title: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

text: In 1934, John D. Rockefeller Jr. donated land on York Avenue for a new location. Two years later, he granted Memorial Hospital $3,000,000 and the hospital began their move across town. Memorial Hospital officially reopened at the new location in 1939. In 1945, the chairman of General Motors, Alfred P. Sloan, donated $4,000,000 to create the Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research through his Sloan Foundation, and Charles F. Kettering, GM's vice president and director of research, personally agreed to oversee the organization of a cancer research program based on industrial techniques. The originally independent research institute was built adjacent to Memorial Hospital.


title: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

text: In 1948 Cornelius P. Rhoads became the director of Memorial. Rhoads had run chemical weapons programs for the US army in World War II, and had been involved in the work that led to the discovery that nitrogen mustards could potentially be used as cancer drugs. He fostered a collaboration between Joseph H. Burchenal, a clinician at Memorial and Gertrude B. Elion and George H. Hitchings at Burroughs Wellcome, who had discovered 6 MP; the collaboration led to the development and eventual wide use of this cancer drug.


title: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

text: From the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s Chester M. Southam conducted pioneering clinical research on virotherapy and cancer immunotherapy at MSK; however he conducted his research on people without their informed consent. He did this to patients under his care or others' care, and to prisoners. In 1963 some doctors objected to the lack of consent in his experiments and reported him to the Regents of the University of the State of New York which found him guilty of fraud, deceit, and unprofessional conduct, and in the end he was placed on probation for a year. Southam's research experiments and the case at the Regents were followed in "The New York Times".


title: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

text: In 1960, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center was formed as a new corporation to coordinate the two institutions; John Heller, the former director of the National Cancer Institute was named its president. At the end of the 1960s, as the field of pediatric oncology began seeing success in treating children with cancer, Memorial opened an outpatient pediatric day hospital, partly to deal with the growing number of cancer survivors. In the early 1970s, Burchenal and Benno Schmidt, a professional investor and trustee of MSK, were appointed to the presidential panel that initiated the U.S. federal government's War on Cancer in the early 1970s. When Congress passed the National Cancer Act of 1971 as part of that effort, Memorial Sloan Kettering was designated as one of only three Comprehensive Cancer Centers nationwide. In 1977, Jimmie C. Holland established a full-time psychiatric service at MSK dedicated to helping people with cancer cope with their disease and its treatment; it was one of the first such programs and was part of the creation of the field of psycho-oncology.


title: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

text: In 1980, Memorial Hospital and the Sloan-Kettering Institute formally merged into a singular entity under the name Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.


title: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

text: In 2000, former NIH director Harold Varmus became the director of MSK. During his tenure, he helped build new facilities, strengthened the bond between MSK's clinical and research arms, and fostered collaborations with other institutions, including Weill-Cornell Medical College and Rockefeller University.


title: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

text: In 2006, MSK opened the Mortimer B. Zuckerman Research Center, a 23-story building which houses more than 100 laboratories.


title: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

text: In 2010, Craig B. Thompson, oncologist and researcher, was appointed MSK's president and CEO. The following year, MSK was rated the third most successful nonprofit in terms of FDA-approved drugs and vaccines, behind the National Institutes of Health and the University of California system. In 2012, Thompson appointed José Baselga as physician-in-chief, who directed the clinical side of MSK. That same year, a collaboration with IBM's Watson was announced with the goal of developing new tools and resources to better tailor diagnostic and treatment recommendations for patients. The director of SKI, the research arm of MSK, Joan Massagué was appointed in 2013. Baselga resigned in September 2018 after information came out regarding millions of dollars he received from pharmaceutical companies without disclosing a financial conflict of interest.


title: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

text: In 2017, the Food and Drug Administration approved an MSK-developed immunotherapy, CAR-T, for certain applications in leukemia and lymphoma. The FDA approved the first academic or commercial tumor identification test MSK-IMPACT in November 2018.


title: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

text: MSK has expanded into regional sites including Westchester (NY), Commack (Long Island), Hauppauge (Long Island), Rockville Centre (Long Island), Nassau (Long Island), Bergen (NJ), Monmouth (NJ), and Basking Ridge (NJ).


title: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

text: MSK currently employs over 1,200 physicians and treats patients with approximately 400 types of cancer annually.


title: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

text: In April 2022, MSK announced a $50 million donation from The Starr Foundation to aid in expanding funding for basic cancer research and discovery science. The donation will establish The Starr Foundation programme for Discovery Science at the Sloan Kettering Institute, the goal of the institute is to drive next-generation cancer breakthroughs.


title: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

text: In June 2022 A small drug trial is having a seismic impact in the world of oncology: After six months of an experimental treatment, tumors vanished in all 14 patients diagnosed with early stage rectal cancer who completed the study by the time it was published.


