formed in November 1990, Candlebox originally consisted of lead singer Kevin Martin, guitarist Peter Klett, bassist Bardi Martin, and drummer Scott Mercado.


title: Candlebox

text: Candlebox began performing live in 1991. By 1992 the band was playing regularly in some of Seattle's top clubs (including RKCNDY and Farside) to ever increasing audiences.


title: Candlebox

text: The band's eight-song EP gained the attention of Maverick Records, with whom the band signed. Candlebox was the first successful act on Maverick Records, which went on to sign Alanis Morissette, Deftones and The Prodigy.


title: Candlebox

text: On July 20, 1993, Candlebox released its self-titled debut album. It sold more than four million copies and peaked at No. 7 on Billboard's album charts. "Candlebox" featured the hit singles "Change", "You", "Far Behind", and "Cover Me". "Far Behind" entered "Billboard"'s top 20 in July 1993, peaked at No. 18, and stayed on the charts until January 1994. The tremendous radio, concert, and television success gained Candlebox an opening slot for Rush on their "Counterparts" tour and Metallica on their Shit Hits the Sheds Tour, as well as a main-stage slot at Woodstock '94. They also played with bands like Living Colour, The Offspring, Aerosmith, Radiohead and The Flaming Lips, and by the end of 1994, the band had graduated to headlining their own tours. In addition, Candlebox won "Metal Edge" magazine's 1994 Readers' Choice Award for Best New Band.


title: Candlebox

text: Hot off the success of "Candlebox", the band was eager to progress and by April 1994 had 36 new songs for a follow-up record. On October 3, 1995, Candlebox released its second album, "Lucy". Although it marked the beginning of the band's decline in popularity, "Lucy" was certified gold thanks to singles such as "Simple Lessons" and "Understanding". Two days after the release of "Lucy", Candlebox appeared on "" with its cover of "Steel and Glass". After spending the remainder of 1995 and most of 1996 touring behind "Lucy" (including playing with bands like Our Lady Peace, Sponge, Seaweed, Foo Fighters, Everclear and Stabbing Westward), Scott Mercado left the band in 1997 and was replaced by original Pearl Jam drummer Dave Krusen.


title: Candlebox

text: On July 21, 1998, Candlebox released its third studio album, "Happy Pills". While a return to the simpler sound of its debut, it gained only marginal success. The song "Glowing Soul" was also recorded for the soundtrack to "The Waterboy" and included at the request of Adam Sandler. Inspired by the film, the song was based on a Bo Diddley rhythm and recorded with vintage equipment.


title: Candlebox

text: Krusen departed from Candlebox in 1999 and was replaced by Shannon Larkin of Ugly Kid Joe. Bardi Martin left to attend college and was replaced by Rob Redick, formerly of Dig. By 2000, Candlebox disbanded. According to Martin, the band was unhappy with its record contract and attempted to be freed from Maverick after two years by breaking up. The former Candlebox members would pursue other musical endeavors during the 2000s.


title: Candlebox

text: In 2006, Rhino Records planned to release a "Best of" compilation of Candlebox, which prompted the original band lineup to reunite for the first time in nearly 10 years (with Sean Hennesy on rhythm guitar). To promote the compilation, Candlebox embarked on a three-month North American tour from July to October of that year. Bardi Martin left the band in 2007 to continue his education to become a lawyer, with Adam Kury as his replacement. During the time, the band would begin writing new material despite having no record label.


title: Candlebox

text: After several delays, Candlebox released its first album in 10 years, "Into the Sun," on July 22 via Silent Majority/ILG records. The album was produced by Ron Aniello (Lifehouse, Barenaked Ladies) and features performances by both Scott Mercado and Dave Krusen on drums. The first single, "Stand", was released to radio in mid-May and Candlebox officially commenced touring in support of the new record in June 2008. "Stand" reached as high as No. 15 on the U.S. Mainstream Rock chart.


title: Candlebox

text: On July 4, 2008 Candlebox performed at the O'Fallon, Missouri Heritage and Freedom Fest in front of a record crowd. Two months later, the band released a live CD/DVD called "Alive in Seattle".


title: Candlebox

text: On August 9, 2010, Candlebox kicked off a five-show stint overseas performing for U.S. troops at Camp Arifjan in Kuwait and continued on to Iraq.


title: Candlebox

text: In 2010, Peter Klett and Scott Mercado formed Lotus Crush, consisting of: Terry McDermott (lead vocals), Peter Klett (lead guitar), Johnny Bacolas (bass), Scott Mercado (drums), and John Luzzi (rhythm guitar).


title: Candlebox

text: On April 3, 2012 Candlebox released its fifth studio album, "Love Stories & Other Musings" produced by Ken Andrews (Failure/Thousand Foot Krutch/Lostprophets).


title: Candlebox

text: Although the band had planned to put out a new album in 2015, those plans were postponed after Candlebox parted ways with its record label at the time. In 2015, founding members Scott Mercado and Peter Klett announced that they were leaving the band to focus on Lotus Crush; the split was amicable. Sean Hennesy left the band shortly thereafter. Former drummer Dave Krusen rejoined the band, and new members Mike Leslie (lead guitar) and Brian Quinn (rhythm guitar) also joined.


title: Candlebox

text: It was announced in August 2015 that Candlebox had inked a record deal through Pavement Music and that the band was working on a new record for an early 2016 release. The album, titled "Disappearing in Airports", was released on April 22, 2016.


title: Candlebox

text: Island Styles and former Daughtry drummer Robin Diaz joined Candlebox in late 2016 for its second live album, "Disappearing Live".


title: Candlebox

text: In July 2018, the original Candlebox lineup had a one-off reunion for the two live shows in Seattle, performing the band's debut album in its entirety to celebrate the 25th anniversary of its release.


title: Candlebox

text: Candlebox's first studio album in five years, "Wolves", was released on September 17, 2021. The album was preceded six months earlier by its lead single "My Weakness".


title: Candlebox

text: Candlebox's musical style, while predominantly hard rock, has a wide range of influences. Some of the band's songs have strong references to blues, grunge, rock and glam metal. Despite various aforementioned classic roots, the band's music is considered contemporary.


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: A Jacobin (; ) was a member of the Jacobin Club, a revolutionary political movement that was the most famous political club during the French Revolution (1789–1799).


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: The club got its name from meeting at the Dominican rue Saint-Honoré Monastery of the Jacobins. The Dominicans in France were called "Jacobins" (, corresponds to "Jacques" in French and "James" in English) because their first house in Paris was the


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: The terms Jacobin and Jacobinism have been used in a variety of senses. Prior to 1793, the terms were used by contemporaries to describe the politics of Jacobins in the congresses of 1789 through 1792. With the ascendancy of Maximilien Robespierre and the Montagnards into 1793, they have since become synonymous with the policies of the Reign of Terror, with Jacobinism now meaning "Robespierrism." As Jacobinism was memorialized through legend, heritage, tradition and other nonhistorical means over the centuries, the term acquired a "semantic elasticity" in French politics of the late 20th Century with a "vague range of meanings," but all with the "central figure of a sovereign and indivisible public authority with power over civil society." Today in France, Jacobin colloquially indicates an ardent or republican supporter of a centralized and revolutionary democracy or state as well as "a politician who is hostile to any idea of weakening and dismemberment of the State."


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: The Jacobin Club was one of several organizations that grew out of the French Revolution and it was distinguished for its left-wing, revolutionary politics. Because of this, the Jacobins, unlike other sects such as the Girondins (who were originally part of the Jacobins, but branched off), were closely allied to the sans-culottes, who were a popular force of working-class Parisians that played a pivotal role in the development of the revolution.


