title: Small-cell carcinoma

text: Trilaciclib, a CKD4/6 inhibitor, reduces chemotheraphy-induced toxicity in patients being treated for small-cell lung cancer. Trilaciclib’s developer, G1 Therapeutics, makes the drug available in the U.S. under expanded access while the FDA considers its New Drug Application (NDA). An approval decision on the NDA is expected by February 15, 2021. On February 12, 2021, the FDA approved trilaciclib (brand name Cosela) as a treatment to reduce the frequency of chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression for patients receiving certain types of chemotherapy for extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer.


title: Small-cell carcinoma

text: 5-year survival rates for small cell lung cancer (extensive and limited) range between 3.6% and 32.2% for women, and between 2.2% and 24.5% for men. Relative 5-year survival rate for both sexes has increased from 3.6% in 1975 to 6.7% in 2014.


title: Small-cell carcinoma

text: Small-cell carcinoma is very responsive to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and in particular, regimens based on platinum-containing agents. However, most people with the disease relapse and median survival remains low. The overall incidence and mortality rates of SCLC in the United States have decreased during the past few decades.


title: Small-cell carcinoma

text: In "limited-stage" disease, relative 5-year survival rate (both sexes, all races, all ages) is 21.3%; however, women have higher 5-year survival rates, 26.9%, and men have lower survival rates, 21.3%.


title: Small-cell carcinoma

text: The prognosis is far grimmer in "extensive-stage" small-cell lung carcinoma where 5-year relative survival rate (both sexes, all races, all ages) is 2.8%; however, women have higher 5-year survival rates, 3.4%, and men have lower 5-year survival rates, 2.2%.


title: Small-cell carcinoma

text: Long-term survival of more than 5 years can be achieved with proper treatment. According to the 17th World Conference on Lung Cancer (WCLC), "patients who received chest radiation and prophylactic cranial irradiation along with a mean of five chemotherapy cycles could achieve a median survival of more than 5 years."


title: Small-cell carcinoma

text: The SEER database tracks 5-year relative survival rates based on age, sex, and race and is considered the most accurate source of survival information. This database uses terms "Localized," "Regional," and "Distant" to describe various stages of small cell lung cancer.


title: Small-cell carcinoma

text: 5-year relative survival statistics are more accurate and, in some cases, higher when specific race and age range are combined with sex and stage at diagnosis. For example,


title: Small-cell carcinoma

text: 15% of lung cancers in the US are of this type. Small cell lung cancer occurs almost exclusively in smokers – most commonly in heavy smokers and rarely in non-smokers.


title: Small-cell carcinoma

text: In 2013, the US Congress passed the Recalcitrant Cancer Research Act, which mandated increased attention to certain recalcitrant cancers, including small cell lung cancer. That led to the National Cancer Institute supporting small cell–specific research through a consortium.


title: Small-cell carcinoma

text: As a result, new experimental drugs for small cell lung cancer are currently being tested, including Iadademstat (ORY-1001) and Keytruda (pembrolizumab).


title: Teresa Heinz

text: Teresa Heinz (born Maria Teresa Thierstein Simões-Ferreira; October 5, 1938), also known as Teresa Heinz Kerry, is a Portuguese-American businesswoman and philanthropist. Heinz is the widow of former U.S. Senator John Heinz and the wife of former U.S. Secretary of State, longtime U.S. Senator, and 2004 Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry. Heinz is Chair of the Heinz Endowments and the Heinz Family Philanthropies.


title: Teresa Heinz

text: Maria Teresa Thierstein Simões-Ferreira was born in the city of Lourenço Marques (later renamed Maputo) in the east African colony of Portuguese Mozambique, which later became the nation of Mozambique. Her parents were José Simões-Ferreira, Jr., a Portuguese-born oncologist and tropical disease specialist, and Irene Thierstein, a Portuguese and British national. Irene Thierstein's father was the scion of a Swiss-German family living in Malta, and her mother was the half-French, half-Italian daughter of an Alexandrian shipowner who traded with Russia during the Crimean War; both emigrated to Portuguese East Africa.


title: Teresa Heinz

text: In 1960, Simões-Ferreira earned a Bachelor of Arts in Romance Languages and Literature from the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. In 1963, she graduated from the School of Translation and Interpretation at the University of Geneva and moved to the United States to be an interpreter at the United Nations.


title: Teresa Heinz

text: On February 5, 1966, at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania's gothic Heinz Chapel on the campus of the University of Pittsburgh, Simões-Ferreira married future U.S. Senator John Heinz, an heir to the H. J. Heinz Company. In 1971, Teresa Heinz became a naturalized United States citizen. The couple had three sons:


title: Teresa Heinz

text: In 1990, Teresa Heinz met Senator Kerry at an Earth Day rally. This was the only reported time the two met before Senator Heinz died in a plane crash on April 4, 1991. In 1992, Teresa Heinz met Kerry again, this time at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Heinz was a member of a State Department delegation appointed by then-President George H. W. Bush. The two began courting in 1993 and were married May 26, 1995, in Nantucket, Massachusetts. Choosing to remain registered as a Republican until John Kerry's presidential bid in 2004, Heinz retained the name Teresa Heinz. In May 2004, she said:


title: Teresa Heinz

text: My legal name is still Teresa Heinz. Teresa Heinz Kerry is my name... for politics. Just so people don't ask me questions about so and so is so and so's wife or this and that. Teresa Heinz is what I've been all my growing-up life, adult life, more than any other name. And it's the name of my boys, you know ?... So, that's my legal name and that's my office name, my Pittsburgh name.


title: Teresa Heinz

text: In addition to Portuguese (her native language), Heinz speaks English, Spanish, French, and Italian. She is Roman Catholic.


title: Teresa Heinz

text: In December 2009, Heinz revealed that she was being treated for breast cancer. Heinz indicated that she had undergone several lumpectomies and would be following up with a targeted type of radiation therapy treatment called accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI).


title: Teresa Heinz

text: On July 7, 2013, Heinz was taken by ambulance to Nantucket Cottage Hospital after showing symptoms consistent with a seizure. She was described as being in "critical but stable" condition. Heinz was then flown to Massachusetts General Hospital for further medical treatment and tests. Her condition was upgraded to fair the next day, and doctors were able to rule out a heart attack, brain tumor, stroke, and other triggers. On July 11, she was transferred to Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital to continue her recovery. Heinz was released on July 17, 2013, from Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital in Boston. She recovered at home after some limited out-patient treatment.


title: Teresa Heinz

text: Teresa Heinz is the chair of the Heinz Endowments and the Heinz Family Philanthropies, disbursing money to various social and environmental causes. She assists the City of Pittsburgh, where the Heinz family has many financial and family connections. In recognition of her philanthropy and activism, Heinz has received honorary doctoral degrees from the following 12 institutions:


title: Teresa Heinz

text: In 2003, Heinz was awarded the Albert Schweitzer Gold Medal for Humanitarianism. She has been elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She has been a Trustee of the St. Paul's School (Concord, New Hampshire), which Kerry attended.


title: Teresa Heinz

text: Heinz has contributed to the environmental movement through many programs and outreach efforts. In 1990, she co-founded the Alliance to End Childhood Lead Poisoning (later known as the Alliance for Healthy Homes, it has since merged with the National Center for Healthy Housing), through the first environmental grant of the Vira I. Heinz Endowment. In 1992, she was a Delegate to the Earth Summit, representing Non-Governmental Organizations.


title: Teresa Heinz

text: In 1993, with Kerry and environmentalist academic Dr. Anthony Cortese, she co-founded Second Nature, which brings "Education for Sustainability" to college campuses. In 1993, she founded the Heinz Awards, including a category for Outstanding Contributions to the Environment. In 1995, with a $20 million grant, the Heinz Endowments provided initial funding for The Heinz Center, "a nonprofit institution dedicated to improving the scientific and economic foundation for environmental policy through multisectoral collaboration among industry, government, academia, and environmental organizations."


title: Teresa Heinz

text: Since 1996, Heinz has hosted an annual "Women's Health and the Environment" conference series. She founded Teresa Heinz Scholars for Environmental Research, which annually awards eight $10,000 awards for doctoral dissertation support and eight $5,000 awards for Masters' thesis support for research having "public policy relevance that increases society's understanding of environmental concerns and proposed solutions." Heinz is a board member of the Environmental Defense Fund.


title: Teresa Heinz

text: In 1995, the book "Pensions in Crisis: Why the system is failing America and how you can protect your future" (later republished as "The Pension Book") was published, with support from the Teresa and H. John Heinz III Foundation, and a foreword by Heinz.


title: Teresa Heinz

text: Spurred by the issues uncovered by "Pensions in Crisis", Heinz and her foundation created the Women's Retirement Initiative to "extend that investigation and examine how the dynamics of our pension and retirement system contribute to the disproportionate rate of poverty among older women."


title: Teresa Heinz

text: Heinz is estimated to be worth between $750 million and $1.2 billion. In 2017 Heinz and Kerry listed an ocean-front home on Nantucket for sale at $25 million.


title: Teresa Heinz

text: Like her first husband, Heinz was a registered Republican for most of her voting life, and she remained a registered Republican despite being married to Kerry. In January 2003, she changed her registration to the Democratic Party.


title: Teresa Heinz

text: Heinz is said to have been encouraged to run for her first husband's vacant Senate seat after his death. Heinz declined and refused to endorse Republican Congressman Rick Santorum's 1994 bid for the seat. She publicly denounced him as the "antithesis" of her late husband, and later called him "Forrest Gump with attitude." It was rumored she would challenge Santorum in 2006 (as a Democrat), but she did not enter the race, and the Democratic nomination went to State Treasurer Bob Casey Jr., who went on to defeat Santorum.


title: Teresa Heinz

text: Heinz has a reputation in the media as a very direct personality. In an interview published in "USA Today" in July 2004, Heinz was asked about the differences between then-First Lady Laura Bush and herself:


title: Teresa Heinz

text: "Well, you know, I don't know Laura Bush. But she seems to be calm, and she has a sparkle in her eye, which is good. But I don't know that she's ever had a real job—I mean, since she's been grown up. So her experience and her validation comes from important things, but different things. And I’m older, and my validation of what I do and what I believe and my experience is a little bit bigger–because I’m older, and I’ve had different experiences. And it’s not a criticism of her. It’s just, you know, what life is about."


title: Teresa Heinz

text: Heinz retracted the statement later, saying she was "sincerely sorry" for the remark. "I had forgotten that Mrs. Bush had worked as a schoolteacher and librarian, and there couldn't be a more important job than teaching our children", Heinz said. "As someone who has been both a full time mom and full time in the workforce, I know we all have valuable experiences that shape who we are. I appreciate and honor Mrs. Bush's service to the country as first lady, and am sincerely sorry I had not remembered her important work in the past."


