title: Singapore Grand Prix

text: The 2023 Singapore Grand Prix is expected to have major changes in the layout, with Turns 16-19 set to be temporarily removed to facilitate the construction of NS Square. Instead, there will be a new flat-out section until turn 16 (currently turn 20), with number of laps increasing from 61 to 63 and lap times to decrease by approximately 20 seconds. Race distance is expected to be covered by one half an hour unlike previous editions usually lasting until the two hours time limit.


title: Singapore Grand Prix

text: Although the track has seen some minor changes as seen above, the basic layout has in many aspects remained unchanged. It is a twisty circuit that is the slowest in Formula One running at normal race distance above , which combined with its features of proximity to walls leads to frequent safety cars, further extending the running to nearing the race time limit of two hours.


title: Singapore Grand Prix

text: The race tests the limits for both drivers and cars. It has some 90-degree turns, but with a high degree of variability, featuring technical sections and quick direction changes. Overtaking is primarily done at the end of the first sector, where top speeds are at their highest. Runoff areas exist at the end of the long straights, but are short by Formula One standards. At most parts of the track, cars run very close to the walls. In general, victory is dependent on a drivers' experience and skills.


title: Singapore Grand Prix

text: The Singapore Grand Prix has been frequently described by drivers as being the “toughest race of the Formula 1 calendar”; the endurance of drivers is heavily strained due to various factors such as high heat, high humidity, high amount of sweat and bodily fluid loss, high number of corners (23 in total), little margin for error (due to the lack of run-off area within a street circuit) and race finishes always completing near to the 2-hour allocated time limit (with 4 races being time-limited, instead of completing the allotted laps).


title: Alan Young

text: Alan Young (born Angus Young; November 19, 1919 – May 19, 2016) was a British, Canadian and American actor, comedian, radio host and television host, whom "TV Guide" called "the Charlie Chaplin of television". His notable roles include Wilbur Post in the television comedy "Mister Ed" (1961–1966) and voicing Disney's Scrooge McDuck for over 40 years, first in the Academy Award-nominated short film "Mickey's Christmas Carol" (1983) and in various other films, TV series and video games until his death. During the 1940s and 1950s, Young starred in his own variety-comedy sketch shows "The Alan Young Show" on radio and television, the latter gaining him two Emmy Awards in 1951. He also appeared in a number of feature films, starting from 1946, including the 1960 film "The Time Machine" and from the 1980s gaining a new generation of viewers appearing in numerous Walt Disney Productions films as both an actor and voice actor.


title: Alan Young

text: Young was born as Angus Young on November 19, 1919, in North Shields, Northumberland, England, to Scottish parents. In his later years he claimed he had been born in 1924. His father was a mine worker and a tap dancer, and his mother was a singer. The family moved to Edinburgh, Scotland, when Young was a toddler and to West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, when he was six years old. Young came to love radio when bedridden as a child because of severe asthma. By the time he was in high school, Young had his own comedy radio series on the CBC network, but he left it during the Second World War to serve in the Royal Canadian Navy. He later resigned his Navy commission after learning he would be spending his time writing for a Navy show, and he attempted to join the Canadian Army. According to some sources, the Army rejected him due to his childhood asthma.


title: Alan Young

text: After leaving the service, Young moved to Toronto and resumed his Canadian radio career, where he was discovered by an American agent who brought him to New York City in 1944 to appear on American radio. Young's first American radio appearances were on the "Philco Radio Hall of Fame". This led to his own show, "The Alan Young Show", NBC's summer replacement for the series "The Eddie Cantor Show". He switched to ABC two years later, then returned to NBC.


title: Alan Young

text: Young's film debut was in "Margie" (1946), and he was featured in "Chicken Every Sunday" (1949). In 1950, the television version of "The Alan Young Show" began. By 1951, the series received not only praise, but also several Primetime Emmy Awards, including Best Actor and Most Outstanding Personality for Young. After its cancellation, Young continued to act in films, among which "Androcles and the Lion" (1952) and "Gentlemen Marry Brunettes" (1955), and two George Pal films, "Tom Thumb" (1958) and "The Time Machine" (1960). He appeared in the NBC espionage drama "Five Fingers" ("Thin Ice", 1959), starring David Hedison.


title: Alan Young

text: Young was best known, however, for "Mister Ed" (1961–66), a CBS television show, in which he starred as Wilbur Post, the owner of Mr. Ed, a talking horse who would not talk to anyone but him, thus causing comic situations for Wilbur Post, with his wife, neighbors, and acquaintances. In 1962 while not filming "Mister Ed" Young appeared as John Stetson (inventor of the famous western Stetson hat) on "Death Valley Days" in the episode "The Hat that Won the West." He also starred as Stanley Beamish in the unaired 1966 pilot episode of "Mr. Terrific", but apparently declined to appear in the broadcast series in 1967 that followed. In the late 1960s, he retired from acting for several years. During that time, he founded a broadcast division for the Christian Science Church.


title: Alan Young

text: During the 1970s, Young became active in voice acting. After 1974, he voiced Scrooge McDuck in numerous Disney films and in the popular series "DuckTales" (1987-1990). In "Mickey's Christmas Carol", he portrayed the character's miserly namesake. He also played Scrooge in video games such as the "Kingdom Hearts" series, "" in 2013, and the "Mickey Mouse" cartoon "Goofy's First Love" released in 2015. Apart from Scrooge McDuck, his other prominent roles were Farmer Smurf on "The Smurfs", Haggis McHaggis on "The Ren & Stimpy Show", 7-Zark-7 & Keyop in "Battle of the Planets", and Hiram Flaversham in "The Great Mouse Detective". He also guest starred on "The Love Boat", "The Incredible Hulk", "The New Scooby and Scrappy-Doo Show", and "Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends".


title: Alan Young

text: Young later starred in the sitcom "Coming of Age" for two seasons from 1988 to 1989. In 1991, Alan Young returned to the stage, starring as Cap'n Andy Hawkes in the California Musical Theatre's adaptation of "Show Boat". He had been called for the role after Van Johnson, who was initially cast in the part, was hospitalised. He had also appeared in the plays "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum" and "The Girl With the Freudian Slip". In 1993, he recreated his role as Filby for the mini-sequel to George Pal's "The Time Machine", reuniting him with Rod Taylor, who had played George, the Time Traveller. It was called "", directed by Clyde Lucas. In 1994, Young co-starred in the Eddie Murphy film "Beverly Hills Cop III". He played the role of Uncle Dave Thornton, the Walt Disney-esque founder of the fictional California theme park Wonderworld, and in that same year, Young played the role of Charlie in the television film, "Hart to Hart: Home Is Where the Hart Is".


title: Alan Young

text: After 1994, he played at least eight characters, including antique dealer Jack Allen on the radio drama "Adventures in Odyssey". In 1997, he did the voice of Haggis McMutton in the PC game "The Curse of Monkey Island". His later guest roles in animated series included "Megas XLR", "Static Shock", "House of Mouse", "The Ren & Stimpy Show", "Duckman", "" and "TaleSpin". In 2002, he had a cameo as the flower store worker in Simon Wells' remake of "The Time Machine", and in 2010, he read H.G. Wells's original novel for 7th Voyage Productions, Inc. Young's television guest roles include "Gibbsville", "The Love Boat", "Murder, She Wrote", "St. Elsewhere", "Coach", "Party of Five", "The Wayans Bros.", "USA High", "Hang Time", "ER", "Maybe It's Me", and "Sabrina, the Teenage Witch" ("Sweet Charity", 1997) in which he played Zelda's love interest.


title: Alan Young

text: Young was married three times. He and Mary Anne Grimes were married from 1941 to 1947 and had two children, Young married his second wife Virginia McCurdy in 1948, and they had two children. They divorced in 1995, with Young marrying Mary Chipman the following year, but Young and Chipman then divorced in 1997. He dedicated his book "Mr. Ed and Me" to her.


title: Alan Young

text: Young spent his later years in Woodland Hills, California, at the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital, a retirement community, where he died of natural causes on May 19, 2016, at the age of 96, and was buried at sea.


title: Jim Boeheim

text: James Arthur Boeheim Jr. ( ; born November 17, 1944) is an American college basketball coach who is the head coach of the Syracuse Orange men's team of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC). Boeheim has guided the Orange to ten Big East Conference regular season championships, five Big East tournament championships, and 34 NCAA tournament appearances, including five Final Four appearances and three appearances in the national title game. In those games, the Orangemen lost to Indiana in 1987 on a last-second jump shot by Keith Smart, and to Kentucky in 1996, before defeating Kansas in 2003 with All-American Carmelo Anthony. Boeheim is currently the winningest active head coach in Division 1 Men's Basketball.


title: Jim Boeheim

text: Boeheim served as an assistant coach for the United States men's national basketball team at the 1990 FIBA World Championship, the 2006 FIBA World Championship, the 2008 Summer Olympics, the 2010 FIBA World Championship, the 2012 Summer Olympics, and the 2016 Summer Olympics. In addition, Boeheim has served as the chairman of the USA Basketball 2009–12 Men's Junior National Committee, as well as the 2007–08 President of the National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC), where he currently serves on the board of directors. Boeheim was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame in September 2005.


title: Jim Boeheim

text: Boeheim announced in 2015 that he would retire in March 2018. However, following the departure of his long-time assistant coach and expected successor Mike Hopkins, Boeheim extended his contract with Syracuse beyond 2017 for an unknown period. Boeheim would coach both his sons, Jimmy and Buddy Boeheim during the 2021–2022 season. Boeheim became the winningest active coach in Division 1 basketball on April 2, 2022.


title: Jim Boeheim

text: After suffering from cancer in 2001, Boeheim and his wife founded the Jim and Juli Boeheim Foundation, which is devoted to child welfare, cancer treatment, and prevention.


title: Jim Boeheim

text: Boeheim was born in 1944 in Lyons, New York, a small town about 57 miles west of Syracuse. He graduated from Lyons Central High School.


title: Jim Boeheim

text: Boeheim enrolled in Syracuse University as a student in 1962, and graduated with a bachelor's degree in social science. During his freshman year, Boeheim was a walk-on with the freshman basketball team. By his senior year, he was the varsity team captain and a teammate of All-American Dave Bing, his freshman roommate. The pair led coach Fred Lewis's Orangemen to a 22–6 overall win–loss record that earned the team's second-ever NCAA tournament berth. While at Syracuse, he joined the Delta Upsilon fraternity.


title: Jim Boeheim

text: After graduating from Syracuse, Boeheim played professionally with the Scranton Miners of the Eastern Professional Basketball League, during which he won two championships and was a second-team all-star (SU Athletics).


