title: Greater Vancouver

text: Usage of the term "Greater Vancouver" is not consistent. In local use it tends to refer to urban and suburban areas only, and does not include parts of the regional district such as Bowen Island, although industries such as the film industry even include Squamish, Whistler and Hope as being in "the Vancouver area" or "in Greater Vancouver". The business community often includes adjoining towns and cities such as Mission, Chilliwack, Abbotsford and Squamish within their use of the term "Greater Vancouver", though since the creation of the term "Metro Vancouver", that has come to be used in the media interchangeably with the name of the region and/or regional district.


title: Greater Vancouver

text: As a geographic region, Greater Vancouver is part of the Lower Mainland, one of British Columbia's three main geospatial/cultural divisions, and overlaps with the Lower Fraser Valley, with the Central and Upper Fraser Valley areas to the east being in the Fraser Valley Regional District, which was created from two others upon the expansion of the Greater Vancouver Regional District to include Maple Ridge and Pitt Meadows. Other forms of regional governance and administration whose jurisdiction Greater Vancouver is in are the North Vancouver and Coquitlam Forests Districts, and the Ministry of Environment's Lower Mainland Region (which includes the Sunshine Coast, the Fraser Health Authority and the New Westminster Land District, among others).


title: Greater Vancouver

text: Greater Vancouver occupies the southwest corner of mainland British Columbia. It comprises roughly the western half of the Lower Mainland and sits astride the lower reaches of the Fraser River and both banks of Burrard Inlet.


title: Greater Vancouver

text: Thirteen of the province's thirty most populous municipalities are located in Greater Vancouver. The official land area of the district is . It is the most densely populated region in British Columbia.


title: Greater Vancouver

text: The University of British Columbia and the University Endowment Lands, both located to the west of the City of Vancouver's limits, are not subject to governance by any municipality.


title: Greater Vancouver

text: There are also seventeen Indian reserves within the geographical area that are not subject to governance by the municipalities or the Regional District; they have a combined population of 7,550 (2006) and are governed by the Squamish Nation, Musqueam Nation, Tsleil-waututh First Nation, Tsawwassen First Nation, Semiahmoo First Nation, New Westminster Indian Band, Kwikwetlem First Nation, Katzie First Nation and Kwantlen First Nation.


title: Greater Vancouver

text: The cities of Abbotsford, Chilliwack, and Mission, located to the region's east, are often linked to Vancouver in promotions and tourism and in various non-official usages, as are Squamish and Whistler to the region's north.


title: Greater Vancouver

text: The 2016 census indicates a population of 2,463,431 in Greater Vancouver, representing a 6.5 percent increase from the 2011 census.


title: Greater Vancouver

text: The population of Metro Vancouver is of diverse origin. The 2016 census showed that 48.6 percent of the population was of European heritage, 2.5 percent was of Indigenous heritage, and the remaining 48.9 percent of the population were of visible minority origin, the largest group being Chinese followed by South Asians. Other prominent groups include Filipinos, Koreans, Japanese, Southeast Asian, West Asian, and Latin Americans. British Columbia is Canada's most ethnically diverse province.


title: Greater Vancouver

text: Federally, the electorates in the Greater Vancouver region elect Conservative, New Democratic, and Liberal Members of Parliaments. After the 2011 election, the Conservatives and NDP emerged as the two strongest parties in the region, with Conservative support concentrated in the suburbs around Vancouver (e.g. North Vancouver, West Vancouver, Richmond, and south Surrey), and NDP support strongest on the east side of Vancouver, Burnaby, Coquitlam, New Westminster and north Surrey.


title: Greater Vancouver

text: In 2011, the Liberals were reduced to two seats, both located in Vancouver. However, in the past, Liberal support has been strong in the Lower Mainland. Following the 1993 election, the Liberals held every seat but one in the City of Vancouver.


title: Greater Vancouver

text: Greater Vancouver, like the rest of British Columbia, is divided between the BC Liberals and the BC NDP. While the BC Liberals are not formally affiliated with any federal party, they tend to draw support from those who vote for either the Liberal Party of Canada or the Conservative Party of Canada, while the BC NDP provide a centre-left alternative, and is formally affiliated with the New Democratic Party of Canada. Polling from the 2013 provincial election showed that supporters of the BC Liberals were almost evenly split between federal Liberals and federal Conservatives. Despite this trend, former NDP premier Ujjal Dosanjh ran federally for the Liberals in the 2004 election, and some NDP supporters have drifted to the Greens in recent years.


title: Greater Vancouver

text: In terms of political geography, Greater Vancouver is not as polarized between urban core and suburban areas as metropolitan areas in other parts of the country are. However, the BC NDP tends to draw greater support from ridings on the east side of Vancouver, Burnaby, the Tri-Cities, and parts of Surrey. By contrast, the BC Liberals are stronger on the west side of Vancouver, the North Shore, the Fraser Valley, and held every seat in Richmond from 1991 to 2020. Ridings in Central Vancouver, like Vancouver-Fairview and Vancouver-Point Grey, and Surrey tend to be swing ridings, with close races between the two parties. Vicki Huntington, an Independent member of the Legislative Assembly, has represented the riding of Delta South since 2009.


title: Greater Vancouver

text: Between 1986 and 2013, every premier of British Columbia (other than Dan Miller from August 25, 1999, to February 24, 2000) represented a riding from within Greater Vancouver. After Christy Clark lost her seat in Vancouver-Point Grey in the 2013 provincial election, and until David Eby succeeded John Horgan in 2022, premiers represented ridings outside Greater Vancouver. Premier Eby is the MLA for Vancouver-Point Grey.


title: Greater Vancouver

text: Due to the region's ethnically diverse population, there is also diverse government representation. Federally, there are five MPs of visible minority origin: three of South Asian descent, one of Chinese descent, and one of Trinidadian descent. Provincially, there are six South Asian, three Chinese, one Japanese, and one Filipino MLAs.


title: Greater Vancouver

text: The Greater Vancouver region has many "electoral firsts". Rosemary Brown was the first black woman elected to political office, becoming an MLA in 1972, and the first woman and first black person to run for a party leadership in 1975. Emery Barnes, a football player elected to the Legislature alongside Rosemary Brown in 1972, and stayed in that capacity until 1996, serving as the Speaker from 1994. Former Indo-Canadian premier Ujjal Dosanjh was the first non-white premier of the province, while Douglas Jung was the first Chinese-Canadian to become a Member of Parliament. Yonah Martin is the first Korean-Canadian to hold federal public office. Jenny Kwan was the first Chinese-Canadian provincial cabinet minister in Canada. Naomi Yamamoto and Mable Elmore are respectively the first Japanese and Filipino MLAs in the province. Furthermore, Stephanie Cadieux is the first quadriplegic MLA, while Svend Robinson was the first openly gay Canadian MP.


title: Joe DeRita

text: Joseph Wardell (July 12, 1909 – July 3, 1993), known professionally as Joe DeRita, was an American actor and comedian, who is best known for his stint as a member of The Three Stooges in the persona of Curly Joe DeRita.


title: Joe DeRita

text: DeRita was born into a show-business family in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of Florenz (DeRita) and Frank Wardell, and of French-Canadian and English ancestry. He was the youngest of 5 brothers. Wardell's father was a stage technician, his mother a professional stage dancer, and the three often acted on stage together from his early childhood. Taking his mother's maiden name, DeRita, the actor joined the burlesque circuit during the 1920s, gaining fame as a comedian. During World War II, DeRita joined the USO, performing throughout Britain, France, and the Pacific with such celebrities as Bing Crosby and Randolph Scott. In the 1944 comedy film "The Doughgirls", about the housing shortage in wartime Washington, D.C., he had an uncredited role as "the Stranger", a bewildered man who repeatedly showed up in scenes looking for a place to sleep.


title: Joe DeRita

text: In 1946, DeRita was hired by Columbia Pictures Short Subjects Division head/director Jules White to star in his own series of comedies. The first effort, "Slappily Married", was released under the studio's All-Star Comedy series. The three remaining entries—"The Good Bad Egg", "Wedlock Deadlock" (both 1947) and "Jitter Bughouse" (1948)—billed DeRita as the headliner. Regarding his Columbia shorts series, DeRita said, "My comedy in those scripts was limited to getting hit on the head with something, then going over to my screen wife to say, 'Honey, don't leave me!' For this kind of comedy material, you could have gotten a busboy to do it and it would have been just as funny." After his contract with Columbia ended, DeRita returned to burlesque and recorded a risque LP in 1950 called "Burlesque Uncensored".


title: Joe DeRita

text: When Shemp Howard died suddenly of a heart attack on November 22, 1955, the Three Stooges were still making short comedies for Columbia Pictures. Shemp was succeeded by Joe Besser in 1956; both Shemp Howard and Joe Besser had starred in their own separate short subjects. Columbia eventually shut down the short-subjects department at the end of 1957, and Besser quit the act in 1958 to take care of his ailing wife. The two remaining Stooges seriously considered retirement. But Larry saw DeRita in a Las Vegas stage engagement and told Moe that DeRita would be "perfect for the third Stooge." Howard and Fine invited DeRita to join the act, and he readily accepted. At first, they had difficulty drawing an audience. But Columbia began releasing their shorts to television through their Screen Gems subsidiary, and their popularity with children put them back on top.


title: Joe DeRita

text: A rumor said that Jules White had attempted to recruit DeRita for the Three Stooges in 1955 (and even as early as 1946) because he wanted "another Curly." However, it was told that strong-willed DeRita had refused to change his act or imitate another performer, and White eventually gave up on him. DeRita himself debunked the rumor and called it "added a romance to the story". When he first joined the act (shortly after appearing in a dramatic role in the Gregory Peck western, "The Bravados"), DeRita wore his hair in a style similar to that of former Stooge Shemp Howard and did so during initial live stage performances. However, with television's restored popularity of the Three Stooges shorts featuring Curly Howard, it was suggested that Joe shave his head in order to look more like Curly. At first, DeRita sported a crew cut; this eventually became a fully shaven head. Because of his physical resemblance to both Curly and Joe Besser, and to avoid confusion with his predecessors, DeRita was renamed "Curly Joe".


title: Joe DeRita

text: The team embarked on a new series of six feature-length theatrical Three Stooges films, including "Have Rocket, Will Travel" (1959), DeRita's on-screen debut with the Stooges, and "Snow White and the Three Stooges" (1961). Aimed primarily at children, these films rarely reached the same comedic heights as their shorts and often recycled routines and songs from the older films. Moe and Larry's ages—Moe was 62 and Larry 57 at the time of the first Curly Joe film—plus pressure from the PTA and other children's advocates, led to the toning-down of the trio's trademark violent slapstick. While DeRita's physical appearance was vaguely reminiscent of Curly, his characterization was milder and not as manic or surreal. The characterization evolved over time; early sketches featuring Curly Joe (such as a commercial for Simoniz car wax) have him effectively as a third wheel while Moe and Larry divided most of the comedy between themselves, while by the mid-1960s, Larry's role had been reduced and Curly Joe divided much of the comedy with Moe. Curly Joe also showed more backbone, even occasionally talking back to Moe, calling him "buddy boy".