title: Teresa Heinz

text: Bush brushed it off, saying, "It didn't matter to me. It didn't hurt my feelings. It was perfectly all right that she apologized. She didn't have to apologize. I know how tough it is. And actually I know those trick questions."


title: Harun Osman

text: Harun Osman Osmanoğlu (born 22 January 1932) is the 46th Head of the House of Osman, which ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1299 until the abolition of the Sultanate in 1922. He is known by the Ottoman imperial name as Şehzade (Prince) Harun Osman Osmanoğlu Effendi.


title: Harun Osman

text: Harun Osman Osmanoğlu's father was Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkerim, the only son of Şehzade Mehmed Selim, the eldest son of Abdul Hamid II. In 1924, when members of the Ottoman dynasty were expelled, they left to Beirut. Mehmed Abdülkerim died in 1935 in Damascus and left his two children, born in 1930 and 1932 orphans at a young age. After his grandfather Mehmed Selim died in 1937, Harun Osman Osmanoğlu had nobody left but his mother. The family, who lived abroad during the long years of exile, came to Istanbul from Damascus in 1974, just after the dynasty members were allowed to return to their homeland. He became the Head of the Ottoman Dynasty in 2021 upon the death of his older brother, Dündar Osmanoğlu. He lives in Istanbul and has nine grandchildren.


title: Harun Osman

text: On the death of his brother, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan telephoned Harun Osman to give his condolences to the family. According to TRT's French website, "Osmanoglu thanked President Erdoğan and said he had always prayed for him. The series '' broadcast on TRT 1 was discussed during the telephone interview. Harun Osmanoglu said he is following the series." The popularity of the television series about the Ottoman Empire has grown significantly in recent years in Turkey, and the Turkish government under Erdoğan has encouraged a nostalgia for the greatness of the former empire, which is sometimes referred to as 'Neo-Ottomanism'.


title: Fiber to the x

text: Fiber to the "x" (FTTX; also spelled "fibre") or fiber in the loop is a generic term for any broadband network architecture using optical fiber to provide all or part of the local loop used for last mile telecommunications. As fiber optic cables are able to carry much more data than copper cables, especially over long distances, copper telephone networks built in the 20th century are being replaced by fiber.


title: Fiber to the x

text: FTTX is a generalization for several configurations of fiber deployment, arranged into two groups: FTTP/FTTH/FTTB (Fiber laid all the way to the premises/home/building) and FTTC/N (fiber laid to the cabinet/node, with copper wires completing the connection).


title: Fiber to the x

text: Residential areas already served by balanced pair distribution plant call for a trade-off between cost and capacity. The closer the fiber head, the higher the cost of construction and the higher the channel capacity. In places not served by metallic facilities, little cost is saved by not running fiber to the home.


title: Fiber to the x

text: Fiber to the "x" is the key method used to drive next-generation access (NGA), which describes a significant upgrade to the broadband available by making a step change in speed and quality of the service. This is typically thought of as asymmetrical with a download speed of 24 Mbit/s plus and a fast upload speed.


title: Fiber to the x

text: Ofcom have defined super-fast broadband as "broadband products that provide a maximum download speed that is greater than 24 Mbit/s - this threshold is commonly considered to be the maximum speed that can be supported on current generation (copper-based) networks."


title: Fiber to the x

text: A similar network called a hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC) network is used by cable television operators but is usually not synonymous with "fiber In the loop", although similar advanced services are provided by the HFC networks. Fixed wireless and mobile wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi, WiMAX and 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) are an alternative for providing Internet access.


title: Fiber to the x

text: The telecommunications industry differentiates between several distinct FTTX configurations. The terms in most widespread use today are:


title: Fiber to the x

text: To promote consistency, especially when comparing FTTH penetration rates between countries, the three FTTH Councils of Europe, North America, and Asia-Pacific agreed upon definitions for FTTH and FTTB in 2006, with an update in 2009, 2011 and another in 2015. The FTTH Councils do not have formal definitions for FTTC and FTTN.


title: Fiber to the x

text: While fiber optic cables can carry data at high speeds over long distances, copper cables used in traditional telephone lines and ADSL cannot. For example, the common form of Gigabit Ethernet (1Gbit/s) runs over relatively economical category 5e, category 6 or augmented category 6 unshielded twisted-pair copper cabling but only to . However, 1 Gbit/s Ethernet over fiber can easily reach tens of kilometers. Therefore, FTTP has been selected by every major communications provider in the world to carry data over long 1 Gbit/s symmetrical connections directly to consumer homes. FTTP configurations that bring fiber directly into the building can offer the highest speeds since the remaining segments can use standard Ethernet or coaxial cable.


title: Fiber to the x

text: Fiber is often said to be "future-proof" because the data rate of the connection is usually limited by the terminal equipment rather than the fiber, permitting substantial speed improvements by equipment upgrades before the fiber itself must be upgraded. Still, the type and length of employed fibers chosen, e.g. multimode vs. single-mode, are critical for applicability for future connections of over 1 Gbit/s.


title: Fiber to the x

text: With the rising popularity of high-definition, on-demand video streaming applications and devices such as YouTube, Netflix, Roku, and Facebook LIVE, the demand for reliable bandwidth is crucial as more and more people begin to utilize these services.


title: Fiber to the x

text: FTTC (where fiber transitions to copper in a street cabinet) is generally too far from the users for standard ethernet configurations over existing copper cabling. They generally use very-high-bit-rate digital subscriber line (VDSL) at downstream rates of 80 Mbit/s, but this falls extremely quickly when the distance exceeds 100 meters.


title: Fiber to the x

text: Fiber to the premises (FTTP) is a form of fiber-optic communication delivery, in which an optical fiber is run in an optical distribution network from the central office all the way to the premises occupied by the subscriber. The term "FTTP" has become ambiguous and may also refer to FTTC where the fiber terminates at a utility pole without reaching the premises.


title: Fiber to the x

text: An apartment building may provide an example of the distinction between FTTH and FTTB. If a fiber is run to a panel inside each subscriber's apartment unit, it is FTTH. If instead, the fiber goes only as far as the apartment building's shared electrical room (either only to the ground floor or to each floor), it is FTTB.


title: Fiber to the x

text: Fiber to the curb/cabinet (FTTC) is a telecommunications system based on fiber-optic cables run to a platform that serves several customers. Each of these customers has a connection to this platform via coaxial cable or twisted pair. The "curb" is an abstraction and can just as easily mean a pole-mounted device or communications closet or shed. Typically any system terminating fiber within of the customer premises equipment would be described as FTTC.


title: Fiber to the x

text: Fiber to the node or neighborhood (FTTN), sometimes identified with and sometimes distinguished from fiber to the cabinet (FTTC), is a telecommunication architecture based on fiber-optic cables run to a cabinet serving a neighborhood. Customers typically connect to this cabinet using traditional coaxial cable or twisted pair wiring. The area served by the cabinet is usually less than one mile in radius and can contain several hundred customers. (If the cabinet serves an area of less than in radius, the architecture is typically called FTTC/FTTK.)


title: Fiber to the x

text: FTTN allows delivery of broadband services such as high-speed internet. High-speed communications protocols such as broadband cable access (typically DOCSIS) or some form of digital subscriber line (DSL) are used between the cabinet and the customers. Data rates vary according to the exact protocol used and according to how close the customer is to the cabinet.


title: Fiber to the x

text: Unlike FTTP, FTTN often uses existing coaxial or twisted-pair infrastructure to provide last mile service and is thus less costly to deploy. In the long term, however, its bandwidth potential is limited relative to implementations that bring the fiber still closer to the subscriber.


title: Fiber to the x

text: A variant of this technique for cable television providers is used in a hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC) system. It is sometimes given the acronym FTTLA (fiber-to-the-last-amplifier) when it replaces analog amplifiers up to the last one before the customer (or neighborhood of customers).


title: Fiber to the x

text: FTTC allows delivery of broadband services such as high-speed internet. Usually, existing wire is used with communications protocols such as broadband cable access (typically DOCSIS) or some form of DSL connecting the curb/cabinet and the customers. In these protocols, the data rates vary according to the exact protocol used and according to how close the customer is to the cabinet.


title: Fiber to the x

text: Where it is feasible to run new cable, both fiber and copper ethernet are capable of connecting the "curb" with a full 100Mbit/s or 1Gbit/s connection. Even using relatively cheap outdoor category 5 copper over thousands of feet, all ethernet protocols including power over Ethernet (PoE) are supported. Most fixed wireless technologies rely on PoE, including Motorola Canopy, which has low-power radios capable of running on a 12VDC power supply fed over several hundred feet of cable.


title: Fiber to the x

text: Power line networking deployments also rely on FTTC. Using the IEEE P1901 protocol (or its predecessor HomePlug AV) existing electric service cables move up to 1Gbit/s from the curb/pole/cabinet into every AC electrical outlet in the home—coverage equivalent to a robust Wi-Fi implementation, with the added advantage of a single cable for power and data.


title: Fiber to the x

text: By avoiding new cable and its cost and liabilities, FTTC costs less to deploy. However, it also has historically had lower bandwidth potential than FTTP. In practice, the relative advantage of fiber depends on the bandwidth available for backhaul, usage-based billing restrictions that prevent full use of last-mile capabilities, and customer premises equipment and maintenance restrictions, and the cost of running fiber that can vary widely with geography and building type.


title: Fiber to the x

text: In the United States and Canada, the largest deployment of FTTC was carried out by BellSouth Telecommunications. With the acquisition of BellSouth by AT&T, deployment of FTTC will end. Future deployments will be based on either FTTN or FTTP. Existing FTTC plant may be removed and replaced with FTTP. Verizon, meanwhile, announced in March 2010 they were winding down Verizon FiOS expansion, concentrating on completing their network in areas that already had FiOS franchises but were not deploying to new areas, suggesting that FTTH was uneconomic beyond these areas.


title: Fiber to the x

text: Verizon also announced (at CES 2010) its entry into the smart home and power utility data management arenas, indicating it was considering using P1901-based FTTC or some other existing-wire approach to reach into homes, and access additional revenues from the secure AES-128 bandwidth required for advanced metering infrastructure. However, the largest 1Gbit/s deployment in the United States, in Chattanooga, Tennessee, despite being conducted by power utility EPB, was FTTH rather than FTTC, reaching every subscriber in a 600-square-mile area. Monthly pricing of $350 reflected this generally high cost of deployment. However, Chattanooga EPB has reduced the monthly pricing to $70/month.


