title: Soft Machine

text: In September and October 2015, it was announced that the band Soft Machine Legacy (made of guitarist John Etheridge, drummer John Marshall, bass player Roy Babbington and sax, flute and keyboard player Theo Travis) would be performing under the name "Soft Machine" in late 2015 and early 2016: two shows in the Netherlands and Belgium in early December 2015 and a series of seven UK shows in March–April 2016.


title: Soft Machine

text: In December 2015, it was confirmed that the band had dropped the "Legacy" tag from their name, as the band featured three of the group's 1970s members – John Etheridge, John Marshall and Roy Babbington – joined by Theo Travis on sax, flute and keyboard.


title: Soft Machine

text: On 7 September 2018, Soft Machine released "Hidden Details", their first new studio album in five years (first album as Soft Machine since 1981). In Fall and Winter 2018, they toured the world as part of their 50th anniversary celebration and in support of the new album, and the US in January and February 2019.


title: Soft Machine

text: On 20 March 2020, Soft Machine released "Live at The Baked Potato" (on Tonefloat Records), their first original live album in decades. It was recorded live at The Baked Potato, Los Angeles, CA on 1 February 2019 and was initially only available as a twelve-track only-200-numbered-copy limited edition double vinyl LP; it has since been released on CD. The album documents their extensive 2018–2019 world tour.


title: Soft Machine

text: Soft Machine's music encompasses progressive rock, experimental rock, jazz rock, jazz, proto-prog, psychedelic rock and art rock, as well as being a part of the Canterbury scene of progressive rock. According to Hugh Hopper, "We weren't consciously playing jazz rock, it was more a case of not wanting to sound like other bands; we certainly didn't want a guitarist."


title: Chamber pop

text: Chamber pop (also called baroque pop and sometimes conflated with orchestral pop or symphonic pop) is a music genre that combines rock music with the intricate use of strings, horns, piano, and vocal harmonies, and other components drawn from the orchestral and lounge pop of the 1960s, with an emphasis on melody and texture.


title: Chamber pop

text: During chamber pop's initial emergence in the 1960s, producers such as Burt Bacharach, Lee Hazlewood, and the Beach Boys' Brian Wilson served as formative artists of the genre. Wilson's productions of the Beach Boys' albums "Pet Sounds" and "Smile" are cited as particularly influential to the genre. From the early 1970s to early 1990s, most chamber pop acts saw little to no mainstream success. The genre's decline was attributed to costly touring and recording logistics and a reluctance among record labels to finance instruments like strings, horns, and keyboards on artists' albums.


title: Chamber pop

text: In the mid-1990s, chamber pop developed as a subgenre of indie rock or indie pop in which musicians opposed the distorted guitars, lo-fi aesthetic, and simple arrangements common to the alternative or "modern rock" groups of that era. In Japan, the movement was paralleled by "Shibuya-kei", another indie genre that was formed on some of the same bedrock of influences. By the 2000s, the term "chamber pop" would be inconsistently applied to a variety of bands whose work attracted comparisons to "Pet Sounds".


title: Chamber pop

text: The combination of string sections and rock music has been called "symphonic pop", "chamber pop", and orchestral pop (or "ork-pop" for short). Ork-pop refers to a branch of underground rock musicians who shared an affinity with the Beach Boys' 1966 studio album "Pet Sounds", such as the High Llamas and bands from the Elephant 6 collective. According to "CMJ"s David Jerman, the name was the creation of rock critics, "encompassing everyone from fans of the Beach Boys to fans of Bacharach and Mancini". Chamber pop is stylistically diverse. AllMusic states that the genre carries on the "spirit" of the baroque pop of the 1960s, while cultural writers Joseph Fisher and Brian Flota call it the "heir" to baroque pop. Strongly influenced by the rich orchestrations of Burt Bacharach, Brian Wilson, and Lee Hazlewood, chamber pop artists once again focused on melody and texture. Another major source of influence was the singer Scott Walker. "New York Daily News" Jim Farber summarizes the genre; "think Donovan meets Burt Bacharach".


title: Chamber pop

text: "Newsmakers" believes that the Beach Boys' "Pet Sounds" helped define chamber pop as "intimate, precisely arranged songs with rock's sweep but without its bluesy clamor." Following the album was the group's unfinished 1966–67 work "Smile", a collaboration between Brian Wilson and lyricist Van Dyke Parks that also heavily influenced the genre. According to the High Llamas' Sean O'Hagan, "Pet Sounds" had been "the beginning of the great pop experiment. But it wasn't allowed to continue, because rock and roll got hold of the whole thing and stopped it. Pop didn't take off again until this decade [the 1990s]." Author Carl Wilson (no relation) says that Brian's "pained vulnerability", "uses of offbeat instruments", "intricate harmonies", and "the "Smile" saga itself" became a common reference point for chamber pop bands. Just as ork-pop acts shared a love for Wilson, they also held an admiration for one another's work. In the late 1980s, the majority of Louis Phillipe's productions for él Records also made sophisticated use of orchestras and voices that embodied and defined the chamber pop style.


title: Chamber pop

text: Chamber pop was part of a larger trend which involved musicians who rejected traditional rock conventions, such as Tortoise and Stereolab, although those specific bands are not considered ork-pop. The genre's orchestration is typically more complex than rock music, making extensive use of brass and strings. It drew from the 1990s lounge music revival but avoided any influence from other contemporary styles like grunge, electronica, or alternative music, particularly the lo-fi hiss and distortion of the last. Although modern rock groups like Smashing Pumpkins, The Verve, Oasis, and R.E.M. occasionally used strings, their approach was considerably less intricate. The High Llamas were one of the first to anticipate the easy-listening fad with their 1993 album "Gideon Gaye". O'Hagan felt that "There is this whole misconception that American college rock with twisted baseball hats and checked shirts is adventurous, but it's the most conformist, corporate thing out there." with Eric Matthews adding "All these bands sound like Nirvana and Pearl Jam. It's a shame that it couldn't be discovered from the get-go for what it is. A lot of it is just very simple dumb-guy rock."


title: Chamber pop

text: Fisher and Flota trace chamber pop to "at least" the mid 1990s. According to Natalie Waliek of music retailer Newbury Comics, the then-"renewed interest in psychedelia" and the "overlap with the cocktail/lounge music thing, because that music [also] has orchestrations", likely contributed to the sales of ork-pop albums, but acts were restricted to only a moderate degree of commercial success. The majority of musicians were aged beyond their early 20s, and many struggled to achieve significant retail or radio success compared to modern rock. In the past, record companies had helped facilitate large multi-instrumental bands by financing instruments like strings, horns, and keyboards on artists' albums, but this became rarer as time went on. Touring with full string and brass ensembles also proved difficult for some, which became another factor that prevented the genre's mainstream success.


title: Chamber pop

text: In Japan, a remote parallel was the development of Shibuya-kei, which also revisited the trend of foregrounding instruments like strings and horns in its arrangements. The genre was informed by classic Western pop music, especially the orchestral domains occupied by Burt Bacharach, Brian Wilson, Phil Spector, and Serge Gainsbourg. Unlike other Japanese music scenes, its audiences did not necessarily cross over into anime fandoms, but rather indie pop enthusiasts. This was partly because many of its bands were distributed in the United States through major indie labels like Matador and Grand Royal. Shibuya-kei ultimately peaked in the late 1990s and declined after its principal players began moving into other music styles.


title: Chamber pop

text: In a 1996 profile of ork-pop, Craig Rosen lists examples that include Yum-Yum, the High Llamas, Richard Davies, Eric Matthews, Spookey Ruben, Witch Hazel, and Liam Hayes (Plush). Matthews, who partnered with Davies for duo Cardinal, was considered a leading figure in ork-pop. "Popmatters" Maria Schurr wrote in a retrospective review of Cardinal's eponymous 1994 debut album; "in some circles, [it has] been called the grunge era's answer to "Pet Sounds", and, although it has not been as widely cited as the Beach Boys' classic, it has undoubtedly influenced more off balance indie popsters than one may expect." Music journalist Jim DeRogatis associates the ork-pop and chamber pop movement to bands like Yum-Yum, Cardinal and Lambchop.


title: Chamber pop

text: By 2009, the term "chamber pop" had fallen to general misuse, as songwriter/author Scott Miller suggests, it "made more sense applied to the Fleet Foxes than to other bands I've since seen it applied to". He also noted that "Pet Sounds" had become a ubiquitous object of comparison; "[If people] are happy about that, I have to pinch myself and reflect that I'd never thought I'd see the day." "Treblezine"s Brian Roster wrote that Grizzly Bear's album "Veckatimest" was a "landmark exploration of the changing landscapes of pop in 2009" that represented an attempt to create "a sort of abridged conclusion to chamber pop's earliest days".


title: Anusha Dandekar

text: Anusha Dandekar (born 9 January 1982) is an Indian-Australian MTV VJ, actress and singer, who is best known as a VJ and a host who has hosted several shows.


title: Anusha Dandekar

text: Dandekar was born in Sudan on 9 January 1982 into a Marathi family of Shashidhar and Sulabha Dandekar, originally from Pune, India. She and her sisters, actress and model Shibani Dandekar and Apeksha Dandekar grew up in Kingsgrove, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney, Australia.


title: Anusha Dandekar

text: In 2002, at the age of 19, Dandekar moved to Mumbai, Maharashtra to pursue a career in the entertainment industry. She was cast as an anchor in MTV's "House of Style". She later hosted "MTV Dance Crew", "MTV Teen Diva", "MTV News" and "MTV Love School" for the network.


title: Anusha Dandekar

text: In 2008, she won "Best VJ" at the Cosmopolitan Fun Fearless Female Awards. As of 2014, Dandekar is a judge on "India's Next Top Model" alongside model-actress Lisa Haydon.


title: Anusha Dandekar

text: In 2003, Dandekar made her acting debut in Bollywood with "Mumbai Matinee" and went on to do "Viruddh" in 2005, alongside Bollywood veterans Amitabh Bachchan, Sanjay Dutt, Sharmila Tagore and John Abraham. Her performance in the film won her the Best Debut Award at the Maharashtra Times Awards in 2006. She then went on to star in the musical "Miss Bollywood". Later in 2006, she starred in "Anthony Kaun Hai?" alongside Arshad Warsi and Sanjay Dutt. In 2012, she made her Marathi film debut with her role in "Jai Jai Maharashtra Majha".


