title: Vascular dementia

text: The recommended investigations for cognitive impairment include: blood tests (for anemia, vitamin deficiency, thyrotoxicosis, infection, etc.), chest X-Ray, ECG, and neuroimaging, preferably a scan with a functional or metabolic sensitivity beyond a simple CT or MRI. When available as a diagnostic tool, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) neuroimaging may be used to confirm a diagnosis of multi-infarct dementia in conjunction with evaluations involving mental status examination. In a person already having dementia, SPECT appears to be superior in differentiating multi-infarct dementia from Alzheimer's disease, compared to the usual mental testing and medical history analysis. Advances have led to the proposal of new diagnostic criteria.


title: Vascular dementia

text: The screening blood tests typically include full blood count, liver function tests, thyroid function tests, lipid profile, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C reactive protein, syphilis serology, calcium serum level, fasting glucose, urea, electrolytes, vitamin B-12, and folate. In selected patients, HIV serology and certain autoantibody testing may be done.


title: Vascular dementia

text: Mixed dementia is diagnosed when people have evidence of Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular disease, either clinically or based on neuro-imaging evidence of ischemic lesions.


title: Vascular dementia

text: Gross examination of the brain may reveal noticeable lesions and damage to blood vessels. Accumulation of various substances such as lipid deposits and clotted blood appear on microscopic views. The white matter is most affected, with noticeable atrophy (tissue loss), in addition to calcification of the arteries. Microinfarcts may also be present in the gray matter (cerebral cortex), sometimes in large numbers.


title: Vascular dementia

text: Although atheroma of the major cerebral arteries is typical in vascular dementia, smaller vessels and arterioles are mainly affected.


title: Vascular dementia

text: Early detection and accurate diagnosis are important, as vascular dementia is at least partially preventable. Ischemic changes in the brain are irreversible, but the patient with vascular dementia can demonstrate periods of stability or even mild improvement. Since stroke is an essential part of vascular dementia, the goal is to prevent new strokes. This is attempted through reduction of stroke risk factors, such as high blood pressure, high blood lipid levels, atrial fibrillation, or diabetes mellitus. Meta-analyses have found that medications for high blood pressure are effective at prevention of pre-stroke dementia, which means that high blood pressure treatment should be started early. These medications include angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, diuretics, calcium channel blockers, sympathetic nerve inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists or adrenergic antagonists. Elevated lipid levels, including HDL, were found to increase risk of vascular dementia. However, six large recent reviews showed that therapy with statin drugs was ineffective in treatment or prevention of this dementia. Aspirin is a medication that is commonly prescribed for prevention of strokes and heart attacks; it is also frequently given to patients with dementia. However, its efficacy in slowing progression of dementia or improving cognition has not been supported by studies. Smoking cessation and Mediterranean diet have not been found to help patients with cognitive impairment; physical activity was consistently the most effective method of preventing cognitive decline.


title: Vascular dementia

text: Currently, there are no medications that have been approved specifically for prevention or treatment of vascular dementia. The use of medications for treatment of Alzheimer's dementia, such as cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, has shown small improvement of cognition in vascular dementia. This is most likely due to the drugs' actions on co-existing AD-related pathology. Multiple studies found a small benefit in VaD treatment with: memantine, a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist; cholinesterase inhibitors galantamine, donepezil, rivastigmine; Studies have been proposed to evaluate whether an extract of "Ginkgo biloba EGb761" improves cognition, daily activities, and quality of life in treating vascular dementia.


title: Vascular dementia

text: In those with celiac disease or non-celiac gluten sensitivity, a strict gluten-free diet may relieve symptoms of mild cognitive impairment. It should be started as soon as possible. There is no evidence that a gluten free diet is useful against advanced dementia. People with no digestive symptoms are less likely to receive early diagnosis and treatment.


title: Vascular dementia

text: General management of dementia includes referral to community services, aid with judgment and decision-making regarding legal and ethical issues (e.g., driving, capacity, advance directives), and consideration of caregiver stress. Behavioral and affective symptoms deserve special consideration in this patient group. These problems tend to resist conventional psychopharmacological treatment, and often lead to hospital admission and placement in permanent care.


title: Vascular dementia

text: Many studies have been conducted to determine average survival of patients with dementia. The studies were frequently small and limited, which caused contradictory results in the connection of mortality to the type of dementia and the patient's gender. A very large study conducted in Netherlands in 2015 found that the one-year mortality was three to four times higher in patients after their first referral to a day clinic for dementia, when compared to the general population. If the patient was hospitalized for dementia, the mortality was even higher than in patients hospitalized for cardiovascular disease. Vascular dementia was found to have either comparable or worse survival rates when compared to Alzheimer's Disease; another very large 2014 Swedish study found that the prognosis for VaD patients was worse for male and older patients.


title: Vascular dementia

text: Unlike Alzheimer's disease, which weakens the patient, causing them to succumb to bacterial infections like pneumonia, vascular dementia can be a direct cause of death due to the possibility of a fatal interruption in the brain's blood supply.


title: Vascular dementia

text: Vascular dementia is the second-most-common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease (AD) in older adults. The prevalence of the illness is 1.5% in Western countries and approximately 2.2% in Japan. It accounts for 50% of all dementias in Japan, 20% to 40% in Europe and 15% in Latin America. 25% of stroke patients develop new-onset dementia within one year of their stroke. One study found that in the United States, the prevalence of vascular dementia in all people over the age of 71 is 2.43%, and another found that the prevalence of the dementias doubles with every 5.1 years of age. The incidence peaks between the fourth and the seventh decades of life and 80% of patients have a history of hypertension.


title: Vascular dementia

text: A recent meta-analysis identified 36 studies of prevalent stroke (1.9 million participants) and 12 studies of incident stroke (1.3 million participants). For prevalent stroke, the pooled hazard ratio for all-cause dementia was 1.69 (95% confidence interval: 1.49–1.92; "P" < .00001; I = 87%). For incident stroke, the pooled risk ratio was 2.18 (95% confidence interval: 1.90–2.50; "P" < .00001; I = 88%). Study characteristics did not modify these associations, with the exception of sex, which explained 50.2% of between-study heterogeneity for prevalent stroke. These results confirm that stroke is a strong, independent, and potentially modifiable risk factor for all-cause dementia.


title: Aurora (mythology)

text: Like Greek "Eos" and Rigvedic "Ushas", "Aurōra" continues the name of an earlier Indo-European dawn goddess, "Hausos".


title: Aurora (mythology)

text: Aurōra stems from Proto-Italic "*ausōs", and ultimately from Proto-Indo-European "*héusōs", the "dawn" conceived as divine entity. It has cognates in the goddesses Ēṓs, Uṣas, Aušrinė, Auseklis and Ēastre.


title: Aurora (mythology)

text: In Roman mythology, Aurōra renews herself every morning and flies across the sky, announcing the arrival of the Sun. Her parentage was flexible: for Ovid, she could equally be "Pallantis", signifying the daughter of Pallas, or the daughter of Hyperion. She has two siblings, a brother (Sol, the Sun) and a sister (Luna, the Moon). Roman writers rarely imitated Hesiod and later Greek poets by naming Aurōra as the mother of the Anemoi (the Winds), who were the offspring of Astraeus, the father of the stars.


title: Aurora (mythology)

text: Aurōra appears most often in sexual poetry with one of her mortal lovers. A myth taken from the Greek by Roman poets tells that one of her lovers was the prince of Troy, Tithonus. Tithonus was a mortal, and would therefore age and die. Wanting to be with her lover for all eternity, Aurōra asked Jupiter to grant immortality to Tithonus. Jupiter granted her wish, but she failed to ask for eternal youth to accompany his immortality, and he continued to age, eventually becoming forever old. Aurōra turned him into a cicada.


title: Aurora (mythology)

text: Ovid's "Heroides" (16.201-202), Paris names his well-known family members, among which Aurōra's lover as follows:


title: Aurora (mythology)

text: In Chapter 8 of Charlotte Brontë's "Villette", Madame Beck fires her old Governess first thing in the morning and is described by the narrator, Lucy Snowe: "All this, I say, was done between the moment of Madame Beck's issuing like Aurōra from her chamber, and that in which she coolly sat down to pour out her first cup of coffee."


title: Aurora (mythology)

text: The 20th-century Polish poet Zbigniew Herbert wrote about Aurōra's grandchildren. In his poem they are ugly, even though they will grow to be beautiful ("Kwestia Smaku").


title: Aurora (mythology)

text: The first and strongest of the 50 Spacer worlds in "The Caves of Steel" and subsequent novels by Isaac Asimov is named after the goddess Aurora. Its capital city is Eos.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Skinny Puppy is a Canadian industrial music group formed in Vancouver in 1982. The group is among the founders of the industrial rock and electro-industrial genres. Initially envisioned as an experimental side-project by cEvin Key (Kevin Crompton) while he was in the new wave band Images in Vogue, Skinny Puppy evolved into a full-time project with the addition of vocalist Nivek Ogre (Kevin Ogilvie).