title: Fiber to the x

text: Historically, both telephone and cable companies avoided hybrid networks using several different modes of transport from their point of presence into customer premises. The increased competitive cost pressure, availability of three different existing wire solutions, smart grid deployment requirements (as in Chattanooga), and better hybrid networking tools (with major vendors like Alcatel-Lucent and Qualcomm Atheros, and Wi-Fi solutions for edge networks, IEEE 1905 and IEEE 802.21 protocol efforts and SNMP improvements) all make FTTC deployments more likely in areas uneconomic to serve with FTTP/FTTH. In effect FTTC serves as a halfway measure between fixed wireless and FTTH, with special advantages for smart appliances and electric vehicles that rely on PLC use already.


title: Fiber to the x

text: Operators around the world have been rolling out high-speed Internet access networks since the mid-2000s. Some used a network topology known as Active Ethernet Point-to-Point to deliver services from its central office directly into subscribers' homes. Fiber termination was handled by a residential gateway provided by Advanced Digital Broadcast inside a subscriber's home to be shared with other consumer electronics (CE) devices.


title: Fiber to the x

text: Since 2007, Italian access providers Fastweb, Telecom Italia, Vodafone, and Wind participated in an initiative called Fiber for Italy, with the aim of creating a countrywide fiber-to-the-home network in Italy. The pilot taking place in the Italian capital, Rome, has seen symmetrical bandwidth of 100 Mbit/s. Telecom Italia, which refused to take part in the Fiber for Italy initiative, has an even more ambitious plan to bring fiber-to-the-home and fiber-to-the-business to 138 cities by 2018.


title: Fiber to the x

text: By the end of December 2010, the total number of fiber-to-the-home enabled homes had passed 2.5 million, with more than 348,000 subscribers.)


title: Fiber to the x

text: In September 2010, the European Commission published a new "Recommendation for Regulated Access to NGA Networks" along with a list of measures to promote deployment of fast broadband and next generation access networks.


title: Fiber to the x

text: Portugal Telecom plans to complete its fiber-to-the-home nationwide roll out by 2020. Currently 200 mbs down, 100mbs up costs 22 euros per month.


title: Fiber to the x

text: Between September 2017 and March 2019, the number of European FTTH and FTTB subscribers increased by nearly 16%. By 2025, the total number of premises passed by FTTH and FTTB infrastructure is expected to reach 187 million throughout Europe.


title: Fiber to the x

text: Active Line Access is an evolving standard for the provision of services over FTTP networks in the United Kingdom proposed by the regulator Ofcom and developed by the Network Interoperability Consultative Committee.


title: Fiber to the x

text: Most FTTH deployments follow one of four primary architecture types: centralized split, distributed split, star architecture, or daisy-chaining. Fiber network developers choose architectures based on a variety of factors, such as the physical geography of the local environment, number of anticipated subscribers, and labor force skill.


title: Fiber to the x

text: FTTN/C is seen as an interim step towards full FTTH and in many cases triple-play services delivered using this approach to provide up to around 100 Mbit/s have been proven to grow subscriber numbers and ARPU considerably FTTN/C is currently used by a number of operators, including AT&T in the United States, Germany's Deutsche Telekom, Greece's OTE, Swisscom, TIM in Italy, Proximus in Belgium, nbn™ in Australia, and Canadian operators Telus, Cogeco and Bell Canada.


title: Fiber to the x

text: The simplest optical distribution network architecture is direct fiber: each fiber leaving the central office goes to exactly one customer. Such networks can provide excellent bandwidth but are more costly due to the fiber and central office machinery.


title: Fiber to the x

text: South Africa and specifically in the city of Cape Town have one of the largest direct fiber networks in the world. Cape Town has been on the forefront of telecommunication and connectivity for many years, with a large amount of fiber in the ground and many competitive offerings. Their argument for direct fiber is that multiple operators can patch into the network easily, and troubleshooting made simple.


title: Fiber to the x

text: Direct fiber is generally favored by new entrants and competitive operators. A benefit is that no layer 2 networking technologies are excluded, whether passive optical network (PON), active optical network (AON), or other. Any form of regulatory remedy is possible using this topology.


title: Fiber to the x

text: More commonly, each fiber leaving the central office is actually shared by many customers. It is not until such a fiber gets relatively close to the customers that it is split into individual customer-specific fibers. AONs and PONs both achieve this split.


title: Fiber to the x

text: AONs rely on electrically powered network equipment to distribute the signal, such as a switch or router. Normally, signals need an optical-electrical-optical transformation in the AON. Each signal leaving the central office is directed only to the customer for whom it is intended.


title: Fiber to the x

text: Incoming signals from the customers avoid colliding at the intersection because the powered equipment there provides buffering. Active Ethernet (a type of ethernet in the first mile) is a common AON, which uses optical ethernet switches to distribute the signal, incorporating the customers' premises and the central office into a large switched ethernet network.


title: Fiber to the x

text: Such networks are identical to ethernet computer networks used in businesses and academic institutions, except that their purpose is to connect homes and buildings to a central office rather than to connect computers and printers within a location. Each switching cabinet can handle up to 1,000 customers, although 400–500 is more typical.


title: Fiber to the x

text: This neighborhood equipment performs layer 2 switching or layer 3 switching and routing, offloading full layer 3 routing to the carrier's central office. The IEEE 802.3ah standard enables service providers to deliver up to 1000 Mbit/s, full-duplex, over one single-mode optical fiber FTTP, depending on the provider.


title: Fiber to the x

text: A passive optical network (PON) is a point-to-multipoint FTTP network architecture in which unpowered optical splitters are used to enable a single optical fiber to serve up to 128 customers. A PON reduces the fiber and central office equipment required compared with point-to-point architecture.


title: Fiber to the x

text: The downstream signal coming from the central office is broadcast to each customer premises sharing a fiber. Encryption is used to prevent eavesdropping. Upstream signals are combined using a multiple-access protocol, usually time-division multiple access (TDMA).


title: Fiber to the x

text: Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) is a common way of delivering triple- and quad-play (voice, video, data, and mobile) services over both fiber and hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC) networks. Active PPPoE uses dedicated fiber from an operator's central office all the way to the subscribers' homes, while hybrid networks (often FTTN) use it to transport data via fiber to an intermediate point to ensure sufficiently high throughput speeds over last-mile copper connections.


title: Fiber to the x

text: This approach has become increasingly popular in recent years with telecoms service providers in both North America (AT&T, Telus, for example) and Europe's Fastweb, Telecom Italia, Telekom Austria and Deutsche Telekom, for example. Google has also looked into this approach, amongst others, as a way to deliver multiple services over open-access networks in the United States.


title: Fiber to the x

text: The optical network terminal (ONT, an ITU-T term) or unit (ONU, an identical IEEE term) converts the optical signal into an electrical signal using thin film filter technology. These units require electrical power for their operation, so some providers connect them to backup batteries in case of power outages to ensure emergency access to telecommunications. The optical line terminations "range" the optical network terminals or units in order to provide TDMA time slot assignments for upstream communication.


title: Fiber to the x

text: For FTTH and for some forms of FTTB, it is common for the building's existing ethernet, phone, and cable TV systems to connect directly to the optical network terminal or unit. If all three systems cannot directly reach the unit, it is possible to combine signals and transport them over a common medium such as Ethernet. Once closer to the end user, equipment such as a router or network interface controller can separate the signals and convert them into the appropriate protocol.


title: Fiber to the x

text: For FTTC and FTTN, the combined internet, video and telephone signal travels to the building over existing telephone or cable wiring until it reaches the end-user's living space, where a VDSL or DOCSIS modem converts data and video signals into ethernet protocol, which is sent over the end-user's category 5 cable.


title: Robert Newton

text: Robert Guy Newton (1 June 1905 – 25 March 1956) was an English actor. Along with Errol Flynn, Newton was one of the more popular actors among the male juvenile audience of the 1940s and early 1950s, especially with British boys. Known for his hard-living lifestyle, he was cited as a role model by the actor Oliver Reed and the Who's drummer Keith Moon.


title: Robert Newton

text: Beginning his career in theatre in the 1920s, Newton appeared in numerous plays in the West End, including "Bitter Sweet" by Noël Coward. In 1939 he starred as Horatio in "Hamlet" at the Old Vic theatre opposite Laurence Olivier's Prince Hamlet. After serving in the Royal Navy during the Second World War, he had his major break on screen playing the lead in "This Happy Breed" (1944) and starring in Olivier's version of "Henry V" (1944). These appearances saw British exhibitors vote him the 10th most popular British film star of 1944.


title: Robert Newton

text: Newton is best remembered for his portrayal of the feverish-eyed Long John Silver in the 1950 RKO-Disney British adaptation of "Treasure Island", the film that became the standard for screen portrayals of historical pirates. He starred as Edward Teach (Blackbeard) in "Blackbeard the Pirate" in 1952 and Long John Silver again in the 1954 film of the same title, which spawned a miniseries in the mid-1950s. Born in Dorset in the West Country of England and growing up in Cornwall near Land's End, his exaggeration of his West Country accent is credited with popularising the stereotypical "pirate voice". Newton has become the "patron saint" of the annual International Talk Like a Pirate Day.


title: Robert Newton

text: Robert Guy Newton was born on 1 June 1905 in Shaftesbury, Dorset, a son of the landscape painter Algernon Newton, R.A. He was educated in Lamorna near Penzance, Cornwall, where he lived with his family from 1912 to 1918, then at Exeter School and St Bartholomew's School in Newbury, Berkshire.


title: Robert Newton

text: His acting career began at the age of 16 at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre in 1921. He appeared in many repertory shows until he went to Canada where he worked on a cattle ranch for a year.


title: Robert Newton

text: He returned to England and performed in many plays in the West End of London, including "Bitter Sweet" by Noël Coward, "The Letter" with Gladys Cooper, and "Cardboard Lover" with Tallulah Bankhead. He also appeared in "Private Lives" on Broadway, taking over the role from his friend Laurence Olivier. From 1932 to 1934, he was the manager of the Shilling Theatre in Fulham, London. He had a small role in the film "Reunion" (1932).


title: Robert Newton

text: Newton was put under contract to Alexander Korda who cast him in small roles in the cinema films "Fire Over England" (1937), "Dark Journey" (1937), "Farewell Again" (1937) and "The Squeaker" (1937). He also had a part as Cassius in the abandoned version of "I, Claudius" and in "21 Days" (shot in 1937, released 1940). Newton was borrowed by 20th Century Fox for "The Green Cockatoo" (1937). Newton had a good role supporting Charles Laughton in "Vessel of Wrath" (1938). He had another strong part in "Yellow Sands" (1939) and had his first film lead in "Dead Men are Dangerous" (1939). He made another with Laughton, "Jamaica Inn" (1939), playing the romantic male lead, directed by Alfred Hitchcock. In 1939, he played Horatio to Laurence Olivier's "Hamlet" at the Old Vic, in a production that included Alec Guinness and Michael Redgrave. Newton kept busy as a film actor, appearing in "Poison Pen" (1939) and "Hell's Cargo" (1939).