title: Jim Boeheim

text: In 1969, Boeheim decided to coach basketball and was hired as a graduate assistant at Syracuse under Roy Danforth. Soon thereafter he was promoted to a full-time assistant coach and was a member of the coaching staff that helped guide the Orangemen to the 1975 NCAA tournament, where Syracuse University made its first Final Four appearance.


title: Jim Boeheim

text: In 1976, Danforth left to become the head basketball coach and athletic director at Tulane University. A coaching search then led to nought, and Boeheim was promoted to become Syracuse's seventh head coach. Apart from his brief stint in the pros, Boeheim has spent his entire adult life at Syracuse, as either a student-athlete (1962-1966), assistant coach (1969-1976) or head coach (1976-present), a rarity in modern-day major collegiate athletics. In 2018, "CBSSports.com" writer Matt Norlander emphasized this in a piece where he speculated on potential successors for Boeheim, stating:Boeheim does not have a parallel in major college athletics. There has never been a Division I coach in men's basketball, women's basketball or football who has spent more than 40 years at their alma mater and never coached anywhere else. Boeheim's the only one. There is no coaching figure more synonymous and literally affiliated with only one school.


title: Jim Boeheim

text: Norlander also noted that Boeheim entered the 2018–19 season with nearly as many wins on his official coaching record, and more when counting wins vacated by the NCAA, than all of his predecessors combined, and in his various roles at Syracuse had been involved in over half of all games in Syracuse's 114-year basketball history.


title: Jim Boeheim

text: In 1986, Boeheim was offered the head coaching job at Ohio State but turned it down to stay at Syracuse.


title: Jim Boeheim

text: During a Syracuse–Georgetown game in the early 1980s, Hoyas star Patrick Ewing was nearly struck by an orange, and at times had endured racial taunts from the SU student section. Boeheim borrowed a microphone and threatened to forfeit the game if fans continued to throw objects at Ewing.


title: Jim Boeheim

text: In his first 41 years as head coach at Syracuse, Boeheim guided the Orange to postseason berths, either in the NCAA or NIT tournaments, in every year in which the Orange have been eligible. The only times Syracuse missed the postseason were in 1993 when NCAA sanctions barred them from postseason play despite a 20–9 record and in 2015 when Syracuse University self-imposed a one-year postseason ban related to the 2015 NCAA sanctions against the university's sports programs. In 2022, he had his first losing season, and missed the postseason. During his tenure, the Orange have appeared in three NCAA national championship games (1987, 1996, and 2003) and won the national title in 2003.


title: Jim Boeheim

text: Boeheim has been named Big East coach of the year four times, and has been named as District II Coach of the Year by the National Association of Basketball Coaches ten times. In 2004, Boeheim received two additional awards. The first was during the spring when he was awarded the Clair Bee Award in recognition of his contributions to the sport of basketball. During the fall of the same year Boeheim was presented with Syracuse University's Arents Award, the university's highest alumni honor.


title: Jim Boeheim

text: Boeheim's coaching style at Syracuse is unusual in that, whereas many highly successful coaches prefer the man-to-man defense, he demonstrates a preference for the match-up 2–3 zone.


title: Jim Boeheim

text: In an exhibition game on November 7, 2005, against Division II school Saint Rose from Albany, New York, Boeheim was ejected for the first time in his career after arguing a call late in the first half in the Orange's 86–73 victory. He was also ejected from Cameron Indoor Stadium on February 22, 2014, against Duke after arguing a player control foul call.


title: Jim Boeheim

text: Boeheim has also been a coach for USA national teams. In 2001, during his seventh year as a USA basketball coach, Boeheim helped lead the Young Men's Team to a gold medal at the World Championship in Japan. During the fall of that year, he was named USA Basketball 2001 National Coach of the Year. He was an assistant coach under Mike Krzyzewski for the US national team in the 1990 FIBA World Championship and 2006 FIBA World Championship, winning the bronze medal both times. He returned as an assistant coach under Mike Krzyzewski for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China, and again at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, England, where the United States won the gold medal both times.


title: Jim Boeheim

text: In the 2012–13 season, Boeheim led Syracuse to its first Final Four appearance since its 2003 NCAA National Championship. The Orange lost 61–56 to Michigan.


title: Jim Boeheim

text: In the 2013–14 season, he led the Orange to the NCAA Tournament and lost in the third-round game to the Dayton Flyers.


title: Jim Boeheim

text: After Syracuse sat out the 2015 tournament via a self-imposed postseason ban, Boeheim again led Syracuse to a surprise Final Four berth in the 2015–16 season. This included a 15-point comeback versus the No. 1 seeded Virginia Cavaliers. The team lost to North Carolina 83–66.


title: Jim Boeheim

text: The following season Syracuse started ranked 19th in the AP Poll, but failed to make the NCAA tournament. In the 2017–18 season Syracuse would return to the NCAA tournament despite going 8–10 in conference play. In the tournament Syracuse upset 4-seeded Michigan State before losing to Duke in the Sweet 16. The next year saw the Orange make back-to-back NCAA tournament appearances for the first time since the 2013–14 season. On January 14, 2019, Syracuse upset Duke in Cameron Indoor Stadium, marking the first time that the Blue Devils had lost to an unranked team at home. They would lose to Baylor in the opening round of the NCAA tournament. Syracuse started the 2019–20 season slow, losing 48–34 to Virginia, the lowest amount ever scored by a team in Boeheim's career. SU would win its final game of the season in the ACC tournament beating North Carolina 81–53 and defeating the Tar Heels for the first time since 2014. This would be the last game played due to COVID-19/ In the 2020–21 season SU would once again upset its way to the Sweet 16 beating 3-seeded West Virginia before losing to eventual Final Four participant Houston.


title: Jim Boeheim

text: The Syracuse basketball program has been investigated for major NCAA violations on two occasions during Boeheim's tenure.


title: Jim Boeheim

text: On March 6, 2015, the NCAA suspended Boeheim for the first nine games of 2015–16 ACC conference play and took away 12 scholarships over a four-year period, as a result of a multi-year investigation into the university's athletic programs. The program was forced to vacate a total of 101 wins from the 2004–2005, 2005–2006, 2006–2007, 2010–2011, and 2011–2012 seasons, which included any game during those years where one or more players deemed to have been ineligible played. This constitutes the third-most wins ever permanently vacated by one program, behind the 113 wins vacated by Michigan and 123 wins by Louisville. Ten of the vacated wins were NCAA Tournament games. However, the NCAA confirmed that sanctions did not include the removal of any trophies or banners. Therefore, Syracuse displays banners for all of its NCAA appearances and conference titles from those years.


title: Jim Boeheim

text: After two appeals, Boeheim's nine-game suspension was upheld, though he was permitted to begin the suspension prior to ACC conference play as dictated in the original penalty. Additionally, the permanent vacation and erasure of 101 wins was upheld. However, the number of scholarships lost by Syracuse was reduced to 8 over a four-year period, down from 12 over the same period.


title: Jim Boeheim

text: Boeheim had previously stated that he would retire in April 2018. However, in 2017, when his son Buddy committed to play at Syracuse starting in 2018, he extended his contract to beyond the 2017–18 season.


title: Jim Boeheim

text: These former assistant coaches or players of Boeheim later became head coaches at the collegiate level or higher.


title: Jim Boeheim

text: Additionally, all three assistants on Boeheim's 2017–18 coaching staff played at Syracuse under Boeheim: Adrian Autry, Gerry McNamara, and Allen Griffin.


title: Jim Boeheim

text: Boeheim appeared in the movie "Blue Chips", with Nick Nolte and Shaquille O'Neal, playing himself. Boeheim also appeared in the Spike Lee movie "He Got Game", again playing himself. Boeheim has appeared in numerous commercials throughout Central New York and also had a spot in a nationwide Nike Jordan ad featuring former Syracuse great Carmelo Anthony. Boeheim likes to listen to the music of Bruce Springsteen. In an interview, he said that he had no interest in pursuing any other career other than coaching Little League after he retires from coaching basketball.


title: Jim Boeheim

text: Boeheim had prostate cancer in 2001 and subsequently became a major fund-raiser for Coaches vs. Cancer, a non-profit collaboration between the NABC and the American Cancer Society, through which he has helped raise more than US$4.5 million for ACS's Central New York chapter since 2000. In 2009, Boeheim and his wife, Juli, founded the Jim and Juli Boeheim Foundation to expand their charitable mission to organizations around Central New York concerned with child welfare, as well as cancer treatment and prevention.


title: Jim Boeheim

text: Boeheim married his wife Juli in 1997, and they have three children together: Jimmy and twins, Buddy and Jamie. Boeheim also has a daughter, Elizabeth, with former wife Elaine. His son Jimmy played forward for Cornell from 2017 to 2020, but did not get to play what would have been his senior season at Cornell because the Ivy League canceled its 2020–21 season due to COVID-19. He entered the NCAA transfer portal in the fall of 2020, and announced on April 16, 2021, that he would join his father and brother at Syracuse for his final college season in 2021–22, by which time he will have graduated from Cornell. Jamie is a forward for the University of Rochester, and Buddy is a guard, playing for his father at Syracuse.


title: Jim Boeheim

text: Around 11:22 p.m. on February 20, 2019, Boeheim was driving his car on Interstate 690 in Syracuse when he struck and killed a 51-year-old man who was standing near the side of the road. The accident was reportedly a result of a disabled car being in the middle of the road in bad weather. When Boeheim maneuvered around the other car, he struck the man, who had been a passenger in the disabled car. Field, speed, and sobriety tests were administered by police. Boeheim was speeding, but Onondaga County District Attorney William Fitzpatrick determined the collision would have been fatal even if Boeheim was going the speed limit at the time. It was additionally found that the disabled vehicle did not have lights on and had non-operational rear marker lights, and that the passengers of the disabled car, including the man who was struck and killed, were wearing dark clothing. Boeheim was not charged relating to the incident.


title: Jim Boeheim

text: In March 2021, Boeheim received criticism for mocking a reporter's height during a postgame press conference following a win against Clemson.


title: Mario Maurer

text: Mario Maurer (, ; ) is a Thai-German actor and model. He has gained recognition for his prominent roles in the 2007 film "The Love of Siam" and the 2010 sleeper hit "Crazy Little Thing Called Love". He played lead role in Thailand's highest grossing film of all time, "Pee Mak" alongside "Davika Hoorne". He was part of a group called 4+1 Channel 3 Superstar with actors Nadech Kugimiya, Prin Suparat, Pakorn Chatborirak and Phupoom Pongpanu.


