title: Intermolecular force

text: or repulsion which act between atoms and other types of neighbouring particles, e.g. atoms or ions. Intermolecular forces are weak relative to intramolecular forces – the forces which hold a molecule together. For example, the covalent bond, involving sharing electron pairs between atoms, is much stronger than the forces present between neighboring molecules. Both sets of forces are essential parts of force fields frequently used in molecular mechanics.


title: Intermolecular force

text: The investigation of intermolecular forces starts from macroscopic observations which indicate the existence and action of forces at a molecular level. These observations include non-ideal-gas thermodynamic behavior reflected by virial coefficients, vapor pressure, viscosity, superficial tension, and absorption data.


title: Intermolecular force

text: The first reference to the nature of microscopic forces is found in Alexis Clairaut's work "Théorie de la figure de la Terre," published in Paris in 1743. Other scientists who have contributed to the investigation of microscopic forces include: Laplace, Gauss, Maxwell and Boltzmann.


title: Intermolecular force

text: Information on intermolecular forces is obtained by macroscopic measurements of properties like viscosity, pressure, volume, temperature (PVT) data. The link to microscopic aspects is given by virial coefficients and Lennard-Jones potentials.


title: Intermolecular force

text: A "hydrogen bond" is an extreme form of dipole-dipole bonding, referring to the attraction between a hydrogen atom that is bonded to an element with high electronegativity, usually nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine. The hydrogen bond is often described as a strong electrostatic dipole–dipole interaction. However, it also has some features of covalent bonding: it is directional, stronger than a van der Waals force interaction, produces interatomic distances shorter than the sum of their van der Waals radii, and usually involves a limited number of interaction partners, which can be interpreted as a kind of valence. The number of Hydrogen bonds formed between molecules is equal to the number of active pairs. The molecule which donates its hydrogen is termed the donor molecule, while the molecule containing lone pair participating in H bonding is termed the acceptor molecule. The number of active pairs is equal to the common number between number of hydrogens the donor has and the number of lone pairs the acceptor has.


title: Intermolecular force

text: Though both not depicted in the diagram, water molecules have two active pairs, as the oxygen atom can interact with two hydrogens to form two hydrogen bonds. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding is responsible for the high boiling point of water (100 °C) compared to the other group 16 hydrides, which have little capability to hydrogen bond. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding is partly responsible for the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of proteins and nucleic acids. It also plays an important role in the structure of polymers, both synthetic and natural.


title: Intermolecular force

text: The attraction between cationic and anionic sites is a noncovalent, or intermolecular interaction which is usually referred to as ion pairing or salt bridge.


title: Intermolecular force

text: It is essentially due to electrostatic forces, although in aqueous medium the association is driven by entropy and often even endothermic. Most salts form crystals with characteristic distances between the ions; in contrast to many other noncovalent interactions, salt bridges are not directional and show in the solid state usually contact determined only by the van der Waals radii of the ions.


title: Intermolecular force

text: Inorganic as well as organic ions display in water at moderate ionic strength I similar salt bridge as association ΔG values around 5 to 6 kJ/mol for a 1:1 combination of anion and cation, almost independent of the nature (size, polarizability, etc.) of the ions. The ΔG values are additive and approximately a linear function of the charges, the interaction of e.g. a doubly charged phosphate anion with a single charged ammonium cation accounts for about 2x5 = 10 kJ/mol. The ΔG values depend on the ionic strength I of the solution, as described by the Debye-Hückel equation, at zero ionic strength one observes ΔG = 8 kJ/mol.


title: Intermolecular force

text: Dipole–dipole interactions (or Keesom interactions) are electrostatic interactions between molecules which have permanent dipoles. This interaction is stronger than the London forces but is weaker than ion-ion interaction because only partial charges are involved. These interactions tend to align the molecules to increase attraction (reducing potential energy). An example of a dipole–dipole interaction can be seen in hydrogen chloride (HCl): the positive end of a polar molecule will attract the negative end of the other molecule and influence its position. Polar molecules have a net attraction between them. Examples of polar molecules include hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chloroform (CHCl).


title: Intermolecular force

text: Often molecules contain dipolar groups of atoms, but have no overall dipole moment on the molecule as a whole. This occurs if there is symmetry within the molecule that causes the dipoles to cancel each other out. This occurs in molecules such as tetrachloromethane and carbon dioxide. The dipole–dipole interaction between two individual atoms is usually zero, since atoms rarely carry a permanent dipole.


title: Intermolecular force

text: The Keesom interaction is a van der Waals force. It is discussed further in the section "Van der Waals forces".


title: Intermolecular force

text: Ion–dipole and ion–induced dipole forces are similar to dipole–dipole and dipole–induced dipole interactions but involve ions, instead of only polar and non-polar molecules. Ion–dipole and ion–induced dipole forces are stronger than dipole–dipole interactions because the charge of any ion is much greater than the charge of a dipole moment. Ion–dipole bonding is stronger than hydrogen bonding.


title: Intermolecular force

text: An ion–dipole force consists of an ion and a polar molecule interacting. They align so that the positive and negative groups are next to one another, allowing maximum attraction. An important example of this interaction is hydration of ions in water which give rise to hydration enthalpy. The polar water molecules surround themselves around ions in water and the energy released during the process is known as hydration enthalpy. The interaction has its immense importance in justifying the stability of various ions (like Cu) in water.


title: Intermolecular force

text: An ion–induced dipole force consists of an ion and a non-polar molecule interacting. Like a dipole–induced dipole force, the charge of the ion causes distortion of the electron cloud on the non-polar molecule.


title: Intermolecular force

text: The van der Waals forces arise from interaction between uncharged atoms or molecules, leading not only to such phenomena as the cohesion of condensed phases and physical absorption of gases, but also to a universal force of attraction between macroscopic bodies.


title: Intermolecular force

text: The first contribution to van der Waals forces is due to electrostatic interactions between rotating permanent dipoles, quadrupoles (all molecules with symmetry lower than cubic), and multipoles. It is termed the "Keesom interaction", named after Willem Hendrik Keesom. These forces originate from the attraction between permanent dipoles (dipolar molecules) and are temperature dependent.


title: Intermolecular force

text: They consist of attractive interactions between dipoles that are ensemble averaged over different rotational orientations of the dipoles. It is assumed that the molecules are constantly rotating and never get locked into place. This is a good assumption, but at some point molecules do get locked into place. The energy of a Keesom interaction depends on the inverse sixth power of the distance, unlike the interaction energy of two spatially fixed dipoles, which depends on the inverse third power of the distance. The Keesom interaction can only occur among molecules that possess permanent dipole moments, i.e., two polar molecules. Also Keesom interactions are very weak van der Waals interactions and do not occur in aqueous solutions that contain electrolytes. The angle averaged interaction is given by the following equation:


title: Intermolecular force

text: where "d" = electric dipole moment, formula_2 = permitivity of free space, formula_3 = dielectric constant of surrounding material, "T" = temperature, formula_4 = Boltzmann constant, and "r" = distance between molecules.


title: Intermolecular force

text: The second contribution is the induction (also termed polarization) or Debye force, arising from interactions between rotating permanent dipoles and from the polarizability of atoms and molecules (induced dipoles). These induced dipoles occur when one molecule with a permanent dipole repels another molecule's electrons. A molecule with permanent dipole can induce a dipole in a similar neighboring molecule and cause mutual attraction. Debye forces cannot occur between atoms. The forces between induced and permanent dipoles are not as temperature dependent as Keesom interactions because the induced dipole is free to shift and rotate around the polar molecule. The Debye induction effects and Keesom orientation effects are termed polar interactions.


title: Intermolecular force

text: The induced dipole forces appear from the induction (also termed polarization), which is the attractive interaction between a permanent multipole on one molecule with an induced (by the former di/multi-pole) 31 on another. This interaction is called the "Debye force", named after Peter J. W. Debye.


title: Intermolecular force

text: One example of an induction interaction between permanent dipole and induced dipole is the interaction between HCl and Ar. In this system, Ar experiences a dipole as its electrons are attracted (to the H side of HCl) or repelled (from the Cl side) by HCl. The angle averaged interaction is given by the following equation:


title: Intermolecular force

text: This kind of interaction can be expected between any polar molecule and non-polar/symmetrical molecule. The induction-interaction force is far weaker than dipole–dipole interaction, but stronger than the London dispersion force.


title: Intermolecular force

text: The third and dominant contribution is the dispersion or London force (fluctuating dipole–induced dipole), which arises due to the non-zero instantaneous dipole moments of all atoms and molecules. Such polarization can be induced either by a polar molecule or by the repulsion of negatively charged electron clouds in non-polar molecules. Thus, London interactions are caused by random fluctuations of electron density in an electron cloud. An atom with a large number of electrons will have a greater associated London force than an atom with fewer electrons. The dispersion (London) force is the most important component because all materials are polarizable, whereas Keesom and Debye forces require permanent dipoles. The London interaction is universal and is present in atom-atom interactions as well. For various reasons, London interactions (dispersion) have been considered relevant for interactions between macroscopic bodies in condensed systems. Hamaker developed the theory of van der Waals between macroscopic bodies in 1937 and showed that the additivity of these interactions renders them considerably more long-range.


title: Intermolecular force

text: This comparison is approximate. The actual relative strengths will vary depending on the molecules involved. For instance, the presence of water creates competing interactions that greatly weaken the strength of both ionic and hydrogen bonds. Ionic bonding and covalent bonding will always be stronger than intermolecular forces in any given substance.


title: Intermolecular force

text: Intermolecular forces are repulsive at short distances and attractive at long distances (see the Lennard-Jones potential). In a gas, the repulsive force chiefly has the effect of keeping two molecules from occupying the same volume. This gives a real gas a tendency to occupy a larger volume than an ideal gas at the same temperature and pressure. The attractive force draws molecules closer together and gives a real gas a tendency to occupy a smaller volume than an ideal gas. Which interaction is more important depends on temperature and pressure (see compressibility factor).


title: Intermolecular force

text: In a gas, the distances between molecules are generally large, so intermolecular forces have only a small effect. The attractive force is not overcome by the repulsive force, but by the thermal energy of the molecules. Temperature is the measure of thermal energy, so increasing temperature reduces the influence of the attractive force. In contrast, the influence of the repulsive force is essentially unaffected by temperature.


title: Intermolecular force

text: When a gas is compressed to increase its density, the influence of the attractive force increases. If the gas is made sufficiently dense, the attractions can become large enough to overcome the tendency of thermal motion to cause the molecules to disperse. Then the gas can condense to form a solid or liquid, i.e., a condensed phase. Lower temperature favors the formation of a condensed phase. In a condensed phase, there is very nearly a balance between the attractive and repulsive forces.