title: Robert Newton

text: Newton continued primarily as a supporting actor in films, appearing in "Gaslight" (1940), "Busman's Honeymoon" (1940), "Bulldog Sees It Through" (1940), "Channel Incident" (1940) and "Major Barbara" (1941), directed by Gabriel Pascal from the play by George Bernard Shaw. Newton got another chance as a star in "Hatter's Castle" (1942), opposite Deborah Kerr and James Mason. He consolidated his status by playing opposite Anna Neagle in the Amy Johnson biopic "They Flew Alone" (1942), playing Jim Mollison.


title: Robert Newton

text: Newton enlisted in the Royal Navy and saw active service in the rank of an Able Seaman on board , which fought as an escort ship on several Russian convoys. After two and a half years in the Royal Navy he was medically discharged in 1943.


title: Robert Newton

text: On resuming his film career, Newton played the lead in "This Happy Breed" (1944), a role played on stage by Noël Coward. Directed by David Lean, it was a huge hit. So too was the Laurence Olivier version of "Henry V" (1944), in which Newton played Ancient Pistol. These appearances helped British exhibitors vote him the 10th most popular British film star of 1944. During the war, he starred in the West End in "No Orchids for Miss Blandish", which was a hit.


title: Robert Newton

text: Newton had the star role in a thriller "Night Boat to Dublin" (1946), then had a showy cameo role in "Odd Man Out" (1947); this performance later was immortalised in Harold Pinter's play "Old Times". He stayed in leads for "Temptation Harbour" (1947) and "Snowbound" (1948). Lean cast him as Bill Sikes in "Oliver Twist" (1948), a huge success critically and commercially.


title: Robert Newton

text: He then made a series of films with Hollywood stars and/or financing: "Kiss the Blood Off My Hands" (1948), a "film noir" with Joan Fontaine and Burt Lancaster; "Obsession" (1949), a thriller directed by Edward Dmytryk, playing a cuckolded husband who exacts revenge on his wife. He played Long John Silver in Walt Disney's version of "Treasure Island" (1950), shot in the UK, with Bobby Driscoll and directed by Byron Haskin. Less well known is "Waterfront" (1950) in which Richard Burton appeared in his first film.


title: Robert Newton

text: His final performance on stage was in the 1950 production of "Gaslight" with Rosamund John at the Vaudeville Theatre.


title: Robert Newton

text: "Treasure Island"s success prompted Newton to return to Hollywood. He was one of several British actors in "Soldiers Three" (1951), an Imperial adventure tale. He returned to Britain for "Tom Brown's Schooldays" (1951) to play Thomas Arnold, then was cast by 20th Century Fox as Javert in their version of "Les Misérables" (1952). In 1951, he was voted the sixth most popular British star in Britain.


title: Robert Newton

text: Gabriel Pascal gave him the star lead in "Androcles and the Lion" (1952), another Shaw adaptation. It was made by RKO who cast Newton in the title role of "Blackbeard the Pirate" (1952).


title: Robert Newton

text: Fox asked him back for "The Desert Rats" (1953) opposite Richard Burton and James Mason, playing a drunken school teacher who discovers bravery during World War II. He was one of several names in an airplane disaster movie "The High and the Mighty" (1954).


title: Robert Newton

text: Back in Britain, Newton was given the lead in "The Beachcomber" (1954), a remake of "Vessels of Wrath", this time in the part originally played by Charles Laughton. He again played Long John Silver in an Australian-made film, "Long John Silver" (1954). It was shot at Pagewood Studios, Sydney and directed by Byron Haskin, who had directed "Treasure Island". The company went on to make a 26-episode 1955 TV series, "The Adventures of Long John Silver", in which Newton also starred. Earlier in 1954, he quit the film "Svengali" for personal reasons to be replaced by Sir Donald Wolfit which left him open to a legal action while filming in Australia in 1954.


title: Robert Newton

text: His last screen appearance was as Inspector Fix in "Around the World in 80 Days" (1956) opposite David Niven, Shirley MacLaine and the Mexican star Cantinflas. It won the Academy Award for the Best Picture in 1956.


title: Robert Newton

text: Newton married four times and had three children: Sally Newton (born 1930), Nicholas Newton (born 1950) and Kim Newton (born 1953).


title: Robert Newton

text: He was accused of kidnapping his son, Nicholas, when he took him to Hollywood in 1951, the year his third marriage ended. After a court battle, Newton's elder son was placed in the custody of his aunt and uncle.


title: Robert Newton

text: Newton suffered in the latter part of his life from chronic alcoholism and died on 25 March 1956 at age 50, following a heart attack in Beverly Hills, California. His body was cremated, and there is a plaque in Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles in his memory. Years later, his son Nicholas scattered his ashes into the English Channel in Mount's Bay, near Lamorna in Cornwall, where his father had spent his childhood.


title: Robert Newton

text: For several years, Newton was voted by exhibitors as among the most popular British stars at the local box office:


title: Afro-Russians

text: Afro-Russians () are people of African descent that have migrated to and settled in Russia. The Metis Foundation estimates that there were about 30,000 Afro-Russians in 2013.


title: Afro-Russians

text: Representatives of African peoples in the Russian language have been commonly called . The word comes from (the color black in Spanish) through other European languages (, ). In the Russian language the word does not carry a negative connotation, but that does not mean it is not offensive to others from other cultures.


title: Afro-Russians

text: There was never an observable number of people of African descent in Russia, even after Western European colonization of the continent. For centuries Russia was too isolated to interact with Africa. Russia's non-involvement in the colonization of Africa or the Atlantic slave trade prevented it from developing significant relationships with African tribes or colonies. Despite this, Abram Petrovich Gannibal, a Russian of princely African descent, became a general and nobleman in the Russian Empire. After being kidnapped from Logone (in contemporary Cameroon) by Ottoman forces as a boy, he was sold to Russian diplomat Fedor Golovin in 1704 and gifted to Tsar Peter the Great, who freed and adopted him. As an adult, he rose to nobility, and served the Russian Empire in both civil and military capacities. He is also a maternal great-grandfather to the famed Russian poet Alexander Pushkin.


title: Afro-Russians

text: After the revolution several African-American families came to the Soviet Union under the auspices of the Comintern. Among them were Oliver John Golden and his wife Bertha Bialek, bringing with them a group of 16 Afro-American experts in the cultivation of cotton; well-known African-American poet Langston Hughes with a group of 22 filmmakers; Paul Robeson with his family; and many others. Some of them stayed in Russia and their descendants still live there.


title: Afro-Russians

text: When African nations gained independence from colonialism, the Soviet Union offered scholarships to young people from these nations. About 400,000 Africans studied in the former Soviet Union between the late 1950s and 1990. The first significant arrival of Africans was for the 6th World Festival of Youth and Students held in Moscow in 1957. The mixed race African descended children were called festival children because of their appearance, timing of their birth, and lack of a father figure. Many Africans also attended the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.


title: 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix

text: The 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix (officially known as the Formula 1 Rolex Sakhir Grand Prix 2020) was a Formula One motor race that took place on 6 December 2020. The race was contested over 87 laps of the 'Outer Circuit' configuration of the Bahrain International Circuit in Sakhir, Bahrain. It was the first Formula One race on this track configuration. The race was the sixteenth and penultimate round in the 2020 Formula One World Championship and the second of two back-to-back races in Bahrain, with the Bahrain Grand Prix having taken place on the 'Grand Prix' configuration of the circuit one week beforehand. The race also marked the first, and thus far only, running of the Sakhir Grand Prix.


title: 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix

text: The race was won by Sergio Pérez of Racing Point, who took his first Formula One victory and Racing Point's only win as a constructor. Esteban Ocon finished second for the Renault team to claim his maiden podium in Formula One, while Pérez's teammate Lance Stroll finished third, giving Racing Point their only double podium finish as a constructor. Pérez became the first Mexican Formula One driver to win a race since Pedro Rodríguez won the 1970 Belgian Grand Prix. Racing Point became the first British constructor to win a race since Lotus F1 at the 2013 Australian Grand Prix. Recovering from a first-lap spin, Pérez won having inherited the lead on lap 64 of the race after longtime race leader George Russell fell foul of a pitstop error and a puncture.


title: 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix

text: This was the first race not to feature Lewis Hamilton since the 2006 Brazilian Grand Prix and Romain Grosjean since the 2012 Italian Grand Prix.


title: 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix

text: Most of the races originally planned for the championship were postponed or cancelled because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The FIA drafted a new schedule in order to maximise the number of races on the calendar. In August 2020 the Sakhir Grand Prix was added to the schedule. It was held on 6 December 2020, one week after the Bahrain Grand Prix was held at the same venue. The Grand Prix was officially held behind closed doors, but authorities did give guest passes to local health workers and their families to attend in recognition of their efforts during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bahrain.


title: 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix

text: This race used the 'Outer Circuit' layout, the first Formula One race to be held on this layout. At it was shorter than the 'Grand Prix' layout, which had been used for the Bahrain Grand Prix the week prior. The race was contested over 87 laps to exceed the race distance mandated by the regulations. Lap times in all sessions were under one minute. The only other World Championship Grand Prix weekend where sub-one minute lap times had been achieved was the 1974 French Grand Prix at Dijon-Prenois.


title: 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix

text: McLaren driver Lando Norris likened the layout's high speed nature to the Thruxton circuit in the United Kingdom, whilst regular Williams driver George Russell said he expected the layout to be "bonkers". Renault driver Daniel Ricciardo expressed his hope that the circuit would provide good overtaking opportunities, with Carlos Sainz Jr. of McLaren suggesting that choosing the correct setup, particularly downforce levels, would be difficult.


title: 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix

text: Some drivers declared themselves unhappy with the circuit layout after driving it in the Friday free practice sessions. Drivers such as Sainz Jr. and Max Verstappen feared potential safety issues during the first and second knockout sessions in qualifying, with the high probability of close proximity between cars on track due to the short lap distance and the potential huge discrepancies in closing speeds between cars, particularly in the early parts of qualifying, with Sainz saying the layout "was on the verge of being dangerous" and urging the FIA to take action. Verstappen also described the layout as "not the most exciting" while Ferrari's Sebastian Vettel called the layout "too short" and his Ferrari teammate Charles Leclerc said the circuit reminded him of his karting days. Despite driver concerns of the exceptionally short laptime creating traffic problems in qualifying, the FIA confirmed they would not relax the sport's rules on impeding during qualifying and that penalties would still be handed out to any driver found guilty of impeding a competitor.


