title: EXID

text: In early May 2019, members Hani and Jeonghwa decided to not renew their contracts with Banana Culture. Shortly after, it was announced that the group will release an extended play on May 15, 2019. It was agreed that all the members would participate in promotion activities and after the promotions concluded, the group would enter an indefinite hiatus so each member could focus on individual activities. EXID released their fifth EP "We" alongside the title track "Me & You" on May 15, 2019. The EP debuted at 8 on the US World Albums Chart, becoming their fourth top 10 entry on the chart. It sold 24,423 physical copies in South Korea that month. Banana Culture later clarified that the group would continue activities as five in Japan for another year, with a Japanese tour entitled "2019 EXID Summer Live Tour" beginning in August.


title: EXID

text: On January 15, 2020, Hyelin also left Banana Culture, followed by Solji on February 5, and finally Elly on March 25.


title: EXID

text: On July 14, 2022, it was announced that EXID will return to hold the 'EXID 2022 Japan-Final-Live Tour' in September, which was originally scheduled to be held in 2020, but had to be postponed due to COVID-19.


title: EXID

text: On September 7, 2022, EXID announced via SNS that they would release their 3-track album "X" on September 29.


title: EXID

text: Since debuting in 2012, EXID has won four various awards and 22 music program awards. On January 8, 2015, the group won their first number-one win on "M! Countdown" due to the success of their digital single "Up & Down," followed by wins on "Music Bank", "The Music Trend" and "The Show."


title: Tommy Emmanuel

text: William Thomas Emmanuel (born 31 May 1955) is an Australian guitarist. Regarded as one of the greatest acoustic guitarists of all time, he is known for his complex fingerstyle technique, energetic performances and use of percussive effects on the instrument. Originally a session player in many bands, Emmanuel carved out his own style as a solo artist, releasing many award-winning albums and singles. In June 2010 Emmanuel was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM), and in 2011 he was inducted into the Australian Roll of Renown.


title: Tommy Emmanuel

text: One of six children, Emmanuel was born in Muswellbrook, New South Wales, Australia, in 1955. He received his first guitar in 1959 at age four and was taught by his mother to accompany her playing lap steel guitar. In 1961, at the age of six, he heard Chet Atkins playing on the radio. He vividly remembers that moment and said it greatly inspired him as a musician.


title: Tommy Emmanuel

text: By the age of six, he was a working professional musician. Recognizing the musical talents of Emmanuel and his older brother, Phil, their father created a family band, sold their home, and took his family on the road. With the family living in two station wagons, much of Emmanuel's childhood was spent touring Australia, playing rhythm guitar, and rarely going to school. After their father died in 1966, Australian Country Music star Buddy Williams approached the family and asked permission to take the Emmanuel brothers on the road with his touring show travelling around Australia. Tommy Emmanuel would go on to record a number of Buddy Williams albums in the early 1970s. Eventually, the New South Wales Department of Education insisted that the Emmanuel children had to go to school regularly.


title: Tommy Emmanuel

text: The Emmanuels eventually settled in Parkes. Tommy Emmanuel eventually moved to Sydney, where he was noticed nationally when he won a string of talent contests in his teen years. By the late 1970s, he was playing drums with his brother Phil in the group Goldrush as well as doing session work on numerous albums and jingles. He gained further prominence in the late 1970s as the lead guitarist in the Southern Star Band, the backing group for vocalist Doug Parkinson. During 1986–1988 and 1995, he joined the lineup of the leading New Zealand/Australian 1970s rock group Dragon that had reformed in 1982, touring widely with them, including a 1987 tour with Tina Turner; he left the group to embark on a solo career.


title: Tommy Emmanuel

text: In 1994, Australian music veteran John Farnham invited him to play the guitar next to Stuart Fraser from Noiseworks for the "Concert for Rwanda". Emmanuel had previously been a member of Farnham's band during the early 1980s and featured on the album "Uncovered" and rejoined after the 1994 concert.


title: Tommy Emmanuel

text: In July 1999, Chet Atkins commented that Emmanuel was a "fearless" fingerpicking guitar player and awarded Tommy and four others (John Knowles, Marcel Dadi, Jerry Reed, and Steve Wariner) the "Certified Guitar Player" title.


title: Tommy Emmanuel

text: Emmanuel and his brother Phil performed live in Sydney at the closing ceremony of the Summer Olympics in 2000. The event was televised worldwide with an estimated 2.85 billion viewers.


title: Tommy Emmanuel

text: In December 2007, he was diagnosed with heart problems and was forced to take a break from his hectic touring schedule due to exhaustion but returned to full-time touring in early 2008. In 2009 he worked with fellow local artists Ray Burgess, Marty Rhone, John St Peeters and John "Swanee" Swan to release a single, "Legends of the Southern Land".


title: Tommy Emmanuel

text: At the 2011 ‘TommyFest’, Tommy took the chance to talk to the audience about his strong Christian faith.


title: Tommy Emmanuel

text: In 2012, Governor Steve Beshear awarded Emmanuel the state of Kentucky's honorific title of Kentucky Colonel.


title: Tommy Emmanuel

text: Emmanuel had said that even at a young age he was fascinated by Chet Atkins's musical style (sometimes referred to as Travis picking) of playing bass lines, chords, melodies, and harmonies simultaneously using the thumb and fingers of the right hand, achieving a dynamic range of sound from the instrument. Although Emmanuel's playing incorporates a multitude of musical influences and styles, including jazz, blues, bluegrass, folk and rock, this type of country finger-style playing is at the core of his technique. While Emmanuel has never had formal music training and does not read or write music, his natural musical ability, intrinsic sense of rhythm, and charisma gained him fans from all over the world. As a solo performer, he never plays to a setlist and uses a minimum of effects onstage. He usually completes studio recordings in one take.


title: Tommy Emmanuel

text: In his solo shows, he mainly plays guitars made by Maton, an Australian guitar manufacturer. He usually travels with two custom Maton EBG808 TE models and one TE1 model, both of which are Tommy Emmanuel artist signature models. He has played Maton guitars for most of his career and is somewhat of an ambassador for the company due to his long-standing association with the brand. Emmanuel is known for the battered and worn-down appearances of his guitars; a result of his dynamic, energetic playing and percussive techniques. One of his signature performances, for example, involves striking the whole body of the guitar in various places with his hands or a drummer's snare-drum brush to emulate the sound of a percussion kit.


title: Tommy Emmanuel

text: Emmanuel usually keeps one Maton EBG808 in standard guitar tuning (E-A-D-G-B-E), while he tunes his second Maton EBG808 to D-G-D-G-B-E (G6 tuning) and his TE1 to C-F-B-E-G-C. He generally uses 0.12 gauge (light) strings on one EBG808 and 0.13 gauge (medium) strings on the second Maton EBG808 and on the TE1. This allows him to quickly change tuning by swapping between guitars during a show if needed, rather than spending time onstage re-tuning one guitar.


title: Tommy Emmanuel

text: Emmanuel often curls his left thumb around the neck of the guitar onto the fretboard to play some notes, rather than using only his fingers to play — contrary to how classical guitarists play, but not unusual for jazz and country guitarists. He frequently plays common three-finger chord shapes with just two fingers. He commonly uses a thumbpick, a flat pick (plectrum), his fingers, or a combination of these in his playing, a style known as hybrid picking. Amongst his trademark rapid virtuoso licks and cascading harmonic progressions, he often uses a technique that imitated an electric guitar's tremolo system on acoustic guitar — by pressing the palm of his right hand against the sound board of the guitar near the neck joint, while maintaining forward pressure with his left hand on the top of the headstock. The guitar neck slightly bends away from the body and consequently affects the pitch of the strings to achieve the desired sound.


title: Tommy Emmanuel

text: As a young man in Australia, Emmanuel wrote to his hero Chet Atkins in Nashville, Tennessee. Eventually, Atkins replied with words of encouragement and a long-standing invitation to drop by to visit.


title: Tommy Emmanuel

text: In 1997, Emmanuel and Atkins recorded as a duo, releasing the album "The Day Finger Pickers Took Over the World". It would be Atkins's last album, with the exception of "Solo Sessions" which Atkins' estate released posthumously. Emmanuel and Atkins appeared together on The Nashville Network's 'Country Christmas' in late 1997, and on that occasion, Atkins stated about him: "He is one of the greatest guitar players I've ever seen." Atkins gave Emmanuel the guitar on which Arthur "Guitar Boogie" Smith recorded "Guitar Boogie", one of the foundation performances of the blues guitar world and a regular feature of Emmanuel's shows.


title: Tommy Emmanuel

text: In July 1999, at the 15th Annual Chet Atkins Appreciation Society Convention, Atkins presented Emmanuel with a Certified Guitar Player award, an honour Chet personally bestowed to only four guitarists. This award gains its fame from being bestowed by Atkins himself, a widely recognized leader in guitar music. The award states: "In Recognition of His Contributions to the Art of Fingerpicking." Tommy performed at the Chet Atkins Appreciation Society (CAAS) in July each year in Nashville.


title: Tommy Emmanuel

text: In addition to being influenced by Chet Atkins, Emmanuel has stated that he and his brother Phil Emmanuel were inspired by and modelled themselves on Hank Marvin and Bruce Welch of the Shadows.


title: Tommy Emmanuel

text: The APRA Awards (Australia) are annual awards to recognise composing and songwriting skills, sales, and airplay performance by its members annually.


title: Tommy Emmanuel

text: The Australian Recording Industry Association Music Awards, commonly known as ARIA Music Awards, are held to recognise excellence and innovation and achievement across all genres of Australian music. Award nominees and winners, excluding for sales and public voted categories, are selected by the ARIA Academy comprising "judges from all sectors of the music industry - retail, radio and tv, journalists and critics, television presenters, concert promoters, agents, ARIA member record companies and past ARIA winners". The inaugural ARIA Awards took place in 1987.


title: Tommy Emmanuel

text: The Australian Roll of Renown honours Australian and New Zealand musicians who have shaped the music industry by making a significant and lasting contribution to Country Music. It was inaugurated in 1976 and the inductee is announced at the Country Music Awards of Australia in Tamworth in January.