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Over the course of 13 studio albums and many live tours, Key and Ogre have been the only constant members. Other members have included Dwayne Goettel (1986–1995, also died in 1995), Dave "Rave" Ogilvie (long-time associate and producer from 1984–1996, and an official member from 1987–1988; not a relative of Kevin Ogilvie), Bill Leeb (1984–1986, under the pseudonym Wilhelm Schroeder), Mark Walk (2003–present), and a number of guests, including Al Jourgensen (1989), Danny Carey (2004), and many others.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: After the self-release of their first cassette demo in 1984, Skinny Puppy soon signed to Vancouver label Nettwerk, anchoring its early roster. From their Nettwerk debut "Remission" in 1984 to their 1992 album "Last Rights", Skinny Puppy developed into an influential band with a dedicated cult following, fusing elements of industrial, funk,


title: Skinny Puppy

text: noise, new wave, electro, and rock music and making innovative use of sampling. Over the course of several tours of North America and Europe in this period, they became known for theatrical, horror-themed live performances and videos, drawing attention to issues such as chemical warfare and animal testing.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: In 1993, Skinny Puppy left Nettwerk and long-time producer Rave, signing with American Recordings and relocating to Malibu, California, where drug problems and tension between band members plagued the recording of their next album, "The Process" (1996). Ogre quit Skinny Puppy in June 1995, and Goettel died of a heroin overdose two months later. Key and Ogre, already active in a number of other projects, went their separate ways, reuniting for a one-off Skinny Puppy concert at the Doomsday Festival in Dresden, Germany, in 2000. Reforming Skinny Puppy in 2003 with producer Mark Walk, they released their ninth album, "The Greater Wrong of the Right" (2004), which was followed by the release of the albums "Mythmaker" (2007) and "HanDover" (2011). In 2013, they released the album "Weapon", which was inspired by allegations that their music had been used for torture in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Skinny Puppy formed in 1982 as a side project for Kevin Crompton in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Crompton was dissatisfied with the pop direction of the band he was in, Images in Vogue, and began Skinny Puppy with the intention of doing something more compelling and experimental. Images in Vogue had become a popular act in Vancouver, achieving several radio hits and opening for groups such as Duran Duran, Depeche Mode, and Roxy Music. Crompton had planned Skinny Puppy to be a side project while he continued his work in Images in Vogue; however, when Images in Vogue relocated to Toronto, Crompton made Skinny Puppy his full-time project. Crompton had already created the name for the project and recorded several songs when he asked Kevin Graham Ogilvie to join. Ogilvie had been a roommate of Images in Vogue member Gary Blair Smith and had met Crompton at a party in late 1982. To avoid the confusion of having two people named Kevin in one band, the pair created stage names, with Crompton becoming cEvin Key and Ogilvie becoming Nivek Ogre.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Using Key's apartment as a makeshift studio, the duo began recording songs and in 1983 with the help of Images in Vogue recording engineer Dave "Rave" Ogilvie (no relation to Ogre), Skinny Puppy released the EP "Back & Forth". This was the beginning of a long partnership between Skinny Puppy and Rave, who would serve as their producer until 1993, and again in 1995, and was occasionally listed as a member of the band in album liner notes. Though only 35 copies were ever printed, the self-released "Back & Forth" drew the attention of Vancouver startup label Nettwerk, who signed the band later that year. The first live Skinny Puppy show was held at the Unovis art gallery in Vancouver in February 1984; the British group Alien Sex Fiend were among the 300 people in attendance.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Ogre has said that Skinny Puppy acted as an escape for Key, who wished to distance himself from Images in Vogue: "He was looking for something to break out of [Images in Vogue], and maybe I was it". Key would continue to drum for Images in Vogue until the group relocated to Toronto in 1985. Key's concept behind Skinny Puppy came from the group's first song ever recorded, "K-9". The idea, according to Key, was to create music which explored "life as seen through a dog's eyes". Skinny Puppy also incorporated the use of "B-grade horror movie visuals", including fake blood and props, into their live performances. Key justified these "shock gore" antics with the following:


title: Skinny Puppy

text: What we're presenting isn't much different from what [the audience] is subjected to in everyday life. For example, a commercial is a very plastic view of existence and reality. When you watch a TV show and see a world with picture-perfect endings, all you have to do is switch the station and watch the news.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Having scored a record deal with Nettwerk and with interest surrounding the "Back & Forth" EP growing, Skinny Puppy was invited to Vancouver's Mushroom Studios to work on new material. It was here that the group recruited Bill Leeb to perform bass synth and backing vocals. Like Ogre and Key before him, Leeb created a stage name, Wilhelm Schroeder; "my real name is Wilhelm" said Leeb, "Schroeder we picked out from the guy playing the piano in the Charlie Brown cartoon". Skinny Puppy released their second EP, "Remission" in December 1984, almost a year following "Back & Forth".


title: Skinny Puppy

text: "Remission" marked the first time Skinny Puppy would collaborate with artist Steven Gilmore, who created the album artwork. The EP was initially only released in vinyl, but was later given a cassette release in 1985. According to Nettwerk VP of A&R and Marketing George Maniatis, "Remission" "grabbed everybody by the you-know-whats" and, for Nettwerk Records, brought with it an association with industrial dance music. The EP was supported by music videos for the songs "Far Too Frail" and "Smothered Hope", the latter of which being the closest thing to a hit song any North American industrial act had achieved at the time.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Skinny Puppy released its first full-length album, "Bites", in 1985 and was produced by Key and Dave Ogilvie. Tom Ellard of the Australian electronic act Severed Heads lent a hand to the production of "Bites", acting as a producer and performing various sampling and mixing duties. Described by "Billboard" magazine as "techno dance...a la Kraftwerk", "Bites" yielded the underground hit "Assimilate". Key and Ogre opened for Chris & Cosey on their 1985 Canadian tour as Hell 'O' Death Day; some of the material the duo had performed would appear on "Bites" as bonus tracks. One of these bonus tracks, a song called "The Centre Bullet", featured lyrics by Legendary Pink Dots founder Edward Ka-Spel.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: While Skinny Puppy had become well received by underground audiences in most major urban areas, due in part to their anti-consumerist themes and Cure-like aesthetics, not everyone was friendly to the group. Key described Skinny Puppy as the antithesis of "the Bruce Springsteen mentality of music", rejecting "Top 40 conformity". Toronto-based music journalist and DJ Greg Clow recalled Michael Williams, who was a VJ for Muchmusic, introducing him to Skinny Puppy, describing them as "Canada's answer to Depeche Mode".


title: Skinny Puppy

text: In 1986, Nettwerk made a distribution deal with Capitol Records, allowing Skinny Puppy and others in Nettwerk's roster to expand their respective audiences. Capitol manager Stephen Powers stated that signing groups such as Skinny Puppy gave the company "a real credibility" with the alternative and college music scenes. Skinny Puppy also signed to Play It Again Sam, allowing the group's music to expand into Europe. It was this expansion into the European market that would help to make Skinny Puppy a "cash cow" for Nettwerk in the early years. In a 2007 interview with CraveOnline, Ogre commented on Skinny Puppy's time with Capitol, saying:


title: Skinny Puppy

text: We're so lucky to have gotten here, and if we look back on the fact that we were on Capitol Records at a certain point, being distributed and making these albums under budget… there was one year when we were the only band on the label to profit, when MC Hammer lost a shitload of money. I can still appreciate how odd it was that we had the chance to do that because it doesn't really happen in a lot of cases.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Bill Leeb left Skinny Puppy in 1986 to pursue his own musical project, Front Line Assembly. Leeb gave his reasons for leaving the group stating that his bandmates expressed different ideas from his own and that he had been interested in singing. Leeb's replacement would be quiet Alberta native Dwayne Goettel. A classically trained musician, Goettel had been in a duo named Water with vocalist Sandy Weir and had worked with the synthpop band Psyche, among others.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Skinny Puppy's production values improved with the addition of Goettel, with Key remarking that "Dwayne brought us a whole new sense and aesthetic that we didn't have. Up to that point, we were really punk rock in our approach". Key continued on that "he [Goettel] had an incredible knowledge of equipment and at a very early stage was really the master of sampling, which had really just begun". Goettel's contributions to Skinny Puppy's second full-length effort, 1986's "", helped to propel the band towards the style of their "chaotic future masterworks". To promote the album, the band made an appearance on CBC Radio's "Brave New Waves" program in September 1986, and released their first single, "Dig It". A music video for "Dig It" was produced and received extensive airplay on MTV.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Further promotion for the album came from a world tour with the band Severed Heads. The tour proved to be a vital learning experience for the group, having encounters with, according to Key, "tour managers and agents that didn't pay us". In 1987, the song "Stairs and Flowers" was released as a single, as was a new song titled "Chainsaw". The group attracted the attention of the Parent Music Resource Center (PMRC), which named "Mind: The Perpetual Intercourse" one of several albums believed to be "violent, sexually explicit, or condoning substance abuse". The album was named by "Melody Maker" magazine as one of the best releases of the year.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Later in 1987 came Skinny Puppy's third full-length album, "Cleanse Fold and Manipulate". Described as "a turning point, where experimentation is just beginning to gel with innovation", the album marks the point where the group began to explore more political themes, delving into topics such as the AIDS epidemic and the Vietnam War. A song from the album, "Addiction" was released as a single. The group later went on tour, with a performance at Toronto's Concert Hall being released on VHS in 1989 and CD in 1991 as "Ain't It Dead Yet?". Also released in 1987 was "Bites and Remission" (through Capitol Records) and "Remission & Bites" (European release, through Pay It Again Sam), both compilations of Skinny Puppy's first two Nettwerk releases.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Skinny Puppy's live performances had become increasingly more elaborate, with Ogre interacting with an onstage crucifix and other "crudely constructed" stage props. Craig MacInnis of the "Toronto Star" described their new stage show as "neo-dadaist shock theatre", while Tom Lanham of the "San Francisco Chronicle" referred to it as "grotesque". The band continued to tour in 1988 with the European "Head Trauma" tour, supported by Edward Ka-Spel. Following the tour, the group returned to the studio to record what Ogre described would be the band's most critical statement regarding animal testing.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Skinny Puppy released their fourth album, "VIVIsectVI", in 1988; the album's name is a pun intended to associate vivisection with Satanism (i.e. the "666 sect"). The group's primary aim with the album was to bring attention to the topic of vivisection and other issues regarding animal rights. The album's subject matter also deals with subjects such as chemical warfare, environmental waste, and disease. Lead track "Dogshit" was released as a single in 1988 under the name "Censor"; the name change was made by the band when it was decided that the single would not sell well with its original name. The single "Testure", which denounced the testing of animals for research purposes, reached No. 19 on "Billboard"s Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart in 1989. According to Ogre, "Testure" was intended to be accessible in the hope of spreading their "anti-vivisectionist" message. "It's the only song I think they will be able to play on the radio", he said. "I hope they do play it because it's the only way we can go beyond our ranks and our loyal fans who already understand the message". "Testure" also featured several well-chosen samples from the film "The Plague Dogs", an animated adventure about two dogs who escape from a research laboratory. "Melody Maker" named "VIVIsectVI" one of the best albums of 1988.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Skinny Puppy toured in support of the album, featuring an early incarnation of the industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails as their opening act. The concept for the live show revolved around a vivisectionist (played by Ogre) who is eventually transformed into a tortured animal; the idea was to portray the "inner workings of the mind under the strain of vivisection". The stage show included the mock vivisection of a stuffed dog the band had named Chud. Following a show in Cincinnati, Ohio, Key, Ogre, and tour manager Dan McGee were arrested for "disorderly conduct" when an audience member, believing the stuffed animal Ogre was "vivisecting" to be a real dog, called the police. Two plainclothes officers entered the group's dressing room demanding they inspect the prop. Following a heated argument, the trio spent the night in jail, but were released the following day after paying a $200 fine.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: During the late 1980s and early 1990s, the band members began working on various side projects. Key and Goettel were involved with The Tear Garden (a collaboration with The Legendary Pink Dots) and Doubting Thomas (an outlet for their non-Skinny Puppy instrumentals). The band Hilt, a collaboration between Key and Goettel, and Al Nelson, also started when Nettwerk challenged the group to produce an album for as little money as possible. Ogre struck up a friendship with Ministry's Al Jourgensen, having first worked together during the recording of the PTP song "Show Me Your Spine" (featured in the 1987 film "RoboCop").