title: Anusha Dandekar

text: In 2012, Dandekar made her music debut with single "Better Than Your Ex". The song, in the English language, was released in June.


title: Anusha Dandekar

text: A fashion icon, Dandekar has also graced the covers of "Cosmopolitan", "Elle" and "Seventeen". She has also endorsed the brands Reebok, Toni & Guy, Crocs and Lee Jeans.


title: Mojibake

text: Mojibake (; , "character transformation") is the garbled text that is the result of text being decoded using an unintended character encoding. The result is a systematic replacement of symbols with completely unrelated ones, often from a different writing system.


title: Mojibake

text: This display may include the generic replacement character ("�") in places where the binary representation is considered invalid. A replacement can also involve multiple consecutive symbols, as viewed in one encoding, when the same binary code constitutes one symbol in the other encoding. This is either because of differing constant length encoding (as in Asian 16-bit encodings vs European 8-bit encodings), or the use of variable length encodings (notably UTF-8 and UTF-16).


title: Mojibake

text: Failed rendering of glyphs due to either missing fonts or missing glyphs in a font is a different issue that is not to be confused with mojibake. Symptoms of this failed rendering include blocks with the code point displayed in hexadecimal or using the generic replacement character. Importantly, these replacements are "valid" and are the result of correct error handling by the software.


title: Mojibake

text: To correctly reproduce the original text that was encoded, the correspondence between the encoded data and the notion of its encoding must be preserved. As mojibake is the instance of non-compliance between these, it can be achieved by manipulating the data itself, or just relabeling it.


title: Mojibake

text: Mojibake is often seen with text data that have been tagged with a wrong encoding; it may not even be tagged at all, but moved between computers with different default encodings. A major source of trouble are communication protocols that rely on settings on each computer rather than sending or storing metadata together with the data.


title: Mojibake

text: The differing default settings between computers are in part due to differing deployments of Unicode among operating system families, and partly the legacy encodings' specializations for different writing systems of human languages. Whereas Linux distributions mostly switched to UTF-8 in 2004, Microsoft Windows generally uses UTF-16, and sometimes uses 8-bit code pages for text files in different languages.


title: Mojibake

text: For some writing systems, an example being Japanese, several encodings have historically been employed, causing users to see mojibake relatively often. As a Japanese example, the word "mojibake" "文字化け" stored as EUC-JP might be incorrectly displayed as "ﾊｸｻ�ｽ､ｱ", "ﾊｸｻ嵂ｽ､ｱ" (MS-932), or "ﾊｸｻ郾ｽ､ｱ" (Shift JIS-2004). The same text stored as UTF-8 is displayed as "譁�蟄怜喧縺�" if interpreted as Shift JIS. This is further exacerbated if other locales are involved: the same UTF-8 text appears as "æ–‡å—åŒ–ã‘" in software that assumes text to be in the Windows-1252 or ISO-8859-1 encodings, usually labelled Western, or (for example) as "鏂囧瓧鍖栥亼" if interpreted as being in a GBK (Mainland China) locale.


title: Mojibake

text: If the encoding is not specified, it is up to the software to decide it by other means. Depending on the type of software, the typical solution is either configuration or charset detection heuristics. Both are prone to mis-prediction in not-so-uncommon scenarios.


title: Mojibake

text: The encoding of text files is affected by locale setting, which depends on the user's language, brand of operating system and possibly other conditions. Therefore, the assumed encoding is systematically wrong for files that come from a computer with a different setting, or even from a differently localized software within the same system. For Unicode, one solution is to use a byte order mark, but for source code and other machine readable text, many parsers don't tolerate this. Another is storing the encoding as metadata in the file system. File systems that support extended file attributes can store this as codice_1. This also requires support in software that wants to take advantage of it, but does not disturb other software.


title: Mojibake

text: While a few encodings are easy to detect, in particular UTF-8, there are many that are hard to distinguish (see charset detection). A web browser may not be able to distinguish a page coded in EUC-JP and another in Shift-JIS if the coding scheme is not assigned explicitly using HTTP headers sent along with the documents, or using the HTML document's meta tags that are used to substitute for missing HTTP headers if the server cannot be configured to send the proper HTTP headers; see character encodings in HTML.


title: Mojibake

text: Mojibake also occurs when the encoding is wrongly specified. This often happens between encodings that are similar. For example, the Eudora email client for Windows was known to send emails labelled as ISO-8859-1 that were in reality Windows-1252. Windows-1252 contains extra printable characters in the C1 range (the most frequently seen being curved quotation marks and extra dashes), that were not displayed properly in software complying with the ISO standard; this especially affected software running under other operating systems such as Unix.


title: Mojibake

text: Of the encodings still in common use, many originated from taking ASCII and appending atop it; as a result, these encodings are partially compatible with each other. Examples of this include Windows-1252 and ISO 8859-1. People thus may mistake the expanded encoding set they are using with plain ASCII.


title: Mojibake

text: When there are layers of protocols, each trying to specify the encoding based on different information, the least certain information may be misleading to the recipient.


title: Mojibake

text: For example, consider a web server serving a static HTML file over HTTP. The character set may be communicated to the client in any number of 3 ways:


title: Mojibake

text: Much older hardware is typically designed to support only one character set and the character set typically cannot be altered. The character table contained within the display firmware will be localized to have characters for the country the device is to be sold in, and typically the table differs from country to country. As such, these systems will potentially display mojibake when loading text generated on a system from a different country. Likewise, many early operating systems do not support multiple encoding formats and thus will end up displaying mojibake if made to display non-standard text—early versions of Microsoft Windows and Palm OS for example, are localized on a per-country basis and will only support encoding standards relevant to the country the localized version will be sold in, and will display mojibake if a file containing a text in a different encoding format from the version that the OS is designed to support is opened.


title: Mojibake

text: Applications using UTF-8 as a default encoding may achieve a greater degree of interoperability because of its widespread use and backward compatibility with US-ASCII. UTF-8 also has the ability to be directly recognised by a simple algorithm, so that well written software should be able to avoid mixing UTF-8 up with other encodings.


title: Mojibake

text: The difficulty of resolving an instance of mojibake varies depending on the application within which it occurs and the causes of it. Two of the most common applications in which mojibake may occur are web browsers and word processors. Modern browsers and word processors often support a wide array of character encodings. Browsers often allow a user to change their rendering engine's encoding setting on the fly, while word processors allow the user to select the appropriate encoding when opening a file. It may take some trial and error for users to find the correct encoding.


title: Mojibake

text: The problem gets more complicated when it occurs in an application that normally does not support a wide range of character encoding, such as in a non-Unicode computer game. In this case, the user must change the operating system's encoding settings to match that of the game. However, changing the system-wide encoding settings can also cause Mojibake in pre-existing applications. In Windows XP or later, a user also has the option to use Microsoft AppLocale, an application that allows the changing of per-application locale settings. Even so, changing the operating system encoding settings is not possible on earlier operating systems such as Windows 98; to resolve this issue on earlier operating systems, a user would have to use third party font rendering applications.


title: Mojibake

text: Mojibake in English texts generally occurs in punctuation, such as em dashes (—), en dashes (–), and curly quotes (“,”,‘,’), but rarely in character text, since most encodings agree with ASCII on the encoding of the English alphabet. For example, the pound sign "£" will appear as "Â£" if it was encoded by the sender as UTF-8 but interpreted by the recipient as CP1252 or ISO 8859-1. If iterated using CP1252, this can lead to "Ã‚Â£", "Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â£", "ÃƒÆ’Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â£", etc.


title: Mojibake

text: Some computers did, in older eras, have vendor-specific encodings which caused mismatch also for English text.


title: Mojibake

text: Commodore brand 8-bit computers used PETSCII encoding, particularly notable for inverting the upper and lower case compared to standard ASCII. PETSCII printers worked fine on other computers of the era, but flipped the case of all letters. IBM mainframes use the EBCDIC encoding which does not match ASCII at all.


title: Mojibake

text: The alphabets of the North Germanic languages, Catalan, Finnish, German, French, Portuguese and Spanish are all extensions of the Latin alphabet. The additional characters are typically the ones that become corrupted, making texts only mildly unreadable with mojibake:


title: Mojibake

text: These are languages for which the ISO-8859-1 character set (also known as "Latin 1" or "Western") has been in use. However, ISO-8859-1 has been obsoleted by two competing standards, the backward compatible Windows-1252, and the slightly altered ISO-8859-15. Both add the Euro sign € and the French œ, but otherwise any confusion of these three character sets does not create mojibake in these languages. Furthermore, it is always safe to interpret ISO-8859-1 as Windows-1252, and fairly safe to interpret it as ISO-8859-15, in particular with respect to the Euro sign, which replaces the rarely used currency sign (¤). However, with the advent of UTF-8, mojibake has become more common in certain scenarios, e.g. exchange of text files between UNIX and Windows computers, due to UTF-8's incompatibility with Latin-1 and Windows-1252. But UTF-8 has the ability to be directly recognised by a simple algorithm, so that well written software should be able to avoid mixing UTF-8 up with other encodings, so this was most common when many had software not supporting UTF-8. Most of these languages were supported by MS-DOS default CP437 and other machine default encodings, except ASCII, so problems when buying an operating system version were less common. Windows and MS-DOS are not compatible however.


title: Mojibake

text: In Swedish, Norwegian, Danish and German, vowels are rarely repeated, and it is usually obvious when one character gets corrupted, e.g. the second letter in "kÃ¤rlek" (', "love"). This way, even though the reader has to guess between å, ä and ö, almost all texts remain legible. Finnish text, on the other hand, does feature repeating vowels in words like ' ("wedding night") which can sometimes render text very hard to read (e.g. ' appears as "hÃ¤Ã¤yÃ¶"). Icelandic and Faroese have ten and eight possibly confounding characters, respectively, which thus can make it more difficult to guess corrupted characters; Icelandic words like ' ("outstanding hospitality") become almost entirely unintelligible when rendered as "Ã¾jÃ³Ã°lÃ¶Ã°".


title: Mojibake

text: In German, ' ("letter salad") is a common term for this phenomenon, and in Spanish, ' (literally deformation).