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: The Jacobins had a significant presence in the National Convention, and were dubbed "the mountain" or Montagnards for their seats in the uppermost part of the chamber. Eventually, the Revolution coalesced around The Mountain's power, with the help of the insurrections of the sans-culottes, and, led by Robespierre, the Jacobins established a revolutionary dictatorship, or the joint domination of the Committee of Public Safety and Committee of General Security.


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: The Jacobins were known for creating a strong government that could deal with the needs of war, economic chaos, and internal rebellion (such as the War in the Vendée). This included establishing the world's first universal military draft as a solution to filling army ranks to put down civil unrest and prosecute war. The Jacobin dictatorship was known for enacting the Reign of Terror, which targeted speculators, monarchists, right-wing Girondin agitators, Hébertists, and traitors, and led to many beheadings.


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: The Jacobins supported the rights of property, but represented a much more middle-class position than the government that succeeded them in Thermidor.


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: They favored free trade and a market economy much like the Girondists, but their relationship to the people made them more willing to adopt interventionist economic policies. Unlike the Girondins, their economic policy favored price controls ("i.e.", General maximum) on staples like grain and select household and grocery goods to address economic problems. Using the "armée revolutionnaire", they targeted farmers, the rich and others who may have stocks of essential goods ("goods of the first necessity") in service of a national distribution system with severe punishment for uncooperative hoarders.


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: Another tenet of Jacobinism is a secularism that includes the elimination of existing religions in favor of one run by the state ("i.e.", the cults of Reason and the Supreme Being).


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: Jacobinism was as an ideology thus developed and implemented during the French Revolution of 1789. In the words of François Furet, in "Penser la révolution française" (quoted by Hoel in Introduction au Jacobinisme..., "Jacobinism is both an ideology and a power: a system of representations and a system of action." ("le jacobinisme est à la fois une idéologie et un pouvoir : un système de représentations et un système d'action"). Its political goals were largely achieved later during France's Third Republic.


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: Jacobinism did not end with the Jacobins. A Robespierrist François-Noël Babeuf eventually rejected the rule of the Jacobins and welcomed the end of the Terror. However, he later eschewed the Thermidorean Reaction that overthrew the Jacobins and returned to Robespierrism. In May 1796, he led a failed coup d'Etat with neo-Robespierrists to return the republic to the Montagnard Constitution of 1793 in the Conspiracy of Equals. His political ideology was a form of neo-Jacobinism and primordial communism that highlighted egalitarian division of all land and property enforced by a dictatorship run by the Equals. His ideas were widely publicized and further developed as "Babeuvism" by colleague Filippo Buonaroti in his 1828 book, "Histoire de la Conspiration Pour l'Égalité Dite de Babeuf" ("History of Babeuf's Conspiracy for Equality").


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx called the Conspiracy "the first appearance of a truly active Communist party." Leon Trotsky echoed these sentiments, stating that the foundation of the Communist International marked a "carrying on in direct succession the heroic endeavours and martyrdom of a long line of revolutionary generations from Babeuf."


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: Himself a Robespierrist, Buonaroti went on to write "Observations sur Maximilien Robespierre" in 1836, which extolled the Jacobin leader as a legend and hero. His portrayal of Robespierre as a model for socialist revolutionaries greatly influenced young socialists and republicans, such as Albert Laponneraye.


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: The 19th Century socialist firebrand, nationalist and founder of Blanquism, Louis Auguste Blanqui expressed admiration for Jacobin leaders of the Terror like Robespierre and Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, framing them in messianic terms. There is evidence that his principles were also instructed by Babeuvism through his familiarity with Buonarroti. After the French Revolution of 1848, he criticized contemporaries who claimed to be heirs of Jacobinism writing, "Our own self-styled Montagnards are a caricature, indeed a very poor copy, of the Girondins." Later his view of Robespierre changed over an understanding of the Terror's executions of Georges Danton and Hébertists and the formation of the Cult of the Supreme Being, the latter reason owing to Blanqui's promotion of materialism and atheism. According to Blanqui, the Hebertists were the true revolutionaries in defending atheism, science and equality. He said that socialism needed to be built on the foundations laid by the French Revolution and would better defend the ideals of the Enlightenment than Jacobinism, adding a toast, "Citizens, the Mountain is dead! To socialism, its sole heir!"


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: Various French left-wing parties would claim to be the "true heirs" to the French Revolution and the 1871 Paris Commune. Descending from that, aspects of Blanqui were likewise claimed by French political groups like the Radical Socialists and the Stalinists. Other organizations included the French Central Revolutionary Committee and its successor, Socialist Revolutionary Party and the Blanquist section of the International Workingmen's Association or First International.


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: On October 4, 1919, Alexandre Varenne founded the socialist daily "La Montagne, Quotidien de la Démocratie Socialiste du Center". The title was selected to reflect its alignment with the ideas of the Montagnards.


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: In the 1930s, the Popular Front coalition included the French Communist Party or "Parti communiste français" (PCF), who along with portions of the alliance's socialist French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) party increasingly emphasized patriotism. The PCF were characterized as "New Jacobins" and their leader Maurice Thorez as a "Stalinist Jacobin".


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: In 1794, Tipu Sultan founded the Jacobin Club of Mysore with the support of French Republican officers and declared himself "Citizen Tipoo." In the subsequent Fourth Anglo-Mysore war in 1799 against Tipu, the British forced the surrender of French military personnel, citing their "most virulent principles of Jacobinism." One historian argued that Britain's East India Company fabricated the club's existence to justify British military intervention.


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: Blanquism had a notable overseas influence on Benito Mussolini who founded fascism as an outgrowth of revolutionary socialism. He claimed he "introduced into Italian socialism something of (Henri) Bergson mixed with much of Blanqui," including Blanqui's nationalism, the idea of rule by a dominant minority and use of violence. However, Mussolini dispensed with Blanquism's links to the Enlightenment and communism and instead stated, fascism is "opposed to all individualistic abstractions based on eighteenth century materialism; and it is opposed to all Jacobinistic utopias and innovations." The masthead of his newspaper Il Popolo d'Italia carried quotes from Blanqui ("Whoever has steel has bread") and Napoleon Bonaparte ("The Revolution is an idea which has found bayonets!"). Leon Trotsky called fascism in a sense "a caricature of Jacobinism."


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: King Stanisław II August was enamored with the American Constitution, the ideals of the Gironde of 1790-1792, and the office of "Roi Citoyen" ("Citizen King"). He helped develop the 1791 Polish Constitution which embraced social reforms guaranteeing "the freedom, property and equality of every citizen." Its ratification led some Society of the Friends of the Constitution chapters to endorse the King and his republic and helped shape the French constitution adopted later that year.


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: While the Constitutionalists had contacts with Jacobin Clubs, they were expressly not Jacobins. However prior to the 1792 war that crushed the republic, Russian Empress Catherine the Great claimed the constitution was the work of the Jacobins and that she would be "fighting Jacobinism in Poland" and "the Jacobins of Warsaw."


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: The 1870s saw the emergence of the "Worker's Marseillaise," a Russian revolutionary song set to a Robert Schumann melody inspired by the 1792 "Marseillaise." It was used as a national anthem by the Russian Provisional Government and in Soviet Russia for a short time alongside "The Internationale."


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: In the early 20th Century, Bolshevism and Jacobinism were linked. Russia's notion of the French Revolution permeated educated society and was reflected in speeches and writings of leaders, including Leon Trotsky and Vladimir Lenin. They modeled their revolution after the Jacobins and the Terror with Trotsky even envisioning a trial for Nicholas II akin to that for Louis XVI. Lenin regarded the execution of the former tsar and his immediate family as necessary, highlighting the precedent set in the French Revolution. At the same time, the Bolsheviks consciously tried to avoid the mistakes they saw made by the French revolutionaries.