title: 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix

text: The drivers and teams were the same as the pre-season entry list with three exceptions: debutant Pietro Fittipaldi replaced Romain Grosjean for Haas, after the latter's crash at the previous week's Bahrain Grand Prix. World Champion Lewis Hamilton tested positive for the coronavirus the week before the race and, in accordance with Bahrain and FIA protocols, he was declared unfit to participate. This marked the first time that Hamilton did not take part in a Formula One race since his debut at the 2007 Australian Grand Prix. Williams driver and Mercedes protégé Russell replaced Hamilton. Jack Aitken, who had been competing in Formula 2, replaced Russell at Williams, making his Formula One race debut.


title: 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix

text: Sole tyre supplier Pirelli brought their C2, C3, and C4 compound tyres (the middle range of hardnesses) for teams to use in dry conditions.


title: 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix

text: The first of three practice sessions took place on Friday evening, with Russell at the top of the timesheet for Mercedes ahead of Red Bull Racing drivers Verstappen and Alex Albon. The second practice session took place on Friday night and Russell was again fastest, from Verstappen and Racing Point driver Sergio Pérez. The third practice session took place on Saturday, and Verstappen was fastest ahead of Valtteri Bottas and AlphaTauri driver Pierre Gasly.


title: 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix

text: Valtteri Bottas qualified on pole position with a time of 53.377 seconds to set a new record for the shortest pole position lap (in terms of time duration) in F1 history. This broke the record Niki Lauda set in qualifying for the 1974 French Grand Prix, which was 58.790 seconds. George Russell achieved second place in his debut qualifying session for Mercedes, just 0.026 seconds off Bottas' pole time.


title: 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix

text: Russell made a quick getaway off the starting grid to take the lead of the Grand Prix at turn 1, with teammate Valtteri Bottas behind in second. A three-way fight for third began behind the two Mercedes, between Leclerc, Verstappen and Pérez. As the three navigated turn four, Leclerc braked late and hit Pérez, causing the Mexican to spin and damaging Leclerc's front left suspension. Verstappen slowed and took the turn wide, but could not turn in time to avoid the barrier on the outside of the turn. The incident triggered a safety car. Leclerc and Verstappen retired, but Pérez was able to rejoin and, after a tyre change, ran at the back of the field. After the race, Leclerc was penalised three grid spots for the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix for his part in the incident.


title: 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix

text: The safety car was withdrawn on lap 7 with Russell gradually widening his lead from Bottas. Behind them, Carlos Sainz Jr. and Lance Stroll, as well as AlphaTauri and Renault's drivers completed the top eight. Pérez made his way up into a points-paying tenth position by lap 20. By lap 50, all teams had made their first round of pit stops. The top three were Russell, Bottas, and McLaren's Carlos Sainz Jr. Pérez, having taken a second stop for fresh tyres, ran in ninth.


title: 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix

text: With the leaders on lap 54, Nicholas Latifi retired his Williams from 13th place, after turn 8 with an oil leak, triggering a virtual safety car (VSC). Several drivers behind the two leading Mercedes pitted for tyres. Sainz and Daniel Ricciardo were caught out by how brief the VSC was, and dropped down the order as they pitted under racing conditions. Pérez, who did not pit during this safety car period, made his way up to third, with Esteban Ocon's Renault in fourth and Lance Stroll in fifth.


title: 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix

text: On lap 61, Jack Aitken, racing for Williams in 15th place, spun and knocked off his front wing at the final turn, which came to rest on the track on the opening of pit straight. The second virtual safety car of the race was called to allow marshals to remove the wing from the track. Mercedes elected to pit both its drivers on lap 63, at which time the virtual safety car was changed to a full safety car. Radio communication issues to Mercedes's tyre crews led to confusion over which tyre crew was to prepare first. Russell was sent out illegally with Bottas's front tyres, and Bottas remained in the pit box for nearly half a minute before being sent out with the same tyres he had come in on, after Mercedes realised the error. Russell was then forced to pit again on the next lap to fit a set of his own tyres. The Mercedes pit errors left Bottas in fourth and Russell in fifth, behind Pérez, Ocon, and Stroll in the top three positions.


title: 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix

text: When the safety car ended on lap 69, the top four drivers were under threat from Russell, who was the only driver among them on fresh tyres. Russell was able to pass Bottas, Stroll and Ocon, in that order, by lap 73, putting him in second position, chasing Pérez for the lead of the race. Bottas dropped to ninth on his worn hard tyres, passed by Russell, Sainz, Ricciardo, Albon and Daniil Kvyat on fresher mediums. On lap 78, Russell's car suffered a rear left tyre puncture, forcing him to pit yet again for a new set of tyres. Emerging in 14th position, Russell was able to fight back up to ninth on his new soft tyres in the closing laps to earn his first World Drivers' Championship points, and a point for the fastest lap of the race, Russell's fastest lap of 55.404 seconds was the first sub-60 second fastest race lap in the sport's 70-year history, beating the record for shortest fastest race lap duration of 1:00.00 set by Jody Scheckter at the 1974 French Grand Prix.


title: 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix

text: Pérez won the Grand Prix for Racing Point, the first victory of his 190-race career. He was followed by Ocon in second, while Stroll in the other Racing Point completed the podium. As of 2021, this is Racing Point's only win as a constructor and as a legal entity. Of the team's predecessors, Jordan Grand Prix last won a race at the 2003 Brazilian Grand Prix. Pérez was the first Mexican Formula One driver to win a race since Pedro Rodríguez at the 1970 Belgian Grand Prix. Ocon achieved his first Formula One podium. Racing Point's double-podium finish gave them 40 points and moved them back up into third in the Constructors' Championship, after it had lost that position to McLaren in the previous race. Regarding the lap 63 pit stop for Russell, the stewards concluded that only a monetary fine for Mercedes was necessary for the errors on Russell's car.


title: 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix

text: Following the race Pérez said that he felt he could have held off Russell prior to the Briton being forced to pit for a puncture, declaring that "we won today on merit." Russell said that he felt he had the pace to win. Russell also impressed Mercedes with how he coped with the pressure of the weekend in general. Russell's regular team, Williams, admitted that they missed his input during the weekend. The win for Pérez meanwhile loudened the calls for him to be given a seat at Red Bull for 2021 in place of incumbent Albon. The poor performance of Bottas compared to Russell led to criticism both from the media and from Mercedes themselves. The pit stop mix-ups at Mercedes were put down to a radio failure. Renault driver Daniel Ricciardo was left frustrated after feeling his team gave rivals Racing Point the opportunity to win with strategic errors.


title: 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix

text: Following the Mercedes tyre mix-up, the FIA tweaked the tyre usage rules for 2021 so that driver/team would no longer face the risk of being disqualified for putting the incorrect tyres on the car.


title: Tiffany Tang

text: Tang Yan (, born 6 December 1983), also known as Tiffany Tang, is a Chinese actress and singer. She graduated from the Central Academy of Drama in 2006. In 2007, she was nominated for the Best Actress award at the Shanghai Television Festival for her film debut in "Farewell for Love". She left her company Orange Sky Entertainment Group mid-2012 to set up her own studio.


title: Tiffany Tang

text: Tang is noted for her roles in hit dramas "Chinese Paladin 3" (2009), "My Daughter" (2011), "My Sunshine" (2015), and "The Princess Weiyoung" (2016).


title: Tiffany Tang

text: In 2001, Tang took part in the 3rd "Shulei Century Star" competition, and won the champion award. In 2004, Tang was selected as one of the 14 "Olympic Babies" by director Zhang Yimou and performed at the closing ceremony of the Athens 2004 Summer Olympics.


title: Tiffany Tang

text: In 2007, Tang made her official acting debut in the historical television series "Carol of Zhenguan". The same year, she starred in the romance film "Farewell For Love". She received positive reviews for her performance and was nominated as Best Actress at the Shanghai Film Festival and as Best New Actress at the Beijing College Student Film Festival.


title: Tiffany Tang

text: In 2009, Tang rose to fame after starring in fantasy action drama "Chinese Paladin 3", adapted from the video game of the same title. Tang's portrayal of Zi Xuan and her chemistry with Wallace Huo drew positive reviews from the audience. The same year, she played the role of Chu Chu in the wuxia fantasy film "The Storm Warriors".


title: Tiffany Tang

text: In 2010, Tang co-starred alongside Jay Chou in the Taiwanese science fiction television series "Pandamen" and sung the theme song of the drama "Love Attraction", composed specially for her character.


title: Tiffany Tang

text: In 2011, Tang played the role of kind and innocent Xia Tianmei in the metropolitan romance drama "My Daughter", which topped television ratings during its time slot and became the highest rated drama broadcast by Anhui TV that year. The same year, she starred in the romance comedy drama "Waking Love Up" alongside Roy Qiu , which also became one of the highest rated dramas of the year. Tang saw a further rise in popularity, and won several popularity awards at local award ceremonies.


title: Tiffany Tang

text: In 2012, Tang co-starred in fantasy action drama "", adapted from the popular role-playing game "Xuan-Yuan Sword" as the demoness Nugu Ningke. The drama topped TV ratings and garnered 2 billion views online, becoming the 9th drama in Hunan TV's broadcast history to achieve that feat. The same year she starred in the period romance war drama "A Beauty in Troubled Times".


title: Tiffany Tang

text: In 2013, Tang starred in the action romance drama "Agent X", portraying an elite secret agent. She was nominated for the Best Actress award at the Huading Awards for her performance, and was named Most Commercially Valuable Actress of the year at the China TV Drama Awards.


title: Tiffany Tang

text: In 2014, Tang reunited with "Chinese Paladin 3" co-star Wallace Huo in "Perfect Couple", a historical romantic comedy written by Tong Hua. The drama topped online views and became a hot topic, winning Tang and Huo the Best Couple award at the China TV Drama Awards and Tang the Most Popular Actress award at the China Student Television Festival. The same year, she starred in the romance film "For Love or Money" as a flight attendant, and won the Best Supporting Actress award for her performance.