title: Intermolecular force

text: Intermolecular forces observed between atoms and molecules can be described phenomenologically as occurring between permanent and instantaneous dipoles, as outlined above. Alternatively, one may seek a fundamental, unifying theory that is able to explain the various types of interactions such as hydrogen bonding, van der Waals force and dipole–dipole interactions. Typically, this is done by applying the ideas of quantum mechanics to molecules, and Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation theory has been especially effective in this regard. When applied to existing quantum chemistry methods, such a quantum mechanical explanation of intermolecular interactions provides an array of approximate methods that can be used to analyze intermolecular interactions. One of the most helpful methods to visualize this kind of intermolecular interactions, that we can find in quantum chemistry, is the non-covalent interaction index, which is based on the electron density of the system. London dispersion forces play a big role with this.


title: Intermolecular force

text: Concerning electron density topology, recent methods based on electron density gradient methods have emerged recently, notably with the development of IBSI (Intrinsic Bond Strength Index), relying on the IGM (Independent Gradient Model) methodology.


title: Maqbool Salmaan

text: The son of television actor Ibrahimkutty and the nephew of actor Mammooty, Maqbool made his acting debut by playing a short role in A. K. Saajan's "Asuravithu" (2012). He later played the lead role in Aneesh Upasana's directorial debut film "Matinee" (2012).


title: Maqbool Salmaan

text: Maqbool Salmaan was born in Vaikom, Kottayam district, Kerala as the son of television actor P. I. Ibrahim Kutty and his wife Sameena. Maqbool has a sister, Tania Amjith. Maqbool attended the Labour India Gurukulam Public School, Marangattupilly, Kottayam. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in Hotel Management from the Oxford College, Bangalore. Being the nephew of film star Mammootty, Maqbool had a passion towards acting since his school days.


title: Maqbool Salmaan

text: After completing his graduation, Maqbool decided to take up acting seriously. He never wanted to use his uncle's identity and fame to make his entry into cinema. So, like any other actor, he began appearing for auditions. He was chosen by Ranjan Pramod for a film; however, it failed to take off. He then approached director Fazil, who was looking for new faces for the film "Living Together", but was rejected a role. He struggled for over a year to finally get a chance in a film by A. K. Saajan, who cast him in the lead role. When this project shelved due to some technical reasons, Saajan approached Maqbool again with the script of "Asuravithu". who signed it without any hesitation. He was cast in a short but important role in this action flick which starred Asif Ali in the lead role. The film was not a commercial success. but Maqbool's performance garnered appreciation.


title: Maqbool Salmaan

text: The acclaim Maqbool gained through "Asuravithu" helped still photographer Aneesh Upasana choose him for the lead role in "Matinee", which would mark the latter's directorial debut. The film was produced by AOPL Entertainment, which had earlier that year successfully launched Maqbool's cousin Dulquer Salmaan through "Second Show". "Matinee" opened to positive reviews from critics and audiences alike and was declared a hit. Maqbool also won positive feedback for his performance, with the critic from Rediff saying: "Maqbool's 'the guy next door' look in the film lend authenticity to the character he plays."


title: Maqbool Salmaan

text: His third film was "Parayan Baaki Vechathu", released in 2014, a political thriller by Karim, who had earlier directed "Agni Nakshatram". Anumol was Maqbool's heroine in the film.


title: Maqbool Salmaan

text: In 2018, he acted again with Mammootty in Abrahaminte Santhathikal in which he played a negative role.


title: Kazaam

text: Kazaam () is a 1996 fantasy comedy family film. It was directed by Paul Michael Glaser, written by Christian Ford and Roger Soffer based on a story by Glaser, and starring Shaquille O'Neal as the title character, a 5,000-year-old genie who appears from a magic boombox to grant a 12-year-old boy three wishes.


title: Kazaam

text: A wrecking ball destroys an abandoned building, the impact knocking over a magic lamp inside and causing it to land on a boombox. The genie inside decides to make residence inside the boombox from there on.


title: Kazaam

text: Meanwhile, a 12-year-old boy named Maxwell “Max” Conner goes to school. He greets his friend, Jake, with a goofy face and is chastised by his teacher. Max is confronted by a gang of bullies, who hold him on the bathroom floor and spray paint his outline, in retaliation for a key he gave them for a robbery being no good. The bullies later chase Max through Brooklyn after school. Max is chased into the abandoned building, where he discovers the boombox and accidentally unleashes the genie inside. The genie, who introduces himself as Kazaam, a 5,000-year-old genie, tells Max that he is now Max's genie and proves it to him by demonstrating his powers, which results in Kazaam disappearing off the face of the earth.


title: Kazaam

text: Max spots his father in passing during his return home from school, and finds that his mother is marrying a fireman named Travis O’Neil. Max instantly rejects Travis, and when his mother confronts him on his behavior, he counters by confronting her that she lied to him about his real father's whereabouts, and that he is actually located in the city. Max then sets out to search for his father in the hopes of rekindling their relationship. He suddenly encounters Kazaam during his travels, who pesters Max into making a wish. Max eventually finds his father, only to learn that he is a musical talent agent who specializes in unauthorized music. But he initially doesn’t care because his father, Nick Matteo by name, is overjoyed to see him again, introduces Max (Matteo) to the other employees of the agency, and gives him free VIP passes to an upcoming concert at the nightclub he works at.


title: Kazaam

text: Max goes to his personal secret hideout and tells Kazaam about his father. They decide to have a bike race through Max's hideout, during which Kazaam shows off his powers. Kazaam finally convinces Max to make his first wish, which consists of junk food raining from the sky. While eating all of this, Max suddenly realizes that he owns Kazaam until he makes his last two wishes. Max and Kazaam go out to see Max's father again.


title: Kazaam

text: After getting past an intimidating bodyguard, Max and Kazaam attend the show, where the performing act (with a little needling from Max) persuade Kazaam to join in. Malik, the owner of the nightclub, shows interest in Kazaam upon the realization that he is a genie, and he hopes to control Kazaam through Max's father. The next day, Kazaam stays in Max's home and passes himself off as Max's tutor.


title: Kazaam

text: Max confesses to Kazaam that he and his father aren't really connecting, though Kazaam attempts to shirk the issue with some rapping, revealing how he and his “best friend, Ha’ber, in 1000 BC” first became genies. Max attempts to wish for his father and mother to fall back in love, but Kazaam cannot grant this wish because he is not a djinn, and therefore not free to grant ethereal wishes.


title: Kazaam

text: Later that day, Max witnesses his father being assaulted by Malik and his minions due to a master tape being stolen during a robbery done by Max’s bullies with reluctance from Max and goes to Kazaam for help. Kazaam just received a record deal as a professional rapper and is reluctant to help Max. So Max uses his second wish to conjure a replacement tape, though this causes an argument and a rift to form between him and Kazaam. After school, when Max's father demands his son to hand over the Record Tape that he stole last night, he does. Then he leaves realizing that he won't get a second chance with him. Later that night, Max is kidnapped by Malik and takes possession of Kazaam's boombox, with his father being held hostage as well. Malik, having taken control of Kazaam's boombox, is now in control of Kazaam himself. Max is pushed down an elevator shaft by Malik. He summons Kazaam in the hopes that he will do his bidding. While Kazaam is initially powerless against his master, he soon breaks free from his oppression and defeats Malik and his minions.


title: Kazaam

text: Kazaam transforms Malik into a basketball and then slam dunks him into a garbage disposal. However, he then finds Max's lifeless body, and wishes that he could have granted Max's wish to give his father a second chance at life. Then, in his sorrow, Kazaam finally becomes a djinn, and is therefore able to do this for Max. With him officially a djinn, he pulls Max out of harm's way and carried out of the burning building by Travis. Max's father then shows up and tells him that he hopes to rekindle the bonding with his son, before he takes off with authorities. Kazaam is then last seen walking off being grilled by his new girlfriend because he doesn't have a job, (having literally no idea what a job is), while at the same time, ecstatic over his newfound freedom.


title: Kazaam

text: Based on an initial idea by director Paul Michael Glaser, it went from idea to production in 10 weeks and was originally set up at Warner Bros., before going into Turnaround where it was acquired by Disney.


title: Kazaam

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, "Kazaam" has an approval rating of 5% based on 37 reviews and an average rating of 2.82/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Crafted from a mix of genre clichés, "Kazaam" doesn't know what kind of film it wants to be, and Shaq's larger-than-life charisma is stifled by rote filmmaking and an unimaginative story." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 24 out of 100 based on 14 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of "B+" on scale of A+ to F.


title: Kazaam

text: Roger Ebert gave the film 1.5 stars, writing: "Shaq has already proven he can act (in "Blue Chips", the 1994 movie about college basketball). Here he shows he can be likable in a children's movie. What he does not show is good judgment in his choice of material. [...] the filmmakers didn't care to extend themselves beyond the obvious commercial possibilities of their first dim idea." Gene Siskel of the "Chicago Tribune" awarded the film one star and described the film as "the kind of project someone probably told Shaq would sell to kids. It's marketing, not moviemaking."


title: Kazaam

text: Shaquille O'Neal's performance in the film was considered poor and has since been referenced in a number of movies, mainly either criticizing his acting or gloating about it. The film grossed $18.9 million against a $20 million production budget. In a 2012 interview with "GQ" magazine O'Neal said, "I was a medium-level juvenile delinquent from Newark who always dreamed about doing a movie. Someone said, 'Hey, here's $7 million, come in and do this genie movie.' What am I going to say, no? So I did it."


title: Kazaam

text: Many people falsely remember the existence of a '90s film titled "Shazaam", starring comedian and actor Sinbad as a genie. However, no such film ever existed, and it is possible people are misremembering "Kazaam" as the aforementioned film. The false memories of "Shazaam" can be further explained as a confabulation of real memories, possibly including: the comedian wearing a genie-like costume during a TV marathon of Sinbad the Sailor films in 1994, and a late 1960s animated series about a genie called "Shazzan".


title: Kazaam

text: In April 2017, Sinbad collaborated with internet comedic group CollegeHumor in a 2.5-minute short parody as homage to those who falsely remember the film that he allegedly starred in.


title: Kazaam

text: In the animated series "Inside Job", the seventh episode from the second season, titled "Project Reboot", there is a reference to the nonexistent film "Shazaam" where it serves as an example of alternate timelines the main characters find themselves in.