title: Joe DeRita

text: Through the 1960s, DeRita remained a member of the team, participating in a full workload of television apprearances and commercials, a multiyear movie deal until 1965, and "The New Three Stooges" animated cartoons series (with live-action introductions). However, Larry Fine suffered a paralyzing stroke in January 1970 (he died on January 24, 1975, at the age of 72) during the production of "Kook's Tour", a pilot for a planned TV series, putting all new Stooges-related material on hold. Emil Sitka was twice named as "the middle stooge", but never got to perform with the team. Shortly after Larry's stroke, Moe, Emil, and Joe were going to appear in a movie written by Moe's grandson - but financing fell through. Before Moe's death on May 4, 1975, at age 77, the Stooges (with Sitka set to succeed the deceased Larry) had planned to film an R-rated movie called "The Jet Set" (later produced with the surviving members of the Ritz Brothers and released as "Blazing Stewardesses").


title: Joe DeRita

text: In the very early 1970s, with Moe's blessing, DeRita attempted to form a truly "new" Three Stooges. He recruited burlesque and vaudeville veterans Mousie Garner and Frank Mitchell to replace Moe and Larry for nightclub engagements. However, their act was poorly received, thereby ending the group. Mitchell had worked with original Stooges organizer Ted Healy decades earlier in an abortive attempt to replace the Stooges after they had split from Healy, in addition to having replaced Shemp as the "third stooge" in a 1929 Broadway play. Mousie Garner had also participated in a substitute Stooges iteration after the Stooges split from Healy.


title: Joe DeRita

text: On August 30, 1983, the Three Stooges received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Joe Besser was the only Stooge to show up at the ceremony because of DeRita's illness; Stooges longtime supporting player Emil Sitka spoke for him. Sometime after the new star award, Besser eventually fell ill which led to his death from heart failure on March 1, 1988, at age 80. DeRita was the last Stooge to be born, the last to join the ensemble, and the last to die.


title: Joe DeRita

text: DeRita was married twice. His first marriage was to a chorus girl named Bonnie Brooks (real name Esther M. Hartenstine) from July 13, 1935, until her death on September 6, 1965; they had no children. DeRita married his second wife, Jean Sullivan, the following year on December 28. Sullivan's sons from a previous relationship, Earl and Robert Benjamin, control licensing rights to many deceased celebrities, including the Three Stooges, through C3 Entertainment.


title: Joe DeRita

text: DeRita died of pneumonia on July 3, 1993, nine days before his 84th birthday. He was residing at the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital in Woodland Hills, California, at the time of his passing. He was the last surviving member of the Stooges. DeRita is interred in a grave at the Pierce Brothers Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery in North Hollywood, California; his tombstone reads "The Last Stooge", as he outlived Joe Besser by five years and 4 months.


title: Joe DeRita

text: Although DeRita enjoyed working with Moe and Larry and made a living doing it, he was not a fan of the Stooges' humor. He once told an interviewer the following:


title: Joe DeRita

text: On April 24, 2000, ABC aired a television movie about the Stooges, with actor Peter Callan playing DeRita.


title: Catch and Release (2006 film)

text: Catch and Release is a 2006 American romantic comedy film written and directed by Susannah Grant, her only film as director thus far, and starring Jennifer Garner, Timothy Olyphant, Kevin Smith, Sam Jaeger and Juliette Lewis. In the film, after a woman's fiancé dies, she seeks comfort in his friends, learning his secrets while falling for his best friend. Filming took place in 2005 in Vancouver and Boulder, Colorado. "Catch and Release" premiered at the Austin Film Festival in October 2006 and was released in the United States on January 26, 2007. The film bombed at the box office, earning $16 million against a $25 million budget.


title: Catch and Release (2006 film)

text: In Boulder, Gray Wheeler attends the funeral of her fiancé, Grady Douglas, on the day they were supposed to be married. Gray seeks solitude behind a shower curtain, and unfortunately hears Grady's best friend, Fritz, having sex with a caterer.


title: Catch and Release (2006 film)

text: Eve, Grady's attorney, confirms that, as they were not married, Gray will get nothing. Grady secretly had an investment account with a million dollars in it, which Gray knew nothing about.


title: Catch and Release (2006 film)

text: Gray realizes that she can no longer afford to rent the house that they had picked out. With the help of Grady's two close friends, Dennis and Sam, she puts her things into storage and moves in with them. Fritz, currently between directing commercials in California, also comes to stay, causing tension between him and Gray.


title: Catch and Release (2006 film)

text: Gray discovers that Grady transferred $3,000 every month to an unknown person. Later, finding Grady's cell, she listens to a string of messages from a woman asking about money. Gray asks Fritz for answers (as it is a Los Angeles number), and he reveals that Grady had a son, whose massage therapist mother depended on the money he sent. Fritz tells Gray that the boy is eight and that he was conceived before she met Grady.


title: Catch and Release (2006 film)

text: Gray is further troubled when Mrs. Douglas asks her to return the family heirloom engagement ring. She refuses and keeps it. The other woman, Maureen, and her son, Mattie, come looking for Grady. Gray sees Mattie is actually four, and realizes Grady was cheating on her. Confronting Fritz, they end up in a passionate kiss.


title: Catch and Release (2006 film)

text: Gray does not want anything to do with Maureen, but the guys are reluctant to send the son of their dead friend away so quickly, so they all get to know each other over dinner. Trying to understand how Grady could secretly cheat on her, Gray blurts out her belief that "catch and release" fishermen are cruel and should just eat the fish.


title: Catch and Release (2006 film)

text: Sam and Maureen have similar scattered personalities and connect well, but Sam stops her when she initiates sex while Mattie is near. Gray and Fritz become intimate. On a day trip to a river, Sam teaches Mattie to fly fish, while Dennis tells Gray he has feelings for her. He is upset to learn that Gray and Fritz hooked up, but she dismisses it as "less than nothing", not realizing Fritz can hear her. Believing she doesn't care, he returns to Malibu.


title: Catch and Release (2006 film)

text: Mrs. Douglas insists Mattie take a DNA test before inheriting Grady's money; the test shows Mattie is not his. Maureen has no idea how to find Rafael, the man she had sex with a few days before Grady, and is unsure how to support Mattie without the money. Gray tells Mrs. Douglas to either give money to this child that Grady had loved as his own, or Gray will sell the family engagement ring to help Maureen support him.


title: Catch and Release (2006 film)

text: Gathering at the dedication ceremony for the peace garden Dennis has built to memorialize Grady, Mrs. Douglas gives Maureen $1 million. She then tells Gray to keep the ring, as she just wanted her boy back. Dennis moves out and Maureen and Mattie move in with Sam, finding new support and keeping the Douglas family money. Gray goes to Malibu and finds Fritz playing with his dog on the beach—they embrace and kiss.


title: Catch and Release (2006 film)

text: Filming began in March 2005, in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Additional filming took place in December 2005. In July 2005, several scenes were filmed in Boulder, Colorado, where the story takes place.


title: Catch and Release (2006 film)

text: Kevin Smith said while filming this movie, he and Lewis went to the set of the Uwe Boll film "In the Name of the King" because Smith had heard they had Krispy Kreme doughnuts, which were flown in by Burt Reynolds, who was appearing in that film. They took boxes of doughnuts back to the "Catch and Release" set, and someone on set asked if they had stolen the doughnuts from the set of "In the Name..", because Reynolds saw someone running away with them.


title: Catch and Release (2006 film)

text: Songs used in the official trailer for the film included "Just a Ride" by Jem and "Breathe (2 AM)" by Anna Nalick.


title: Catch and Release (2006 film)

text: The film grossed $15,539,051 in the United States and $456,458 in other territories, making it a bomb at the box office.


title: Catch and Release (2006 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 22% based on 134 reviews, with an average rating of 4.5/10. The website's consensus reads, "A romantic dramedy with boring, stock characters and contrived situations." Metacritic gave a score of 43 out of 100 based on 28 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade B.


title: Catch and Release (2006 film)

text: Lael Loewenstein of Variety called it "Neither as bad as its early buzz and January berth would suggest nor as good as it should have been".


title: Catch and Release (2006 film)

text: The film received "Two Thumbs Up" from Richard Roeper and guest critic Govindini Murty on "At the Movies with Ebert & Roeper". Even with most of the reviews being negative, a number of critics praised the performance given by Smith.


title: Northrop YB-49

text: The Northrop YB-49 was an American prototype jet-powered heavy bomber developed by Northrop Corporation shortly after World War II for service with the United States Air Force. The YB-49 featured a flying wing design and was a turbojet-powered development of the earlier, piston-engined Northrop XB-35 and YB-35. The two YB-49s actually built were both converted YB-35 test aircraft.


title: Northrop YB-49

text: The YB-49 never entered production, being passed over in favor of the more conventional Convair B-36 piston-driven design. Design work performed in the development of the YB-35 and YB-49 nonetheless proved to be valuable to Northrop decades later in the eventual development of the B-2 stealth bomber, which entered service in the early 1990s.


title: Northrop YB-49

text: With the XB-35 program seriously behind schedule by 1944, and the end of piston-engined combat aircraft in sight, the production contract for this propeller-driven type was cancelled in May of that year. Nevertheless, the Flying Wing design was still sufficiently interesting to the Air Force that work was continued on testing a single YB-35A production aircraft.


title: Northrop YB-49

text: Among the aircraft later completed were two airframes that the Air Force ordered be fitted with jet propulsion and designated as YB-49s. The first of these new YB-49 jet-powered aircraft flew on 22 October 1947 (from Northrop airfield in Hawthorne, CA) and immediately proved more promising than its piston engined counterpart. The YB-49 set an unofficial endurance record of staying continually above 40,000 ft (12,200 m) for 6.5 hours.