title: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

text: The Memorial Sloan Kettering Bendheim Integrative Medicine Center had occupied 1429 First Avenue on the corner of East 74th Street in Manhattan. The former bank was built in the 1930s by Perkins and Will as architects. It was remodeled for use by Memorial Sloan Kettering in 1997.


title: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

text: The Center for Image-Guided Intervention was opened in June 2010 in the Memorial Hospital building to oversee image guiding activities across MSK. In October 2012, the Sillerman Center for Rehabilitation was opened, moving rehabilitation out of Memorial Hospital and closer to the Rockefeller Outpatient Pavilion.


title: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

text: The New York Proton Center opened in 2019 as a partnership between Memorial Sloan Kettering, Montefiore Health, and Mount Sinai Health. The center was the first Proton therapy center to open in New York State. The David H. Koch Center for Cancer Care at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center opened at 530 East 74th Street between York Avenue and the FDR Drive January 2020. Perkins Eastman designed 750,000sq ft facility in collaboration with Ennead Architects, and ICRAVE. Thornton Tomasetti served as structural engineer, with Jaros, Baum & Bolles providing MEP engineering.


title: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

text: The center launched its India facility in Chennai in Aug 2022, to provide tele medicine services in collaboration with iCiliniq to facilitate second opinion from the cancer specialists, without the need to travel to US facility.


title: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

text: Approximately 1,700 medical residents and Fellows are in training at MSK. There are 575 postdoctoral researchers training at MSK labs and a combined 288 PhD and MD-PhD candidates.


title: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

text: In 2004, the Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences was opened at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. The first students graduated in 2012. As of January 2019, the dean of the graduate school is cell biologist Michael Overholtzer. The founding dean, serving for over a decade, was molecular biologist Ken Marians.


title: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

text: The Tri-Institutional MD–PhD Program is a partnership of MSKCC, Weill Cornell Medicine, and The Rockefeller University. The dual degree program takes advantage of the close proximity of these three institutions for collaboration on biomedical research and medical training. MSKCC also has an academic partnership with Weill Cornell Medicine known as the Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences.


title: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

text: In 2015 Charity Watch rated Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center an "A". Heads of the charity received $2,107,939 to $2,639,669 salary/compensation from the charity. CEO Craig B. Thompson received $2,554,085 salary/compensation from the charity.


title: Rowan Atkinson filmography

text: English actor and comedian Rowan Atkinson has appeared in twenty films and over thirty film series and over eight television advertisements.


title: Rowan Atkinson filmography

text: After university, Atkinson toured with Angus Deayton as his straight man in an act that was eventually filmed for a television show. After the success of the show, he did a one-off pilot for London Weekend Television in 1979 called "Canned Laughter". Atkinson then went on to do "Not the Nine O'Clock News" for the BBC, produced by his friend John Lloyd. He featured in the show with Pamela Stephenson, Griff Rhys Jones and Mel Smith, and was one of the main sketch writers.


title: Rowan Atkinson filmography

text: The success of "Not the Nine O'Clock News" led to him taking the lead role in the medieval sitcom "The Black Adder" (1983), which he also co-wrote with Richard Curtis. After a three-year gap, in part due to budgetary concerns, a second series was broadcast, this time written by Curtis and Ben Elton. "Blackadder II" (1986) followed the fortunes of one of the descendants of Atkinson's original character, this time in the Elizabethan era. The same pattern was repeated in the two more sequels "Blackadder the Third" (1987) (set in the Regency era), and "Blackadder Goes Forth" (1989) (set in World War I). The "Blackadder" series became one of the most successful of all BBC situation comedies, spawning television specials including "Blackadder's Christmas Carol" (1988), "" (1988), and later "" (1999), which was set at the turn of the Millennium. The final scene of "Blackadder Goes Forth" (when Blackadder and his men go "over the top" and charge into No-Man's-Land) has been described as "bold and highly poignant". During the 2014 centennial of the start of World War I, Michael Gove and war historian Max Hastings complained about the so-called "Blackadder version of history".


title: Rowan Atkinson filmography

text: Atkinson's other creation, the hapless "Mr. Bean", first appeared on New Year's Day in 1990 in a half-hour special for Thames Television. The character of Mr. Bean has been likened to a modern-day Buster Keaton, but Atkinson himself has stated that Jacques Tati's character Monsieur Hulot was the main inspiration.


title: Rowan Atkinson filmography

text: Several sequels to "Mr. Bean" appeared on television until 1995, and the character later appeared in a feature film. "Bean" (1997) was directed by Mel Smith, Atkinson's colleague in "Not the Nine O'Clock News". A second film, "Mr. Bean's Holiday", was released in 2007. In 1995 and 1996, Atkinson portrayed Inspector Raymond Fowler in "The Thin Blue Line" television sitcom written by Ben Elton, which takes place in a police station located in fictitious Gasforth.