title: Bharatiya Jana Sangh

text: The Bharatiya Jana Sangh ( BJS or JS, short name: Jan Sangh, full name: Akhil Bharatiya Jana Sangh; ) (ISO 15919: " Akhila Bhāratīya Jana Saṅgha " ) was an Indian right wing political party that existed from 1951 to 1977 and was the political arm of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a Hindu nationalist volunteer organisation. In 1977, it merged with several other left, centre and right parties opposed to the Indian National Congress and formed the Janata Party. In 1980, Jana Sangh faction broke away from Janata Party over the issue of dual membership (of the political Janata Party and the social organization RSS), and formed the Bharatiya Janata Party.


title: Bharatiya Jana Sangh

text: Many members of the right-wing Hindu nationalist Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) began to contemplate the formation of a political party to continue their work, begun in the days of the British Raj, and take their ideology further. Around the same time, Syama Prasad Mukherjee left the Hindu Mahasabha political party that he had once led because of a disagreement with that party over permitting non-Hindu membership. The BJS was subsequently started by Mukherjee on 21 October 1951 in Delhi, with the collaboration of the RSS, as a "nationalistic alternative" to the Congress Party.


title: Bharatiya Jana Sangh

text: The symbol of the party in Indian elections was an oil lamp and, like the RSS, its ideology was centred on Hindutva. In the 1952 general elections to the Parliament of India, BJS won three seats, Mukherjee being one of the winning candidates. The BJS would often link up on issues and debates with the centre-right Swatantra Party of Chakravarti Rajagopalachari. After the death of Mukherjee in 1953, RSS activists in the BJS edged out the career politicians and made it a political arm of the RSS and an integral part of the RSS family of organisations ("Sangh Parivar").


title: Bharatiya Jana Sangh

text: The strongest election performance of the BJS came in the 1967 Lok Sabha election in which it won 35 seats, when the Congress majority was its thinnest ever.


title: Bharatiya Jana Sangh

text: The BJS was ideologically close to the RSS, and derived most of its political activist base and candidates from the RSS ranks. It also attracted many economically conservative members of Congress who were disenchanted with the more socialist policies and politics of Jawaharlal Nehru and the Congress Party. The BJS's strongest constituencies were in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.


title: Bharatiya Jana Sangh

text: The BJS leadership strongly supported a stringent policy against Pakistan and China, and were averse to the USSR and communism. Many BJS leaders also inaugurated the drive to ban cow slaughter nationwide in the early 1960s.


title: Bharatiya Jana Sangh

text: In 1975, Indira Gandhi declared a state of Emergency, and threw many major opposition politicians in jail including the leaders of the BJS. In 1977, the Emergency was withdrawn, and elections were held. The BJS, joined forces with the Bharatiya Lok Dal, the Congress (O), and the Socialist Party, to form the Janata Party (People's Party). The Janata Party became the first Indian government not led by what was by then called the Indian National Congress. Former BJS leaders Atal Bihari Vajpayee and L. K. Advani became the External Affairs (Foreign), and Information and Broadcasting Ministers respectively.


title: Bharatiya Jana Sangh

text: The Bharatiya Jana Sangh was created in 1951, and the first general election it contested was in 1951–52, in which it won only three Lok Sabha seats, in line with the four seats won by Hindu Mahasabha and three seats won by Ram Rajya Parishad. Shyama Prasad Mookerjee and Durga Charan Banerjee were elected from Bengal and Uma Shankar Trivedi from Rajasthan. All the like-minded parties formed a block in the Parliament, led by Shyama Prasad Mookerjee.


title: 2001 Miami Hurricanes football team

text: The 2001 Miami Hurricanes football team represented the University of Miami during the 2001 NCAA Division I-A football season. It was the Hurricanes' 76th season of football and 11th as a member of the Big East Conference. The Hurricanes were led by first-year head coach Larry Coker and played their home games at the Orange Bowl. They finished the season 12–0 overall and 7–0 in the Big East to finish as conference champion. They were invited to the Rose Bowl, which served as the BCS National Championship Game, and defeated Nebraska, 37–14, to win the school's 5th national championship. Eventually producing a record 38 NFL Draft picks, the 2001 Hurricanes are considered by many to be the best college football team of all time.


title: 2001 Miami Hurricanes football team

text: In 2000, Miami was shut out of the Orange Bowl BCS National Championship Game by the BCS computers. Despite Miami beating Florida State head-to-head that season and being higher ranked in both human polls, it was Florida State, and not Miami, that BCS computers selected to challenge the Oklahoma Sooners for the national championship (Oklahoma would win, 13–2). This was because Miami had lost to No. 15 Washington 34–29 on the road, while the Seminoles' lone loss was on the road to the #7 team in the country by 3. Nevertheless, Miami was left with a bitter sense of disappointment, believing they had been deprived of a shot at a potential national championship. That off-season, the team resolved to take the matter entirely out of the discretion of the computers by going a perfect 12–0. However, they had to do so under a new head coach, Larry Coker, who was named to the post after Butch Davis left to become head coach of the NFL's Cleveland Browns.


title: 2001 Miami Hurricanes football team

text: Led by quarterback Ken Dorsey, free safety Ed Reed, running back Clinton Portis, wide receiver Andre Johnson, tight end Jeremy Shockey, offensive tackle Bryant McKinnie, and linebacker Jonathan Vilma, Miami won the 2001 national championship.


title: 2001 Miami Hurricanes football team

text: The Hurricanes began the season with a nationally televised primetime win over Penn State in Beaver Stadium. With a 30-0 halftime Miami lead, Coker pulled his starters and Miami cruised in the second half to a 33–7 victory. The 26-point margin tied for Penn State's worst home loss under Joe Paterno.


title: 2001 Miami Hurricanes football team

text: After building up a 4–0 record, Miami won over Florida State in Doak Campbell Stadium, 49–27, ending the Seminoles' 47-game home unbeaten streak.


title: 2001 Miami Hurricanes football team

text: The Hurricanes then defeated West Virginia, 45–3, and Temple, 38–0, before heading to Chestnut Hill to take on Boston College (BC).


title: 2001 Miami Hurricanes football team

text: Miami started with a 9–0 lead over the Boston College Eagles, but Miami's offense began to sputter as Dorsey struggled with the swirling winds, throwing four interceptions. The Hurricane defense picked up the slack by limiting BC to just seven points. However, in the final minute of the fourth quarter, with Miami clinging to a 12–7 lead, BC quarterback Brian St. Pierre led the Eagles from their own 30-yard line all the way down to the Hurricanes' 9-yard line. With BC on the verge of a momentous upset, St. Pierre attempted to pass to receiver Ryan Read at the Miami 2-yard line. However, the ball ricocheted off the leg of Miami cornerback Mike Rumph, landing in the hands of defensive end Matt Walters. Walters ran ten yards with the ball before teammate Ed Reed grabbed the ball out of his hands at around the Miami 20-yard line and raced the remaining 80-yards for a touchdown. Miami won 18–7.


title: 2001 Miami Hurricanes football team

text: After the close win over Boston College, Miami went on to win over #14 Syracuse, 59–0, and #12 Washington, 65–7, in consecutive weeks in the Orange Bowl. The combined 124–7 score is an NCAA record for largest margin of victory over consecutive ranked opponents.


title: 2001 Miami Hurricanes football team

text: The final hurdle to the Rose Bowl BCS National Championship Game was at Virginia Tech. Miami jumped on Virginia Tech early, leading 20–3 at halftime, and 26–10 in the fourth quarter. But despite being outgained by the Hurricanes by 134 yards and being dominated in time-of-possession, the Hokies never quit. After a Virginia Tech touchdown and two-point conversion cut Miami's lead to 26–18, the Hokies blocked a Miami punt and returned it for another score, cutting Miami's lead to just two points. But with a chance to tie the game with another two-point conversion, Virginia Tech sophomore Ernest Wilford dropped a pass in the endzone. Still, the resilient Hokies had one more chance to win the game late, taking possession of the ball at midfield and needing only a field goal to take the lead. But a diving, game-saving interception by Ed Reed sealed the Miami victory, 26–24. Defeating Virginia Tech earned the top-ranked Hurricanes an invitation to the Rose Bowl to take on BCS #2 Nebraska for the national championship.


title: 2001 Miami Hurricanes football team

text: Nebraska proved to be no competition for Miami, which opened up a 34–0 halftime lead en route to a 37–14 final score. Miami won its fifth national championship in the last 18 years, and put the finishing touches on a perfect 12–0 season. Dorsey passed for 362 yards and 3 touchdowns, while wide receiver Andre Johnson caught 7 passes for 199 yards and 2 touchdowns. Meanwhile, the stifling Miami defense shut down Heisman-winner Eric Crouch and the Huskers vaunted option offense, holding Nebraska 200 yards below its season average. Dorsey and Johnson were named Rose Bowl co-Most Valuable Players.


title: 2001 Miami Hurricanes football team

text: The 2001 Miami Hurricanes are considered by some experts and historians to be the greatest team in college football history. The Hurricanes scored 512 (42.6 points per game) points while yielding only 117 (9.75 points allowed per game). Miami beat opponents by an average of 32.9 points per game, the largest margin in the school's history, and set the NCAA record for largest margin of victory over consecutive ranked teams (124–7). The offense set the school scoring record, while the defense led the nation in scoring defense (fewest points allowed), pass defense, and turnover margin. Additionally, the Hurricane defense scored eight touchdowns of its own. Six players earned All-American status and six players were finalists for national awards, including Maxwell Award winner, Ken Dorsey, and Outland Trophy winner, Bryant McKinnie. Dorsey was also a Heisman finalist, finishing third.


title: 2001 Miami Hurricanes football team

text: Among the numerous stars on the 2001 Miami squad were: quarterback Ken Dorsey; running backs Clinton Portis, Willis McGahee, Najeh Davenport, and Frank Gore; tight end Jeremy Shockey; wide receiver Andre Johnson; offensive tackle Bryant McKinnie; defensive linemen Jerome McDougle, William Joseph, and Vince Wilfork; linebackers Jonathan Vilma and D.J. Williams; and defensive backs Ed Reed, Mike Rumph, and Phillip Buchanon. Additional contributors included future stars Kellen Winslow II, Sean Taylor, Antrel Rolle, Vernon Carey, and Rocky McIntosh. In all, an extraordinary 17 players from the 2001 Miami football team were drafted in the first-round of the NFL Draft (5 in the 2002 NFL Draft: Buchanon, McKinnie, Reed, Rumph, and Shockey; 4 in 2003: Johnson, Joseph, McDougle, and McGahee; 6 in 2004: Carey, Taylor, Vilma, Wilfork, Williams, and Winslow; 1 in 2005: Rolle; and 1 in 2006: Kelly Jennings).