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: Lenin referred to Robespierre as a "Bolshevik "avant la lettre"" and erected a statue to him. Other statues were planned or erected of other prominent members of the Terror as well as Babeuf. The Voskresenskaya Embankment in St. Petersburg was also renamed "Naberezhnaya Robespera" for the French leader in 1923; it was returned to its original name in 2014.


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: Like Karl Marx, Lenin saw the overall progress in events in France from 1789 through 1871 as the French Bourgeois Revolution. He adhered to the Montagnards' policies of centralization of authority to stabilize a new state, the virtue and necessity of terror against oppressors and "an alliance between the proletariat and peasantry" ("the revolutionary-democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and the peasants"). He would refer to his side as the Mountain or Jacobin and label his Menshevik opponents as the "Gironde".


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: The conventionalized scrawny, French revolutionary "sans-culottes" Jacobin, was developed from about 1790 by British satirical artists James Gillray, Thomas Rowlandson and George Cruikshank. It was commonly contrasted with the stolid stocky conservative and well-meaning John Bull, dressed like an English country squire. C. L. R. James also used the term to refer to revolutionaries during the Haitian Revolution in his book "The Black Jacobins".


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: Thomas Paine was a believer in the French Revolution and supported the Girondins. At the same time, Protestant Dissenters seeking for relief from the Test and Corporation Acts supported the French Revolution at least in its early stages after seeing concessions to religious minorities by the French authorities in 1787 and in the Declaration of Rights of Man. Paine's publications enjoyed support by Painite Radical factions like the Manchester Constitutional Society. Prominent members of the Society who worked for the Radical "Manchester Herald" newspaper even contacted the Jacobin Club in France in April 13, 1792. Thus, Radicals were labeled "Jacobins" by their opponents. Regional Painite radicalism was incorrectly portrayed as English Jacobinism and were attacked by Conservative forces including Edmund Burke as early as 1791. The London Revolution Society also corresponded with the National Assembly starting in November 1789. Their letters were circulated among the regional Jacobin clubs, with around 52 clubs corresponding with the society by the spring of 1792. Other regional British revolutionary societies formed in centers of British Jacobinism. English Jacobins included the young Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth and others prior to their disillusionment with the outbreak of the Reign of Terror. Others, such as Paine, William Hazlitt and Whig statesman Charles James Fox, remained idealistic about the Revolution.


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: The London Corresponding Society founded in 1792 was partly modeled on the Jacobins to pressure the government in a law-abiding manner for democratic reform. Scottish chapters of the Societies of the Friends of the People pressed for parliamentary reform at the 1792 Scottish Convention in Edinburgh using explicit imitations of the Jacobins.


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: Overall, after 1793 with the sidelining of the Girondins and the Terror, "Jacobin" became a pejorative for radical left-wing revolutionary politics and was linked to sedition. The word was further promoted in England by George Canning's 1797-8 newspaper "Anti-Jacobin" and later, John Gifford's 1798-1821 "Anti-Jacobin Review", which both criticized the English Radicals of the 18th and 19th centuries. Much detail on English Jacobinism can be found in E. P. Thompson's "The Making of the English Working Class".


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: Welsh Jacobins include William Jones, a radical patriot who was a keen disciple of Voltaire. Rather than preaching revolution, Jones believed that an exodus from Wales was required and that a new Welsh colony should be founded in the United States.


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: The socialist Chartist movement in the first half of the 19th Century was inspired by Robespierre. Chartist leader James Bronterre O'Brien defended Robespierre, describing him as "one of the greatest men, and one of the purest and most enlightened reformers, that ever existed in the world." He came to Robespierre through his studies of Buonarroti and even served as Buonarroti's translator for the English edition of "Buanarroti's History of Babeuf's Conspiracy for Equality," for which he further included his own observations.


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: In the correspondence of Austrian statesman and diplomat Prince Klemens von Metternich and other leaders of the repressive policies that followed the second fall of Napoleon in 1815, "Jacobin" is the term commonly applied to anyone with progressive tendencies, such as the emperor Alexander I of Russia.


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: Federalists often characterized Thomas Jefferson, who himself had intervened in the French Revolution, and his Democratic-Republican party as Jacobins. Early Federalist-leaning American newspapers during the French Revolution referred to the Democratic-Republican party as the "Jacobin Party". The most notable examples are the "Gazette of the United States", published in Philadelphia, and the "Delaware and Eastern-Shore Advertiser", published in Wilmington, during the elections of 1800.


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: In modern American politics, the term Jacobin is often used to describe extremists of any party who demand ideological purity.


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: Evidencing the antagonistic relationship between the press and insurgent Arizona conservative presidential candidate Barry Goldwater, "The New York Times" attacked Goldwater in their Bastille Day coverage of the 1964 Republican National Convention. The paper called his supporters "Cactus Jacobins", comparing their opposition to "establishment" Eastern Republicans (see Rockefeller Republican) and "sensation‐seeking columnists and commentators" as expressed by moderate former president Dwight Eisenhower to the execution of representatives of the Ancien Régime in the Reign of Terror. In contrast, L. Brent Bozell, Jr. has written in Goldwater's seminal "The Conscience of a Conservative" (1960) that "Throughout history, true Conservatism has been at war equally with autocrats and with 'democratic' Jacobins."


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: In the 27 May 2010 issue of "The New York Review of Books", Columbia university political science and humanities professor and self-described liberal Mark Lilla analyzed three recent books dealing with American political party discontent in a review titled "The Tea Party Jacobins". On the other side, historian Victor Davis Hanson likened the rise and policies of leftists in the Democratic Party in 2019 to the Jacobins and Jacobinism.


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: The political rhetoric and populist ideas espoused by the Jacobins would lead to the development of the modern leftist movements throughout the 19th and 20th century, with Jacobinism being the political foundation of almost all leftist schools of thought including anarchism, communism and socialism. The Paris Commune was seen as the revolutionary successor to the Jacobins. The undercurrent of radical and populist tendencies espoused and enacted by the Jacobins would create a complete cultural and societal shock within the traditional and conservative governments of Europe, leading to new political ideas of society emerging. Jacobin rhetoric would lead to increasing secularization and skepticism towards the governments of Europe throughout the 1800s. This complex and complete revolution in political, societal and cultural structure, caused in part by the Jacobins, had lasting impact throughout Europe, with such societal revolution's throughout the 1800s culminating in the Revolutions of 1848.


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: Jacobin populism and complete structural destruction of the old order led to an increasingly revolutionary spirit throughout Europe and such changes would contribute to new political foundations. It also informed new political ideologies. For instance in France, Georges Valois, founder of the first non-Italian fascist party Faisceau, claimed the roots of fascism stemmed from the Jacobin movement. While fascism bears similarities to Jacobinism particularly as a democratic nationalism fighting against an existing order, it is difficult to directly trace such lineage. Fascist groups themselves have held a variety of opinions mostly negative about the French Revolution, with the German National Socialists straightforwardly condemning it. Italian fascists called on fascism to surpass the French Revolution "with a new kind of democracy run by producers." Some French fascists were ambivalent or admired parts of Jacobinism and the Revolution. Valois on the other hand saw the Revolution as the start of a movement both socialist and nationalist, which fascists would complete.


title: Jacobin (politics)

text: Leftist organizations would take different elements from Jacobin's core foundation. Anarchists took influence from the Jacobins use of mass movements, direct democracy and left-wing populism which would influence the tactics of direct action. Some Marxists would take influence from the extreme protectionism of the Jacobins and the notion of the vanguard defender of the republic which would later evolve into vanguardism. The Jacobin philosophy of a complete dismantling of an old system, with completely radical and new structure, is historically seen as one of the most revolutionary and important movements throughout modern history.