title: Rowan Atkinson filmography

text: Atkinson has fronted campaigns for Kronenbourg, Fujifilm, and Give Blood. Atkinson appeared as a hapless and error-prone espionage agent named Richard Lathum in a long-running series of adverts for Barclaycard, on which character his title role in "Johnny English" and "Johnny English Reborn" was based. In 1999, he played the Doctor in "The Curse of Fatal Death", a special "Doctor Who" serial produced for Comic Relief. Atkinson appeared as the "Star in a Reasonably Priced Car" on "Top Gear" in July 2011, driving the Kia Cee'd around the track in 1:42.2, placing him at the top of the leaderboard until Matt LeBlanc later recorded a 1:42.1 lap time.


title: Rowan Atkinson filmography

text: Atkinson appeared at the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony in London as Mr. Bean in a comedy sketch during a performance of "Chariots of Fire", playing a repeated single note on synthesizer. He then lapsed into a dream sequence in which he joined the runners from the film of the same name (about the 1924 Summer Olympics), beating them in their iconic run along West Sands at St. Andrews, by riding in a minicab and tripping the front runner. Atkinson starred as Jules Maigret in "Maigret", a series of TV films from ITV.


title: Rowan Atkinson filmography

text: Atkinson's film career began with a supporting part in the James Bond movie "Never Say Never Again" (1983) and a leading role in "Dead on Time" (also 1983) with Nigel Hawthorne. He was in the 1988 Oscar-winning short film "The Appointments of Dennis Jennings". He appeared in Mel Smith's directorial debut "The Tall Guy" (1989) and appeared alongside Anjelica Huston and Mai Zetterling in Roald Dahl's "The Witches" (1990). He played the part of Dexter Hayman in "Hot Shots! Part Deux" (1993), a parody of "Rambo III", starring Charlie Sheen.


title: Rowan Atkinson filmography

text: Atkinson gained further recognition with his turn as a verbally bumbling vicar in "Four Weddings and a Funeral" (1994) and featured in Disney's "The Lion King" (also 1994) as the voice of Zazu the red-billed hornbill. He also sang the song "I Just Can't Wait to Be King" in "The Lion King". Atkinson continued to appear in supporting roles in comedies, including "Rat Race" (2001), "Scooby-Doo" (2002), "Love Actually" (2003) and the crime comedy "Keeping Mum" (2005), which also starred Kristin Scott Thomas, Maggie Smith and Patrick Swayze.


title: Rowan Atkinson filmography

text: In addition to his supporting roles, Atkinson has also had success as a leading man. His television character Mr. Bean debuted on the big screen with "Bean" (1997) to international success. A sequel, "Mr. Bean's Holiday" (2007), also became an international success. He has also starred in the James Bond parody "Johnny English" (2003), its sequel, "Johnny English Reborn" (2011) and its second sequel; "Johnny English Strikes Again" (2018).


title: Rowan Atkinson filmography

text: Atkinson also appeared in a song in the 1970s, "I like trucking". The song was made of "Not the nine O clock news".


title: 2021–22 Ukrainian Premier League

text: The 2021–22 Ukrainian Premier League season, referred to as the VBet Liha for sponsorship reasons, was the 31st top-level football club competition since the fall of the Soviet Union and the 14th since the establishment of the Ukrainian Premier League. On 1 July 2021 UPL announced that the new title sponsor for the next three years will be another bookmaking company, VBet.


title: 2021–22 Ukrainian Premier League

text: The competition was terminated at the UPL extraordinary general meeting on 26 April due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. The league decided that it will not award a champion's title since the season was terminated early, yet the club's league standing would be used to determine qualification to clubs' continental competitions. The meeting was also attended by a number of the Ukrainian Association of Football (UAF) officials, among which was the first vice-president Oleh Protasov. The UPL general meeting decision was submitted to UAF Executive Committee for approval. On 2 May 2022 the UAF Executive Committee confirmed early termination of season in the league. A further EGM was held on May 27 to decide promotion and relegation. This confirmed that Desna Chernihiv and Mariupol had both withdrawn from the league for the following campaign due to damage and destruction in their respective cities and facilities because of the war. Metalist Kharkiv and Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih, who were the top two teams in the First League at the time of abandonment, were selected to be promoted by UAF.


title: 2021–22 Ukrainian Premier League

text: Due to the low-intensity war with Russia that had been ongoing since 2014, teams from the Donbas area were forced to play elsewhere.


title: 2021–22 Ukrainian Premier League

text: Due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, attendance of football matches is limited and regulated by local health departments in each region.


title: 2021–22 Ukrainian Premier League

text: Because of a conflict between the president of Olimpik Donetsk Vladyslav Helzin and the Ukrainian Association of Football officials over a post-match incident that culminated in sanctions against the Olimpik's president, Helzin decided to voluntarily withdraw his football club from the Ukrainian Premier League and transfer away ownership of the club. The decision took place just a couple of weeks before the start of the new season, with the calendar already set. Both PFL and UPL called on emergency clubs' meetings to confirm changes and reinstate membership of the already relegated Mynai in the UPL and relegate Olimpik Donetsk to the second tier (First League) instead. Due to this, the Round 1 match between Dynamo and its visiting opponent was suspended until a later date.