title: Mojibake

text: Some users transliterate their writing when using a computer, either by omitting the problematic diacritics, or by using digraph replacements (å → aa, ä/æ → ae, ö/ø → oe, ü → ue etc.). Thus, an author might write "ueber" instead of "über", which is standard practice in German when umlauts are not available. The latter practice seems to be better tolerated in the German language sphere than in the Nordic countries. For example, in Norwegian, digraphs are associated with archaic Danish, and may be used jokingly. However, digraphs are useful in communication with other parts of the world. As an example, the Norwegian football player Ole Gunnar Solskjær had his name spelled "SOLSKJAER" on his back when he played for Manchester United.


title: Mojibake

text: An artifact of UTF-8 misinterpreted as ISO-8859-1, "Ring meg nÃ¥" (""), was seen in an SMS scam raging in Norway in June 2014.


title: Mojibake

text: Users of Central and Eastern European languages can also be affected. Because most computers were not connected to any network during the mid- to late-1980s, there were different character encodings for every language with diacritical characters (see ISO/IEC 8859 and KOI-8), often also varying by operating system.


title: Mojibake

text: Hungarian is another affected language, which uses the 26 basic English characters, plus the accented forms á, é, í, ó, ú, ö, ü (all present in the Latin-1 character set), plus the two characters ő and ű, which are not in Latin-1. These two characters can be correctly encoded in Latin-2, Windows-1250 and Unicode. Before Unicode became common in e-mail clients, e-mails containing Hungarian text often had the letters ő and ű corrupted, sometimes to the point of unrecognizability. It is common to respond to an e-mail rendered unreadable (see examples below) by character mangling (referred to as "betűszemét", meaning "letter garbage") with the phrase "Árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép", a nonsense phrase (literally "Flood-resistant mirror-drilling machine") containing all accented characters used in Hungarian.


title: Mojibake

text: Prior to the creation of ISO 8859-2 in 1987, users of various computing platforms used their own character encodings such as AmigaPL on Amiga, Atari Club on Atari ST and Masovia, IBM CP852, Mazovia and Windows CP1250 on IBM PCs. Polish companies selling early DOS computers created their own mutually-incompatible ways to encode Polish characters and simply reprogrammed the EPROMs of the video cards (typically CGA, EGA, or Hercules) to provide hardware code pages with the needed glyphs for Polish—arbitrarily located without reference to where other computer sellers had placed them.


title: Mojibake

text: The situation began to improve when, after pressure from academic and user groups, ISO 8859-2 succeeded as the "Internet standard" with limited support of the dominant vendors' software (today largely replaced by Unicode). With the numerous problems caused by the variety of encodings, even today some users tend to refer to Polish diacritical characters as (, lit. "little shrubs").


title: Mojibake

text: Mojibake may be colloquially called ( ) in Russian, which was and remains complicated by several systems for encoding Cyrillic. The Soviet Union and early Russian Federation developed KOI encodings (, , which translates to "Code for Information Exchange"). This began with Cyrillic-only 7-bit KOI7, based on ASCII but with Latin and some other characters replaced with Cyrillic letters. Then came 8-bit KOI8 encoding that is an ASCII extension which encodes Cyrillic letters only with high-bit set octets corresponding to 7-bit codes from KOI7. It is for this reason that KOI8 text, even Russian, remains partially readable after stripping the eighth bit, which was considered as a major advantage in the age of 8BITMIME-unaware email systems. For example, words "" , encoded in KOI8 and then passed through the high bit stripping process, end up rendered as "[KOLA RUSSKOGO qZYKA". Eventually KOI8 gained different flavors for Russian and Bulgarian (KOI8-R), Ukrainian (KOI8-U), Belarusian (KOI8-RU) and even Tajik (KOI8-T).


title: Mojibake

text: Meanwhile, in the West, Code page 866 supported Ukrainian and Belarusian as well as Russian/Bulgarian in MS-DOS. For Microsoft Windows, Code Page 1251 added support for Serbian and other Slavic variants of Cyrillic.


title: Mojibake

text: Most recently, the Unicode encoding includes code points for practically all the characters of all the world's languages, including all Cyrillic characters.


title: Mojibake

text: Before Unicode, it was necessary to match text encoding with a font using the same encoding system. Failure to do this produced unreadable gibberish whose specific appearance varied depending on the exact combination of text encoding and font encoding. For example, attempting to view non-Unicode Cyrillic text using a font that is limited to the Latin alphabet, or using the default ("Western") encoding, typically results in text that consists almost entirely of vowels with diacritical marks. (KOI8 "" (, library) becomes "âÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÁ".) Using Windows codepage 1251 to view text in KOI8 or vice versa results in garbled text that consists mostly of capital letters (KOI8 and codepage 1251 share the same ASCII region, but KOI8 has uppercase letters in the region where codepage 1251 has lowercase, and vice versa). In general, Cyrillic gibberish is symptomatic of using the wrong Cyrillic font. During the early years of the Russian sector of the World Wide Web, both KOI8 and codepage 1251 were common. As of 2017, one can still encounter HTML pages in codepage 1251 and, rarely, KOI8 encodings, as well as Unicode. (An estimated 1.7% of all web pages worldwide – all languages included – are encoded in codepage 1251.) Though the HTML standard includes the ability to specify the encoding for any given web page in its source, this is sometimes neglected, forcing the user to switch encodings in the browser manually.


title: Mojibake

text: In Bulgarian, mojibake is often called (), meaning "monkey's [alphabet]". In Serbian, it is called (), meaning "trash". Unlike the former USSR, South Slavs never used something like KOI8, and Code Page 1251 was the dominant Cyrillic encoding there before Unicode. Therefore, these languages experienced fewer encoding incompatibility troubles than Russian. In the 1980s, Bulgarian computers used their own MIK encoding, which is superficially similar to (although incompatible with) CP866.


title: Mojibake

text: Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian (the seceding varieties of Serbo-Croatian language) and Slovenian add to the basic Latin alphabet the letters š, đ, č, ć, ž, and their capital counterparts Š, Đ, Č, Ć, Ž (only č/Č, š/Š and ž/Ž in Slovenian; officially, although others are used when needed, mostly in foreign names, as well). All of these letters are defined in Latin-2 and Windows-1250, while only some (š, Š, ž, Ž, Đ) exist in the usual OS-default Windows-1252, and are there because of some other languages.


title: Mojibake

text: Although Mojibake can occur with any of these characters, the letters that are not included in Windows-1252 are much more prone to errors. Thus, even nowadays, "šđčćž ŠĐČĆŽ" is often displayed as "šðèæž ŠÐÈÆŽ", although ð, è, æ, È, Æ are never used in Slavic languages.


title: Mojibake

text: When confined to basic ASCII (most user names, for example), common replacements are: š→s, đ→dj, č→c, ć→c, ž→z (capital forms analogously, with Đ→Dj or Đ→DJ depending on word case). All of these replacements introduce ambiguities, so reconstructing the original from such a form is usually done manually if required.


title: Mojibake

text: The Windows-1252 encoding is important because the English versions of the Windows operating system are most widespread, not localized ones. The reasons for this include a relatively small and fragmented market, increasing the price of high quality localization, a high degree of software piracy (in turn caused by high price of software compared to income), which discourages localization efforts, and people preferring English versions of Windows and other software.


title: Mojibake

text: The drive to differentiate Croatian from Serbian, Bosnian from Croatian and Serbian, and now even Montenegrin from the other three creates many problems. There are many different localizations, using different standards and of different quality. There are no common translations for the vast amount of computer terminology originating in English. In the end, people use adopted English words ("kompjuter" for "computer", "kompajlirati" for "compile," etc.), and if they are unaccustomed to the translated terms may not understand what some option in a menu is supposed to do based on the translated phrase. Therefore, people who understand English, as well as those who are accustomed to English terminology (who are most, because English terminology is also mostly taught in schools because of these problems) regularly choose the original English versions of non-specialist software.


title: Mojibake

text: When Cyrillic script is used (for Macedonian and partially Serbian), the problem is similar to other Cyrillic-based scripts.


title: Mojibake

text: Newer versions of English Windows allow the code page to be changed (older versions require special English versions with this support), but this setting can be and often was incorrectly set. For example, Windows 98 and Windows Me can be set to most non-right-to-left single-byte code pages including 1250, but only at install time.


title: Mojibake

text: The writing systems of certain languages of the Caucasus region, including the scripts of Georgian and Armenian, may produce mojibake. This problem is particularly acute in the case of ArmSCII or ARMSCII, a set of obsolete character encodings for the Armenian alphabet which have been superseded by Unicode standards. ArmSCII is not widely used because of a lack of support in the computer industry. For example, Microsoft Windows does not support it.


title: Mojibake

text: Another type of mojibake occurs when text is erroneously parsed in a multi-byte encoding, such as one of the encodings for East Asian languages. With this kind of mojibake more than one (typically two) characters are corrupted at once, e.g. "k舐lek" () in Swedish, where "" is parsed as "舐". Compared to the above mojibake, this is harder to read, since letters unrelated to the problematic å, ä or ö are missing, and is especially problematic for short words starting with å, ä or ö such as "än" (which becomes "舅"). Since two letters are combined, the mojibake also seems more random (over 50 variants compared to the normal three, not counting the rarer capitals). In some rare cases, an entire text string which happens to include a pattern of particular word lengths, such as the sentence "Bush hid the facts", may be misinterpreted.


title: Mojibake

text: In Vietnamese, the phenomenon is called or . It can occur when a computer tries to encode diacritic character defined in Windows-1258, TCVN3 or VNI to UTF-8. "Chữ ma" was common in Vietnam when using Windows XP computers or cheap mobile phones.


title: Mojibake

text: In Japanese, the same phenomenon is, as mentioned, called . It is a particular problem in Japan due to the numerous different encodings that exist for Japanese text. Alongside Unicode encodings like UTF-8 and UTF-16, there are other standard encodings, such as Shift-JIS (Windows machines) and EUC-JP (UNIX systems). Mojibake, as well as being encountered by Japanese users, is also often encountered by non-Japanese when attempting to run software written for the Japanese market.


title: Mojibake

text: In Chinese, the same phenomenon is called "Luàn mǎ" (Pinyin, Simplified Chinese , Traditional Chinese , meaning 'chaotic code'), and can occur when computerised text is encoded in one Chinese character encoding but is displayed using the wrong encoding. When this occurs, it is often possible to fix the issue by switching the character encoding without loss of data. The situation is complicated because of the existence of several Chinese character encoding systems in use, the most common ones being: Unicode, Big5, and Guobiao (with several backward compatible versions), and the possibility of Chinese characters being encoded using Japanese encoding.