title: Tiffany Tang

text: In 2015, Tang achieved breakthrough with starring roles in a series of hit dramas. In January, she starred in modern romance drama "My Sunshine" alongside Wallace Chung, based on the novel "He Yi Sheng Xiao Mo" by Gu Man. It was a major success, topping television ratings in its time slot and gained 10 million views online. She also starred in the period romance drama "Lady & Liar" alongside Hawick Lau, where she portrayed an acrobatics artist who transforms into a wealthy young mistress. "Lady & Liar" became the second highest rated drama for Jiangsu TV that year and broke 4 billion views online. In February, Tang starred alongside Li Yifeng in another period romance drama "Legend of Fragrance" as a perfumer. The drama was the highest rated drama for Hunan TV that year and broke the record for the highest ratings achieved in the first day of premiere. In June, Tang played the female lead A'ning in the popular tomb-raiding web drama "The Lost Tomb", based on the novel "Daomu Biji". "The Lost Tomb" is the most watched web drama of 2015 with over 2.8 billion views. In July, she starred in modern romance drama "Diamond Lover" with Rain, playing a jewelry designer. The drama was a commercial success with a peak rating of 1.249 and more than 3.3 billion views online Due to the success of her dramas, Tang was given the title of "1 billion queen" as all of her dramas have reached 1 billion views or more. She was nominated at the 17th Huading Awards for Best Actress in four different categories, and won Best Actress in the contemporary genre for her performance in "My Sunshine". She also became the promotional ambassador for the 7th China TV Drama Awards, where she won the awards for Actress with the Most Media Influence as well as Audience's Favorite Character. That year, Tang was ranked 20th on "Forbes" China Celebrity with an income revenue of 45 million yuan. Tang was crowned "Golden Eagle Goddess" for the 11th China Golden Eagle TV Art Festival due to her successful streak in television. Despite her success, Tang received criticism from repetitively playing the same kind of roles without any breakthrough.


title: Tiffany Tang

text: In 2016, Tang starred in Korean-Chinese action film "Bounty Hunters" alongside Korean actor Lee Min-ho and Wallace Chung. The film broke 1 million admissions, and Tang received praise for her acting breakthrough as a femme fatale. She then starred in fantasy romance film "A Chinese Odyssey Part Three" directed by Jeffery Lau, playing the role of Zixia Fairy. The film was released on the mid-autumn festival and topped box office charts. Tang made her small-screen comeback in the historical drama "The Princess Weiyoung", playing the titular role of Li Weiyoung. The drama was a huge success, topping both television and web ratings with over 2% and in its final episodes and garnering 18 billion views online; and also became one of the highest rated television dramas of 2016. Tang won the Best Actress award at the Huading Awards for her performance.


title: Tiffany Tang

text: In 2018, Tang starred in the youth inspirational drama "The Way We Were". She also starred in the action thriller film "Europe Raiders". On 12 June, Tang had her wax figure displayed at Madam Tussauds Shanghai.


title: Tiffany Tang

text: In 2019, Tang starred in the romance drama "See You Again" alongside Shawn Dou. She reunited with Shawn Dou in the historical drama "The Legend of Xiao Chuo", portraying the title character Xiao Yanyan.


title: Tiffany Tang

text: Tang and actor Luo Jin revealed their relationship to the public on 6 December 2016, on her 33rd birthday. they were married in Vienna, Austria on 28 October 2018. In September 2019, they announced that they were expecting their first child together. In December 2019 she had given birth to a baby girl.


title: Tiffany Tang

text: In March 2021, Tang voiced her support for cotton produced in Xinjiang by reposting a post on Weibo that was shared 40 million times, a move replicated by most Chinese celebrities, after some international companies announced they will not purchase cotton from the region due to concerns over possible forced labor of Uyghurs.


title: Wilhelm Frick

text: Wilhelm Frick (12 March 1877 – 16 October 1946) was a prominent German politician of the Nazi Party (NSDAP), who served as Reich Minister of the Interior in Adolf Hitler's cabinet from 1933 to 1943 and as the last governor of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.


title: Wilhelm Frick

text: As the head of the "Kriminalpolizei" (criminal police) in Munich, Frick took part in Hitler's failed Beer Hall Putsch of 1923, for which he was convicted of high treason. He managed to avoid imprisonment and soon afterwards became a leading figure of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in the Reichstag. After Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933, Frick joined the new government and was named Reich Minister of the Interior. Additionally, on 21 May 1935, Frick was named "Generalbevollmächtigter für die Reichsverwaltung" (General Plenipotentiary for the Reich Administration). He was instrumental in formulating laws that consolidated the Nazi regime ("Gleichschaltung"), as well as laws that defined the Nazi racial policy, most notoriously the Nuremberg Laws. On 30 August 1939, immediately prior to the outbreak of the Second World War, Frick was appointed by Hitler to the six-person Council of Ministers for Defense of the Reich which operated as a war cabinet. Following the rise of the SS, Frick gradually lost favour within the party, and in 1943 he was replaced by Heinrich Himmler as interior minister. Frick remained in the cabinet as a minister without portfolio until Hitler's death in 1945.


title: Wilhelm Frick

text: After World War II, Frick was tried and convicted of war crimes at the Nuremberg trials and executed by hanging.


title: Wilhelm Frick

text: Born in the Palatinate municipality of Alsenz, then part of the Kingdom of Bavaria, Germany, the last of four children of Protestant teacher Wilhelm Frick sen. (d. 1918) and his wife Henriette (née Schmidt). He attended the gymnasium in Kaiserslautern, passing his Abitur exams in 1896. He went on studying philology at the University of Munich, but soon after turned to study law in Heidelberg and Humboldt University of Berlin from 1900, he joined the Bavarian civil service in 1903, working as an attorney at the Munich Police Department. He was appointed a "Bezirksamtassessor" in Pirmasens in 1907 and became acting district executive in 1914. Rejected as unfit, Frick did not serve in World War I. He was promoted to the official rank of a "Regierungsassessor" and, at his own request, re-assumed his post at the Munich Police Department in 1917.


title: Wilhelm Frick

text: On 25 April 1910, Frick married Elisabetha Emilie Nagel (1890–1978) in Pirmasens. They had two sons and a daughter. The marriage ended in an ugly divorce in 1934. A few weeks later, on 12 March, Frick remarried in Münchberg Margarete Schultze-Naumburg (1896–1960), the former wife of the Nazi Reichstag MP Paul Schultze-Naumburg. Margarete gave birth to a son and a daughter.


title: Wilhelm Frick

text: In Munich, Frick witnessed the end of the war and the German Revolution of 1918–1919. He sympathized with "Freikorps" paramilitary units fighting against the Bavarian government of Premier Kurt Eisner. Chief of Police Ernst Pöhner introduced him to Adolf Hitler, whom he helped willingly with obtaining permissions to hold political rallies and demonstrations.


title: Wilhelm Frick

text: Elevated to the rank of an "Oberamtmann" and head of the "Kriminalpolizei" (criminal police) from 1923, he and Pöhner participated in Hitler's failed Beer Hall Putsch on 9 November. Frick tried to suppress the State Police's operation, wherefore he was arrested and imprisoned, and tried for aiding and abetting high treason by the People's Court in April 1924. After several months in custody, he was given a suspended sentence of 15 months' imprisonment and was dismissed from his police job. Later during the disciplinary proceedings, the dismissal was declared unfair and revoked, on the basis that his treasonous intention had not been proven. Frick went on to work at the Munich social insurance office from 1926 onwards, in the rank of a "Regierungsrat" 1st class by 1933.


title: Wilhelm Frick

text: In the aftermath of the putsch, Wilhelm Frick was elected a member of the German "Reichstag" parliament in the federal election of May 1924. He had been nominated by the National Socialist Freedom Movement, an electoral list of the far-right German Völkisch Freedom Party and then banned Nazi Party. On 1 September 1925, Frick joined the re-established Nazi Party. On 20 May 1928, he was one of the first 12 deputies elected to the "Reichstag" as Nazi Party members. He associated himself with the radical Gregor Strasser; making his name by aggressive anti-democratic and antisemitic Reichstag speeches, he climbed to the post of the Nazi parliamentary group leader ("Fraktionsführer") in 1928. He would continue to be elected to the "Reichstag" in every subsequent election in the Weimar and Nazi regimes.


title: Wilhelm Frick

text: In 1929, as the price for joining the coalition government of the "Land" (state) of Thuringia, the NSDAP received the state ministries of the Interior and Education. On 23 January 1930, Frick was appointed to these ministries, becoming the first Nazi to hold a ministerial-level post at any level in Germany (though he remained a member of the Reichstag). Frick used his position to dismiss Communist and Social Democratic officials and replace them with Nazi Party members, so Thuringia's federal subsidies were temporarily suspended by Reich Minister Carl Severing. Frick also appointed the eugenicist Hans F. K. Günther as a professor of social anthropology at the University of Jena, banned several newspapers, and banned pacifist drama and anti-war films such as "All Quiet on the Western Front". He was removed from office by a Social Democratic motion of no confidence in the Thuringian Landtag parliament on 1 April 1931.


title: Wilhelm Frick

text: When Reich president Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler chancellor on 30 January 1933, Frick joined his government as "Reichsminister" of the Interior. Together with Reichstag President Hermann Göring, he was one of only two Nazi "Reichsministers" in the original Hitler Cabinet, and the only one who actually had a portfolio; Göring served as minister without portfolio until 5 May. Though Frick held a key position, especially in organizing the federal elections of March 1933, he initially had far less power than his counterparts in the rest of Europe. Notably, he had no authority over the police; in Germany law enforcement has traditionally been a state and local matter. Indeed, the main reason that Hindenburg and Franz von Papen agreed to give the Interior Ministry to the Nazis was that it was almost powerless at the time. A mighty rival arose in the establishment of the Propaganda Ministry under Joseph Goebbels on 13 March.


title: Wilhelm Frick

text: Frick's power dramatically increased as a result of the Reichstag Fire Decree and the Enabling Act of 1933. The provision of the Reichstag Fire Decree giving the cabinet the power to take over state governments on its own authority was actually his idea; he saw the fire as a chance to increase his power and begin the process of Nazifying the country. He was responsible for drafting many of the "Gleichschaltung" laws that consolidated the Nazi regime. Within a few days of the Enabling Act's passage, Frick helped draft a law appointing "Reichskommissare" to disempower the state governments. Under the Law for the Reconstruction of the Reich, which converted Germany into a highly centralized state, the newly implemented "Reichsstatthalter" (state governors) were directly responsible to him. Frick also was made a member of Hans Frank's Academy for German Law. On 10 October 1933, Hitler appointed him a "Reichsleiter", the second highest political rank in the Nazi Party. In May 1934, he was appointed Prussian Minister of the Interior under Minister-President Göring, which gave him control over the police in Prussia. By 1935, he also had near-total control over local government. He had the sole power to appoint the mayors of all municipalities with populations greater than 100,000 (except for the city states of Berlin and Hamburg, where Hitler reserved the right to appoint the mayors himself if he deemed it necessary). He also had considerable influence over smaller towns as well; while their mayors were appointed by the state governors, as mentioned earlier the governors were responsible to him.