title: 2021–22 Ukrainian Premier League

text: The second half of the season was expected to start on February 25 with the Round 19 game Mynai – Zorya but was suspended due to a full-scale Russian invasion earlier on February 24. Later the President of Ukraine announced a martial law until April 25 and all sports events were forced to be suspended. With the open hostilities continued, it was decided to cancel the season earlier than May 21.


title: 2021–22 Ukrainian Premier League

text: This season, as it was announced earlier, the Ukrainian Premier League has been expanded to 16 teams, which includes 13 teams from the previous season and the top three teams from the 2020–21 Ukrainian First League.


title: 2021–22 Ukrainian Premier League

text: Three of the qualified to the date teams play their matches outside of home towns. The minimum threshold for the stadium's capacity in the UPL is 5,000 (Article 10, paragraph 7.2).


title: Sex in space

text: The conditions governing sex in space (intercourse, conception and procreation while weightless) have become a necessary study due to plans for long-duration space missions. Issues include disrupted circadian rhythms, radiation, isolation, stress, and the physical act of intercourse in zero or minimal gravity.


title: Sex in space

text: Human sexual activity in the weightlessness of outer space presents difficulties due to Newton's third law. According to the law, if the couple remain attached, their movements will counter each other. Consequently, their actions will not change their velocity unless they are affected by another, unattached, object. Some difficulty could occur due to drifting into other objects. If the couple have a combined velocity relative to other objects, collisions could occur. The discussion of sex in space has also raised the issue of conception and pregnancy in space.


title: Sex in space

text: , with NASA planning lunar outposts and possibly long-duration missions, the topic has taken a respectable place in life sciences. Despite this, some researchers have argued that national and private space agencies have yet to develop any concrete research and plans to address human sexuality in space. Dubé and colleagues (2021) proposed that NASA should embrace the discipline of space sexology by integrating sex research into their Human Research Program. Santaguida and colleagues (2022) have further argued that space agencies and private companies should invest in this discipline to address the potential for sexual harassment and assault in space contexts.


title: Sex in space

text: Numerous physiological changes have been noted during spaceflight, many of which may affect sex and procreation. Such effects would be a result of factors including gravity changes, radiation, noise, vibration, isolation, disrupted circadian rhythms, stress, or a combination of these factors.


title: Sex in space

text: The primary issue to be considered in off-Earth reproduction is the lack of gravitational acceleration. Life on Earth, and thus the reproductive and ontogenetic processes of all life, evolved under the constant influence of the Earth's 1"g" gravitational field. It is important to study how space environment affects critical phases of mammalian reproduction and development as well as events surrounding fertilization, embryogenesis, pregnancy, birth, postnatal maturation, and parental care.


title: Sex in space

text: Studies conducted on rats revealed that, although the fetus developed properly once exposed to normal gravity, rats raised in microgravity lacked the ability to right themselves. Another study examined mouse embryo fertilization in microgravity. Although this resulted in healthy mice once implanted at normal gravity, the fertilization rate was lower for the embryos fertilized in microgravity. Currently no mice or rats have developed while in microgravity throughout the entire life cycle.


title: Sex in space

text: The 2suit (alternately "2-Suit" or "twosuit") is a garment designed to facilitate low-effort sex in weightless environments such as outer space, or on planets with low gravity. The flight garment, invented by American novelist Vanna Bonta, was one of the subjects of the show "The Universe", a 2008 History Channel television documentary, in its episode "Sex in Space", about the biological and emotional implications of human migration, and reproduction beyond Earth. The 2suit was further discussed by writers online.


title: Sex in space

text: In June 2015, Pornhub announced its plans to make the first pornographic film in space. It launched a crowdfunding campaign to fund the effort, dubbed Sexploration, with the goal of raising $3.4 million in 60 days. The campaign only received pledges for $236,086. If funded, the film would have been slated for a 2016 release, following six months of training for the two performers and six-person crew. Though it claimed to be in talks with multiple private spaceflight carriers, the company declined to name names "for fear that would risk unnecessary fallout" from the carriers. A "Space.com" article about the campaign mentioned that in 2008, Virgin Galactic received and rejected a $1 million offer from an undisclosed party to shoot a sex film on board SpaceShipTwo.


title: Sex in space

text: Adult film actress CoCo Brown had begun certifying for a co-pilot seat in the XCOR Lynx spaceplane, which would have launched in a suborbital flight in 2016 and spent a short amount of time in zero-gravity. However, XCOR declared bankruptcy before ever flying a space tourist.