title: Mojibake

text: An additional problem is caused when encodings are missing characters, which is common with rare or antiquated characters that are still used in personal or place names. Examples of this are Taiwanese politicians Wang Chien-shien ()'s "煊", Yu Shyi-kun ()'s "堃" and singer David Tao ()'s "喆" missing in Big5, ex-PRC Premier Zhu Rongji ()'s "镕" missing in GB 2312, copyright symbol "©" missing in GBK.


title: Mojibake

text: Newspapers have dealt with this problem in various ways, including using software to combine two existing, similar characters; using a picture of the personality; or simply substituting a homophone for the rare character in the hope that the reader would be able to make the correct inference.


title: Mojibake

text: A similar effect can occur in Brahmic or Indic scripts of South Asia, used in such Indo-Aryan or Indic languages as Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu), Bengali, Punjabi, Marathi, and others, even if the character set employed is properly recognized by the application. This is because, in many Indic scripts, the rules by which individual letter symbols combine to create symbols for syllables may not be properly understood by a computer missing the appropriate software, even if the glyphs for the individual letter forms are available.


title: Mojibake

text: One example of this is the old Wikipedia logo, which attempts to show the character analogous to "wi" (the first syllable of "Wikipedia") on each of many puzzle pieces. The puzzle piece meant to bear the Devanagari character for "wi" instead used to display the "wa" character followed by an unpaired "i" modifier vowel, easily recognizable as mojibake generated by a computer not configured to display Indic text. The logo as redesigned has fixed these errors.


title: Mojibake

text: The idea of Plain Text requires the operating system to provide a font to display Unicode codes. This font is different from OS to OS for Singhala and it makes orthographically incorrect glyphs for some letters (syllables) across all operating systems. For instance, the 'reph', the short form for 'r' is a diacritic that normally goes on top of a plain letter. However, it is wrong to go on top of some letters like 'ya' or 'la' in specific contexts. For Sanskritic words or names inherited by modern languages, such as कार्य, IAST: "kārya", or आर्या, IAST: "āryā", it is apt to put it on top of these letters. By contrast, for similar sounds in modern languages which result from their specific rules, it is not put on top, such as the word करणाऱ्या, IAST: "karaṇāryā", a stem form of the common word करणारा/री, IAST: "karaṇārā/rī", in the Marathi language. But it happens in most operating systems. This appears to be a fault of internal programming of the fonts. In Mac OS and iOS, the muurdhaja l (dark l) and 'u' combination and its long form both yield wrong shapes.


title: Mojibake

text: Some Indic and Indic-derived scripts, most notably Lao, were not officially supported by Windows XP until the release of Vista. However, various sites have made free-to-download fonts.


title: Mojibake

text: Due to Western sanctions and the late arrival of Burmese language support in computers, much of the early Burmese localization was homegrown without international cooperation. The prevailing means of Burmese support is via the Zawgyi font, a font that was created as a Unicode font but was in fact only partially Unicode compliant. In the Zawgyi font, some codepoints for Burmese script were implemented as specified in Unicode, but others were not. The Unicode Consortium refers to this as "ad hoc font encodings". With the advent of mobile phones, mobile vendors such as Samsung and Huawei simply replaced the Unicode compliant system fonts with Zawgyi versions.


title: Mojibake

text: Due to these "ad hoc" encodings, communications between users of Zawgyi and Unicode would render as garbled text. To get around this issue, content producers would make posts in both Zawgyi and Unicode. Myanmar government has designated 1 October 2019 as "U-Day" to officially switch to Unicode. The full transition is estimated to take two years.


title: Mojibake

text: In certain writing systems of Africa, unencoded text is unreadable. Texts that may produce mojibake include those from the Horn of Africa such as the Ge'ez script in Ethiopia and Eritrea, used for Amharic, Tigre, and other languages, and the Somali language, which employs the Osmanya alphabet. In Southern Africa, the Mwangwego alphabet is used to write languages of Malawi and the Mandombe alphabet was created for the Democratic Republic of the Congo, but these are not generally supported. Various other writing systems native to West Africa present similar problems, such as the N'Ko alphabet, used for Manding languages in Guinea, and the Vai syllabary, used in Liberia.


title: Mojibake

text: Another affected language is Arabic (see below). The text becomes unreadable when the encodings do not match.


title: Mojibake

text: The examples in this article do not have UTF-8 as browser setting, because UTF-8 is easily recognisable, so if a browser supports UTF-8 it should recognise it automatically, and not try to interpret something else as UTF-8.


title: Lindy effect

text: The Lindy effect (also known as Lindy's Law) is a theorized phenomenon by which the future life expectancy of some non-perishable things, like a technology or an idea, is proportional to their current age. Thus, the Lindy effect proposes the longer a period something has survived to exist or be used in the present, the longer its remaining life expectancy. Longevity implies a resistance to change, obsolescence or competition and greater odds of continued existence into the future. Where the Lindy effect applies, mortality rate "decreases" with time. Mathematically, the Lindy effect corresponds to lifetimes following a Pareto probability distribution.


title: Lindy effect

text: The concept is named after Lindy's delicatessen in New York City, where the concept was informally theorized by comedians. The Lindy effect has subsequently been theorized by mathematicians and statisticians. Nassim Nicholas Taleb has expressed the Lindy effect in terms of "distance from an absorbing barrier."


title: Lindy effect

text: The Lindy effect applies to "non-perishable" items, those that do not have an "unavoidable expiration date". For example, human beings are perishable: the life expectancy at birth in developed countries is about 80 years. So the Lindy effect does not apply to individual human lifespan: it is unlikely for a 5-year-old human to die within the next 5 years, but it is very likely for a 70-year-old human to die within the next 70 years, while the Lindy effect would predict these to have equal probability.


title: Lindy effect

text: The origin of the term can be traced to Albert Goldman and a 1964 article he had written in "The New Republic" titled "Lindy's Law". The term Lindy refers to Lindy's delicatessen in New York, where comedians "foregather every night at Lindy's, where ... they conduct post-mortems on recent show business 'action'". In this article, Goldman describes a folkloric belief among New York City media observers that the amount of material comedians have is constant, and therefore, the frequency of output predicts how long their series will last:


title: Lindy effect

text: Benoit Mandelbrot defined a different concept with the same name in his 1982 book "The Fractal Geometry of Nature". In Mandelbrot's version, comedians do not have a fixed amount of comedic material to spread over TV appearances, but rather, the more appearances they make, the more future appearances they are predicted to make: Mandelbrot expressed mathematically that for certain things bounded by the life of the producer, like human promise, future life expectancy is proportional to the past. He references Lindy's Law and a parable of the young poets' cemetery and then applies to researchers and their publications: "However long a person's past collected works, it will on the average continue for an equal additional amount. When it eventually stops, it breaks off at precisely half of its promise."


title: Lindy effect

text: Nassim Taleb presented a version of Mandelbrot's idea in "The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable" by extending it to a certain class of non-perishables where life expectancy can be expressed as power laws.


title: Lindy effect

text: In Taleb's 2012 book "Antifragile: Things That Gain from Disorder" he for the first time explicitly referred to his idea as the Lindy Effect, removed the bounds of the life of the producer to include anything which doesn't have a natural upper bound, and incorporated it into his broader theory of the Antifragile.


title: Lindy effect

text: Mathematically, the relation postulated by the Lindy effect can be expressed as the following statement about a random variable T corresponding to the lifetime of the object (e.g. a comedy show), which is assumed to take values in the range formula_1 (with a lower bound formula_2):


title: Lindy effect

text: Here the left hand side denotes the conditional expectation of the remaining lifetime formula_4, given that formula_5 has exceeded formula_6, and the parameter formula_7 on the right hand side (called "Lindy proportion" by Iddo Eliazar) is a positive constant.


title: Lindy effect

text: This means that the lifetime formula_5 follows a Pareto distribution (a power-law distribution) with exponent formula_11.


title: Lindy effect

text: Conversely, however, only Pareto distributions with exponent formula_12 correspond to a lifetime distribution that satisfies Lindy's Law, since the Lindy proportion formula_7 is required to be positive and finite (in particular, the lifetime formula_5 is assumed to have a finite expectation value). Iddo Eliazar has proposed an alternative formulation of Lindy's Law involving the median instead of the mean (expected value) of the remaining lifetime formula_4, which corresponds to Pareto distributions for the lifetime formula_5 with the full range of possible Pareto exponents formula_17. Eliazar also demonstrated a relation to Zipf’s Law, and to socioeconomic inequality, arguing that "Lindy’s Law, Pareto’s Law and Zipf’s Law are in effect synonymous laws."


title: Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W223)

text: The Mercedes-Benz W223 is the seventh generation of the S-Class produced by Mercedes-Benz since 2020. It replaces the W222 S-Class which has been produced since 2013. The W223 S-Class was unveiled on 2 September 2020.


title: Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W223)

text: The W223 S-Class is based on the second-generation Modular Rear Architecture (MRA) platform and uses a four-link front suspension and multi-link independent rear suspension. Air suspension is standard and can automatically lower by at to increase stability.


title: Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W223)

text: Compared to the previous generation W222 S-Class, rear headroom has increased by and rear legroom has increased by . Boot capacity has increased by to . The W223 directs heat from the engine to the wheel arches and underbody to improve airflow and has a drag coefficient of 0.22.


title: Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W223)

text: The models with six-cylinder inline petrol engines have a 48V electrical system to provide additional power when needed. This also provided the power for the air conditioning system and for recharging the battery. It is also used as a starter motor in lieu of a separate and dedicated starter motor.


title: Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W223)

text: On 28 July 2021, Mercedes-Benz announced the new armoured S 680 Guard 4MATIC, ending the Mercedes-Maybach's exclusive use of V12 engine. The S 680 Guard 4MATIC has armour level, the highest level of ballistic protection for a civilian vehicle.


title: Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W223)

text: The Z223 Mercedes-Maybach S-Class was revealed on 19 November 2020 with model designations S 580 4MATIC and S 680 4MATIC. The Mercedes-Maybach is 18 centimetres longer than the predecessor. Several design cues, separating the Mercedes-Maybach from Mercedes-Benz, are carried over. Another first for Mercedes-Benz is the frontal airbags for the rear passengers.