title: Wilhelm Frick

text: Frick was instrumental in the racial policy of Nazi Germany drafting laws against Jewish citizens, like the "Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service" and the notorious Nuremberg Laws in September 1935. Already in July 1933, he had implemented the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring including forced sterilizations, which later culminated in the killings of the Action T4 "euthanasia" programme supported by his ministry. Frick also took a leading part in Germany's re-armament in violation of the 1919 Versailles Treaty. He drafted laws introducing universal military conscription and extending the Wehrmacht service law to Austria after the 1938 "Anschluss", as well as to the "Sudetenland" territories of the First Czechoslovak Republic annexed according to the Munich Agreement.


title: Wilhelm Frick

text: In the summer of 1938 Frick was named the patron "(Schirmherr)" of the Deutsches Turn- und Sportfest in Breslau, a patriotic sports festival attended by Hitler and much of the Nazi leadership. In this event he presided the ceremony of "handing over" the new Nazi Reich Sports League (NSRL) standard to "Reichssportführer" Hans von Tschammer und Osten, marking the further nazification of sports in Germany. On 11 November 1938, Frick promulgated the Regulations Against Jews' Possession of Weapons.


title: Wilhelm Frick

text: From the mid-to-late 1930s Frick lost favour irreversibly within the Nazi Party after a power struggle involving attempts to resolve the lack of coordination within the Reich government. For example, in 1933 he tried to restrict the widespread use of "protective custody" orders that were used to send people to concentration camps, only to be begged off by "Reichsführer-SS" Heinrich Himmler. His power was greatly reduced in June 1936 when Hitler named Himmler the Chief of German Police, which effectively united the police with the SS. On paper, Frick was Himmler's immediate superior. In fact, the police were now independent of Frick's control, since the SS was responsible only to Hitler. A long-running power struggle between the two culminated in Frick's being replaced by Himmler as "Reichsminister" of the Interior in August 1943. However, he remained in the cabinet as a "Reichsminister" without portfolio. Besides Hitler, he and Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk were the only members of the Third Reich's cabinet to serve continuously from Hitler's appointment as Chancellor until his death.


title: Wilhelm Frick

text: Frick's replacement as "Reichsminister" of the Interior did not reduce the growing administrative chaos and infighting between party and state agencies. Frick was then appointed as Protector of Bohemia and Moravia, making him Hitler's personal representative in the Czech lands. Its capital Prague, where Frick used ruthless methods to counter dissent, was one of the last Axis-held cities to fall at the end of World War II in Europe.


title: Wilhelm Frick

text: Frick was arrested, and was arraigned at the Nuremberg trials, where he was the only defendant besides Rudolf Hess who refused to testify on his own behalf. Frick was convicted of planning, initiating and waging wars of aggression, war crimes and crimes against humanity, and for his role, as Minister of the Interior, in formulating the Enabling Act and the Nuremberg Laws – laws under which people were deported to concentration camps, many of them being murdered there. Frick was also accused of being one of the most senior people responsible for the existence of the concentration camps.


title: Wilhelm Frick

text: Frick was sentenced to death on 1 October 1946, and was hanged at Nuremberg Prison on 16 October. Of his execution, journalist Joseph Kingsbury-Smith wrote:


title: Wilhelm Frick

text: His body, along with those of the other nine executed men and the corpse of Hermann Göring, was cremated at the Ostfriedhof Cemetery in Munich, and the ashes were scattered in the river Isar.


title: Zatoichi

text: This originally minor character was drastically altered and developed for the screen by Daiei Film and actor Shintaro Katsu, becoming the subject of one of Japan's longest-running film series. A total of 26 films were made between 1962 and 1989. From 1974 to 1979, a television series was produced, starring Katsu and some of the same actors that appear in the films. Produced by Katsu Productions, 100 episodes were aired before the "Zatoichi" television series was cancelled.


title: Zatoichi

text: The seventeenth film of the "Zatoichi" series was remade in the US in 1989 by TriStar Pictures as "Blind Fury", starring Rutger Hauer. A 2003 film was directed by Takeshi Kitano, who also starred as the title character. It was awarded the Venice Film Festival's Silver Lion for Best Direction. A stage adaptation of "Zatoichi" directed by Takashi Miike and starring Show Aikawa was filmed in 2007 and later released on home video. "" is a 2010 film directed by Junji Sakamoto and starring Shingo Katori.


title: Zatoichi

text: Zatoichi at first comes across as a harmless blind "anma" (masseur) and "bakuto" (gambler) who wanders the land, making his living by "chō-han" (playing dice) as well as giving massages, performing acupuncture and even, on occasion, singing and playing music. Secretly, however, he is very highly skilled in swordsmanship, specifically Muraku-school kenjutsu and iaido along with the more general sword skills of Japan, as well as sumo wrestling and kyujutsu.


title: Zatoichi

text: Little of his past is revealed, other than that he lost his sight as a child through illness. His father disappeared for undisclosed reasons when Zatoichi was about five years old. He is described by his swordsmanship instructor as having practiced constantly and with extreme devotion when he was a pupil in order to develop his incredible skills. Zatoichi says of himself that he became a yakuza (gangster) during those three years he spent training (which immediately precede the original "The Tale of Zatoichi") and killed many people, something he later came to deeply regret. This is reflected in his willingness to involve himself in the affairs of others—chiefly, those suffering from oppression and exploitation, or some form of corruption. Despite that moral re-assessment and his new perspective and remorse (and most often because of them), he usually has a bounty (sometimes quite large) on his head from one source or another throughout the movies and series. However, because of his earnestness, wit, and natural sense of empathy, many people who encounter him during his travels grow to respect and even care for him.


title: Zatoichi

text: Unlike a bushi, he does not carry a traditional katana. Instead, he uses a well-made "shikomi-zue" (仕込み杖, lit. "prepared cane" or cane sword), as the use or possession of true fighting blades was formally outlawed for non-samurai during the Edo period. The decree was virtually impossible to enforce, however, as evidenced by the Yakuza enforcers being shown wielding katanas throughout the films. The blades of "Shikomi-zue" were generally straight-edged, of lower-quality, unfolded steel, which could not compare with even a low-end "katana". As a result, the blade in Ichi's cane sword is broken during the climactic battle in "Zatoichi the Fugitive" (the fourth film). The sword has a new blade by the next film, which he wields until the fifteenth film "Zatoichi's Cane Sword". The blade (which breaks during the film) and the blade that replaces it were specially forged at great expense and with far more than the usual care by master bladesmiths and were both of exceptional quality, superior to the swords of even most "samurai". At the beginning of "Zatoichi Meets Yojimbo", his swordblade (presumably the same) inexplicably breaks and is sold to a blacksmith along with its hilt and scabbard. Its replacement is not a "shikomi-zue", but a "jotō" (杖刀 lit. a "staff sword") of unrevealed origin that resembles a short, thick bo staff, which also soon breaks. In the next film, "Zatoichi: The Festival of Fire", he is once again using his trademark cane sword, outfitted with a new blade of unknown origin and quality.


title: Zatoichi

text: The principal recurring thematic formula of these films and the television series is that of the ever-wandering and sentimental drifter who protects the innocent and the helpless from oppressive or warring "yakuza" gangs, stops the worst of general injustice or predation and aids the unfortunate, and often, through no fault of his own, is set upon by ruffians or stumbles into harm's way. Zatoichi's saga is essentially one of an earthy but basically good and wise man almost always trying to do the decent thing, to somehow redeem himself and perhaps atone for past failings. Nevertheless, he believes himself instead to be a stained, corrupted and evil man, irredeemable and undeserving of the love and respect that some show and rightly have for him. This self-described "god of calamities" is routinely a magnet for troubles of one sort or another. Death is his only constant companion, as he pragmatically does not allow other people, especially those he loves or thinks highly of, to get close and stay there for long; such would lead to eventual tragedy. Death does seem, like a shadow, actually to follow an often reluctant Zatoichi almost everywhere he goes, and despite his mostly compassionate nature, killing appears to come entirely naturally to him.


title: Zatoichi

text: His lightning-fast fighting skill is incredible, with his sword held in a reverse grip; this, combined with his unflappable steel-nerved wits in a fight, his keen ears, sense of smell and proprioception, all render him a formidable adversary. He is also quite capable with a traditional "katana", as seen in "Zatoichi's Vengeance" and the bathhouse scene in "Zatoichi and the Festival of Fire". Similarly, he displays considerable skill using two swords simultaneously, in Musashi-like "Nitō Ichi" style in "Zatoichi and the Doomed Man". Almost preternaturally dangerous with blades, he is fully capable (whether standing, sitting or lying down) of fighting and swiftly defeating multiple skilled opponents simultaneously. Some, however, have come close to besting him in combat, in particular during the final duel in "Zatoichi Challenged", where extenuating circumstances played a role.


title: Zatoichi

text: A number of other standard scenarios are also repeated through the series: Zatoichi's winning of large amounts at gambling via his ability to hear whether the dice have fallen on even or odd is a common theme, as is his catching loaded or substituted dice by the difference in their sound. This frequently culminates in another set piece, Zatoichi's cutting the candles lighting the room and reducing it to pitch blackness, commonly accompanied by his tagline "Kurayami nara kotchi no mon da" (暗闇ならこっちのもんだ; roughly meaning "Darkness is my ally" or "Now we are all blind").


title: Zatoichi

text: The character's name is actually "Ichi". "Zatō" is a title, the lowest of the four official ranks within the "Tōdōza", the historical guild for blind men (thus, "zato" also designates a blind person in Japanese slang). Ichi is therefore properly called "Zatō-no-Ichi" ("Low-Ranking Blind Person Ichi", approximately), or "Zatōichi" for short. Massage was a traditional occupation for the blind (as their lack of sight removed the issue of gender), as was playing the biwa or, for blind women ("goze"), the shamisen. Being lesser hinin (lit. "non-people"), blind people and masseurs were regarded as among the very lowest of the low in social class, other than eta or outright criminals; they were generally considered wretches, beneath notice, no better than beggars or even the insane—especially during the Edo period—and it was also commonly thought that the blind were accursed, despicable, severely mentally disabled, deaf and sexually dangerous.


title: Zatoichi

text: The original series of 26 films featured Shintaro Katsu as Zatoichi. The first film was made in 1962 in black and white. The third film, in 1963, was the first to be filmed in color. The 25th film was made in 1973, followed by a hiatus of 16 years until Katsu's last film, which he wrote and directed himself in 1989.