title: Mario Maurer

text: Maurer was born to a German father and a Thai Chinese mother. He has an older brother named Marco, who is now a Thai rapper. Maurer graduated from Saint Dominic School and earned his bachelor's degree from the Faculty of Law, Ramkhamhaeng University. In 2017, he received his master's degree in Political Communication from Krirk University.


title: Mario Maurer

text: At 16 years old, Maurer was approached at Siam Square to try out modeling. From then on, he started doing photo shoots, commercials and music videos. In 2007, he made his feature film debut in a leading role in "The Love of Siam", written and directed by Chukiat Sakweerakul. The role "Tong" brought him many accolades and instant fame far beyond Thailand's borders. Commenting on his new-found fame, "I didn't want to do it, acting wasn't on my to-do list." He decided to do the movie because he trusted director Chukiat and the movie would give him many opportunities. He would be making money to help his family. He became famous in this film because of his gay role.


title: Mario Maurer

text: He won the Best Actor award in the Starpics Thai Films Awards, and was also nominated in the Bangkok Critics Assembly and Star Entertainment Awards.


title: Mario Maurer

text: Director Bhandit Rittakol had approached Maurer for "Boonchu 9", but he was tied up with other projects. He was cast in the 2008 film by Chatchai Naksuriya, "Friendship". The film is set around 1983. Maurer starred opposite Apinya Sakuljaroensuk, as 12th grade student. That same year, he appeared in a segment of the four-story anthology "4 Romance," (segment "Joob" or Kiss) directed by Rashane Limtrakul. Maurer's projects after 2008 included a comedy-horror film written and directed by Yuthlert Sippapak, "Rahtree Reborn", scheduled for release in April 2009, in which he starred opposite Chermarn Boonyasak.


title: Mario Maurer

text: Maurer gained popularity after he starred in the 2010 film "First Love" and Thailand's highest grossing film of all time, Pee Mak.


title: Mario Maurer

text: Maurer teamed up with his older brother Marco in the hip hop duo "PsyCho & Lil'Mario". They released their debut "PsyCho & Lil'Mario: Dem Crazy Boyz" on 31 October 2007. Maurer worked as a hypeman in this album. He would later on describe it as "just for fun. I know myself – I'm not a singer. That's not my dream."


title: Mario Maurer

text: Maurer participated in endorsements for the first time for Exit Rollon and other popular brands such as The Pizza Company, Sugus, and Foremost. He was also the presenter for Honda Jazz, and was in the cloud 9 commercial by Unilever company. He also did endorsements for Pepsi, Dutchmill, and Sony Ericsson. In July 2011, he signed an endorsement contract for the Philippine clothing brand Penshoppe, following the unexpected popularity from his film "Crazy Little Thing Called Love" shown on the ABS-CBN network. He also signed a movie contract with Star Cinema, a Philippine film production company. He was paired with Filipina film and television actress Erich Gonzales in the film released in 2012, "Suddenly It's Magic". On 28 October 2011, Maurer had a press and fan conference at the Philippine International Convention Center with thousands of fans in attendance, as a part of his official launch as a Penshoppe endorser. On 29 October, he hit the runway at the Philippine Fashion Week held at the SMX Convention Center. On 3 August 2013, Maurer returned to the Philippines to promote his movie "Pee Mak" and had a fan conference at two venues, SM North EDSA and SM Mall of Asia the following day with Baifern Pimchanok, as part of Pimchanok's official launch as Penshoppe endorser. Thousands of fans were in attendance in continuing support for both stars and their 2010 hit movie "First Love".


title: Mario Maurer

text: Maurer's personal interests include skateboarding, hip hop, and driving cars. He is also a naturist. Although he is of German descent, he doesn't speak German.


title: Mario Maurer

text: He understands basic words and phrases in Mandarin as he studied the language while he was in high school. His father Roland Maurer died of a diabetes-related heart attack on 27 June 2011. He has a very close relationship with his brother Marco, a hip-hop artist and actor.


title: Atomium

text: The Atomium ( , , ) is a landmark building in Brussels, Belgium, originally constructed for the 1958 Brussels World's Fair (Expo '58). It is located on the Heysel/Heizel Plateau in Laeken (northern part of the City of Brussels), where the exhibition took place. Nowadays, it is the city's most popular tourist attraction, and serves as a museum, an art centre and a cultural place.


title: Atomium

text: Designed by the engineer André Waterkeyn and the architects , it stands tall. Its nine stainless steel clad spheres are connected in the shape of a unit cell that could represent an iron crystal magnified 165 billion times. Steel tubes connecting the spheres enclose stairs, escalators and an elevator (in the central, vertical tube) to allow access to the six visitable spheres, which contain exhibit halls and other public spaces. The top sphere includes a restaurant with a panoramic view of Brussels. The building was completely renovated between 2004 and 2006 by the companies Jacques Delens and BESIX.


title: Atomium

text: The building is located on the /, at the intersection of the / with the / and the /, and opposite the Centenary Palace of the Brussels Exhibition Centre (Brussels Expo). It is served by Heysel/Heizel metro station on line 6 of the Brussels Metro.


title: Atomium

text: The name "Atomium" (pronounced ) is a portmanteau combining the words atom and aluminium, the metal with which the spheres were initially covered. The Brussels-Capital Region is bilingual; hence, both the French and Dutch names of the monument— and —are official. In French, (pronounced ) is used both in the masculine and in the feminine, even if the official team of the monument prefers the feminine. In Dutch, the question does not arise since (pronounced ) is neuter. In English, it is usually referred to with the definite article 'the' in front: "the Atomium".


title: Atomium

text: The Atomium was built as the main pavilion and icon of the 1958 Brussels World's Fair (Expo '58). In the 1950s, faith in scientific progress was great, and a structure depicting atoms was chosen to highlight humanity's advance in science, including nuclear physics, which Belgium itself was an avid practitioner ever since the Belgian Congo's uranium became the dominant source of material used for nuclear fission, including that used for the world's first nuclear weapons. With the Atomium, Belgium wanted to highlight and promote the post-war ideal to peacefully apply atomic research and other advancements in technology in order to improve lives and serve the betterment of mankind. The Atomium's nine stainless steel clad spheres depict nine iron atoms in the shape of the body-centred cubic unit cell that could for example represent α-iron (ferrite) crystal, magnified 165 billion times.


title: Atomium

text: The construction of the Atomium was a technical feat. In January 1955, a first project was presented by the engineer André Waterkeyn, director of the economic department of ; the Federation of Companies in the Metal Fabricating Industry (now known as Agoria). The architects André and Jean Polak were responsible for the architectural transposition of the concept, drawing up numerous sketches to do so. The company received assistance from consulting engineers Artémy S. Joukoff and André Beckers, assisted by the design office V. Daniel. The foundations were launched in March 1956 and the building, erected by the Jambes-Namur Construction Workshops, was completed less than a month before the inauguration of Expo '58, on 17 April 1958.


title: Atomium

text: Since opening, only six of the nine spheres are accessible to the public, the three of the central axis and the three lower ones, each with two main floors and a lower floor reserved for service. Tubes of diameter connect the spheres along the twelve edges of the cube and all eight vertices to the centre. The central tube contains the fastest elevator in Europe of the time with a speed of , installed by the Belgian branch of the Swiss firm Schlieren (subsequently taken over by Schindler). It allows 22 people to reach the summit in 23 seconds. The escalators installed in the oblique tubes are also among the longest in Europe. The biggest is long.


title: Atomium

text: Three of the four top spheres lack vertical support and hence are not open to the public for safety reasons (to minimise foot traffic in the sphere). The original design called for no leg supports on the three lower outer spheres; the structure was simply to rest on the singular mid-bottom sphere. However, wind tunnel tests proved that such a structure would have toppled in an wind, whilst up to winds have been recorded in Belgium. Support columns were thus added under the three spheres in question to achieve enough resistance against overturning.


title: Atomium

text: The Atomium, designed to last six months, was not destined to survive the 1958 World's Fair, but its popularity and success made it a major element of Brussels' landscape. Its destruction was therefore postponed year after year, until the city's authorities decided to keep it. However, for thirty years, little maintenance work was done. Still, the building continued serving as the backdrop for major events and competitions. In 1960, the 47th Tour de France passed in front of it on its inaugural stages. From 1960 to 1962, the automobile race was organised not far from it.


title: Atomium

text: By the turn of the millennium, the state of the building had deteriorated and a comprehensive renovation was sorely needed. Renovation of the Atomium, carried by Belgian construction companies Jacques Delens and BESIX, began in March 2004; it was closed to the public in October of that year, and remained closed until 18 February 2006. The renovation included replacing the faded aluminium sheets on the spheres with stainless steel, as well as building a new reception pavilion with a boomerang-shaped roof. At the foot of the building, the roundabout was redeveloped into a concrete esplanade lined with continuous benches and a large step leading to the north-east.


title: Atomium

text: On 21 December 2005, the Atomium's new outdoor lighting was tested. The meridians of each sphere were covered with rectangular steel plates, in which LED lighting was integrated. The LED application illuminates the bulbs at night. The lights can also flash simultaneously or in turns at each meridian, symbolising the range of an electron around its core. In addition, the German industrial designer Ingo Maure created lighting objects and installations for the interior of the building.


title: Atomium

text: On 14 February 2006, the Atomium was officially reopened by then-Prince Philippe, and on 18 February 2006, it opened again to the public. The renovation cost €26 million. Brussels and the Atomium Association paid one-third of the costs, and the Belgian Government financed the other two thirds. To help finance the renovation, pieces of the old aluminium plates were sold to the public as souvenirs. One triangular piece about long sold for €1,000. In March 2006, a 2 euro commemorative coin depicting the building was issued to celebrate the renovation and reopening.


title: Atomium

text: Though the Atomium depicts an iron unit cell, the spheres were originally clad with aluminium. Following the 2004–2006 renovation, however, the aluminium was replaced with stainless steel, which is primarily iron. Likewise, while the subject of Atomium was chosen to depict the enthusiasm of the Atomic Age, iron is not and cannot be used as fuel in nuclear reactions.


title: Atomium

text: The Atomium, with over 600,000 visitors per year, is now the most popular tourist attraction in the capital of Europe, an art centre and an international symbol of Brussels and Belgium. In addition to its heritage value, it is also a cultural place. Over half of the building is dedicated to exhibitions with themes about Belgium and digital arts.


title: Atomium

text: SABAM, Belgium's society for collecting copyrights, has claimed worldwide intellectual property rights on all reproductions of the image via the United States Artists Rights Society (ARS). For example, SABAM issued a demand that a United States website remove all images of the Atomium from its pages. The website responded by replacing all such images with a warning not to take photographs of the Atomium, and that A.S.B.L. Atomium will sue any individual or group if they show the photographs to anyone. SABAM confirmed that permission is required.