title: 2001 Miami Hurricanes football team

text: Overall, 38 members of the team would be selected in the NFL Draft. As of 2013, they had earned a combined total of 43 trips to the Pro Bowl: Ed Reed (9), Andre Johnson (7), Frank Gore (5), Vince Wilfork (5), Jeremy Shockey (4), Jonathan Vilma (3), Willis McGahee (2), Chris Myers (2), Clinton Portis (2), Antrel Rolle (2), Sean Taylor (2), Bryant McKinnie (1), and Kellen Winslow II (1). In addition, Vilma, Shockey, Wilfork, Joseph, Rolle, McKinnie, and Reed have won the Super Bowl. It has been estimated that the 2001 Hurricanes would cost nearly $120 million as an NFL team as early as 2009.


title: 2001 Miami Hurricanes football team

text: Prior to the 2006 Rose Bowl, ESPN's SportsCenter ran a special in which the 2005 USC Trojans, led by stars Matt Leinart, Reggie Bush, and LenDale White, were compared with the greatest college teams of the past 50 years, as picked by sports fans voting on ESPN.com, to determine their place in history. The 2001 Miami Hurricanes were the only team picked by fans to defeat the '05 Trojan squad, reflecting the esteem with which the 2001 Hurricanes are held in the college football world.


title: 2001 Miami Hurricanes football team

text: The team's first-, second- and third-string running backs all later became running backs with a start in the NFL, a feat only done at least five other times. It has been achieved by the 2010, 2012, 2013 and 2014 Alabama Crimson Tide football teams and the 2012 Wisconsin Badgers football team. They remain the only team to have its first-, second-, third- and fourth-string running backs all later become running backs with a start in the NFL.


title: Kenneth Cranham

text: Cranham was born in Dunfermline, Fife, the son of Lochgelly-born Margaret McKay Cranham (née Ferguson) and Ronald Cranham, a London-born civil servant.


title: Kenneth Cranham

text: Cranham trained at the National Youth Theatre of Great Britain, and at RADA. He starred in the title role in the popular 1980s comedy drama "Shine on Harvey Moon", prior to which he had appeared as Charlie Collins in "A Family at War" (1971). He also appeared in "Layer Cake", "Gangster No. 1", "Rome", "Oliver!" and many other films. Cranham was cast as the deranged Philip Channard and his Cenobitic alter-ego in the Horror film "". Among many stage credits are West End productions of "Entertaining Mr Sloane", "Loot", "An Inspector Calls" (both transferring to Broadway), "The Ruffian on the Stair", "The Birthday Party" and "Gaslight" (at the Old Vic). For his role as Inspector Goole in "An Inspector Calls", he was nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award.


title: Kenneth Cranham

text: In 2016, Cranham won the Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Play for his role as Andre in Florian Zeller's "The Father". The play originated at the Theatre Royal Bath's Ustinov Studio in the autumn of 2014, before touring the country and transferring to the West End in the summer of 2015, returning to the Duke of York's Theatre in spring 2016. The play received an unprecedented five star review from every leading national press publication. Cranham's performance was described as "the performance of his life".


title: Kenneth Cranham

text: For BBC Radio 4's "Afternoon Play", Cranham has played DS Max Matthews in "The Interrogation" by Roy Williams (2012–present) and starred as Thomas Gradgrind in BBC Radio's 2007 adaptation of Dickens' "Hard Times".


title: Kenneth Cranham

text: His first wife was actress Diana Quick. He has two daughters: Nancy Cranham from a relationship with actress Charlotte Cornwell, and Kathleen Cranham with his second wife, to whom he is still married, actress Fiona Victory.


title: Rick Savage

text: Richard Savage (born 2 December 1960) is an English musician best known for being the bass guitarist and one of the founding members of the English rock band Def Leppard. Savage and lead singer Joe Elliott are the only two remaining original members of the band. The two of them, plus drummer Rick Allen, are also the only members of the band who have performed on every album.


title: Rick Savage

text: Savage was born in Sheffield in the West Riding of Yorkshire. Savage was educated at Tapton Secondary School in Sheffield. In his youth, he learned to play guitar along with his older brother. They played songs like Rod Stewart's "Maggie May" and Don McLean's "American Pie." Savage also pursued a career as a professional football player with Sheffield United, despite his devotion to rivals Sheffield Wednesday. Savage ultimately chose music and formed a band with a few schoolmates including Tony Kenning and eventually Pete Willis. As Atomic Mass they mostly covered Queen, Slade, Deep Purple, Jimi Hendrix, and other popular rock artists of the time.


title: Rick Savage

text: At one point, they decided that Willis was the better guitar player so Savage picked up the bass guitar. Needing a singer, the band auditioned an acquaintance of Willis', Joe Elliott. They subsequently picked up guitarist Steve Clark and changed their name to Def Leppard.


title: Rick Savage

text: Savage contracted Bell's Palsy around 1994. This causes his facial muscles to weaken and become partially paralyzed. He has recovered, but effects of the disease are still visible, especially when he is fatigued.


title: Rick Savage

text: Savage is married to Paige Savage, with whom he has three children (one from Paige's prior relationship) Jordan, Tyler and Scott. The family moved to Enniskerry in 2013, but returned to Sheffield in 2016.


title: Rick Savage

text: Savage currently uses custom basses made by Jackson after endorsing Washburn XB920 (4-string) and XB925 (5-string) bass guitars from 1999 to 2009. He formerly used Hamer 4 and 5-string bass guitars for over 17 years, starting with their Gibson Explorer-inspired "Blitz" model during the "High 'n' Dry" and "Pyromania" albums from 1982 to 1985 and Hamer's modernistic take on the Explorer shape, the "Scarab" model of which he mainly used a white model during the "Hysteria" recording sessions and tour (although Savage continued to use a black-colored "Blitz" downtuned C#ADG for the hit single "Pour Some Sugar on Me" which can be seen on their "" live video/DVD, and a Scarab model in black with a reverse headstock was seen in the "Rocket" video and their performance at the MTV Video Music Awards in 1989) from 1985 to 1989. At the release of "Adrenalize" he used an array of Chaparral Max 5-string models in various colours including a black & white "Granite" finish, one with a variation of the "Adrenalize" album artwork custom painted on it, and a black-painted model from 1990 to 1999. Savage switched endorsements to Washburn basses in the middle of the promotion cycle for the "Euphoria" album in 1999, and a Natural Flame XB925 given to him by Washburn in 1999 has been his main instrument since then. However the custom painted Union Jack XB925 is his most well known bass, followed by the Saint George's Cross XB925, with both paint schemes reproduced on his new Jackson basses in 2009. He acquired two more of the Jackson basses, one in a grey-toned Union Jack scheme and the other painted in the colors of Sheffield Wednesday with the team's logo. He used these on the 2011 Mirrorball tour. Savage never has been a fingerstyle bassist, relying entirely on a plectrum, or "pick". In an interview with "Bass Guitar" magazine, he stated: "I'm a terrible player with my fingers and I always play with a pick. I love to have consistency within the sound no matter where you are on the fretboard. I've found that when I play with fingers, notes jump out and others are too muted. It would be a nightmare for the sound engineer just trying to compress the thing to make sure there's an equal balance coming off the stage."


title: Josh Ryan Evans

text: Joshua Ryan Evans (January 10, 1982 – August 5, 2002) was an American actor who became known for his role of Timmy Lenox in the soap opera "Passions". Though he was 17 years old when "Passions" debuted, Evans had the appearance and voice of a small child due to achondroplasia, a form of dwarfism. He was tall.


title: Josh Ryan Evans

text: Born in Hayward, California, Evans began his career at age 12, appearing in various commercials. He made his film debut as a toddler in "Baby Geniuses" in 1999. The following year he played the role of the young Grinch (Jim Carrey's character) in "How the Grinch Stole Christmas". He also appeared as General Tom Thumb in the A&E miniseries "P.T. Barnum". Evans also had guest spots on "Ally McBeal", "7th Heaven", and "".


title: Josh Ryan Evans

text: In 1999, Evans began portraying Timmy on the soap opera "Passions". Evans' character was a doll that the evil witch Tabitha Lenox brought to life with magic. For his work on the series, he was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award in 2000 and won two Soap Opera Digest Awards in 2000 and 2001.


title: Josh Ryan Evans

text: The character of Timmy was intended to become an angel and remain a presence on the show, but this entire storyline was quickly rewritten after Evans' death to excise the character (although one already-filmed scene was eventually aired, showing Timmy in Heaven, as a sort of coda).


title: Josh Ryan Evans

text: On August 5, 2002, Evans died during a medical procedure in San Diego from complications related to a congenital heart condition. He was 20 years old. The death scene Evans had previously taped for "Passions" aired the same day that he died. The episode was dedicated to him.


title: Cartoonito (American programming block)

text: Cartoonito is a programming block that airs on weekday mornings. It premiered on September 13, 2021, on Cartoon Network, and a dedicated section on the streaming service HBO Max. Cartoonito targets a preschool audience around two to six years old. Cartoonito marks the first dedicated preschool block on Cartoon Network in over fifteen years.


title: Cartoonito (American programming block)

text: In 1996, Cartoon Network created a Sunday morning block of preschool programs. It featured series such as "Big Bag", a live-action/puppet television program by the Children's Television Workshop, "Small World", and "Cave Kids". However, "Big Bag" ran until 1998, while "Small World" ran until 2002. Once "Big Bag" left Cartoon Network's lineup in 2001, "Baby Looney Tunes", along with "Pecola, Sitting Ducks", and "Hamtaro", filled that space in 2003. The block moved to weekday mornings afterward.


title: Cartoonito (American programming block)

text: On August 22, 2005, Cartoon Network USA debuted Tickle-U, the network's first official attempt at weekday-morning preschool programming block. The block aired 2 hours from 9 a.m. to 11 a.m. It featured domestic and foreign-imported series targeted at preschool-age children like its competitors Nick Jr. (on Nickelodeon) and Playhouse Disney (now Disney Junior on Disney Channel). The hosts were two animated CGI characters: a red butterfly-like creature named Pipoca and a yellow rabbit-like creature named Henderson.


title: Cartoonito (American programming block)

text: Programs on the lineup included "Firehouse Tales" (the only original series), "Gerald McBoing-Boing", "Harry and His Bucket Full of Dinosaurs" (both from Teletoon/Treehouse TV), and British series such as "Gordon the Garden Gnome", "Little Robots", "Peppa Pig" and "Yoko! Jakamoko! Toto!", some of which were re-dubbed for American audiences. The block came under criticized by the CCFC, for its marketing strategies. Tickle-U closed on January 6, 2006, some of its programmings still aired on Cartoon Network until 2007 and as part of the schedule of the British variation of Cartoonito.