title: Skinny Puppy

text: For Skinny Puppy's fifth album, "Rabies", released in 1989, Jourgensen joined Rave as producer. The album, featuring Jourgensen's electric guitar work and backing vocals, drew mixed reception from fans. Despite these reactions, the album was a commercial success, selling 150,000 copies and receiving extensive airplay on college radio. The single "Worlock" – which featured samples of Charles Manson singing parts of the song "Helter Skelter" from The Beatles' "White Album", accompanied by a fragmented portion of the songs guitar introduction – helped to bring the band "massive popularity". A video produced for the song, featuring spliced-together footage from dozens of horror films and a statement denouncing censorship of the genre by the MPAA, was circulated widely as a promotional and bootleg item. The song "Tin Omen" was also released as a single and "Hexonxonx" received some airplay on alternative radio. In spite of the album's initial mixed reception, Brad Filicky in a 2003 issue of "CMJ" magazine named "Rabies" as a classic album, calling it "a masterpiece of the industrial genre".


title: Skinny Puppy

text: This period marked the beginning of divisions within the band, as rather than tour in support of "Rabies", Ogre joined Ministry while they toured in support of their album "The Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Taste" (1989); Ogre contributed guitars, keyboards, and vocals during the tour. Ogre had also begun working with the Ministry side project Revolting Cocks. Key was later quoted saying of Ogre's involvement with Ministry and, later on, Martin Atkins' Pigface that he sometimes felt "like a wife that's been cheated on".


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Following the production of "Rabies", a divide grew between the group members, with Key and Goettel often siding against Ogre, feeling he was more interested in solo work. The group were ultimately disappointed with the outcome of "Rabies", with Goettel saying that the completed product was "less within the Skinny Puppy vision", and Key being displeased with Jourgensen's involvement. Ogre also expressed his disapproval for the album, claiming that he had "flopped". "The work and artistic environment really weren't there at all either. It was completely negative".


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Key and Goettel completed work on some of their side projects such a Hilt, releasing their first effort, "Call the Ambulance (Before I Hurt Myself)", which was produced by Rave. Key also reunited with Bill Leeb to form the project known as Cyberaktif; Goettel acted as an assistant producer and provided some instrumentation. Jourgensen offered Ogre the chance to tour with the Revolting Cocks, having provided vocals on their previous tour. Ogre refused the offer, citing some occurrences during his time with Ministry which led him to question his friendship with Jourgensen.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: The group, having finished work on their various side projects, returned to the studio and released their sixth studio album, "Too Dark Park", in 1990. Goettel said in a radio interview that the major intentions behind the album were to reevaluate what Skinny Puppy was and create a new style of music to mark the beginning of a new decade. This reevaluation included hiring Jim Cummins (I, Braineater) to design the cover artwork, feeling that their longtime designer Steven Gilmore had lost his creative spark.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Described as "forceful and consistently abrasive", "Too Dark Park" was what Key referred to as the true successor to "the last pure" Skinny Puppy album, "VIVIsectVI". Critics such as Staci Bonner of "Spin" magazine applauded the use of sampling and stated that the album was a "return to the bloodbath" for the group. The album yielded the singles "Tormentor" and "Spasmolytic", the latter of which spawned a music video directed by Jim Van Bebber. "Billboard" called "Spasmolytic" a "delicious mind-altering affair", a sentiment shared by Wil Lewellyn of Treblezine who included the song in a list of the best underground songs of the 1990s.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Environmental degradation was a major theme on both the album and the North American "Too Dark Park" tour. For the tour, Key took on the role of drummer, leaving Goettel as lead keyboardist. Key told "Alternative Press" that "we could very well have a backing tape and stand behind synths playing two notes on the keyboard, but we've decided to physically strain ourselves and learn additional parts along with what we've already written". Onstage theatrics included a segment with Ogre performing on stucco stilts and pneumatic crutches, Ogre being hoisted from the stage by cables, and a backing film featuring scenes of graphic violence, most notably sequences from the Japanese film series "Guinea Pig". Ogre later gave insight on the backing film's conception, saying:


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Ogre, who considered the tour to be a high point in his career, compared the band's performances to something like intense car races. "People go there expecting an accident to happen ... I was really running off that car-crash energy".


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Following the tour, Ogre became involved with Martin Atkins' project Pigface in 1991, for a short time becoming the group's lead vocalist. Pigface included talent from several other industrial groups such as William Rieflin of Ministry and Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails, who helped record the song "Suck". Ogre and Reznor performed the song together in the live album "Welcome to Mexico... Asshole". Also on the album was a cover of the song "T.F.W.O." from "Too Dark Park", led by Ogre.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: In 2003, Alexander Chow of "Spin" magazine named "Too Dark Park" an essential industrial album, stating that "schizophrenic beats, manic-depressive mumblings, and just the right dose of fist-raising choruses" made for a dance floor favorite.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Following "Too Dark Park", Skinny Puppy was commissioned by the dance group La La La Human Steps to compose several songs for their 1991 production "Infante C'est Destroy", a duty shared alongside the likes of Einstürzende Neubauten. It was also during this time that Ogre made a concerted effort to rid his drug addictions. In an interview with CITR-FM, Ogre discussed his ordeals with hepatitis A and subsequent hospilization; he also thanked Pigface for looking after him during his "hour of need".


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Skinny Puppy released their seventh studio album, "Last Rights", in 1992. It was the last album the band released under Nettwerk/Capitol. Relationships between the band members during the album's production were "tense and unhealthy", with Ogre, under the supervision of Rave, coming into the studio at night to perform vocals for the music Key and Goettel composed earlier in the day. Ogre said that the production of "Last Rights" acted as a form of therapy which he used to help him come to terms with his addictions. "It's painful for me to be reminded of certain things, but for me to say it never happened is wrong. I'll be glad to put it behind me, but I had to do this".


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Described by "Entertainment Weekly" as a "nonstop stretch of horrific soundscapes", "Last Rights" became the first Skinny Puppy record to chart on the "Billboard" 200, peaking at No. 193. The album remained on "Billboard's" Heatseekers album chart for several weeks, peaking at No. 10. The track "Inquisition" was released as a single and included several alternative cuts of the song, as well as the b-side "LaHuman8" (one of the tracks produced for La La La Human Steps). A second single, "Love in Vein", was never released, although an unfinished remix intended for it later appeared on "" in 1996. A music video was created for the song "Killing Game" which featured a student dance troupe performing in "high-contrast black and white".


title: Skinny Puppy

text: A track titled "Left Handshake" was excluded from "Last Rights", leaving a blank track 10 on some copies of the album. Clearance for a lengthy vocal sample from Timothy Leary's "Turn On, Tune In, Drop Out", was approved by Leary, but denied by the copyright holder, Henry G. Saperstein. Commenting on the ordeal, Key said, "We tried to convince him, but he [Saperstein] said, 'it doesn't matter what Leary said, he doesn't own his own work'". The song, in which Ogre provides commentary to Leary's instructions for avoiding a "bad trip", was eventually released on the initial European edition of "Brap: Back and Forth Series 3 & 4" in 1996, and on a limited edition single called "Track 10" sold at the Skinny Puppy reunion concert in 2000 at Dresden.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: The stage show for the "Last Rights" tour in North America, much like the album itself, was built around a detailed narrative inspired by Ogre's past ordeals with drug abuse. The show involved Ogre interacting with a backing film by way of a virtual reality machine, a tree made of human heads and fetuses, and numerous other props and costumes. For this tour, Key once more focused exclusively on live drumming, leaving Goettel on keyboard duty. One incident that occurred at a show in Boston involved several concert goers climbing on stage and grabbing at Ogre's various masks and props, several of which were stolen. The band's manager, Tim Gore, pursued the thieves but was punched by a security guard. Following the punch, Gore began having issues breathing and was taken to a hospital; the guard was fired as a result of the incident.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: In 1993, Skinny Puppy contributed the song "Ode to Groovy" to the compilation album "In Defense of Animals", released through Restless Records. The album was named after the animal rights group of the same name. Though the track is credited to Skinny Puppy, Ogre and Rave were the only people to work on it.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Ogre, Key, and Goettel signed a contract with American Recordings and moved to Malibu, California to record "The Process", a concept album inspired by 1960s cult The Process Church of The Final Judgment, with Roli Mosimann producing. The recording sessions were beset by everything from fires and floods, to the Northridge earthquake. Mosimann was eventually replaced with Martin Atkins. Atkins' presence exacerbated the rift that was forming between Ogre and the rest of the band. The band's bickering and excessive drug use made the recording process so long and costly that American reduced Skinny Puppy's contract from three albums to one. In 1994, Key and Goettel returned to Vancouver with the master tapes, but Ogre remained in Los Angeles and quit Skinny Puppy in June 1995. Goettel was found dead of a heroin overdose in his parents' home two months later.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: "The Process" was eventually completed with Rave and released in 1996. It was dedicated to the memory of Goettel. It was an overall stylistic departure from their previous albums, prominently featuring untreated vocals, guitar, and more accessible song structures. The liner notes that accompanied the CD included thank-yous to "Electronic Music Lovers" and "Puppy People", followed by the words "The End" in bold type. The album charted on the "Billboard" 200 at No. 102 and reached the No. 1 spot on "Billboard"'s Heatseekers album chart.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: During the "Process" era, a loose-knit art/philosophy collective also known as The Process was formed, with early contributions from Ogre and Genesis P-Orridge, among others. P-Orridge and Chris Carter jammed with Skinny Puppy during this period, a recording of which was eventually released as "Puppy Gristle" on a limited basis in 2002. The creation of the Download project, which Key and Goettel formed with Mark Spybey and Phil Western, also occurred at this time. Download explored everything from electronic improvisation with spoken vocals to techno, and toured in 1996.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Earlier, in 1993, Goettel and Western had issued a breakbeat hardcore single (under the name aDuck) on their own label, Subconscious Records. After Goettel's death, Subconscious evolved into a recording studio and record label imprint that Key used to release a number of his own and Skinny Puppy's recordings. Key also continued to work with The Tear Garden, produced industrial/trance music with Western in the side project platEAU, and released his first solo album in 1998.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Ogre had toured extensively with Martin Atkins' industrial supergroup Pigface since 1991, and toured with them again after leaving Skinny Puppy. He recorded material for his side project WELT. with Ruby's Mark Walk before quitting Skinny Puppy, but due to legal issues with American Recordings, this would not see release until 2001 under the new name, ohGr. In the meantime, he toured with KMFDM, and released an album with Martin Atkins under the name Rx (also known as Ritalin). The ohGr and Rx releases included some of Ogre's most positive and forward-thinking songwriting to date. Several collections were released while Skinny Puppy was dormant, including "" in 1996, and "The Singles Collect" and "B-Sides Collect" in 1999. Nettwerk commissioned a remix album in 1998; titled "remix dystemper", it featured various Skinny Puppy tracks re-worked by artists including Autechre, Deftones, and Guru. Ogre and Walk also took part, contributing a remix of "Dig It" and an updated version of "Remission"s "Smothered Hope" with new vocals by Ogre.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: In August 2000, at the insistence of German promoters, Ogre and Key reunited and performed live as Skinny Puppy for the first time since 1992 at the Doomsday Festival in Dresden. The show was meant to be a continuation of the "Last Rights" tour, with the stage design taking influence from those performances. Rather than find a replacement for Goettel, the band simply left the keyboard station on stage empty. The performance was filmed and recorded, and a live album, "", was released in 2001; a DVD release was planned but canceled by Nettwerk. Live clips of "Testure" and "Worlock" as well as a behind the scenes interview with the band were broadcast on "Crazy Clip TV" in Germany and "Worlock" was included on a VCD compilation by German magazine "Sonic Seducer" in 2002.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Key joined ohGr on drums for its 2001 tour, while Ogre appeared on the track "Frozen Sky" on Key's 2001 album "The Ghost of Each Room". When asked by "Terrorizer" magazine about the future of Skinny Puppy, Key responded:


title: Skinny Puppy

text: The first new Skinny Puppy track in several years, "Optimissed", appeared on the "Underworld" soundtrack in 2003. Ogre, Key, Mark Walk and various guests, including Danny Carey of Tool and Wayne Static of Static-X, recorded the band's ninth studio album, "The Greater Wrong of the Right", released in 2004 on Synthetic Symphony, a sub-label of SPV. The album, described by Key as being based in "pseudopop", received generally favorable reviews from critics and landed on several "Billboard" charts. A music video was made for the song "Pro-Test" which featured a style unlike many of the group's previous work, so much so that some were unsure if it was an official video.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Skinny Puppy toured North America and Europe in support of the album in 2004, joined by William Morrison on guitar and Justin Bennett on drums. Shows in Toronto and Montreal were filmed for the live DVD "Greater Wrong of the Right Live", which was released in September 2005. The DVD included "Information Warfare", a documentary made by Morrison about the U.S.-led wars in Iraq. The anti-Bush administration stance taken by the band at their live shows drew the ire of PABAAH (Patriotic Americans Boycotting Anti-American Hollywood), which attempted a boycott of college radio stations that played Skinny Puppy.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Skinny Puppy toured Europe again in 2005, and returned to the studio to complete their next album, "Mythmaker", which was released in January 2007. The album reached No. 4 on the Independent Albums Chart, No. 5 on the Dance/Electronic Albums Chart, and No. 17 on the Heatseekers Chart, but barely broke the "Billboard" 200. The band's 2007 North American and European tour, titled "Mythrus", began in May 2007. While some fans longed for the sounds of their earlier days, Ogre, speaking with Electronic Musician, stated the band's intention was to move forward rather than dwell in the past. "Some people think that the stuff we do now is a pale imitation of the past. All of the older stuff had a time and place, and we decided to move forward to where we are now".


title: Skinny Puppy

text: According to a news posting on the official Skinny Puppy website, the band's next studio album was originally slated for release in October 2009, but the release of this album was delayed due to insolvency issues with the SPV label (thus leading to Ogre naming the 2009 tour the "In Solvent See" tour). These issues were not expected to be resolved until the end of 2009. However, the "In Solvent See" Tour took place as planned, and began on 30 October.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: In October 2010, there were reports that the new Skinny Puppy album would be released in February 2011. In May 2011, Skinny Puppy announced that they finished recording a new album titled "HanDover", and that they were soliciting it to other record labels for a September 2011 release date. On 27 August 2011, HanDover was officially confirmed as having a 25 October 2011, release in the United States and a 28 October 2011, release in Europe. Steven R Gilmore created the artwork for the album once again. The album landed on a number of "Billboard" charts, including a spot at No. 168 on the "Billboard" 200 and No. 9 on the Top Dance/Electronic Albums chart.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Skinny Puppy were scheduled to perform at numerous European festivals in the summer of 2010, including the Amphi Festival in Germany, the 2010 Waregem Gothic Festival in Belgium, and the Recession Festival in Denmark. A live album, titled "Bootlegged, Broke and in Solvent Seas" and recorded on the band's 2010 European tour, was released on 12 June 2012.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Skinny Puppy announced that a new album, entitled "Weapon", would be released on 28 May 2013. The album was inspired by news brought to the band by a former guard at Guantanamo Bay that their music had been used to torture inmates. Inspiration also came from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster and from Ogre's personal views on the human species; in an interview with "Vice", Ogre stated that he "view[s] the human being primarily as a weapon, and a lot of the things that we've created have had disastrous effects on us as a species". The album was released to generally favorable reviews from critics, several noting the 1980s-esque musical style, and included a re-hashed version of the "Remission"-era track "Solvent".


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Key told the "Phoenix New Times" that the band had been dissatisfied with "HanDover"s production schedule, noting that it had taken them several years to produce the album. For "Weapon", they made a return to the fast-paced, one-song-a-day style of their early years. The decision to remake the song "Solvent" helped to set the album's quickened pace; Key said that the music they were making for the album wouldn't sound correct "If it didn't sound like something we had just made quickly, like in the old days".


title: Skinny Puppy

text: The band released a music video for the song "Illisit" and in October 2013, announced their "Live Shape For Arms" Tour, a North American tour starting in January 2014 at The Observatory in Santa Ana, CA. In early 2014, Ogre and Key sent an invoice of $666,000 to the US government for the use of their music at Guantanamo Bay, bringing the issue to the attention of mainstream media outlets. Later in 2014, the "Alliance of Sound" tour was announced, with performances by Skinny Puppy, VNV Nation, Haujobb, and Youth Code. However, in early November, Front Line Assembly replaced VNV Nation and the tour was renamed "Eye vs. Spy", which was a 17-city North American tour between 28 November to 20 December 2014.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: In June 2015, Skinny Puppy performed at the Amnesia Rockfest in Montebello, Canada, alongside acts such as Ministry and The Dillinger Escape Plan. Following two successful tours with "Weapon", the band yet again embarked with Youth Code, this time to play shows across North America in 2015 and across Europe in 2017 under the Down the SocioPath tour, which dropped all "Weapon" tracks and instead introduced many songs from the band's 1996 album, "The Process", which had not been accompanied by any live performances due to the death of Goettel in 1995. Unlike the previous tours for "Weapon", Down the SocioPath scaled back the theatrics and introduced Matthew Setzer as a live guitarist. Ogre began these concerts in a white hooded robe which was removed to reveal a suit into which a stagehand inserted oversized needles. The "Down the Sociopath Too Euro 2017" leg lasted from 30 May to 16 June 2017. The tour included stops at the Download Festival in France, Primavera Sound, and Wave-Gotik-Treffen.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Inspired by the music of Suicide, SPK, Kraftwerk, Yellow Magic Orchestra, Cabaret Voltaire, Chrome, Throbbing Gristle, Bauhaus, Joy Division, New Order, Depeche Mode, Fad Gadget, Nocturnal Emissions, Portion Control, and The Legendary Pink Dots, music which had been accessible to the band primarily via tape exchange, Skinny Puppy experimented with analog and digital recording techniques, composing multi-layered music with synthesizers, drum machines, acoustic percussion, tape loops, samplers, and conventional rock music instruments to create what they called "audio sculpture". Their extensive use of sampling from horror films and radio broadcasts served to "clarify or obscure" song meanings, and they applied liberal amounts of distortion and other effects to Ogre's vocals, which are often delivered as a stream of consciousness. Lyrics commonly reference social and political subjects including animal rights, environmental degradation, drug addiction, suicide, war, privacy, and self-determination. They have also used their music to draw attention to events such as the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, the AIDS epidemic, and the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. Skinny Puppy's often informal, improvisational approach to musical composition is indicated by use of the term "brap", coined by them and defined as a verb meaning "to get together, hook up electronic instruments, get high, and record".


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Initially a dark synth-pop group, Skinny Puppy took on a more industrial sound following the inclusion of Dwayne Goettel in 1986, and later came to be recognized as pioneers of the electro-industrial genre. Their music has been described as encompassing a range styles including ambient music, avant-funk, noise rock and industrial metal. The music that followed Goettel's death has been likened to genres such as glitch and intelligent dance music. "The Village Voice" described Skinny Puppy's early work as "dark electro-pop", while "Billboard"'s Bill Coleman thought of them as a "moody techno-outfit" with an "aggravating" musical delivery. "People" magazine called Ogre's vocals "incomprehensible", and likened the group's use of sampling to noises heard on "a TV set in an adjoining hotel room". AllMusic referred to Skinny Puppy's music as "primal" and "Kraftwerk gone netherworld", going on to say that unlike the bands that followed in their wake, "Ogre and Key knew how to craft tunes and marry them to the most ingenious of sound patterns". Ogre told the "Windsor Star" in 1986 that "in some sense our music, or the feeling expressed by our music, is felt by a lot more people" than had been anticipated.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Ogre said in an interview with "Auxiliary Magazine" in June 2013, "there is a very military side to Industrial music, and we are far more in the psychedelic side."