title: Atomium

text: Ralf Ziegermann remarked on the complicated copyright instructions on the Atomium's website specific to "private pictures". The organisers of Belgian heritage, Anno Expo (planning the 50th anniversary celebrations of Expo 58), in the city of Mechelen announced a "cultural guerrilla strike" by asking people to send in their old photographs of the Atomium and requested 100 photoshoppers to paint over the balls. SABAM responded that they would make an exception for 2008 and that people could publish private photographs for one year only on condition they were for non-commercial purposes. Anno Expo later announced they had censored part of their own report due to "complications" and referred to a meeting they had with SABAM. Mechelen's Mayor, Bart Somers, called the Atomium copyright rules absurd.


title: Atomium

text: From the Atomium's website, the current copyright restrictions exempt private individuals under the following conditions:


title: Atomium

text: In the summer of 2015, Belgian political party Open Vld, proposed a bill to enable freedom of panorama in Belgium. The bill was enacted into law in June 2016, allowing pictures of the Atomium, and other public buildings under copyright, to be legally distributed.


title: Jangle pop

text: Jangle pop is a subgenre of pop rock or college rock that emphasizes jangly guitars and 1960s-style pop melodies. The term originated from Bob Dylan's song "Mr. Tambourine Man", whose 1965 rendition by the Byrds became considered one of the genre's representative works. Since the 1960s, jangle pop has crossed numerous genres, including power pop, psychedelia, new wave, post-punk, and lo-fi.


title: Jangle pop

text: In the 1980s, the most prominent bands of early indie rock were jangle pop groups such as R.E.M., the Wedding Present, and the Smiths. In the early to mid 1980s, the term "jangle pop" emerged as a label for an American post-punk movement that recalled the sounds of "jangly" acts from the 1960s. Between 1983 and 1987, the description "jangle pop" was used to describe bands like R.E.M. and Let's Active as well as the Paisley Underground subgenre, which incorporated psychedelic influences.


title: Jangle pop

text: The term "jangle pop" was not used during the original movement of the 1960s, but was popularized later, during the 1980s, as a reference to the lyric "In the jingle jangle morning, I'll come following you" from the Byrds' 1965 rendition of Bob Dylan's "Mr. Tambourine Man", as well as the chiming sound of the 12-string Rickenbacker's upper-register strings.


title: Jangle pop

text: The Everly Brothers and the Searchers laid the foundations for jangle pop in the late 1950s to mid 1960s; examples include "All I Have to Do Is Dream" (1958), and "Needles and Pins" (1964).. Even though many subsequent bands drew hugely from the Byrds, not every group were as folk rock sounding as the Byrds were. From then and into the 1970s, jangle pop saw a crossover with other subgenres, including power pop artists like Raspberries and Big Star who blurred the line between the two styles, and folk rock artists such as Simon and Garfunkel.


title: Jangle pop

text: 1980s post-punk and new wave artists were influenced by the pioneering jangle pop groups of the 1960s and 1970s. In 1979, the Athens, Georgia group Pylon debuted with an "angular, propulsive jangle pop sound" that would influence fellow members of the Athens, Georgia music scene. An "AllMusic" summary of modern jangle pop describes it as a "pop-based format", but not mainstream, as the lyrics could often be "deliberately cryptic", and the sound "raw and amateurish" with a DIY production.


title: Jangle pop

text: Between 1983 and 1987, "Southern-pop bands like R.E.M. and Let's Active" and a California-originated subgenre called "Paisley Underground" incorporated psychedelic influences. An article in "Blogcritics" magazine claims that besides R.E.M., the "... only other jangle-pop band to enjoy large sales in America were the Bangles, from Los Angeles. While better known for their glossy hits like 'Manic Monday', their first album and EP were organic, real jangle-pop efforts in a Byrds/Big Star vein, spiced with a dash of psychedelia on their debut."


title: Jangle pop

text: Jangle pop influenced college rock during the early 1980s. In Austin, Texas, the term "New Sincerity" was loosely used for a similar group of bands, led by The Reivers, Wild Seeds and True Believers.


title: Honda F engine

text: The Honda F-Series engine was considered Honda's "big block" SOHC inline four, though lower production DOHC versions of the F-series were built. It features a solid iron or aluminum open deck cast iron sleeved block and aluminum/magnesium cylinder head.


title: Honda F engine

text: This engine was used for the Honda Accord European (CG8,CH6) from 1998 to 2002 VTEC S. Japan use variant (F18B) in (CD3,CF3) 1.8 VTS/VTE, from 1993 to 2002


title: Honda F engine

text: This engine series was used in the Accord, Ascot Innova and Prelude in Japan and Europe. The DOHC F20A was also derived from this engine "(see below)".


title: Honda F engine

text: This engine series is similar to the F20A above, used in the Honda Accord CC7 (1993-1996) and CE8 (1996-1998) in Europe. Also the Rover 620i (1993-1999)


title: Honda F engine

text: This engine is the low compression brother of F20Z1. This engine was used in the same models as the F20Z1.


title: Honda F engine

text: This engine series was used in the Honda Accord and Honda Prelude S. Aside from differences in tuning, these engines are substantially similar.


title: Honda F engine

text: This engine was used in the 1994-1997 Honda Accord EX (1993 in JDM Accord models 2.2VTE, VTL & VTS) and the 1997 Acura CL. It was the first F-series engine to feature VTEC.


title: Honda F engine

text: This engine was used in the 1998-2002 Honda Accord LX, EX, and SE, LEV models, and in the Acura 2.3CL in North America.


title: Honda F engine

text: Acceleration 0- for the 4-cylinder models is improved (around the mid-9-second mark), with comparable fuel efficiency to its predecessor: /city and /hwy for LX and EX models with automatic transmissions. Emissions of Non-Methane Organic Gases (NMOG), also known as unburned hydrocarbons, produced during engine warm-up are considerably lower. The LX and EX engines produce less than 0.075 grams per mile, qualifying them for California LEV (Low-Emission Vehicle) status. In California, the Accord EX with the available automatic transmission will produce less than 0.03 grams per mile of NMOG, qualifying it as the first gasoline-powered vehicle to reach ULEV (Ultra-Low Emission Vehicle) status. The five-main bearing block is high-pressure die-cast from aluminum alloy. The walls of the block extend below the centerline of the crankshaft, which helps stiffen the bottom end. FEM (Finite Element Method) computer analysis was used to arrive at optimum thicknesses for the block ribs and walls in order to minimize engine vibration. Additional bottom-end rigidity comes from a larger, stronger bearing-cap beam that ties directly into the cylinder-block skirt. An aluminum-alloy stiffener has been added between the transmission case and the block, just behind the bearing carrier. The stiffener serves to tie the block and transmission together into a single, reinforced unit. FEM was also used to design this stiffener so that it would not only stiffen the area, but also help minimize high-frequency engine vibration. Finite-element analysis of the Accord's piston design by Honda engineers yielded a new ultra-short, lightweight skirt design, which is very rigid and resistant to vibration and piston slap. Like the V-6 engine the pistons are gravity-cast aluminum alloy and utilize full-floating wrist pins in order to minimize noise. The engine's drop-forged single-plane steel crankshaft and connecting rods have been designed to be stronger and operate with less friction, much like the V-6 components. The I-section, drop-forged steel connecting rods have a completely new design and are considerably lighter than their predecessors (475 g vs. 578 g), which helps to minimize vibration. Big end-bearing journal diameter has been reduced from . Rod thickness is down from and the bolt size is smaller. Like the V-6 rod bolts, those of the 4-cylinder engine are torqued to the plastic region of the bolt material in order to ensure a solid union between the bearing cap and the connecting rod. The engine block incorporates the Honda-designed second-order balance system that cancels the inertial forces common to large-displacement 4-cylinder engines. The system consists of a balance shaft on either side of and parallel to the crank-shaft, above its centerline. Driven by a toothed belt, these balance shafts rotate in same directions at twice engine speed. Eccentric weights built into the shafts generate inertial forces that counteract the second-order forces created by the motion of the pistons and connecting rods. This Honda system minimizes vibration in the entire rpm range.


title: Honda F engine

text: The 16-valve, single-overhead-camshaft cylinder head features four valves per cylinder and pentroof combustion chambers. Individual valves are smaller and lighter in 4-valve heads, which allows the engine to be revolved to a higher rpm, helping to extend the engine's power range. Valve actuation is via rocker arms and a hollow, belt-driven single overhead camshaft. The single-over-head-camshaft design requires less under-hood space than the more conventional dual overhead camshafts normally used with 16-valve, 4-cylinder engines. The adoption of a sophisticated knock control system optimizes ignition timing and allows for a higher compression ratio (9.3:1 from 8.8:1). Unleaded regular fuel is specified.


title: Honda F engine

text: The intake system was simplified in shape to reduce induction resistance and noise. A larger twin-chambered air box designed to dampen resonant intake tract noise replaces the previous Accord's smaller, single-chamber damper. The new box is 10.7 liters in capacity, compared to the older unit's 8.2 liters. The larger box also eliminates the need for a second resonant-frequency damper and an additional side branch. The 2.3-liter Accord 4-cylinder engine intake manifold has been redesigned to add more power and lower emissions. The individual cast-aluminum runners have revised dimensions to better take advantage of the different air-flow characteristics of the 2.3-liter engine. A larger plenum chamber reduces induction noise and the incorporation of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ports into the plenum, upstream of the throttle plates, eliminates the need for a separate fitting and port in each intake runner.


title: Honda F engine

text: During low-rpm operation, only one intake valve (primary) opens, allowing air and fuel into the combustion chamber. The other intake valve (secondary) has only a slight amount of lift and its timing is staggered. As a result, the air-fuel charge drawn through the open intake valve undergoes a swirl effect. The swirl creates a stratified charge with a rich mixture near the spark plug for good light-off, and a progressively leaner mixture toward its periphery. This stratified charge, combined with improved EGR control, results in lower emissions especially during the critical warm-up period, and better fuel economy. Low-friction, roller-bearing rocker arms are used to help reduce friction and improve engine efficiency, except the secondary intake valve rocker arm does not have a roller-bearing. At high speed, as calculated by the ECU based on several inputs, a VTEC oil control valve is energized and oil pressure is routed to the small piston train in each 3 arm set of intake rocker arms. The pistons shift slightly which locks all three rocker arms together. Both intake valves then move together on the center rocker arm cam profile which changes intake valve timing and dwell and increases airflow into each cylinder. Springs in the piston train return the pistons back to their low rpm positions when the oil pressure is removed. Each center rocker arm is held against its cam lobe by an anti-free motion spring during low speed operation.