title: Graduation

text: Graduation is the awarding of a diploma to a student by an educational institution. It may also refer to the ceremony that is associated with it. The date of the graduation ceremony is often called graduation day. The graduation ceremony is also sometimes called: commencement, congregation, convocation or invocation.


title: Graduation

text: Ceremonies for graduating students date from the first universities in Europe in the twelfth century. At that time Latin was the language of scholars. A "universitas" was a guild of masters (such as MAs) with licence to teach. "Degree" and "graduate" come from "gradus", meaning "step". The first step was admission to a bachelor's degree. The second step was the masters step, giving the graduate admission to the "universitas" and license to teach. Typical dress for graduation is gown and hood, or hats adapted from the daily dress of university staff in the Middle Ages, which was in turn based on the attire worn by medieval clergy.


title: Graduation

text: The tradition of wearing graduation hats in Sweden has been in place since the mid-eighteenth century. The cap is typically a white sailor hat with a black or dark blue band around it, a crown motif, and a black peak at the front. The graduation hat tradition was initially adopted by students at Uppsala University. The headgear then became popular across several other European nations as well.


title: Graduation

text: Usually the ceremony and name apply to university degrees (Associate's, Bachelor's, Master's, and Doctoral degrees).


title: Graduation

text: In a graduation ceremony at the college and university level, the presiding officer or another authorized person formally confers degrees upon candidates, either individually or en masse, even though graduates may physically receive their diploma later at a smaller college or departmental ceremony, or simply receive their diploma through the mail.


title: Graduation

text: Ceremonies often include a procession of some of the academic staff and candidates and a valediction. The academic staff will usually wear an academic dress at the ceremony, as will the trustees (if applicable) and the degree candidates. Graduates can be referred to by their year of graduation.


title: Graduation

text: When a student graduates without attending the graduation ceremony, then it is called graduation "in absentia".


title: Graduation

text: In the United States, the completion of mandatory schooling is also referred to as graduating, even though it is substantially below degree level.


title: Graduation

text: Graduations for high school, middle school and kindergarten. Also, even for passing from one school year to the next, have been a development of recent years. This has received criticism, being described as "just a way of celebrating mediocrity".


title: Graduation

text: In some places, graduation parties celebrating graduation from school, college or university are popular. In a recent 2014 nationwide survey in the United States, $985 was the average amount spent on graduation parties.


title: Graduation

text: The procedures and traditions surrounding academic graduation ceremonies differ around the world. Whereas in the United Kingdom a graduation usually only occurs at university level, in the United States and many other countries graduations also occur at high schools where no higher education qualifications are conferred upon the graduates. In a graduation ceremony the students wear formal academic dress, such as square academic caps and gowns that are used for such occasions.


title: Graduation

text: For example, most universities in Sweden are research-oriented and may present their students with bachelor's, master's, and doctor's degrees covering all academic streams. Universities across the country are based through the Higher Education Ordinance. Most of the national programs provide Swedish, English, math and science among degree courses.


title: Graduation

text: In Zimbabwe, graduation ceremonies are often associated with the guest of honor who most often is the ceremonial head of the institution. At state universities the president of the country officiates as chancellor and guest of honor. Every graduate of a state university in Zimbabwe can claim to have shaken the President's hand. The person most associated with graduation at those institutions is Zimbabwe's late ex-president Robert Mugabe. At other state institutions of higher learning, the vice presidents or other senior government officials may preside.


title: Graduation

text: Otherwise, in countries like Argentina and Uruguay, enthusiasm prevails over moderation, as well as taking part in an authentic carnival as part of the celebration that is mostly spontaneous, anarchic, and barely planned in the middle of the streets: hundreds of graduates, familiars and friends gather in an open place, carrying alcoholic drinks, eggs, flour and other messy food; pelting it all over the graduates; whereas the party is public and open to excesses that carry the complaints of all sorts of commerce, neighbours and authorities in the zone due to the concentration of public disorder and filth that lasts until the aftermath and overwhelms the municipal services.


title: Sturmtiger

text: Sturmtiger (German: "Assault Tiger") was a World War II German assault gun built on the Tiger I chassis and armed with a 380mm rocket-propelled mortar. The official German designation was Sturmmörserwagen 606/4 mit 38 cm RW 61. Its primary task was to provide heavy fire support for infantry units fighting in urban areas. The few vehicles produced fought in the Warsaw Uprising, the Battle of the Bulge and the Battle of the Reichswald. The fighting vehicle is also known by various informal names, among which the "Sturmtiger" became the most popular.


title: Sturmtiger

text: The idea for a heavy infantry support vehicle capable of demolishing heavily defended buildings or fortified areas with a single shot came out of the experiences of the heavy urban fighting in the Battle of Stalingrad in 1942. At the time, the Wehrmacht had only the "Sturm-Infanteriegeschütz 33B" available for destroying buildings, a "Sturmgeschütz III" variant armed with a 15 cm sIG 33 heavy infantry gun. Twelve of them were lost in the fighting at Stalingrad. Its successor, the "Sturmpanzer IV", also known by Allies as "Brummbär", was in production from early 1943. This was essentially an improved version of the earlier design, mounting the same gun on the Panzer IV chassis with greatly improved armour protection.


title: Sturmtiger

text: While greatly improved compared to the earlier models, by this time infantry anti-tank weapons were improving dramatically, and the Wehrmacht still saw a need for a similar, but more heavily armoured and armed vehicle. Therefore, a decision was made to create a new vehicle based on the Tiger tank and arm it with a 210 mm howitzer. However, this weapon turned out not to be available at the time and was therefore replaced by a 380 mm rocket launcher, which was adapted from a "Kriegsmarine" depth charge launcher.


title: Sturmtiger

text: In September 1943 plans were made for Krupp to fabricate new Tiger I armored hulls for the "Sturmtiger". The Tiger I hulls were to be sent to Henschel for chassis assembly and then to Alkett where the superstructures would be mounted. The first prototype was ready and presented to Adolf Hitler in October 1943. Delivery of the first hulls would occur in December 1943, with the first three "Sturmtiger" completed by Alkett by 20 February 1944.


title: Sturmtiger

text: Due to delays, Hitler did not request production of the weapon until 19 April 1944; twelve superstructures and weapons would be prepared and mounted on rebuilt Tiger I chassis. The first three production series "Sturmtiger" were completed by Alkett in August 1944. Plans to complete an additional seven from 15 to 21 September 1944 were presented to Hitler in a conference on 18–20 August 1944. Ten "Sturmtiger" were produced in September, along with an additional five in December 1944.


title: Sturmtiger

text: Hitler had laid great importance on the special employment of the "Sturmtiger" and believed it would be necessary to produce at least 300 rounds of ammunition per month.


title: Sturmtiger

text: The "Sturmtiger" was based on the late model Tiger I, keeping its hull and suspension. The front of the Tiger's superstructure was removed to make room for the new fixed casemate-style fighting compartment housing the rocket launcher. This was located directly at the front of the vehicle, giving it a boxy appearance.


title: Sturmtiger

text: Compared to the Tiger tank, the "Sturmtiger" was much shorter overall, only compared to the Tiger's , due largely to the fact that it did not have the long main gun of the latter which protruded far in front of the hull. It also was slightly lower than the Tiger at compared to .


title: Sturmtiger

text: Since the "Sturmtiger" was intended for use in urban areas in close range street fighting, it needed to be heavily armoured to survive. Its sloped (at 47° from vertical) frontal armor therefore was thick, while its superstructure side and rear plates were thick. The hull front was or if it had an additional armor plate fitted. This pushed the weight of the vehicle up from the of the Tiger I to .