title: Sex in space

text: Short of actual space, the adult entertainment production company Private Media Group has filmed a movie called "The Uranus Experiment: Part Two" where an actual zero-gravity intercourse scene was accomplished with a reduced-gravity aircraft. The filming process was particularly difficult from a technical and logistical standpoint. Budget constraints allowed for only one shot, featuring the actors Sylvia Saint and Nick Lang.


title: Sex in space

text: Science fiction writer and futurist Isaac Asimov, in a 1973 article "Sex in a Spaceship", conjectured what sex would be like in the weightless environment of space, anticipating some of the benefits of engaging in sex in an environment of microgravity.


title: Sex in space

text: On July 23, 2006, a Sex in Space panel was held at the Space Frontier Foundation's annual conference. Speakers were science journalist-author Laura Woodmansee, who presented her book "Sex in Space"; Jim Logan, the first graduate of a new aerospace medicine residency program to be hired by NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston; and Vanna Bonta, an American poet, novelist, and actress who had recently flown in zero gravity and had agreed to an interview for Woodmansee's book. The speakers made presentations that explored "the biological, emotional, and ... physical issues that will confront people moving [off Earth] into the space environment." NBC science journalist Alan Boyle reported on the panel, opening a world discussion of a topic previously considered taboo.


title: Sex in space

text: "Sex in Space" was the title of an episode of the History Channel documentary television series "The Universe" in 2008. The globally distributed show was dubbed into foreign languages, opening worldwide discussion about what had previously been avoided as a taboo subject. Sex in space became a topic of discussion for the long-term survival of the human species, colonization of other planets, inspired songs, and humanized reasons for space exploration.


title: Sex in space

text: The idea of sex in space appears frequently in science fiction. Arthur C. Clarke claimed to first address it in his 1973 novel "Rendezvous with Rama".


title: Big Brother 22 (American season)

text: Big Brother 22, also known as Big Brother: All-Stars, is the twenty-second season of the television reality program "Big Brother." The season premiered on August 5, 2020, and is broadcast on CBS in the United States and simulcast on Global in Canada. The show chronicles a group of former contestants, known as HouseGuests, as they compete to be the last competitor remaining to win a grand prize of . Julie Chen Moonves is hosting the season. For the first time since "," the program featured a live premiere. CBS renewed "Big Brother" for an additional season on September 5, 2019, before the twenty-first season concluded and confirmed Chen Moonves would be returning as host. The start of the season was delayed six weeks due to the impacts of COVID-19. Hours before the season finale, Julie Chen Moonves made an official announcement for the show's renewal for a 23rd season in 2021.


title: Big Brother 22 (American season)

text: The season finale was broadcast on October 28, 2020, after 85 days of competition, where season 16 runner-up Cody Calafiore was named the winner and defeating season 12 HouseGuest Enzo Palumbo in the third unanimous final jury vote in "Big Brother US" history (following Dan Gheesling of "Big Brother 10" and Tamar Braxton of "Celebrity Big Brother 2"). Da'Vonne Rogers was named the season's America's Favorite HouseGuest.


title: Big Brother 22 (American season)

text: "Big Brother" follows a group of contestants, known as HouseGuests, who live inside a custom-built house outfitted with cameras and microphones recording their every move 24 hours a day. The HouseGuests are sequestered with no contact with the outside world. During their stay, the HouseGuests share their thoughts on their day-to-day lives inside the house in a private room known as the Diary Room. Each week, the HouseGuests compete in competitions in order to win power and safety inside the house. At the start of each week, the HouseGuests compete in a Head of Household (abbreviated as "HOH") competition. The winner of the HoH competition is immune from eviction and selects two HouseGuests to be nominated for eviction. Six HouseGuests are then selected to compete in the Power of Veto (abbreviated as "PoV") competition: the reigning HoH, the nominees, and three other HouseGuests chosen by random draw. The winner of the PoV competition has the right to either revoke the nomination of one of the nominated HouseGuests or leave them as is. If the veto winner uses this power, the HoH must immediately nominate another HouseGuest for eviction. The PoV winner is also immune from being named as the replacement nominee. On eviction night, all HouseGuests vote to evict one of the nominees, though the Head of Household and the nominees are not allowed to vote. This vote is conducted in the privacy of the Diary Room. In the event of a tie, the Head of Household casts the tie-breaking vote. The nominee with the most votes is evicted from the house. The last nine evicted HouseGuests comprise the Jury and are sequestered in a separate location following their eviction and ultimately decide the winner of the season. The Jury is only allowed to see the competitions and ceremonies that include all of the remaining HouseGuests; they are not shown any interviews or other footage that might include strategy or details regarding nominations. The viewing public is able to award an additional prize of by choosing "America's Favorite HouseGuest". All evicted HouseGuests are eligible to win this award except for those who either voluntarily leave or are forcibly removed for rule violations.


title: Big Brother 22 (American season)

text: On July 23, 2020, CBS confirmed the season would be an All-Stars edition with previous HouseGuests taking part. This was the second "All-Stars" edition in the history of the program after the seventh season in 2006. The HouseGuests were revealed during the live season premiere on August 5, 2020.