title: Honda F engine

text: This engine was used in the 1998-2002 Honda Accord ULEV models. It is substantially similar to the F23A1, but features ULEV certification with a slight reduction of power: with a maximum torque of . This engine has a different exhaust manifold, a more restrictive intake manifold, and a 32-bit ECU that uses an AFR (Air Fuel Ratio) oxygen sensor when compared to the F23A1.


title: Honda F engine

text: This engine was used in the 1998-2002 Honda Accord DX, the 1998-2002 Honda Accord LXi in New Zealand and the 2002 Honda Accord LX VP (value package) in North America.


title: Honda F engine

text: This engine was substantially similar to the F23A1. It was used in the 1998 Honda Odyssey, the 1998-1999 Isuzu Oasis, and EUDM Honda Shuttle.


title: Honda F engine

text: This engine was used in the 1990–1993 CB3 and CB4 Honda Accord 2.0Si, Honda Prelude Si - SR JDM-EDM and Honda Ascot Innova.


title: Honda F engine

text: This engine series was used in the 1997-2001 CF4, CF5, CF9, CL3 Honda Accord and Honda Torneo from Japan. It uses a DOHC VTEC cylinder head similar to the H22A found in the Prelude but was designed to comply with many countries' sub-2.0 liter tax. The automatic transmission versions received the lower hp version , as it was tuned for more mid-range torque than its manual transmission counterpart. The F20B manual version also utilized bigger cams, intake and throttle body from the H22 type S.


title: Honda F engine

text: This engine was a radical departure from previous F engines, and only shared basic dimensions such as bore spacing. It was designed specifically for the Honda S2000 and shares some engineering with the Honda K engine. A long-stroke F22C1 variant was also produced.


title: Honda F engine

text: This engine was a reworked version of the F20C, having a new rod stroke ratio and the redline was dropped to 8,000 rpm to produce better low end torque. The camshafts were also revised along with valve spring and retainers. All these changes increased the peak torque by 6%, however the power output stayed the same.


title: Honda F engine

text: The mk5 1997 Honda Prelude also used this engine in first years of manufacture sold as Si only in Japan.


title: Sexual cannibalism

text: Sexual cannibalism is when an animal, usually the female, cannibalizes its mate prior to, during, or after copulation. It is a trait observed in many arachnid orders and several insect orders. Several hypotheses to explain this seemingly paradoxical behavior have been proposed. The adaptive foraging hypothesis, aggressive spillover hypothesis and mistaken identity hypothesis are among the proposed hypotheses to explain how sexual cannibalism evolved. This behavior is believed to have evolved as a manifestation of sexual conflict, occurring when the reproductive interests of males and females differ. In many species that exhibit sexual cannibalism, the female consumes the male upon detection. Females of cannibalistic species are generally hostile and unwilling to mate; thus many males of these species have developed adaptive behaviors to counteract female aggression.


title: Sexual cannibalism

text: Sexual cannibalism is common among insects, arachnids and amphipods. There is also evidence of sexual cannibalism in gastropods and copepods. Sexual cannibalism is common among species with prominent sexual size dimorphism (SSD); extreme SSD likely drives this trait of sexual cannibalism in spiders.


title: Sexual cannibalism

text: Although females often instigate sexual cannibalism, reversed sexual cannibalism has been observed in the spiders "Micaria sociabilis" and "Allocosa brasiliensis". In a laboratory experiment on "M. sociabilis", males preferred to eat older females. This behavior may be interpreted as adaptive foraging, because older females have low reproductive potential and food may be limited. Reversed cannibalism in "M. sociabilis" may also be influenced by size dimorphism. Males and females are similar in size, and bigger males were more likely to be cannibalistic. In "A. brasiliensis" males tend to be cannibalistic in between mating seasons, after they have mated, gone out of their burrows to search for food, and left their mates in their burrows. Any females they cross during this period likely have little reproductive value, so this may also be interpreted as adaptive foraging.


title: Sexual cannibalism

text: Different hypotheses have been proposed to explain sexual cannibalism, namely adaptive foraging, aggressive spillover, mate choice, and mistaken identity.


title: Sexual cannibalism

text: The adaptive foraging hypothesis is a proposed pre-copulatory explanation in which females assess the nutritional value of a male compared to the male's value as a mate. Starving females are usually in poor physical condition and are therefore more likely to cannibalize a male than to mate with him. Among mantises, cannibalism by female "Pseudomantis albofimbriata" improves fecundity, overall growth, and body condition. A study on the Chinese mantis found that cannibalism occurred in up to 50% of matings. Among spiders, "Dolomedes triton" females in need of additional energy and nutrients for egg development choose to consume the closest nutritional source, even if this means cannibalizing a potential mate. In "Agelenopsis pennsylvanica" and "Lycosa tarantula", a significant increase in fecundity, egg case size, hatching success, and survivor-ship of offspring has been observed when hungry females choose to cannibalize smaller males before copulating with larger, genetically superior males. This reproductive success was largely due to the increased energy uptake by cannibalizing males and investing that additional energy in the development of larger, higher-quality egg cases. In "D. triton", post-copulatory sexual cannibalism was observed in the females that had a limited food source; these females copulated with the males and then cannibalized them.


title: Sexual cannibalism

text: The adaptive foraging hypothesis has been criticized because males are considered poor meals when compared to crickets; however, recent findings discovered "Hogna helluo" males have nutrients crickets lack, including various proteins and lipids. In "H. helluo", females have a higher protein diet when cannibalizing males than when consuming only house crickets. Further studies show that "Argiope keyserlingi" females with high-protein/low-lipid diets resulting from sexual cannibalism may produce eggs of greater egg energy density (yolk investment).


title: Sexual cannibalism

text: The aggressive spillover hypothesis suggests that the more aggressive a female is concerning prey, the more likely the female is to cannibalize a potential mate. The decision of a female to cannibalize a male is not defined by the nutritional value or genetic advantage (courtship dances, male aggressiveness, & large body size) of males but instead depends strictly on her aggressive state. Aggression of the female is measured by latency (speed) of attack on prey. The faster the speed of attack and consumption of prey, the higher the aggressiveness level. Females displaying aggressive characteristics tend to grow larger than other females and display continuous cannibalistic behavior. Such behavior may drive away potential mates, reducing chances of mating. Aggressive behavior is less common in an environment that is female-biased, because there is more competition to mate with a male. In these female dominated environments, such aggressive behavior comes with the risk of scaring away potential mates.


title: Sexual cannibalism

text: Males of the "Pisaura mirabilis" species feign death to avoid being cannibalized by a female prior to copulation. When males feign death, their success in reproduction depends on the level of aggressiveness the female displays. Research has shown that in the "Nephilengys livida" species, female aggressiveness had no effect on the likelihood of her cannibalizing a potential mate; male aggressiveness and male-male competition determined which male the female cannibalized. Males with aggressive characteristics were favored and had a higher chance of mating with a female.


title: Sexual cannibalism

text: Females exercise mate choice, rejecting unwanted and unfit males by cannibalizing them. Mate choice often correlates size with fitness level; smaller males tend to be less aggressive and display a low level of fitness; smaller males are therefore eaten more often because of their undesirable traits. Males perform elaborate courtship dances to display fitness and genetic advantage. Female orb-web spiders ("Nephilengys livida") tend to cannibalize males displaying less aggressive behavior and mate with males displaying more aggressive behavior, showing a preference for this trait, which, along with large body size that indicates a strong foraging ability, displays high male quality and genetic advantage.


title: Sexual cannibalism

text: Indirect mate choice can be witnessed in fishing spiders, "Dolomedes fimbriatus", where females do not discriminate against smaller body size, attacking males of all sizes. Females had lower success rates cannibalizing large males, which managed to escape where smaller males could not. It was shown that males with desirable traits (large body size, high aggression, and long courtship dances) had longer copulation duration than males with undesirable traits. In "A. keyserlingi" and "Nephila edulis" females allow longer copulation duration and a second copulation for smaller males. The gravity hypothesis suggests that some species of spiders may favor smaller body sizes because they enable them to climb up plants more efficiently and find a mate faster. Also smaller males may be favored because they hatch and mature faster, giving them a direct advantage in finding and mating with a female. In "Leucauge mariana" females will cannibalize males if their sexual performance was poor. They use palpal inflations to determine sperm count and if the female deems sperm count too low she will consume the male. In "Latrodectus revivensis" females tend to limit copulation duration for small males and deny them a second copulation, showing preference for larger body size. Another form of mate choice is the genetic bet-hedging hypothesis in which a female consumes males to prevent them from exploiting her. It is not beneficial for a female exploited by multiple males because it may result in prey theft, reduction in web, and reduced time of foraging. Sexual cannibalism might have promoted the evolution of some behavioral and morphological traits exhibited by spiders today.


title: Sexual cannibalism

text: The mistaken identity hypothesis suggests that sexual cannibalism occurs when females fail to identify males that try to court. This hypothesis suggests that a cannibalistic female attacks and consumes the male without the knowledge of mate quality. In pre-copulatory sexual cannibalism, mistaken identity can be seen when a female does not allow the male to perform the courtship dance and engages in attack. There is no conclusive evidence for this hypothesis because scientists struggle to distinguish between mistaken identity and the other hypotheses (aggressive spillover, adaptive foraging, and mate choice).


title: Sexual cannibalism

text: In some cases, sexual cannibalism may characterize an extreme form of male monogamy, in which the male sacrifices itself to the female. Males may gain reproductive success from being cannibalized by either providing nutrients to the female (indirectly to the offspring), or through enhancing the probability that their sperm is used to fertilize the female's eggs. Although sexual cannibalism is fairly common in spiders, male self-sacrifice has only been reported in six genera of araneoid spiders. However, much of the evidence for male complicity in such cannibalistic behavior may be anecdotal, and has not been replicated in experimental and behavioural studies.


title: Sexual cannibalism

text: Male members of cannibalistic species have adapted different mating tactics as a mechanism for escaping the cannibalistic tendencies of their female counterparts. Current theory suggests antagonistic co-evolution has occurred, where adaptations seen in one sex produce adaptations in the other. Adaptations consist of courtship displays, opportunistic mating tactics, and mate binding.


title: Sexual cannibalism

text: The risk of cannibalism becomes greatly reduced when opportunistic mating is practiced. Opportunistic mating has been characterized in numerous orb-weaving spider species, such as "Nephila fenestrata", where the male spider waits until the female is feeding or distracted, and then proceeds with copulation; this greatly reduces the chances of cannibalization. This distraction can be facilitated by the male's presentation of nuptial gifts, where they provide a distracting meal for the female in order to prolong copulation and increase paternity.