title: Tommy Emmanuel

text: The Country Music Awards of Australia (CMAA) (also known as the Golden Guitar Awards) is an annual awards night held in January during the Tamworth Country Music Festival, celebrating recording excellence in the Australian country music industry. They have been held annually since 1973.


title: Tommy Emmanuel

text: The Grammy Awards is an annual award presentation by The Recording Academy to recognize achievement in the mainly English-language music industry.


title: Tommy Emmanuel

text: The Australian Entertainment Mo Awards (commonly known informally as the Mo Awards), were annual Australian entertainment industry awards. They recognise achievements in live entertainment in Australia from 1975 to 2016. Tommy Emmanuel won two awards in that time.


title: Tommy Emmanuel

text: The National Live Music Awards (NLMAs) are a broad recognition of Australia's diverse live industry, celebrating the success of the Australian live scene. The awards commenced in 2016.


title: The Book of Dust

text: The Book of Dust is a trilogy of fantasy novels by Philip Pullman, which expands his trilogy "His Dark Materials". The books further chronicle the adventures of Lyra Belacqua and her battle against the theocratic organisation known as the Magisterium, and shed more light on the mysterious substance called Dust.


title: The Book of Dust

text: The first book, "La Belle Sauvage", was published in October 2017, and is set 12 years before "Northern Lights". It describes how the 11-year-old Malcolm Polstead and the 15-year-old Alice protect the infant Lyra; leading to her being in the care of Jordan College. It introduces the research by academics and other free-thinkers into Dust, a mysterious subatomic particle related to consciousness, and the origins of Lyra's alethiometer.


title: The Book of Dust

text: The second book, "The Secret Commonwealth", was published on 3 October 2019 and is set after the events in the original trilogy with Lyra as a twenty-year-old undergraduate. Work on the third book in the series had not commenced at that time.


title: The Book of Dust

text: Pullman has said that the trilogy addresses consciousness: "Perhaps the oldest philosophical question of all: are we matter? Or are we spirit and matter? What is consciousness if there is no spirit? Questions like that are of perennial fascination and they haven’t been solved yet, thank goodness." He added that the series might be slightly darker than the original, and quipped that it could alternatively be titled "His Darker Materials".


title: The Book of Dust

text: Pullman conceived "The Book of Dust" before the publication of "Lyra's Oxford" in 2003 and in 2005 he confirmed the book was "under way". Early on he described it as being a longer book than he had initially imagined and later that he was considering writing two volumes, one set before "His Dark Materials" and the other set afterwards. In 2017 Pullman stated that "The Book of Dust" would be a new trilogy, and announced the publication of the first part, "La Belle Sauvage," published on 19 October 2017. The books are jointly published by Random House Children's and David Fickling Books in the United Kingdom, and by Random House Children's Books in the US.


title: The Book of Dust

text: "The Book of Dust" takes place before, during and after the original trilogy; Pullman described it as an "equel", rather than a sequel, which "will begin and end with Lyra". In Pullman's words the story's main focus is: “the struggle between a despotic and totalitarian organisation, which wants to stifle speculation and enquiry, and those who believe thought and speech should be free”. The books will touch on research into Dust, the cosmic matter that governs consciousness. Pullman said the trilogy addresses consciousness: "Perhaps the oldest philosophical question of all: are we matter? Or are we spirit and matter? What is consciousness if there is no spirit? Questions like that are of perennial fascination and they haven’t been solved yet, thank goodness.”


title: The Book of Dust

text: The first book, "La Belle Sauvage", was published in October 2017, and is set around 11 years before "Northern Lights". It describes how the 11-year-old Malcolm Polstead and the 15-year-old Alice protect the infant Lyra; leading to her being in the care of Jordan College. It introduces the research by academics and other free-thinkers into Dust, a mysterious subatomic particle related to consciousness, and the origins of Lyra's alethiometer.


title: The Book of Dust

text: The second volume, "The Secret Commonwealth", was published on 3 October 2019, and begins with Lyra as a 20-year-old undergraduate. It involves her journeying to the Far East via the Levant. "The Secret Commonwealth" takes its title from a compilation of folklore by Robert Kirk that Pullman has said is one of his favourite books.


title: The Book of Dust

text: During a launch event for "The Secret Commonwealth" in October 2019, Pullman said, "We can see where the story is going in this book. It's going towards Central Asia, it involves roses and it involves Dust. That's all I can tell you—I don't even have a title for it yet!" though he had earlier mentioned possible titles such as "The Garden of Roses" or "Roses from the South". A short excerpt of the first chapter is available as part of an interview on the blog of the Goldsmiths, University of London.


title: The Book of Dust

text: On 3 October 2022, Pullman was asked on Twitter about the status of the third book, and he replied "I'm writing it now. I'm up to page 275."


title: Josh Maja

text: Joshua Erowoli Orisunmihare Oluwaseun Maja (born 27 December 1998) is a professional footballer who plays as a striker for club Bordeaux. Born in England, he played one match for the Nigeria national team in 2019.


title: Josh Maja

text: Maja played youth football with Crystal Palace, Fulham and Manchester City and began his professional career with Sunderland, making 49 appearances and scoring 17 goals. In January 2019, he joined Bordeaux.


title: Josh Maja

text: Born in the London Borough of Lewisham to Nigerian parents, he grew up in Pimlico, London. As a youngster he played for the youth teams of Crystal Palace and Fulham, and despite being formally registered with Fulham he spent some time with Manchester City.


title: Josh Maja

text: Maja was not offered a scholarship by Manchester City and in March 2015, Fulham reached an agreement with Sunderland for him to sign a two-year scholarship. In May 2016, he signed his first professional contract with the club, penning a three-year deal.


title: Josh Maja

text: On 21 September 2016, Maja made his professional debut in a 2–1 victory at Queens Park Rangers in the third round of the EFL Cup, replacing Joel Asoro as a substitute for the final 21 minutes. He did not play again that season but did appear on the bench during their Premier League campaign, which ended in relegation.


title: Josh Maja

text: Maja made his league debut on 16 December 2017, when he came on for James Vaughan at the Stadium of Light, going on to score his side's only goal of the match five minutes subsequently; the game resulted in Sunderland’s first home win of 2017 and against Fulham, his former team during his youth. Manager Chris Coleman spoke positively of Maja afterwards, stating, "I've been very impressed with Josh. He's different, he gives us a big injection of personality". Maja went on to make 17 appearances in the Championship that season, failing to score anymore following his goal against Fulham, with the club suffering a second consecutive relegation, now to League One.


title: Josh Maja

text: Relegation proved well personally for Maja, as he broke into the side's starting line-up; he went on to score in all of Sunderland's first four games in August, earning him a nomination for Player of the Month. With his contract due to expire at the end of the season, he was offered a contract extension, though he refused, amid reported interest from multiple clubs. His transfer saga was featured as part of the Netflix documentary "Sunderland 'Til I Die". Maja went on to leave the club during the January transfer window, at the time, Maja had scored 16 goals in 30 league appearances.


title: Josh Maja

text: On 26 January 2019, Maja signed for French Ligue 1 club Bordeaux on a four-and-a-half year contract. He made his league debut on 17 February in a 2–1 home Derby de la Garonne win over Toulouse, starting and playing 67 minutes. On 20 April, he scored his first Ligue 1 goal in a 2–1 loss at Nîmes, but suffered a first-half left-knee injury that ended his season after seven games. On 3 December 2020, again against Nîmes, Maja scored his first professional hat-trick and also provided an assist in a 6–0 win.


title: Josh Maja

text: On 1 February 2021, transfer deadline day, Maja returned to English football with his former club in his youth, Fulham, now back in the Premier League though in a relegation battle, signing on loan for the remainder of the 2020–21 season. On 14 February, in his first start for the side, he scored both goals in a 2–0 victory at Everton.


title: Josh Maja

text: On 31 January 2022, Maja joined Stoke City on loan for the remainder of the 2021–22 season. He made his debut on 5 February 2022, scoring in a 2–0 win against Wigan Athletic in the FA Cup. Maja made 17 appearances, for Stoke, scoring twice as they finished in 14th position.