title: Cartoonito (American programming block)

text: On June 14, 2021, new idents of the block appeared on videos (which includes "Esme & Roy", "Mush-Mush & the Mushables", "", and "Love Monster") on Cartoonito's YouTube channel, and a newsletter was announced, with a new banner and avatar on the Cartoonito YouTube Channel in July. A trailer for the block was released on July 29, 2021.


title: Cartoonito (American programming block)

text: On August 16, 2021, the launch date was announced for September 13, 2021; "Baby Looney Tunes" would be the first show to air on the block. The television block initially ran for 8 hours (6:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. ET/PT) on weekdays and 2 hours (6:00 a.m. to 8:00 a.m. ET/PT) on weekends.


title: Cartoonito (American programming block)

text: On November 16, 2021, the weekday schedule decreased to seven hours (ending at 1:00 p.m. ET/PT). It later dropped another hour (ending at 12:00 p.m. ET/PT) on December 20, 2021. The block ceased airing on weekends on January 29, 2022, while the weekday schedule dropped yet another hour (ending at 11:00 a.m. ET/PT), reducing Cartoonito to a total of five hours as of January 31, 2022.


title: Cartoonito (American programming block)

text: In June 2022, the schedule lost another hour (ending at 10:00 a.m. ET/PT) but reverted on September 5. However, October 3 marked the first time the start-up changed. Instead of the usual 6 a.m. time slot, Cartoonito would begin at 7 a.m. after a regular Cartoon Network program, retaining its four hours.


title: Cartoonito (American programming block)

text: Cartoonito features co-productions and acquired programming, in addition to original series exclusive to the program block on Cartoon Network. Currently, Cartoonito's lineup includes "Sesame Street: Mecha Builders," "Bugs Bunny Builders", "Batwheels", "Cocomelon", and ""; with "Sesame Street" exclusive to HBO Max.


title: Cartoonito (American programming block)

text: Since its inception, Cartoonito has rolled out across European territories through various nations and regional feeds. Following its global reintroduction in 2021, the brand has expanded to regions such as Latin America, Africa, and several Asia-Pacific countries.


title: Kappa (brand)

text: Kappa is an Italian sportswear brand founded in Turin, Piedmont, Italy in 1978 by Marco Boglione, as a sportswear branch of the already existing "Robe di Kappa".


title: Kappa (brand)

text: Maglificio Calzificio Torinese (MCT), a sock and underwear company from Turin, had a production problem with its Aquila brand in 1916. When the problem was fixed, all the new products were stamped with a K, standing for German "Kontrolle". Sales surged and in 1967 the K line was formally called Kappa, the Greek letter for K.


title: Kappa (brand)

text: In January 2022, it was announced that Kappa would begin a multi-year partnership with the Alpine F1 Team, supplying the drivers and backroom team with apparel, and featuring their logo on the new car livery. Kappa is also seto develop new apparel collections for Alpine’s team kit, fan apparel, footwear and accessories, relying on a network of license to distribute these globally.


title: Kappa (brand)

text: On 28 May 2020 the 2021 Rugby League World Cup announced that Kappa had been selected as the official apparel sponsor of the tournament, which will include the brand supplying kit for all RLWC2021 match officials, volunteers and staff.


title: Joanna Pettet

text: Her parents, Harold Nigel Edgerton Salmon, a British Royal Air Force pilot killed in the Second World War, and Cecily J. Tremaine, were married in Chelsea, London in 1940. After the war, her mother remarried and settled in Montréal, where young Joanna was adopted by her stepfather and assumed his surname of "Pettet".


title: Joanna Pettet

text: Pettet studied with Sanford Meisner at the Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre, as well as at the Lincoln Center, and got her start on Broadway in such plays as "Take Her, She's Mine", "The Chinese Prime Minister", and "Poor Richard", with Alan Bates and Gene Hackman. Beginning in 1964 with an episode of "Route 66", she began making guest appearances in several US dramatic television series of the mid-sixties, including "The Doctors", "The Nurses", "The Trials of O'Brien", "The Fugitive", "A Man Called Shenandoah", and "Dr. Kildare".


title: Joanna Pettet

text: In 1966 she was cast in writer/producer Sidney Buchman's 1966 adaptation of Mary McCarthy's novel "The Group". The success of that film launched a film career that included roles in "The Night of the Generals" (1967), as Mata Bond in the James Bond spoof "Casino Royale" (1967), Peter Yates's "Robbery" (1967) with Stanley Baker, "Blue" (1968) with Terence Stamp, and the Victorian period comedy "The Best House in London" (1969).


title: Joanna Pettet

text: In the 1970s her feature film appearances became sporadic and included roles in the cult horror films "Welcome to Arrow Beach" (1974) and "The Evil" (1978). Pettet re-emerged as the star of over a dozen made-for-television movies, including "The Weekend Nun" (1972), "Footsteps" (1972), "Pioneer Woman" (1973), "A Cry in the Wilderness" (1974), "The Desperate Miles" (1975), "The Hancocks" (1976), "Sex and the Married Woman" (1977), "Cry of the Innocent" (1980) with Rod Taylor, and "The Return of Frank Cannon" (1980).


title: Joanna Pettet

text: She guest-starred four times on the classic Rod Serling anthology series "Night Gallery", appearance alongside her then-husband Alex Cord in the episode "Keep in Touch - We'll Think of Something". She starred in the NBC miniseries "Captains and the Kings" (1976), starred in the episode "You're Not Alone" from the 1977 NBC anthology series "Quinn Martin's Tales of the Unexpected" (known in the United Kingdom as "Twist in the Tale"), was a guest on both "Fantasy Island" and "The Love Boat" (appearing three times on each series), and had a recurring role on "Knots Landing" in 1983 as Janet Baines, an LAPD homicide detective investigating the murder of singer Ciji Dunne (played by Lisa Hartman).


title: Joanna Pettet

text: Through the 1970s and 80s, Pettet also made appearances on the television series "Banacek", "McCloud", "Mannix", "Police Woman", "Knight Rider", "Tales of the Unexpected" (the UK series) and "Murder, She Wrote". In 1984, she appeared as herself in a James Bond tribute episode of "The Fall Guy" alongside ex-Bond girls Britt Ekland and Lana Wood.


title: Joanna Pettet

text: Her final role was in the 1990 thriller "Terror in Paradise", after which she retired from acting, still in her forties.


title: Joanna Pettet

text: On 8 August 1969, Pettet had lunch at the home of actress Sharon Tate, hours before the crimes were committed at that residence by members of the Manson Family. This event is illustrated in the 2019 film "Once Upon a Time...In Hollywood", in which Pettet is portrayed by Rumer Willis.


title: Joanna Pettet

text: In 2003, actor Alan Bates bequeathed Pettet £95,000 () upon his death. The two had been friends for many years and Pettet provided support and companionship during his final months after he had been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in 2002. Pettet was quoted as saying: "It was a very touching gesture because he had done everything while he was in hospital to make sure I would be looked after following his death."


title: Geeta Bali

text: Geeta Bali (born Harkirtan Kaur; 1930 ‒ 21 January 1965) was an Indian actress who appeared in Hindi language films. She was the wife of noted film actor Shammi Kapoor.


title: Geeta Bali

text: Geeta Bali was born as Harikirtan Kaur in Amritsar in the Punjab Province of British India in 1930. She had an elder sister Haridarshan Kaur, whose daughter is actress Yogeeta Bali.


title: Geeta Bali

text: Geeta Baali started her film career as a child actress, at the age of 12, with the film "The Cobbler". She made her debut as a heroine in "Badnaami" (1946).


title: Geeta Bali

text: Bali became a star in the 1950s. She had also worked earlier with her future brother-in-law Raj Kapoor in Bawre Nain (1950) and with her future father-in-law Prithviraj Kapoor in Anand Math. Unlike other actresses who gave up films after marrying into the Kapoor family, Bali kept acting until her death. Her last film was "Jab Se Tumhe Dekha Hai" in 1963. She did more than 70 films in a 10-year career.


title: Geeta Bali

text: On 23 August 1955, Geeta married Shammi Kapoor, with whom she was working in the film "Coffee House". They had two children, a son (Aditya Raj Kapoor) and a daughter (Kanchan).


title: Heroes of the Storm

text: Heroes of the Storm is a crossover multiplayer online battle arena video game developed and published by Blizzard Entertainment. It was released for Microsoft Windows and macOS on June 2, 2015. The game features various characters from Blizzard's franchises as playable heroes, as well as different battlegrounds based on "Warcraft", "Diablo", "StarCraft", and "Overwatch" universes.


title: Heroes of the Storm

text: Players form into five-player teams and fight against another team in 5-versus-5 matches, with an average game duration of roughly 20 minutes. The first team to destroy opponents' main structure, known as the "King's Core", wins the match. Each themed battleground has a different metagame and secondary objectives to secure, whose completion gives your team massive advantages, typically through pushing power. Every player controls a single character, known as a "hero", with a set of distinctive abilities and differing styles of play. Heroes become more powerful over the course of a match by collecting experience points and unlocking "talents" that offer new abilities or augment existing ones, contributing to the team's overall strategy.


title: Heroes of the Storm

text: "Heroes of the Storm" is inspired by "Defense of the Ancients", a community-created mod based on "Warcraft III", another video game developed by Blizzard Entertainment. The game is free-to-play and is supported by microtransactions which can be used to purchase heroes, visual alterations for the heroes in the game, mounts, and other cosmetic elements. Blizzard calls the game as a "hero brawler" instead of the more common "multiplayer online battle arena" (MOBA).


title: Heroes of the Storm

text: As of July 2022, Blizzard had stopped all major development of the game and entered it into maintenance mode.


title: Heroes of the Storm

text: "Heroes of the Storm" revolves around online 5-versus-5 matches, operated through online gaming service Battle.net, with an average game duration of roughly 20 minutes. In every match, players work together as a team to achieve the ultimate victory condition of destroying the opposing team's main structure, the "Core", before enemy team does the same. To reach the Core, at least one line of defensive structures, known as "forts" and "keeps", needs to be destroyed. Players can use the assistance of mercenary camps"," battleground bosses, and a small group of computer-controlled units, called "minions""," to assault the enemy more efficiently. Minions periodically spawn throughout the game in groups, marching along the lanes toward the enemy base. There are currently 15 battlegrounds available to play, each of which has different metagame and secondary objectives to secure. Completing these secondary objectives can give your team massive advantages, typically through pushing power.