title: Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W223)

text: Available engines are a 4.0-litre biturbo V8 for the S 580 4MATIC and a 6.0-litre biturbo V12 for the S 680 4MATIC. Both are fitted with standard 4MATIC all-wheel-drive system. The rear-wheel-steering system for reducing the turning radius is optional extra cost. The turning angle can be set at 4.5° or 10°, reducing the turning radius from to and respectively. A third engine option was released for certain markets, which is the 3.0-litre petrol six-cylinder inline engine with E-Boost. The S 480 4MATIC is released for the chinese market due to the high displacement tax imposed in that country.


title: Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W223)

text: In Germany Mercedes-Maybach announced the launch date of May 2021 for ordering and the delivery date of July 2021.


title: Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W223)

text: Mercedes-Benz launched the S 580 and the S 680 in India on 3 March 2022. The S 580 is assembled at Mercedes-Benz's plant in Chakan, Pune.


title: Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W223)

text: In December 2022, Mercedes introduced the Mercedes-AMG S63 E Performance, the high performance version of the S Class. It uses a plug-in hybrid drivetrain powered by a 4.0-liter twin-turbo V8, electric motor, and 13.1-kWh battery pack. The car produces 791 horsepower and accelerates from zero to sixty miles per hour in a claimed 3.2 seconds.


title: Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W223)

text: The W223 uses the second-generation Mercedes Benz User Experience (MBUX) infotainment system. It features a 12.3-inch instrument cluster and a 12.8-inch OLED centre infotainment system with haptic feedback. The MBUX system features over-the-air software update support, automatic driver profile selection via voice or fingerprint recognition, and a virtual assistant which activates by saying "Hey Mercedes". The assistant can be controlled by the rear seat passengers and can also control smart home appliances. The car can automatically close the windows and sunroof and recirculate air as it approaches a tunnel or detects poor air quality. Interior cameras can detect driver movements as to automatically lower the rear sunblinds if the driver looks back or switch on the interior light if the driver reaches towards the glovebox. The cameras can detect if a child seat has been installed but the seat belt has not been buckled. The car features 22 cameras and radar sensors for the adaptive cruise control, automatic steering, lane departure warning, emergency braking, and traffic sign recognition. Radar sensors can predict oncoming side collisions and raise the suspension by to direct the crash force towards the doorsills. A SAE Level 3 semi-autonomous driving system will be available in Germany from the second half of 2021.


title: Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W223)

text: Optional equipment includes rear-axle steering, rear-seat airbags, and a head-up-display with augmented reality for navigation directions. The headlights can project symbols on the road to warn the driver of incoming obstacles, such as roadworks, pedestrians, and traffic lights or warning signs.


title: Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W223)

text: For the first time in a Mercedes-Benz vehicle, the S-Class has two different types of external door handles. The standard equipment is the grip handles as found in existing Mercedes-Benz vehicles while the optional extra cost equipment is the flush-fitted handles that pop outward electrically when the Keyless Go remote fob is in close proximity.


title: Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W223)

text: The engines are carried over from previous generation of S-Class (W222) with two petrol and diesel six-cylinder inline engines at launch. Mercedes-Benz launched the models with V8 and V12 engines in May 2021. A first for a Mercedes-Benz passenger car, the V12 is fitted with the 4MATIC all-wheel-drive system. No further detail about four-cylinder inline diesel engine (previously fitted to W221 S 250 CDI/S 300 CDI and W222 S 300 BlueTec Hybrid/S 300 h), diesel hybrid engine, and high performance Mercedes-AMG engines is given (as of July 2021).


title: Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W223)

text: At launch, all models are fitted with the nine-speed 9G-Tronic automatic transmission. The new AMG S 63 E Performance is also fitted with an additional 2-speed transmission specifically for the electric motor.


title: Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W223)

text: Standard and Long wheel base Mercedes S-Class are both available in most markets without "L" letter badge to differentiate. In American, Turkish, Russian and a few more markets, only long wheel base models are sold. In Chinese market, only long wheel base models are sold and all come with "L" letter badge.


title: Jerboa

text: Jerboas (from ') are hopping desert rodents found throughout North Africa and Asia, and are members of the family Dipodidae. They tend to live in hot deserts.


title: Jerboa

text: When chased, jerboas can run at up to . Some species are preyed on by little owls ("Athene noctua") in central Asia. Most species of jerboas have excellent hearing that they use to avoid becoming the prey of nocturnal predators. The typical lifespan of a jerboa is around 6 years.


title: Jerboa

text: Jerboas, as previously defined, were thought to be paraphyletic, with the jumping mice (Zapodidae) and birch mice (Sminthidae) also classified in the family Dipodidae. However, phylogenetic analysis split all three as distinct families, leaving just the jerboas in Dipodidae and revealing them to be a monophyletic group.


title: Jerboa

text: Jerboas look somewhat like miniature kangaroos, and have some external similarities. Both have long hind legs, short forelegs, and long tails. Jerboas move around in a similar manner to kangaroos, which is by hopping, or saltation. However, their anatomy is more attuned towards erratic hopping locomotion, making use of sharp turns and great vertical leaps to confuse and escape predators, rather than for sustained hopping over long periods of time. It has been found that when executing their vertical leaps primary tendons in the hindlimbs only recovered and reused on average 4.4% of energy contributed to the jump, lower than many hopping animals.


title: Jerboa

text: Like other bipedal animals, their foramen magnum — the hole at the base of the skull — is forward-shifted, which enhances two-legged locomotion. The tail of a jerboa can be longer than its head and body, and a white cluster of hair is commonly seen at the end of the tail. Jerboas use their tails to balance when hopping, and as a prop when sitting upright. Jerboa fur is fine, and usually the colour of sand. This colour usually matches the jerboa habitat (an example of cryptic colouration). Some species of the jerboa family have long ears like a rabbit, whilst others have ears that are short like those of a mouse or rat.


title: Jerboa

text: The bipedal locomotion of jerboas involves hopping, skipping, and running gaits, associated with rapid and frequent, difficult-to-predict changes in speed and direction, facilitating predator evasion relative to quadrupedal locomotion. This may explain why evolution of bipedal locomotion is favored in desert-dwelling rodents that forage in open habitats.


title: Jerboa

text: Jerboas are most active at twilight (crepuscular). During the heat of the day, they shelter in burrows. At night, they leave the burrows due to the cooler temperature of their environment. They dig the entrances to their burrow near plant life, especially along field borders. During the rainy season, they make tunnels in mounds or hills to reduce the risk of flooding. In the summer, jerboas occupying holes plug the entrance to keep out hot air and, some researchers speculate, predators. In most cases, burrows are constructed with an emergency exit that ends just below the surface or opens at the surface but is not strongly obstructed. This allows the jerboa to quickly escape predators.


title: Jerboa

text: Related jerboas often create four types of burrows. A temporary, summer day burrow is used for cover while hunting during the daylight. They have a second, temporary burrow used for hunting at night. They also have two permanent burrows: one for summer and one for winter. The permanent summer burrow is actively used throughout the summer and the young are raised there. Jerboas hibernate during the winter and use the permanent winter burrow for this. Temporary burrows are shorter in length than permanent burrows. Just like other animals that hibernate, these creatures are heavier pre-hibernation specifically in ungrazed sites (Shuai). Also, more food availability during pre-hibernation contributes to larger jerboa body mass in ungrazed regions, and entices more jerboas to migrate to ungrazed areas during post-hibernation. Grazing negatively impacts the Jerboa pre- and post-hibernation population, but not the survival rate.


title: Jerboa

text: Jerboas are solitary creatures. Once they reach adulthood, they usually have their own burrow and search for food on their own. However, occasional "loose colonies" may form, whereby some species of jerboa dig communal burrows that offer extra warmth when it is cold outside.


title: Jerboa

text: Most jerboas rely on plant material as the main component of their diet, but they cannot eat hard seeds. Some species opportunistically eat beetles and other insects they come across. Unlike gerbils, jerboas are not known to store their food.


title: Jerboa

text: Many species within the family Dipodidae engage in dust bathing, often a way to use chemical communication. Their keen hearing suggests they may use sounds or vibrations to communicate.


title: Jerboa

text: Mating systems of closely related species in the family Dipodidae suggest that they may be polygynous. For some closely related jerboa species, mating usually happens a short time after awaking from winter hibernation. A female breeds twice in the summer, and raises from two to six young. Gestation time is between 25 and 35 days. Little is known about parental investment in long-eared jerboas. Like most mammals, females nurse and care for their young at least until they are weaned.


title: Vulcan salute

text: The Vulcan salute is a hand gesture popularized by the 1960s television series . It consists of a raised hand with the palm forward and the thumb extended, while the fingers are parted between the middle and ring finger.


title: Vulcan salute

text: The Vulcan "salute" was devised by Leonard Nimoy, who portrayed the half Vulcan character Mr. Spock on the original "Star Trek" television series. A 1968 "New York Times" interview described the gesture as a "double-fingered version of Churchill's victory sign". Nimoy said in that interview that he "decided that the Vulcans were a 'hand-oriented' people".


title: Vulcan salute

text: The greeting first appeared in 1967 on the "Star Trek" second-season opening episode, "Amok Time". Among other things, the gesture is known for being difficult for certain people to do properly without practice or the covert pre-positioning of the fingers. Actors on the original show reportedly had to position their fingers off-screen with the other hand before raising their hand into frame. This difficulty may stem from variations in individuals' manual dexterity. It is parodied in the 1996 motion picture "" when Zefram Cochrane, upon meeting a Vulcan for the first time in human history, is unable to return the gesture and instead shakes the Vulcan's hand.


title: Vulcan salute

text: In his 1975 autobiography "I Am Not Spock", Nimoy, who was Jewish, wrote that he based it on the Priestly Blessing performed by Jewish Kohanim with both hands, thumb to thumb in this same position, representing the Hebrew letter Shin (ש in Square Script, or Paleo Hebrew 𐤔), which has three upward strokes similar to the position of the thumb and fingers in the gesture. The letter Shin here stands for El Shaddai, meaning "Almighty (God)", as well as for Shekhinah and Shalom. Nimoy wrote that when he was a child, his grandfather took him to an Orthodox synagogue, where he saw the blessing performed and was impressed by it.