title: Sexual cannibalism

text: Multiple methods of sexual approaches have appeared in cannibalistic species as a result of sexual cannibalism. The mechanism by which the male approaches the female is imperative for his survival. If the female is unable to detect his presence, the male is less likely to face cannibalization. This is evident in the mantid species, "Tenodera aridifolia", where the male alters his approach utilizing the surrounding windy conditions. The male attempts to avoid detection by approaching the female when the wind impairs her ability to hear him. In the praying mantid species "Pseudomantis albofimbrata", the males approach the female either from a "slow mounting from the rear" or a "slow approach from the front" position to remain undetected. The male alters his approach through the utilization of the surrounding windy conditions, and thus the risk of facing cannibalization is reduced.


title: Sexual cannibalism

text: Sexual cannibalism has impaired the ability of the orb-weaving spider, "N. fenestrata", to perform mate guarding. If a male successfully mates with a female, he then exhibits mate guarding, inhibiting the female from re-mating, thus ensuring his paternity and eliminating sperm competition. Guarding can refer to the blockage of female genital openings to prevent further insertion of a competing male's pedipalps, or physical guarding from potential mates. Guarding can decrease female re-mating by fifty percent. Males who experience genital mutilation can sometimes exhibit the "gloves off" hypothesis which states that a male's body weight and his endurance are inversely proportional. Thus when a male's body weight decreases substantially, his endurance increases as a result, allowing him to guard his female mate with increased efficiency.


title: Sexual cannibalism

text: Mate binding refers to a pre-copulatory courtship behavior where the male deposits silk onto the abdomen of the female while simultaneously massaging her in order to reduce her aggressive behavior. This action allows for initial and subsequent copulatory bouts. While both chemical and tactile cues are important factors for reducing cannibalistic behaviors, the latter functions as a resource to calm the female, exhibited in the orb-weaver spider species, "Nephila pilipes". Additional hypotheses suggest that male silk contains pheromones which seduce the female into submission. However, silk deposits are not necessary for successful copulation. The primary factor in successful subsequent copulation lies in the tactile communication between the male and female spider that results in female acceptance of the male. The male mounts the posterior portion of the female's abdomen, while rubbing his spinnerets on her abdomen during his attempt at copulation. Mate binding was not necessary for the initiation of copulation in the golden orb-weaving spider, except when the female was resistant to mating. Subsequent copulatory bouts are imperative for the male's ability to copulate due to prolonged sperm transfer, therefore increasing his probability of paternity.


title: Sexual cannibalism

text: Courtship displays in sexually cannibalistic spiders are imperative in order to ensure the female is less aggressive. Additional courtship displays include pre-copulatory dances such as those observed in the redback spider, and vibrant male coloration morphologies which function as female attraction mechanisms, as seen in the peacock spider, "Maratus volans". Nuptial gifts play a vital role in safe copulation for males in some species. Males present meals to the female to facilitate opportunistic mating while the female is distracted.


title: Sexual cannibalism

text: Subsequent improvements in male adaptive mating success include web reduction, as seen in the Western black widow, "Latrodectus hesperus". Once mating occurs, the males destroy a large portion of the female's web to discourage the female from future mating, thus reducing polyandry, which has been observed in the Australian redback spider, "Latrodectus hasselti".


title: Sexual cannibalism

text: In some species of spiders, such as "Agelenopsis aperta", the male induces a passive state in the female prior to copulation. It has been hypothesized that the cause of this "quiescent" state is the male's massaging of the female's abdomen, following male vibratory signals on the web. The female enters a passive state, and the male's risk of facing cannibalism is reduced. This state is most likely induced as a result of a male volatile pheromone. The chemical structure of the pheromone utilized by the male "A. aperta" is currently unknown; however, physical contact is not necessary for the induced passive state. Eunuch males, or males with partially or fully removed palps, are unable to induce the passive state on females from a distance, but can induce quiescence upon physical contact with the female; this suggests that the pheromone produced is potentially related to sperm production, since the male inserts sperm from his pedipalps, structures which are removed in eunuchs. This adaptation has most likely evolved in response to the overly aggressive nature of female spiders.


title: Sexual cannibalism

text: In order to avoid being consumed by the female, some male spiders may utilize their silk to physically bind the female spider. For example, in "Pisaurina mira", also known as the nursery web spider, the male wraps the legs of the female in silk prior to and during copulation. While he holds legs III and IV of the female, he uses the silk to bind legs I and II. Because the male spider legs play a significant role in copulation, longer leg lengths in male "P. mira" are generally favored over shorter lengths.


title: Sexual cannibalism

text: The physiological impacts of cannibalism on male fitness include his inability to father any offspring if he is unable to mate with a female. There are males in species of arachnids, such as "N. plumipes", that sire more offspring if the male is cannibalized after or during mating; copulation is prolonged and sperm transfer is increased. In the species of orb-weaving spider, "Argiope arantia", males prefer short copulation duration upon the first palp insertion in order to avoid cannibalism. Upon the second insertion, however, the male remains inserted in the female. The male exhibits a "programmed death" to function as a full-body genital plug. This causes it to become increasingly difficult for the female to remove him from her genital openings, discouraging her from mating with other males. An additional benefit to cannibalization is the idea that a well-fed female is less likely to mate again. If the female has no desire to mate again, the male who has already mated with her has his paternity ensured.


title: Sexual cannibalism

text: Before or after copulating with females, certain males of spider species in the superfamily Araneoidea become half or full eunuchs with one or both of their pedipalps (male genitals) severed. This behavior is often seen in sexually cannibalistic spiders, causing them to exhibit the "eunuch phenomenon". Due to the chance that they may be eaten during or after copulation, male spiders use genital mutilation to increase their chances of successful mating. The male can increase his chances of paternity if the female's copulatory organs are blocked, which decreases sperm competition and her chances of mating with other males. In one study, females with mating plugs had a 75% lower chance of re-mating. Additionally, if a male successfully severs his pedipalp within the female copulatory duct the pedipalp can not only serve as a plug but can continue to release sperm to the female spermathacae, again increasing the male's chances of paternity. This is referred to as "remote copulation". Occasionally (in 12% of cases in a 2012 study on Nephilidae spiders) palp severance is only partial due to copulation interruption by sexual cannibalism. Partial palp severance can result in a successful mating plug but not to the extent of full palp severance.


title: Sexual cannibalism

text: Some males, as in the orb-weaving spider, "Argiope arantia", have been found to spontaneously die within fifteen minutes of their second copulation with a female. The male dies while his pedipalps are still intact within the female, as well as still swollen from copulation. In this "programmed death", the male is able to utilize his entire body as a genital plug for the female, causing it to be much more difficult for her to remove him from her copulatory ducts.


title: Sexual cannibalism

text: In other species males voluntarily self-amputate a pedipalp prior to mating and thus the mutilation is not driven by sexual cannibalism. This has been hypothesized to be due to an increased fitness advantage of half or full eunuchs. Upon losing a pedipalp males experience a significant decrease in body weight that provides them with enhanced locomotor abilities and endurance, enabling them to better search for a mate and mate-guard after mating. This is referred to as the "gloves-off" theory. Males and females have also been seen with the roles reversed in terms of genital mutilation. In "Cyclosa argenteoalba," males mutilate female spider's genitals by detaching the female's scape, making it impossible for another male to mate with them.


title: Sexual cannibalism

text: Male reproductive success can be determined by their number of fathered offspring, and monogyny is seen quite often in sexually cannibalistic species. Males are willing to sacrifice themselves, or lose their reproductive organs in order to ensure their paternity from one mating instance. Whether it is by spontaneous programmed death, or the male catapulting into the mouth of the female, these self-sacrificing males die in order for prolonged copulation to occur. Males of many of these species cannot replenish sperm stores, therefore they must exhibit these extreme behaviors in order to ensure sperm transfer and fathered offspring during their one and only mating instance. An example of such behavior can be seen in the redback spider. The males of this species "somersault" into the mouths of the female after copulation has occurred, which has been shown to increase paternity by sixty-five percent when compared to males that are not cannibalized. A majority of males in this species are likely to die on the search for a mate, so the male must sacrifice himself as an offering if it means prolonged copulation and doubled paternity. In many species, cannibalized males can mate longer, thus having longer sperm transfers.


title: Sexual cannibalism

text: Males in these mating systems are generally monogamous, if not bigynous. Since males of these cannibalistic species have adapted to the extreme mating system, and usually mate only once with a polyandrous female, they are considered monogynous.


title: Sexual cannibalism

text: Sexual dimorphism in size has been proposed as an explanation for the widespread nature of sexual cannibalism across distantly related arthropods. Typically, male birds and mammals are larger as they participate in male-male competition. However, in arthropods this size dimorphism ratio is reversed, with females commonly larger than males. Sexual cannibalism may have led to selection for larger, stronger females in invertebrates. Further research is needed to evaluate the explanation. To date, studies have been done on wolf spiders such as "Zyuzicosa" (Lycosidae), where the female is much larger than the male.


title: 7 (Prince song)

text: "7" is a song by American musician Prince and the New Power Generation, from the 1992 "Love Symbol Album". It was released in late 1992 as the third single from the album, and became the most successful in the United States. It features a sample of the 1967 Lowell Fulsom song "Tramp".


title: 7 (Prince song)

text: "7" is composed of heavy drums and bass in an acoustic style. It has a distinct Middle Eastern style of music, and a Hindu reincarnation theme, and an opera-like chorus which features Prince's multi-tracked vocals. The lyrics have religious and apocalyptic themes. The song is ambiguous and can be interpreted in many ways, as the "7" mentioned in the chorus could be the song referring to the Seven Deadly Sins or the seven Archon of Gnosticism or the seven names of God in the Old Testament. The song received positive reviews and peaked within the top forty of many of its major


title: 7 (Prince song)

text: Andy Healy from Albumism picked the song as a "standout" from the album, noting its "glorious, eastern inspired mystical magic" with "the multitude of layered vocals and hypnotic groove." He added, "Not to mention the cryptic lyrics—is he singing about the seven deadly sins, the seven seals of Revelations, the seven major religions or the seven major record labels." Larry Flick from "Billboard" wrote, "You can never be too sure of what this Paisley dude will serve up next. This time, he concocts a stew of old and new flavors: retro-funk shuffle beats are countered by hip-hop-style scratching and topped with flower-child strumming and sitars. The hook is rousing and immediate, and should find a welcome home at several levels lickety-split." Randy Clark from "Cashbox" stated, "This new single is an apocalyptic musical revelation done in the "Give Peace A Chance" mode, except the elaborate vocal arrangements have the well disciplined guidance of the funk-meister."