title: Josh Maja

text: In August 2019, the Nigeria national team manager Gernot Rohr said he wanted Maja to represent the nation. He made his international debut on 10 September in a 2–2 friendly against Ukraine, replacing Victor Osimhen in added time.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: Christine Margaret Sinclair (born June 12, 1983) is a Canadian professional soccer player who plays as a forward and captains both National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) club Portland Thorns FC and the Canadian national team. An Olympic gold medalist, two-time Olympic bronze medalist, CONCACAF champion, and 14-time winner of the Canada Soccer Player of the Year award, Sinclair is the world's all-time leader for international goals scored for men or women with 190 goals, and is one of the most-capped active international footballers with more than 300 caps. She is also the second footballer of either sex to score at five World Cup editions, preceded by Marta, later succeeded by Cristiano Ronaldo.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: Having played over 20 seasons with the senior national team, Sinclair has played in five FIFA Women's World Cups (USA 2003, China 2007, Germany 2011, Canada 2015, France 2019) and four Olympic Football Tournaments (Beijing 2008, London 2012, Rio 2016, Tokyo 2020). She has been shortlisted for FIFA Women's World Player of the Year seven times, in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2012, and 2016.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: Sinclair has won championships with three professional teams: the 2010 WPS Championship with FC Gold Pride, the 2011 WPS Championship with Western New York Flash, and the 2013 and 2017 NWSL Championships with Portland Thorns FC. She won the national collegiate Division I championship twice, in 2002 and 2005, with the University of Portland. In 2012, she won the Lou Marsh Trophy as Canada's athlete of the year, and the Bobbie Rosenfeld Award as Canada's female athlete of the year.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: In September 2013, Sinclair was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame and in June 2017, she was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada by Governor General David Johnston. In January 2022, Sinclair was awarded with the Best FIFA Special Award, as the world's all-time leading scorer.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: Born in Burnaby, British Columbia, to Bill and Sandra Sinclair on June 12, 1983, Sinclair began playing soccer at the age of four for an under-7 team. Her father Bill Sinclair (1972) and uncles Brian (1972) and Bruce Gant (1990) were all Canadian amateur soccer champions while Brian and Bruce also played at the professional level. Her father Bill played for the University of British Columbia and the New Westminster Blues in the Pacific Coast Soccer League.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: Christine Sinclair also played basketball and baseball as a youth. Playing in a Burnaby boys' baseball league, she made the local under-11 all-star team as a second baseman. With the team, she chose the number 12 as a tribute to Toronto Blue Jays' second baseman Hall of Famer, Roberto Alomar.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: Sinclair was selected to British Columbia's under-14 girls all-star soccer team at age 11 and led club team Burnaby Girls Soccer Club to six league titles, five provincial titles, and two top-five national finishes. She attended Burnaby South Secondary School where she led the soccer team to three league championships. At age 15, she attended matches of the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup in Portland, Oregon. She played for Canada's under-18 national team before making her debut at the senior level at age 16 at the 2000 Algarve Cup where she scored three goals.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: In 2001, Sinclair arrived at the University of Portland where she made an immediate impact on an already formidable soccer program. She recorded 23 goals and eight assists in her first season, leading all first-year students in NCAA Division I total scoring. She was named Freshman of the Year by "Soccer America", and was a consensus All-America selection.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: During her second season with the Pilots in 2002, Sinclair led Division I in goals with 26. She scored two goals during the national championship game against conference rival Santa Clara, the second of which was a golden goal that won the Pilots the national championship. Sinclair earned three different national Player of the Year honours, and was a finalist for the Hermann Trophy. Named West Coast Conference Player of the Year, she earned All-American honours for the second consecutive year. In the wake of her success for the Canadian national teams and American collegiate soccer, she was named by "The Globe and Mail" as one of the 25 most influential people in Canadian sports the same year.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: Sinclair chose to redshirt the 2003 season to play for Canada at the 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup. She returned to Portland in 2004 and scored 22 goals for the Pilots. Following the season, she was named West Coast Conference (WCC) Player of the Year, received All-American honours, and was awarded the Hermann Trophy.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: During Sinclair's senior year at Portland, she set an all-time Division I goal-scoring record with 39. She capped off her collegiate career with two goals in a 4–0 rout of UCLA in the national title game. This performance also gave her a career total of 25 goals in NCAA tournament play, also a record. She was named WCC Player of the Year becoming the second player in conference history to be honoured three times. Sinclair was also named Academic All-American of the Year by "ESPN The Magazine" after graduating with a 3.75 grade point average in life sciences. She was awarded the M.A.C. Hermann Trophy, becoming the fourth player and third woman to win it in back-to-back years. As a result of her record-setting season, Sinclair went on to win the Honda Sports Award as the nation's top soccer player, as well as the Honda-Broderick Cup, as the college woman athlete of the year. She became the third soccer player to win the award, joining Mia Hamm and Cindy Daws. Sinclair finished her collegiate career with 110 goals and 32 assists in 94 games.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: Sinclair was selected by FC Gold Pride eighth overall in the 2008 WPS International Draft for the inaugural season of top-tier American league Women's Professional Soccer (WPS). Despite her team-leading six goals, FC Gold Pride finished last in the regular season standings during the 2009 season.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: Leading into the 2010 season, FC Gold Pride made several changes to their roster including adding Brazilian international Marta, French international Camille Abily, and United States national team defender and midfielder Shannon Boxx. During the team's home opener of the 2010 season against 2009 WPS champion, Sky Blue FC, Sinclair scored twice leading the team to a 3–1 win. She was named WPS Player of the Week for week 14 of the season after scoring two goals against second-place team, Philadelphia Independence. The team dominated the season, finishing first during the regular season after defeating the Philadelphia Independence 4–1 with goals from Sinclair, Marta, and Kelley O'Hara.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: As the regular season champion, FC Gold Pride earned a direct route to the championship playoff game where they faced the Philadelphia Independence. Sinclair contributed two goals to FC Gold Pride's 4–0 win to clinch the WPS Championship. Despite their successful season, the club ceased operations on November 16, 2010, due to not meeting the league's financial reserve requirement.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: On December 10, 2010, Western New York Flash announced that they had agreed to terms with the Canadian striker for the 2011 season. Sinclair helped guide the team to the regular season championship, leading the club with ten goals and eight assists. On August 27, 2011, Sinclair was named MVP of the 2011 WPS Championship Final after the Flash won the championship in Rochester, New York. Sinclair's goal in the 64th minute gave the Flash a 1–0 lead over Philadelphia. When the game was forced to penalty kicks, Sinclair stepped up and completed the second one as the Flash players converted all five of their attempts.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: On January 11, 2013, it was announced that Sinclair would play for the Portland Thorns FC for the inaugural season of the National Women's Soccer League via the NWSL Player Allocation. Playing as team captain, she appeared in 20 games in the 2013 season and tied with Alex Morgan as the top scorer on the team with eight goals. Sinclair was named the league's Player of the Month for the month of April after scoring two goals and serving one assist to help the team secure a 2–0–1 record.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: After finishing third during the regular season, the Thorns advanced to the playoffs where they defeated second-place team FC Kansas City 3–2 during overtime. During the championship final against regular season champions Western New York Flash, Sinclair scored the final goal to defeat the Flash 2–0.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: In the 2017 season, she led the Thorns in scoring with eight goals during the regular season, with the team finishing second. In the playoffs, she scored a goal, tying the record for NWSL playoff goals, en route to the team's second championship in the NWSL Final. In the pandemic-shortened 2020 season, Sinclair led the Thorns with six goals, five more than any of her teammates, helping the Thorns win the NWSL Fall Series.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: In 2022, Sinclair captained the team to a second-place finish in the regular season and a third championship title. She set the league record for most playoff minutes played.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: Sinclair played for Canada's under-18 national team before making her debut for the senior team at age 16 at the 2000 Algarve Cup where she was the tournament's leading scorer with three goals. She scored seven goals for Canada at the 2002 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup, tying her for the tournament lead with teammate Charmaine Hooper and USA's Tiffeny Milbrett, a fellow Portland alumna. The same year, she represented Canada at the inaugural FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship. Her record-setting ten goals in the tournament helped lead Canada to a second-place finish and earned her both the Golden Boot as leading scorer and Golden Ball as tournament MVP. , she is the world's all-time leading international goal-scorer after scoring twice against Saint Kitts and Nevis in a CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying match.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: At the 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup, Sinclair scored three goals for Canada on their way to a surprising fourth-place finish, their best in that competition to date. During the team's first group stage match against Germany, she scored the first goal of the match in the fourth minute. Germany scored four goals to defeat Canada 4–1. After defeating Argentina 3–0, the team faced Japan in their last group stage match of the tournament. With goals from Sinclair and teammates Christine Latham and Kara Lang, Canada won 3–1 and placed second in their group to advance to the knockout stage. Canada faced China in the quarterfinal match on October 2 in Portland, Oregon and won 1–0 with the lone goal scored by Charmaine Hooper in the seventh minute. Having remained winless in all previous World Cup tournaments, Canada's advancement to the semi-final was a historic change for the team. Canada was defeated by Sweden in the semi-final match 2–1 and faced the United States in the third-place match where they were defeated 3–1 and finished fourth at the tournament. Sinclair scored Canada's goal in the 38th minute.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: During Canada's first group stage match at the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup in China, the team faced Norway and were defeated 2–1. Sinclair scored a brace in the team's next group stage match against Ghana helping Canada win 4–0. She scored a goal in the team's final group stage match against Australia that resulted in a 2–2 draw. Canada finished third in their group and did not advance to the knockout stage of the tournament.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: Sinclair made her 100th appearance on August 30, 2007, in a 0–0 friendly against Japan. On November 8, 2010, Sinclair scored the game-winning goal against Mexico in the final of the CONCACAF Women's Championship.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: During Canada's campaign at the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup, Sinclair scored the team's only goal at the tournament in the 82nd minute in their first group stage match against Germany. Canada was defeated in all three of their group stage matches against Germany, France, and Nigeria and did not advance to the knockout stage.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: At the 2012 Summer Olympics, Sinclair broke the record of most goals scored in the Olympics for women's soccer, claiming the golden boot of the competition from two goals against South Africa, one against Great Britain, and three against the United States. She scored a hat-trick in a 4–3 extra time loss in the semi-final match against the American squad. Canada was unhappy with the performance of referee Christina Pedersen, who made a series of controversial decisions in favour of the Americans. Sinclair was ultimately fined a reported $3,500 and banned four matches for post match comments, which accused Pedersen of bias and deciding the result of the match before it had kicked off.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: Sinclair subsequently finished the tournament as top scorer with six goals and led the Canadian women's national soccer team to a bronze medal with a 1–0 win against France on August 9, 2012. Her remarkable effort as team captain and her performance in the semi-final earned her the honour of Canada's flag bearer in the closing ceremony, as well as the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: Sinclair made her 200th appearance on December 12, 2013, scoring her 147th international goal in a 2–0 win over Scotland at the 2013 Torneio Internacional Cidade de São Paulo.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: At the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup hosted by Canada, Sinclair scored the team's only goal of the first group stage match against China, a 1–0 win, during a penalty kick awarded in the second minute of second-half stoppage time. Sinclair scored in the 42nd minute in a losing effort against England in the quarter-final. Canada lost the match 2–1.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: At the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup hosted by France, Sinclair scored one goal against the Netherlands, her tenth goal in five different World Cup editions—an achievement only accomplished by Brazilian Marta. However, Canada went out in the round of 16, after losing 0–1 against Sweden.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: On January 29 at the 2020 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Championship, Sinclair scored international goals 184 and 185 against St. Kitts and Nevis to tie and then surpass Abby Wambach for first place in international goals by either men or women.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: On July 21, 2021, Sinclair played her 300th match for Canada, in which she scored a goal in a 1–1 draw against hosts Japan in the team's opening match of the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. Canada accumulated one win and two tied games during group play, before advancing to face Brazil in the quarter final. Scoreless during regular play, Canada prevailed in the shootout 4–3, with Sinclair being denied on the opening attempt.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: Canada faced the United States in the semi-final on August 2, a rematch of the 2012 Olympic semi-final. Canada defeated the United States 1–0 due to a goal from a penalty kick by Jessie Fleming, advancing to the Olympic final for the first time in the team's history. Sinclair opined afterward that "it was nice to get a little revenge."