title: Heroes of the Storm

text: In all game modes, each player controls one of the 90 playable characters (as of November 2020), called "heroes", with each having a unique design, strengths, and weaknesses. Heroes are divided into six separate roles: tank, bruiser, ranged assassin, melee assassin, healer, and support. Initially, no heroes are permanently available for use; however, players may choose from a list of heroes that are free to use from a weekly rotation. By using the in-game currency, called "Gold", or through microtransactions, they can gain permanent access to a hero.


title: Heroes of the Storm

text: Each individual hero comes with a set of distinctive abilities. Ability kit is generally composed of three basic abilities usable right from level 1, a passive or active trait, and a powerful "heroic ability". Upon reaching level 10, players can choose between two "heroics" which often have a devastating effect and a long cooldown. Heroics are usually the strongest tools in an arsenal that define a hero's strengths and playstyle. A hero can only gain one type of heroic per match. If a hero runs out of health points and dies, they are removed from active play until a respawn timer counts down to zero, after which they subsequently respawn at the rear of their team's base, known as the "Hall of Storms". Furthermore, the Hall of Storms allows heroes to quickly restore their health and mana over time as long as they are within the Hall. The Hall also offers protection from enemy damage and effects, and enemy players are repelled outward a slight distance in a sudden fashion upon entering an opposing team's Hall.


title: Heroes of the Storm

text: Experience points, which players can gain by gathering experience globes from fallen minions, are shared across the entire team. This is uncommon for the MOBA genre, in which most games employ a system of separate, per-player experience and leveling. In addition, certain enemy structures, such as towers, forts and keeps, will provide experience to the team who destroys them, as well as captured mercenary camps. When a team during the course of the match reaches a certain experience point threshold, every hero on that team levels up, acquiring slightly amplified powers, up to a maximum level of 30. Every few levels, players may select a "talent" which offers a new ability or augments an existing one. Two significant power spikes are at level 10 and level 20, where heroes gain access to some of the most powerful talents in the game, referred to as "heroic" and "storm talents", respectively. This leveling system emphasizes the importance of teamwork and planning since a player's action can affect the whole team.


title: Heroes of the Storm

text: In addition to the talent system, each player is able to use a "Hearthstone", an ability that allows heroes to teleport back to their base from anywhere on the battleground after a few seconds of channeling without receiving damage, using abilities, or attacking. Players can also utilize various mounts, such as animals, bikes, and clouds, to increase their movement speed, automatically dismounting when attacking, receiving damage or using most abilities.


title: Heroes of the Storm

text: "Heroes of the Storm" includes several game modes from which players can choose, including the option to play either against computer-controlled Heroes or other players.


title: Heroes of the Storm

text: Matchmaking is based on the Elo rating system with proprietary adjustments. MMR (matchmaking rating) is calculated individually for each player, and it is tracked separately for every game mode. In ranked mode matchmaker tries to place players with similar ratings together, while generally attempts to balance both teams based on each player's MMR to find and create even games.


title: Heroes of the Storm

text: "Heroes of the Storm" is free-to-play, based on the freemium business model, and is supported by micropayments using three in-game currencies: "Gems", "Gold", and "Shards". Gold is in-game currency that can be earned by playing the game, completing daily, seasonal and event quests, and leveling up (Loot Chests can be acquired in the same way). Gold can be used to buy heroes, gold-only mounts, hero mastery rings, Loot Chests and Shards. Gems can be earned in-game or purchased with real money, and Shards are acquired from duplicate items from Loot Chests or purchased with Gold. Players can use either Gems or Shards to buy skins, mounts and other cosmetic elements, such as banners, sprays, announcers, voice lines, emojis, and portraits. Heroes, as the only category in Collection with a material effect on gameplay, may be purchased by either Gems or Gold.


title: Heroes of the Storm

text: Gem-only items in Collection are "bundles" (dynamic groups of "Heroes of the Storm" content), and "boosts" (formerly called "stimpacks") which increase Gold and account experience earned per match.


title: Heroes of the Storm

text: As a part of the arcade feature for "", a custom map called "Blizzard DOTA" was announced alongside several other mods of Blizzard Entertainment at BlizzCon 2010. At that time, the map was developed to showcase the modding abilities that were to be added to "StarCraft II". In 2011, however, development of "Blizzard DOTA" was rebooted and demoed at BlizzCon 2011. In comparison to the previous iteration previewed at BlizzCon 2010, the gameplay was described as "fast" and "streamlined."


title: Heroes of the Storm

text: Following the announcement of "Dota 2" by Valve, Rob Pardo, the executive vice president of Blizzard Entertainment, expressed concern at Valve using and trademarking a name that originated from within the "Warcraft III" community. Following a failed trademark injunction on the part of Riot Games, Blizzard acquired Riot's subsidiary, DotA-Allstars, LLC., the original company that represented the servicing of "Defense of the Ancients." Subsequently, Blizzard filed an opposition against Valve for claiming the "DotA" trademark. On May 11, 2012, Blizzard and Valve announced that the dispute had been settled, with Valve retaining the commercial franchising rights to the term ""Dota"", while Blizzard would change the name of "Blizzard DOTA" to "Blizzard All-Stars". Blizzard, however, will retain the right to use DOTA name non-commercially. This includes promoting DOTA-style maps made for Blizzard games by the community.


title: Heroes of the Storm

text: In June 2012, Dustin Browder, the director of "StarCraft II", stated that "Blizzard All-Stars" did not have a release date, but that it would definitely be after the release of "". In February 2013, the Activision Blizzard fourth quarter 2012 earnings report listed "Blizzard All-Stars" as one of the areas of continued investment for Blizzard throughout 2013. Browder commented in March 2013 that a few artists had transitioned from the "StarCraft II: Heart of the Swarm" team, to work on "Blizzard All-Stars" for the time being along with the few designers on the team. One challenge faced by art team, according to the senior art director Samwise Didier, was bringing in three different art styles and themes from "Warcraft", "StarCraft", and "Diablo" in line to make the art style for the game."


title: Heroes of the Storm

text: In August 2013 the game went into wider internal testing. Blizzard president Mike Morhaime described it as Blizzard's version of an "action real-time strategy" game. The "Blizzard All-Stars" team was expanded in May 2013, from some of the resources who were reallocated when Blizzard's "Titan" project was rebooted and the team downsized. On October 17, 2013, the name of the game was changed to "Heroes of the Storm".


title: Heroes of the Storm

text: "Heroes of the Storm" entered a technical alpha testing phase on March 13, 2014, which went offline on September 22, 2014. The technical alpha went back online on October 7, 2014, for North America, Latin America, South East Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. The servers for Europe, Korea, China, and Taiwan went online in the following weeks. The technical alpha continued until the beginning of the closed beta. Closed beta testing started on January 13, 2015. As of February 2015, over 9 million players had signed up for eligibility to receive an invite to beta testing. The open beta of the game began on May 19, 2015, and the full version of the game was released on June 2, 2015.


title: Heroes of the Storm

text: While the game was in Alpha testing, Blizzard ran a promotion as part of the pre-order for "" which unlocked Valla as a free hero. To mark the release of "Heroes of the Storm", Blizzard had crossovers implemented between Blizzard games. Players who reached account level 12 in "Heroes of the Storm" received the "Heroes of the Storm" themed card back in "" and after winning 100 play mode matches in "Hearthstone" received the Hearthstone Card mount in "Heroes of the Storm". Players who reached account level 20 in "Heroes of the Storm" received a Grave Golem battle pet in "World of Warcraft" and after reaching level 100 in "World of Warcraft" received an Ironside Dire Wolf mount in "Heroes of the Storm". After the Diablo hero patch, any player who purchased "Diablo III" was given the Diablo hero (Al'Diabolos) free for a limited time; players who reach level 12 in "Heroes of the Storm" will receive a unique pennant and portrait frame in "Diablo III" and reaching level 70 Season 4 and beyond receive Malthael's Phantom mount in "Heroes of the Storm". Players who purchase the "" deluxe or collector's editions receive a Void Seeker mount in "Heroes of the Storm" and purchasing any edition of "Legacy of the Void" unlocks the Artanis hero. Players who purchase the Origins Edition of "Overwatch" unlock Tracer as a free hero.


title: Heroes of the Storm

text: During the "Nexus Challenge" event (November 15, 2016 – January 4, 2017), each player who completed 15 games of "Heroes of the Storm" together with a friend received the Oni Genji skin, Oni Genji Portrait and Oni Genji Spray in "Overwatch", and Zarya as a free hero in "Heroes of the Storm". After completing 30 games with a friend, players unlocked four additional heroes (Auriel, Greymane, Kerrigan, and Li-Ming), the Orochi Hovercycle mount, and a 30-Day stimpack in "Heroes of the Storm".


title: Heroes of the Storm

text: During the "For Azeroth!" event (February 14, 2017 – March 14, 2017, then extended for March 17, 2017 – March 26, 2017), each player who completed 15 games of "Heroes of the Storm" together with a friend while playing as a "Warcraft" character, received a Flames of Judgement Charger mount and a 10-day stimpack to use in-game. They also received a Primal Flamesaber mount for "World of Warcraft".


title: Heroes of the Storm

text: During the "Nexus Challenge 2.0" event (April 24, 2017 – May 22, 2017), all players could choose to permanently unlock 1 of 4 Mega Bundles; Assassin, Flex, Support & Specialist, and Tanks & Bruisers. For each of the 4 weeks of the event, players who completed 5 matches with a friend could unlock various Overwatch-themed rewards for the players' "Heroes of the Storm" and "Overwatch" accounts.


title: Heroes of the Storm

text: On March 29, 2017, game director Alan Dabiri announced "Heroes of the Storm 2.0", described as "a culmination of all the ways Blizzard transformed the Nexus since launch, plus plenty of radical additions on their way". A major feature of the patch was a revamp of the player and hero progression systems. The level caps (40 for players in general, and 20 for individual heroes) were removed, and the uneven experience curve for leveling heroes was smoothed out. Another feature was the introduction of Loot Chests which contain cosmetic rewards, similar to the system used in "Overwatch". In addition to heroes, skins, and mounts, the chests can also include new portraits, banners, emojis, custom announcer voices (similar to "StarCraft II"), hero voice lines, and graffiti sprays (both similar to "Overwatch"). Loot Chests can be acquired by leveling up or purchased with Gold. The in-game shop was remodeled and retitled "Collection", and two new currencies, "Gems" and "Shards", were added in addition to the existing "Gold" which was the only in-game currency before "Heroes 2.0" update. A loadout system for cosmetic additions was also included. As part of the announcement, a new "Diablo" hero, the Amazon Cassia, was highlighted.