title: 7 (Prince song)

text: Alexis Petridis from "The Guardian" commented, "If you want evidence of Prince's unique, almost mystical, abilities, 7 is an intriguing place to start." He added, "At heart, the song is a rousing acoustic campfire singalong with lyrics of a spiritual bent, albeit a fairly baffling one. Deeply unpromising on paper, he somehow makes it work to striking effect, spooning on the harmonies and vintage sitar effects." Music writer James Masterton wrote in his weekly UK chart commentary, that "with the Christmas competition this is unlilkely to become another massive hit for Prince." "Rolling Stone" noted that the singer "expanded his sonic palette" on the song, "tapping into tablas and sitars, widescreen multi-tracked vocals and a sample of Lowell Fulson's "Tramp"." They noted further, "Of course, given his out-there status at the time, Prince may have also been dabbling in numerology".


title: 7 (Prince song)

text: The accompanying music video for the song was shot on February 27, 1992. It is directed by Sotera Tschetter and begins with Mayte whispering "imagine" in Prince's ear, in the position they are in on the single cover. A scene from "3 Chains o' Gold" is shown as well. It features Mayte belly-dancing. The video set is pictured on the "Love Symbol" album cover, along with a still shot from the video. In the video, Prince symbolically "kills" incarnations of himself who are trapped inside glass chambers. There are little girls wearing yellow belly-dancing outfits almost identical to Mayte's and little boys wearing black outfits and eyebands identical to Prince's. Throughout the performance, the girls dance with Mayte and the boys dance with Prince. This video is also notable for Mayte dancing with a sword on her head, which she would later do in live performances; the video featured her playing the role she played in "3 Chains o' Gold" as an Egyptian princess who befriends Prince and enlists his help to find the men who assassinated her father. Mayte kisses and releases a Eurasian Collared Dove during her performance. The video was nominated for an MTV Video Music Award for Best R&B Video, but lost to Free Your Mind by En Vogue. It was published on YouTube in October 2017. The video has amassed more than 3,2 million views as of September 2021.


title: 7 (Prince song)

text: In the United States, "7" was most successful on the Top 40 Pop/Mainstream chart, where it peaked at 3 and reached No. 7 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It performed respectably on the Rhythmic charts (No. 19). However, it was less popular with R&B/Hip Hop radio, stalling at No. 61. On the Canadian "RPM" chart the song peaked at No. 12. The single reached No. 27 in the UK, falling short of the success of the previous two releases, "Sexy MF" and "My Name is Prince", which had become top 10 hits.


title: 7 (Prince song)

text: "Slant Magazine" listed "7" at No. 66 on their ranking of "The 100 Best Singles of the 1990s" in 2011, writing "A Bible verse as related by a New World prince, "7" is a lush allegory for the perils of romantic strife, set across deserts and streets of gold and featuring armies, plagues, and angels. Among the fiercest tracks from Prince and the New Power Generation’s "Love Symbol Album", this rock soap opera is a predictable cock-storm of funk, the One and Only’s vulnerable, emotion-rich falsetto wielding the same blunt-force trauma as the swords and tambourines that are dropped into the production with the sort of timing that would be corny if it weren’t so swoony. Way before he takes it to church, Prince’s intellect and savoir-faire has saved the day."


title: Sunny Mabrey

text: Sunny Mabrey (born November 28, 1975) is an American actress and model. Prior to debuting in films, Mabrey appeared in music videos, such as "Nookie" from Limp Bizkit. Her breakthrough came after she played the lead role, man-eating alien Sara, in "Species III" (2004), supporting antagonist Charlie Mayweather in "" (2005) and flight attendant Tiffany in "Snakes on a Plane" (2006).


title: Sunny Mabrey

text: Mabrey is from Gadsden, Alabama. She started her career in front of the cameras as a fashion model at the age of 18. She has performed in commercials for The Gap. She appeared in the music video for the Lonestar song "Amazed". She was creatively active on the six-second video app Vine, on which she had over one million followers.


title: Sunny Mabrey

text: Mabrey married actor Ethan Embry on July 17, 2005. Mabrey filed for divorce seven years later on July 25, 2012, citing irreconcilable differences. They began dating again in 2013, and remarried in June 2015. In November 2006, Mabrey and Embry were robbed at gunpoint in their driveway.


title: Sunny Mabrey

text: Mabrey and Embry have homes in Los Angeles and Atlanta. Mabrey also has a stepson from Embry's previous marriage.


title: Julee Cruise

text: Julee Ann Cruise (December 1, 1956 – June 9, 2022) was an American singer, songwriter and actress, best known for her collaborations with composer Angelo Badalamenti and film director David Lynch in the late 1980s and early 1990s. She released four albums beginning with 1989's "Floating into the Night".


title: Julee Cruise

text: Cruise is best known for her 1989 single "Falling"; an instrumental version was used as the theme song for the television series "Twin Peaks" in which she appeared in a recurring role as a roadhouse singer. She reprised the role in the 1992 movie "" (which also featured her music), and in the 2017 revival series "Twin Peaks: The Return". She was also featured in Lynch and Badalamenti's avant-garde 1990 theater production "Industrial Symphony No. 1," which was filmed and released on home media.


title: Julee Cruise

text: Other notable singles included "Rockin' Back Inside My Heart" (1990) and "If I Survive" (1999) by the band Hybrid, which featured her vocals. In the 1990s, she was a touring member of The B-52s, filling in for Cindy Wilson. Cruise was also a stage actress and appeared in the off-Broadway musicals "Return to the Forbidden Planet" and "Radiant Baby" in 2004. Her final album, "My Secret Life", was released in 2011.


title: Julee Cruise

text: Born in Creston, Iowa, Julee Ann Cruise was the daughter of Dr. John Cruise, the town dentist, and Wilma Cruise, who was his office manager. She studied French horn at Drake University and performed as a singer and actress in Minneapolis with the Children's Theater Company (notably in the role of Jinjur in stage adaptations of L. Frank Baum's "Oz" books).


title: Julee Cruise

text: She moved to New York and played Janis Joplin in a revue called "Beehive", while also working with Angelo Badalamenti.


title: Julee Cruise

text: In 1985, Badalamenti was composing the score for David Lynch's "Blue Velvet", as well as serving as the vocal coach for the film's star, Isabella Rossellini. A key scene in "Blue Velvet" was intended to feature This Mortal Coil's version of "Song to the Siren" by Tim Buckley, with lead vocal by Elizabeth Fraser. When it proved prohibitively expensive to obtain rights to use the song, it was suggested that Badalamenti compose a pop song in the same style, with lyrics written by Lynch. Because the song required a vocalist with a haunting, ethereal voice, Badalamenti recommended Cruise, who had sung in a New York theater workshop Badalamenti had produced. The result of their initial collaboration was "Mysteries of Love", which figures prominently in "Blue Velvet"s closing scenes and gained a cult following.


title: Julee Cruise

text: Badalamenti and Lynch went on to write and produce additional songs for Cruise, most of which were featured in her debut album, "Floating into the Night" (1989). The album was released on September 12, 1989 by Warner Bros. Records, and charted on "Billboard" the following year. It also provided musical material for Lynch's "Industrial Symphony No. 1", in which Cruise performed while "floating" from a harness dozens of feet above a stage at the Brooklyn Academy of Music.


title: Julee Cruise

text: The second, more significant project was the soundtrack to Lynch's "Twin Peaks", for which Badalamenti composed the original score. The song "Falling", which became the orchestral theme for the television series, caused a minor sensation, winning a Grammy at the 33rd Annual Grammy Awards in 1991 for Best Pop Instrumental. The "Twin Peaks" soundtrack, featuring Cruise on the songs "Into the Night" and "The Nightingale" as well as on the vocal version of "Falling", eventually went gold (500,000+ copies) in the U.S., a rare feat for a television soundtrack. Cruise made a number of appearances on "Twin Peaks" as a singer at a local bar, and was prominently featured in both the show's landmark pilot episode and the episode where Laura Palmer's murderer is revealed, as well as in 1992's "". "Rockin' Back Inside My Heart", the second single from "Floating into the Night", was released in 1990 and was also featured in an episode of "Twin Peaks" along with "The World Spins"; in the episode, several of the main female characters are shown lip-synching to "Rockin' Back Inside My Heart".


title: Julee Cruise

text: Cruise reinterpreted and sang the theme song for an episode of the USA Network show "Psych". The episode, "Dual Spires", was about a secluded town full of secrets and skeletons while they investigate the murder of a girl. It aired 20 years to the day after Laura Palmer's murderer was revealed.


title: Julee Cruise

text: Cruise appeared on "Saturday Night Live" on May 12, 1990, filling in along with Spanic Boys on short notice when scheduled performer Sinéad O'Connor refused to appear on the same show as guest host Andrew Dice Clay. Cruise performed "Falling".


title: Julee Cruise

text: The following year, Cruise recorded a Lynch- and Badalamenti-produced cover of the Elvis Presley song "Summer Kisses, Winter Tears" for the soundtrack of Wim Wenders's "Until the End of the World". Afterward, Cruise maintained a relatively low profile until her second album, "The Voice of Love", was released in 1993. An instrumental version of "She Would Die for Love" was used as the main theme for the movie "Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me."


title: Julee Cruise

text: "She Would Die for Love" was also covered by alternative metal band Fantômas on their "The Director's Cut" album as "Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me".


title: Julee Cruise

text: Cruise's early collaborations with Angelo Badalamenti and David Lynch were closely related to Lynch's film work, which was reflected in the lyrics. For example, "Into the Night" begins with the whispered words "Now it's dark", a line which was repeatedly spoken by Frank Booth, Dennis Hopper's character, in "Blue Velvet". Lynch also photographed Cruise for the liner notes of "Floating Into the Night" and "The Voice of Love", and created the sculptures featured on the covers of both albums.


title: Julee Cruise

text: Cruise released the EP "Three Demos" in 2018, containing the original demo versions of "Floating", "Falling", and "The World Spins".


title: Julee Cruise

text: Cruise's long-delayed third album, "The Art of Being a Girl", was released in 2002. This was the first of her albums for which Badalamenti and Lynch did not produce or write any of the music for, with music and lyrics for each of the songs being written by Cruise herself (with the exception of an updated version of the single "Falling") and guest produced by Rick Strom and Mocean Worker.


title: Julee Cruise

text: In 2011, Cruise released her fourth album "My Secret Life". The album was a collaboration with DJ Dmitry (formerly of Deee-Lite) and contained a cover of Donovan's "Season of the Witch" and a cover (technically) of Hybrid's "Fatal Beating" called "A Fatal Beating".