title: Christine Sinclair

text: In the final against Sweden on August 6, Sinclair won a penalty which was once again converted by Fleming to tie the game in the second half of regulation time; following a 1–1 draw after extra-time, Canada eventually won the match 3–2 on penalty kicks to capture the gold medal in women's soccer for the first time.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: Sinclair has won five professional championships with three teams: the 2010 WPS Championship with FC Gold Pride, the 2011 WPS Championship with Western New York Flash, and the 2013, 2017, and 2022 National Championships with Portland Thorns FC. She has won the NWSL Shield with Portland Thorns FC in 2016 and 2021. She won the national collegiate championships twice with the University of Portland Pilots: in 2002 and 2005. She was named WPS Player of the Week three times: once in 2010 and twice in 2011. In 2011, she was named MVP of the WPS Championship Final. In 2018, she was elected the Supporters' Player of the Year for the Thorns. With the Canadian national team, she has won the 2010 Concacaf Women's Championship, a gold medal at the 2011 Pan American Games, a bronze medal at the 2012 Olympic Games, a bronze medal at the 2016 Olympic Games,and a gold medal at the 2020 Olympic Games. In 2002, she won silver with the Canadian team at the 2002 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: In 2012, Sinclair was awarded the Lou Marsh Award and Bobbie Rosenfeld Award. The same year, she received the Diamond Jubilee Medal and was named Athlete of the Year by Sportsnet. In 2013, she was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame and received an honorary degree from Simon Fraser University.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: In 2015, Sinclair, along with teammate Kadeisha Buchanan, was featured on a Canadian postage stamp commemorating the 2015 Women's World Cup hosted by Canada. On June 30, 2017, she was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada, the second-highest award a civilian can receive, with investiture of the award on January 24, 2018. Of the honour she said, "I am a very, very proud Canadian, I am proud of where I am from, and to be recognized in this nature is surreal. It's not something you can dream about happening to you. I can dream of winning a World Cup or an Olympic gold medal, and that's my job, but to have your country recognize you – I don't even know what to say."


title: Christine Sinclair

text: In December 2019, she was named the Canada Soccer's Player of the Decade by the Canadian Soccer Association.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: In December 2020, she was honoured at The Best FIFA Football Awards after becoming the top international scorer in history. The same month, her 185th international goal was named Canada Soccer's Moment of the Year and she received the Bobbie Rosenfeld Award for the second time, making her the first team-sport athlete to win the award twice.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: In January 2021, she was named in the IFFHS CONCACAF Woman Team of the Decade 2011–2020. In June 2021, the city of Burnaby announced that they would be renaming the Fortius Sport and Health Facilities in her honour, the Facilities becoming the Christine Sinclair Community Centre.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: Widely regarded as Canada's greatest soccer player of all time and one of the foremost women soccer players in history, Sinclair is a fast, well-rounded, physically strong, and intelligent forward, known for her ball skills, athleticism, technique, and field vision. An accurate finisher and a highly prolific goalscorer, she is a versatile and hard-working player who is capable of playing both as a striker and also as an advanced playmaker in midfield, due to her passing accuracy, ability to read the game, link-up with other midfielders, and creation of chances for teammates. Sinclair is also capable of scoring from free-kicks and penalties. Moreover, she has been labelled as a "big game" player in the media, due to her penchant for scoring goals in important games for her country, as illustrated by her hat-trick against the United States in the semi-finals of the 2012 Olympic Games. In addition to her soccer abilities, she has stood out for her leadership and defensive work-rate throughout her career.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: Sinclair was the focus of a digital short documentary entitled "The Captain" in 2012. She was featured in an episode of "The Difference Makers with Rick Hansen" the same year. In May 2015, she was featured in the TSN documentary, "RISE," along with the rest of the Canadian national team. She starred in a national television commercial for Coca-Cola during the summer of 2015.


title: Christine Sinclair

text: Sinclair was featured on the cover of the June 2013 issue of "The Walrus". She was featured "Sportsnet Magazine" in the edition dated June 8, 2015. She was featured on the covers of "Ottawa Life Magazine" (May/June 2015), "FACES Magazine" (December 2015), and "Canadian Business" (August 2016).


title: Christine Sinclair

text: Sinclair was featured on the Canadian version of EA Sports' "FIFA 16" (2016) video game. Along with Portland Thorns FC teammates Alex Morgan and Steph Catley, Sinclair was one of the first women to appear on the cover of any EA Sports game. In July 2017, Sinclair partnered with A&W and the Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada on a nationwide awareness campaign for multiple sclerosis.


title: Square Enix Europe

text: Square Enix Limited (formerly Domark Limited and Eidos Interactive Limited) is a British subsidiary of the Japanese video game company Square Enix, acting as their European publishing arm. The company formerly owned "Tomb Raider", which was in development under CentreGold in 1996, and had acquired Crystal Dynamics in 1998, among numerous other assets, until 2022. Square Enix Limited and fellow group company Square Enix Incorporated shared "Phil" Rogers as CEO and other executives from 2013 to 2022.


title: Square Enix Europe

text: The company was founded as Domark in 1984 by Mark Strachan and Dominic Wheatley. In 1995, it was acquired by Eidos plc and merged with Simis and Big Red Software to create the subsidiary Eidos Interactive the following year. Ian Livingstone, who held a stake in Domark, became deputy chairman of Eidos and stayed in various roles, until his departure from the company in 2013. In 2005, Eidos plc was in turn acquired by British games publisher SCi. The combined company, SCi Entertainment Group, which was briefly renamed Eidos, was bought by Square Enix in 2009. In November 2009, Square Enix completed the merger of its existing European branch with Eidos Interactive, trading the resulting company as Square Enix Limited, which assumed the trade name Square Enix Europe. In August 2022, Embracer Group completed its acquisition of studios Crystal Dynamics, Eidos-Montréal and Square Enix Montréal and intellectual properties "Tomb Raider, Deus Ex" among other assets, with Rogers and management moving to Embracer.


title: Square Enix Europe

text: Square Enix Limited contains Square Enix's Western external publishing division, Square Enix External Studios, and indie initiative division, Square Enix Collective. It is headquartered in Southwark, London (Square Enix London) and has offices in Paris, France (Square Enix France) and Hamburg, Germany (Square Enix Germany).


title: Square Enix Europe

text: Square Enix Limited was founded as Domark by Mark Strachan and Dominic Wheatley in 1984. For Christmas 1983, Wheatley (the grandson of the writer Dennis Wheatley) had visited his family, where he saw his brother play "The Heroes of Karn" on a newly purchased Commodore 64. He was impressed with the game and felt that many more ordinary people, not just those who work with computers professionally, would start acquiring computers and games for them. When he returned to his job as a junior account executive at Garden—a small advertising agency based in London—in early 1984, he spoke to his colleague Strachan and floated the idea of setting up a company to publish games from third-party developers. Strachan initially declined but later saw that many retailers in the city had sold out of ZX Spectrum models, which he felt signalled great interest in video games. Strachan and Wheatley, at the time aged 24, subsequently quit their jobs and founded Domark, forming a portmanteau of their first names for the company name. For their first game, they designed the adventure game "Eureka!", hired the Hungarian developer Andromedia, and brought in Ian Livingstone as its writer. Strachan and Wheatley further devised a competition in which a telephone number would be shown upon completing the game, and the first person to call it would win . Through friends, family, and other acquaintances, they raised , more than enough to finance the project. Domark released the game later in 1984, marketing it through Concept Marketing, another firm set up by Strachan and Wheatley. Impressed with the company's operations, Livingstone invested in Domark. "Eureka!" sold 15,000 copies. Domark were unsure what project to pursue next; Strachan and Wheatley had a contact in the estate of Ian Fleming and approached them with the idea of producing a video game based on "James Bond". In 1985, Domark obtained a licence to "A View to a Kill". Despite delays caused by scope creep, the eponymous game was released later in 1985 and was "actually quite successful", according to Wheatley.


title: Square Enix Europe

text: Domark found further success with computer conversions of board games: "Trivial Pursuit" was becoming increasingly popular, so Domark got into contact with Leisure Genius, which had found success with board game conversions. The team at Leisure Genius believed a conversion of "Trivial Pursuit" was infeasible and thus gave way to Domark, who hired Oxford Digital Enterprises to develop it. Released in 1986, the "Trivial Pursuit" sold roughly 2 million copies. The success allowed Domark to move into proper offices and hire more employees. Domark released further "Trivial Pursuit" and "James Bond" games in the years following. The company also got into arcade game conversions in 1987 when Wheatley, alone at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, encountered Manlio Allegra, an agent for companies including Atari Games. Allegra wanted Domark to produce conversions for as many games as possible but Wheatley claimed that the company had only to spend. Allegra then went through a list of games to be licensed at low prices and Wheatley stopped him when he mentioned the "Star Wars" trilogy of games. They agreed on a license for Wheatley's claimed budget. To have the games developed, Domark brought in a German programmer who had previously brought them to the Amiga. Domark released its versions later in 1987, and they became so successful that the first royalty cheque paid to Atari Games two months later amounted to . Impressed with this return, Atari Games hired Domark as the exclusive partner for computer conversions of arcade games. With sufficient funds, the company published various games through the rest of the 1980s. It set up an internal development team, The Kremlin, within its Putney headquarters in 1990 and expanded to 20 employees by 1992. In the same year, Livingstone was named Domark's executive chairman, while Wheatley moved with his wife and two children to the US to better manage the company's American contacts. A US subsidiary for Domark was formally established in Silicon Valley in 1993. By 1994, Domark was struggling financially, and the company soon went public. Shortly thereafter, Strachan and Wheatley encountered Charles Cornwall, the founder of Eidos, a company that developed video compression software for platforms like the Acorn Archimedes. Eidos had no sales at that time, so the two companies agreed to a reverse merger takeover: The companies merged, and Domark's public entity was legally renamed Eidos, with Domark's operations aligned as a subsidiary of the newer Eidos. The deal was announced in September 1995 as an acquisition of Domark (alongside Simis and Big Red Software) by Eidos for . In the same year, Strachan left Domark.