title: Sturmtiger

text: The main armament was the 380 mm "Raketen-Werfer" 61 L/5.4, a breech-loading barrel, which fired a short-range, rocket-propelled projectile roughly long. There were a variety of round types with a weight of up to , and a maximum range of up to , which either contained a high explosive charge of or a shaped charge for use against fortifications, which could penetrate up to of reinforced concrete. The stated range of the former was . A normal charge first accelerated the projectile to , the rocket charge then boosted this to about .


title: Sturmtiger

text: The design of the rocket system caused some problems. The hot rocket exhaust could not be vented into the fighting compartment nor could the barrel withstand the pressure if the gasses were not vented. Therefore, a ring of ventilation shafts was put around the barrel which channeled the exhaust and gave the weapon something of a pepperbox appearance.


title: Sturmtiger

text: Due to the bulkiness of the ammunition, only fourteen rounds could be carried internally, of which one was already loaded, with another in the loading tray. The rest were carried in two storage racks. To help with the loading of ammunition into the vehicle, a loading crane was fitted at the rear of the superstructure next to the loading hatch. Even then, the entire five-man crew had to help with the loading.


title: Sturmtiger

text: It was intended that each "Sturmtiger" would be accompanied by an ammunition carrier built on the same Tiger I chassis, but only one carrier was completed.


title: Sturmtiger

text: Located at the rear of the loading hatch was a "Nahverteidigungswaffe" launcher which was used for close defence against infantry in addition to a frontal mounted 7.92 mm MG 34 machine gun.


title: Sturmtiger

text: The "Sturmtiger" was intended to serve as a heavy infantry support vehicle, rendering assistance with attacks on heavily fortified or built-up areas. By the time the first "Sturmtiger" were available, however, Germany had lost the initiative, with the Wehrmacht being almost exclusively on the defensive rather than the offensive.


title: Sturmtiger

text: Three new Panzer companies were raised to operate the "Sturmtiger": "Panzer Sturmmörser Kompanien (PzStuMrKp)" ("Armored Assault Mortar Company") 1000, 1001 and 1002. These originally were supposed to be equipped with fourteen vehicles, but this figure was later reduced to four each, divided into two platoons.


title: Sturmtiger

text: "PzStuMrKp" 1000 was raised on 13 August 1944 and fought during the Warsaw Uprising with two vehicles, as did the prototype in a separate action, which may have been the only time the "Sturmtiger" was used in its intended role. "PzStuMrKp" 1001 (commanded by Captain von Gottberg) and 1002 (commanded by Lieutenant Zippel) followed in September and October. Both "PzStuMrKp" 1000 and 1001 served during the Ardennes Offensive, with a total of seven "Sturmtiger".


title: Sturmtiger

text: After this offensive, the "Sturmtiger" were used in the defence of Germany, mainly on the Western Front.


title: Sturmtiger

text: During the battle for the bridge at Remagen, German forces mobilized "Sturmmörserkompanie" 1000 and 1001 (a total of 7 units) to take part in the battle. The "Sturmtiger" were originally tasked with using their howitzers against the bridge itself, though it was discovered that they lacked the accuracy needed to hit the bridge. During this action, one of the Sturmtigers in "Sturmmörserkompanie" 1001 near Düren and Euskirchen allegedly hit a group of stationary Sherman tanks in a village with a 380mm round, resulting in nearly all the Shermans being put out of action, and their crews killed or wounded. This is the only tank-on-tank combat a Sturmtiger is ever recorded engaging in. After the bridge fell to the Allies, "Sturmmörserkompanie" 1000 and 1001 were tasked with bombardment of Allied forces to cover the German retreat, as opposed to the bunker busting for which they were originally designed.


title: Infrastructure as code

text: Infrastructure as code (IaC) is the process of managing and provisioning computer data centers through machine-readable definition files, rather than physical hardware configuration or interactive configuration tools.


title: Infrastructure as code

text: The IT infrastructure managed by this process comprises both physical equipment, such as bare-metal servers, as well as virtual machines, and associated configuration resources.


title: Infrastructure as code

text: The code in the definition files may use either scripts or declarative definitions, rather than maintaining the code through manual processes, but IaC more often employs declarative approaches.


title: Infrastructure as code

text: IaC grew as a response to the difficulty posed by utility computing and second-generation web frameworks. In 2006, the launch of Amazon Web Services’ Elastic Compute Cloud and the 1.0 version of Ruby on Rails just months before created widespread scaling problems in the enterprise that were previously experienced only at large, multi-national companies. With new tools emerging to handle this ever-growing field, the idea of IaC was born. The thought of modeling infrastructure with code, and then having the ability to design, implement, and deploy application infrastructure with known software best practices appealed to both software developers and IT infrastructure administrators. The ability to treat infrastructure as code and use the same tools as any other software project would allow developers to rapidly deploy applications.


title: Infrastructure as code

text: The value of IaC can be broken down into three measurable categories: cost, speed, and risk. Cost reduction aims at helping not only the enterprise financially, but also in terms of people and effort, meaning that by removing the manual component, people are able to refocus their efforts on other enterprise tasks. Infrastructure automation enables speed through faster execution when configuring your infrastructure and aims at providing visibility to help other teams across the enterprise work quickly and more efficiently. Automation removes the risk associated with human error, like manual misconfiguration; removing this can decrease downtime and increase reliability. These outcomes and attributes help the enterprise move towards implementing a culture of DevOps, the combined working of development and operations.


title: Infrastructure as code

text: There are generally two approaches to IaC: declarative (functional) vs. imperative (procedural). The difference between the declarative and the imperative approach is essentially " 'what' " versus " 'how' ". The declarative approach focuses on what the eventual target configuration should be; the imperative focuses on how the infrastructure is to be changed to meet this. The declarative approach defines the desired state and the system executes what needs to happen to achieve that desired state. Imperative defines specific commands that need to be executed in the appropriate order to end with the desired conclusion.


title: Infrastructure as code

text: There are two methods of IaC: push and pull. The main difference is the manner in which the servers are told how to be configured. In the pull method, the server to be configured will pull its configuration from the controlling server. In the push method, the controlling server pushes the configuration to the destination system.


title: Infrastructure as code

text: There are many tools that fulfill infrastructure automation capabilities and use IaC. Broadly speaking, any framework or tool that performs changes or configures infrastructure declaratively or imperatively based on a programmatic approach can be considered IaC. Traditionally, server (lifecycle) automation and configuration management tools were used to accomplish IaC. Now enterprises are also using continuous configuration automation tools or stand-alone IaC frameworks, such as Microsoft’s PowerShell DSC or AWS CloudFormation.


title: Infrastructure as code

text: All continuous configuration automation (CCA) tools can be thought of as an extension of traditional IaC frameworks. They leverage IaC to change, configure, and automate infrastructure, and they also provide visibility, efficiency and flexibility in how infrastructure is managed. These additional attributes provide enterprise-level security and compliance.


title: Infrastructure as code

text: An important aspect when considering CCA tools, if they are open source, is the community content. As Gartner states, the value of CCA tools is "as dependent on user-community-contributed content and support as it is on the commercial maturity and performance of the automation tooling". Vendors like Puppet and Chef, those that have been around a significant amount of time, have created their own communities. Chef has Chef Community Repository and Puppet has PuppetForge. Other vendors rely on adjacent communities and leverage other IaC frameworks such as PowerShell DSC. New vendors are emerging that are not content-driven, but model-driven with the intelligence in the product to deliver content. These visual, object-oriented systems work well for developers, but they are especially useful to production-oriented DevOps and operations constituents that value models versus scripting for content. As the field continues to develop and change, the community-based content will become ever more important to how IaC tools are used, unless they are model-driven and object-oriented.


