title: Disappearance of Jennifer Kesse

text: As is customary, investigators first questioned Kesse's immediate family and close friends, to see if any of them could have had a motive to abduct her. Her ex-boyfriend, recently upset and wishing to get back together with her, was also interrogated, but it was concluded that he had nothing to do with her abduction. Her current boyfriend was also questioned but his alibi checked out, eliminating him as a suspect. At the time of her disappearance, Kesse's condominium complex had been undergoing a major expansion, and many of the laborers on site were non-English speaking.


title: Disappearance of Jennifer Kesse

text: Kesse told family members on several occasions that the construction workers constantly catcalled, whistled at, and harassed her. Due to the language barrier, investigators were unable to interrogate many of them. No other leads regarding them were discovered. Detectives then turned their focus to her place of employment and began questioning her coworkers. Her computer was taken for forensic examination, which revealed that a manager where she worked desired a relationship with her, but that she had refused his advances because she opposed workplace relationships. Detectives interviewed this manager multiple times but ultimately ruled him out as a suspect. Investigators and Kesse's friends and family remain open to the theory that she fell victim to human trafficking but consider it less likely than others.


title: Disappearance of Jennifer Kesse

text: In May 2007, Kesse's company, led by David A. Siegel, offered a $1 million reward for information leading to her whereabouts, with a July 4 deadline and the stipulation that she had to be alive. It was never claimed. A $5,000 reward for information leading to the whereabouts of her remains was available through Central Florida Crimeline. The case received state and national press attention at the time of her disappearance. On May 2, 2008, the Florida House of Representatives unanimously passed Senate Bill 502, "The Jennifer Kesse and Tiffany Sessions Missing Persons Act", to reform how missing-persons cases are handled in Florida.


title: Disappearance of Jennifer Kesse

text: As of June 10, 2010, the FBI has taken the case over from the Orlando Police Department; it did so at the urging of police chief Val Demings. The latest search for her took place in February 2014, and investigators continue to receive and pursue leads.


title: Disappearance of Jennifer Kesse

text: In 2018, Kesse's parents filed suit against the Orlando Police Department to gain access to police records on the case. The lawsuit was settled in March of 2019, allowing the family access to 16,000 pages of records.


title: Disappearance of Jennifer Kesse

text: In December 2022, it was reported that the investigation into Kesse's disappearance had been turned over to the Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE) cold case unit. The FDLE intends to interview people Kesse's law enforcement team has already identified as possible suspects or people who may have valuable information, and to retest evidence that Kesse's family says has never been retested.


title: Disappearance of Jennifer Kesse

text: Kesse is still considered missing and endangered by the Orlando Police Department, FBI, Orange County Sheriff's Office, FDLE, NCIC, NCMA, and Interpol. Kesse also remains on the FBI's Most Wanted/Missing List.


title: Disappearance of Jennifer Kesse

text: In 2020, Fox News Investigates released a podcast on Kesse's disappearance, "House of Broken Dreams: The Jennifer Kesse Story".


title: The Yes Album

text: The Yes Album is the third studio album by English progressive rock band Yes, released on 19 February 1971 by Atlantic Records. It was the band's first album to feature guitarist Steve Howe, who replaced Peter Banks in 1970, as well as their last to feature keyboardist Tony Kaye until 1983's "90125".


title: The Yes Album

text: The band spent mid-1970 writing and rehearsing new material at a farmhouse at Romansleigh, Devon, and the new songs were recorded at Advision Studios in London in the autumn. The album was the first by the band to feature all-original material. While the album retained close harmony singing, Kaye's Hammond organ, and Chris Squire's melodic bass, as heard on earlier releases, the new material also covered further styles including jazz piano, funk, and acoustic music. All of the band members contributed ideas, and tracks were extended in length to allow music to develop. Howe contributed a variety of guitar styles, including a Portuguese guitar, and recorded the solo acoustic guitar piece "Clap", live at the Lyceum Theatre, London.


title: The Yes Album

text: The album was a critical success and a major commercial breakthrough for Yes, who had been at risk of being dropped by Atlantic due to the commercial failures of their first two albums. It reached number 4 in the United Kingdom and number 40 in the United States, and was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for surpassing one million copies. The album has been reissued on CD several times, and was given a Blu-ray release in 2014 remixed by Steven Wilson.


title: The Yes Album

text: Yes had already recorded two albums for Atlantic Records by mid-1970, but neither had been commercially successful and the label was considering dropping them. They had replaced founding member Banks with Howe, who enjoyed playing a wider variety of styles, including folk and country music, and played a mix of electric and acoustic guitars. Singer Jon Anderson later said that Howe could "jump from one thing to the other, very fast, very talented." After some warm-up gigs with Howe, the band moved to Devon to write and rehearse new material. They arrived at a cottage in Churchill, north of Barnstaple, but felt restricted there and were not allowed to make any noise after dark. They advertised in the local paper for a new location, and moved to Langley Farm in Romansleigh, near South Molton, some away. Howe in particular enjoyed working on the farm, and eventually bought it. Following rehearsals, the band booked Advision Studios in London with producer Eddie Offord and spent the autumn recording. The band enjoyed the sessions, and soon had enough material ready for an album.


title: The Yes Album

text: Several weeks into the Langley Farm rehearsals, manager Roy Flynn came to tell the band he was leaving them and taking money he believed he was owed. This put the band under severe financial stress, leaving concerts as their only source of income at the time. Flynn also owned 5 per cent of the band's publishing revenues in perpetuity; that was later terminated but it left the band bitter enough to retitle a short Bill Bruford instrumental on their next album, "Fragile", "Five Per Cent For Nothing" in protest. He was soon replaced by Brian Lane.


title: The Yes Album

text: On 23 November 1970, the group were involved in a head-on vehicle collision at Basingstoke, while returning from the previous evening's gig at the Plymouth Guildhall. The band all suffered shock, and Kaye's foot was fractured. He had to do the next few gigs, and the album cover's photo shoot, with it in plaster.


title: The Yes Album

text: Howe mostly used a Gibson ES-175 semi-acoustic guitar and a Martin 00-18 acoustic for recording, though he did attempt to play a variety of styles with the two instruments. Kaye's main instruments were the Hammond organ and piano, including a solo on "A Venture". Kaye had previously played the Hammond M-100, but for this album used the B-3, a move which he saw as "a turning point". He was not interested in playing synthesizers, which had started to appear on the market. This proved to be a problem with the other members of the band, and Kaye thought his style conflicted too much with Howe's. He left the group during rehearsals for the follow-up album in mid-1971, to be replaced by Rick Wakeman.


title: The Yes Album

text: Yes had started their career as a covers band, performing radical re-arrangements of hit songs, and their first two albums included covers in this vein. "The Yes Album" was the first to feature group-written material in its entirety. Some familiar elements remained: Anderson, Howe and Squire sang three-part vocal harmony throughout the record, while Squire's melodic bass and Bill Bruford's spacious drumming made up their unique rhythm section.


title: The Yes Album

text: "Yours Is No Disgrace" originated from some lyrics written by Anderson with his friend David Foster. This was combined with other short segments of music written by the band in rehearsals. Howe worked out the opening guitar riff on his own while the rest of the band took a day's holiday. The backing track was recorded by the group in sections, then edited together to make up the final piece.


title: The Yes Album

text: Howe's solo acoustic tune, "Clap" (incorrectly titled "The Clap" in original album pressings), was influenced by Chet Atkins and Mason Williams' "Classical Gas". The piece was written to celebrate the birth of Howe's son Dylan on 4 August 1969. The version that appears on the album was recorded live at the Lyceum Theatre in London on 17 July 1970. The studio take of the piece, which was added as a bonus track on the 2003 Rhino remaster, continues into a section that would return almost unaltered in Howe's next solo acoustic piece "Mood for a Day" on their next album, "Fragile".


title: The Yes Album

text: The spacey, electronic-sounding effect in "Starship Trooper" was achieved by running the guitar backing track through a flanger. Anderson wrote the bulk of the song, while Squire wrote the "Disillusion" section in the middle. The closing section, "Würm" is a continuous cadenza of chords (G-E-C) played ad lib. It evolved from a song called "Nether Street" by Howe's earlier group, Bodast.


title: The Yes Album

text: "I've Seen All Good People" is a suite of two tunes. Anderson wanted the piece to start quietly and develop, leading into a large church organ sound, before moving into the funky second movement. The band had difficulty recording the initial "Your Move" section, which was resolved by making a tape loop of bass and drums, over which Howe overdubbed a Spanish laúd, miscrediting it as a "vachalia" on the album's credits. Gnidrolog's Colin Goldring played recorder on the track. The group also used a Dewtron bass pedal synthesiser on the track, which Anderson would then play in concert.


title: The Yes Album

text: Anderson wrote "A Venture" in the studio; the song was then arranged by the rest of the band. Kaye played piano on the track, contributing a jazzy solo towards the end. Howe played a guitar solo on the original recording, but it was left off the final mix, which faded out just as it started. The song was never played live by the original group, but an arrangement was worked out when Yes decided to play the whole album live in 2013.


title: The Yes Album

text: Anderson was inspired to write the lyrics for "Perpetual Change" by the view of the countryside from the cottage at Churchill. He thought of humans completing the moon landing at a time when "our own environment is all fouled up", and a space mission that involved an explosion on the moon to observe its thickness and the subsequent Pakistani floods in 1970. "So I was thinking, ok you knock the moon off its axis and you're going to mess up the world." The middle of the track features a polyrhythmic structure, where two pieces of music in different time signatures are playing simultaneously.


title: The Yes Album

text: The front cover was shot by Phil Franks the day after the Basingstoke gig accident. Franks had already taken some photos from the Lyceum gig, but felt he needed something more for the front cover. The band showed up late having been in hospital earlier that day, and only 30 minutes were available for a shoot. Unable to get a satisfactory photo in the studio, Franks took the band round to his flat, grabbed a polystyrene mannequin head from a bin, put a 1,000 watt bulb in the kitchen light fitting, and improvised the shot. Franks credited the sleeve designer, "Rolling Stone" art director Jon Goodchild, for making the cover a success. When Yes performed a live version of "Yours is No Disgrace" for the German television series "Beat-Club" in April 1971, footage of the band was combined with that of another mannequin head spinning over a chair, mimicking the cover's concept.


title: The Yes Album

text: The inside of the album's gatefold sleeve shows Kaye playing a Hammond organ, while the front cover showed his leg in plaster, following the accident. Anderson is credited as "John Anderson" on the album but he had dropped the "h" from his first name by the next album, "Fragile".