title: Square Enix Europe

text: On 31 May 1996, Simis and Big Red Software were merged into Domark to create Eidos Interactive. Eidos Interactive acquired CentreGold in April 1996 for . CentreGold consisted of distributor CentreSoft and publisher U.S. Gold, which included subsidiaries Core Design and Silicon Dreams Studio. The latter would be re-acquired by its founder, Geoff Brown, through newly founded Geoff Brown Holdings, on 16 December that year. The Eidos Interactive acquisition was months prior to the release of "Tomb Raider" by Core Design, which CentreGold had acquired two years prior. After "Tomb Raider", in 1997, Wheatley left the company to move back to the UK and focus on other projects. In 2003, Eidos founded Beautiful Game Studios, which continued its Championship Manager series after splitting with previous developer Sports Interactive.


title: Square Enix Europe

text: In March 2005, Eidos admitted that cash reserves had dwindled to during the second half of 2004, and pre-tax losses had grown to . On 21 March 2005, Eidos received a takeover bid from Elevation Partners, the private equity firm owned by former Electronic Arts president John Riccitiello and with a number of notable partners, including U2's lead singer Bono. This takeover valued the company at , and would inject in order to keep the company from bankruptcy in the short term. Elevation stated it plans to take Eidos private for some years to focus on game creation and release schedules and its offer was initially recommended by Eidos's board.


title: Square Enix Europe

text: The following day, 22 March, Eidos received a second takeover bid from the British games manufacturer SCi. The company offered , and tabled a restructuring plan to cut from annual costs. To fund this takeover, SCi proposed to sell worth of stock. Eventually, in late April, Elevation Partners formally withdrew its offer, leaving the way clear for SCi. The Eidos plc takeover was finalized on 16 May 2005, with SCi merging itself into Eidos Interactive's parent, renaming it SCi Entertainment Group Limited. After the SCi purchase, former Eidos management board quit. SCi left its Battersea Office and moved into the old Eidos Interactive office on the second floor of Wimbledon Bridge House, 1 Hartfield Road, Wimbledon.


title: Square Enix Europe

text: Ars Technica interviewed former Core Design Studio Manager Gavin Rummery in 2015, who said the studio pitched a Tomb Raider remake for the to SCi in 2005. Rummery stated that SCi loved the project, but Crystal Dynamics had their own demo, which then convinced SCi to cancel Core's project. In May 2006, Rebellion Developments acquired Core Designs' assets and staff, while the Core brand and intellectual property, including Tomb Raider, remained in SCi's possession. In December 2006, Warner Bros. licensed classic properties to SCi, while investing for 10.3% of SCi shares. In February 2007, SCi/Eidos announced a new studio in Montreal, Quebec, which was later named Eidos-Montréal and developed a new game in the "Deus Ex" franchise. In February 2007, it acquired Rockpool Games, along with its two sister companies Ironstone Partners and SoGoPlay. In April 2007, SCi/Eidos acquired Bluefish Media and Morphene. In 2008, Rogers stated they want to be a "leaner and fitter company", as well as "studio-led". They moved "certain functions" from the United Kingdom to Quebec, Canada, partially due to economic advantages offered by Montreal's government.


title: Square Enix Europe

text: On 4 September 2007, the board of SCi Entertainment stated that the company has been approached with a view to making an offer, which has been subject to speculation. On 10 January 2008, SCi announced take over and/or merger talks had been halted. As a result, the share price dropped by over 50%. Shareholders called for the resignation of key personnel, including chief executive officer (CEO) Jane Cavanagh, over this issue as well as delays to key titles. On 18 January 2008, Jane Cavanagh, Bill Ennis and Rob Murphy left the company. During SCi 2008 financial report, losses were at , which newly appointed CEO Phil Rogers, a former Electronic Arts executive, stated were due to the reconstructing plans. On 19 September 2008, SCi/Eidos opened a Shanghai-based studio, Eidos Shanghai, consisting of a small team to build up relations in Asia. In 2008, SCi/Eidos set up an entity, which later became Square Enix London Studios in their Wimbledon headquarters. In December 2008, SCi rebranded as Eidos plc. Rockpool Games was closed in 2009.


title: Square Enix Europe

text: In February 2009, Square Enix reached an agreement to purchase renamed Eidos plc for , pending shareholder approval, with an initial aim of fully buying Eidos Interactive on 6 May 2009. The offer was backed by majority stakeholder Warner Bros. The date was brought forward, and Square Enix officially took over Eidos on 22 April 2009. Square Enix initially stated that it would let Eidos remain structured as it was at the time of its takeover. In July 2009, it announced that it would merge Eidos with its own pre-existing European subsidiary, Square Enix Limited (itself established in December 1998). The merger would create a new entity, tentatively titled Square Enix Europe. The merger was completed on 9 November 2009 with the Square Enix Europe name being permanently retained as the resulting company name. The company continued to managed its own Western Studios and Eidos Montreal retained its name.


title: Square Enix Europe

text: With the 2013 restructuring of Square Enix, it was hit by layoffs and Rogers became CEO of Americas and Europe. In 2014, Square Enix Collective launched, an indie developer service provider headed by Phil Elliot. Around 2015, Square Enix's Western divisions began "officially working across LA and London". In January 2017, Norwegian studio Artplant purchased former Eidos franchise Project I.G.I.. In November 2017, Square Enix stopped publishing the "Hitman" franchise and sold the IP to game developer IO Interactive. In September 2018, COO Mike Sherlock died, with Square Enix's executive team assuming his immediate responsibilities. In 2018, Square Enix branded their external publishing division Square Enix External Studios, which is headed by Jon Brooke and Lee Singleton. John Heinecke was appointed as CMO for Americas and Europe in October 2018. In June 2020, Square Enix donated $2.4 million to charities around their Western studios and offices, which were partially raised from sales of its discounted Square Enix Eidos Anthology bundle. A new mobile studio called Square Enix London Mobile, working on "Tomb Raider Reloaded" and an unannounced title based on with Navigator Games, was announced on 20 October 2021.


title: Square Enix Europe

text: In May 2022, Square Enix announced to sell several of Square Enix Europe's assets to Embracer Group for . These includes development studios Crystal Dynamics, Eidos-Montréal, Square Enix Montréal, and intellectual properties such as "Tomb Raider," "Deus Ex, Thief, Legacy of" "Kain" alongside "more than 50 back-catalogue games", with the deal expected to be completed in the second quarter of Embracer's financial year. On 20 May 2022, Embracer Group stated an said that the announcement of this acquisition got an "overwhelming and positive response". The deal was completed on 26 August 2022. Embracer announced that the subsidiaries and IPs would form as their 12th operative group, under the leadership of Phil Rogers and his management, and was later given the name of CDE Entertainment. After the sale of those assets and studios, Square Enix Europe will continue with its own projects and publishing games from external studios including "Outriders", "Life Is Strange" and "Just Cause".


title: Square Enix Europe

text: Eidos Shanghai was transferred to Gearbox Entertainment and rebranded as Gearbox Studio Shanghai in November 2022 by Embracer Group.


title: Max Gail

text: Maxwell Trowbridge Gail Jr. (born April 5, 1943) is an American actor who has starred on stage, and in television and film roles. He is best known for his role as Detective Stan "Wojo" Wojciehowicz on the sitcom "Barney Miller" (1975–1982), which earned him two consecutive Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series nominations. Gail also won the 2019 and 2021 Daytime Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Mike Corbin on the soap opera "General Hospital".


title: Max Gail

text: Gail was born in Detroit, Michigan, the son of Mary Elizabeth (née Scanlon) and Maxwell Trowbridge Gail, a businessman, and raised in Grosse Ile, Michigan. He has a twin sister, actress Mary Gail.


title: Max Gail

text: He attended Williams College, and was later an instructor for the University Liggett School before becoming an actor. His acting debut came in 1970 for the Little Fox Theatre in San Francisco, California, playing Chief Bromden in the original stage production of "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest". In 1973, he reprised this role in his New York stage debut.


title: Max Gail

text: Gail is best known for his television role as Det. Stan "Wojo" Wojciehowicz in the sitcom "Barney Miller" (1975–1982). Gail's best-known feature film role is in "D.C. Cab" (1983) as Harold, the owner of the D.C. Cab taxi company. He directed several episodes of "Barney Miller" as Maxwell Gail.


title: Max Gail

text: In 1984, Gail was featured in the monodrama "The Babe" on Broadway. This stage play was filmed and later featured on PBS. Gail has starred in other TV series, including "Whiz Kids" (1983) as Llewellan Farley Jr., an investigative reporter who is friends with a group of teenaged computer hackers. He worked on the short-lived "Normal Life" (1990). He has appeared on the TV series "Sons & Daughters" (2006).


title: Max Gail

text: Gail has made many guest appearances on TV shows such as: "Walker, Texas Ranger" ("Whitewater"); "Cannon", "Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman", "Due South", "The Streets of San Francisco", "Paul Sand in Friends and Lovers", "The Drew Carey Show", "Hawaii Five-0", "Quantum Leap", "Psych", "Longmire", "Gary Unmarried", ""NCIS"", "Scorpion", and "Mad Men".


title: Max Gail

text: Gail appeared as Brooklyn Dodgers manager Burt Shotton in the 2013 film "42", about Jackie Robinson's first two years as a member of the Dodgers organization, including his first year of playing at the major-league level in 1947.


title: Max Gail

text: Gail runs Full Circle, a production company that has featured documentaries on such subjects as Agent Orange, Native Americans, and nuclear issues.


title: Max Gail

text: Gail stepped into the recast role of Mike Corbin on "General Hospital". He debuted on February 5, 2018, and went on to win the 2019 Daytime Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actor.


title: Max Gail

text: Gail's first wife, Willie Bier, died of cancer in 1986 after three years of marriage. The experience inspired Gail to be the narrator of the alternative medicine film documentary "Hoxsey: When Healing Becomes a Crime" (1988). They have a daughter, India. His second wife, Nan, and he have two children, Maxwell and Grace. They separated amicably in 2000. He has been in a relationship with Chris Kaul since 2007. Gail's daughter Grace Gail, who later became a model, married actor Adam Rodriguez in 2016. They have three children, including son Bridgemont Bernard Rodriguez who was born on March 16, 2020.