title: Infrastructure as code

text: IaC can be a key attribute of enabling best practices in DevOps – Developers become more involved in defining configuration and Ops teams get involved earlier in the development process. Tools that utilize IaC bring visibility to the state and configuration of servers and ultimately provide the visibility to users within the enterprise, aiming to bring teams together to maximize their efforts. Automation in general aims to take the confusion and error-prone aspect of manual processes and make it more efficient, and productive. Allowing for better software and applications to be created with flexibility, less downtime, and an overall cost-effective way for the company. IaC is intended to reduce the complexity that kills efficiency out of manual configuration. Automation and collaboration are considered central points in DevOps; infrastructure automation tools are often included as components of a DevOps toolchain.


title: Infrastructure as code

text: The 2020 Cloud Threat Report released by Unit 42 (the threat intelligence unit of cybersecurity provider Palo Alto Networks) identified around 200,000 potential vulnerabilities in infrastructure as code templates.


title: Hatred (video game)

text: Hatred is an isometric shoot 'em up video game developed and published by Destructive Creations that was released on June 1, 2015 on Microsoft Windows. The player character is a misanthropic mass-killer who begins a "genocide crusade" to kill as many human beings as possible. The developer described "Hatred" as a reaction to video game aesthetic trends such as political correctness, politeness, vivid color, and games as art. Its October 2014 announcement trailer was characterized as "controversial" by multiple video game journalists. The game was shortly removed by Valve from their Steam Greenlight service due to its extremely violent content but was later brought back with a personal apology from Gabe Newell. It was greenlit for a second time on December 29, 2014 and released on June 1, 2015.


title: Hatred (video game)

text: Upon release, "Hatred" received generally negative reviews in video game press. Critics panned the game for being repetitive and lacking variation, criticizing its violent and controversial nature, although some minor praise went towards its gameplay mechanics.


title: Hatred (video game)

text: "Hatred" is a shooter game presented in an isometric perspective in which the player character and protagonist is a mass-murdering villain who "hates this world, and the human worms feasting on its carcass" and embarks on a "genocide crusade" against the entire human race. The player can carry three weapons and an assortment of grenades, as well as drive some vehicles. Health is regenerated by performing glory kills on incapacitated people; the moves made to kill those victims involve cinematic switches of camera perspectives.


title: Hatred (video game)

text: If the player is killed, the level restarts entirely unless the player completed additional sidequests that provide a limited number of respawn points. The character's voice acting is deliberately kept to a minimum, with his ideology and motivations largely left open to interpretation.


title: Hatred (video game)

text: The plot of "Hatred" revolves around a man only known as "The Antagonist". Disgusted by human society and general existence, the Antagonist decides to commit a "one-way trip" spree of killings in New York City using his arsenal of weapons.


title: Hatred (video game)

text: Travelling from his neighbourhood to 1 Police Plaza, the man kills dozens of civilians and NYPD officers, prompting a government response. After escaping the police by train, he devises a plan to carry out his mission of committing suicide and killing millions of people by blowing up a nuclear power plant near the city. To accomplish this, he needs a Composition C plastic explosive, which he gets by storming the Fort O'Connor military base, wiping out the entire base before heading to the power plant.


title: Hatred (video game)

text: He manages to enter the nuclear power plant and plants the explosive on the nuclear reactor. He then attempts to overload the nuclear reactor using the security system. Whether he succeeds or fails, soldiers arrive and shoot him multiple times in the chest while he laughs. As he collapses, severely injured, he activates the explosive trigger; the power plant explodes, levelling New York City and killing millions of people.


title: Hatred (video game)

text: "Hatred" is the first game by Destructive Creations, a video game developer based in Gliwice, Poland. Most of the company's staff previously worked at another Polish developer, The Farm 51.


title: Hatred (video game)

text: Destructive Creations announced "Hatred" on October 16, 2014, releasing the game's controversial trailer. The developer described "Hatred" as a reaction to a trend of political correctness in video games, and sought to make a game that eschewed politeness, colorfulness, and games as art. In this way, they sought to make a game that recalled the industry's history as "a rebellious medium" and surface-level entertainment with no insertion of "any fake philosophy". While the trailer was intended to be provocative, Destructive Creations CEO Jarosław Zieliński did not anticipate the large reaction and the amount of supportive fan mail. He added that he did not think the trailer crossed a moral boundary, and that those who disagreed could choose to not play it. In an interview with "Vice" "Motherboard", Zieliński noted that the dark ambient music within the game as well as the character design were intentionally made to be devoid of joy, stating that "I don’t want to justify anything. I want the player to ask: why." The game uses the Unreal Engine 4 game engine and Nvidia PhysX physics. The Unreal logo was removed from the trailer at the request of the engine's developer, Epic Games.


title: Hatred (video game)

text: The player character's dialogue was written by Herr Warcrimer, vocalist for Polish black metal band Infernal War and Industrial Blackened death metal band Iperyt; the song "Particular Hatred" by Iperyt appears in the game. The voice for the player character was provided by a voice-over actor using the pseudonym "Clint Westwood"; Zieliński claimed the actor "wanted to stay anonymous". Instrumental songs from Norwegian death metal band Blood Red Throne also appear in the soundtrack.


title: Hatred (video game)

text: The team chose to work on a single platform due to the team's small size, hoping to distribute the game through Steam and GOG.com if allowed. On December 15, 2014, "Hatred" briefly appeared on Steam Greenlight, but was removed, with a Steam representative stating that the company "would not publish "Hatred"". On December 16, the game was returned to the service, and an apology to the development team was sent by Gabe Newell. Following this, it became the most voted game on the service and was approved successfully on December 29.


title: Hatred (video game)

text: On April 11, 2020, Destructive Creations announced that they would be porting the game to the Nintendo Switch. It is unclear whether the game will be released in its uncensored form as Nintendo, like Sony and Microsoft, has a policy of not licensing or selling AO-rated games for its video game systems.


title: Hatred (video game)

text: In January 2015, "Hatred" was given an "Adults Only" (AO) rating by the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB). The rating effectively prevents any mainstream retail distribution of the game in the United States, or on video game consoles as all three major console manufacturers forbid AO-rated games on their platforms. It is the third video game that received an AO rating for extreme violence rather than sexual content, behind "Manhunt 2" and "Thrill Kill". Hatred is also the only game to be rated AO and have no sexual content at all. One of its developers disputed the rating, stating that they were "not quite convinced" about the rating due to its association with sexually explicit games, adding that "it's still some kind of achievement to have the second game in history getting AO rating for violence and harsh language only. Even if this violence isn't really that bad and this harsh language isn't overused."


title: Hatred (video game)

text: A second trailer was released the same month, along with pre-order details. It showed new weapons (such as a flamethrower) and new execution animations. Developers claimed that shortly after the release, developer tools for "Hatred" would be made available. The release date was announced in April 2015.


title: Hatred (video game)

text: The game was released on June 1, 2015. Shortly before the game's release, Twitch announced a ban on all AO-rated games, making it one of the few prohibited games on the streaming platform. The first set of additional downloadable content, titled "Survival", was released in September 2015, for free on Steam. The content adds three new maps for Survival mode, three new playable characters, "Story" and "Insane" difficulty modes, new sidequests, new rank systems, new leaderboards and new achievements. The content contains the ability to use several cheat options, including unlimited ammunition, "God mode", and all weapons unlocked.


title: Hatred (video game)

text: On October 22, 2019 the game received new DLC by way of a spin-off comic book series in conjunction with Behemoth Comics. The books are periodically released digitally on Steam individually or in a bundle with the game.