title: The Yes Album

text: "The Yes Album" was released in the UK on 19 February 1971. It was a commercial success and was the band's breakthrough album, selling around 60,000 copies upon release and reaching number 4 in the UK. and number 40 in the US. It has been certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for selling over one million copies.


title: The Yes Album

text: At that time British postal workers were on strike, preventing record stores from sending sales reports to "Melody Maker", which compiled the charts most followed by the music industry. Richard Branson owned a record store on Oxford Street in London, the first business enterprise in what he later built up into Virgin Group. He began compiling a chart from sales at his store and several others; in the interim the BBC and other media used it. Lane, newly hired as the band's manager, promised them he would get their album in the charts, and did so by buying enough copies of it at the Virgin store to make it the bestselling album there and thus put it high in the charts. By the time the strike had ended, the album had started to sell well due to its initial apparent success. It remained on the charts for 34 weeks, selling over a million copies.


title: The Yes Album

text: The 1976 Italian reissue of the album differs from the original UK issue in two respects. The title on the front cover is "The Yes" instead of "The Yes Album", although the spine bears the correct title; and the track "The Clap" appears as the third track on the second side.


title: The Yes Album

text: The album had a positive reception from critics. John Koegel, writing for "Rolling Stone", praised the instrumental unity between Squire, Howe and Kaye, but missed the cover songs present in the band's earlier albums. The album is one of three by Yes to appear in the book "1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die". Author Tom Moon preferred the group unity that he felt was missing on later releases and gave a positive impression of Anderson's vocals, saying the melodies in "I've Seen All Good People" were "instantly singable and still somehow deep." The album is also featured in the book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die".


title: The Yes Album

text: Anderson was worried about the initial response to the album, but after about a month noticed that fans started singing along at concerts, and concluded that this musical style could be developed and still remain popular. Kaye concluded that overall it was "quite a simple album, considering where Yes went onto from there." Rush singer and bassist Geddy Lee included "The Yes Album" among his favourite albums. Genesis keyboardist Tony Banks has said it is his favourite Yes album and that he preferred the band when Kaye was a member. "It was the addition of Steve Howe's guitar pyrotechnics that finally allowed Yes to find their true identity. "The Yes Album" is a giant leap forward," wrote J. D. Considine in" The New Rolling Stone Album Guide".


title: The Yes Album

text: "The Yes Album" was remastered and reissued in 2003 by Rhino Records with several bonus tracks, including a studio version of "Clap", entitled as Howe intended. In 2014, Steven Wilson of Porcupine Tree created a new stereo mix and a 5.1 surround sound mix, available as either a DVD or Blu-ray Disc. It was released on 21 April with bonus tracks including the studio version of "Clap", an extended version of "A Venture", and an alternate version of the album with live tracks, single edits, and an extended mix. The Blu-ray version also features an instrumental version of the album, a needle drop sample of the original vinyl release, and additional live tracks.


title: Soprano family

text: The Soprano family (originally the DiMeo family) is a fictional Italian-American crime family featured in the HBO series "The Sopranos" and the prequel film "The Many Saints of Newark". Based in New Jersey, the family consists of an administration and six crews. They are allies of the Lupertazzi family in New York City but the two become rivals as the series progresses. The family is loosely based on the DeCavalcante crime family, a real New Jersey Mafia family.


title: Soprano family

text: The family's origins began with alcohol bootlegging during Prohibition. A mysterious figure named Alfano was the first boss with the only known key members being Lino "Buddha" Bonpensiero as well as twin brothers Aldo "Hollywood Dick" Moltisanti and Salvatore "Sally" Moltisanti. In 1927, Sally Moltisanti was given a life sentence for the murder of an unknown made man in the family. It's possible this is the reason Aldo remained an associate throughout his criminal tenure despite being the biggest earner in his crew. Aldo never saw Sally again.


title: Soprano family

text: In the book, "The Sopranos Family History" by Allen Rucker and David Chase, Genovese family turncoat Vincent Rizzo explained the origin: "Bootlegging was the best fucking thing that ever happened to us. Local guys worked out a deal with New York guys. First there was a guy named Alfano, I think, followed by DiMeo, a real ballbreaker, you know what I mean? As long as someone in New York was getting a slice, no one cared. On their own turf, they could do whatever the fuck they wanted."


title: Soprano family

text: Ercole "Eckley" aka "Boot" DiMeo is believed to have taken over in the 1950s, re-christening the family, the DiMeo crime family, based in Hudson County, New Jersey. Key members from the 1960s include brothers Giovanni "Johnny Boy" Soprano and Corrado "Junior" Soprano, sons of immigrants from Ariano in the Province of Avellino, as well as Raymond "Buffalo Ray" Curto, Michele "Feech" La Manna, Patrizio "Pat" Blundetto, Bobby Baccalieri Sr., and Giuseppe "Beppy" Scerbo. Herman "Hesh" Rabkin was a key associate, but as a Jew could never become a made member.


title: Soprano family

text: The Newark area in neighboring Essex County, New Jersey is depicted as an area of heavy activity during the family's early years. The Sopranos were a key faction in the DiMeo crime family, running two separate crews led by Johnny Boy and Junior, and also had longstanding ties with the five New York Families (particularly the Lupertazzi crime family). Despite DiMeo's long reign as Boss, it is implied throughout the series that the two Soprano brothers were the key players of North Jersey.


title: Soprano family

text: The crime family is shown to have criminal ties to the International Union of Painters and Allied Trades, International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees, United Steelworkers, United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America, N.Y.C. District Council of Carpenters, Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association, Laborers' International Union of North America, Service Employees International Union, International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, United Union of Roofers, Waterproofers and Allied Workers, United Food and Commercial Workers, International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators and Allied Workers, Laborers' International Union of North America, International Longshore and Warehouse Union, International Brotherhood of Teamsters, the United Association and the International Union of Operating Engineers.


title: Soprano family

text: They also have ties to the Associated Builders and Contractors trade association, United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, New York City Housing Authority, the United States Department of Labor Occupational Safety & Health Administration, United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, the New Jersey State Police, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The FBI also suspects that the DiMeo crime family has somehow been able to affect the jury selection process of criminal trials in the Civil law (legal system) as suspected with Junior Soprano's racketeering case.


title: Soprano family

text: In 1967, a young Tony Soprano traveled with his mentor, Dickie Moltisanti, to welcome home Dickie's father, "Hollywood Dick" Moltisanti, and his new Italian bride, Giuseppina. Moltisanti was a soldier in the DiMeo crime family, which also consisted of Johnny Soprano and his brother Junior, Silvio Dante, Paulie Walnuts, Pussy Bonpensiero, and "Buddha", Pussy Bonpensiero's father. After a black taxi driver was assaulted by white police officers, the riots broke out in Newark. One of Dickie's black associates, Harold McBrayer, began to take part in the riots. Harold killed a man stealing from their business, forcing Harold to flee to North Carolina. Before leaving, he received $500 from Dickie as a gift.


title: Soprano family

text: At a carnival, Tony saw Johnny and Junior arrested and Johnny was sentenced to four years in prison for assault with a deadly weapon. During an argument, Hollywood Dick kicked Giuseppina down a flight of stairs. When Dickie found out, he confronted him, which led to a physical altercation where Dickie accidentally killed his father. He then put the body in one of his businesses and then burned it down to make it look like it was destroyed in the riots. Guilt-ridden, Dickie visited his father's twin brother, Sally, still serving a life sentence in prison for killing another made man in his own family, and later began seeing Giuseppina as his "comare". In elementary school, Tony was suspended from school for starting a gambling operation, and Dickie made Tony pinkie promise him that he would follow the rules.


title: Soprano family

text: In the series, it would appear Johnny Soprano was temporarily let out of prison in October 1969. Tony witnessed Johnny and Junior cutting off Mr. Satriale's pinky finger due to unpaid gambling debts. Johnny soon took full ownership of the restaurant.


title: Soprano family

text: In early 1972, Johnny completed his prison sentence, and Harold returned to Newark and decided to start his own black-led criminal operation. Giuseppina also had an affair with Harold after a fight with Dickie. Harold killed one of Dickie's men and stole their extortion money. Dickie and his crew tortured one of Harold's gang members, Cyril, with an impact wrench and then killed him. In retaliation for Cyril's death, Harold and his gang engaged in a drive-by shootout with the DiMeos, during which Buddha was killed. Harold and Dickie engaged in a standoff, but both left when they heard police sirens.


title: Soprano family

text: After Tony stole the answers for his geometry exam, the school guidance counselor told Tony's mother, Livia, that he had a high Stanford–Binet IQ and the Myers–Briggs personality traits of a leader, and that Tony told her about a time in which his mother hugged him and read him a book about Sutter's Mill and how it was one of his best memories. Livia tried to show her affection for Tony, but she mentioned how her doctor wanted to prescribe her antidepressants and when Tony believed it might be helpful, she antagonized him. At Buddha's wake, Tony asked Dickie if he could get Elavil for his mother, but Dickie was hesitant.


title: Soprano family

text: After the wake ended, Junior slipped and fell on the church steps, causing Dickie to laugh uproariously in his face, infuriating Junior. Dickie reconnected with Giuseppina and promised her a beauty parlor for her to run. During a walk on the beach, she confessed to her affair with Harold. An enraged Dickie drowned her in the ocean. Dickie again visited Sally, who suspected Dickie of murdering both his brother and Giuseppina. Sally told Dickie that everyone close to him ends up dead sooner or later, and if he truly cares about Tony, he needs to stay out of his life.


title: Soprano family

text: Dickie listened to Sally's advice and began to avoid Tony, refusing to see him or answer his calls. An upset Tony threw the speakers Dickie gave him out his window. Later that night, Silvio encouraged Dickie to reconcile with Tony, and Dickie relented. However, before he could arrive home, Dickie was shot in the back of the head by an unknown assailant on Junior's orders.


title: Soprano family

text: At Dickie's wake, it was revealed that Dickie acquired the Elavil for Tony, and had it in his pocket when he was killed. Tony looked sadly at Dickie's corpse and imagined doing another pinkie promise with him as the two had done years prior. Sometime later, Harold moved into a White neighborhood, his organized crime operation having apparently become a success.


title: Soprano family

text: The unrest of 1983 is seldom referenced, but it was a historical time for the family. It might be related to the convictions of various New Jersey mobsters during the time period and the instability it caused. Many DiMeo crime family members and associates were arrested, causing the biggest blow to the family since its formation. It was during the unrest of '83 that Salvatore "Big Pussy" Bonpensiero, a cat burglar and associate in the Soprano crew, "stepped up" (committed a murder) for Johnny Soprano. Bonpensiero became a made member of the DiMeo crime family soon after.