title: Northrop YB-49

text: The second YB-49 was lost on 5 June 1948, killing its pilot, Major Daniel Forbes (for whom Forbes Air Force Base was named), co-pilot Captain Glen Edwards (for whom Edwards Air Force Base is named), and three other crew members, one of whom, 1st Lieutenant Edward Lee Swindell, was a crew member on the Boeing B-29 that assisted Chuck Yeager in breaking the sound barrier in the Bell X-1 aircraft. Their aircraft suffered structural failure, with both outer wing sections becoming detached from the center section. Speculation at the time was that the YB-49 was lost due to excessive pullout loads imposed on the heavy airframe when a scheduled flight test of the large bomber's stall recovery resulted in a sudden and dramatic high-speed, nose-over dive. The post-stall high-speed dive resulted from the clean, low-drag, all-wing design, which gave the YB-49 a rapid speed increase in any type of dive. Fellow YB-49 test pilot Robert Cardenas later claimed that the YB-49 rotated backwards in stall, and that he warned Edwards about it. Jack Northrop later countered that such a behavior was impossible for the all-wing design.


title: Northrop YB-49

text: During flight tests in the 1940s, it was noticed that the aircraft had a small radar cross-section, due to its flying wing design. Decades later, this stealthy detail would prove crucial to the design of Northrop Grumman's advanced, all-wing B-2 bomber.


title: Northrop YB-49

text: On 9 February 1949, the first YB-49 flew from Muroc Air Force Base in California to Andrews Air Force Base near Washington, D.C., in 4 hours 25 minutes, after which President Truman ordered a flyby of Pennsylvania Avenue at rooftop level. The return flight from Andrews was marred when four of the eight engines had to be shut down due to oil starvation. Inspection after a successful emergency landing at Winslow Airport, Arizona, revealed no oil had been replaced in these engines at Wright after the Muroc-to-Andrews leg, raising a suspicion of industrial sabotage.


title: Northrop YB-49

text: The last operational YB-49 prototype was destroyed on 15 March 1950, during high-speed taxi trials at Muroc Field. The nose wheel began to encounter severe vibration problems and finally collapsed; the aircraft was completely destroyed in the ensuing fire. The taxi trials took place with the YB-49's fuel tanks full, an unusual testing procedure, fanning further speculation of industrial sabotage of the aircraft.


title: Northrop YB-49

text: The Air Force ordered the remaining uncompleted YB-35 piston-engined airframes be completed as production B-35B aircraft.


title: Northrop YB-49

text: Bombing target tests showed a tendency of flying wings to "hunt" in yaw after turns and when flying in "disturbed" air, degrading bombing accuracy. It was thought that one of the new Honeywell autopilots, with yaw damping, would correct this flaw. Northrop chief test pilot on the YB-35 and YB-49 programs Max Stanley contends in the 1992 Discovery Channel documentary "The Wing Will Fly", the adaptation of the autopilot in this dual function "damped out the directional oscillations to the degree where... I think you would say it met the (military) specifications." Brig. General Robert Cardenas also flew the YB-49 during many of its test flights, praising the aircraft for its marvelous performance, while also noting the YB-49 required a very long bomb run to damp directional oscillations. Many of these challenges would eventually be overcome when fly-by-wire systems were developed in the 1950s, which were first used in regular production for the Convair B-58 Hustler and then when computer-generated artificial stability became available in the 1970s, culminating in the development of the all-wing Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit Stealth Bomber.


title: Northrop YB-49

text: The conversion of the long-range XB-35 to jet power essentially cut the effective range of the aircraft in half, putting it in the medium-range bomber category with Boeing's new swept-winged jet bomber the B-47 Stratojet. The B-47 was optimized for high-altitude and high-speed flight and, in an era where speed and altitude were becoming the name of the game, the YB-49's thick airfoil could never be maximized for high-speed performance. In the same "Discovery Channel" documentary, former Air Force Flight Test Center Historian Dr. James Young states his opinion that while political gamesmanship and back room dealing certainly played a role in the aircraft's demise, the Flying Wing program was ultimately cancelled for solid technological reasons.


title: Northrop YB-49

text: In June 1948, the Air Force ordered the type into full production as the "RB-49A" reconnaissance aircraft (company designations N-38 and N-39). It was powered by six jet engines, two of them externally mounted in under-wing pods, ruining the aircraft's sleek, aerodynamic lines, but extending its range by carrying additional fuel. The use of jet engines had resulted in considerably increased fuel consumption and decreased its range significantly below that of the rival Convair B-36. One YB-35 airframe (s/n 42-102369) was chosen as the prototype for the RB-49 and designated "YRB-49A".


title: Northrop YB-49

text: During early 1950, the remaining YB-35Bs airframes, which were being converted to YRB-49As, were ordered scrapped. Flight testing of the sole remaining YB-49 prototype ended 14 March 1950. On 15 March 1950, that program was canceled. Coincidentally, the sole remaining YB-49 prototype suffered a high-speed taxiing accident and, as previously noted, was totally destroyed in the ensuing fire.


title: Northrop YB-49

text: Only two months later, all Flying Wing contracts were canceled abruptly without explanation by order of Stuart Symington, Secretary of the Air Force. Shortly thereafter, also without explanation, Symington turned down a request from the Smithsonian for the Air Force to donate one of these big wings to its collection of pioneering Northrop aircraft.


title: Northrop YB-49

text: All remaining Flying Wing bomber airframes, except for the sole YRB-49A reconnaissance version, were ordered chopped up by Symington, the materials smelted down using portable smelters brought to Northrop's facility, in plain sight of its employees. Jack Northrop retired from both the company he founded and aviation shortly after he saw his dream of a pure, all-wing aircraft destroyed. His son, John Northrop Jr., later recounted during an interview his father's devastation and lifelong suspicion that his Flying Wing project had been sabotaged by political influence and back room wheeling-and-dealing between Convair and the Air Force.


title: Northrop YB-49

text: The sole prototype reconnaissance platform, the YRB-49A, first flew on 4 May 1950. After only 13 flights, testing ended abruptly on 26 April 1951. It was then flown back to Northrop's headquarters from Edwards Air Force Base (formerly Muroc AAF) on what would be its last flight. There, this remaining flying wing sat abandoned at the edge of Northrop's Ontario airport for more than two years. It was finally ordered scrapped on 1 December 1953.


title: Northrop YB-49

text: In a 1979 videotaped news interview, Jack Northrop broke his long silence and said publicly that all Flying Wing contracts had been canceled because Northrop Aircraft Corporation refused to merge with competitor Convair at Air Force Secretary Stuart Symington's strong suggestion, because, according to Jack Northrop, Convair's merger demands were "grossly unfair to Northrop." Allegations of political influences in the cancellation of the Flying Wing were investigated by the House Armed Services Committee, where Symington publicly denied exerting pressure on Northrop to merge.


title: Northrop YB-49

text: Northrop's Flying Wing program may have been terminated due to its technical difficulties and the program being behind schedule and over budget. Another possible contributing factor to the cancellation may have been Northrop spreading its small engineering staff too widely in other experimental programs. While the competing propeller-driven Convair B-36 "Peacemaker" was an obsolete World War II-era design by this time, and had been having just as many or even more development problems, the Air Force seemed to have greater confidence that its more conventional design and "teething" problems could be overcome, when compared to those of the more radical Flying Wing. While the YB-49 had well-documented performance and design issues, the B-36 program needed more development money. At one time, it appeared the B-36 program might be canceled as well. But the Air Force and the Texas Congressional delegation desired to have a production program for their large Fort Worth aircraft production factory, and Convair had much more effective lobbyists in Washington DC. The Northrop Corporation was always a technological trailblazer, but the independent nature of Jack Northrop often collided with the political wheeling-and-dealing in Washington, which gravitated toward massive military appropriations; consequently, the obsolete Convair B-36 prevailed. When the YB-49 jet bomber was canceled, Northrop was awarded a much smaller, lower profile production contract for its straight-winged F-89 Scorpion fighter as compensation for the canceled Flying Wing.


title: Northrop YB-49

text: The YB-49 and its modern counterpart, the B-2 Spirit, both built either by Northrop or Northrop Grumman, have the same wingspan: 172.0 ft (52.4 m). Flight test data collected from the original YB-49 test flights were used in the development of the B-2 bomber. Shortly before his death in February 1981, Jack Northrop learned from the Northrop Corporation of the company's flying wing bid for the future B-2; he remarked: "I know why God has kept me alive for the past 25 years." The new bomber would be publicly displayed for the first time in 1988.


title: Northrop YB-49

text: Paramount Pictures' 1953 film, "The War of the Worlds", depicts a YB-49 dropping an atomic bomb on the invading Martians. The feature film, produced by George Pal and directed by Byron Haskin, incorporates Northrop color footage of a YB-49 test flight, originally used in Paramount's "Popular Science" theatrical shorts of the era.


title: Van Jones

text: Anthony Kapel "Van" Jones (born September 20, 1968) is an American news and political commentator, author, and lawyer. He is the co-founder of several non-profit organizations, a three-time "New York Times" bestselling author, a CNN host and contributor, and an Emmy Award winner.


title: Van Jones

text: Jones served as President Barack Obama's Special Advisor for Green Jobs in 2009 and a distinguished visiting fellow at Princeton University. He founded or co-founded several non-profit organizations, including the Ella Baker Center for Human Rights, Color of Change, and the Dream Corps. The Dream Corps is a social justice accelerator that operates three advocacy initiatives: Dream Corps Justice, Dream Corps Tech and Green for All.


title: Van Jones

text: Jones has hosted or co-hosted CNN shows including "Crossfire", "The Messy Truth", "The Van Jones Show" and "The Redemption Project with Van Jones". He is the author of "The Green Collar Economy," "Rebuild the Dream," and "Beyond the Messy Truth"; all three books rank as "New York Times" bestsellers. He is the co-founder of Magic Labs Media LLC, a producer of the WEBBY Award-winning Messy Truth digital series and Emmy Award-winning "The Messy Truth VR Experience with Van Jones". He is a regular CNN political commentator.


title: Van Jones

text: Jones worked with the Trump administration and members of Congress from both parties to pass a criminal justice reform effort known as the First Step Act. Jones is currently CEO of the REFORM Alliance, an initiative founded by Jay-Z and Meek Mill to transform the criminal justice system. He was also a longtime colleague of, and advisor to, musician Prince.


title: Van Jones

text: Anthony Kapel Jones and his twin sister Angela were born in Jackson, Tennessee, on September 20, 1968, to high school teacher Loretta Jean (née Kirkendoll) and middle school principal Willie Anthony Jones. His sister said that as a child, he was "the stereotypical geek—he just kind of lived up in his head a lot." Jones has said as a child he was "bookish and bizarre." His grandfather was a leader in the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, and Jones sometimes accompanied him to religious conferences. He would sit all day listening to the adults "in these hot, sweaty black churches." Jones was born after the assassinations of President John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King Jr., and Robert F. Kennedy, and as he learned about the men's work, he became devoted to them as heroic figures. He pinned photographs of the Kennedy brothers to a bulletin board in his room in the specially delineated "Kennedy Section."