title: Zatoichi

text: The original series of movies features other popular fictional characters of the genre on two occasions. "Zatoichi Meets the One-Armed Swordsman" (1971) connects with the Shaw Brothers series of Hong Kong-produced movies directed by prolific director Chang Cheh; and "Zatoichi Meets Yojimbo" (1970) features Toshiro Mifune as Imperial Shogunate Secret Agent Daisaku Sasa. This character resembles the title character of Akira Kurosawa's films "Yojimbo" and "Sanjuro". The earlier films, in which Mifune's character used the pseudonym Sanjuro (30-year-old), are alluded to when Sassa is jokingly called Shijuro (40-year-old).


title: Zatoichi

text: The television series "Zatoichi" ran for four seasons—a total of 100 episodes—with Shintaro Katsu in the lead role:


title: Zatoichi

text: Most of the stories in the television series are original dramas, but some are essentially redacted remakes of the full-length Zatoichi films of the previous decade such as Season One, Episode 14, "Fighting Journey with Baby in Tow" (corresponds to the 8th film "Fight, Zatoichi, Fight" 座頭市血笑旅 Zatōichi kesshō-tabi); Season One, Episode 16, "The Winds From Mt. Akagi".


title: Zatoichi

text: The first season of television shows has been released with English subtitles from Media Blasters / Tokyo Shock.


title: Zatoichi

text: The first 20 films were produced and distributed by Daiei Film (except for the 16th film "Zatoichi the Outlaw" and the 20th film "Zatoichi Meets Yojimbo" which were produced by Shintaro Katsu's own company, Katsu Productions, and distributed theatrically by Daiei).


title: Zatoichi

text: The last 6 films (and the TV series) were also produced by Katsu Productions. Distribution of these films was done by Dainichi Eihai ("Zatoichi Goes to the Fire Festival", "Zatoichi Meets the One-Armed Swordsman"), Toho ("Zatoichi at Large" which Toho also co-produced with Katsu Productions, "Zatoichi in Desperation", and "Zatoichi at the Blood Fest"), and Shochiku which released Katsu's last Zatoichi film in 1989. It was re-released (and retitled "Darkness Is His Ally") in 2004, occasioned by the new 2003 Zatoichi film, "Zatoichi", starring Takeshi Kitano, which Shochiku also released.


title: Zatoichi

text: Chambara Entertainment/Video Action of Honolulu held the original VHS release rights to the Zatoichi film series numbers 1-20, though it only released some of them. Chambara eventually expired its North American release license. AnimEigo held the remainder of the VHS rights.


title: Zatoichi

text: Home Vision Entertainment was granted United States distribution rights to the original Daiei films (except for the 14th and the 16th (the second of which was still in possession of AnimEigo)), and released them on DVD: the films were numbered 1–13, 15, and 17–19. AnimEigo released seven of the films: "Zatoichi the Outlaw" (1967), "Zatoichi Meets Yojimbo" (1970), "Zatoichi at the Fire Festival" (1970, as "Zatoichi: The Festival of Fire"), "Zatoichi Meets the One-Armed Swordsman" (1971), "Zatoichi at Large" (1972), "Zatoichi in Desperation" (1972), and "Zatoichi at the Blood Fest" (1973, as "Zatoichi's Conspiracy").


title: Zatoichi

text: Media Blasters (under their Tokyo Shock label) have released both the 1989 film and the first season (26 episodes) of the TV series.


title: Zatoichi

text: The Criterion Collection released the first 25 films as a dual-format Blu-ray and DVD boxed set on November 26, 2013.


title: Zatoichi

text: In 1989, TriStar Pictures released a remake called "Blind Fury", starring Rutger Hauer as a Vietnam War vet who is blinded, then taught to use a cane sword by a local tribe before returning home to America. This film is based on "Zatoichi Challenged" (1967), the 17th film in the original series.


title: Zatoichi

text: In 2003, Takeshi Kitano wrote, directed and appeared in a new high-budget film featuring the character, "Zatoichi". It premiered on September 3, 2003, at the Venice Film Festival, where it won the prestigious Silver Lion award, and went on to numerous other awards both at home and abroad. The soundtrack was composed by Keiichi Suzuki and the Japanese tap dance troupe "The Stripes". Zatoichi discovers a small, remote mountain town that has been overtaken by a bullying gang that is extorting money from the townspeople. As Zatoichi seeks to liberate the town, he encounters a "rōnin" seeking employment to pay for his ailing wife's needs, and two "geisha" who are seeking to avenge the murder of their parents, but he soon discovers that they are not what they seem to be.


title: Zatoichi

text: A stage version of "Zatoichi" directed by Takashi Miike starred Show Aikawa. It was filmed in 2007 and later released on home video.


title: Zatoichi

text: In 2008's "Ichi", a blind female musician who is rescued (and later trained) by Zatoichi travels through Japan to find her mentor.


title: Narmada Bachao Andolan

text: Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) is an Indian social movement spearheaded by native tribals ("adivasis"), farmers, environmentalists and human rights activists against a number of large dam projects across the Narmada River, which flows through the states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.


title: Narmada Bachao Andolan

text: Sardar Sarovar Dam in Gujarat is one of the biggest dams on the river and was one of the first focal points of the movement. It is part of the Narmada Dam Project, whose main aim is to provide irrigation and electricity to people of the above states.


title: Narmada Bachao Andolan

text: The mode of campaign under NBA includes court actions, hunger strikes, rallies and gathering support from notable film and art personalities. The NBA, with its leading spokespersons Medha Patkar and Baba Amte, received the Right Livelihood Award in 1991.


title: Narmada Bachao Andolan

text: After India's independence in 1947, under the newly formed government headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, investigations were carried out to evaluate mechanisms for using water from the Narmada River, which flows into the Arabian Sea after passing through the states of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat. The formation of the Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal was triggered by interstate differences in implementing schemes and sharing of water by the Government of India on 6 October 1969 to adjudicate over the disputes. The tribunal investigated the matters referred to it and responded after more than 10 years. The Narmada Tribunal aimed to set out conditions regarding the resettlement and rehabilitation of those displaced by the dams. On 12 December 1979, after ten years of investigation, the decision as given by the tribunal, with all the parties at dispute binding to it, was released by the Indian government.


title: Narmada Bachao Andolan

text: As per the tribunal's decision, 30 major, 135 medium, and 3000 small dams were approved for construction, including raising the height of the Sardar Sarovar dam. This decision was motivated by the assumption that it would provide water to around forty million people, irrigation, and electricity to people in the region. Thus, the construction began.


title: Narmada Bachao Andolan

text: In 1985, after hearing about the Sardar Sarovar dam, Medha Patkar and her colleagues visited the project site and noticed that project work was being checked due to an order by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. The reasons for this was cited as "non-fulfillment of basic environmental conditions and the lack of completion of crucial studies and plans". The people who were going to be affected by the construction of the dam were given no information but the offer for rehabilitation. Villagers weren't consulted and weren't asked for a feedback on the assessment that had taken place. Furthermore, the officials related to the project had not even checked the land records and updated them. While World Bank, the financing agency for this project, came into the picture, Patkar approached the Ministry of Environment to seek clarifications. After seeking answers from the ministry, she realized that the project was not sanctioned at all and wondered as to how funds were even sanctioned by the World Bank. After several studies, they realized that the officials had overlooked the post-project problems.


title: Narmada Bachao Andolan

text: Through Patkar's channel of communication between the government and the residents, she provided critiques to the project authorities and the governments involved. At the same time, her group realized that all those displaced were given compensation only for the immediate standing crop and not for displacement and rehabilitation.


title: Narmada Bachao Andolan

text: As Patkar remained immersed in the Narmada struggle, she chose to quit her PhD studies and focus entirely on the Narmada activity. Thereafter, she organized a 36-day solidarity march among the neighboring states of the Narmada valley from Madhya Pradesh to the Sardar Sarovar dam site. She said that the march was "a path symbolizing the long path of struggle (both immediate and long-term) that [they] really had". The march was resisted by the police, who according to Patkar were "caning the marchers and arresting them and tearing the clothes off women activists".


title: Narmada Bachao Andolan

text: Within the focus of the NBA towards the stoppage of the Sardar Sarovar Dam, Patkar advised adding the World Bank to its propaganda. Using the right to fasting, she undertook a 22-day fast that almost took her life. Patkar's actions did force the World Bank to set up The Morse Commission, an independent review of the project. Their report clearly stated that the Bank's policies on environment and resettlement were being violated by the project. The World Bank's participation in these projects was canceled in 1993. Before the World Bank could pull out, the Indian Government did.


title: Narmada Bachao Andolan

text: She undertook a similar fast in 1993 and resisted evacuation from the dam site. In 1994, the Narmada Bachao Andolan office was attacked reportedly by a couple of political parties, and Patkar and other activists were physically assaulted and verbally abused. In protest, a few NBA activists and she began a fast; 20 days later, they were arrested and forcibly fed intravenously.


title: Narmada Bachao Andolan

text: The Sardar Sarovar Dam's construction began again in 1999 after the construction was allowed and was declared finished in 2006. It was inaugurated in 2017 by Prime Minister Narendra Damodardas Modi. Since construction in 2017, the height has been increased from 138 meters to 163 meters.


title: Narmada Bachao Andolan

text: There were many groups such as Gujarat-based Narmada Asargrastha Samiti, Madhya Pradesh-based Narmada Ghati Nav Nirman Samiti (Committee for a New Life in the Narmada Valley) and Maharashtra-Based Narmada Dharangrastha Samiti (Committee for Narmada Dam-Affected People) who either believed in the need for fair rehabilitation plans for the people or who vehemently opposed dam construction despite a resettlement policy.


title: Narmada Bachao Andolan

text: Narmada Bachao Andolan was also joined by several NGOs with local people, professionals, and activists as the founders with a non-violent approach. It was led by Medha Patkar. Nationally, they wanted an alternative structure of development and internationally, they wanted to build pressure on the World Bank to take accountability.


title: Narmada Bachao Andolan

text: NBA's slogans include - Vikas Chahiye, Vinash Nahin! (Development wanted, not destruction) and "koi nahi hatega, bandh nahi banega!" (we won't move, the dam won't be constructed).


title: Narmada Bachao Andolan

text: The World Bank began working on the Narmada Project after it got clearance from the Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal. The bank sent a team for the assessment of the project in economic and technical terms. This team didn't focus on the social or environmental issues. What Jawaharlal Nehru thought of as temples of the independent India, i.e. the dams, have already displaced 11 million Indians.