title: Soprano family

text: Johnny Soprano died of emphysema in 1986. Before his death, he requested that his son become the capo of the Soprano crew. Tony Soprano was a relatively young man to be a capo at the age of 27. Tony's transition into captain was aided by the loyalty of Bonpensiero, longtime Soprano soldier Peter Paul "Paulie Walnuts" Gualtieri, and childhood friend Silvio Dante. Tony also avoided a long stint in prison when he missed a failed hijacking involving his cousin, Anthony "Tony B" Blundetto.


title: Soprano family

text: Caught by the police, Tony B. ended up getting charged under the RICO law and spending 15 years in prison, while Tony would go on to become one of the top earners in the DiMeo family. At first, Tony said he was robbed by two black men, but he later admitted to his psychiatrist Jennifer Melfi, and to Tony B. that he had a panic attack after arguing with his mother and passed out, missing the hijack.


title: Soprano family

text: In 1989, longtime capo Richie Aprile was sentenced to ten years in Green Haven Correctional Facility. He gave control of his crew over to his younger brother, Giacomo "Jackie" Aprile Sr.


title: Soprano family

text: Ercole DiMeo was incarcerated in 1995, held at United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield, Missouri. Jackie Aprile was named Acting Boss of the family by DiMeo, much to the chagrin of Junior Soprano. It was assumed that Junior would take over when DiMeo died or went to prison since he was one of the oldest and most senior mobsters in the DiMeo family.


title: Soprano family

text: DiMeo was impressed with Jackie's leadership abilities, the Aprile crew had been the top earner and best-run crew of the family for years. The years of Jackie's tenure as Boss (1995–1999) are generally considered to have been peaceful, prosperous years; Jackie was a well-respected and much-beloved Boss who didn't "eat alone," much to the contentment of his Capos.


title: Soprano family

text: When Jackie Aprile was diagnosed with stomach cancer in 1998, Tony Soprano, his closest friend and Junior's nephew, took over Jackie's responsibilities, again to Junior's displeasure. Uncle Junior and Tony were, at that point, at each other's throats because Junior plotted to have a rival, Gennaro "Little Pussy" Malanga, killed in Malanga's favorite restaurant, Vesuvio, a restaurant owned by Tony's childhood friend Artie Bucco. Tony foiled Junior's plans by ordering Silvio Dante to set fire to Artie's restaurant to prevent the Malanga hit from happening at the restaurant. Tony's nephew, Christopher Moltisanti and his associate Brendan Filone, were also hijacking trucks from Comley Trucking, a business that pays protection to Junior.


title: Soprano family

text: Junior's enforcer, Mikey Palmice, killed Brendan, and hired Russian hitmen to perform a mock execution on Christopher under Junior's orders. When Jackie Aprile died in 1999, tensions between Junior and Tony were at an all-time high, it was assumed that the two would go to war over the top position. Tony instead deferred to Junior, giving him the official title as Boss of the renamed Soprano crime family. However, Tony would serve as the power behind the throne with the support of both the other family capos and their main conduit to the Brooklyn-based Lupertazzi Family, underboss John "Johnny Sack" Sacrimoni.


title: Soprano family

text: Tensions flared up between Junior and Tony after Tony's mother, Livia Soprano, revealed that Tony was seeing a psychiatrist and had been meeting secretly with his capos in Livia's nursing home. An assassination attempt on Tony was made, but Tony luckily escaped with just an injury to the ear, leaving one hitman dead when the other accidentally shoots him while aiming at Tony. The FBI revealed to Tony that his mother's retirement home was bugged and let Tony listen to the tapes in a failed attempt to get him to flip.


title: Soprano family

text: The tapes revealed that the assassination attempt was concocted by Junior and made it sound like his mother was in on it, too. In retaliation, Tony ordered the deaths of key members of Junior's crew: soldier Chucky Signore, consigliere Mikey "Grab Bag" Palmice, and acting capo (after Junior's arrest) Phillip "Philly Spoons" Parisi. Junior Soprano was spared when he was indicted by the federal government, along with underboss Joseph "Beppy" Sasso and capo Lawrence "Larry Boy" Barese, and because Tony wished to keep him as the lightning rod that took the hits for the Family.


title: Soprano family

text: Tony then took over virtually all of Junior's business and became the Boss of the now renamed Soprano Crime Family. Former Junior Soprano soldiers Gigi Cestone and Pasquale "Patsy" Parisi defected over to various crews on Tony's side. Gigi Cestone went to the Aprile crew. Tony named Silvio Dante as his consigliere, and promoted long-time soldier "Paulie Walnuts" Gualtieri to the captain of his old crew, renamed the Gualtieri crew. Patsy Parisi went to the Gualtieri crew.


title: Soprano family

text: Although Junior had been stripped of nearly all power and was under house arrest awaiting trial, he still retained the title of Boss as Tony wanted the FBI to think they had indicted the head of the family. Two of the factors that brought the two closer together were when Junior informed Tony of Richie Aprile's plot to kill Tony, and take over the family, and when Junior was diagnosed with stomach cancer in 2000. However, Tony continued to punish Junior through business arrangements and only allowed him to earn on a "subsistence level". Junior managed to beat the disease before the RICO trial against him started.


title: Soprano family

text: After years of investigating Tony Soprano (at one point trying to turn him into an informant) and failing to connect him to the murder of associate Matthew "Matt Drinkwater" Bevilaqua (which was tossed out when an eyewitness retracted his statement upon learning one of the shooters may have been Tony Soprano), the FBI arrested Tony in 2000 when it was discovered that he had been extorting Davey Scatino. While busting out Scatino's sporting goods store, Tony had been receiving stolen airline tickets, discovered by way of information given by turncoat "Big Pussy" Bonpensiero, and Tony's giving one of the stolen tickets to his mother, Livia.


title: Soprano family

text: The case fell through when Big Pussy "disappeared" (having been outed as a rat, executed, and buried at sea by Tony, Silvio, and Paulie) and Livia died of a stroke. The FBI continued to build a case against Tony but fell on difficult times when a wiretapping of his basement was compromised (when Tony's daughter Meadow Soprano took the lamp they had bugged) and because of the deaths of several FBI informants.


title: Soprano family

text: In 2002, the RICO trial against Junior Soprano ended in a hung jury, but the government moved to schedule a re-trial, meaning Junior had to stay under house arrest. Due to his diminished position in the family because of the house arrest, longtime Junior Soprano loyalist Robert "Bobby Bacala" Baccalieri was named acting Capo of the Junior Soprano crew after it became clear that his elderly, senile Capo, Murf Lupo, wasn't up for it anymore.


title: Soprano family

text: In the meantime, the Soprano Family continued to stay in a period of transition, with Richie Aprile, older brother of Jackie Aprile, taking over the previously defunct (due to the death of Jackie Sr.) Aprile crew after his release from prison in 1999. Richie became a threat to Tony's power, crippling associate Beansie Gaeta and disobeying Tony repeatedly when it came to selling cocaine on garbage routes. Richie also came to Junior about overthrowing Tony, but Junior decided that he would be better off with his nephew. Tony caught wind of Richie's plot and set the wheels in motion to have him killed, but he was spared the trouble when Richie was killed in the heat of an argument by his fiancée, who coincidentally happened to be Tony's sister Janice Soprano.


title: Soprano family

text: When Gigi Cestone, a Soprano crew soldier set to take over and spy on the Aprile crew, died of a heart attack, Tony installed rival Ralph Cifaretto as captain. Tony had longtime problems with Ralph, despite the two having grown up together (along with Jackie Aprile and Silvio Dante). At one point, Tony, in a fit of rage, hit Ralph after Ralph murders a Bada Bing dancer named Tracee. Ralph also took Jackie Jr. under his wing without Tony's knowledge.


title: Soprano family

text: Jackie Jr. and his nascent crew held up a low-stakes poker game managed by Eugene Pontecorvo, one of Cipriano's underlings, in an attempt to duplicate a stunt done years earlier by Jackie Sr. and Cifaretto in an attempt to gain recognition. However, due to a combination of inexperience, nervousness, and being under the influence of drugs, the holdup goes horribly wrong; the boys end up killing the dealer "Sunshine" and wound Furio Guinta by shooting him in the leg. Ralph ordered his associate Vito Spatafore to kill Jackie Jr., who was hiding out in a housing project in Boonton.


title: Soprano family

text: Complicating matters is that Ralph is the family's best earner, running lucrative construction deals such as the North River (Hudson River) Esplanade Construction site and HUD scams in Newark. When a racehorse owned by Ralph (and beloved by Tony) named Pie-O-My dies in a stable fire, Tony becomes convinced that Ralph cruelly and intentionally killed the horse to help pay medical expenses for his hospitalized son (wounded in an accident while playing with a friend) with the insurance money. In a fit of anger and outrage, Tony attacks and kills Ralph.


title: Soprano family

text: Christopher then helps Tony dispose of the body, dismembering it and placing the several body parts in different dump sites. Tony blames Ralph's disappearance on the New York family—specifically Johnny Sack, who had had a beef with Ralph over a characteristically tasteless joke of Ralph's about Johnny's wife, Ginny, told at a Soprano mob family dinner. Vito Spatafore was named captain of the Aprile crew in 2002.


title: Soprano family

text: During that time, Tony Soprano began to groom his cousin/nephew Christopher Moltisanti, for a leadership role. Christopher, already considered young to have been "made," was named acting Capo of the Gualtieri crew while Paulie Walnuts was in jail facing a gun charge (later dropped). Patsy Parisi was dissatisfied with this choice, as was Silvio Dante, who wanted to see Patsy as Capo. In addition, Tony names Christopher his successor, a move that is severely compromised when Christopher is discovered to have a serious heroin addiction and is sent to rehab. Christopher temporarily cleans up and proves his loyalty to Tony by giving up his fiancée, Adriana La Cerva for execution when it is discovered that she has been cooperating with the FBI. As a reward for putting the Family above his fiancée, Chris is made captain of the Gualtieri crew (with Paulie Gualtieri promoted to Underboss).


title: Soprano family

text: It is during this period that the working relationship between the Lupertazzi crime family and the Sopranos reaches a rocky point. In 2002, when the two families joined to control the Esplanade construction site in Newark, New Jersey, Disagreements over the split of the money from the Esplanade, plus the HUD projects that Tony was keeping a secret from Lupertazzi and the displeasure of Johnny Sack with Ralph Cifaretto, nearly caused the two families to go to war. Johnny Sack and boss Carmine Lupertazzi blamed one another for the conflict, and each of them reached out to Tony to whack the other as a means of ending the conflict. In both cases, cooler heads prevailed and the two families worked out a deal.