title: Van Jones

text: Jones graduated from Jackson Central-Merry High School, a public high school in his hometown, in 1986. He earned his Bachelor of Science in communication and political science from the University of Tennessee at Martin (UT Martin). During this period, Jones also worked as an intern at "The Jackson Sun" (Tennessee), the "Shreveport Times" (Louisiana), and the Associated Press (Nashville bureau). He adopted the nickname "Van" when he was 17 and working at "The Jackson Sun." At UT Martin, Jones helped to launch and lead a number of independent, campus-based publications. They included the "Fourteenth Circle" (University of Tennessee), the "Periscope" (Vanderbilt University), the "New Alliance Project" (statewide in Tennessee), and the "Third Eye" (Nashville's African-American community). Jones later credited UT Martin for preparing him for a larger life.


title: Van Jones

text: Deciding against journalism, Jones moved to Connecticut to attend Yale Law School. In 1992, in the aftermath of the Rodney King beating and trial, he was among several law students selected by the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, based in San Francisco, to serve as legal observers to the protests triggered by the verdict. King had been beaten by police officers in an incident caught on camera. Three of the officers were acquitted and the jury deadlocked on the verdict of the fourth officer. Jones and others were arrested during the protests, but the district attorney later dropped the charges against Jones. The arrested protesters, including Jones, won a small legal settlement. Jones later said that "the incident deepened my disaffection with the system and accelerated my political radicalization". Jones was deeply affected by the trial and verdict. In an October 2005 interview, Jones said he had been "a rowdy nationalist on April 28th" before the King verdict was announced, but that by August 1992 he had become a communist.


title: Van Jones

text: Jones's activism was also spurred by seeing the deep racial inequality in New Haven, Connecticut, particularly in prosecution of drug use. Jones has said, "I was seeing kids at Yale do drugs and talk about it openly, and have nothing happen to them or, if anything, get sent to rehab ... And then I was seeing kids three blocks away, in the housing projects, doing the same drugs, in smaller amounts, go to prison." After graduating from law school with his Juris Doctor in 1993, Jones moved to San Francisco, and according to his own words, "trying to be a revolutionary". He became affiliated with many left activists, and co-founded a socialist collective called Standing Together to Organize a Revolutionary Movement (STORM). It protested against police brutality, held study groups on the theories of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin, and aspired to a multi-racial socialist utopia.


title: Van Jones

text: Jones was affiliated with the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights, which had brought him to the city as a legal observer in 1992. In 1995, Jones initiated their project of Bay Area PoliceWatch, the region's only bar-certified hotline and lawyer-referral service for victims of police abuse. The hotline started receiving fifteen calls a day.


title: Van Jones

text: "We designed a computer database, the first of its kind in the country, that allows us to track problem officers, problem precincts, problem practices, so at the click of a mouse we can now identify trouble spots and troublemakers", said Jones. "This has given us a tremendous advantage in trying to understand the scope and scale of the problem. Now, obviously, just because somebody calls and says, 'Officer so-and-so did something to me,' doesn't mean it actually happened, but if you get two, four, six phone calls about the same officer, then you begin to see a pattern. It gives you a chance to try and take affirmative steps.


title: Van Jones

text: By 1996, Jones founded a new umbrella NGO, the Ella Baker Center for Human Rights. He operated out of "a closet-like office" within the space of Eva Paterson, Executive Director of the Lawyers' Committee, and used his personal computer.


title: Van Jones

text: In 1996–1997, Jones and PoliceWatch led a campaign to gain the firing of officer Marc Andaya from the San Francisco Police Department. Andaya was accused of excessive force in the in-custody death in 1995 of Aaron Williams, an unarmed black man who fought on the street with several officers. There was community outrage about his death and pressure on the department to bring justice against Andaya, who witnesses saw kick Williams in the head. In the year after the incident, the press reported that Andaya had a record of incidents of misconduct in the 1980s. The "San Francisco Chronicle" reported in addition that Andaya was named in 10 complaints between 1983 and 1993, eight of them allegedly for misuse of physical force, when he was a policeman with the Oakland Police Department. Investigation revealed more brutality complaints in Oakland and two lawsuits against him; the San Francisco Police Commission voted to fire Andaya in June 1997 for falsifying his application to the department.


title: Van Jones

text: In 1999 and 2000, Jones led a campaign to defeat Proposition 21, which would increase "penalties for a variety of violent crimes and required more juvenile offenders to be tried as adults." He worked to mobilize a student protest movement against the proposition; this effort made national headlines, but it ultimately imploded. He began to work for more solidarity and building broader alliances across politics and class to achieve goals.


title: Van Jones

text: The proposition was passed by voters, part of a nationwide wave of states' increasing punishments for crimes. This has led to increasingly high rates of incarceration in the United States, especially of minorities. In 2001, Jones and the Ella Baker Center launched the "Books Not Bars" campaign. From 2001 to 2003, he led an effort to block the construction of a proposed "Super-Jail for Youth" in Oakland's Alameda County. Books Not Bars later launched a statewide campaign to transform California's juvenile justice system.


title: Van Jones

text: During the 2003 California gubernatorial recall election, Jones served as Arianna Huffington's statewide grassroots director.


title: Van Jones

text: Following Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Jones and James Rucker co-founded a Web-based grassroots organization to address Black issues, called Color of Change. Color of Change's mission, as described on its website, is as follows: "ColorOfChange.org exists to strengthen Black America's political voice. Our goal is to empower our members—Black Americans and our allies—to make government more responsive to the concerns of Black Americans and to bring about positive political and social change for everyone." Jones amicably parted ways with Color of Change within two years after founding the group.


title: Van Jones

text: By 2005, Jones had begun promoting eco-capitalism and environmental justice. In 2005 the Ella Baker Center expanded its vision beyond the immediate concerns of policing, declaring that "If we really wanted to help our communities escape the cycle of incarceration, we had to start focusing on job, wealth and health creation." In 2005, Jones and the Ella Baker Center produced the "Social Equity Track" for the United Nations' World Environment Day celebration, held that year in San Francisco. It was the official beginning of what would eventually become Ella Baker Center's Green-Collar Jobs Campaign.


title: Van Jones

text: The Green-Collar Jobs Campaign was Jones's first effort to combine his goals of improving racial and economic equality with mitigating environmental damage. He worked to establish the nation's first "Green Jobs Corps" in Oakland. On October 20, 2008, the City of Oakland formally launched the Oakland Green Jobs Corps, a public-private partnership to "provide local Oakland residents with job training, support, and work experience so that they can independently pursue careers in the new energy economy."


title: Van Jones

text: In September 2007, Jones attended the Clinton Global Initiative and announced his plans to launch Green for All, a new national NGO dedicated to creating green pathways out of poverty in America. The plan grew out of his earlier work with the Ella Baker Center. Green for All was intended to make a national program out of the Green-Collar Jobs mission – creating green pathways out of poverty.


title: Van Jones

text: Green for All formally opened its doors on January 1, 2008. In its first year, Green for All organized "The Dream Reborn", the first national green conference in which the majority of attendees were people of color. With 1Sky and the We Campaign, it co-hosted a national day of action for the new economy called "Green Jobs Now". It launched the Green-Collar Cities Program to help cities build local green economies and started the Green for All Capital Access Program to assist green entrepreneurs. As part of the Clean Energy Corps Working Group, it launched a campaign for a Clean Energy Corps initiative which would create 600,000 'green-collar' jobs while retrofitting and upgrading more than 15 million American buildings.


title: Van Jones

text: In reflecting on Green for All's first year, Jones wrote, "One year later, Green for All is real – and we have helped put green collar jobs on the map ... We have a long way to go. But today we have a strong organization to help get us there."


title: Van Jones

text: Jones advocates a combination of conservation, regulation and investment as a way of encouraging environmental justice and opposing environmental racism. In an interview for the "EON Deep Democracy Interview Series", Jones spoke of a "third wave of environmentalism":


title: Van Jones

text: The first wave is sort of the Teddy Roosevelt, conservation era which had its day and then, in 1963, Rachel Carson writes a book, "Silent Spring", and she's talking about toxics and the environment, and that really kind of opens up a whole new wave. So it's no longer just conservation but it's conservation, plus regulation, trying to regulate the bad, and that wave kind of continued to be developed and got kind of a 2.5 upgrade because of the environmental justice community who said, "Wait a minute, you're regulating but you're not regulating equally, the white polluters and white environmentalists are essentially steering poison into the people-of-color communities, because they don't have a racial justice frame."... Now there's something new that's beginning to gather momentum, and it's conservation plus regulation of the bad, plus investment in the good ... beginning to put money into the solutions as well as trying to regulate the problem.


title: Van Jones

text: Jones published his first book, "The Green Collar Economy," in 2008. He describes his "viable plan for solving the two biggest issues facing the country today—the economy and the environment." The book received favorable reviews from Al Gore, Nancy Pelosi, Tom Daschle, Carl Pope, and Arianna Huffington.


title: Van Jones

text: In the book, Jones contended that invention and investment was needed to transition from a pollution-based "grey economy" and into a healthy new "green economy". Jones wrote:


title: Van Jones

text: Jones had a limited publicity budget and no national media platform. But a viral, web-based marketing strategy earned the book a #12 debut on the "New York Times" bestseller list. Jones and Green For All used "a combination of emails and phone calls to friends, bloggers, and a network of activists" to reach millions of people. Due to the marketing campaign's grassroots nature, Jones said that achieving bestseller status was a victory for the entire green-collar jobs movement. In August 2008 Jones was featured on the grassroots radio program "Sea Change Radio." "The Green Collar Economy" is the first environmental book written by an African-American to make the "New York Times" bestseller list.


title: Van Jones

text: In March 2009, Jones was appointed as Special Advisor for Green Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation at the White House Council on Environmental Quality. Jones, while an ardent supporter of President Barack Obama, had not planned on working for his administration. Jones later said, "when they asked the question, I burst out laughing because at the time it seemed completely ludicrous that it would even be an option. I think what changed my mind was interacting with the administration during the transition process and during the whole process of getting the recovery package pulled together."


title: Van Jones

text: Columnist Chadwick Matlin described Jones as serving as "switchboard operator for Obama's grand vision of the American economy; connecting the phone lines between all the federal agencies invested in a green economy." Jones did not like the informal "czar" term sometimes applied to his job. He described his role as "the green-jobs handyman. I'm there to serve. I'm there to help as a leader in the field of green jobs, which is a new field. I'm happy to come and serve and be helpful, but there's no such thing as a green-jobs 'czar.'"


title: Van Jones

text: Jones's appointment was criticized by conservative media such as "WorldNetDaily" and Fox News commentator Glenn Beck, who mentioned Jones on fourteen episodes of his show. They criticized Jones for his radical political activities in the 1990s, including participation in STORM and his public support for Mumia Abu-Jamal, a prisoner convicted and sentenced to death, in a highly controversial trial, for murdering a police officer.