title: Big Brother 22 (American season)

text: In 2022, Janelle Pierzina appeared as a contestant on the USA Network reality competition series, "Snake in the Grass". Enzo Palumbo and David Alexander competed on "".


title: Big Brother 22 (American season)

text: In the second episode, the Safety Suite twist was introduced. For each of the first three weeks, HouseGuests could opt to compete in a Safety Suite competition to earn immunity as well as immunity for one other player. Each HouseGuest could only compete in one of the three Safety Competitions by scanning the VIP Pass that was given to them on Week 1. Once the Suite was activated, those who wanted to participate would have one hour to scan in. The players who chose to participate were revealed to all the remaining HouseGuests. The player who won the Safety Suite competition would be safe for the week and would have to choose a +1 to be safe along with them, however the +1 would have to accept a unique punishment for the week in addition to the immunity.


title: Big Brother 22 (American season)

text: During episode 13, Julie revealed a new room in the house called the BB Basement. In this room, a competition would take place that would award three game-changing powers to HouseGuests.


title: Big Brother 22 (American season)

text: During episode 22, it was revealed that "Big Brother 2" winner Will Kirby would move into the neighbor's house for the week and tempt the HouseGuests with prizes during the next HOH and veto competitions. Kirby showed up multiple times during the week to shake up the game.


title: Big Brother 22 (American season)

text: For the first time in the American "Big Brother"s show history, a Triple Eviction occurred on Day 58, during which the HouseGuests competed in two rounds of play following the first eviction.


title: Big Brother 22 (American season)

text: The "Room Winner" refers to the special competition that took place on the Sunday episode pertaining to the new room opened in the House during that week.


title: Big Brother 22 (American season)

text: Dates for open casting calls were announced on February 28 and were due to start on March 7. All open casting calls were cancelled on March 10 due to concerns over the COVID-19 pandemic however potential applicants were urged to continue submitting online applications. An article from "The Hollywood Reporter" on April 7 noted that CBS would be without new seasons of "Big Brother" and "Love Island" during the summer. Unnamed sources to the publication said the network would rely on repeats of their scripted shows that "have historically repeated well." In a May 19 interview with "Deadline," CBS Entertainment President Kelly Kahl said the network was "optimistic" about airing both shows ("Big Brother" and "Love Island") during the summer "a little later than usual." Pre-production began on July 2 with the crew starting construction on the house located in Los Angeles. "Deadline" reported the crew was following strict health and safety guidelines which including being tested for COVID-19, wearing personal protective equipment and observing social distancing during construction. Fly on the Wall Entertainment and Endemol Shine North America, which co-produce the series, had to wait for approvals from unions and guilds to officially begin filming. CBS revealed several changes to the program to ensure the health and safety of the HouseGuests, staff and production crew. Prior to the season premiere, the HouseGuests were placed in quarantine and tested for COVID-19 multiple times. Once inside the House, the HouseGuests would be tested weekly and have no contact with the production crew and any supplies delivered to the House would be disinfected. The production crew and staff would also be tested regularly and screened for symptoms, provided personal protective equipment and work in socially distant pods. A COVID-19 compliance officer will be on staff to ensure the implementation of the safety policies. Additionally, the live shows would not have a studio audience.


title: Big Brother 22 (American season)

text: CBS announced "Big Brother" had been renewed for a twenty-second season on September 5, 2019. Chen Moonves confirmed to return as host on the same day after signing a one-season contract extension with the network. Merchandise for the upcoming season briefly appeared on CBS' online store on July 20, 2020, featuring the title "Big Brother: All-Stars" with a redesigned logo. Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan will return as executive producers for the series which will be produced by Fly on the Wall Entertainment, in association with Endemol Shine North America. CBS announced the season would have a live two-hour premiere on August 5, 2020. For the first time since "Big Brother: Over the Top" this season will feature the HouseGuests moving into the House during live premiere. New episodes will air on Sunday/Wednesday/Thursday schedule as in previous seasons except all episodes will air in the 8:00 p.m. timeslot. Global will air the season in Canada in simulcast with CBS.


title: Big Brother 22 (American season)

text: Kassting, Inc. returned to provide casting services for a 21st consecutive season since "Big Brother 2," with Robyn Kass serving as the casting director. Despite the eventual "All-Stars" format, an open casting call for the season was still held, which opened on September 22, 2019, and closed on April 3, 2020.


title: Big Brother 22 (American season)

text: As with previous seasons, the program is filmed at CBS Studios, soundstage 18 in Studio City, California in a custom-built two-story house. The House is equipped with 94 high-definition cameras and over 113 microphones to monitor and record the HouseGuests.