title: Soprano family

text: The prison release of "The Class of 2004" (Phil Leotardo, Angelo Garepe, Feech La Manna, and Tony Blundetto) along with the death of Carmine Lupertazzi set off another series of conflicts. "Little" Carmine Lupertazzi and Johnny Sack went to war over the position of Boss in New York, and Tony had to deal with the insubordination of Feech La Manna and his cousin, Tony Blundetto. One problem in his family was solved when Feech La Manna was sent back to prison after stolen flat-screen televisions were found in his garage by a parole officer, presumably called on the orders of Tony Soprano.


title: Soprano family

text: The other problem was complicated when Tony B. killed Lupertazzi associate Joey Peeps on the orders of Lupertazzi Capo Rusty Millio and consigliere Angelo Garepe. When Angelo was killed in retaliation, Tony B. went after Phil Leotardo and killed his brother, Billy Leotardo, in an unsanctioned hit. Faced with threats of war and torture from Johnny Sack and Phil Leotardo plus unease in his own family, Tony Soprano was left with no choice but to kill Tony B. himself.


title: Soprano family

text: The relationship between New York and New Jersey families was further complicated when Johnny Sack was busted by the FBI and sent to prison to await trial, and Phil Leotardo, still nursing hard feelings about Blundetto, was named Acting Boss of the Lupertazzi Family.


title: Soprano family

text: During his house arrest and trials/re-trials, Junior developed signs of dementia. He had a head injury after being hit with a boom microphone and knocked down the courthouse steps. Several mini-strokes over the years increasingly diminished his capacity and led him to shoot Tony in the abdomen, mistakenly thinking that Tony was his already deceased nemesis "Little Pussy" Malanga.


title: Soprano family

text: The shooting of Tony Soprano set off a media frenzy, with reporters stalking the Soprano house and outside the hospital where Tony lay in a coma. Junior Soprano was arrested and questioned about the shooting, which he insisted must have been a self-inflicted gunshot by Tony, whom he labeled as a "depression case". The captains of the Family agreed to cut all ties with Junior and allow Tony to decide what happens to him. Junior was judged to be mentally unstable and was sent to a mental rehabilitation facility.


title: Soprano family

text: With Tony incapacitated, his consigliere Silvio Dante took over as acting boss of the Soprano crime family; however, Silvio was unable to handle the pressure of being boss and had an asthma attack that put him in the hospital. Tony, after a near-death experience, would awake from his coma soon after, just in time to settle a dispute over the future of Barone Sanitation with Johnny Sack and Phil Leotardo.


title: Soprano family

text: While in prison, Johnny Sack reached out to Tony through Phil Leotardo to whack his insubordinate capo, Rusty Millio. Tony refused at first but had a change of heart after talking to Johnny Sack at his daughter's wedding. Tony conducted the execution of Millio with caution, bringing in two men from Naples to carry out the hit on Rusty and his soldier, Eddie Pietro. Johnny Sack later pleads guilty in his RICO trial to lessen his sentence, thus making Phil Leotardo the boss in all but title.


title: Soprano family

text: More complications occurred in the organization when Vito Spatafore, the top-earning captain of the Aprile crew and cousin-in-law to Phil Leotardo, fled New Jersey after his homosexuality was revealed. Carlo Gervasi was named by Tony as the replacement point man for the Family's construction interests. After hiding in New Hampshire for months, Vito returned to New Jersey, approaching Tony about starting up a separate operation in Atlantic City involving prostitution. Tony considered the request but ultimately decided that Vito needed to be taken out to placate Phil Leotardo, who was incensed about Vito's lifestyle.


title: Soprano family

text: However, Phil got to Vito first, breaking into his hotel room and watching while soldiers Dominic "Fat Dom" Gamiello and Gerry Torciano beat his cousin-in-law to death. Tony, realizing that Phil was sending the message that New York can do whatever they want, decided to hurt Phil financially as payback for Vito. Tony reasoned that a war with New York would prevent his family from earning. However, when Fat Dom went to Satriale's on a delivery stop and made jokes about Vito's death and implied Carlo was homosexual, Silvio and Carlo killed the New York soldier.


title: Soprano family

text: Tony's response to Vito's murder was to blow up a wire room held by Phil in Sheepshead Bay – Benny Fazio was on the scene for the explosion. After a sit-down between the New Jersey and New York Families, a truce was nearly reached before a reference from Little Carmine to the death of Billy Leotardo resulted in Phil Leotardo storming out. At a conference with Gerry Torciano, Albie Cianfiore, and Butch DeConcini, a decision was reached to take out a high-ranking member of the Soprano crime family.


title: Soprano family

text: Butch was particularly vocal in his desire to kill Tony, but Phil had more sense than that and decided against it. Phil had a massive coronary soon afterward and FBI Agent Harris informed Tony that someone on his crew could be in danger. In an attempt to clear the air between them, Tony paid a visit to Phil's hospital bed, telling him of his own near-death experience. During his disagreement with Phil about an asbestos removal project, Tony reminds him of their discussion in the hospital but Phil snubs him.


title: Soprano family

text: Tony retaliates by taking two members of Phil's crew, including one named Coco, off a project payroll, after which Coco threatens and sexually harasses Tony's daughter Meadow in a Little Italy restaurant. Tony retaliates by curb-stomping Coco on a wooden step in a restaurant in front of Butch DeConcini, shattering all of the threatener's teeth and putting him in a coma. Phil refuses to meet with Tony after this incident and war between the two families seems imminent.


title: Soprano family

text: It becomes clear that there is no compromise available between NY and NJ, and as a result, the wheels begin to turn. New York convinces Burt Gervasi to switch sides, and he approaches Silvio Dante to join in on a coup d'état attempt on Soprano. The likely idea is that if Tony is killed, Silvio will take over and make peace, and Gervasi will be rewarded. Silvio responds by strangling Burt Gervasi at his house with a garotte. Soprano knew what had to be done, and arranged for Phil Leotardo to be executed. At the same time, Phil had a war-room discussion where he arranged for New Jersey to be wiped out.


title: Soprano family

text: Phil gives orders to "decapitate the leadership" of the Sopranos and "do business with what's left", and orders contracts on Tony Soprano, Silvio Dante, and Robert "Bobby Bacala" Baccalieri. The Sopranos' attempt to hit Phil went awry however when Phil's Ukrainian mistress and her father were mistaken for Phil and were mistakenly killed by the non-English-speaking Italians who were brought over from "the other side" specifically to perform this contract.


title: Soprano family

text: The hits "on" the Sopranos in New Jersey took place with more finesse, however. Bacala is killed at a model train shop when two assassins ambush him. Word comes down that Leotardo has vanished, and the Soprano Family decides to do the same. However, as Patsy Parisi and Silvio Dante attempt to go on the lam, they are ambushed by a pair of New York hitmen outside the Bada Bing. In the ensuing carnage, Silvio Dante is shot multiple times but Parisi escapes. Silvio is rushed to a hospital where he is left in a coma. Tony and some soldiers head to a safe house to hide, as the search for Phil continued. Tony, surrounded by bodyguards, attempts to sleep while holding an AR-10 rifle in his arms, which Bobby gave to him on his 47th birthday.


title: Soprano family

text: Tony came out of hiding shortly after and arranged a sit down with Butch DeConcini and Albie Cianflone through "Little" Carmine Lupertazzi and retired Five Families Boss George Paglieri. During this meeting the New York Family agreed that Phil Leotardo's decision to go to war with North Jersey was a bad one, has gone much too far, and that consequently, the New York leadership would back off. Tony demanded that they give him a location on Phil, but Butch refused to tell of Phil's whereabouts (either because he didn't know or still felt loyal to his boss). Butch did, however, give Tony implicit permission to take Phil out should he find him, without retaliation from Butch and New York.


title: Soprano family

text: Butch agrees to financially compensate Bobby's widow. Since Tony had previously given FBI Agent Harris information on two Arab men that used to be small-time associates of the family, Harris eventually told Tony that Phil had been making calls from a pay phone at a gas station in Oyster Bay. The Soprano family began patrolling the area's gas stations looking for Phil. It wasn't long before Walden Belfiore, a soldier in the Gervasi crew, caught up with Phil at the gas station. Phil was shot in the head and chest in front of his wife and grandchildren. His vehicle was in gear and, while Phil was on the ground, the driverless SUV ran over his head. The New York/New Jersey war was seemingly brought to its conclusion.


title: Soprano family

text: The Street Boss is considered the go-to-guy for the boss and is responsible to pass on orders to lower-ranking members.


title: Mary Richardson Kennedy

text: Mary Richardson Kennedy (born Mary Kathleen Richardson; October 4, 1959 – May 16, 2012) was an American interior designer, architect, and philanthropist. She was a proponent of green building and was a co-founder of the Food Allergy Initiative, the largest fund for food allergy research in the United States. Her 2010 legal separation from her husband, Robert F. Kennedy Jr., was highly publicized. Her subsequent suicide in 2012 also received national media attention.


title: Mary Richardson Kennedy

text: Mary Kathleen Richardson was born on October 4, 1959, and was raised in Bayonne, New Jersey. Her father, John F. Richardson, was an attorney and a professor at Stevens Institute of Technology, who died when she was 12 years old. Richardson's mother was Nancy Higgins, a public school English teacher. Richardson had four sisters and two brothers.


title: Mary Richardson Kennedy

text: She attended The Putney School, where she became friends and roommates with Kerry Kennedy, the daughter of Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Skakel Kennedy. She later roomed with Kerry Kennedy in college and served as her maid of honor at her wedding in 1990 to Andrew Cuomo.


title: Mary Richardson Kennedy

text: Richardson attended Brown University and studied architectural design at the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD).


title: Mary Richardson Kennedy

text: Her close friend Kerry Kennedy stated that Mary spent a semester working for the artist Andy Warhol in 1980. While Edward Kennedy was running for president, Mary Richardson, then age 20, had raised donations of artwork from Warhol and other prominent artists in his network, including Rauschenberg, Lichtenstein, and Schnabel.


title: Mary Richardson Kennedy

text: After studying architecture at RISD, Richardson lived in SoHo, Manhattan, in the 1980s, and was active in the bohemian culture.