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Due to their the majority of Skinny Puppy's videos received limited commercial airplay, or were outright banned from broadcast. The music video for "Stairs and Flowers" was banned by the Canadian Censorship Bureau because of scenes depicting "an excrement-covered woman being beaten by soldiers"; the woman in question was Ogre soaked in mud. The letterbox effect used in the video for "Dig It", which portrayed stock market footage, was accused by both the bureau and MuchMusic to instead be showing pornography. Also banned was the video for "Testure", an action resulting from a viewer poll held by CityTV, as was the video for the song "Worlock", which was banned from MTV. Ogre, a self-described horror fan, defended the "Worlock" video by saying "I knew there was no way they'd play 'Worlock' there [the United States]. But I went out to make that video so no one would play it!"; he affirmed that the video was meant to draw attention to censorship in horror films. Some of the band's videos have received airplay, such as those for the promotional songs "Killing Game" and "Pro-test"; "Dig It" was also regularly played on MTV. A 30-second television promo was produced for the band by Capital Records in 1987, featuring a mix of scenes from the "Stairs and Flowers" and "Dig It" videos.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: In a 1990 radio interview, Goettel explained the group's outlook on music videos, stating that "it's great to do videos when you have the money to do them, but for Skinny Puppy's part it's less of a promotional tool". He said that touring and word of mouth were their preferred avenues of promotion. "When a video gets made its not like 'OK we're going to spend $50,000 and it's going to sell this many more records'... it doesn't sell any more records".


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Skinny Puppy is noted for theatrical and controversial live performances which blend performance art with music. Ogre has been critical of the band's early performances, telling "Spin" magazine in 1992 that "I would do things on stage that would blow – they just wouldn't work". Live performances involved periods of musical improvisation, film projections, and elaborate stage props and machines, many of which are designed and built by Ogre himself. While discussing Skinny Puppy's performances, Ogre remarked that "our shows combine images with theater. It works better than just coming out and doing a horror magic routine". He explained to the "Vancouver Sun" in 1988 that he wanted his act to have "that grey area where anything could happen – where I can cut my head off by accident and people will go, 'wow, that's great'".


title: Skinny Puppy

text: On-stage theatrics have included Ogre being suspended from racks and cables, play with a hangman's noose, use of an angle grinder, and mock executions of Ogre and George H. W. Bush. Following the 2004 United States presidential election, promoters began to ask the band to refrain from using fake blood during their performances. This reaction was prompted by the performance of a mock execution on stage, during which Ogre was "decapitated" by actors dressed as then U.S. President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney. The band was also asked by Samsung (who had been asked by Ogre to sponsor the band with a large flat screen) to "not insult the president" while performing on stage. In a 1987 television interview with Kim Clarke Champniss, Key explained that while Ogre follows a "rough guideline" during a live performance, a majority of his on-stage theatrics are conceived spontaneously. Key told Champniss that Ogre's demeanor on stage could "range from just a sort of laid back kind of lurking to a rampant psycho". Ogre once remarked that touring was, for himself, like "dating hydrogen peroxide", referencing the numerous injuries which he would acquire over the course of touring.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Though Ogre and Key have remained the only constant members of Skinny Puppy's live act since Goettel's death, the pair have hired various other musicians to assist them onstage. They include drummer Justin Bennett, guitarist William Morrison, and guitarist Matthew Setzer.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Despite little mainstream airplay, several Skinny Puppy releases have charted in North America and Europe, and their influence on industrial and electronic music is considerable. Widely considered originators of a unique sound and live performance style, Skinny Puppy are also known as pioneers of the industrial rock and electro-industrial genres. They were one of the earliest groups to help popularize industrial music, and the "Los Angeles Times" recognized Ogre as the "first industrial rock star". Their gloomy and androgynous aesthetic helped attract the attention of the goth scene, from which they were able to draw a larger female audience than any previous industrial group. By the end of the 90s, they had sold some two million records for Nettwerk worldwide, and two of their releases, "Remission" and "Bites", were certified gold in Canada.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Their music has spawned "a litter of like-minded bands", extending from independent acts like Tin Omen, to industrial rock project Nine Inch Nails, who opened for Skinny Puppy for a short time on their 1988 "VIVIsectVI" tour. Trent Reznor also acknowledged that Skinny Puppy's "Dig It" inspired the very first Nine Inch Nails track written, "Down in It". Canadian synth-pop artist Grimes includes Skinny Puppy as an influence on her music, having grown up in Vancouver's industrial music scene. Sara Taylor of the EBM group Youth Code has said that the song "Worlock" was "one of the most influential songs" she had ever heard. Other artists impacted by Skinny Puppy's music include Marilyn Manson, Chester Bennington, Moby, Jonathan Davis, Daron Malakian, 3Teeth, Foals vocalist Yannis Philippakis, Al Jourgensen, Chris Vrenna, John Grant, Mortiis,Blush Response, Celldweller, Finite Automata, Shooter Jennings, Death Grips vocalist MC Ride, X Marks the Pedwalk, Wumpscut, Haujobb, Orgy, Filter, Front Line Assembly, Orphx, Crystal Castles, AFI side project Blaqk Audio, and Mayhem vocalist Attila Csihar.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: The band inspired a tribute album, "Hymns of the Worlock: A Tribute to Skinny Puppy" published by Cleopatra Records, which features groups such as Crocodile Shop and The Electric Hellfire Club. Skinny Puppy's remix album "Remix dystemper" includes contributions from a wide array of musicians such as electronic music DJ Josh Wink, Guru, KMFDM, Deftones, and former Nine Inch Nails drummer Chris Vrenna. Vrenna's solo project, Tweaker, opened for Skinny Puppy during their 2004 North American tour. Danny Carey from Tool and Wayne Static of Static-X provided drums and backup vocals, respectively, for the song "Use Less" from "The Greater Wrong of the Right".


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Ogre worked with KMFDM on several occasions, touring with them in 1997 and providing vocals on the song "Torture" from their album "Symbols" (the song also features production from Dave Ogilvie) as well as for the songs "That's All" and "Full Worm Garden" from 1999's "Adios". Skinny Puppy also provided a remix for the Mötley Crüe song "Hooligan's Holiday"; Nikki Sixx reported that the band "just dumped the whole song in the computer and went off".


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Skinny Puppy's music has been included in the soundtracks of films such as "Bad Influence", "An American Werewolf in Paris", "The Blair Witch Project", "Underworld", and "Saw II", among others. The group was given a brief role as the "gang of goons" in the 1995 dark comedy film "The Doom Generation". The 1996 Video Game "Descent II" included original music from Ogre and Mark Walk, while the 2014 PlayStation exclusive "LittleBigPlanet 3" featured the song "Rodent" from the album "Rabies".


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Alternative Press included Skinny Puppy in their 1996 list of "100 underground inspirations of the past 20 years."


title: Skinny Puppy

text: While discussing the possibility of Nine Inch Nails being inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Richard Patrick of the band Filter remarked "what about Skinny Puppy?", going on to say that while Nine Inch Nails is the more famous of the two, Skinny Puppy were one of the first groups to craft "scary and mean" industrial music.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Key and Ogre are active in a number of other projects besides Skinny Puppy. Key has released several solo albums including "Music for Cats" and "The Ghost of Each Room" in 1998 and 2001, respectively. Doubting Thomas, a project led by Key and the late Dwayne Goettel, was an outlet for mostly instrumental compositions (save for several film and television samples). The projects only releases were "Father Don't Cry" in 1990 and "The Infidel" in 1991, both released through Wax Trax! Records. Download was founded by Key and Goettel in 1995 and included the assistance of frequent Skinny Puppy contributors Ken Marshall and Anthony Valcic. The group has released a number of records since its formation and notably provided the soundtrack album "Charlie's Family" in 1997 for the film "The Manson Family", directed by Jim Van Bebber; the film was released six years after the album. Bebber had approached Key to produce the soundtrack, having previously directed several Skinny Puppy videos as well as the short horror film "Chunk Blower", which starred Goettel and Bill Leeb of Front Line Assembly. Other notable projects include The Tear Garden with Edward Ka-Spel for The Legendary Pink Dots, platEAU with Phil Western, and Cyberaktif with Goettel and Leeb. Key also works as Scaremeister, his film scoring alter ego, having previously contributed to John Debney's score for "End of Days". Scaremeister composed the album "31 Spirits", a collection of short musical pieces which have been used in the trailers of numerous films such as "Inglourious Basterds", "My Bloody Valentine", and "The Book of Eli".


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Ogre's main project outside Skinny Puppy is ohGr, which has released five albums, "Welt" (2001), "SunnyPsyOp" (2003), "Devils in my Details" (2008), "UnDeveloped" (2011), and "TrickS" (2018). In the mid-nineties, Ogre and producer Martin Atkins created the project known as Rx (formerly known as Ritalin). Rx released only one album, "Bedside Toxicology", in 1998. He also toured extensively with Pigface (1991–1995) and Ministry (1987–1990)<ref name="prongs/al/ogre"></ref> and appeared on a number of Pigface and Ministry-related recordings.


title: Skinny Puppy

text: Skinny Puppy have accused the US military of using their music to torture inmates at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, without the band's knowledge or permission. In response, the band have sent an "invoice" to the Pentagon.


title: National Historic Landmark

text: A National Historic Landmark (NHL) is a building, district, object, site, or structure that is officially recognized by the United States government for its outstanding historical significance. Only some 2,500 (~3%) of over 90,000 places listed on the country's National Register of Historic Places are recognized as National Historic Landmarks.


title: National Historic Landmark

text: A National Historic Landmark District may include contributing properties that are buildings, structures, sites or objects, and it may include non-contributing properties. Contributing properties may or may not also be separately listed.


title: National Historic Landmark

text: Prior to 1935, efforts to preserve cultural heritage of national importance were made by piecemeal efforts of the United States Congress. In 1935, Congress passed the Historic Sites Act, which authorized the Interior Secretary authority to formally record and organize historic properties, and to designate properties as having "national historical significance", and gave the National Park Service authority to administer historically significant federally owned properties. Over the following decades, surveys such as the Historic American Buildings Survey amassed information about culturally and architecturally significant properties in a program known as the Historic Sites Survey. Most of the designations made under this legislation became National Historic Sites, although the first designation, made December 20, 1935, was for a National Memorial, the Gateway Arch National Park (then known as the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial) in St. Louis, Missouri. The first National Historic Site designation was made for the Salem Maritime National Historic Site on March 17, 1938.