title: Van Jones

text: In July 2009, Color of Change, which Jones had founded but left, launched a campaign urging advertisers on Beck's Fox News show to pull their ads, in protest of Beck's saying that President Obama had a "deep-seated hatred for white people or the white culture". In September 2009, a video on YouTube was circulated of a February 2009 lecture by Jones at the Berkeley Energy and Resources Collaborative. He used strong language to refer to Congressional Republican lawmakers, and himself, when conveying that Democrats need to step up the fight. The incident made headlines and Jones apologized, saying his words "do not reflect the views of this administration, which has made every effort to work in a bipartisan fashion, and they do not reflect the experience I have had since I joined the administration."


title: Van Jones

text: Representative Mike Pence (R-Indiana), the chairman of the Republican Conference in the U.S. House of Representatives and future Vice-President, and Senator John Cornyn (R-Texas), Chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee, publicly criticized Jones for his remarks. Senator Kit Bond (R-Missouri) urged Congress to investigate Jones's "fitness" for the position. Bob Beckel, a Fox News political analyst who was formerly an official in the Carter administration, was the first prominent Democrat to call for Jones's resignation. Jones was also criticized for allegedly having signed a 2004 petition by 911Truth.org that suggested the Bush administration "may indeed have deliberately allowed 9/11 to happen". Jones immediately said he did not agree with the statement and had not signed the petition. While the issue was open, the allegations were grounds for more tumult: conservative columnist Charles Krauthammer said that, while other accusations against Jones were "trivial", this was "beyond partisanship". Jones issued a statement that said, "In recent days some in the news media have reported on past statements I made before I joined the administration – some of which were made years ago. If I have offended anyone with statements I made in the past, I apologize. As for the petition that was circulated today, I do not agree with this statement and it certainly does not reflect my views now or ever." (Finally, on July 27, 2010, the group 911truth.org released a statement confirming that they had "researched the situation and were unable to produce electronic or written evidence that Van agreed to sign the Statement".)


title: Van Jones

text: Jones resigned on September 5, 2009, saying he had been the subject of a "vicious smear campaign" by "opponents of reform [of health care and clean energy]" who were "using lies and distortions to distract and divide." He felt he was becoming a distraction to the administration's achieving its goals. During an interview on ABC's "This Week", White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs thanked Jones "for his service to the country", while noting that the president did not endorse his past comments nor his support for Abu-Jamal.


title: Van Jones

text: Some liberal commentators expressed continued support for Jones. Arianna Huffington predicted Beck's efforts would backfire by freeing Jones to be more outspoken. John McWhorter in "The New Republic" criticized Obama for having Jones resign.


title: Van Jones

text: In February 2010, Jones became a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress. He led their Green Opportunity Initiative "to develop a clearly articulated agenda for expanding investment, innovation, and opportunity through clean energy and environmental restoration".


title: Van Jones

text: Around the same time, Jones received appointments at Princeton University, as a distinguished visiting fellow in both the Center for African American Studies and in the Program in Science, Technology and Environmental Policy at the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs.


title: Van Jones

text: Jones continued to advocate for green jobs after leaving the Obama administration. On October 2, 2010, Jones spoke at the One Nation Working Together rally in Washington, DC. He addressed linking the fight against poverty with the fight against pollution, saying that green jobs would bring "real solutions" instead of "hateful rhetoric". On April 15, 2011, Jones was a keynote speaker at Powershift 2011 in Washington, DC, addressing more than 10,000 students on issues of climate justice and standing up for underrepresented communities. Powershift 2011 was the largest youth activism and organizing training in U.S. history. He previously served as a keynote speaker for Powershift 2009.


title: Van Jones

text: In June 2011, Jones worked with MoveOn.org to launch the Rebuild the Dream campaign, which was intended to start a progressive American Dream movement to counter the Tea Party movement. Following a kickoff on June 23, 2011, Rebuild the Dream announced a "Contract for the American Dream", intended as a counter to the Tea Party-supported "Contract from America", and held house meetings in July. It was intended "to give the progressive mass movement that rose up to elect Barack Obama a new banner to march under." The launch included performances by The Roots and a DJ set by artist Shepard Fairey. In August 2012 Prince announced a series of concerts in Chicago to support Rebuild the Dream. Prince went on "The View" with Jones and Rosario Dawson to promote the concerts.Jones claimed 127,000 people had become involved in the movement by the end of July 2011.


title: Van Jones

text: In April 2012 Jones published his second book, titled "Rebuild the Dream." It debuted at number 16 on the "New York Times" Best-Seller list.


title: Van Jones

text: Jones founded Advocates for Opioid Recovery together with former House Speaker Newt Gingrich and former Rep.


title: Van Jones

text: Jones has served on the boards of numerous environmental and nonprofit organizations, including Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), 1Sky, the National Apollo Alliance, Social Venture Network, Rainforest Action Network, Bioneers, Julia Butterfly Hill's "Circle of Life" organization and Free Press. He currently serves on the board of trustees at Demos. He also served as a Senior Fellow with the Center for American Progress and a Fellow at the Institute of Noetic Sciences.


title: Van Jones

text: In June 2013, Jones was announced as a co-host of a re-boot of the CNN political debate show "Crossfire," alongside Newt Gingrich, Stephanie Cutter and S.E. Cupp. The new version of Crossfire made its debut on September 16, 2013, but the show had been canceled by October 2014.


title: Van Jones

text: In 2016, Jones launched "The Messy Truth", a news feature documentary series and subsequent studio discussion series, "The Messy Truth with Van Jones", which aired in 2017 on CNN. In 2018, Jones launched "The Van Jones Show" on CNN, with Jay-Z as his first guest.


title: Van Jones

text: In 2019 Jones launched "The Redemption Project with Van Jones", a show focused on restorative justice and bringing "offenders face to face with the people most affected by their violent crimes."


title: Van Jones

text: Jones continued after the end of "Crossfire" as a regular CNN contributor. He has contributed to segments on a wide range of topics, including Obama administration policies, Supreme Court decisions, protests in Ferguson, Missouri after the fatal shooting by police of an unarmed young black man, and the 2016 Republican presidential primary. After the November 2016 election victory by Republican Donald Trump, Jones described the result as a "whitelash": his term for a racist backlash by white Americans who had opposed President Obama.


title: Van Jones

text: On October 18, 2019, Hillary Clinton suggested Russians are "grooming" Tulsi Gabbard to be a third-party candidate who would help President Trump win reelection through the spoiler effect. Jones defended Gabbard, stating that "I do not want someone of her stature to legitimate these attacks against anybody. If you’ve got real evidence, come forward with it. But if you’re just going to smear people casually on podcasts, you are playing right into the Russians' hands."


title: Van Jones

text: On May 29, 2020, while on CNN's New Day, Jones commented "It's not the racist white person who is in the Ku Klux Klan that we have to worry about. It's the white liberal Hillary Clinton supporter walking her dog in Central Park who would tell you right now, you know, people like that – 'oh, I don't see race, race is no big deal to me, I see us all as the same, I give to charities. But the minute she sees a black man who she does not respect or who she has a slight thought against, she weaponized race like she had been trained by the Aryan Nation.", referring to the incident involving Christian Cooper being falsely accused of threatening the life of the unrelated Amy Cooper. He went on to say "even the most liberal, well-intentioned white person has a virus in his or her brain that can be activated at an instant."


title: Van Jones

text: In late spring 2020, after the police murder of George Floyd and subsequent worldwide Black Lives Matter rallies, protests and marches, Jones advised the Trump White House on police reform policy. In several subsequent media appearances, he praised the president's executive order on police reform. A few weeks later, Jones was called out by "The Daily Beast" for not revealing his behind-the-scenes White House policy consulting work as he touted the policy in his other role as CNN political news pundit.


title: Van Jones

text: Jones is President of The Dream Corps, a "social enterprise and incubator for powerful ideas and innovations designed to uplift and empower the most vulnerable in our society." The Dream Corps owns and operates several advocacy projects, including Green for All, #cut50, and #YesWeCode.


title: Van Jones

text: In early 2015, Jones launched #YesWeCode, an initiative aiming to "teach 100,000 low-income kids to write code". The musician Prince appeared at the Essence Festival to help support the launch. Jones credits his longtime friend Prince with the idea to form #YesWeCode. #YesWeCode has hosted several hackathons, including one in Detroit in partnership with MSNBC, and Oakland. In an interview on CNN on April 21, 2016, hours after the musician Prince's death, Jones revealed that Prince had secretly contributed to the funding of <nowiki>#</nowiki>YesWeCode. Jones also revealed that the musician had been a major philanthropist who preferred to give anonymously to a wide spectrum of charitable causes. Prince used Jones and others as surrogates to distribute his gifts. As a Jehovah's Witness, Prince did not want to receive public credit for his charitable work. Jones was among the 20 people who gathered for a private memorial service at Paisley Park after Prince's death.


title: Van Jones

text: In 2015, Jones launched #cut50, an organization focused on bi-partisan solutions to criminal justice reform issues. In March 2015 #cut50 hosted a "bi-partisan summit" with Republican Newt Gingrich, former Speaker of the House, to promote bi-partisan solutions. Their goals are to reduce prison populations, as the US has the highest rate of incarceration in the world, and to end mandatory minimum sentencing and mandatory lengthy sentences for certain crimes.


title: Van Jones

text: In November 2015, #cut50 gained the support of singer Alicia Keys. In 2016, Keys made a video appeal to Congressman Paul Ryan asking him to "be her Valentine" and commit to giving legislation on criminal justice reform a vote. Ryan made this commitment days later. #cut50 received additional celebrity support from "100 A-List celebrities" including Amy Schumer, Steph Curry, Edward Norton, Jesse Williams, Chris Pine, Russell Simmons, Shonda Rhimes, Russell Brand, Jessica Chastain, and Piper Kerman.


title: Van Jones

text: In May 2018, Jones and other members of #cut50 met with Jared Kushner and President Donald Trump at the White House to discuss a criminal justice reform bill.


title: Van Jones

text: Working with the Trump White House and Kim Kardashian, Jones and #cut50 were involved in helping to pass the First Step Act, a criminal justice reform bill "The New York Times" called "the most substantial changes in a generation" to national crime and sentencing laws.


title: Van Jones

text: In 2019, Jones was announced as the CEO of REFORM Alliance, an initiative founded by Jay-Z, Meek Mill, New England Patriots owner Robert Kraft among others. The initiative aims to reform the criminal justice system, and has received funding from Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey.