title: Mary Richardson Kennedy

text: In 1993, Richardson worked for the firm Parrish Hadley Design as an architectural designer. She was involved in the renovation of the Naval Observatory in Washington, DC, the official residence of the Vice President of the United States. Her work involved green building practices and was certified through the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design program. Following flood damage to her home in 2003, Richardson oversaw a massive salvage job and green rebuild project known as the Kennedy Green House Project.


title: Mary Richardson Kennedy

text: In 1998, she co-founded the Food Allergy Initiative, the largest private fund for food allergy research in the United States.


title: Mary Richardson Kennedy

text: Richardson married Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., the brother of Kerry Kennedy, on April 15, 1994, aboard a research vessel on the Hudson River. They had four children: Conor Richardson Kennedy, Kyra LeMoyne Kennedy, William Finbar Kennedy, and Aidan Caohman Vieques Kennedy.


title: Mary Richardson Kennedy

text: On May 12, 2010, Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. filed for divorce from Richardson. Three days later, she was arrested and charged with driving under the influence. She reportedly struggled with alcoholism and substance abuse. A court ordered that full temporary custody of her children be granted to her estranged husband.


title: Mary Richardson Kennedy

text: On May 16, 2012, Richardson was found dead at her home in Bedford, New York. Her death was ruled as a suicide by hanging. An autopsy report revealed that she had antidepressants in her blood system. Her funeral, organized by the Kennedy family, was held at St. Patrick Catholic Church in Bedford, New York. On May 21, 2012, a memorial service organized by the Richardson family was held at the Standard Hotel in Manhattan. A legal battle between her husband and her brother, Thomas W. Richardson, ensued over which family should have control over her remains.


title: Chi (letter)

text: In Modern Greek, it has two distinct pronunciations: In front of high or front vowels ( or ) it is pronounced as a voiceless palatal fricative , as in German "ich" or like the "h" in some pronunciations of the English words "hew" and "human". In front of low or back vowels (, or ) and consonants, it is pronounced as a voiceless velar fricative (), as in German "ach" or Spanish "j".


title: Chi (letter)

text: Chi is romanized as in most systematic transliteration conventions, but sometimes is used. In addition, in Modern Greek, it is often also romanized as or in informal practice.


title: Chi (letter)

text: In ancient times, some local forms of the Greek alphabet used the chi instead of xi to represent the /ks/ sound. This was borrowed into the early Latin language, which led to the use of the letter X for the same sound in Latin, and many modern languages that use the Latin alphabet.


title: Chi (letter)

text: In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the minuscule chi is the symbol for the voiceless uvular fricative.


title: Chi (letter)

text: In Plato's "Timaeus", it is explained that the two bands that form the soul of the world cross each other like the letter Χ. Plato's analogy, along with several other examples of "chi" as a symbol occur in Thomas Browne's discourse "The Garden of Cyrus" (1658).


title: Chi (letter)

text: Chi or X is often used to abbreviate the name Christ, as in the holiday Christmas (Xmas). When fused within a single typespace with the Greek letter rho, it is called the labarum and used to represent the person of Jesus Christ.


title: Chi (letter)

text: These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style.


title: Chi (letter)

text: In statistics, the term chi-squared or formula_1 has various uses, including the chi-squared distribution, the chi-squared test, and chi-squared target models.


title: Chi (letter)

text: In neuroanatomy, crossings of peripheral nerves (such as the optic chiasm) are named for the letter Chi because of its Χ-shape.


title: Chi (letter)

text: In rhetoric, both chiastic structure (a literary device) and the figure of speech Chiasmus derive from their names from the shape of the letter Chi.


title: Chi (letter)

text: In mechanical engineering, chi is used as a symbol for the reduction factor of relevant buckling loads in the EN 1993, a European Standard for the design of steel structures.


title: Spaced

text: Spaced is a British television sitcom created, written by and starring Simon Pegg and Jessica Stevenson, and directed by Edgar Wright, about the (comedic and sometimes farcical and action-packed) misadventures of Daisy Steiner and Tim Bisley, two twenty-something Londoners who, despite only having just met, decide to move in together after she gives up on squatting and he is kicked out by his ex-girlfriend. Supporting roles include Nick Frost as Tim's best friend Mike, Katy Carmichael as Daisy's best friend Twist, Mark Heap as lodger Brian who lives downstairs and Julia Deakin as landlady Marsha.


title: Spaced

text: The first series of the show, comprising seven episodes, premiered in the UK on Channel 4 on 24 September 1999, and the second and final series, also consisting of seven episodes, started on 23 February 2001 and concluded on 13 April.


title: Spaced

text: Daisy Steiner and Tim Bisley are two London based twenty-somethings who meet by chance in a café while both are flat-hunting. Despite barely knowing each other, they conspire to pose as a young professional couple in order to meet the requisites of an advertisement for a relatively cheap flat in the distinctive building at 23 Meteor Street, Tufnell Park, owned by resident landlady Marsha Klein. Also in the building is Brian Topp, an eccentric conceptual artist who lives and works on his various pieces in the ground-floor flat. Frequent visitors are Daisy's best friend Twist Morgan and Tim's best friend Mike Watt. The latter ends up becoming a lodger after Marsha's daughter Amber Weary "flies the nest".


title: Spaced

text: The series largely concerns the surreal and awkward adventures of Tim and Daisy as they navigate through life, come to terms with affairs of the heart, and try to figure out new and largely unproductive ways of killing time. They repeatedly clarify that they are not a couple to everyone but Marsha, but despite this, romantic tension develops between them, particularly during the second series.


title: Spaced

text: The show has a distinctive cinematic style set by Wright and is shot with a single camera. In addition to borrowing liberally from the visual language of film (in particular some kind of unspecified genre films), it has particular stylistic mannerisms, such as the recurring device of scene changes occurring in the middle of a pan. The series' atmosphere is also established by the use of a particular flavour of contemporary dance music on its soundtrack.


title: Spaced

text: "Northern Exposure"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s frequent use of fantasy sequences was "one of the key influences" in the creation of the show, and Pegg and Stevenson pitched the show to LWT as "a cross between "The Simpsons", "The X-Files" and "Northern Exposure"."


title: Spaced

text: The series is dense with references to popular culture, including but not limited to science fiction and horror films, comic books, and video games. The Series 2 DVD release introduced the "Homage-o-meter", an alternative set of subtitles listing every reference and homage; the "Definitive Collectors Edition" boxed set introduced a similar subtitle track for Series 1. "2000 AD" artists Jim Murray and Jason Brashill provided the artwork for Tim's comic "The Bear", as well as other incidental artwork for the show. Tim's boss Bilbo wears a 2000 AD comic T-shirt whilst lecturing Tim about "".


title: Spaced

text: The series is also noted for its regular recreational drug use references, from its title onwards. Tim and Daisy smoke Cannabis on a number of occasions, one episode centring on its use. Tim and Mike take speed on one occasion, and it is implied that Tim, Mike, Daisy, Twist and Brian take ecstasy while clubbing.


title: Spaced

text: Individual tracks that were particularly featured in an episode included "Is You Is or Is You Ain't My Baby?" by Louis Jordan, "Smash It" by Fuzz Townshend, and "The Staunton Lick" by Lemon Jelly. A Guy Pratt remix of the "A-Team" theme song, featured at the conclusion of "Epiphanies", was a fan favourite, but was never made commercially available.


title: Spaced

text: In 2001, a was released in tandem with the first series' release on DVD and videotape. A second soundtrack was not released, although the series' official fan website has an episode-by-episode list of music featured in the second series.


title: Spaced

text: "Spaced" was nominated in 2000 and 2002 for a British Academy Television Award for situation comedy. Jessica Stevenson won the British Comedy Award in 1999 and 2001 for best TV Comedy Actress. Simon Pegg was nominated in 1999 for the British Comedy Award for Best Male Comedy Newcomer, and the series was nominated that same year for the British Comedy Award for Best TV Sitcom. The show's second series was nominated for an International Emmy Award in 2001 for Popular Arts.


title: Spaced

text: "Spaced" Series 1 and 2 were both released on DVD in the United Kingdom. These were followed by a boxed set which collects the previously released single-series DVDs, adding a bonus disc with a feature-length documentary, "Skip to the End", behind the scenes of the show, as well as a music video by Osymyso.


title: Spaced

text: Music rights issues long prevented the release of "Spaced" in Region 1 (U.S. and Canada). Despite the raised profile resulting from "Shaun of the Dead" and "Hot Fuzz" (film collaborations between Pegg and Wright that performed well in the Region 1 countries), no DVDs surfaced between 2004 and 2007. In an interview, it was suggested a deal with Anchor Bay Entertainment failed to come to fruition over the music rights.


title: Spaced

text: Wright announced the release of a Region 1 "Spaced" DVD release on 22 July 2008, which included an all-new commentary with Wright, Pegg, and Stevenson, as well as special guests Quentin Tarantino, Kevin Smith, David X. Cohen, Diablo Cody, Danny Antonucci, Matt Stone, Seth MacFarlane, Seth Green, Christopher Sabat, Bill Hader, Dave Willis, Tim Heidecker, Michael Giacchino and Patton Oswalt. Supplemental features included the original commentaries, the "Skip to the End" documentary, outtakes, deleted scenes, and raw footage.


title: Spaced

text: Since the show's end, cast and crew associated with "Spaced" have been quoted with differing opinions as to whether a third series would be produced, with their most recent statements reflecting a consensus that the show has concluded and will not see a third series.


title: Spaced

text: Edgar Wright initially was "torn" about making more "Spaced", saying "we have genuinely talked about it and have some neat ideas that could work in a "Before Sunset"/"Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads?" kind of way". However, in April 2007, Wright confirmed that the show no longer had any possibility of returning in any form, as the actors were all now "too old", and he and Pegg feared it would ruin a good thing. In August of that same year, Wright told Rotten Tomatoes that "there's not going to be a third season, it would be silly now" but that they could "do something that sort of like catches our heroes ten years later."


title: Spaced

text: During an interview with "The Guardian" in July 2013 promoting "The World's End" with Edgar Wright and Nick Frost, Pegg stated: "Whenever we get asked about... another series of "Spaced"... one of the reasons we're not going to do it is because we couldn't possibly write it with any degree of truth now, because that's not where we are or who we are any more. I always find it's better to write from a perspective of truth."


title: Spaced

text: Fox announced on 29 October 2007 that it would commission a pilot for an American version of "Spaced", a project they then scuttled in May 2008 following a generally negative reaction from the series' creators and fans of the original show.