title: Vulcan salute

text: Others often greeted Nimoy with the Vulcan sign, which became so well known that in June 2014 its emoji character was added to version 7 of the Unicode standard as . (The emoji's Common Locale Data Repository annotation has American English short name "vulcan salute" and keywords "finger", "hand", "spock" and "vulcan" [all lowercase].)


title: Vulcan salute

text: U.S. President Barack Obama referenced the Vulcan salutation in his statement on Nimoy's death, calling it "the universal sign for 'Live long and prosper'". The following day, NASA astronaut Terry W. Virts posted a photo on his Twitter feed from the International Space Station showing the salutation (with the Earth in the background) as the ISS passed over where Nimoy grew up - Boston, Massachusetts, United States.


title: Vulcan salute

text: The accompanying spoken blessing, "live long and prosper" – ""dif-tor heh smusma"" in the Vulcan language (as spoken in the 1979 film "") – also appeared for the first time in "Amok Time", scripted by Theodore Sturgeon. The less-well-known reply is "peace and long life", though it is sometimes said first, with "live long and prosper" as the reply. The phrase has been seen abbreviated "LLAP".


title: Vulcan salute

text: An ancient Egyptian blessing ""ankh wedja seneb"", while its verbatim translation is uncertain, uses the three symbols "life", "prosperity" and "health"; it has been translated as "may he live, be prosperous, be healthy."


title: Vulcan salute

text: The New International Version of the Bible, Deuteronomy 5:33 (5:30 in the Masoretic Text), includes the phrase "live and prosper" as part of Moses' admonitions to the Hebrew people prior to entering Canaan; other translations include the notion of long life as well.


title: Vulcan salute

text: William Shakespeare's 1594 "Romeo and Juliet" contains the line, "Live and be prosperous: and farewell good fellow", spoken by Romeo to Balthasar, his friend and servant.


title: Vulcan salute

text: The benediction "live and prosper" is attributed to the 18th-century organized crime figure Jonathan Wild in his 1725 biography written by "H.D.", possibly a pseudonym for Daniel Defoe.


title: Vulcan salute

text: In "Trilby" by George du Maurier, published in 1894, a description of an art student ends with the sentence, "May he live long and prosper!"


title: Vulcan salute

text: The phrase is attributed to Stephen Crane by Willa Cather in her essay "When I Knew Stephen Crane," first published in 1900: "You have to have the itch of the thing in your fingers, and if you haven't,—well, you're damned lucky, and you'll live long and prosper, that's all."


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: The ninth-generation Honda Civic is a range of compact cars (C-segment) manufactured by Honda between 2011 and 2017, replacing the eighth-generation Civic. It was launched in the North American market in April 2011, Europe in February 2012 and Asia-Pacific in early 2012. Four body styles were introduced throughout its production run, which are sedan, coupe, hatchback and a station wagon version marketed as the Civic Tourer. The latter two makes up for the European-market Civic range, which was produced in Swindon, United Kingdom and received a completely different design and smaller exterior size. The hatchback version forms a basis for a Civic Type R (FK2) model, which was released later in 2015.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: Apart from the 750-unit limited run Civic Type R, any versions of the ninth-generation Civic were not sold in Japan, creating a seven-year absence in the market until the release of the tenth-generation Civic in Japan in 2017. However, the ninth-generation Civic sedan was temporarily produced in Japan for exports in early 2012 due to suspended production in the Ayutthaya plant as the result of 2011 Thailand floods.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: In May 2010, a Honda executive stated that the ninth-generation Civic was to be delayed into 2011 because of changing market conditions and tougher fuel economy and emissions regulations. On December 13, 2010, Honda unveiled a sketch of the new ninth generation Civic which was described as "energetic, sleek and aerodynamic." Both coupe and sedan concepts for the North American market were shown in January 2011. The production version of the ninth-generation North American Civic based on the revealed concepts went on sale in April 2011.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: For markets outside North America, the Civic sedan received an altered styling as it is the case with the eighth-generation Civic. The styling debuted in China in October 2011, featuring redesigned front end, headlight clusters, rear trunk panel, redesigned center console, as well as updated seats. It was also presented in Brazil in November 2011, and Thailand in March 2012, while was sold in Australia from March 2012, and Europe in June 2012.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: The vehicle features an all-new sheet metal, with a longer hood but still a familiar profile—Honda calls it the "one-motion" design. The new model is slightly smaller and lighter than the outgoing models. The Civic was originally planned to become bigger, but after the global crisis in 2008, Honda wanted to make the car smaller, lighter and more fuel-efficient, while increasing space inside.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: Honda CEO Takanobu Ito explained that the ninth-generation Civic was developed during the height of the global financial crisis, which led the company to believe that consumers would be willing to forego upscale content and quality in new vehicles as long as they were fuel efficient and affordable. The decision backfired, as rival automakers increased the quality and feature content of their compact vehicles around the same time, pushing sales of Civic rivals such as the Ford Focus and Hyundai Elantra to new heights in the US. Following negative response journalists and decreasing sales figures, Ito took responsibility for the vehicle's abysmal performance in the US.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: After the coupe and sedan prototype model for the North American market were showcased on January 10, 2011, at the North American International Auto Show, the production version went on sale on April 20, 2011, for the 2012 model year.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: Gasoline, hybrid and natural gas variants were offered. The gasoline-engine lineup included a sedan and coupe. Both of them were also offered in Si performance versions.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: Gasoline (DX, LX, EX and EX-L), hybrid and natural gas variants were offered. The non-hybrid gasoline-engined lineup included a sedan and coupe, and Si (sport injected) performance versions were available as coupe and sedan.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: Honda also released the Civic HF sedan, a model with aerodynamic and fuel efficiency enhancements which revived the "HF" moniker last used for the 1991 CRX HF. It featured a Honda R18 1.8 L inline-four engine and a 5-speed automatic transmission like the regular gas-powered models, but was tuned so that it returned . It came with 15-inch alloy wheels with low rolling-resistance tires that reduce rolling resistance by 20%, additional underbody covers, a rear decklid spoiler and keyless entry with a security alarm. This resulted in a 4% improvement in aerodynamic performance. The Civic GX NGV (Natural Gas Vehicle) has been available since late 2011.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: The "two-tier" instrument panel from the previous generation saw a significant redesign. All models (except for the base model DX) come with an Intelligent Multi-Informational Display (iMID), situated on the enlarged upper tier and to the right of the digital speedometer. The 5-inch color LCD screen replaces the trip computer below the analog tachometer on the lower tier while integrating information of the vehicle with that from compatible personal electronics and steering wheel controls. It displays information such as current odometer and trip mileage, time and date, fuel economy, audio system, climate control information, and more. The Maintenance Minder now includes interval reminders for scheduled maintenance, such as air filter, cabin pollen filter, tire rotations, drive belt inspections as well as an oil change reminder.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: Honda's Eco Assist technology, introduced earlier on the Insight, is added to most models (except Si), and becomes the first gasoline-only powered Honda to employ such technology in North America. It is an information system to help the driver adopt a more fuel-efficient driving style, and is proven to improve fuel economy by about 10% for Honda's hybrid vehicles in Japan by providing visual feedback to promote or confirm efficient driving.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: All Civic models have better fuel economy in the U.S. EPA ratings, by as much as 8% on the highway for models with an automatic transmission compared to 2011 versions. Two versions achieve (17.54 km/L) or above in U.S. government testing. Aerodynamics and weight reduction play important role in fuel economy improvement: aero parts are placed under the engine bay, fuel tank, and the rear underbody to enhance airflow; front spoiler and strakes ahead of tires direct airflow around the wheel wells; there is a new flat underfloor; resulting in 3.4% lower coefficient of drag. Increase use of high-strength steel to 55% on the sedan (56% for the coupe) from 50% contributes to a 7% reduction in body weight. The electric power steering system is lighter by 1.3 kg (2.9 lb); the front subframe is lighter by 1.7 kg (3.7 lb); a thinner-walled fuel tank saves 1.0 kg (2.2 lb) and a laser-welded exhaust silencer that is 0.5 kg (1.1 lb) lighter. As a result, the LX trim with an automatic transmission is almost 50 lb (23 kg) lighter.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: On the other hand, for the 2012 sedan, passenger volume is increased by 3.8 ft³ (108 L) to 94.7 ft³ (2682 L), with three more inches of elbowroom in the front and about two more inches of legroom in the back.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: The piston assembly was the source of the most significant losses in an engine. To reduce friction loss in the engine, pistons in the 1.8 litre engine have a molybdenum treatment applied in a polka-dot pattern.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: A HF model, the most fuel-efficient gasoline-only powered Civic in the lineup, gets (17.54 km/L) under EPA highway test cycle, compares with (15.38 km/L) for previous generation, increasing the combined fuel economy rating to (14.08 km/L).


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: The Civic hybrid, with a larger 1.5-liter i-VTEC engine that produces 90 hp and 97 lb ft of torque and a lithium-ion battery, is rated at in combined city and highway EPA test cycle, an improvement of over the previous generation hybrid. A new stronger electric motor produces 23 hp and 78 lb ft of torque. The new lithium-ion battery is lighter and more powerful compared with the nickel-metal hydride one in previous model.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: Other gasoline-only powered Civic sedans and coupes get in highway tests, an improvement of over previous generation, and for city driving. The Civic GX natural gas model will have a 7% improvement in fuel economy. The above models are also equipped with the Honda ECO Assist technology.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: The ninth-generation Civic SI was available as a coupe and as a sedan. It is powered by a new 2.4-liter K-Series (K24Z7) inline-four engine which has increased displacement through longer piston stroke than the K20Z3 from the eighth generation Civic Si, yet the K24Z7 retains the 11.0:1 compression used in the K20Z3. It produces and of torque. Honda retuned the exhaust system in early 2014, increasing the output to and of torque.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: The redline of the K24Z7 is 7,000 rpm with a fuel cut at 7,200 rpm. A 6-speed manual transmission with a helical LSD (Limited Slip Differential) was offered as the only available transmission option for the Civic Si. The wing spoilers are different from the 8th generation, and the interior of the car received slight updates with the addition of a rev limit indicator and a power meter displayed in the new i-MID (intelligent Multi-Information Display). Sway bars have been changed to F18mm/R15mm from the F28mm/R17mm in eighth generation. The chassis is also more rigid, and the curb weight is slightly lower than the eighth generation. The Civic Si achieves an EPA-estimated highway fuel economy of , an increase of .