title: Van Jones

text: Magic Labs Media is a media company founded and owned by Jones. In 2016, it produced The Messy Truth miniseries, which won a Webby Award, and in 2020 it produced The Messy Truth VR experience, which won an Emmy Award. In 2021, the weekly podcast "Uncommon Ground with Van Jones" began.


title: Van Jones

text: Glenn Beck criticized Jones for his support of Mumia Abu-Jamal, a death row inmate convicted of killing a police officer.


title: Van Jones

text: Jones was accused of having a conflict of interest for running a PR firm called Megaphone Strategies which openly lobbies electoral college electors not to cast their vote for Donald Trump.


title: Van Jones

text: Liberals criticized Jones for working with Jared Kushner on police reform and criminal justice reform. Jones covered the matter on CNN and failed to disclose this to his viewers.


title: Cub Swanson

text: Kevin Luke "Cub" Swanson (born November 2, 1983) is an American professional mixed martial artist. He currently competes in the Bantamweight division in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). A professional since 2004, Swanson holds the most post-fight bonus awards in division history with eight, including his WEC tenure he has been awarded "Fight of the Night" honors ten times.


title: Cub Swanson

text: Swanson was born and raised mostly in Palm Springs, California, on November 2, 1983. He had a Swedish father and a Mexican mother. His widely used nickname Cub originates from his early childhood, as his brother could not say Swanson's real name and opted to call him Cub. Swanson has two older brothers Steve and Aaron, and two sisters of which one has Down syndrome. Swanson's father died of melanoma three months after he was born. Because of his mother's heavy grieving and subsequent drug addiction, Swanson and his siblings were then adopted and raised by their father's cousin. The adoptive family was religious so Swanson spent most of his early life in church. Swanson was also homeschooled for most of his young life. Swanson started playing soccer at the age of four, dreaming of a professional career and playing in the World Cup. He and his oldest brother Steve succeeded well in soccer, winning the majority of the AYSO tournaments they attended in their age divisions.


title: Cub Swanson

text: Eventually, when Swanson was 14, his adoptive parents divorced and he returned to his mother who at the time had recovered from the addiction. Swanson then attended Cathedral City High School, along with future boxer Timothy Bradley. At the time, Swanson associated himself with local gangs and participated in many streets fights. He also drank alcohol and took recreational drugs. The police arrested Swanson and two of his friends for committing a house robbery. As a result, Swanson was placed in a juvenile detention center. He was released when he was 17 years old. At the age of 19, Swanson started working for United Cerebral Palsy, where he helped children with disabilities. UFC fighter Joe Stevenson invited Swanson to train with him, which he accepted. This marked Swanson's transition into professional MMA.


title: Cub Swanson

text: On July 25, 2004, Swanson made his first professional fight. MMA was not sanctioned in California in 2004, so Swanson competed at Total Combat in Mexico. His opponent, Shannon Gugerty, submitted Swanson via Rear-Naked Choke. The fight lasted for just 30 seconds. Despite the loss, Swanson continued to compete in professional MMA fights. Swanson won nine fights before entering the WEC in 2007. This included a rematch with Gugerty in 2006. Other than TC, Swanson also competed in KOTC and BIB.


title: Cub Swanson

text: On his WEC debut on March 24, 2007, Swanson submitted Tommy Lee by guillotine choke. Swanson earned a disclosed pay of $6000. He next defeated Micah Miller at WEC 28 via unanimous decision. Swanson was scheduled to fight Jens Pulver in Pulvers 145lb debut, the fight was pushed back three months when Pulver sustained an injury in training camp; Swanson accused Pulver of trying to duck the fight, which Pulver denied. They finally met at WEC 31, with Swanson losing via guillotine choke. The fight only lasted 35 seconds and marked the end of Swanson's eleven-fight winning streak.


title: Cub Swanson

text: Hiroyuki Takaya took on Swanson on December 3, 2008, at WEC 37. Swanson won via unanimous decision. Both fighters earned the "Fight of the Night" honors. This was Swanson's first official WEC award.


title: Cub Swanson

text: WEC schedule Swanson to fight Diego Nunes on April 5, 2009, at WEC 40. Nunes withdrew from the fight days before the bout due to a hand injury.


title: Cub Swanson

text: Swanson fought with José Aldo at WEC 41 on June 7. Just 8 seconds into the first round, Swanson lost by TKO via a double flying knee. Nevertheless, WEC gave Swanson a disclosed pay of $8940 Base.


title: Cub Swanson

text: Swanson defeated John Franchi via submission on November 18 at WEC 44. The fight earned Swanson his second "Fight of the Night" honor. In his bout against Franchi, Swanson broke both of his hands.


title: Cub Swanson

text: WEC scheduled Swanson to fight WEC newcomer Chan Sung Jung. Swanson withdrew from the card with an injury. He would be replaced by Leonard Garcia.


title: Cub Swanson

text: On August 18, 2010, WEC 50, Swanson faced Chad Mendes. Mendes came from a wrestling background. He took Swanson down multiple times throughout the fight. Swanson lost via unanimous decision.


title: Cub Swanson

text: Swanson faced Mackens Semerzier next on November 11 at WEC 52. He won the fight via split decision. The bout was an exciting back and forth affair that earned both fighters "Fight of the Night" honors.


title: Cub Swanson

text: On October 28, 2011, WEC merged with Ultimate Fighting Championship. As part of the merger, most WEC fighter contracts transferred to UFC.


title: Cub Swanson

text: Swanson was expected to face Erik Koch on March 3, 2011, at . However, Swanson pulled out of the bout due to an injury. Swanson vs. Koch was rescheduled to take place on July 2 at UFC 132. However, Swanson was forced out of the bout with another injury.


title: Cub Swanson

text: After just over a year out of action, Swanson returned to face Ricardo Lamas on November 12 at UFC on Fox 1. Swanson was the last WEC fighter imported from the WEC/UFC merger to debut in the UFC. He lost the fight via submission (arm-triangle choke) in the second round.


title: Cub Swanson

text: In his second UFC fight, Swanson faced George Roop on January 28, 2012, at . Prior the fight, Swanson said "I just really want to smash this kid". He boasted "I'm the more complete fighter and I have the tools to shut him down". Swanson won the fight via TKO in the second round.


title: Cub Swanson

text: Ross Pearson and Swanson went head-to-head on June 22 at UFC on FX 4. Swanson won the fight via TKO in the second round, earning him "Knockout of the Night" bonus. Swanson fought Charles Oliveira as an underdog on September 22 at UFC 152. Swanson won the fight by knockout in the first round. Swanson received a "Knockout of the Night" bonus.


title: Cub Swanson

text: Swanson was expected to face Dennis Siver on February 16, 2013, at . However, Siver pulled out of the bout. Dustin Poirier took Siver's spot. Swanson won by unanimous decision. As of March 2013, Swanson was ranked the #10 Featherweight in the world by Sherdog and ranked #5 within the UFC. Swanson's bout with Dennis Siver was rescheduled for July 6, 2013, at UFC 162, as the first fight of his new five-fight contract. Swanson won via TKO in the third round. The performance earned both participants "Fight of the Night" honors.


title: Cub Swanson

text: Swanson challenged Jeremy Stephens on June 28 at UFC Fight Night 44. Swanson won via unanimous decision. The performance earned both participants "Fight of the Night" honors.


title: Cub Swanson

text: Swanson next faced Frankie Edgar on November 22 at UFC Fight Night 57. Prior the fight, UFC president Dana White promised that "If Cub Swanson wins this fight, we did tell him we would give him a title shot." "All I know is that," Swanson told Sherdog.com, "in my mind, I finish Frankie Edgar, that I'm getting that title shot. That's all that's on my mind.". Swanson lost the one-sided fight via submission in closing seconds of the fifth round.


title: Cub Swanson

text: Max Holloway challenged Swanson on April 18, 2015, at UFC on Fox 15. Swanson was out-struck in the first two rounds. Holloway then set up a guillotine choke in the third round, forcing Swanson to tap out. Following the fight, Swanson announced via Twitter that he had suffered a broken jaw and a broken right hand. The two-loss-streak made Swanson drop out as a title contender. "It's really hard to explain," said Swanson in an interview, "You want something so bad and it may come and it may not, you can go crazy doing all of that."


title: Cub Swanson

text: At his #10 UFC fight, Swanson faced Hacran Dias on April 16, 2016, at UFC on Fox 19. Swanson won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Cub Swanson

text: Swanson faced Tatsuya Kawajiri on August 6 at UFC Fight Night 92. "I've been around forever, he's been around forever, so we're both just looking for a win," said Swanson in an interview. During the fight, Swanson kneed Kawajiri to the head, which was illegal since Kawajiri was downed at the time. Referee John McCarthy paused the fight shortly but no points are deducted from Swanson. Swanson won the back and forth fight via unanimous decision.


title: Cub Swanson

text: Swanson fought with touted prospect Doo Ho Choi on December 10, 2016, at UFC 206. Swanson won the fight via unanimous decision. "I knew he (Choi) deserved the hype," said Swanson during the post-fight interview, "but he made a mistake calling me out. I wanted to prove to everyone that I've still got it. Don't write me off again." Both participants were awarded "Fight of the Night" and later was awarded "Fight of the Year" at the World MMA Awards. During UFC 273 broadcast in April 2022 it was announced that the fight will be inducted to the UFC Hall of Fame Fight Wing class of 2022.


title: Cub Swanson

text: Underdog Artem Lobov challenged Swanson to a fight on April 22, 2017, at UFC Fight Night 108. Swanson won the fight via unanimous decision . The fight broke the record for most significant strikes landed (209) in a UFC Featherweight bout and in a UFC Fight Night. It also came #4 in most significant strikes landed in a single bout. Subsequently, both participants were awarded "a Fight of the Night" awards. This was Swanson's sixth Fight of the Night bonus. He broke his hand for the 10th time in his career.


title: Cub Swanson

text: Swanson faced Brian Ortega on December 9, 2017, at UFC Fight Night 123. He lost the fight via submission in the second round. Despite the loss, Swanson earned his third consecutive (and fifth overall) Fight of the Night bonus award. The fight with Ortega also marked the last bout of his contract and albeit taking offers from a variety of promotions, he decided to re-sign with the UFC due to consistent drug testing by USADA.


title: Cub Swanson

text: Swanson faced Frankie Edgar in a rematch on April 21, 2018, at UFC Fight Night 128. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Cub Swanson

text: Swanson faced Renato Moicano on August 4, 2018, at UFC 227. He lost the fight via a rear-naked choke submission in the first round.


title: Cub Swanson

text: Swanson faced Shane Burgos on May 4, 2019, at UFC Fight Night 151. He lost the fight by split decision.