title: Hatred (video game)

text: Several video game press outlets responded negatively to the game's announcement trailer, particularly in condemnation of its "portrayal of wanton violence". "Polygon" Colin Campbell wrote that the site's staff responded to the game's first trailer "with genuine revulsion". They described the trailer as "grisly", "extremely violent, and very tacky". "PC Magazine" David Murphy wrote to "get ready for the backlash about the ultra-violent shooter ... if this game is ever released". He compared the game to "Manhunt", "Postal", and "Mortal Kombat"—other video games considered controversial for their amount of violence—and felt that "Hatred" "will generate just as much controversy". The trailer attracted defense of the game's right to freedom of expression, but "Polygon" reported that no outlet requested censorship of the game.


title: Hatred (video game)

text: Rafał Pankowski, sociologist and co-founder of the "Never Again" Association, analyzed the political associations of the development team, which according to Pankowski shows many connections to the radical right which are troubling.


title: Hatred (video game)

text: "Polygon" Ben Kuchera wrote that the trailer was a "rhetorical failure" in that it attempted to shock viewers, but ultimately reflected the 1990s "shock culture" aesthetic. In response, Zieliński said that the trailer's "so called 'shock tactic' [did] its job very well", and added that the industry reaction to the trailer reflected the political correctness—"the way we are told and taught to think"—that the game's existence sought to oppose. When questioned about links between the company and the right-wing nationalist group Polska Liga Obrony (Polish Defence League) based on a public Facebook like, Destructive Creations responded that they did not support the organization, were against "totalitarian ideologies", and appreciated the publicity despite its malevolence.


title: Hatred (video game)

text: The second trailer, titled "Devastation", received similar criticism, with "Polygon" calling it "just as vicious and cynical as the first trailer". "The Guardian", "Rock, Paper, Shotgun" and Kotaku described "Hatred" as a "mass murder simulator".


title: Hatred (video game)

text: "Hatred" received generally negative reviews. It holds an aggregated score of 43/100 on Metacritic based on 46 reviews.


title: Hatred (video game)

text: "GameSpot" gave "Hatred" a score of 3 out of 10, noting that the game's novelty wore off quickly due to a lack of variation or "thrilling five-star moment[s]", and concluding that "the fact that the final product fails even to be worth a primal psychotic scream of victory against society at large for the people it might encourage means it laughably fails even at being dangerous." Similarly, Jim Sterling, while criticizing the tone, concluded that "worse than that—we got a damn boring game". "Rock, Paper, Shotgun" said that ""Hatred" fails in every way", claiming the game falls short in terms of entertainment, technical competence, and "to be a controversial, shocking experience". Chris Carter of Destructoid was also critical of one-note gameplay while noting several technical issues.


title: Hatred (video game)

text: Softpedia praised the game's mechanics, calling the game "a good twin-stick shooter that manages to offer an interesting experience only through the actual theme". IGN Italy praised the game's shooting mechanics and visuals component, but criticized its repetitiveness and poor artificial intelligence; likewise IGN Spain praised the game's visuals and scenario's destructibility but panned its A.I. and poor plot.


title: Hatred (video game)

text: Upon launch, "Hatred" quickly became a best seller on Steam, and it holds a "Very Positive" response on the site.


title: Brandon Staley

text: Brandon John Staley (born December 10, 1982) is an American football coach who is the head coach of the Los Angeles Chargers of the National Football League (NFL). He previously served as the defensive coordinator for the Los Angeles Rams in 2020 and also served as an assistant coach for the Denver Broncos and Chicago Bears.


title: Brandon Staley

text: Staley went to the University of Dayton and started two years at quarterback for the Flyers guiding the team to a 16–5 record from 2003 to 2004. He finished his playing career at Mercyhurst College, playing on the football team in 2005.


title: Brandon Staley

text: Brandon began his coaching career as a graduate assistant at Northern Illinois from 2006 to 2008 before working with defensive linemen and special teams at Division III St. Thomas in 2009.


title: Brandon Staley

text: In 2010 and 2011 Staley served as the associate head coach and defensive coordinator at Hutchinson Community College. He spent the 2012 season at Tennessee as a graduate assistant. Staley would then spend three seasons (2013, 2015, 2016) as the defensive coordinator/secondary coach with John Carroll University. 2014 was spent as the defensive coordinator/linebackers coach at James Madison University.


title: Brandon Staley

text: On January 15, 2019, Staley was hired by the Denver Broncos as their outside linebackers coach, reuniting with head coach Vic Fangio.


title: Brandon Staley

text: On January 16, 2020, Staley was hired by the Los Angeles Rams as their defensive coordinator, replacing Wade Phillips. In his only year as coordinator in 2020, Staley helped guide the Rams defense to 1st in points and total yards allowed, positioning himself as an attractive head coaching candidate around the league.


title: Brandon Staley

text: On September 12, 2021, Staley made his regular-season head coaching debut against Washington and led the Chargers to a 20–16 victory.


title: Brandon Staley

text: Staley led the Chargers to a 9–7 record through the first 16 games of the season. However, against the Las Vegas Raiders in Week 18 in a win or tie or go home situation, Staley came under scrutiny for two decisions during the game. The first involved a failed fourth down conversion on the Chargers' own 18-yard line, giving the Raiders a short field, which they would score on to extend their lead to 12. The second was calling a timeout with 38 seconds left in the overtime period with the Raiders at the Chargers 39 yard line. Staley claimed he called the timeout to get the right defensive personnel on the field as the Raiders were running the ball. Following the game there was conjecture that the timeout proved to be costly for the Chargers as the Raiders kicked a 47-yard field goal as time expired, winning 35–32, and eliminating the Chargers from playoff contention. However, when discussing the moment on a podcast, Raiders’ interim head coach Rich Bisaccia stated that “the timeout was really irrelevant.”


title: Brandon Staley

text: Staley was diagnosed at 24 years old with Hodgkin lymphoma, but has been cancer-free for over a decade following chemotherapy at the Cleveland Clinic.


title: Prudence

text: Prudence (, contracted from meaning "seeing ahead, sagacity") is the ability to govern and discipline oneself by the use of reason. It is classically considered to be a virtue, and in particular one of the four Cardinal virtues (which are, with the three theological virtues, part of the seven virtues). Prudentia is an allegorical female personification of the virtue, whose attributes are a mirror and snake, who is frequently depicted as a pair with Justitia, the Roman goddess of Justice.


title: Prudence

text: The word derives from the 14th-century Old French word "prudence", which, in turn, derives from the Latin "prudentia" meaning "foresight, sagacity". It is often associated with wisdom, insight, and knowledge. In this case, the virtue is the ability to judge between virtuous and vicious actions, not only in a general sense, but with regard to appropriate actions at a given time and place. Although prudence itself does not perform any actions, and is concerned solely with knowledge, all virtues had to be regulated by it. Distinguishing when acts are courageous, as opposed to reckless or cowardly, is an act of prudence, and for this reason it is classified as a cardinal (pivotal) virtue.


title: Prudence

text: In modern English, the word has become increasingly synonymous with cautiousness. In this sense, prudence names a reluctance to take risks, which remains a virtue with respect to unnecessary risks, but, when unreasonably extended into over-cautiousness, can become the vice of cowardice.


title: Prudence

text: In the "Nicomachean Ethics", Aristotle gives a lengthy account of the virtue phronesis (), traditionally translated as "prudence", although this has become increasingly problematic as the word has fallen out of common usage. More recently ϕρόνησις has been translated by such terms as "practical wisdom", "practical judgment" or "rational choice".


title: Prudence

text: Prudence was considered by the ancient Greeks and later on by Christian philosophers, most notably Thomas Aquinas, as the cause, measure and form of all virtues. It is considered to be the "auriga virtutum" or the charioteer of the virtues.