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: In 2012, Honda recalled 50,000 2012 Civics because the process required during assembly to seat the driver's side driveshaft and set the retaining clip was not completed.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: Chinese models went on sale on October 29, 2011. Early models include a choice of two engines: 1.8-litre and 2.0-litre; 5-speed manual (1.8 EXi), 5-speed automatic (1.8 EXi, 1.8 VTi) or 5-speed tiptronic transmission (2.0 Type-S) and navigation system for 1.8 VTi and 2.0 Type-S.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: Starting from September 2015, models for the Turkish market were available with factory converted LPG version with the commencement of a new LPG-only assembly line in Honda's Turkey plant. Turkish models had been available with dealer-installed LPG conversion since 2011.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: In Pakistan, Honda Atlas had launched the ninth generation Civic in the mid-September 2012 for the 2013 model year.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: In the Philippines, the ninth generation Civic was initially launched in early 2012 and sold in 4 variants: 1.8 S, 1.8 E, 1.8 EXi, and 2.0 EL. In 2014, Honda Philippines unveiled a facelift version of the Civic that includes a redesigned front grille.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: Reviews of the 2012 Civic were generally lackluster, with many reviewers citing the car's cheap interior materials, along with worsened driving dynamics and insubstantial exterior styling changes from the previous generation, as drawbacks. Consumer Reports went so far as to remove the 2012 Civic from its 'Recommended' list of compact cars, which the vehicle had been on for many years. In addition to Consumer Reviews, Edmunds reported issues with excessive wind noise, cheap interior plastics, and a small trunk.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: In response to the criticisms, Honda quickly introduced a heavily revamped Civic for the next model year, promising improved styling, driving dynamics, interior quality, standard features, sound insulation, and ride quality. The refreshed 2013 Civic sedan featured a new front fascia with a U-shaped honeycomb grille and chrome accents (replacing the 2012 model's three-bar grille), a redesigned hood and a reworked rear end with new taillight lenses, along with additional light clusters and a chrome bar on the trunk lid. The long-standing base DX trim got discontinued. In Canada, the EX-L sedan was replaced by the similarly equipped Touring, with the main difference being new 17-inch wheels adopted from the previous generation Si, while the EX-L coupe also received the same 17-inch wheels as the Touring. New standard features included a rear backup camera, Bluetooth controls and Pandora Radio access. Ride quality, handling and interior material quality were also improved. The coupe retained the 2012 model exterior styling, but received the same interior and engineering upgrades as the sedan.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: For 2014, minor changes were made to the Civic lineup in North America. These changes included exterior styling updates on the Civic coupe, premium interior refinements to all models, an optional audio system with a 7-inch capacitive touchscreen, LaneWatch blind spot monitor (consisting of a camera mounted on the passenger-side mirror), "Smart Entry" with push button start, HondaLink connected-car technology and an all-new CVT for gasoline-powered Civics. Hill start assist may have also been added with the 2014 models.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: U.S. models included the Civic LX and EX coupes with a 5-speed manual transmission or CVT, EX-L and EX-L Navi coupes with a CVT; Civic LX sedan with a 5-speed manual or CVT, EX, EX-L, EX-L Navi and HF sedans with a CVT. In Canada, the EX-L sedan continued to be absent with the Touring in its place. Styling changes to the Civic coupe included a restyled grille, hood, front fenders and headlights, new taillight lenses, sportier front and rear bumpers, new side mirrors and a new selection of wheel styles. The Civic Si coupe included a unique lower front bumper garnish, larger rear decklid spoiler, a front spoiler and rear air diffuser; in addition they also received an increase in engine power to and 174 lb-ft of torque via a retuned exhaust system. U.S. EX-L models received the same 17-inch wheels that debuted the previous model year on Canadian Touring sedans and EX-L coupes. The EX-L coupe with accessories kit featured a ground effects package and 18-inch diamond-cut alloy wheels.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: For Southeast Asian and Australian markets, the facelifted model of the ninth-generation Civic sedan was unveiled in 2014. Changes include redesigned front grille and wheel design, while the rear taillight has remained the same as the pre-facelift model. The right-hand drive Civic Hybrid variant has never had a facelift.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: The hybrid version of the ninth-generation Civic sedan is the third iteration of the Civic Hybrid. It was launched during 2011 in the U.S. and Canada as a 2012 model. It has a larger 1.5-liter i-VTEC engine that produces 90 horsepower and 97 lb⋅ft of torque and a lithium-ion battery pack instead of nickel-metal hydride. The larger engine replaces the 1.3-L engine for better mid-range torque. The DC brushless permanent magnet motor, which is placed between the engine and continuously variable transmission, provides 20 kW (23 hp) and 78 lb⋅ft of torque and weighs 0.7 kg (1.5 lb) less. The 2012 Civic Hybrid has an EPA rating of for the city and highway driving cycles, an improvement from city and highway for the previous generation.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: The Civic Hybrid has the latest Integrated Motor Assist (IMA) parallel hybrid system, with a new 20 kW motor – powered by lithium, a first for a Honda hybrid vehicle. The new battery is 5 kW more powerful, 9 kg (20 lb) lighter and takes up 36% less space. Battery capacity is increased from 35 kAh to 100 kAh (4.5 Ah).


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: It comes with improved aerodynamics and Honda ECO Assist technology. The ECO Assist technology is an information system to help the driver adopt a more fuel-efficient driving style, and is proven to improve fuel economy by about 10% for Honda's hybrid vehicles in Japan.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: Production of the Civic Hybrid sedan was moved from Suzuka, Japan to Greensburg, Indiana, United States in early 2013, following the production of the Acura ILX hybrid commenced at Indiana plant in April 2012, after production capacity was expanded to 250,000.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: To improve safety, Honda used an updated ACE II body structure on 2013 Civics. Beginning with 2013 models, all Civics came standard with a rear-view backup camera.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: The European-market, five-door hatchback Civic was unveiled at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2011. Strong identity of the previous generation European Civic led Honda to refine the current package instead of radical changes. Basic look and proportions of previous car are retained as the futuristic design was welcomed by customers. Aerodynamics, rear and side visibility were improved. It was claimed to be the most aerodynamic car in its class, with a coefficient of 0.27. The wheelbase is shorter without a decrease of interior space. Retaining the compact torsion beam rear suspension and the centrally mounted fuel tank help contribute to a boot capacity of 470 litres. The rear beam axle is completely redesigned for higher stiffness, and new fluid-filled bushing is used to improve stability and cornering ability, as well as ride quality. More than 20,000 miles of testing was carried out on British roads to ensure better handling and ride quality. There are more standard equipment and higher interior quality.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: UK models went on sale on 1 October 2011. Early models include a choice of 1.4-litre petrol, 1.8-litre petrol, 2.2-litre i-DTEC Diesel engines, with 1.6-litre Diesel engine available later in 2012.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: The hatchback model was also sold in Australasia as the Civic Hatchback from June 2012, offering a single engine option of a 1.8-litre petrol.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: As Honda's Research and Development Centre in Tochigi, Japan was damaged in the March 2011 earthquake, designers of the European Civic were transferred to the Swindon plant in the UK, where all European Civic hatchbacks are built, to ensure the development is not delayed. Production at Swindon, UK, was disrupted by supply chain disruption caused by the 2011 Japanese tsunami and flooding in Thailand. Normal production of Civic did not start until December 2011, causing the new Civic to not be available on the market until February 2012.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: Production of Civic 5-door hatchback began at Honda of the UK Manufacturing Limited by in November 2011. The 1.6 and 2.2 i-DTEC engines used in Civic were also built at the same plant. Later in 2014, the Civic Tourer was built alongside the Civic hatchback variant.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: The facelifted Civic hatchback was unveiled at the 2014 Paris Motor Show and went on sale in March 2015. Changes to the Civic hatchback include retuned electric power steering to provide a more secure control during higher speeds, front and rear dampers were revised for improving body control, toe and camber of the rear suspension were realigned to improve the hatchback's handling, privacy glass on the lower rear window, piano black touches on the number plate surround, tailgate and lower bumper; piano black front bumper, new alloy wheels, darker wheel arch garnishes, white stitching on the seats, steering wheel and knee pad; aluminum inserts around the cup holder, glossy black inserts.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: The station wagon version of the European Civic was marketed as the Civic Tourer. It was unveiled as a concept vehicle at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show, with the production model being shown at the 2013 Frankfurt Motor Show, and went on sale in February 2014. The model was designed and developed in Europe. It is based on the architecture of the hatchback, and at launch, included most of the updates as mentioned above. Additionally, it includes an adaptive rear damping system and the largest capacity trunk space in its class (624 L VDA below tonneau). The Tourer also benefits from additional under floor storage compartments in the boot, 'Magic Seats' and 60:40 split rear seats. Overall length is longer than that of the five-door Civic hatchback.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: Early Civic Tourer models include 1.6-litre i-DTEC engine from the Earth Dreams Technology series or the 1.8-litre i-VTEC engine, 6-speed manual (1.6 i-DTEC, 1.8 i-VTEC) or 5-speed automatic (1.8 i-VTEC) transmission. Advanced Driving Assist System package (available for Tourer) includes blind spot warning, traffic sign recognition, lane departure warning and active city braking.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: This is a version of the Civic 5-door hatchback for the European market, with a direct injection turbocharged VTEC TURBO engine from Honda's Earth Dreams Technology range rated at and of torque at 2,500 rpm. The engine red lines at 7,000 rpm. takes 5.7 seconds and it has a top speed of . All cars will use a six-speed manual gearbox.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: Honda announced it had broken the Renault Megane 275 Trophy-R's 7:54.36 front-wheel-drive Nürburgring lap time. The new Honda Civic Type R posted a 7:50.63, beating the Renault by over three seconds, but the record was soon broken by VW GTI again.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: 750 units of the FK2 Civic Type R were exported to Japan, making it the only variant of the ninth generation Civic officially sold in the Japanese market.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: Honda announced to enter the 2012 World Touring Car Championship (WTCC) with a racer built on the 2012 Euro Civic 5 door hatchback. The car is powered by HR412E - a bespoke, new 1.6-liter direct injection turbocharged engine developed by Honda's R&D centre in Tochigi, Japan. M-TEC Co., Ltd. manufactured and maintained 2013 Honda Civic WTCC, while JAS Motorsport of Italy, was responsible for vehicle body development and manufacturing, as well as team operations. It would race from October in Japan, China and Macau before a two car team join the 2013 championship race. The engine aims for higher efficiency and is said to herald "a new generation of high performance racing engines from Honda" and innovations during the engine's development will "further increase the efficiency of [Honda's] road car engines".