title: Los ricos también lloran (2022 TV series)

text: Los ricos también lloran (English: "The Rich Also Cry") is a Mexican television series produced by W Studios for TelevisaUnivision. It aired on Las Estrellas from 21 February 2022 to 13 May 2022. It is a reboot based on the 1979 Mexican telenovela of the same name, and the fourth production of the "Fábrica de sueños" franchise. The series stars Sebastián Rulli and Claudia Martín.


text: Mariana (Claudia Martín) is a poor young woman who is left alone in the world and must make her way in life. When she saves the life of Alberto Salvatierra (Guillermo García Cantú), in gratitude he takes her to his house where she meets Luis Alberto Salvatierra (Sebastián Rulli) and they fall deeply in love. To carry on their relationship, Mariana will have to overcome obstacles of social class, education and traumas, while being surrounded by ambitions and betrayals. When Mariana and Luis Alberto are able to realize their love, life will bring them a tragedy: the kidnapping of their son.


text: In October 2018 the series was announced to be part of the "Fábrica de sueños". In May 2021 the series was presented during the Univision upfront for the 2021–2022 television season. Filming began on 20 September 2021, the cast was announced on the same day. Filming ended on 2 March 2022.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: Anti-satellite weapons (ASAT) are space weapons designed to incapacitate or destroy satellites for strategic or tactical


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: purposes. Several nations possess operational ASAT systems. Although no ASAT system has been utilised in warfare, a few countries (China, India, Russia, United Kingdom and the United States) have successfully shot down their own satellites to demonstrate their ASAT capabilities in a show of force. ASATs have also been used to remove decommissioned satellites.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: ASAT roles include: defensive measures against an adversary's space-based and nuclear weapons, a force multiplier for a nuclear first strike, a countermeasure against an adversary's anti-ballistic missile defence (ABM), an asymmetric counter to a technologically superior adversary, and a counter-value weapon.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: Use of ASATs generates space debris, which can collide with other satellites and generate more space debris. A cascading multiplication of space debris could cause Earth to suffer from Kessler syndrome.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: The development and design of anti-satellite weapons has followed a number of paths. The initial efforts by the United States and the Soviet Union used ground-launched missiles from the 1950s; many more exotic proposals came afterwards.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: In the late 1950s, the US Air Force started a series of advanced strategic missile projects under the designation Weapon System WS-199A. One of the projects studied under the 199A umbrella was Martin's "Bold Orion" air-launched ballistic missile (ALBM) for the B-47 Stratojet, based on the rocket motor from the Sergeant missile. Twelve test launches were carried out between 26 May 1958 and 13 October 1959, but these were generally unsuccessful and further work as an ALBM ended. The system was then modified with the addition of an Altair upper stage to create an anti-satellite weapon with a range. Only one test flight of the anti-satellite mission was carried out, making a mock attack on the Explorer 6 at an altitude of . To record its flight path, the "Bold Orion" transmitted telemetry to the ground, ejected flares to aid visual tracking, and was continuously tracked by radar. The missile successfully passed within of the satellite, which would be suitable for use with a nuclear weapon, but useless for conventional warheads.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: A similar project carried out under 199A, Lockheed's High Virgo, was initially another ALBM for the B-58 Hustler, likewise based on the Sergeant. It too was adapted for the anti-satellite role, and made an attempted intercept on Explorer 5 on 22 September 1959. However, shortly after launch communications with the missile were lost and the camera packs could not be recovered to see if the test was successful. In any event, work on the WS-199 projects ended with the start of the GAM-87 Skybolt project. Simultaneous US Navy projects were also abandoned although smaller projects did continue until the early 1970s.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: The use of high-altitude nuclear explosions to destroy satellites was considered after the tests of the first conventional missile systems in the 1960s. During the Hardtack Teak test in 1958 observers noted the damaging effects of the electromagnetic pulse (EMP) caused by the explosions on electronic equipment, and during the Starfish Prime test in 1962 the EMP from a warhead detonated over the Pacific damaged three satellites and also disrupted power transmission and communications across the Pacific. Further testing of weapons effects was carried out under the DOMINIC I series. An adapted version of the nuclear armed Nike Zeus was used for an ASAT from 1962. Codenamed "Mudflap", the missile was designated DM-15S and a single missile was deployed at the Kwajalein atoll until 1966 when the project was ended in favour of the USAF Thor-based Program 437 ASAT which was operational until 6 March 1975.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: Another area of research was directed-energy weapons, including a nuclear-explosion powered X-ray laser proposal developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in 1968. Other research was based on more conventional lasers or masers and developed to include the idea of a satellite with a fixed laser and a deployable mirror for targeting. LLNL continued to consider more edgy technology but their X-ray laser system development was cancelled in 1977 (although research into X-ray lasers was resurrected during the 1980s as part of the SDI).


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: ASATs were generally given low priority until 1982, when information about a successful USSR program became widely known in the west. A "crash program" followed, which developed into the Vought ASM-135 ASAT, based on the AGM-69 SRAM with an Altair upper stage. The system was carried on a modified F-15 Eagle that carried the missile directly under the central line of the plane. The F-15's guidance system was modified for the mission and provided new directional cuing through the pilot's head-up display, and allowed for mid-course updates via a data link. The first launch of the new anti-satellite missile took place in January 1984. The first, and only, successful interception was on 13 September 1985. The F-15 took off from Edwards Air Force Base, climbed to and vertically launched the missile at the Solwind P78-1, a US gamma ray spectroscopy satellite orbiting at , which was launched in 1979. The last piece of debris from the destruction of Solwind P78-1, catalogued as COSPAR 1979-017GX, SATCAT 16564, deorbited 9 May 2004. Although successful, the program was cancelled in 1988.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: On 21 February 2008, the US Navy destroyed the malfunctioning US spy satellite USA-193 using a ship-fired RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 about 247 km (153 mi) above the Pacific Ocean. That test produced 174 pieces of orbital debris large enough to detect that were cataloged by the US military. While most of the debris re-entered the Earth's atmosphere within a few months, a few pieces lasted slightly longer because they were thrown into higher orbits. The final piece of detectable USA-193 debris re-entered on 28 October 2009.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: The specter of bombardment satellites and the reality of ballistic missiles stimulated the Soviet Union to explore defensive space weapons. The Soviet Union first tested the Polyot interceptor in 1963 and successfully tested an orbital anti-satellite (ASAT) weapon in 1968. According to some accounts, Sergei Korolev started some work on the concept in 1956 at his OKB-1, while others attribute the work to Vladimir Chelomei's OKB-52 around 1959. What is certain is that at the beginning of April 1960, Nikita Khrushchev held a meeting at his summer residence in Crimea, discussing an array of defence industry issues. Here, Chelomei outlined his rocket and spacecraft program, and received a go-ahead to start development of the UR-200 rocket, one of its many roles being the launcher for his anti-satellite project. The decision to start work on the weapon, as part of the Istrebitel Sputnikov (IS) (lit. "destroyer of satellites") program, was made in March 1961.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: The IS system was "co-orbital", approaching its target over time and then exploding a shrapnel warhead close enough to kill it. The missile was launched when a target satellite's ground track rises above the launch site. Once the satellite is detected, the missile is launched into orbit close to the targeted satellite. It takes 90 to 200 minutes (or one to two orbits) for the missile interceptor to get close enough to its target. The missile is guided by an on-board radar. The interceptor, which weighs , may be effective up to one kilometre from a target.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: Delays in the UR-200 missile program prompted Chelomei to request R-7 rockets for prototype testing of the IS. Two such tests were carried out on 1 November 1963 and 12 April 1964. Later in the year Khrushchev cancelled the UR-200 in favour of the R-36, forcing the IS to switch to this launcher, whose space launcher version was developed as the Tsyklon-2. Delays in that program led to the introduction of a simpler version, the 2A, which launched its first IS test on 27 October 1967, and a second on 28 April 1968. Further tests carried out against a special target spacecraft, the DS-P1-M, which recorded hits by the IS warhead's shrapnel. A total of 23 launches have been identified as being part of the IS test series. The system was declared operational in February 1973.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: The world's first successful intercept was completed in February 1970. The first successful test (the second overall) achieved 32 hits (each could penetrate 100 mm of armour).


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: Testing resumed in 1976 as a result of the US work on the Space Shuttle. Elements within the Soviet space industry convinced Leonid Brezhnev that the Shuttle was a single-orbit weapon that would be launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base, manoeuvre to avoid existing anti-ballistic missile sites, bomb Moscow in a first strike, and then land. Although the Soviet military was aware these claims were false, Brezhnev believed them and ordered a resumption of IS testing along with a Shuttle of their own. As part of this work the IS system was expanded to allow attacks at higher altitudes and was declared operational in this new arrangement on 1 July 1979. However, in 1983, Yuri Andropov ended all IS testing and all attempts to resume it failed. Ironically, it was at about this point that the US started its own testing in response to the Soviet program.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: In the early 1980s, the Soviet Union also started developing a counterpart to the US air-launched ASAT system, using modified MiG-31D 'Foxhounds' (at least six of which were completed) as the launch platform. The system was called 30P6 "Kontakt", the missile used is 79M6.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: The USSR also experimented with Almaz military space stations, arming them with fixed Rikhter R-23 auto-cannons.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: Another Soviet design was the 11F19DM Skif-DM/Polyus, an orbital battle station with a megawatt-range laser that failed on launch in 1987.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: In 1987, Mikhail Gorbachev visited Baikonur Cosmodrome and was shown an anti-satellite system called "Naryad" (Sentry), also known as 14F11, launched by UR-100N rockets.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: The era of the Strategic Defense Initiative (proposed in 1983) focused primarily on the development of systems to defend against nuclear warheads, however, some of the technologies developed may be useful also for anti-satellite use.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: The Strategic Defense Initiative gave the US and Soviet ASAT programs a major boost; ASAT projects were adapted for ABM use and the reverse was also true. The initial US plan was to use the already-developed MHV as the basis for a space based constellation of about 40 platforms deploying up to 1,500 kinetic interceptors. By 1988 the US project had evolved into an extended four-stage development. The initial stage would consist of the Brilliant Pebbles defence system, a satellite constellation of 4,600 kinetic interceptors (KE ASAT) of each in Low Earth orbit and their associated tracking systems. The next stage would deploy the larger platforms and the following phases would include the laser and charged particle beam weapons that would be developed by that time from existing projects such as MIRACL. The first stage was intended to be completed by 2000 at a cost of around $125 billion.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: Research in the US and the Soviet Union was proving that the requirements, at least for orbital based energy weapon systems, were, with available technology, close to impossible. Nonetheless, the strategic implications of a possible unforeseen breakthrough in technology forced the USSR to initiate massive spending on research in the 12th Five Year Plan, drawing all the various parts of the project together under the control of GUKOS and matching the US proposed deployment date of 2000. Ultimately, the Soviet Union approached the point of experimental implementation of orbital laser platforms with the (failed) launch of Polyus.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: Both countries began to reduce expenditure from 1989 and the Russian Federation unilaterally discontinued all SDI research in 1992. Research and Development (both of ASAT systems and other space based/deployed weapons) has, however, reported to have been resumed under the government of Vladimir Putin as a counter to renewed US Strategic Defense efforts post Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty. However, the status of these efforts, or indeed how they are being funded through National Reconnaissance Office projects of record, remains unclear. The US has begun working on a number of programs which could be foundational for a space-based ASAT. These programs include the Experimental Spacecraft System (USA-165), the Near Field Infrared Experiment (NFIRE), and the space-based interceptor (SBI).