title: National Historic Landmark

text: In 1960, the National Park Service took on the administration of the survey data gathered under this legislation, and the National Historic Landmark program began to take more formal shape. When the National Register of Historic Places was established in 1966, the National Historic Landmark program was encompassed within it, and rules and procedures for inclusion and designation were formalized. Because listings (either on the National Register, or as an NHL) often triggered local preservation laws, legislation in 1980 amended the listing procedures to require owner agreement to the designations.


title: National Historic Landmark

text: On October 9, 1960, 92 places (properties or districts) were announced as eligible to be designated NHLs by Secretary of the Interior Fred A. Seaton. Agreements of owners or responsible parties were subsequently obtained, but all 92 have since been considered listed on that 1960 date.The origins of the first National Historic Landmark was a simple cedar post, placed by the Lewis and Clark Expedition on their 1804 outbound trek to the Pacific in commemoration of the passing, (from natural causes) of Sgt. Charles Floyd. In time the cedar plank was replaced by a 100-foot marble obelisk. The Sergeant Floyd Monument in Sioux City, Iowa, was officially designated on June 30, 1960, but for various reasons, the public announcement of the first several NHLs was delayed.


title: National Historic Landmark

text: More than 2,500 NHLs have been designated. Most, but not all, are in the United States.There are NHLs in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Three states (Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and New York) account for nearly 25 percent of the nation's NHLs. Three cities within these states (Philadelphia, Boston, and New York City, respectively) all separately have more NHLs than 40 of the 50 states. In fact, New York City alone has more NHLs than all but five states: Virginia, California, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and New York (the latter of which has the most NHLs of all 50 states). There are 74 NHLs in the District of Columbia.


title: National Historic Landmark

text: Some NHLs are in U.S. commonwealths and territories, associated states, and foreign states. There are 15 in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other U.S. commonwealths and territories; five in U.S.-associated states such as Micronesia; and one in Morocco.


title: National Historic Landmark

text: About half of the National Historic Landmarks are privately owned. The National Historic Landmarks Program relies on suggestions for new designations from the National Park Service, which also assists in maintaining the landmarks. A friends' group of owners and managers, the National Historic Landmark Stewards Association, works to preserve, protect and promote National Historic Landmarks.


title: National Historic Landmark

text: If not already listed on the National Register of Historic Places, an NHL is automatically added to the Register upon designation. About three percent of Register listings are NHLs.


title: Afterpay

text: Afterpay Limited (abbreviated as Afterpay) is an Australian financial technology company best known for its buy now, pay later (BNPL) service. It operates in Australia, the United Kingdom, Canada, the United States, and New Zealand. Afterpay was founded in 2014 by Nick Molnar and Anthony Eisen.


title: Afterpay

text: In June 2017, Afterpay merged with one of its technology suppliers, Touchcorp, to form the Afterpay Touch Group. In November 2019, the company was renamed Afterpay Limited. In August 2021, Afterpay and American payments company Square, Inc. (later renamed Block, Inc. in December 2021) announced they had entered into arrangements for Square to acquire Afterpay for 29 billion (39 billion), which was later completed on January 31, 2022.


title: Afterpay

text: Afterpay was founded by Molnar and his then-neighbor, Eisen, in October 2014. On 4 May 2016, the company listed on the Australian Securities Exchange with an 25 million IPO. In January 2018, American venture capital fund Matrix Partners announced its intention to invest 19.4 million in Afterpay to support its entry into the US retail market. Afterpay was launched in the US in mid-May 2018 with retailers such as Anthropologie, Free People, and Urban Outfitters. With reported underlying sales of 4.7 billion in the 11 months to May 2019, in June 2019, Afterpay raised 317.2 million in fresh capital through a share issue, in part to help fund its international growth.


title: Afterpay

text: Two months later, the company revealed that it had over two million active users and 6,500 merchants in the US and announced a strategic partnership with Visa Inc. On 21 May 2020, the company announced that its operations had grown to five million active customers in the US.


title: Afterpay

text: In August 2018, Afterpay acquired 90% of the equity in Clearpay, a UK based BNPL service, for a total consideration of one million Afterpay shares. In its 2019 financial year update, the company announced that its growth in the UK was faster than that of the US, with more than 200,000 UK customers joining in the first 15 weeks.


title: Afterpay

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic, many retailers closed physical stores and potential customers were increasingly hesitant to shop in-person. The "Financial Review" commented that Afterpay's growth was spurred by "investors [who] are seeking exposure to e-commerce as the coronavirus crisis pushes more shopping online, and continuing government stimulus will keep bad debts low”. In 2020, Afterpay unveiled plans to expand its services to at least four continents, including Asia, to capitalize on the online shopping surge brought by the COVID-19 pandemic. This plan would entail the acquisition of Singapore-based, Indonesia-focused buy-now-pay-later service EmpatKali.


title: Afterpay

text: In August 2021, Afterpay and Square, a digital payments company, announced that Afterpay would be acquired by Square. Square will pay 39 billion in stock for the acquisition and the process is expected to be finalised in the first quarter of 2022. It was reported that Molnar and Eisen will lead Afterpay's merchant and consumer businesses inside Square. Shares of Afterpay in Australia closed higher after the news.


title: Afterpay

text: In November 2021, Afterpay announced that they would launch BNPL for subscriptions, such as for gym memberships and entertainment subscriptions, to U.S customers.


title: Afterpay

text: On January 12, 2022, the Bank of Spain approved Block's takeover bid of Afterpay, marking the final hurdle in the acquisition merger. On January 19, 2022, Afterpay suspended trading of its shares on the ASX. On January 20, 2022, the merged entity trading as Block commenced trading on the ASX under the ticker SQ2. On January 31, 2022, Block completed the acquisition of Afterpay, officially making it a subsidiary.


title: Afterpay

text: Afterpay is best known for its "pay later" service that allows in-store and online customers to purchase a product immediately and pay with four equal fortnightly repayments. The repayments are interest-free, but if they are not paid every two weeks as required, late fees of (in Australia) $10 per indiscretion are incurred.


title: Afterpay

text: The business is paid the full amount within a few days, less a processing fee of 4.19% (as of January 2019). Afterpay bears the risk of default by the customer. Its income consists of processing fees and late payment fees.


title: Afterpay

text: The rise of BNPL services such as Afterpay has been cited as a cause of decreasing credit card use in Australia. From 2018 to 2019, the number of credit card accounts dropped nearly 5% from 16.7 million to 15.89 million, with 69% of millennials using their credit card less as a result of Afterpay.


title: Afterpay

text: In February 2020, Afterpay was reported to have 3.6 million active customers in the US, 3.1 million in Australia and New Zealand, and 600,000 in the UK.


title: Afterpay

text: Millennials are Afterpay's main customer demographic, accounting for 75% of all users. Another significant segment of Afterpay's customer base is university students, of which one third have been found to use short-term borrowing.


title: Afterpay

text: Afterpay has been criticized as being harmful to consumers. Studies have found that in order to keep up with payments, some users experience financial stress, incurring debt and neglecting essential needs. PRObono Australia said in 2019 that it was "putting vulnerable young people into vicious cycles of debt that follow them long after they stop spending". Despite this negative press, in 2019, it was reported that 95% of payments had not incurred a late fee.


title: Afterpay

text: In 2018, Afterpay announced it earned 24.4% of its income from late fees and 75.6% from merchant fees.


title: Afterpay

text: Market commentators suggest that while BNPL payment options (such as Afterpay and its competitors) are showing significant upside for investors, such growth may not be sustained unless the company continues to show that it is able to generate larger basket sizes (i.e., extra sales that consumers would not otherwise have made).


title: Afterpay

text: In April 2019, legislation was passed to provide the Australian Securities & Investments Commission (ASIC) with "Product Intervention Powers" (PIP). These powers provide ASIC with authority to intervene where it identifies a risk of significant detriment to retail consumers (including those using BNPL services like Afterpay). The company supported the introduction of these powers as a way to provide regulatory oversight and protect consumers.


title: Afterpay

text: In June 2019, Afterpay disclosed that it was under probe by AUSTRAC for potential breaches of the Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Act 2006 (AML/CTF regulations). The company is "in dialogue" with the regulators, and the outcome of the probe has yet to be determined. AUSTRAC, upon identifying several concerns with its compliance, ordered the appointment of an external auditor at Afterpay's expense to examine its compliance with the AML/CTF regulations.


title: Afterpay

text: In November 2020, the ASIC released a report on the BNPL industry, highlighting the need for consumer protections via existing and impending regulatory changes, yet did not call for any new regulation. The Australian Finance Industry Association's Code of Practice, which came into effect on 1 March 2021, is voluntary so it does not have the teeth of financial regulation. BNPL platforms charge no interest to its customers, and hence are not subject to Australia's Credit Act. However, during June 2022, the Albanese Government announced that it planned to regulate the BNPL sector under the Credit Act.


title: Blood and Bone

text: Blood and Bone is a 2009 American direct-to-DVD martial arts film directed by Ben Ramsey and written by Michael Andrews. The film stars Michael Jai White, Eamonn Walker and Julian Sands, and features martial artist Matt Mullins, former professional wrestler Ernest "The Cat" Miller, MMA fighters Bob Sapp, Kimbo Slice, Maurice Smith, and Gina Carano.


title: Blood and Bone

text: Fresh out of prison, highly skilled martial artist and ex-marine Isaiah Bone (Michael Jai White) moves to Los Angeles, where underground fights are being held. One night, after watching a match involving local champion Hammerman, Bone makes a deal with promoter Pinball to get him into the fight scene for 20% of his earnings; 40% if Pinball puts his own money on the line. On that same night, Bone encounters mob boss James and his girlfriend Angela Soto. Bone enters his first underground fight and quickly defeats his opponent with only two kicks. Pinball explains to Bone that Angela was previously married, but James set up her husband Danny on a triple-homicide, sending him to jail. When James learned that she was pregnant, he had her undergo an abortion. Since then, Angela has fallen into drug addiction.


title: Blood and Bone

text: Over the next few nights, Bone makes a name for himself in the underground fighting scene, defeating every fighter in his path and earning himself and Pinball thousands in cash. At the same time, he bonds with the people who live at his apartment building: Tamara - the landlady who manages his apartment, Roberto - an elderly Latin-American man whom he plays chess with, and Jared - a young boy Tamara adopted after his father was sent to prison. Then, after making the once-undefeated Hammerman fall to the ground, Bone is offered a deal by James. The international underground fighting scene is run by a league of rich, powerful men known as the "Consortium", but mainly by a black market arms dealer named Franklin McVeigh, and James wants Bone to square off against Pretty Boy Price, the reigning champion.