title: Cub Swanson

text: Swanson faced Kron Gracie on October 12, 2019, at UFC on ESPN+ 19. The days leading to the bout saw a media clash between the fighters, as Swanson claimed several Brazilian jiu-jitsu gyms had refused him entry after learning he was going to fight a member of the Gracie family, to which Gracie answered supporting those views and criticizing Swanson's work ethic. Swanson won the fight via unanimous decision. This win earned him the "Fight of the Night" bonus award.


title: Cub Swanson

text: On December 12, 2019, Swanson competed at Quintet Ultra as part of Team WEC. In his bout with Jake Shields he tore his ACL, meniscus in his left knee. Swanson stated UFC paid his medical costs.


title: Cub Swanson

text: Swanson faced Daniel Pineda on December 12, 2020, at UFC 256. He won the fight via knockout in the second round, marking his first finish since July 2013.


title: Cub Swanson

text: Swanson was briefly linked to a bout against Gavin Tucker on May 1, 2021, at . However, Tucker was tabbed as a short notice replacement to face Dan Ige at instead. Swanson instead faced Giga Chikadze. He lost the fight via TKO in the first round.


title: Cub Swanson

text: Swanson faced Darren Elkins on December 18, 2021, at . He won the bout via TKO in the first round. This win earned him the "Performance of the Night" bonus award. Having one bout left in his prevailing contract, Swanson signed a new four-fight contract following the bout.


title: Cub Swanson

text: Swanson faced Jonathan Martinez in Swanson's bantamweight debut on October 15, 2022 at UFC Fight Night 212. He lost the fight via technical knockout in round two.


title: Cub Swanson

text: Many MMA media outlets say that Cub Swanson is one of the most entertaining MMA fighters. MMA junkie reported "Swanson is a man who will give you a gritty, exciting fight". Bloodyelbow.com comments "Cub's style tends to be wild, unpredictable, and very explosive". Swanson has 10 fight night bonuses for UFC/WEC featherweight bouts. This is the highest in combined divisional history. MMAfighting.com calls Swanson "an exciting fighter". MMA fans call Swanson's style "Beautiful Destruction"


title: Cub Swanson

text: Swanson is known for his creative striking. Many pundits cite Swanson's ducking roundhouse kick / cartwheel kick to the head as his most distinct move. Swanson often sets up with a left hook, then follow up with a ducking roundhouse kick to the head. This combination was used against Artem Lobov. In other cases, Swanson would throw a single ducking roundhouse kick with no set up, like in his fight with Ross Pearson and Doo Ho Choi.


title: Cub Swanson

text: Swanson's movements are very unorthodox. He tends to feint while punching, as exemplified in WEC 52. Swanson often switches stance after kicking, something which he did against Dennis Siver. He also puts a lot of weight into his punches. Weight shifts give him more power but shift him off balance. This makes Swanson susceptible to take-downs and counters. Similarly, Swanson's stance switches make him vulnerable to leg kicks. Low kicks tend to disrupt his footwork.


title: Cub Swanson

text: In his fight with Doo Ho Choi and Dennis Siver, Swanson escaped from inferior positions. Despite this, 7 out of Swanson's 11 losses are by submission however since these losses he was highly praised for his takedown defence against world class jiu-jitsu fighter Kron Gracie at in 2019. Swanson stated on his UFC profile that Superman double wrist lock is his favorite move.


title: Cub Swanson

text: Swanson began training MMA in 2003. His typical workout routine involves striking in the morning and cardio exercises in the afternoon. Grappling sessions take place at night. Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu medalist Rigan Machado coaches Swanson's BJJ. Former boxing champion Joel Díaz teaches Swanson boxing.


title: Cub Swanson

text: Swanson also co-owns a UFC Gym in Costa Mesa with Michael Bisping. Swanson taught intermediate MMA classes at the UFC Gym on May 10, 2017. Classes included Boxing, kickboxing and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. "As a native of Southern California," remarked Swanson on the UFC website, "I look forward to bringing this community, which is both near and dear to my heart, a myriad of amazing amenities and programs to help them TRAIN different and live a healthier lifestyle." Eventually, Swanson started attending training camps over at his own gym.


title: Cub Swanson

text: Swanson married Kenda Perez on June 1, 2018. The two had their first child, Royal Rae Swanson, on August 21, 2017. Their identical twin sons, Saint Cub Swanson and King Cub Swanson, were born on September 2, 2018.


title: Cub Swanson

text: Steve Swanson, Cub Swanson's older brother, also competes in MMA. The two brothers train in and run their MMA gym Tru Gym together.


title: Cub Swanson

text: In his spare time, Swanson plays golf near his hometown at Indio, California. Golf club design enterprise PowerBilt sponsors Swanson.


title: Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation

text: The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC; IAST: ), also known as the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM), is the governing civic body of Mumbai, the capital city of Maharashtra. It is India's richest municipal corporation. The BMC's annual budget exceeds that of some of India's smaller states. It was established under the Bombay Municipal Corporation Act 1888. BMC is responsible for the civic infrastructure and administration of the city and some suburbs. Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation has been formed with functions to improve the infrastructure of town.


title: Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation

text: The BMC is headed by an IAS officer who serves as Municipal Commissioner, wielding executive power. A quinquennial election is held to elect corporators, who are responsible for basic civic infrastructure and enforcing duty. The Mayor, usually from the majority party, serves as head of the house. As of June 2008, all administrative business in the BMC was conducted in Marathi, a decision that sparked controversy, following which the BMC eased its stance and began accepting forms in English.


title: Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation

text: As of 2017, the BMC's legislature, also known as the Corporation Council, consisted of 227 members. 2017 was the first time 31 candidates contested from a single ward (164). Raghvendra Singh was the youngest independent candidate at age 21. BMC is one of the richest municipal corporations in Asia.


title: Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation

text: In 2016, stand-up comedian Kapil Sharma alleged BMC of taking 5 lakhs rupees bribe from him for his office in Andheri. In response BMC's vigilance department head asked Sharma names of the people who took bribe.


title: Renato Moicano

text: Renato Alves Carneiro better known as Renato Moicano (born May 21, 1989) is a Brazilian mixed martial artist who competes in the Lightweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. A professional MMA competitor since 2010, Moicano made a name for himself fighting all over his home country of Brazil, and is the former interim Jungle Fight Featherweight Champion. As of November 14, 2022, he is #13 in the UFC lightweight rankings.


title: Renato Moicano

text: Coming from a well-off family, Carneiro started training judo at the age of eight. He attended university in order to become a lawyer, but dropped out after two years to pursue a career in mixed martial arts.


title: Renato Moicano

text: After an undefeated professional record in eight fights, Moicano faced Ismael Bonfim for the interim Jungle Fight Featherweight Championship. He won the fight via rear naked choke submission in the first round.


title: Renato Moicano

text: On December 12, 2014 it was announced that Moicano signed with the UFC, and was scheduled to replace Rony Jason against Tom Niinimäki on 10 days notice at . He won the fight via rear naked choke submission in the second round.


title: Renato Moicano

text: Moicano later was scheduled to fight Mirsad Bektic on May 30, 2015 at , but he was pulled from the bout due to injury and replaced by Lucas Martins.


title: Renato Moicano

text: On March 14, 2016 it was announced that Moicano would face Zubaira Tukhugov at UFC 198. for his second UFC appearance. He was the underdog to the fight but won via split decision.


title: Renato Moicano

text: Moicano was expected to face Mike De La Torre on September 24, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 95, but was forced to pull out with injury and was replaced on short notice by Godofredo Pepey.


title: Renato Moicano

text: For his third fight, Moicano faced Jeremy Stephens on April 15, 2017 at UFC on Fox 24 He won the fight by split decision.


title: Renato Moicano

text: Moicano faced Brian Ortega on July 29, 2017 at UFC 214. He lost the fight via guillotine choke submission in the third round. This fight earned Fight of the Night bonus. After the fight with Ortega, Moicano moved from Brazil to United States in order to train at the American Top Team.


title: Renato Moicano

text: Moicano faced Cub Swanson on August 4, 2018 at UFC 227. He won the fight via a rear naked choke submission. This win earned him the Performance of the Night award.


title: Renato Moicano

text: Moicano was scheduled to face Mirsad Bektic on December 8, 2018 at UFC 231; however, it was reported on 15 November 2018 that Bektic was forced to pull out of the bout due to an undisclosed injury and the bout was cancelled.


title: Renato Moicano

text: Moicano faced José Aldo on February 2, 2019 in the co-main event at UFC Fight Night 144. He lost the fight via TKO in the second round.


title: Renato Moicano

text: Moicano faced Chan Sung Jung on June 22, 2019 in the main event at UFC on ESPN+ 12. He lost the fight via TKO in the first round.


title: Renato Moicano

text: Moicano faced Damir Hadžović in a lightweight bout on March 14, 2020 at UFC Fight Night 170. He won the fight via a rear naked choke submission in round one.


title: Renato Moicano

text: Moicano was scheduled to face Magomed Mustafaev on October 18, 2020 at UFC Fight Night 180. However, Moicano pulled out of the fight in mid-September for undisclosed reasons. Two weeks later, it was reported that Moicano was scheduled to face Rafael Fiziev on November 28, 2020 at . In turn, Moicano pulled out on November 28 after testing positive for COVID-19 and the bout was rescheduled for UFC 256. He lost the fight via TKO in the first round.


title: Renato Moicano

text: Moicano faced Jai Herbert on June 26, 2021 at UFC Fight Night 190. He won the fight via a rear naked choke in round two.


title: Renato Moicano

text: Moicano faced Alexander Hernandez on February 12, 2022 at UFC 271. He won the bout via rear naked choke in the second round.


title: Renato Moicano

text: Moicano was tabbed as a short notice replacement for Rafael Fiziev and faced Rafael dos Anjos on March 5, 2022 at UFC 272. The bout was contested at a catchweight of 160 pounds. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Renato Moicano

text: Moicano faced Brad Riddell on November 12, 2022 at UFC 281. He won the bout via a rear naked choke in the first round.


title: Progression of the deadlift world record

text: Deadlift world records are the international records in deadlift across the years, regardless of weight class or governing organization.


title: Greg Evigan

text: Gregory Ralph Evigan (born October 14, 1953) is an American film, stage, and television actor. He began his career in theater, appearing in the Broadway production of "Jesus Christ Superstar", followed by a stage production of the musical "Grease", in which he portrayed the lead, Danny Zuko. Evigan made his feature film debut in "Scorchy" (1976), then was cast as the lead in the comedy series "B. J. and the Bear", in which he starred between 1979 and 1981.