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: Tiago Monteiro raced in the final three races of the 2012 season at Suzuka, Shanghai and Macau. Monteiro won the third place in a race held in Macau. A second race car driven by Gabriele Tarquini was added from the 2013 season.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: Gabriele Tarquini and Tiago Monteiro entered the 2013 FIA World Touring Car Championship with Civic WTCC cars. Three Honda Civic race cars made a clean sweep in races held in Slovakia and Shanghai by winning the first, second and third positions. Honda Racing Team JAS and Zengő Motorsport entered the 2013 WTCC tournament. Gabriele Tarquini won the overall second place in the 2013 WTCC drivers' championship and Honda won the Manufacturers' World Championship. The cars used a 1.6-litre inline-4 direct injection turbocharged engine with an intercooler and a dry oil sump.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: Changes to the race cars for 2014 included wheel arch extensions, larger diameter wheels, sleeker aero package, extended rear spoiler and increased engine power.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: Gabriele Tarquini and Tiago Monteiro of JAS Motorsport entered the 2014 World Touring Car Championship, with further Civics to be entered by private outfits Zengo Motorsport and Proteam Racing for Hungary's Norbert Michelisz and Moroccan Mehdi Bennani respectively.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: Honda entered the 2012 British Touring Car Championship with two NGTC compliant European Civic hatchbacks with Matt Neal and Gordon Shedden as drivers.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: Honda Yuasa Racing entered the 2014 Dunlop MSA British Touring Car Championship with a Civic Tourer race car.


title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: Using the latest Honda Civics, Compass 360 Racing has continued to be successful in the SCCA World Challenge and the Continental Tire Sports Car Challenge.


title: Whistle register

text: The whistle register (also called the flute register or flageolet register) is the highest register of the human voice, lying above the modal register and falsetto register. This register has a specific physiological production that is different from the other registers and is so-called because the timbre of the notes that are produced from this register is similar to that of a whistle.


title: Whistle register

text: In some sopranos, the modal register vocal production may extend into what is usually thought of as the whistle register.


title: Whistle register

text: The whistle register is the highest phonational register, that in most singers begins above the soprano "high D" (D or 1174.6 Hz) and extends to about an octave above (D or 2349.3 Hz). It is created by using only the back of the vocal folds. The lower part of the whistle register may overlap the upper parts of the modal and falsetto registers, making it possible for singers to phonate these notes in different ways. However, fundamentally the whistle register is most commonly used to produce pitches above D. As with the other vocal registers, the whistle register does not begin at the same point within every voice, and there are rare voices that can extend the whistle register much higher or lower than the range listed above. For example, most operatic coloratura sopranos can sing up to the "high" F above "high" C without entering into the whistle register. Cleo Laine from the United Kingdom and Yma Sumac, from Peru, are two singers (contralto and soprano respectively) with extreme vocal ranges.


title: Whistle register

text: The physiology of the whistle register is the least understood of the vocal registers. Unlike other types of vocal production, it is difficult to film the vocal cords while they are operating in this manner as the epiglottis closes down over the larynx and the resonating chamber assumes its smallest dimensions. It is known that when producing pitches in this register, vibration occurs only in some anterior portion of the vocal folds. This shorter vibrating length naturally allows for easier production of high pitches.


title: Whistle register

text: Although the whole physiological production of whistle tone is not understood, it is known that when the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles are active but the transverse arytenoid muscles inactive, a triangular opening is seen between the arytenoids, the vocal processes contact each other, but the posterior parts at the apex do not contact each other. The exception to this would be if the vocal folds are not stretched, as stretching of the vocal ligaments abducts (moves away from) the vocal processes.


title: Whistle register

text: In European classical music, the whistle register is used primarily by coloratura sopranos. Many parts in the coloratura soprano repertoire extend beyond "high C" and often extend up to high F (F or 1396.9 Hz). Although many coloratura sopranos use whistle tone vocal production to sing these notes, some operatic sopranos are capable of singing up to "high F" without utilizing the vocal production associated with the whistle register but remaining in the modal register. However, most coloratura sopranos do utilize the whistle register, particularly when singing staccato notes in rapid succession, during high trills, or other elaborate coloratura ornamentation in the upper tessitura. Rarely will coloraturas use whistle tone when doing high extended notes. However, singers like Mado Robin were noted for doing so.


title: Whistle register

text: In popular music, the whistle register is used with more variety and to produce much higher pitches than are called for in classical music. It has mostly been used by female singers, with notable examples being Minnie Riperton, Mariah Carey, Christina Aguilera and Ariana Grande.


title: Whistle register

text: Some male singers can also make use of the whistle register, including Vitas, Adam Lopez, Dimash Kudaibergen, Howie Dorough and Wang Xiaolong. Wang Xiaolong holds the "Guinness Book of Records" title for the highest vocal note produced by a man (E, 5243 Hz). Female singer Georgia Brown was listed in the 2005 Guinness World Records for highest note (G or 25 kHz) ever reached, but this claim was removed when the 2007 edition was issued, since no recording that would prove the note being real was ever released.


title: The Switch (2010 film)

text: The Switch is a 2010 American romantic comedy film directed by Will Speck and Josh Gordon. Based on a screenplay written by Allan Loeb, the film, formerly titled "The Baster", was inspired by the short story "Baster" by Jeffrey Eugenides. This was originally published in "The New Yorker" in 1996. The film stars Jennifer Aniston, Jason Bateman, and child actor Thomas Robinson. Patrick Wilson, Juliette Lewis, and Jeff Goldblum appear in key supporting roles.


title: The Switch (2010 film)

text: Filming began and took place in 2009. Upon its release, "The Switch" received mixed reviews from critics, who praised its premise and the performances of its cast, but felt that the plot was formulaic.


title: The Switch (2010 film)

text: This was the final Miramax Films movie distributed by Walt Disney Studios during the Disney ownership before Disney sold Miramax to Filmyard Holdings in December 2010.


title: The Switch (2010 film)

text: 30-something Kassie Larson is single, hasn't found love yet, and decides she wants to have a baby. Despite the objections of her long-time best friend Wally Mars, she chooses to do so alone because she can't wait any longer. She also wants a face-to-face sperm donor, disdaining using a sperm bank.


title: The Switch (2010 film)

text: Wally suggests he be the donor, but Kassie believes he is too neurotic, pessimistic, and self-absorbed. Since they are best friends, she thinks "that would be weird." He has always had feelings for Kassie, and they dated six years ago. His friend Leonard points out he missed his chance when she relegated him to the "friend zone."


title: The Switch (2010 film)

text: Kassie selects Roland Nilson as her sperm donor; he is a handsome, charming, and married assistant professor at Columbia University. She organizes an "insemination party", where Wally meets Roland and takes an instant dislike to him. Roland produces his sperm in the bathroom, leaving it in a sample cup. Wally uses the bathroom and sees the sample. Drunk, he plays with the cup and accidentally spills it into the sink. Panicking, he replaces the sperm with his own.


title: The Switch (2010 film)

text: The next day at work, still hungover, he remembers nothing. The insemination is successful and Kassie becomes pregnant. Wally is upset when she says that she is returning to her childhood home town in Minnesota, as she thinks it would be a better place to raise a child than New York City. She leaves, and Wally sinks into a dreary period.


title: The Switch (2010 film)

text: Seven years later, Kassie returns to New York with Sebastian, her precocious and neurotic six-year-old. She wants to reconnect with Wally, and eagerly introduces her boy to him and Wally eventually bonds with Sebastian. Roland is in the picture, as he got divorced and Kassie has started dating him. She believes he is Sebastian's biological father and the relationship might work.


title: The Switch (2010 film)

text: Wally notices the strong similarities between him and Sebastian and realizes the result of the switch seven years earlier. Just before Roland proposes to Kassie, Wally reveals to her that Sebastian is his biological son, and he loves her. Shocked and angry about the switch, she rejects him.


title: The Switch (2010 film)

text: After some time passes, Wally finds Kassie waiting for him one day after he leaves work. She says that Sebastian really misses and needs him. Wally admits he misses and needs Sebastian, too. Kassie says that she is no longer with Roland and has realized she loves Wally, so he proposes. The final scene shows a happily married Wally and Kassie giving Sebastian an eighth birthday party.


title: The Switch (2010 film)

text: Aniston revealed in the DVD "extras" that she had known Bateman since she was 25, and the producers and directors noted their good chemistry in working together.


title: The Switch (2010 film)

text: The film was released on August 20, 2010 in the United States by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures.


title: The Switch (2010 film)

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 52% of critics gave the film a positive rating, based on 155 reviews, with an average score of 5.50/10. Its consensus states ""The Switch" has an interesting premise and a charming cast; unfortunately, it also has a trite script that hews too close to tired rom-com formulas." On Metacritic, which uses a normalized rating system, the film holds a 52/100 rating, based on 30 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Aniston was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Actress for her performance in the film.


title: The Switch (2010 film)

text: Ann Hornaday, writing for "The Washington Post" gave "The Switch" three out of four stars. She wrote that "this disarmingly winning comedy turns into a warm, quirkily observant film, strengthened by some appealing performances and a low-key, easygoing vibe. Less reminiscent of the dreadful comedy "The Back-up Plan" than 2002's lovely "About a Boy", this adaptation of a Jeffrey Eugenides story takes viewers down a path that, while by no means of least resistance, possesses a gratifying share of surprises." "Los Angeles Times" author Betsy Sharkey noted that the film "is what you might call a Bate-and-switch affair. More his journey than hers, more satire than slapstick, the film is that rare example of rom-com about men, which turns out to be a nice switch indeed." She also compared it to "About a Boy" and Lisa Cholodenko's 2010 film "The Kids Are All Right", adding: "Though the film never quite rises to the level of either, the filmmakers show enough restraint to keep things interesting, Aniston and Bateman keep things both light and dark when they should, and Robinson's Sebastian steals everyone's heart."