title: Blood and Bone

text: After telling James he will consider the offer, Bone reveals to Angela that he was cell mates and close friends with Danny. Then one day, Danny was murdered by an inmate named JC. Angela reveals that shortly after Danny went to prison, she gave birth to a son, but lost custody of him and does not know if he is still alive. Bone promises to bring her to her son, but sends her to a drug rehab clinic until she is ready.


title: Blood and Bone

text: The next morning, James offers McVeigh US$5 million to have him get the Consortium approve and schedule a fight between Bone and Price. That night, Bone discovers that Roberto has been murdered in front of the apartment, mauled to death by James' dogs because he witnessed one of James' street killings. Bone declines the offer to fight for James mainly because he never agreed to it; as a result, James orders his thugs to hunt down Bone and Pinball. James' bodyguard Teddy D and his thugs head to the rehab clinic to pick up Angela, only to have Bone and Pinball dispatch them. Transmitting his location through Teddy D's GPS phone, James has the duo follow him to McVeigh's mansion. There, Bone is ordered by James to fight Price and win back his money, or else he will have Angela, Tamara, Jared and Pinball killed. During the conversation, Bone secretly records James' revelation that he had Danny set up and murdered through the GPS phone, which he transmits to Pinball's cell phone; Pinball then sends the video to the police. Bone faces Price, but at the point where he is close to defeating him, he taps the ground and forfeits the fight. An infuriated James grabs his katana and attacks Bone, but Bone is thrown a jian by McVeigh's bodyguard to even the odds. Bone drops the sword and uses the sheath instead, beating James with it. In the middle of the melee, Bone redirects a sword slash, causing James to cut off his own hand. He runs off before the police arrive at the mansion to arrest James.


title: Blood and Bone

text: The next day, Angela is reunited with Jared. Tamara, who had threatened to kick Bone out due to his association with James, offers him to stay; he declines, saying he will only cause further trouble. Before exiting the apartment, he leaves her an envelope full of cash and asks her to take Angela in once she is rehabilitated. He also parts ways with Pinball, saying he has business to take care of.


title: Blood and Bone

text: During the end credits, McVeigh sends JC and his gang to punish James in the prison showers, where he is attacked and sodomized with a shiv.


title: Blood and Bone

text: Several well-known martial artists appear in this film, including Judokan legend Gene LeBell in the non-speaking part of a nurse. A contemporary of Bruce Lee, LeBell is the noted inspiration of the character of Cliff Booth in Quentin Tarantino's "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood." Also cast in a non-speaking role is Robert Wall, who appeared in three of Lee's films. Not coincidentally, Wall portrays O'Hara, a member of the Consortium; in the Lee film, "Enter the Dragon", he appeared as "O'Harra". Fumio Demura, a noted karate master, also appears in a non-speaking role as another member of the Consortium.


title: Karan Aujla

text: Jaskaran Singh "Karan" Aujla (born 18 January 1997) is an Indian-Canadian and Punjabi singer and rapper. He is known for his single tracks, 14 of which have been featured in the UK Asian chart by "Official Charts Company", while seven have featured in the Global YouTube music chart. His debut album "BacTHAfucUP" peaked at 20th on Billboard Canadian Albums chart and 34th on New Zealand albums chart, earning him the title of the Largest Digital Artist 2021 on Spotify and had been listed in their Most Popular Artists in Punjabi Music Industry.


title: Karan Aujla

text: Hailing from Ghurala, Ludhiana, Aujla started his career as lyricist for Jassi Gill's "Range", from his album "Replay". Then he emigrated to Canada, and wrote lyrics for various other artists including Deep Jandu and Elly Mangat. In 2016, he released his debut song "Property of Punjab" as a lead artist, and started featuring as guest artist in songs. He came into limelight with his tracks like "Yaarian Ch Fikk", "Unity", "Alcohol 2", and "Lafaafe"; subsequently he achieved mainstream popularity in 2018 with "Don't Worry", his first song to enter UK Asian chart. In 2020, his singles "Jhanjar", "Red Eyes" and "Kya Baat Aa" entered top 10 in the chart, while "So Far" entered top 5.


title: Karan Aujla

text: Aujla hails from Ghurala village in Ludhiana district of Punjab. He was born as Jaskaran Singh Aujla on 18 January 1997 to father Balwinder Singh Aujla and mother Rajinder Kaur. His parents died when he was nine years old. He was raised by his sisters and uncle after his parents died. Aujla's father, Balwinder Singh Aujla, worked at co-operative society, and he also had writing as a hobby. Thereafter he started writing songs. While studying in 9th standard, Aujla met Jassi Gill in a marriage ceremony and offered him the lyrics of the song "Range", which Gill sang and became popular. Aujla received his Canadian permanent residency and emigrated there. He did his high school studies in Burnaby, Canada. Also, he worked part time as a longshoreman in Surrey, British Columbia. His debut song "Cell Phone" with Mac Benipal was released in 2014, it was a commercial failure, and had just a few thousand views. In Canada, he started working with Deep Jandu in his studio at Toronto.


title: Karan Aujla

text: Aujla started his career along with Deep Jandu and Elly Mangat. He wrote lyrics for many artists including Gill, Mangat, Gagan Kokri, Jazzy B, Bohemia and Sukh-E. His written "Blessings of Bapu", sung by Kokri was well received by audience. Later in 2016, he released his debut song "Property of Punjab" as a lead artist; started featuring and performing raps in the songs. Soon after, he released tracks as a lead artist. His recordings include "Alcohol 2", "Yaarian Ch Fikk", "Shit Talk", "Up & Down", and "Lafaafe".


title: Karan Aujla

text: Aujla got his breakthrough with the song "Don't Worry", featuring Gurlez Akhtar in it. The song's music video has been viewed over hundred million times on YouTube, and became Aujla's first song to enter UK Asian music chart.


title: Karan Aujla

text: The song was followed by other successes "Rim vs Jhanjhar", "Na Na Na", and "No Need". "Rim vs Jhanjhar" was included in Apple Music 2010s Punjabi essentials playlist. His song "Don't Look" remained in Asian Music Chart for more than twenty-four weeks. The song also appeared in 2019 Apple Music India charts. Also, his songs "Don't Worry", "Hair", "2AM", and "Hint" have been ranked on the chart. In July 2019, Aujla released a title track for the film "Sikander 2". His song "Hint" trended for over five days on YouTube in India. Also the song was ranked various charts. The song was debuted at #13 on Asian music chart while at number 75 on Global, 27 in India, 9 in Canada, 14 in Australia, and 5 in New Zealand on YouTube charts respectively. Aujla also become the most-listened artist in Punjab, India in December 2019 on YouTube. His next "Chitta Kurta" was also peaked at number 35 and 9 on Global and Indian YouTube charts respectively. In 2019, Spotify included Aujla in the list of the most popular artists in Punjab. Also, he was nominated for Best Singer - Punjabi category at Gaana User's Choice Icons award.


title: Karan Aujla

text: In January 2020, his song "Jhanjar"'s music video was viewed over five million times within 24 hours on YouTube, and topped the trending lists in Australia, Canada, and India. The song was debuted at number 26 on Global and number 8 on India YouTube music charts. Also, it entered top 10 on UK Asian music chart. His next "Red Eyes" peaked at number 8 on UK Asian and also appeared on other YouTube charts. In March 2020, his mixtape titled "Geetan Di Machine" was released unofficially on various music platforms, which consists of his unreleased and leaked songs, the album was removed later. In April 2020, his song "Sheikh"'s both audio and the music video were leaked. Within the few hours of leak Aujla announced the release of the original audio and music video. In May 2020, his four singles "Red Eyes", "Sheikh", "Chitta Kurta", and "Jhanjar" appeared simultaneously on UK Asian chart. In the same month, Aujla on his Instagram live stated that he is working on his debut album. In June 2020, his "Let 'em Play" peaked at number 14 on Apple Music chart, and debuted at number 15 on UK Asian chart. In July 2020, "So Far" became his first track to enter top 5 on UK Asian chart.


title: Karan Aujla

text: His "Haan Haige Aa" was viewed around eleven million times in twenty-four hours. In the same month, his written "G.O.A.T." from Diljit Dosanjh's album of the same name was released, it became a major commercial success. Also, the song debuted at number 13 on New Zealand Hot Singles by "Recorded Music NZ", and topped UK Asian, UK Punjabi, and Top Triller Global chart by "Billboard", and became his first song to appear on any New Zealand and "Billboard" official chart. It debuted at number one on Apple Music chart in India. In August 2020, "Kya Baat Aa" starring Tania in its music video, was released with no prior announcement. The song peaked at number one on Spotify chart in India. His next song "Adhiya" released on YouTube in October 2020. His song "Chithiyan", launched 10 November 2020 by Speed Records, gathered 32 million views within a fortnight of being released. In December, he collaborated with Bohemia, The Game and J. Hind, for a single "Ek Din". He released his single, "Hukam", on 4 February 2021 on YouTube through Rehaan Records. He went on to collaborate with Dilpreet Dhillon for the fifth time for the latter's song "Jatt Te Jawani" released on 23 April 2021.


title: Karan Aujla

text: Later in 2021, he announced his debut album named "BacTHAfucUP" (B.T.F.U.) produced by Tru Skool. In June he released Intro and in July he released album's first song "Chu Gon Do". He released full album on 15 September 2021. The album came in Trending and peaks on many mainstream charts on Apple Music, iTunes and Spotify.


title: Karan Aujla

text: On 16 September 2021, Karan Aujla became India's Biggest Digital Artist with world ranking of 38. His debut album charted at #6 on Spotify Global Debut Album. On 29 September 2021, His Album BTFU charted on #19 on Billboard Top Canadian Albums.


title: Karan Aujla

text: In 2022, he released his collaboration "YKWIM" with famous rapper KR$NA and announced new EP "Way Ahead" at the end of song.


title: Karan Aujla

text: In 2019, he was engaged to his girlfriend Palak. That year, he also got a tattoo of his mother's face on his right arm. He also has his father's tattoo too on the same arm. In June 2019, news channels stated that Aujla was attacked in Surrey, Canada on 8 June 2019. Later, a Punjab-based gang took responsibility of attack but later denied. On 9 June 2019, Aujla himself declared the news as rumour spread by news channels. However, other sources confirmed the attack. The gangster Sukhpreet Budda, who took responsibility for the attack was arrested by Interpol in November 2019 in Armenia. In March 2020, he got tattoos of freedom fighters Bhagat Singh and Udham Singh on his left arm. Aujla in an interview expressed his willingness to collaborate with the American rapper 50 Cent and the Canadian rapper Drake.