title: Heroes of the Storm

text: On December 13, 2018, Blizzard President J. Allen Brack and Blizzard Chief Development Officer Ray Gresko jointly announced that some developers from "Heroes of the Storm" would be moving to other projects, and that the game would be transitioning to a long-term support phase. Blizzard also announced the cancellation of their esports tournaments, Heroes Global Championship and Heroes of the Dorm. Members of the esports community around "Heroes" stated they were caught off guard by the announcement and had been told as recently as BlizzCon 2018 that HGC would continue. In a message posted on the game's official forums, production director Kaéo Milker confirmed the game would continue receiving updates and new content, though at a slower pace than before.


title: Heroes of the Storm

text: Blizzard officially stated in July 2022 that "Heroes of the Storm" would no longer see any major updates with those remaining on the development team to support the game in a maintenance mode.


title: Heroes of the Storm

text: Nexus Anomalies were seasonal gameplay changes that directly affected all game modes in "Heroes of the Storm". These events lasted for entire ranked seasons, allowing the developers time to receive feedback on them. Depending on this evaluation, some of the new game mechanics became permanent additions to the game, while others were discarded after some time. Experience Globes were the first Nexus Anomaly, being introduced in the Deathwing patch of December 2019. As a result of this Nexus Anomaly, players no longer receive experience from simply being near enemy minion deaths, but instead need to gather an Experience Globe dropped by dying Minions, similar to the Regeneration Globes already present in the game. Before the introduction of the Nexus Anomalies, major gameplay updates were typically announced once a year, toward the end of the year. The introduction of any new Nexus Anomalies was ended on December 1, 2020, with Blizzard promising to continue attempting to improve the game in other ways.


title: Heroes of the Storm

text: "Heroes of the Storm" takes place in the Nexus, a strange limbo of clashing universes which collide from across space, time, and dimensions. The Nexus exists in the center of a trans-dimensional cosmic storm and is connected to other universes. The storm of the Nexus, which has incomprehensible amounts of energy, can rip worlds and universes in and out of existence, and it can also pull worlds into stability. Some of the central realms in the Nexus, such as Raven Court, King's Crest, and Luxoria, are examples of these points of stability. Every Realm within the Nexus has one stone called "Singularity", and only the one who achieves it through conquest can become the Realm Lord. A singularity stone grants to its possessor an almost demigod-like status, but not immortality. Many powerful warriors have been sucked into the Nexus, including combatants from Azeroth, Sanctuary, and the Koprulu sector. New combatants are constantly arriving, some of them are chosen after they died in their original reality. A hero called Qhira, came into the Nexus after her world Iresia and its singularity stone were destroyed, holding only a singularity shard from Iresia, and calling it the "mother crystal".


title: Heroes of the Storm

text: Numerous worlds exist within the multiverse of the Nexus which are referred to as "realms". While many of these worlds are nexus-generated, some are mirrored versions of those found within Blizzard's franchises, but they can contain alternate universe versions of various heroes, indicated by hero skins in the game.


title: Heroes of the Storm

text: "Heroes of the Storm's" playlist combines an original soundtrack with soundtracks from Blizzard's other franchises. The original soundtrack for "Heroes of the Storm" was composed by Blizzard Entertainment's composers, Glenn Stafford, and Jason Hayes. Other music in the game is present as background music, or represents specific universes with connections to the various Heroes within "Heroes of the Storm". Also present within the game's playlist are soundtracks from "Starcraft", such as "Terran" and "Zerg Theme"; various soundtracks from "World of Warcraft", such as "Obsidian Sanctum" from "", and "The Wandering Isle" from ";" soundtracks from "Diablo", such as "Jungle" from "Diablo II ("Act III), and "Reaper of Souls" from ""; as well as soundtracks from "Overwatch", such as "Overture" and "Hanamura" theme; and "Smugglers Cove" from "The Lost Vikings 2".


title: Heroes of the Storm

text: "Heroes of the Storm" received generally favorable reviews upon release. Metacritic calculated an average score of 86 out of 100, indicating "generally favorable reviews", based on 57 reviews.


title: Heroes of the Storm

text: GameSpot awarded it 9 out of 10, summarizing "A fantastic casual-competitive game that offers untold hours of enjoyment." Positive reviews praised its objective-based gameplay and greater accessibility than its competitors, with Destructoid's Chris Carter giving it a 9.5 out of 10 and calling it "A hallmark of excellence." In a review for PC Gamer, Chris Thursten focused on the game's accessibility, giving it a score of 84 out of 100 and concluding "The most any studio has done to open up a complex genre to a new audience. Inviting, entertaining, and deceptively deep."


title: Heroes of the Storm

text: The Escapist's CJ Miozzi stated that while its improved accessibility would make it interesting to players normally not interested in the genre, it could be less attractive to experienced players. Giving it 4 out of 5 stars, he summarized that "At the very least, it's a game that all gamers should try." Polygon's Arthur Gies approved of the title's accessibility but expressed worry that "sometimes something [felt] lost along the way," scoring it at 7.5 out of 10.


title: Heroes of the Storm

text: On release, IGN's Mitch Dyer gave the game a mixed review and concluded, ""Heroes of the Storm" is a flawed, varied MOBA with terrific team fighting and poor objectives," awarding it a 6.5 out of 10. This review prompted an initially negative reaction from the game's community that turned the score into an internet meme, eventually being recognized by Blizzard themselves in a humorous promotional video for an update to the game. IGN's re-review by Ian Nowakowski awarded it 8 out of 10 in March 2018, saying the game "packs a ton of variety and excellent characters. Some of this MOBA's modes work better than others, but it's a safe bet that it'll deliver a fun match."


title: Secondary School Certificate

text: The Secondary School Certificate (SSC) or Secondary School Leaving Certificate (SSLC), Matriculation examination, is a public examination in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan conducted by educational boards for the successful completion of the secondary education exam in these countries. Students of 10th grade/class ten can appear in these. It is equivalent to GCSE in England and first two years of high schools in United States.


title: Secondary School Certificate

text: Secondary School Certificate is a public examination in Bangladesh conducted by the Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education under the Ministry of Education. One has to pass the JSC Examination in order to participate. SSC is held based on the books of classes 9 and 10, which are usually the same. To pass, a student has to undergo both a written and a practical exam.


title: Secondary School Certificate

text: Students of religious and English medium streams also sit for their respective public examinations, "Dakhil" and O-Level, conducted by the Madrasah Education Board and Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) under the board of British Council respectively to qualify for further education.


title: Secondary School Certificate

text: SSC or equivalent is mandatory in order to get admitted into colleges and later, universities. Usually, it is held between the months of February and March every year.


title: Secondary School Certificate

text: The Secondary School Certificate (SSC) or Secondary School Leaving Certificate (SSLC) is a certification obtained by the High School Students upon the successful completion of a Secondary Examination at the end of study at the Secondary School Level in India. The SSC or SSLC is obtained on passing the “Class 10th Public Examination” which is commonly referred to as “Class 10th Board Examinations” in India. The SSC is also known as Matriculation in many states of india.


title: Secondary School Certificate

text: Secondary School Certificate is a public exam for classes 9 and 10 separately. The class 9 exam is called SSC part 1 and the class 10 exam is called SSC part 2. This exam is conducted by government boards, officially known as Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education, or simply BISE. Provincial boards conduct the exams at the provincial level and Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education conducts the exams at the federal level. Every province has its boards stationed in the main districts of the provinces. Exams are held usually in March & April. Groups include the Science group & Arts/Humanities group at the SSC level. In the early 2000s, Computer Science was added as an option in place of Biology, and that is the only option Science students can opt for. Upon clearing both the SSC Part-1 and SSC Part-2 examinations, Bise dg Khan 10th Result 2021 students are awarded the official secondary school certification (SSC) qualification.


title: Appaloosa

text: The Appaloosa is an American horse breed best known for its colorful spotted coat pattern. There is a wide range of body types within the breed, stemming from the influence of multiple breeds of horses throughout its history. Each horse's color pattern is genetically the result of various spotting patterns overlaid on top of one of several recognized base coat colors. The color pattern of the Appaloosa is of interest to those who study equine coat color genetics, as it and several other physical characteristics are linked to the leopard complex mutation (LP). Appaloosas are prone to develop equine recurrent uveitis and congenital stationary night blindness; the latter has been linked to the leopard complex.


title: Appaloosa

text: Artwork depicting prehistoric horses with leopard spotting exists in prehistoric cave paintings in Europe. Images of domesticated horses with leopard spotting patterns appeared in artwork from Ancient Greece and Han dynasty China through the early modern period. In North America, the Nez Perce people of what today is the United States Pacific Northwest developed the original American breed. Settlers once referred to these spotted horses as the "Palouse horse", possibly after the Palouse River, which ran through the heart of Nez Perce country. Gradually, the name evolved into "Appaloosa".


title: Appaloosa

text: The Nez Perce lost most of their horses after the Nez Perce War in 1877, and the breed fell into decline for several decades. A small number of dedicated breeders preserved the Appaloosa as a distinct breed until the Appaloosa Horse Club (ApHC) was formed as the breed registry in 1938. The modern breed maintains bloodlines tracing to the foundation bloodstock of the registry; its partially open stud book allows the addition of some Thoroughbred, American Quarter Horse and Arabian blood.


title: Appaloosa

text: Today, the Appaloosa is one of the most popular breeds in the United States; it was named the official state horse of Idaho in 1975. It is best known as a stock horse used in a number of western riding disciplines, but is also a versatile breed with representatives seen in many other types of equestrian activity. Appaloosas have been used in many movies; an Appaloosa is the mascot for the Florida State Seminoles. Appaloosa bloodlines have influenced other horse breeds, including the Pony of the Americas, the Nez Perce Horse, and several gaited horse breeds.


title: Appaloosa

text: The Appaloosa is best known for its distinctive, leopard complex-spotted coat, which is preferred in the breed. Spotting occurs in several overlay patterns on one of several recognized base coat colors. There are three other distinctive, "core" characteristics: mottled skin, striped hooves, and eyes with a white sclera.


title: Appaloosa

text: Skin mottling is usually seen around the muzzle, eyes, anus, and genitalia. Striped hooves are a common trait, quite noticeable on Appaloosas, but not unique to the breed. The sclera is the part of the eye surrounding the iris; although all horses show white around the eye if the eye is rolled back, to have a readily visible white sclera with the eye in a normal position is a distinctive characteristic seen more often in Appaloosas than in other breeds. Because the occasional individual is born with little or no visible spotting pattern, the ApHC allows "regular" registration of horses with mottled skin plus at least one of the other core characteristics. Horses with two ApHC parents but no "identifiable Appaloosa characteristics" are registered as "non-characteristic," a limited special registration status.