title: Greg Evigan

text: Evigan continued to appear as a guest star on numerous television series throughout the 1980s before being cast as the lead Joey Harris in the comedy series "My Two Dads" (1987–1990). He later appeared on the science fiction series "TekWar" (1995–1996), and had guest-starring roles on "Melrose Place" (1996–1997) and "7th Heaven" (1997). He subsequently had starring roles on the soap opera "Pacific Palisades" (also 1997), and portrayed a record executive in the Canadian series "Big Sound" from 2001 to 2002.


title: Greg Evigan

text: Evigan's other film credits include the Joey Travolta-directed drama films "Mel" (1998) and "Arizona Summer" (2004), the Western film "6 Guns" (2010), and the Hallmark Channel film "Once Upon a Holiday" (2015). In 2018, he guest-starred in a multi-episode arc as Jim Harvey on the soap opera "General Hospital".


title: Greg Evigan

text: Evigan was born October 14, 1953 in South Amboy, New Jersey, the son of Ralph Milan Evigan, an electrician, and his wife, Barbara Elizabeth Evigan, a homemaker. Beginning at age 8, Evigan was classically trained on piano, and went on to play the organ and saxophone. As a teenager, he played in several rock bands. Evigan grew up in Sayreville, New Jersey, and attended Sayreville War Memorial High School, graduating in 1971. In 2007 he was inducted into the school's Alumni Hall of Fame for his contributions to the arts.


title: Greg Evigan

text: Evigan began his career after graduating high school, appearing in a small role as Annas in the Broadway production of "Jesus Christ Superstar" in 1971, as well as the touring production. Between 1972 and 1973, he starred as Danny Zuko in the Broadway production of "Grease", reprising the role for the show's residency in Chicago, alongside Marilu Henner. Evigan moved to Los Angeles and was cast in his feature film debut in the exploitation film "Scorchy" (1976), starring Connie Stevens.


title: Greg Evigan

text: In 1978, he was cast as Billie Joe "B.J." McKay, a truck driver whose best friend was a chimpanzee named Bear, in the series "B.J. and the Bear". Following the series' conclusion in 1981, Evigan continued to work in television, with recurring guest roles on "Masquerade" (1984) and "Murder, She Wrote" (1986), then was cast in the comedy series "My Two Dads" (1987–1990), in which he portrayed a man who co-parents the daughter of his deceased girlfriend alongside her ex-boyfriend.


title: Greg Evigan

text: In 1989, he starred in the sci-fi film "DeepStar Six", and later appeared in the sci-fi series "TekWar" opposite William Shatner, based on a series of books by Shatner. "TekWar" originated as a series of two-hour television movies in 1994, and then became a series of hour-long episodes that ran in 1995 and 1996. Between 1996 and 1997, Evigan guest-starred as Dr. Dan Hathaway on the soap opera "Melrose Place", followed by a main role on "Pacific Palisades", in which he portrayed one of several friends who relocate from the Midwest to California. Evigan had a lead role in Joey Travolta's directorial debut, the drama "Mel" (1998). In 2001, he starred in the psychological thriller film "Spirit" opposite Elisabeth Moss, playing the father of a teenage girl who believes their home is haunted. He reunited with director Joey Travolta, appearing in his family drama "Arizona Summer" (2004), followed by a supporting part in "River's End" (2005). Evigan returned to theater in 2008, appearing as Gar in a stage adaptation of "Mask" at the Pasadena Playhouse. In Britain, Evigan is especially well known for the humorous and educational film clips under the name of "When Insects Attack", which he fronted and were shown as part of "BBC" schools programming in the 1990s.


title: Greg Evigan

text: In 2015, Evigan had a supporting role in the Hallmark Channel film "Once Upon a Holiday", co-starring his daughter Briana. He had a guest-starring role on the network crime series "Bones" in 2017, followed by a multi-episode character arc as Jim Harvey on "General Hospital" in 2018.


title: Greg Evigan

text: On June 3, 1979, Evigan married dancer Pamela C. Serpe. The couple has three children. Their daughters, Briana (born 1986) and Vanessa (born 1981) are actresses, while their son Jason (born 1983) is a musician and former frontman of a Los Angeles-based band After Midnight Project.


title: Shawnee

text: The Shawnee are an Algonquian-speaking indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands. In the 17th century they lived in Pennsylvania, and in the 18th century they were in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, with some bands in Kentucky and Alabama. By the 19th century, they were forcibly removed to Missouri, Kansas, Texas, and ultimately Indian Territory, which became Oklahoma under the 1830 Indian Removal Act.


title: Shawnee

text: Today, Shawnee people are enrolled in three federally recognized tribes, all headquartered in Oklahoma: the Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians, Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma, and Shawnee Tribe.


title: Shawnee

text: Shawnee has also been written as Shaawanwaki, Ša·wano·ki, Shaawanowi lenaweeki, and Shawano. Algonquian languages have words similar to the archaic "shawano" (now: "shaawanwa") meaning "south". However, the stem "šawa-" does not mean "south" in Shawnee, but "moderate, warm (of weather)": See Charles F. Voegelin, "šawa (plus -ni, -te) MODERATE, WARM. Cp. šawani 'it is moderating...". In one Shawnee tale, "Sawage" (šaawaki) is the deity of the south wind. Jeremiah Curtin translates Sawage as 'it thaws', referring to the warm weather of the south. In an account and a song collected by C. F. Voegelin, šaawaki is attested as the spirit of the South, or the South Wind.


title: Shawnee

text: In 2002, the Shawnee language, from the Algonquian family, was in decline, spoken by only 200 people. These included more than 100 Absentee Shawnee and 12 Shawnee Tribe speakers. The language is written in the Latin script. It has a dictionary, and portions of the Bible have been translated into Shawnee.


title: Shawnee

text: Some scholars believe that the Shawnee are descendants of the people of the precontact Fort Ancient culture of the Ohio region, although this is not universally accepted. The Shawnee may have entered the area at a later time and occupied the Fort Ancient sites.


title: Shawnee

text: Fort Ancient culture flourished from c. 1000 to c. 1750 CE among a people who predominantly inhabited lands on both sides of the Ohio River in areas of present-day southern Ohio, northern Kentucky and western West Virginia. Like the Mississippian culture peoples of this period, they built earthwork mounds as part of their expression of their religious and political structure. Fort Ancient culture was once thought to have been a regional extension of the Mississippian culture. Scholars now believe that Fort Ancient culture developed independently and was descended from the Hopewell culture (100 BCE—500 CE). The people in those earlier centuries also built mounds as part of their social, political and religious system. Among their monuments were earthwork effigy mounds, such as Serpent Mound in present-day Ohio.


title: Shawnee

text: Uncertainty surrounds the fate of the Fort Ancient people. Most likely their society, like the Mississippian culture to the south, was severely disrupted by waves of epidemics from new infectious diseases carried by the first Spanish explorers in the 16th century. After 1525 at Madisonville, the type site, the village's house sizes became smaller and fewer. Evidence shows that the people changed from their previously "horticulture-centered, sedentary way of life".


title: Shawnee

text: There is a gap in the archaeological record between the most recent Fort Ancient sites and the oldest sites of the historic Shawnee. The latter were recorded by European (French and English) archaeologists as occupying this area at the time of encounter. Scholars generally accept that similarities in material culture, art, mythology, and Shawnee oral history linking them to the Fort Ancient peoples, can be used to support the connection from Fort Ancient society and development as the historical Shawnee society. But there is also evidence and oral history linking Siouan-speaking nations to the Ohio Valley.


title: Shawnee

text: The Shawnee considered the Lenape (or Delaware) of the East Coast mid-Atlantic region, who were also Algonquian speaking, to be their "grandfathers". The Algonquian nations of present-day Canada, who extended to the interior along the St. Lawrence River and around the Great Lakes from the Atlantic coast, regarded the Shawnee as their southernmost branch. Along the East Coast, the Algonquian-speaking tribes were historically located mostly in coastal areas, from Quebec to the Carolinas.


title: Shawnee

text: Europeans reported encountering the Shawnee over a wide geographic area. One of the earliest mentions of the Shawnee may be a 1614 Dutch map showing some "Sawwanew" located just east of the Delaware River. Later 17th-century Dutch sources also place them in this general location. Accounts by French explorers in the same century usually located the Shawnee along the Ohio River, where the French encountered them on forays from eastern Canada and the Illinois Country.


title: Shawnee

text: Based on historical accounts and later archeology, John E. Kleber describes Shawnee towns by the following:A Shawnee town might have from forty to one hundred bark-covered houses similar in construction to Iroquois longhouses. Each village usually had a meeting house or council house, perhaps sixty to ninety feet long, where public deliberations took place.


title: Shawnee

text: According to one English colonial legend, some Shawnee were descended from a party sent by Chief Opechancanough, ruler of the Powhatan Confederacy of 1618–1644, to settle in the Shenandoah Valley. The party was led by his son, Sheewa-a-nee. Edward Bland, an explorer who accompanied Abraham Wood's expedition in 1650, wrote that in Opechancanough's day, there had been a falling-out between the "Chawan" chief and the "weroance" of the Powhatan (also a relative of Opechancanough's family). He said the latter had murdered the former. The Shawnee were "driven from Kentucky in the 1670s by the Iroquois of Pennsylvania and New York, who claimed the Ohio valley as hunting ground to supply its fur trade. The colonists Batts and Fallam in 1671 reported that the Shawnee were contesting control of the Shenandoah Valley with the Haudenosaunee Confederacy (Iroquois) in that year, and were losing.


title: Shawnee

text: Some time before 1670, a group of Shawnee migrated to the Savannah River area. The English based in Charles Town, South Carolina, were contacted by these Shawnee in 1674. They forged a long-lasting alliance. The Savannah River Shawnee were known to the Carolina English as "Savannah Indians". Around the same time, other Shawnee groups migrated to Florida, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and other regions south and east of the Ohio country. Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville, founder of New Orleans and the French colony of La Louisiane, writing in his journal in 1699, describes the Shawnee (or as he spells them, "Chaouenons") as "the single nation to fear, being spread out over Carolina and Virginia in the direction of the Mississippi."


title: Shawnee

text: Historian Alan Gallay speculates that the Shawnee migrations of the middle to late 17th century were probably driven by the Beaver Wars, which began in the 1640s. Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy invaded from the east to secure the Ohio Valley for hunting grounds. The Shawnee became known for their widespread settlements, extending from Pennsylvania to Illinois and to Georgia. Among their known villages were "Eskippakithiki" in Kentucky, "Sonnionto" (also known as Lower Shawneetown) in Ohio, "Chalakagay" near what is now Sylacauga, Alabama, "Chalahgawtha" at the site of present-day Chillicothe, Ohio, Old Shawneetown, Illinois, and Suwanee, Georgia. Their language became a "lingua franca" for trade among numerous tribes. They became leaders among the tribes, initiating and sustaining pan-Indian resistance to European and Euro-American expansion.