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: On November 1, 2022, a U.N. working group adopted for the first time a resolution calling on countries to ban destructive anti-satellite missile tests. Although not legally binding, the resolution reflects an increase in international political support for a ban on these weapons. Other countries have noted that the United States has already tested its ASAT destruction capability and, therefore, this U.S.-backed resolution limits the progress of the other countries.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: On 11 January 2007, the People's Republic of China successfully destroyed a defunct Chinese weather satellite, Fengyun-1C (FY-1C, COSPAR ). The destruction was reportedly carried out by an SC-19 ASAT missile with a kinetic kill warhead similar in concept to the American Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle. FY-1C was a weather satellite orbiting Earth in polar orbit at an altitude of about , with a mass of about . Launched in 1999, it was the fourth satellite in the Fengyun series.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: The missile was launched from a mobile Transporter-Erector-Launcher (TEL) vehicle at Xichang () and the warhead destroyed the satellite in a head-on collision at an extremely high relative velocity. Evidence suggests that the same SC-19 system was also tested in 2005, 2006, 2010, and 2013. In January 2007 China demonstrated a satellite knock out whose detonation alone caused more than 40,000 new chunks of debris with a diameter larger than one centimeter and a sudden increase in the total amount of debris in orbit.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: In May 2013, the Chinese government announced the launch of a suborbital rocket carrying a scientific payload to study the upper ionosphere. However, US government sources described it as the first test of a new ground-based ASAT system. An open source analysis, based in part on commercial satellite imagery, found that it may indeed have been a test of a new ASAT system that could potentially threaten US satellites in geostationary Earth orbit. Similarly on 5 February 2018, China tested an exoatmospheric ballistic missile with the potential to be used as an ASAT weapon, the Dong Neng-3, with state media reporting that the test was purely defensive and it achieved its desired objectives.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: USA-193 was an American reconnaissance satellite, which was launched on 14 December 2006 by a Delta II rocket, from Vandenberg Air Force Base. It was reported about a month after launch that the satellite had failed. In January 2008, it was noted that the satellite was decaying from orbit at a rate of per day. On 14 February 2008, it was reported that the United States Navy had been instructed to fire an RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 ABM weapon at it, to act as an anti-satellite weapon.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: According to the US government, the primary reason for destroying the satellite was the approximately of toxic hydrazine fuel contained on board, which could pose health risks to persons in the immediate vicinity of the crash site should any significant amount survive the re-entry. On 20 February 2008, it was announced that the launch was carried out successfully and an explosion was observed consistent with the destruction of the hydrazine fuel tank.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: In April 2012, DRDO's chairman V. K. Saraswat said that India possessed the critical technologies for an ASAT weapon from radars and interceptors developed for Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme. In July 2012, Ajay Lele, an Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses fellow, wrote that an ASAT test would bolster India's position if an international regime to control the proliferation of ASATs similar to NPT were to be established. He suggested that a low-orbit test against a purpose-launched satellite would not be seen as irresponsible. The programme was sanctioned in 2017.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: On 27 March 2019, India successfully conducted an ASAT test called Mission Shakti. The interceptor was able to strike a test satellite at a altitude in low earth orbit (LEO), thus successfully testing its ASAT missile. The interceptor was launched at around 05:40 UTC at the Integrated Test Range (ITR) in Chandipur, Odisha and hit its target Microsat-R after 168 seconds. The operation was named "Mission Shakti". The missile system was developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)—a research wing of the Indian defence services. With this test, India became the fourth nation with anti-satellite missile capabilities. India stated that this capability is a deterrent and is not directed against any nation.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: In a statement released after the test, Indian Ministry of External Affairs said that the test was conducted at low altitude to ensure that the resulting debris would "decay and fall back onto the Earth within weeks". According to Jonathan McDowell, an astrophysicist at Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, some debris might persist for a year, but most should burn up in the atmosphere within several weeks. Brian Weeden of Secure World Foundation agreed, but warned about the possibility of some fragments getting boosted to higher orbits. US Air Force Space Command said that it was tracking 270 pieces of debris from the test.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: Following the test, acting United States Secretary of Defense Patrick Shanahan warned about the risks of space debris caused by ASAT tests, but later added that he did not expect debris from the Indian test to last. The United States Department of State acknowledged Ministry of External Affairs' statement on space debris and reiterated its intention to pursue shared interests in space including on space security with India. Russia acknowledged India's statement on the test not being targeted against any nation and invited India to join the Russian–Chinese proposal for a treaty against weaponisation of space.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: The successful flight test of Russia's direct ascent anti-satellite missile, known as PL-19 Nudol, took place on 18 November 2015, according to defence officials familiar with reports of the test.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: In May 2016, Russia tested the Nudol for the second time. It was launched from the Plesetsk cosmodrome test launch facility, located north of Moscow.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: Three more launches were reportedly held in December 2016, on 26 March 2018, and on 23 December 2018the latter two from a TEL.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: On 15 April 2020, US officials said Russia conducted a direct ascent anti-satellite missile test that could take out spacecraft or satellites in low Earth orbit. A new test launch took place on 16 December 2020.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: In November 2021, Kosmos 1408 was successfully destroyed by a Russian anti-satellite missile in a test, causing a debris field that affected the International Space Station.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: While it has been suggested that a country intercepting the satellites of another country in a conflict, namely between China and the United States, could seriously hinder the latter's military operations, the ease of shooting down orbiting satellites and their effects on operations has been questioned. Although satellites have been successfully intercepted at low orbiting altitudes, the tracking of military satellites for a length of time could be complicated by defensive measures like inclination changes. Depending on the level of tracking capabilities, the interceptor would have to pre-determine the point of impact while compensating for the satellite's lateral movement and the time for the interceptor to climb and move.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: US intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) satellites orbit at about high and move at , so a Chinese Intermediate-range ballistic missile would need to compensate for of movement in the three minutes it takes to boost to that altitude. Even if an ISR satellite is knocked out, the US possesses an extensive array of manned and unmanned ISR aircraft that could perform missions at standoff ranges from Chinese land-based air defences, making them somewhat higher priority targets that would consume fewer resources to better engage.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: The Global Positioning System and communications satellites orbit at higher altitudes of and respectively, putting them out of range of solid-fuelled Intercontinental ballistic missiles. Liquid-fuelled space launch vehicles could reach those altitudes, but they are more time-consuming to launch and could be attacked on the ground before being able to launch in rapid succession. The constellation of 30 GPS satellites provides redundancy where at least four satellites can be received in six orbital planes at any one time, so an attacker would need to disable at least six satellites to disrupt the network.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: Even if this is achieved, signal degradation only lasts for 95 minutes, leaving little time to take much decisive action, and backup inertial navigation systems (INS) would still be available for relatively accurate movement as well as laser guidance for weapons targeting. For communications, the Naval Telecommunications System (NTS) used by the US Navy uses three elements: tactical communications among a battle group; long-haul communications between shore-based forward Naval Communications Stations (NAVCOMSTAs) and deployed afloat units; and strategic communication connecting NAVCOMSTAs with National Command Authorities (NCA).


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: The first two elements use line-of-sight () and extended line-of-sight () radios respectively, so only strategic communications are dependent on satellites. China would prefer to cut off deployed units from each other and then negotiate with the NCA to have the battle group withdraw or stand down, but ASATs could only achieve the opposite. Even if somehow a communications satellite were hit, a battle group could still perform its missions in the absence of direct guidance from the NCA.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: The Arrow 3 or Hetz 3 is an anti-ballistic missile, currently in service. It provides exo-atmospheric interception of ballistic missiles. It is also believed (by experts such as Prof. Yitzhak Ben Yisrael, chairman of the Israel Space Agency), that it will operate as an ASAT.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: In a televised press briefing during the 97th Indian Science Congress held in Thiruvananthapuram, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) Director General Rupesh announced that India was developing the necessary technology that could be combined to produce a weapon to destroy enemy satellites in orbit. On 10 February 2010, DRDO Director-General and Scientific Advisor to the Defence Minister, Dr. Vijay Kumar Saraswat stated that India had "all the building blocks necessary" to integrate an anti-satellite weapon to neutralize hostile satellites in low earth and polar orbits.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: India is known to have been developing an exo-atmospheric kill vehicle that can be integrated with the missile to engage satellites. On 27 March 2019, India tested its ASAT missile ("Mission Shakti") destroying a pre-determined target of a live satellite. The DRDO's ballistic missile defence interceptor was used on an Indian satellite for the test. Microsat-R is the suspected target of the Indian ASAT experiment.


title: Anti-satellite weapon

text: In the early 1980s, the Soviet Union had developed two MiG-31D 'Foxhounds' as a launch platform for a potential Vympel Anti-Satellite weapon system. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, this project was put on hold due to reduced defence expenditures. However, in August 2009, the Russian Air Force had announced the resumption of this program. Further reports in May 2010 based on statements from Col. Eduard Sigalov in Russia's air and space defence forces, indicated that Russia was "developing a fundamentally new weapon that can destroy potential targets in space." The Sokol Eshelon is a prototype laser system based on an A-60 airplane which is reported to be restarting development in 2012.