title: Appaloosa

text: There is a wide range of body types in the Appaloosa, in part because the leopard complex characteristics are its primary identifying factors, and also because several different horse breeds influenced its development. The weight range varies from , and heights from . However, the ApHC does not allow pony or draft breeding.


title: Appaloosa

text: The original "old time" or "old type" Appaloosa was a tall, narrow-bodied, rangy horse. The body style reflected a mix that started with the traditional Spanish horses already common on the plains of America before 1700. Then, 18th-century European bloodlines were added, particularly those of the "pied" horses popular in that period and shipped "en masse" to the Americas once the color had become unfashionable in Europe. These horses were similar to a tall, slim Thoroughbred-Andalusian type of horse popular in Bourbon-era Spain. The original Appaloosa tended to have a convex facial profile that resembled that of the warmblood-Jennet crosses first developed in the 16th century during the reign of Charles V.


title: Appaloosa

text: The old-type Appaloosa was later modified by the addition of draft horse blood after the 1877 defeat of the Nez Perce, when U.S. Government policy forced the Native Americans to become farmers and provided them with draft horse mares to breed to existing stallions. The original Appaloosas frequently had a sparse mane and tail, but that was not a primary characteristic, as many early Appaloosas did have full manes and tails. There is a possible genetic link between the leopard complex and sparse mane and tail growth, although the precise relationship is unknown.


title: Appaloosa

text: After the formation of the Appaloosa Horse Club in 1938, a more modern type of horse was developed after the addition of American Quarter Horse and Arabian bloodlines. The addition of Quarter Horse lines produced Appaloosas that performed better in sprint racing and in halter competition. Many cutting and reining horses resulted from old-type Appaloosas crossed on Arabian bloodlines, particularly via the Appaloosa foundation stallion Red Eagle. An infusion of Thoroughbred blood was added during the 1970s to produce horses more suited for racing. Many current breeders also attempt to breed away from the sparse, "rat tail" trait, and therefore modern Appaloosas have fuller manes and tails.


title: Appaloosa

text: The coat color of an Appaloosa is a combination of a base color with an overlaid spotting pattern. The base colors recognized by the Appaloosa Horse Club include bay, black, chestnut, palomino, buckskin, cremello or perlino, roan, gray, dun and grulla. Appaloosa markings have several pattern variations. It is this unique group of spotting patterns, collectively called the "leopard complex", that most people associate with the Appaloosa horse. Spots overlay darker skin, and are often surrounded by a "halo", where the skin next to the spot is also dark but the overlying hair coat is white.


title: Appaloosa

text: It is not always easy to predict a grown Appaloosa's color at birth. Foals of any breed tend to be born with coats that darken when they shed their baby hair. In addition, Appaloosa foals do not always show classic leopard complex characteristics. Patterns sometimes change over the course of the horse's life although some, such as the blanket and leopard patterns, tend to be stable. Horses with the varnish roan and snowflake patterns are especially prone to show very little color pattern at birth, developing more visible spotting as they get older.


title: Appaloosa

text: The ApHC also recognizes the concept of a "solid" horse, which has a base color "but no contrasting color in the form of an Appaloosa coat pattern". Solid horses can be registered if they have mottled skin and one other leopard complex characteristic.


title: Appaloosa

text: Base colors are overlain by various spotting patterns, which are variable and often do not fit neatly into a specific category. These patterns are described as follows:


title: Appaloosa

text: Any horse that shows Appaloosa core characteristics of coat pattern, mottled skin, striped hooves, and a visible white sclera, carries at least one allele of the dominant "leopard complex" (LP) gene. The use of the word "complex" is used to refer to the large group of visible patterns that may occur when LP is present. LP is an autosomal incomplete dominant mutation in the TRPM1 gene located at horse chromosome 1 (ECA 1). All horses with at least one copy of LP show leopard characteristics, and it is hypothesized that LP acts together with other patterning genes (PATN) that have not yet been identified to produce the different coat patterns. Horses that are heterozygous for LP tend to be darker than homozygous horses, but this is not consistent.


title: Appaloosa

text: Three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TRPM1 gene have been identified as closely associated with the LP mutation, although the mechanism by which the pattern is produced remains unclear. A commercially available DNA based test is likely to be developed in the near future, which breeders can use to determine if LP is present in horses that do not have visible Appaloosa characteristics.


title: Appaloosa

text: Not every Appaloosa exhibits visible coat spotting, but even apparently solid-colored horses that carry at least one dominant LP allele will exhibit characteristics such as vertically striped hooves, white sclera of the eye, and mottled skin around the eyes, lips, and genitalia. Appaloosas may also exhibit sabino or pinto type markings, but because pinto genes may cover-up or obscure Appaloosa patterns, pinto breeding is discouraged by the ApHC, which will deny registration to horses with excessive white markings. The genes that create these different patterns can all be present in the same horse. The Appaloosa Project, a genetic study group, has researched the interactions of Appaloosa and pinto genes and how they affect each other.


title: Appaloosa

text: Recent research has suggested that Eurasian prehistoric cave paintings depicting leopard-spotted horses may have accurately reflected a phenotype of ancient wild horse. Domesticated horses with leopard complex spotting patterns have been depicted in art dating as far back as Ancient Greece, Ancient Persia, and the Han Dynasty in China; later depictions appeared in 11th-century France and 12th-century England. French paintings from the 16th and 17th centuries show horses with spotted coats being used as riding horses, and other records indicate they were also used as coach horses at the court of Louis XIV of France. In mid-18th-century Europe, there was a great demand for horses with the leopard complex spotting pattern among the nobility and royalty. These horses were used in the schools of horsemanship, for parade use, and other forms of display. Modern horse breeds in Europe today that have leopard complex spotting include the Knabstrupper and the Pinzgau, or Noriker horse.


title: Appaloosa

text: The Spanish probably obtained spotted horses through trade with southern Austria and Hungary, where the color pattern was known to exist. The Conquistadors and Spanish settlers then brought some vividly marked horses to the Americas when they first arrived in the early 16th century. One horse with snowflake patterning was listed with the 16 horses brought to Mexico by Cortez, and additional spotted horses were mentioned by Spanish writers by 1604. Others arrived in the western hemisphere when spotted horses went out of style in late 18th-century Europe, and were shipped to Mexico, California and Oregon.


title: Appaloosa

text: The Nez Perce people lived in what today is eastern Washington, Oregon, and north central Idaho, where they engaged in agriculture as well as horse breeding. The Nez Perce first obtained horses from the Shoshone around 1730. They took advantage of the fact that they lived in excellent horse-breeding country, relatively safe from the raids of other tribes, and developed strict breeding selection practices for their animals, establishing breeding herds by 1750. They were one of the few tribes that actively used the practice of gelding inferior male horses and trading away poorer stock to remove unsuitable animals from the gene pool, and thus were notable as horse breeders by the early 19th century.


title: Appaloosa

text: Early Nez Perce horses were considered to be of high quality. Meriwether Lewis of the Lewis and Clark Expedition wrote in his February 15, 1806, journal entry: "Their horses appear to be of an excellent race; they are lofty, eligantly formed, active and durable: in short many of them look like fine English coarsers and would make a figure in any country." Lewis did note spotting patterns, saying, "... some of these horses are pided [pied] with large spots of white irregularly scattered and intermixed with the black brown bey or some other dark colour". By "pied", Lewis may have been referring to leopard-spotted patterns seen in the modern Appaloosa, though Lewis also noted that "much the larger portion are of a uniform colour". The Appaloosa Horse Club estimates that only about ten percent of the horses owned by the Nez Perce at the time were spotted. While the Nez Perce originally had many solid-colored horses and only began to emphasize color in their breeding some time after the visit of Lewis and Clark, by the late 19th century they had many spotted horses. As white settlers moved into traditional Nez Perce lands, a successful trade in horses enriched the Nez Perce, who in 1861 bred horses described as "elegant chargers, fit to mount a prince." At a time when ordinary horses could be purchased for $15, non-Indians who had purchased Appaloosa horses from the Nez Perce turned down offers of as much as $600.


title: Appaloosa

text: Peace with the United States dated back to an alliance arranged by Lewis and Clark, but the encroachment of gold miners in the 1860s and settlers in the 1870s put pressure on the Nez Perce. Although a treaty of 1855 originally allowed them to keep most of their traditional land, another in 1863 reduced the land allotted to them by 90 percent. The Nez Perce who refused to give up their land under the 1863 treaty included a band living in the Wallowa Valley of Oregon, led by Heinmot Tooyalakekt, widely known as Chief Joseph. Tensions rose, and in May 1877, General Oliver Otis Howard called a council and ordered the non-treaty bands to move to the reservation. Chief Joseph considered military resistance futile, and by June 14, 1877, had gathered about 600 people at a site near present-day Grangeville, Idaho. But on that day a small group of warriors staged an attack on nearby white settlers, which led to the Nez Perce War. After several small battles in Idaho, more than 800 Nez Perce, mostly non-warriors, took 2000 head of various livestock including horses and fled into Montana, then traveled southeast, dipping into Yellowstone National Park. A small number of Nez Perce fighters, probably fewer than 200, successfully held off larger forces of the U.S. Army in several skirmishes, including the two-day Battle of the Big Hole in southwestern Montana. They then moved northeast and attempted to seek refuge with the Crow Nation; rebuffed, they headed for safety in Canada.


title: Appaloosa

text: Throughout this journey of about the Nez Perce relied heavily on their fast, agile and hardy Appaloosa horses. The journey came to an end when they stopped to rest near the Bears Paw Mountains in Montana, from the Canada–US border. Unbeknownst to the Nez Perce, Colonel Nelson A. Miles had led an infantry-cavalry column from Fort Keogh in pursuit. On October 5, 1877, after a five-day fight, Joseph surrendered. The battle—and the war—was over. With most of the war chiefs dead, and the noncombatants cold and starving, Joseph declared that he would "fight no more forever".


title: Appaloosa

text: When the U.S. 7th Cavalry accepted the surrender of Chief Joseph and the remaining Nez Perce, they immediately took more than 1,000 of the tribe's horses, sold what they could and shot many of the rest. But a significant population of horses had been left behind in the Wallowa valley when the Nez Perce began their retreat, and additional animals escaped or were abandoned along the way. The Nez Perce were ultimately settled on reservation lands in north central Idaho, were allowed few horses, and were required by the Army to crossbreed to draft horses in an attempt to create farm horses. The Nez Perce tribe never regained its former position as breeders of Appaloosas. In the late 20th century, they began a program to develop a new horse breed, the Nez Perce horse, with the intent to resurrect their horse culture, tradition of selective breeding, and horsemanship.