title: Spaced

text: Wright was initially approached about an American version after the first series was broadcast in 1999, and felt an American remake was impossible due to the series' fundamental theme. "Same reason it couldn't be a film," Wright said. "Part of the charm of 'Spaced' is, it's people in north London acting out stuff from American films... you know, Hollywood in, kind of, suburbia... American TV is much more glamorous. It doesn't make any sense. I remember that the producer at the time said, 'Yeah, we'd have to change a few things. We'd have to take out the drugs and the swearing, and obviously, Mike can't have guns.'"


title: Spaced

text: Neither Wright, Pegg, nor Stevenson were at any point approached regarding the proposed American remake, which Wright had dubbed "McSpaced", due to the involvement of film director McG. Wright was upset that "they would a) never bother to get in touch but still b) splash my and Simon's names all over the trade announcements and imply that we're involved in the same way Ricky & Steve were with "The Office"". Pegg and Stevenson also complained of the "lack of respect" demonstrated by the creators of the proposed American series, who left them out of discussions as well.


title: Spaced

text: Wright was also angry at the media for what he felt was their overlooking of Stevenson's role in the creation of "Spaced" by connecting the series to "Shaun of the Dead" and "Hot Fuzz" in news articles.


title: National Assembly (South Korea)

text: The National Assembly of the Republic of Korea, often shortened to the National Assembly in domestic English-language media, is the unicameral national legislature of South Korea. Elections to the National Assembly are held every four years. The latest legislative elections were held on 15 April 2020. The National Assembly has 300 seats, with 253 constituency seats and 47 proportional representation seats; 30 of the PR seats are assigned on additional member system, while 17 PR seats use the parallel voting method.


title: National Assembly (South Korea)

text: The unicameral assembly consists of at least 200 members according to the South Korean constitution. In 1990 the assembly had 299 seats, 224 of which were directly elected from single-member districts in the general elections of April 1988. Under applicable laws, the remaining seventy-five representatives were elected from party lists. By law, candidates for election to the assembly must be at least thirty years of age. As part of a political compromise in 1987, an earlier requirement that candidates have at least five years' continuous residency in the country was dropped to allow Kim Dae-jung, who had spent several years in exile in Japan and the United States during the 1980s, to return to political life. The National Assembly's term is four years. In a change from the more authoritarian Fourth Republic and Fifth Republic (1972–80 and 1980–87, respectively), under the Sixth Republic, the assembly cannot be dissolved by the president.


title: National Assembly (South Korea)

text: The constitution stipulates that the assembly is presided over by a Speaker and two Deputy Speakers, who are responsible for expediting the legislative process. The Speaker and Deputy Speakers are elected in a secret ballot by the members of the Assembly, and their term in office is restricted to two years. The Speaker is independent of party affiliation, and the Speaker and Deputy Speakers may not simultaneously be government ministers.


title: National Assembly (South Korea)

text: Parties that hold at least 20 seats in the assembly form floor negotiation groups (, Hanja: 交涉團體, RR: ), which are entitled to a variety of rights that are denied to smaller parties. These include a greater amount of state funding and participation in the leaders' summits that determine the assembly's legislative agenda.


title: National Assembly (South Korea)

text: In order to meet the quorum, the United Liberal Democrats, who then held 17 seats, arranged to "rent" three legislators from the Millennium Democratic Party. The legislators returned to the MDP after the collapse of the ULD-MDP coalition in September 2001.


title: National Assembly (South Korea)

text: To introduce a bill, a legislator must present the initiative to the Speaker with the signatures of at least ten other members of the assembly. The bill must then be edited by a committee to ensure that the bill contains correct and systematic language. It can then be approved or rejected by the Assembly.


title: National Assembly (South Korea)

text: There are 17 standing committees which examine bills and petitions falling under their respective jurisdictions, and perform other duties as prescribed by relevant laws.


title: National Assembly (South Korea)

text: The National Assembly has 300 seats, with 253 constituency seats and 47 proportional representation seats. However, 30 of the PR seats are assigned on additional member system, while 17 PR seats use the parallel voting method. The voting age was also lowered from 19 to 18 years old, expanding the electorate by over half a million voters.


title: National Assembly (South Korea)

text: From 2004 to 2009, the assembly gained notoriety as a frequent site for legislative violence. The Assembly first came to the world's attention during a violent dispute on impeachment proceedings for then President Roh Moo-hyun, when open physical combat took place in the assembly. Since then, it has been interrupted by periodic conflagrations, piquing the world's curiosity once again in 2009 when members battled each other with sledgehammers and fire extinguishers. The National Assembly since then have preventive measures to prevent any more legislative violence.


title: National Assembly (South Korea)

text: Elections for the assembly were held under UN supervision on 10 May 1948. The First Republic of Korea was established on 17 July 1948 when the constitution of the First Republic was established by the Assembly. The Assembly also had the job of electing the president and elected anti-communist Syngman Rhee as president on 10 May 1948.


title: National Assembly (South Korea)

text: Under the first constitution, the National Assembly was unicameral. Under the second and third constitutions, the National Assembly was to be bicameral and consist of the House of Representatives and the House of Councillors, but in practice the legislature was unicameral because the House of Representatives was prevented from passing the law necessary to establish the House of Councillors.


title: Sam Houser

text: Sam Houser (born 1971) is a British video game producer. He is the co-founder and president of Rockstar Games and one of the creative driving forces behind the games in the "Grand Theft Auto" franchise, being producer since the third game.


title: Sam Houser

text: Sam Houser was born in London in 1971. He is the son of solicitor Walter Houser and actress Geraldine Moffat, and brother to Dan Houser. Sam drew inspiration from crime films at an early age because his mother was an actress in that genre of film. As a child, "The Getaway" was Sam's main source of inspiration to become an aspiring "bank robber". Games like "Elite" and "Mr. Do!" were Sam's favourite games growing up. "Elite" was a "space mugger" game according to Sam, allowing him to explore his "bad boy" side at an early age.


title: Sam Houser

text: Houser joined Bertelsmann Music Group in 1990, working in the company's post-room. In 1994, Houser was named to BMG's new interactive entertainment division. By 1996, Houser became Head of Development at BMG Interactive.


title: Sam Houser

text: Sam became a video producer for BMG Interactive after he and his father had lunch with the executive producer of the music label, who claimed that Houser had some good ideas. After BMG partnered with a small CD ROM company, Sam transferred to the Interactive Publishing division of BMG in order to work closely with developing video games.


title: Sam Houser

text: Credited as executive producer, Houser is also the creator of several of the games in the "Grand Theft Auto" series with his brother Dan. On "Grand Theft Auto III" his responsibilities were, in his words, to be "militant on ensuring the game had a look, a sound, a story and a feel that worked." His description of the series as a whole is that the three sixth-generation "Grand Theft Auto" games form a "trilogy, [featuring] our distorted look at the East Coast around the time of the millennium ("Grand Theft Auto III"), followed by our reinterpretation of '80s Miami (""), and lastly, our look at early-'90s California ("")."


title: Sam Houser

text: Despite their status as creators of "Grand Theft Auto", one of the most successful video game franchises of all-time, Houser and his brother Dan have shied away from the media spotlight, focusing instead on the Rockstar Games brand, rather than any one person getting the credit for the games' success. In 2009, both Sam and Dan Houser appeared in "Time" magazine's 100 most influential people of 2009 list. Houser also produced "Max Payne 3" and "Grand Theft Auto V".


title: Quartzite

text: Quartzite is a hard, non-foliated metamorphic rock which was originally pure quartz sandstone. Sandstone is converted into quartzite through heating and pressure usually related to tectonic compression within orogenic belts. Pure quartzite is usually white to grey, though quartzites often occur in various shades of pink and red due to varying amounts of hematite. Other colors, such as yellow, green, blue and orange, are due to other minerals.


title: Quartzite

text: The term "quartzite" is also sometimes used for very hard but unmetamorphosed sandstones that are composed of quartz grains thoroughly cemented with additional quartz. Such sedimentary rock has come to be described as orthoquartzite to distinguish it from metamorphic quartzite, which is sometimes called metaquartzite to emphasize its metamorphic origins.


title: Quartzite

text: Quartzite is very resistant to chemical weathering and often forms ridges and resistant hilltops. The nearly pure silica content of the rock provides little material for soil; therefore, the quartzite ridges are often bare or covered only with a very thin layer of soil and little (if any) vegetation. Some quartzites contain just enough weather-susceptible nutrient-bearing minerals such as carbonates and chlorite to form a loamy, fairly fertile though shallow and stony soil.


title: Quartzite

text: Quartzite has been used since prehistoric times for stone tools. It is presently used for decorative dimension stone, as crushed stone in highway construction, and as a source of silica for production of silicon and silicon compounds.


title: Quartzite

text: Quartzite is a very hard rock composed predominantly of an interlocking mosaic of quartz crystals. The grainy, sandpaper-like surface is glassy in appearance. Minor amounts of former cementing materials, iron oxide, silica, carbonate and clay, often migrate during recrystallization, causing streaks and lenses to form within the quartzite. To be classified as a quartzite by the British Geological Survey, a metamorphic rock must contain at least 80% quartz by volume.


title: Quartzite

text: Quartzite is commonly regarded as metamorphic in origin. When sandstone is subjected to the great heat and pressure associated with regional metamorphism, the individual quartz grains recrystallize along with the former cementing material. Most or all of the original texture and sedimentary structures of the sandstone are erased by the metamorphism. The recrystallized quartz grains are roughly equal in size, forming what is called a granoblastic texture, and they also show signs of metamorphic annealing, in which the grains become coarser and acquire a more polygonal texture. The grains are so tightly interlocked that when the rock is broken, it fractures through the grains to form an irregular or conchoidal fracture.


title: Quartzite

text: Geologists had recognized by 1941 that some rocks show the macroscopic characteristics of quartzite, even though they have not undergone metamorphism at high pressure and temperature. These rocks have been subject only to the much lower temperatures and pressures associated with diagenesis of sedimentary rock, but diagenesis has cemented the rock so thoroughly that microscopic examination is necessary to distinguish it from metamorphic quartize. The term "orthoquartzite" is used to distinguish such sedimentary rock from "metaquartzite" produced by metamorphism. By extension, the term "orthoquartzite" has occasionally been more generally applied to any quartz-cemented quartz arenite. Orthoquartzite (in the narrow sense) is often 99% SiO with only very minor amounts of iron oxide and trace resistant minerals such as zircon, rutile and magnetite. Although few fossils are normally present, the original texture and sedimentary structures are preserved.