title: Prudence

text: It is the cause in the sense that the virtues, which are defined to be the "perfected ability" of man as a spiritual person (spiritual personhood in the classical western understanding means having intelligence and free will), achieve their "perfection" only when they are founded upon prudence, that is to say upon the perfected ability to make right decisions. For instance, a person can live temperance when he has acquired the habit of deciding correctly the actions to take in response to his instinctual cravings.


title: Prudence

text: The function of prudence is to point out which course of action is to be taken in any concrete circumstances. It has nothing to do with directly willing the good it discerns. Prudence has a directive capacity with regard to the other virtues. It lights the way and measures the arena for their exercise. Without prudence, bravery becomes foolhardiness; mercy sinks into weakness, free self-expression and kindness into censure, humility into degradation and arrogance, selflessness into corruption, and temperance into fanaticism. Culture and disciplined actions should be about the beneficial action. Its office is to determine for each in practice those circumstances of time, place, manner, etc. which should be observed, and which the Scholastics comprise under the term "medium rationis". So it is that while it qualifies the intellect and not the will, it is nevertheless rightly styled a moral virtue.


title: Prudence

text: Prudence is considered the measure of moral virtues since it provides a model of ethically good actions. "The work of art is true and real by its correspondence with the pattern of its prototype in the mind of the artist. In similar fashion, the free activity of man is good by its correspondence with the pattern of prudence." (Josef Pieper)


title: Prudence

text: In Greek and Scholastic philosophy, "form" is the specific characteristic of a thing that makes it what it is. With this language, prudence confers upon other virtues the form of its inner essence; that is, its specific character as a virtue. For instance, not all acts of telling the truth are considered good, considered as done with the virtue of honesty. What makes telling the truth a virtue is whether it is done with prudence.


title: Prudence

text: In Christian understanding, the difference between prudence and cunning lies in the intent with which the decision of the context of an action is made. The Christian understanding of the world includes the existence of God, the natural law and moral implications of human actions. In this context, prudence is different from cunning in that it takes into account the supernatural good. For instance, the decision of persecuted Christians to be martyred rather than deny their faith is considered prudent.


title: Prudence

text: According to Thomas Aquinas, judgments using reasons for evil ends or using evil means are considered to be made through "cunning" and "false prudence" and not through prudence.


title: Prudence

text: The Ancient Greek term for prudence is synonymous with "forethought". People, the Ancient Greeks believed, must have enough prudence to prepare for worshiping the Olympian gods.


title: Prudence

text: Prudence is the application of universal principles to particular situations. "Integral parts" of virtues, in Scholastic philosophy, are the elements that must be present for any complete or perfect act of the virtue. The following are the integral parts of prudence:


title: Prudence

text: In ethics, a "prudential judgment" is one where the circumstances must be weighed to determine the correct action. Generally, it applies to situations where two people could weigh the circumstances differently and "ethically" come to different conclusions.


title: Prudence

text: For instance, in the theory of just war, the government of a nation must weigh whether the harms they suffer are more than the harms that would be produced by their going to war against another nation that is harming them; the decision whether to go to war is therefore a prudential judgment.


title: Prudence

text: In another case, a patient who has a terminal illness with no conventional treatment may hear of an experimental treatment. To decide whether to take it would require weighing on one hand, the cost, time, possible lack of benefit, and possible pain, disability, and hastened death, and on the other hand, the possible benefit and the benefit to others of what could be learned from his or her case.


title: Prudence

text: Phronesis, or practical wisdom, holds an important place in rhetorical theory as a central aspect of judgment and practice. Aristotle's notion of phronesis fits with his notes on rhetoric because neither, in his estimation, could be reduced to an "episteme" or a "techne", and both deal with the ability to deliberate about contingent, variable, or indeterminate matters.


title: Prudence

text: Cicero defined "prudentia" as a rhetorical norm in "De Oratore", "De officiis", "De Inventione", and "De re publica". He contrasts the term with "imprudens", young men failing to consider the consequences before they act. The "prudens", or those who had prudence, knew when to speak and when to stay silent. Cicero maintained that prudence was gained only through experience, and while it was applied in everyday conversation, in public discourse it was subordinated to the broader term for wisdom, "sapientia".


title: Prudence

text: In the contemporary era, rhetorical scholars have tried to recover a robust meaning for the term. They have maintained consistency with the ancient orators, contending that prudence is an embodied persuasive resource. Although sets of principles or rules can be constructed in a particular culture, scholars agree that prudence cannot be derived from a set of timeless principles. Instead, through gauging the situation and through reasoned deliberation, a speaker should determine the set of values and morals by which to base his or her actions. Furthermore, scholars suggest the capacity to take into account the particularities of the situation as vital to prudential practice. For example, as rhetorical scholar Lois Self explains, "both rhetoric and phronesis are normative processes in that they involve rational principles of choice-making; both have general applicability but always require careful analysis of particulars in determining the best response to each specific situation; both ideally take into account the wholeness of human nature; and finally, both have social utility and responsibility in that both treat matter of the public good". Robert Hariman, in his examination of Malcolm X, adds that "aesthetic sensibility, imitation of a performative ideal, and improvisation upon conventions of presentation" are also components of practical reasoning.


title: Prudence

text: Small differences emerge between rhetorical scholars regarding definitions of the term and methods of analysis. Hans-Georg Gadamer asserted that prudence materializes through the application of principles and can be evaluated accordingly. In his analysis of Andrew Cuomo's speech to the Catholic Church of Notre Dame, James Jasinski contends that prudence cannot as it is not a "episteme" or "techne"; instead, it is judged according to embodied rhetorical performance. Thus, while Gadamer would judge prudence based on the execution of contingent principles, Jasinski would examine the artistry of communication in its cultural milieu between accommodation (compromise) and audacity (courage).


title: Prudence

text: In his study of Machiavelli, examining the relationship between prudence and moderation, rhetorician Eugene Garver holds that there is a middle ground between "an ethics of principles, in which those principles univocally dictate action" and "an ethics of consequences, in which the successful result is all". His premise stems from Aristotle's theory of virtue as an "intermediate", in which moderation and compromise embody prudence. Yet, because valorizing moderation is not an active response, prudence entails the "transformation of moderation" into a fitting response, making it a flexible situational norm. Garver also asserts that prudential reasoning differs from "algorithmic" and "heuristic" reasoning because it is rooted in a political community, the context in which common problems regarding stability and innovation arise and call for prudential reasoning.


title: Prudence

text: Economists describe a consumer as "prudent" if he or she saves more when faced with riskier future income. This additional saving is called precautionary saving.


title: Prudence

text: If a risk-averse consumer has a utility function formula_1 over consumption "x", and if formula_1 is differentiable, then the consumer is not prudent unless the third derivative of utility is positive, that is, formula_3.


title: Prudence

text: The strength of the precautionary saving motive can be measured by absolute prudence, which is defined as


title: Prudence

text: formula_4. Similarly, relative prudence is defined as absolute prudence, multiplied by the level of consumption. These measures are closely related to the concepts of absolute and relative risk aversion developed by Kenneth Arrow and John W. Pratt.


title: Prudence

text: In accounting, prudence was long considered one of the "fundamental accounting concepts" in its determination of the time for revenue recognition. The rule of prudence meant that gains should not be anticipated unless their realisation was highly probable. However, recent developments in Generally Accepted Accounting Principles have led academic critics to accuse the international standard-setting body IASB of abandoning prudence. In the British reporting standard FRS 18, prudence, along with consistency, was relegated to a "desirable" quality of financial information rather than fundamental concept. Prudence was rejected for IFRS because it was seen as compromising accounts' neutrality.