title: Karan Aujla

text: Aujla had a rivalry with Sidhu Moose Wala. Both had been replying to each other through their songs. Both the singers have been criticised for singing songs promoting violence. Elly Mangat, who has previously worked with both the artists disclosed in an interview that the dispute between the two singers began when Sidhu's video targeting Aujla in his song was leaked to Aujla's management, and they threatened attacking Sidhu. Following the incident, both started targeting each other on social media. The rivalry was resolved temporarily till Karan Aujla released a diss-track "Lafaafe", followed by Moose Wala's "Warning Shots". Aujla in an interview stated that he didn't write the track "Lafaafe", and didn't reveal anything about their rivalry. After Moose Wala's death, Aujla paid tribute with the song "Maa".


title: Karan Aujla

text: In February 2020, Chandigarh Police advised him not to sing any of his song promoting violence, guns or drugs during his concert at DAV College, Chandigarh. He said, "I followed the instructions of senior police officers."


title: Karan Aujla

text: In November 2019, Aujla was investigated for violating traffic rules upon his arrival at Chandigarh, India, and was fined for five traffic violations.


title: Karan Aujla

text: In April 2021, Karan Aujla visited Ludhiana central Jail and met the Superintendent of the Central Jail Rajeev Arora. Later he was flaunted for visiting the prison in violation of the security and Covid protocols and also it was claimed that he met drug kingpin Gurdeep Rano of Khanna. But it was cleared by Superintendent Rajeev Arora that he visited only to meet him and sat only few minutes in his office and later they moved in to Arora's official residence near jail building.


title: Karan Aujla

text: In September 2021, after the release of his debut album BacTHAfucUP (B.T.F.U.), a complaint was filed over the song "Sharab", against himself, Harjit Harman and record label, Speed Records for comparing women to alcohol, drugs and guns in the song. Later the issue was resolved through communication with the complainant.


title: Chrysler LA engine

text: The LA engines are a family of pushrod OHV small block 90° V-configured gasoline engines built by Chrysler Corporation. It was factory-installed in passenger vehicles, trucks and vans, commercial vehicles, marine and industrial applications from 1964 through 1991 (318) & 1992 (360). The combustion chambers are wedge-shaped, rather than the polyspherical combustion chambers in the predecessor "A engine" or the hemispherical combustion chambers in the Chrysler Hemi engine. LA engines have the same bore spacing as the A engines. LA engines were made at Chrysler's Mound Road Engine plant in Detroit, Michigan, as well as plants in Canada and Mexico. The "LA" stands for "Light A", as the 1956 - 1967 "A" engine it was closely based on and shares many parts with was nearly 50 pounds heavier. The "LA" and "A" production overlapped from 1964 - 1966 in the US and through 1967 in export vehicles when the "A" 318 engine was phased out. Willem Weertman, who later became Chief Engineer – Engine Design and Development, was in charge of the conversion. The basic design of the LA engine would go unchanged through the development of the "Magnum" upgrade (1992-1993) and into the 2000s with changes to enhance power and efficiency.


title: Chrysler LA engine

text: The V6 was released in 1987 for use in the Dodge Dakota and as a replacement for the older, longer Slant-Six for the Dodge RAM. It is essentially a six-cylinder version of the 318 V8. The bore and stroke are 99.3 mm (3.9 in) and 84 mm (3.3 in), respectively. Output was and until it was replaced by the Magnum 3.9 starting in 1992. In 1987 it used a two-barrel Holley carburetor and hydraulic tappets. In 1988 it was upgraded with throttle-body fuel injection and roller tappets which it retained until the 1992 Magnum update. Next, in the 1992 Magnum update, the throttle-body fuel injection was upgraded to a multi-port fuel injection. In 1997, it was then upgraded to sequential fuel injection. The engine was produced through 2004 before it was replaced with the 3.7 L Power Tech V6.


title: Chrysler LA engine

text: The was the first LA engine, beginning model year 1964 and offered through 1969, rated at . It had a bore and stroke of . It had a mechanical solid lifter valvetrain until 1968 when hydraulic lifters were introduced; hydraulic lifters generally make for a quieter valvetrain. The reciprocating assembly included a cast or forged steel crankshaft, drop forged steel connecting rods and cast aluminum pistons. The valvetrain consisted of a cast nodular iron camshaft, solid or hydraulic lifters, solid pushrods and shaft-mounted, malleable iron rocker arms (stamped steel on later hydraulic-cam engines). These actuated the overhead steel intake and exhaust valves. The cylinder heads featured wedge-shaped combustion chambers with a single intake and a single exhaust valve for each cylinder. Spark plugs were located in the side of the cylinder head, between the exhaust ports.


title: Chrysler LA engine

text: A high performance was offered 1965-'67, this was standard in the Barracuda Formula S model and optional in all other compact models excluding station wagons. It featured a 4-bbl. carburetor and matching intake manifold, chrome unsilenced air cleaner with callout sticker, longer-duration and higher-lift camshaft and stronger valve springs, 10.5:1 compression ratio, special black wrinkle valve covers with extruded aluminum appliques, and a low-restriction exhaust system with a exhaust pipe, collector-type Y-junction, and exposed resonator. In 1965 (only) the muffler was of "straight through" construction.


title: Chrysler LA engine

text: A special version was also available in 1966 only - it used a lift solid-lifter camshaft, fabricated-steel-tube exhaust, and a Holley 4-barrel carburetor, producing (1 hp/cu in). It was available in the Dodge Dart only, and the car so equipped was called the "D-Dart", a reference to its classification in NHRA D-stock for drag racing, which was the car's only intended purpose.


title: Chrysler LA engine

text: Like all LA engines, the LA 318 was a relative of the A 318. Like the A 318, it has a bore & stroke of X . It appeared in volume production beginning with the 1968 model year, replacing the last of the export "A" 318 engines equipped with polyspherical chambered heads ("A" 318 engines were not offered in 1967 domestic vehicles). The LA engine was available until 1991 when it was superseded by the Magnum version (See below). It used hydraulic lifters and a two barrel carburetor for most of its production, though four-barrel Carter Thermo-Quad and Rochester Quadrajet carburetors were used in police applications starting in 1978 and 1985, respectively. The 318 2bbl ELD received roller lifters and a fast-burn chambered cylinder head in 1985 (The Police ELE 318 4bbl continued to use modified J heads and hydraulic flat tappets through 1989).


title: Chrysler LA engine

text: Throttle-body electronic fuel injection was factory equipment on the 1981-1983 Imperial. From 1988 to 1991, another throttle-body fuel injection system was used for truck and van applications.


title: Chrysler LA engine

text: In the mid-1960s, Chrysler decided to adapt the small block V8 into a lightweight, high output engine equally suited for drag strip or street performance use. Its block was bored out to but stroke left unchanged, resulting in the engine introduced for the 1968 model year. Anticipating higher loads resulting from racing operation, the engineers fitted a forged shot peened steel crankshaft instead of the cast nodular iron unit used in the 318. This also included shot peened hammer-forged steel connecting rods and high compression cast aluminum pistons with full floating pins. A 4-barrel carburetor was mated to a high-rise, dual plane intake manifold feeding high-flow cylinder heads Its big ports used intake and exhaust valves. An aggressive cam was fitted to take advantage of the much better breathing top end. The 1968 4-speed cars got an even hotter cam, but it was discontinued for 1969, where both automatic and manual cars shared the same cam. The engine was equipped with hydraulic lifters and two bolt main bearing caps, leading some to initially underestimate the 340's potential. The 1968-'71 340's compression ratio was 10.5:1, placing it near the limit of what was possible on pump gasoline during that era. The 340 also used additional heavy-duty parts, such as a double-row roller timing chain and sump-mounted windage tray. Power output was officially stated as gross for the 4 barrel.


title: Chrysler LA engine

text: In 1970, Chrysler offered a special Six-Pack version of the 340 with triple 2-barrel carburetors rated at gross that was specific to Challenger TA and Cuda AAR models. This version featured a heavy duty short block with additional webbing to allow for aftermarket installed 4 bolt main bearing caps. The application-specific cylinder heads featured relocated intake pushrod passages with offset rocker arms that allowed the pushrods to be moved away from the intake ports, which could improve airflow if the pushrod-clearance "hump" was ground away from the intake port by the end user. An aluminum intake manifold mounted three Holley carburetors, and a dual points ignition system was fitted.


title: Chrysler LA engine

text: The combination of rising gasoline prices and insurance company crackdown on high-performance vehicles saw the relatively expensive 340 detuned and phased out. It remained a high performance engine through 1971, but was de-tuned in 1972 with the introduction of low compression (8.5:1) small valve heads, and by mid-year, a cast nodular iron crankshaft, and a variety of other emissions related changes. For the 1974 model year it was replaced by the engine.


title: Chrysler LA engine

text: The LA has a bore and stroke of . It was released in 1971 with a two barrel carburetor. The 360 used the large intake port 340 heads with a smaller intake valve of . In 1974, with the introduction of the code E58 4-BBl dual exhaust version, at SAE net, became the most powerful LA engine with the end of 340 production. Power started dropping from 1975 on as more emission controls were added resulting with the 1980 E58 engine only producing SAE net. Starting with 1981, the 360 was exclusively used in Dodge trucks and vans.


title: Chrysler LA engine

text: The 1978-1979 Li'l Red Express truck used a special high-performance 360 4-barrel engine with factory production code EH1 that was rated at 225 SAE Net HP in production form The EH1 was a modified version of the E58 360 police engine (E58) producing net at 3800 rpm due in part, that as it was installed in a "truck", and not a car, it did not have to use catalytic converters (1978 only) which allowed for a free-flowing exhaust system. Some prototypes for the EH1 featured Mopar Performance W2 heads, although the production units had the standard 360 heads. Some police package cars came from the factory with a steel crank and h-beam rods. There was also a "lean burn" version of the 360. The LA360 was replaced in 1993 by the 5.9 Magnum, which shared some design parameters with the LA360, however the majority of its components were different.


title: Chrysler LA engine

text: Due to additional modifications, the prototype Li'l Red Express truck tested by various period magazines ran appreciably stronger than actual production examples.