title: Julee Cruise

text: Cruise also acted and sang in the off-Broadway cast of "Return to the Forbidden Planet", a spoof of William Shakespeare's "The Tempest", and toured with The B-52's as Cindy Wilson's touring stand-in on and off from 1992 to 1999. She also performed regularly with Bobby McFerrin's improvisational vocal group Voicestra/CircleSong.


title: Julee Cruise

text: She appeared as Andy Warhol (among other characters, including Susan Sontag) in the 2004 Keith Haring bio-musical "Radiant Baby" at The Public Theater/New York Shakespeare Festival, directed by George C. Wolfe.


title: Julee Cruise

text: Cruise lent her vocals to works by a miscellaneous list of collaborators, mostly in electronic music. She collaborated with Moby on his song "Drown Disco" which remains unreleased.


title: Julee Cruise

text: She provided vocals and lyrics to several of the songs on "Wide Angle" (1999), the debut album by Welsh electronic music group Hybrid, notably the nu skool breaks track "If I Survive". In 1999, she performed on two songs on "Don't Panic!" by DJ Silver, "Sweet Dreams" and "I'm Your Girl".


title: Julee Cruise

text: She appeared on the albums "1-900-Get-Khan" (1999) and "No Comprendo" (2001) by dance artist Khan (Can Oral), and performed live and toured numerous times with him. The lyrics for many of these songs, such as "Body Dump", reflect Cruise's own interest in true crime. Their most successful collaboration, the classic "Say Good-bye", was a hit in Europe and elsewhere.


title: Julee Cruise

text: She was featured in two songs on Supa DJ Dmitry's (formerly of Deee-Lite) album "Scream of Consciousness" (2000): "Don't Talk Me Down" (originally issued on TVT 7311-0 12") and a cover of David Bowie's "Space Oddity".


title: Julee Cruise

text: She appeared on a number of tracks on both the 2003 album "Dreams Top Rock" and the 2007 album "Monstrous Surplus" by German post-rock act Pluramon, a pseudonym of the musician Marcus Schmickler. Cruise appeared as a guest vocalist on "Sarcast While", the 2006 full-length album from the New York band, Time of Orchids, released on Tzadik Records. Her vocals appeared on five tracks on Kenneth Bager's 2006 album "Fragments from a Space Cadet".


title: Julee Cruise

text: Cruise provided the vocals for Delerium's "Magic" song (on the "Chimera" album). She also provided vocals alongside Pharrell Williams on Handsome Boy Modeling School's song "Class System", produced by Prince Paul. Additionally, she contributed vocals on Ror-Shak's 2007 album "Deep", on the song "Fate or Faith".


title: Julee Cruise

text: Cruise was photographed in London by the fashion photographer Matt Colombo in an editorial that appeared in issue No. 49 of "Zoo Magazine" in 2015.


title: Julee Cruise

text: Cruise recorded several memorable covers over the years, including Sir Cliff Richard's "Wired for Sound" with B(if)tek, R.E.M.'s "It's the End of the World as We Know It (And I Feel Fine)" with Eric Kupper, Eurythmics's "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)" with DJ Silver, Elvis Presley's "Summer Kisses, Winter Tears", and David Bowie's "Space Oddity" with Supa DJ Dmitry.


title: Julee Cruise

text: In 1996, Cruise with the Flow appeared on the "Scream" soundtrack with the song "Artificial World (Interdimensional Mix)".


title: Julee Cruise

text: In 2001, Cruise contributed two exclusive tracks to the "An American Nightmare" (which stars David Hess) soundtrack CD maxi-single, "In Your World of Blue" and "Never Let You Go".


title: Julee Cruise

text: In 2003, Depeche Mode songwriter Martin Gore included a cover version of Cruise's song "In My Other World" (from her 1993 album "The Voice of Love") on "Counterfeit²", the second in his series of cover albums dedicated to his own musical influences and atmospheric inspirations. That same year, Cruise's song "The World Spins" was featured in an extended ballet sequence in Robert Altman's "The Company".


title: Julee Cruise

text: A modified sample of Cruise's song "I Float Alone" was used as the backing track in the Dean Blunt song "The Narcissist".


title: Julee Cruise

text: Cruise's song "Floating" was featured in TV advertisements and trailers for the show "The Riches", which debuted on FX in March 2007. The next year her music was used in "" and in episode 12 of season 5 of "Psych", "Dual Spires", she sang a rendition of "Psych"'s theme song. The episode was a spoof of "Twin Peaks".


title: Julee Cruise

text: Cruise married Edward Grinnan, an author and editor, in 1988. They lived in Manhattan and in the Berkshires.


title: Julee Cruise

text: On March 28, 2018, Cruise announced on her Facebook page that she had systemic lupus, which caused her considerable pain and affected her ability to walk and stand. She also had depression. Reflecting on death in a 2018 interview with "Pitchfork", Cruise said, "But I'm not gonna get buried. I'm going to have my ashes mixed in with my dogs. They're gonna spread my ashes across Arizona, and Arizona is going to turn blue. It’s not gonna be a red state anymore."


title: Julee Cruise

text: Cruise died in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, on June 9, 2022, aged 65; her death was a suicide. Grinnan said that she "left this realm on her own terms. No regrets. She is at peace ... I played her <nowiki>[</nowiki>The B-52's song] Roam during her transition. Now she will roam forever. Rest In Peace, my love."


title: The Power (2021 Indian film)

text: The Power is a 2021 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film written and directed by Mahesh Manjrekar. It stars Vidyut Jammwal, Shruti Haasan, Zakir Hussain, Prateik Babbar, Sachin Khedekar and Jisshu Sengupta. The film was released on the online streaming service Zee Plex on 14 January 2021.


title: The Power (2021 Indian film)

text: The film received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the cast performances, action sequences and editing, but criticism for its pace, writing and direction.


title: The Power (2021 Indian film)

text: An attempt is made on the life of a crime boss Kaalidas Haridas Thakur, who refuses to strike a deal. However, the assassination goes wrong, resulting in the killing of an innocent man Anwar, and igniting a blood feud. Pari, Anwar's daughter swears to avenge her father's death by annihilating the Thakur clan where she sides with Thakur rival Vishambhar Rana.


title: The Power (2021 Indian film)

text: Anna M. M. Vetticad said that the film is "engaging to begin with, but as it rolls along, it becomes clear that it falls in the ‘if you’ve seen one, you’ve seen ’em all’ category of underworld dramas." Pallabi Dey Purkayastha of "The Times of India" gave a rating of 2.5 stars out if 5 stars and wrote: "With a tighter, finer screenplay and more consistent performers, ‘The Power’ could have been a befitting response of this decade to the Sarkar franchise but a lacklustre narrative, among other things, brings the power down to level zero." Samrudhi Ghosh of "Hindustan Times" wrote: ""The Power", with its creative bankruptcy, brings nothing new to already done-to-death iterations of "The Godfather". Joginder Tuteja of Rediff.com noted, "If the film had been crisper with solid drama in the second half too, "The Power" could have been more powerful."


title: The Power (2021 Indian film)

text: The music for the film was composed by Salim–Sulaiman with lyrics written by Kumaar . The single "Oh Saaiyaan" was sung by Arijit Singh and Raj Pandit while the female version was sung by Aishwarya Pandit


title: Visual perception

text: Visual perception is the ability to interpret the surrounding environment through photopic vision (daytime vision), color vision, scotopic vision (night vision), and mesopic vision (twilight vision), using light in the visible spectrum reflected by objects in the environment. This is different from visual acuity, which refers to how clearly a person sees (for example "20/20 vision"). A person can have problems with visual perceptual processing even if they have 20/20 vision.


title: Visual perception

text: The resulting perception is also known as vision, sight, or eyesight (adjectives "visual", "optical", and "ocular", respectively). The various physiological components involved in vision are referred to collectively as the visual system, and are the focus of much research in linguistics, psychology, cognitive science, neuroscience, and molecular biology, collectively referred to as vision science.


title: Visual perception

text: In humans and a number of other mammals, light enters the eye through the cornea and is focused by the lens onto the retina, a light-sensitive membrane at the back of the eye. The retina serves as a transducer for the conversion of light into neuronal signals. This transduction is achieved by specialized photoreceptive cells of the retina, also known as the rods and cones, which detect the photons of light and respond by producing neural impulses. These signals are transmitted by the optic nerve, from the retina upstream to central ganglia in the brain. The lateral geniculate nucleus, which transmits the information to the visual cortex. Signals from the retina also travel directly from the retina to the superior colliculus.


title: Visual perception

text: The lateral geniculate nucleus sends signals to primary visual cortex, also called striate cortex. Extrastriate cortex, also called visual association cortex is a set of cortical structures, that receive information from striate cortex, as well as each other. Recent descriptions of visual association cortex describe a division into two functional pathways, a ventral and a dorsal pathway. This conjecture is known as the two streams hypothesis.


title: Visual perception

text: The human visual system is generally believed to be sensitive to visible light in the range of wavelengths between 370 and 730 nanometers (0.00000037 to 0.00000073 meters) of the electromagnetic spectrum. However, some research suggests that humans can perceive light in wavelengths down to 340 nanometers (UV-A), especially the young. Under optimal conditions these limits of human perception can extend to 310 nm (UV) to 1100 nm (NIR).


title: Visual perception

text: The major problem in visual perception is that what people see is not simply a translation of retinal stimuli (i.e., the image on the retina). Thus people interested in perception have long struggled to explain what visual processing does to create what is actually seen.


title: Visual perception

text: The first was the "emission theory" of vision which maintained that vision occurs when rays emanate from the eyes and are intercepted by visual objects. If an object was seen directly it was by 'means of rays' coming out of the eyes and again falling on the object. A refracted image was, however, seen by 'means of rays' as well, which came out of the eyes, traversed through the air, and after refraction, fell on the visible object which was sighted as the result of the movement of the rays from the eye. This theory was championed by scholars who were followers of Euclid's "Optics" and Ptolemy's "Optics".


title: Visual perception

text: The second school advocated the so-called 'intromission' approach which sees vision as coming from something entering the eyes representative of the object. With its main propagator Aristotle ("De Sensu"), and his followers, this theory seems to have some contact with modern theories of what vision really is, but it remained only a speculation lacking any experimental foundation. (In eighteenth-century England, Isaac Newton, John Locke, and others, carried the intromission theory of vision forward by insisting that vision involved a process in which rays—composed of actual corporeal matter—emanated from seen objects and entered the seer's mind/sensorium through the eye's aperture.)