title: Quartzite

text: The typical distinction between a true orthoquartzite and an ordinary quartz sandstone is that an orthoquartzite is so highly cemented that it will fracture across grains, not around them. This is a distinction that can be recognized in the field. In turn, the distinction between an orthoquartzite and a metaquartzite is the onset of recrystallization of existing grains. The dividing line may be placed at the point where strained quartz grains begin to be replaced by new, unstrained, small quartz grains, producing a "mortar texture" that can be identified in thin sections under a polarizing microscope. With increasing grade of metamorphism, further recrystallization produces "foam texture", characterized by polygonal grains meeting at triple junctions, and then "porphyroblastic texture", characterized by coarse, irregular grains, including some larger grains (porphyroblasts.)


title: Quartzite

text: In the United States, formations of quartzite can be found in some parts of Pennsylvania, the Washington DC area, eastern South Dakota, Central Texas, southwest Minnesota, Devil's Lake State Park in the Baraboo Range in Wisconsin, the Wasatch Range in Utah, near Salt Lake City, Utah and as resistant ridges in the Appalachians and other mountain regions. Quartzite is also found in the Morenci Copper Mine in Arizona. The town of Quartzsite in western Arizona derives its name from the quartzites in the nearby mountains in both Arizona and Southeastern California. A glassy "vitreous quartzite" has been described from the Belt Supergroup in the Coeur d’Alene district of northern Idaho.


title: Quartzite

text: In Canada, the La Cloche Mountains in Ontario are composed primarily of white quartzite. Vast areas of Nova Scotia are underlain by quartzite.


title: Quartzite

text: Paleoproterozoic quartzite-rhyolite successions are common in the Precambrian basement rock of western North America. The quartzites in these successions are interpreted as sedimentary beds deposited atop older greenstone belts. The quartzite-rhyolite successions may record the formation of back-arc basins along the margin of Laurentia, the ancient core of North America, between episodes of mountain building during the assembly of the continent. The quartzites are often nearly pure quartz, which is puzzling for sediments which must have eroded from igneous rock. Their purity may reflect unusual conditions of chemical weathering, at a time when the Earth's atmosphere was beginning to be oxygenated.


title: Quartzite

text: In Ireland areas of quartzite are found across the west and northwest, with Errigal in Donegal as the most prominent outcrop. A good example of a quartzite area is on An Corràn peninsula, in Co. Mayo, which has a very thin layer of Irish Atlantic Bog covering it.


title: Quartzite

text: In the United Kingdom, a craggy ridge of quartzite called the Stiperstones (early Ordovician – Arenig Epoch, 500 Ma) runs parallel with the Pontesford-Linley fault, 6 km north-west of the Long Mynd in south Shropshire. Also to be found in England are the Cambrian "Wrekin quartzite" (in Shropshire), and the Cambrian "Hartshill quartzite" (Nuneaton area). In Wales, Holyhead Mountain and most of Holy island off Anglesey sport excellent Precambrian quartzite crags and cliffs. In the Scottish Highlands, several mountains (e.g. Foinaven, Arkle) composed of Cambrian quartzite can be found in the far north-west Moine Thrust Belt running in a narrow band from Loch Eriboll in a south-westerly direction to Skye.


title: Quartzite

text: In continental Europe, various regionally isolated quartzite deposits exist at surface level in a belt from the Rhenish Massif and the German Central Highlands into the Western Czech Republic, for example in the Taunus and Harz mountains. In Poland quartzite deposits at surface level exists in Świętokrzyskie Mountains. In Norway, deposits are quarried near Austertana, which is one of the largest quarries in the world at 850,000 metric tonnes) annually, and Mårnes near Sandhornøy with an output of 150,000 metric tonnes annually. Deposits are also quarried at Kragerø, and several other deposits are known but not actively quarried.


title: Quartzite

text: The highest mountain in Mozambique, Monte Binga (2436 m), as well as the rest of the surrounding Chimanimani Plateau are composed of very hard, pale grey, Precambrian quartzite. Quartzite is also mined in Brazil for use in kitchen countertops.


title: Quartzite

text: Quartzite is a decorative stone and may be used to cover walls, as roofing tiles, as flooring, and stairsteps. Its use for countertops in kitchens is expanding rapidly. It is harder and more resistant to stains than granite. Crushed quartzite is sometimes used in road construction. High purity quartzite is used to produce ferrosilicon, industrial silica sand, silicon and silicon carbide.


title: Quartzite

text: During the Paleolithic, quartzite was used, along with flint, quartz, and other lithic raw materials, for making stone tools.


title: Quartzite

text: As quartzite is a form of silica, it is a possible cause for concern in various workplaces. Cutting, grinding, chipping, sanding, drilling, and polishing natural and manufactured stone products can release hazardous levels of very small, crystalline silica dust particles into the air that workers breathe. Crystalline silica of respirable size is a recognized human carcinogen and may lead to other diseases of the lungs such as silicosis and pulmonary fibrosis.


title: Justin Fletcher

text: Justin Fletcher (born 15 June 1970) is an English actor, comedian, singer and television presenter on the BBC pre-school television channel CBeebies. Speaking and performing in various, often self-created, roles, he specialises in slapstick comedy and works with children with special needs through his show "Something Special". Fletcher also appears as the award-winning comedian Mr Tumble.


title: Justin Fletcher

text: Fletcher was born on 15 June 1970 in Reading, Berkshire, the son of Guy Fletcher. He has three sisters and one brother. He attended Theale Green School. He currently lives in Winnersh, Wokingham, Berkshire.


title: Justin Fletcher

text: Fletcher worked for Sounds Good in Theale as a cassette duplicating machine operator and generally amused his co-workers with his characterisations.


title: Justin Fletcher

text: While in his final year studying drama at the Guildford School of Acting, Fletcher started to regularly watch Phillip Schofield in the BBC One broom cupboard with Gordon the Gopher and decided that a career in children's television was for him. He then met Phillip Schofield, who suggested that he should make a show reel to showcase to television executives.


title: Justin Fletcher

text: He sketched out various comedic characters and put together a Showreel called "Justin Time" which encompassed two different characters: Anna Conda, a myopic reptile-house warden; and Arthur Sleep, a regional newsreader who has difficulty staying awake and can sleep anywhere no matter what. Both characters were used for his CBeebies show "Gigglebiz". His first television show after graduation was "Fun Song Factory" for GMTV, working with Dave Benson Phillips (he had earlier done Playdays on the stage after its cancellation, portraying the character Mr. Jolly). The television show was sent to various broadcasters and production companies.


title: Justin Fletcher

text: He was part of the "Tikkabilla" programme, out of which was spun "Higgledy House", a slapstick comedy for children with Sarah-Jane Honeywell, which progressed to the very popular Mr Tumble. Fletcher has also voiced the characters of Doodles and Jake in "Tweenies", Miguel in "Finley the Fire Engine", Sleeping Bear and Growling Tiger in CBeebies' "Boo!", and additional voices in "Todd World", "Shaun the Sheep", and "Timmy Time". In 2006, Fletcher became a presenter on CBeebies but left in 2007.


title: Justin Fletcher

text: Fletcher developed "Something Special" through his own production company, and he presents it while signing in a type of sign language called Makaton.


title: Justin Fletcher

text: In November 2008, CBeebies aired three different pilots made by Fletcher, with the possibility of one of them becoming a full-time series. They were called "Humphrey the Painter", "Gigglebiz", and "Captain Adorable". In January 2009, an announcement by CBeebies was made that "Gigglebiz" would become the regular show, starting in September 2009, with the Humphrey and Captain Adorable characters being included, which was now a series of character-based comedy sketches linked by jokes told by children.


title: Justin Fletcher

text: His voice-over work for CBBC includes voicing Harold from "Thomas the Tank Engine," which he has performed on BBC Radio 4, arena tour, and pantomime. Fletcher is a relief continuity presenter for CBeebies' presentation links and regularly performed on the CBeebies radio station on BBC Radio 7 until its change to BBC Radio 4 Extra in 2011.


title: Justin Fletcher

text: Fletcher also appears as himself, along with a range of animated characters, in the "Bee Bright" series of award-winning educational DVDs.


title: Justin Fletcher

text: In October 2011, CBeebies began broadcasting "Justin's House", starring Fletcher with Steven Kynman as "Robert the Robot" and Jane Deane as "Dee Livery". The show is based in Justin's fictional house and recorded live in front of a studio audience.


title: Justin Fletcher

text: Starting in 1998, Fletcher presented the "Fun Song Factory" for the GMTV series for a year as his first full-time presenting role. He later returned to the show in 2004 as the voice of Ozzy.


title: Justin Fletcher

text: Also in 1998, Fletcher sang several songs as well as the theme tune to the children's stop motion animated series "Tom and Vicky".


title: Justin Fletcher

text: He owns a production company called Scrumptious House, which has released a DVD called "Let's Sing Nursery Rhymes with Justin Fletcher".


title: Justin Fletcher

text: In the CITV channel programme "Jim Jam and Sunny", he is the voice of both Jim Jam and Slim the cowardly giraffe.


title: Justin Fletcher

text: His voice appears on the VTech Alphabet Desk, Turn and Learn Driver and the "Bob the Builder" phones, the children's train ride at Animal Farm Country Park near Burnham-on-Sea, and a number of Crick Software titles.


title: Justin Fletcher

text: From December 2009 to January 2010, Fletcher played the character Buttons in "Cinderella" at the Capitol Theatre in Horsham, West Sussex. From December 2010 to January 2011, he played the character Josh the Jester in the pantomime "Sleeping Beauty" at The Hexagon theatre in Reading, Berkshire. From December 2011 to January 2012, he played the character Wishy Washy in the pantomime "Aladdin" at the Hexagon theatre in Reading. In recent years, he has performed in numerous pantomimes at the venue, including Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty, Beauty & The Beast, and Peter Pan.


title: Justin Fletcher

text: He also attends festivals, such as Camp Bestival in Dorset, to entertain children. Justin is a patron for Bournemouth-based performing arts school Stagewise.


title: Justin Fletcher

text: His debut album "Hands Up the Album" reached number 16 in the UK Albums Chart on 11 March 2012. In March 2013, he released his second album "Best Friends". In January 2015, he released his third album "Just Party".


title: Justin Fletcher

text: On 12 September 2015, he appeared on "Pointless Celebrities" and got knocked out in the second round.


title: Justin Fletcher

text: Fletcher presented a daily radio show on Fun Kids weekdays from 9 am to 10 am called "Justin's Word".


title: Justin Fletcher

text: Fletcher was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2008 Birthday Honours for services to "children's broadcasting and the voluntary sector".