title: Toyota Corolla (E110)

text: Introduced in May 1995, the eighth generation shared its platform (and doors, on some models) with its predecessor. Due to a recession at the time, Toyota ordered Corolla development chief Takayasu Honda to cut costs, hence the carry-over engineering.


title: Toyota Corolla (E110)

text: This was the last Corolla generation to have an equivalent Sprinter model, and the Levin sports package upgrade. The Sprinter Carib wagon was identical to the European Corolla wagon and was only available in Japan as a Sprinter. The previous generation E104 Corolla Touring Wagon continued to be sold alongside it. The Sprinter, exclusive to "Toyota Auto Store" Japanese dealerships was renamed the Toyota Allex and was modified from a sedan to five-door hatchback.


title: Toyota Corolla (E110)

text: Japanese models received minor changes in April 1997 with new nose, tail and interior. The rear panel is totally different, therefore the trunk and tail lights are not interchangeable between the old and facelift models. The new Japanese rear panel is the same as the European model. Japanese models were replaced by the E120 in 2000.


title: Toyota Corolla (E110)

text: This generation of the Corolla was launched in December 1995. Initially it was offered in XLi, SE-G, and S-Cruise grades, all powered by the 1.6-liter 4A-FE engine. The SE-G and S-Cruise came standard with a driver airbag, which made them the first cars to offer this safety equipment in the Indonesian compact car segment.


title: Toyota Corolla (E110)

text: The facelifted 1.8 XLi and 1.8 SE-G came in April 1998. In addition to the newer 1.8-liter 7A-FE engine, the Corolla received new front and rear body panels and upgraded interior. The SE-G also came standard with ABS and an additional passenger airbag.


title: Toyota Corolla (E110)

text: On the island of Batam, where used imports from Singapore are popular, the Corolla GLi E110 is one of the most common models, in the private car and taxi segment. Together with the local XLi and SE-G, the Singaporean GLi are common sights in this island. The majority of the E110s are the facelifted North American/Japan/Asian models, although there are a few pre-facelift 1995 models.


title: Toyota Corolla (E110)

text: In Malaysia, the E110 series Corolla was offered in two grades from February 1996, GLi and SE-G. Both were powered by the 1.6-liter 4A-FE engine. The SE-G and GLi came standard with airbags. 7330 Corollas were built in Malaysia in 1996.


title: Toyota Corolla (E110)

text: A facelift was offered in 2 grades, SE-G and GLi variants was offered in April 1998. In addition to the bigger 1.8-liter 7A-FE "Hi-Torq" engine, the Corolla received new front and rear body panels, upgraded interior, and ABS was also standard on the SE-G.


title: Toyota Corolla (E110)

text: In the Philippines, nicknamed ""Love Life"" and later as ""Baby Altis"", the E110 Corolla was originally available in three grades: XL, XE and GLi, all launched in December 1997. The 1.3L 2E and 1.6L 4A-FE engines as well as the 5-speed manual and 4-speed automatic transmissions are carried over from the previous generation.


title: Toyota Corolla (E110)

text: At introduction, the GLi is the top-of-the-line model, featuring a 1.6L 4A-FE engine and trim-exclusive Red Mica body paint. This specification had power windows and locks, an optional spoiler, a digital clock with an Alpine 4-channel head unit, standard ABS, and TVSS (Toyota Vehicle Security System) keyless locks, and was available with either a 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic transmission.


title: Toyota Corolla (E110)

text: A special variant named TOM'S Toyota Corolla Turbo that was based on the GLi trim was offered in 1999 through dealers where it sold body kits and a complete turbo kit for its 1.6L 4A-FE engine developed by TOM'S.


title: Toyota Corolla (E110)

text: The 1.3 XE is a step up from the standard XL grade, adding a dual SRS airbag, 14-inch alloy wheels, and a Fujitsu Ten 4-channel audio unit, as well as being available only with a 5-speed manual transmission.


title: Toyota Corolla (E110)

text: The 1.3 XL was the Corolla's cheapest model at launch, equipped with basic features like a two-spoke polypropylene steering wheel, wind-up windows, 13" steel wheels, Fujitsu Ten 2-channel stereo, and 5-speed manual transmission. It was sold as rental cars and taxis alongside the E120 Corolla Altis until May 2004, when it was replaced by the newly launched Toyota Vios.


title: Toyota Corolla (E110)

text: In 1999, a new 1.3 LE trim was introduced, with comparable features to the XL and XE grades but with a 5-speed manual transmission and 14-inch alloy wheels; it was phased out in early 2003 and replaced by the Vios E and G trims.


title: Toyota Corolla (E110)

text: The XE and GLi versions were redesigned in early 2000. The name 'Corolla Altis' was first applied to a new 1.8 SE-G trim with identical features to the GLi, including a new 1.8L 7A-FE engine, modified front and rear body panels, a remodeled grill, and a 4-speed automatic transmission. All were available until mid-2001, with the exception of the XL and LE trims.


title: Toyota Corolla (E110)

text: The E110 was one of the best-selling cars during its time in Singapore. It was commonly used as a taxicab there. Many of these cars were exported to Batam for use as taxis in the 2000s.


title: Toyota Corolla (E110)

text: In Thailand, the E110 series Corolla was launched in 1996. It was initially offered in GXi, SE-G and DXi trim levels — all were powered by the 1.6-liter 4A-FE engine. The SE-G and DXi came standard with airbags, which made them the first cars in the Thailand compact care segment to offer this safety equipment.


title: Toyota Corolla (E110)

text: A facelift model appeared in April 1998, offered in two grades: GXi and SE-G. In addition to the bigger 1.8-liter 7A-FE "Hi-Torq" engine, the facelifted Corolla received new front and rear body panels, upgraded interior, and ABS was standard on the SE-G.


title: Toyota Corolla (E110)

text: Introduced in 1997 (1998 model year), all Corollas for the North American market were built in Fremont, California (by NUMMI) or Cambridge, Ontario (by TMMC). Unlike the Japanese counterparts, the North American Corolla at this time was only offered as a four-door compact sedan. A new all-aluminum 1ZZ-FE engine powered all Corollas, making this generation lighter than its predecessor. This new engine uses a timing chain instead of a timing belt. It also incorporated laser etched valve guides directly in the block, rather than the old shrink-to-fit valve guides in the preceding Corolla motors (4A-FE & 7A-FE). This prevents oil burning and valve guide failure in the future.


title: Toyota Corolla (E110)

text: In North America, only sedans were offered, and all came with day-time running lights. This Corolla has a maximum legal carrying capacity of . Trim levels are VE, CE and LE. The VE model was the base model available in a 3-speed automatic or the 5-speed manual transmission with 175/65R14 tires. The CE and LE models offered either the 4-speed automatic with overdrive or the 5-speed manual transmission with 185/65R14 tires. Some options for the CE and LE models included a power sunroof, and an optional Touring Package. This package contained color matched side skirts, color matched rear mudflaps, a white faced instrument cluster with tachometer and outside temperature gauge, and aluminum wheels. Side airbags and ABS were optional for the CE and LE models, but very few of them actually had them. The first batch of 1998 Corolla VE's did not have a front sway bar, but by June 1998 it was included on all models. VVT-i variable valve timing and individual coils for each cylinder were added to the engine in the 2000 model year with a small increase in power from to along with child seat anchors added on the rear deck. The then-recently introduced VVT-i optimizes cam and valve timing to reduce emissions, and the addition of individual coils for each cylinder helped control spark timing to each individual cylinder.


title: Toyota Corolla (E110)

text: For the 2001 model year (2000 calendar year), the VE was replaced by a new S model. The CE now became a base model, still offered in 5-speed manual or 3-speed automatic transmission, and the sporty S served as the new Touring Package, which came with a 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic transmission. The 2001 model year also got a slight refresh with the new front headlights/corner lights, redesigned front bumper, auxiliary DC power port with a higher armrest (LE and S models), inside trunk release for accidental lockouts in the trunk, new controls for the air conditioner that had the rear glass defrost button relocated with a button for the recirculation of air, and round reverse lights. The 'sportiness' of the S model built upon the VE models with a gauge cluster with tachometer in a red/black theme with an outside temperature gauge, the lightweight 3-spoke steering wheel used in the Toyota Celica of the same model year, a charcoal gray and black interior with lighter seats, standard front fog lamps, color matched side skirts, color matched rear mudflaps, color matched door handles and side mirrors, a color matched front grill, a trunk release lever next to the gasoline cap door lever (but not on the remote fob), a trunk light, 14" S model wheel covers, and lighted map lights on the rear view mirror. The S model lacked the 60/40 folding rear seats in other models. Aside from the slightly larger tires and a slightly stiffened rear suspension for a minor improvement in handling, the S model had very minimal performance advantage (if any) over the other models; it was mainly a styling and appearance package, similar to the Touring Package it had replaced.


title: Toyota Corolla (E110)

text: The 2002 model year was short-lived and was only produced until the end of 2001 to make way for the redesigned model which launched in early 2002 for the 2003 model year.


title: Toyota Corolla (E110)

text: Official Toyota accessories available through dealerships for all trim levels of the eighth generation Corolla included: front-end mask, gold emblem package, color-keyed rear spoiler with center high-mount stop lamp, wheel covers, aluminum alloy wheels, wheel locks, mudguards, sunroof wind deflector (LE and S models only), genuine wood dash appliqué, carpeted floor mats, all-weather floor mats, carpeted trunk mat, trunk cargo net, Toyota VIP RS3000 remote keyless security system, 6-disc trunk-mounted CD changer, compact disc deck (fits in storage bin), and a 6-disc in-dash CD changer.


title: Toyota Corolla (E110)

text: This range had different front and rear ends to the Japanese models, though the sides and interior remained mostly the same. It can be distinguished by the round headlights and mesh grille. As a result, a sporting model with a six-speed gearbox was offered. The European three-door hatchback is the base for the Corolla World Rally Car (WRC) that competed in the World Rally Championship from 1997 to 2000.