title: Big Brother 22 (American season)

text: The theme of the house is a modern colorful urban loft that showcases "Big Brother" history. Like the previous All-Star house, the new house contains many references to past players and moments of the series. Spray-painted murals in the kitchen area depict memorable moments from popular former HouseGuests, including:


title: Big Brother 22 (American season)

text: The lounge features toss pillows of the show's multiple popular "showmances," including Jeff/Jordan (from "Big Brother 11" and "Big Brother 13"), Cody/Jessica (from "Big Brother 19"), Brendon/Rachel (from "Big Brother 12" and "Big Brother 13"), Dominic/Daniele (from "Big Brother 13"), Swaggy C/Bayleigh (from "Big Brother 20"), Tyler/Angela (from "Big Brother 20"), and Victor/Nicole (from "Big Brother 18"). The first bedroom is a comic themed room that alludes to the recurring Power of Veto competition BB Comics. The walls of this room includes images of the BB Comics characters of multiple past HouseGuests, including Victor Arroyo (of "Big Brother 18"), Amber Borzotra (of "Big Brother 16"), Frank Eudy (of "Big Brother 14" and "Big Brother 18"), Jessica Graf (of "Big Brother 19"), Frankie Grande (of "Big Brother 16"), Ovi Kabir (of "Big Brother 21"), Jordan Lloyd (of "Big Brother 11" & "Big Brother 13"), Steve Moses (of "Big Brother 17"), Rachel Reilly (of "Big Brother 12" and "Big Brother 13"), Vanessa Rousso (of "Big Brother 17"), Angela Rummans (of "Big Brother 20"), Faysal Shafaat (of "Big Brother 20"), Devin Shepherd (of "Big Brother 16"), Christopher "Swaggy C" Williams (of "Big Brother 20") and Jase Wirey (of "Big Brother 5" and "Big Brother 7"). The second bedroom is themed around cameras, the walls of this bedroom is filled with "127 black-and-white photos that highlight pivotal moments spanning the show’s 20-year history". The third bedroom is themed around the "Big Brother" key, the symbol of safety in the "Big Brother" house as used in the nomination ceremony and in the Final 2 jury vote. The bathroom features rubber ducks which have been frequently seen in the pool. This season also featured an updated front of house studio for the first time since "Big Brother 15," featuring a new 10-foot-tall entrance door as well as a hallway to prevent houseguests from peeking beyond the door, a trope that has caught on in recent years.


title: Big Brother 22 (American season)

text: During Week 5, Memphis Garrett, Nicole Franzel, Dani Briones, and Christmas Abbott made fun of Ian Terry's rocking coping mechanism for being on the autism spectrum. Dani stated, "I can't even look at him sometimes because [of] his constant movement. It stresses me out. I feel mean saying that, but I'll literally have to move." Memphis and Christmas joined in, with Memphis comparing Ian's demeanor to that of a horror movie. Multiple houseguests were also involved in the matter, including Cody Calafiore and Enzo Palumbo. These houseguests laughed when comments were made, but did not directly make comments about Terry.


title: Gary Delaney

text: Gary Delaney (born 16 April 1973) is an English writer and stand-up comedian. His style of humour is one-liners involving puns. He is known for delivering them in a slightly deadpan manner.


title: Gary Delaney

text: Gary Delaney received a degree in Economics from the London School of Economics, owing to his childhood desire to be a bond trader.


title: Gary Delaney

text: Before his comedy career, Delaney fixed photocopiers, worked at banks, and did custodian work at garages.


title: Gary Delaney

text: He writes for Birmingham-based FM radio station Kerrang! 105.2 and also appeared in the horror-comedy film "Trash House". A lot of his material was allegedly plagiarised on the humour website Sickipedia. When Delaney complained, the site removed the material and replaced it with a notice saying "joke removed due to a copyright complaint by Gary Delaney" and a link to his website. He received abuse and death threats from the site's users. However, his actions led the website to begin to attribute authorship of the jokes appearing on its site.


title: Gary Delaney

text: In 2003, Delaney toured the UK supporting Jerry Sadowitz, performing at venues including Manchester University and Shepherd's Bush Empire, London. His first Edinburgh Festival Fringe show, "Purist", won generally positive reviews, including four stars from comedy website Chortle, and "The Independent" newspaper. Delaney had two of his gags included in the top ten of the third annual Dave Award for the Funniest Joke of the Fringe, the only comedian to do so. Following an increased profile due to appearances on "Mock the Week" and Dave's "One Night Stand", Delaney toured "Purist" in 2013.


title: Gary Delaney

text: In July 2012, Delaney appeared on "Mock the Week". Some residents of Jersey were offended when he joked that people from Jersey were "trying to shake off their tax avoidance tag and get back to their traditional reputation as Nazi sympathisers." The BBC, however, reiterated that "Mock the Week" contains irreverent humour and that the comment was "obviously tongue-in-cheek".. Delaney went on to make a total of 18 appearances on the show.


title: Gary Delaney

text: Contributing to the topical podcast "No Pressure to be Funny", in May 2013, he described himself as a "right-wing libertarian".