title: Emperor of the French

text: Emperor of the French (French: "Empereur des Français") was the title of the monarch and supreme ruler of the First and the Second French Empires.


title: Emperor of the French

text: A title and office used by the House of Bonaparte starting when Napoleon was proclaimed Emperor on 18 May 1804 by the Senate and was crowned Emperor of the French on 2 December 1804 at the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris, in Paris, with the Crown of Napoleon.


title: Emperor of the French

text: The title emphasized that the emperor ruled over "the French people" (the nation) and not over France (the state). The old formula of "King of France" indicated that the king owned France as a personal possession. The new term indicated a constitutional monarchy. The title was purposely created to preserve the appearance of the French Republic and to show that after the French Revolution, the feudal system was abandoned and a nation-state was created, with equal citizens as the subjects of their emperor. (After 1 January 1809, the state was officially referred to as the French Empire.)


title: Emperor of the French

text: The title of "Emperor of the French" was supposed to demonstrate that Napoleon's coronation was not a restoration of the monarchy, but an introduction of a new political system: the French Empire. Napoleon's reign lasted until 22 June 1815, when he was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo, exiled and imprisoned on the island of Saint Helena, where he died on 5 May 1821. His reign was interrupted by the Bourbon Restoration of 1814 and his exile to Elba, from where he escaped less than a year later to reclaim the throne, reigning as Emperor for another 111 days before his final defeat and exile.


title: Emperor of the French

text: Less than a year after the 1851 French coup d'état by Napoleon's nephew Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, which ended in the successful dissolution of the French National Assembly, the Second French Republic was transformed into the Second French Empire, established by a referendum on 7 November 1852. President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, elected by the French people, officially became Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, from the symbolic and historic date of 2 December 1852. His reign continued until 4 September 1870, after he was captured at the Battle of Sedan during the Franco-Prussian War. He subsequently went into exile in the United Kingdom, where he died on 9 January 1873.


title: Emperor of the French

text: Since the death of Napoleon III's only son, Louis Napoléon in 1879, the House of Bonaparte has had a number of claimants to the French throne. The current claimant is Charles, Prince Napoléon, who became head of the House of Bonaparte on 3 May 1997. His position is challenged by his son, Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon, who was named as heir in his late grandfather's testament.


title: Emperor of the French

text: The Emperors of the French had various titles and claims that reflected the geographic expanse and diversity of the lands ruled by the House of Bonaparte.


title: Emperor of the French

text: His Imperial and Royal Majesty "Napoleon I", By the Grace of God and the Constitution of the Republic, Emperor of the French, King of Italy, Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine, Mediator of the Swiss Confederation and Co-Prince of Andorra.


title: Emperor of the French

text: His Imperial Majesty "Napoleon II", By the Grace of God and the Constitution of the Republic, Emperor of the French and Co-Prince of Andorra.


title: Emperor of the French

text: His Imperial Majesty "Napoleon III", By the Grace of God and the will of the Nation, Emperor of the French and Co-Prince of Andorra.


title: Emperor of the French

text: "Regarded as a continuation of the First French Empire despite the brief exile of the Emperor Napoleon I"


title: R-360 Neptune

text: Neptune's design is based on the Soviet Kh-35 anti-ship missile, with substantially improved range and electronics. The system requirement was for a single missile to defeat surface warships and transport vessels with a displacement of up to 5,000 tons, either in convoys or moving individually.


title: R-360 Neptune

text: According to information from open sources, the first flight samples of the cruise missile were manufactured in the second quarter of 2016. Production of advanced missile systems took place in cooperation with other Ukrainian enterprises, including Artem Luch GAhK, , Motor Sich (MS-400 turbofan engine), Pivdenne YuMZ Pivdenmash, Lviv and other radar electronics, Vyshneve ZhMZ Vizar Kyiv, (seeker), Arsenal SDP SE (navigation system) and others.


title: R-360 Neptune

text: The first tests of the system were conducted on 22 March 2016, attended by Secretary of the National Security and Defense Council (NSDC) Oleksandr Turchynov. In mid-2017, Neptune missiles were tested concurrently with Vilkha launchers and missiles. However, unlike the Vilkha, the test results and capabilities of the Neptune were not made public. According to the press service of the NSDC, the first successful flight tests of the system took place on 30 January 2018. On 17 August 2018, the missile successfully hit a target at a range of during test firings in southern Odesa Oblast. On 6 April 2019, the missile was again successfully tested, hitting targets during tests near Odesa. According to President Petro Poroshenko, Neptune system would be delivered to the Ukrainian military in December 2019.


title: R-360 Neptune

text: After the withdrawal of both the United States and the Russian Federation from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, Ukraine announced that it was considering developing intermediate-range cruise missiles. Analysts considered an extended-range Neptune missile to be a candidate for such an effort.


title: R-360 Neptune

text: Ukraine signed a memorandum with Indonesia on concluding a contract for the supply of a number of Neptune missiles, first reported in December 2020. Thus, Indonesia may become the first foreign buyer of Neptune, according to with reference to the Ukrainian special exporter State Enterprise (SE) "Progress".


title: R-360 Neptune

text: In March 2021, the Ukrainian Navy obtained the first training missile divizion of the RK-360MC Neptune.


title: R-360 Neptune

text: On 3 April 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Ukrainian sources claimed that the had been damaged by Ukrainian forces. Later, Oleksiy Arestovych, an adviser to the Office of the President of Ukraine, clarified that "Admiral Essen" had been hit by a Neptune missile. The Russians did not comment on the claim and the ship continued its mission as normal.


title: R-360 Neptune

text: On 13 April 2022, Ukrainian sources claimed the was hit by two Neptune missiles, resulting in a fire and subsequent explosion of a shipboard ammunition store. The Russian Ministry of Defence stated, without discussing the cause, that a fire had caused munitions to explode and the crew had been fully evacuated. Russia reported the vessel as still being afloat later in the day of the fire, but Russian state media subsequently reported that she had sunk in inclement weather while being towed.


title: R-360 Neptune

text: According to Thomas Shugart, a former U.S. Navy submarine commander, s like "Moskva" have been typically "known for their offensive punch, not for their defensive systems or their damage control". "Moskva" is one of the two largest warships to be sunk in combat since World War II, being of very similar size to , sunk during the Falklands War. The successful use of the Neptune system to sink the warship was cited by Ukrainian Defence Minister Oleksii Reznikov as giving confidence to Ukraine's allies that more weapon supplies to Ukraine would be worth it.


title: R-360 Neptune

text: When deployed, a Neptune coastal defence system comprises a truck-based USPU-360 mobile launcher, four missiles, a TZM-360 transport/reload vehicle, a RCP-360 command and control vehicle, and a special cargo vehicle. Czech Tatra T815-7 trucks replaced prototype KrAZ vehicles. The system is designed to operate inland up to from the coastline.


title: R-360 Neptune

text: A Neptune missile including rocket motor is in length, with a cross-shaped hard wing. Neptune missiles are designed to be housed in transport and launch containers (TLC) with dimensions . The system has a maximum range of about . A single missile weighs , of which is the warhead. It uses a Motor Sich MS-400 engine which has a high thrust-to-weight ratio.


title: USS George Washington (CVN-73)

text: USS "George Washington" (CVN-73) is a United States Navy nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, the sixth carrier in the and the fourth US Navy ship named after George Washington, Founding Father, commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and the first president of the United States. The contract for "George Washington" was awarded to Newport News Shipbuilding on 27 December 1982. Her keel was laid on 25 August 1986, she was christened on 21 July 1990 by First Lady Barbara Bush, and the vessel was commissioned at Naval Station Norfolk on 4 July 1992.


title: USS George Washington (CVN-73)

text: In 2008, USS "George Washington" became the first nuclear powered aircraft carrier to be forward-deployed at naval base Yokosuka, Japan.


title: USS George Washington (CVN-73)

text: Since August 2017, the carrier has been in her four-year Refueling and Complex Overhaul (RCOH), which was expected to be completed by May 2022. After refueling was completed additional repairs were found to be needed and the overhaul was extended. In April of 2022 The Military times reported an increase in suicides citing difficult working conditions for the crew. The repairs will not be completed until March 2023.


title: USS George Washington (CVN-73)

text: "George Washington" (commonly known as "GW") is long, wide and high. The super carrier can accommodate approximately 90 aircraft and has a flight deck in size, using four elevators that are each to move planes between the flight deck and the hangar bay. With a combat load, "GW" displaces almost and can accommodate 6,250 crewmembers. Her four distilling units can make 400,000 U.S. gallons (1,500,000 L) of potable water a day; the food service divisions serve 18,000 meals per day. There are over 2,500 compartments on board requiring 2,520 refrigeration tons (8.6 MW) of air conditioning capacity (enough to cool over 2,000 homes). The warship uses two Mark II stockless anchors that weigh 30 tons each, with each link of the anchor chain weighing . It is currently equipped with two 20 mm Phalanx CIWS mounts and two Sea Sparrow SAM launchers. One CIWS and one Sea Sparrow mount were removed to make way for two RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile launchers, installed during the 2005 Drydocking Planned Incremental Availability (DPIA).


title: USS George Washington (CVN-73)

text: The ship can reach speeds of over and is powered by two Westinghouse A4W nuclear reactors and has four 5-bladed propellers of each. This means that "George Washington" can travel more than before needing refueling.


title: USS George Washington (CVN-73)

text: On 20 February 2004, on a sixth deployment, "George Washington" entered the Gulf of Aden, and a week later, was conducting operations in the Persian Gulf.


title: USS George Washington (CVN-73)

text: On 28 January 2005, she entered the shipyard for Drydocking Planned Incremental Availability (DPIA). Many of the ship's systems were upgraded and maintenance was done to the hull. Her four jet blast deflectors were removed and upgraded to handle the increased heat generated by the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. One defensive Phalanx CIWS mount and one Sea Sparrow launcher were replaced by two Rolling Airframe Missile launchers. During the 11 months she was drydocked, the crew contributed 20,000 hours of volunteer community service to the city of Newport News, Virginia. The work was completed on schedule, and "George Washington" returned to her home port of Norfolk on 17 December 2005.


title: USS George Washington (CVN-73)

text: On 1 December 2005, the United States Navy announced that "George Washington" would replace as the forward-deployed carrier at the U.S. Yokosuka Naval Base in Japan, becoming the first nuclear-powered surface warship permanently stationed outside the continental U.S. In an attempt to explain the carrier's mission to the Japanese public, the U.S. Navy printed a manga about life aboard GW, titled "CVN-73".