title: Gary Delaney

text: Delaney began a relationship with fellow stand-up comedian Sarah Millican in 2006. The couple moved in together in 2013 and married in December 2013.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: The Soviet Union introduced the collectivization () of its agricultural sector between 1928 and 1940 during the ascension of Joseph Stalin. It began during and was part of the first five-year plan. The policy aimed to integrate individual landholdings and labour into collectively-controlled and state-controlled farms: "Kolkhozes" and "Sovkhozes" accordingly. The Soviet leadership confidently expected that the replacement of individual peasant farms by collective ones would immediately increase the food supply for the urban population, the supply of raw materials for the processing industry, and agricultural exports via state-imposed quotas on individuals working on collective farms. Planners regarded collectivization as the solution to the crisis of agricultural distribution (mainly in grain deliveries) that had developed from 1927. This problem became more acute as the Soviet Union pressed ahead with its ambitious industrialization program, meaning that more food needed to be produced to keep up with urban demand.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: In the early 1930s, over 91% of agricultural land became collectivized as rural households entered collective farms with their land, livestock, and other assets. The collectivization era saw several famines, as well as peasant resistance to collectivization. The death toll cited by experts has ranged from 4 million to 7 million.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: After the emancipation of the serfs in 1861, peasants gained control of about half of the land they had previously cultivated and began to ask for the redistribution of all land. The Stolypin agricultural reforms between 1905 and 1914 gave incentives for the creation of large farms, but these ended during World War I. The Russian Provisional Government accomplished little during the difficult World War I months, though Russian leaders continued to promise redistribution. Peasants began to turn against the Provisional Government and organized themselves into land committees, which together with the traditional peasant communes became a powerful force of opposition. When Vladimir Lenin returned to Russia on April 16, 1917, he promised the people "Peace, Land and Bread," the latter two appearing as a promise to the peasants for the redistribution of confiscated land and a fair share of food for every worker respectively.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: During the period of war communism, however, the policy of "Prodrazvyorstka" meant that the peasantry was obligated to surrender the surpluses of agricultural produce for a fixed price. When the Russian Civil War ended, the economy changed with the New Economic Policy (NEP) and specifically, the policy of "prodnalog" or "food tax." This new policy was designed to re-build morale among embittered farmers and lead to increased production.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: The pre-existing communes, which periodically redistributed land, did little to encourage improvement in technique and formed a source of power beyond the control of the Soviet government. Although the income gap between wealthy and poor farmers did grow under the NEP, it remained quite small, but the Bolsheviks began to take aim at the "kulaks", peasants with enough land and money to own several animals and hire a few labourers. Kulaks were blamed for withholding surpluses of agricultural produce. Clearly identifying this group was difficult, though, since only about 1% of the peasantry employed labourers (the basic Marxist definition of a capitalist), and 82% of the country's population were peasants. According to Robert Conquest, the definition of "kulak" also varied depending on who was using it; "peasants with a couple of cows or five or six acres [~2 ha] more than their neighbors" were labeled "kulaks"" in Stalin's first Five Year Plan.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: The small shares of most of the peasants resulted in food shortages in the cities. Although grain had nearly returned to pre-war production levels, the large estates which had produced it for urban markets had been divided up. Not interested in acquiring money to purchase overpriced manufactured goods, the peasants chose to consume their produce rather than sell it. As a result, city dwellers only saw half the grain that had been available before the war. Before the revolution, peasants controlled only 2,100,000 km² divided into 16 million holdings, producing 50% of the food grown in Russia and consuming 60% of total food production. After the revolution, the peasants controlled 3,140,000 km² divided into 25 million holdings, producing 85% of the food, but consuming 80% of what they grew (meaning that they ate 68% of the total).


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: The Communist Party of the Soviet Union had never been happy with private agriculture and saw collectivization as the best remedy for the problem. Lenin claimed, "Small-scale production gives birth to capitalism and the bourgeoisie constantly, daily, hourly, with elemental force, and in vast proportions." Apart from ideological goals, Joseph Stalin also wished to embark on a program of rapid heavy industrialization which required larger surpluses to be extracted from the agricultural sector in order to feed a growing industrial workforce and to pay for imports of machinery (by exporting grain). Social and ideological goals would also be served through the mobilization of the peasants in a co-operative economic enterprise that would provide social services to the people and empower the state. Not only was collectivization meant to fund industrialization, but it was also a way for the Bolsheviks to systematically exterminate the Kulaks and peasants in general in a back-handed manner. Stalin was incredibly suspicious of the peasants, viewing them as a major threat to socialism. Stalin's use of the collectivization process served to not only address the grain shortages, but his greater concern over the peasants' willingness to conform to the collective farm system and state mandated grain acquisitions. He viewed this as an opportunity to punish the Kulaks as a class by means of collectivization.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: This demand for more grain resulted in the reintroduction of requisitioning which was resisted in rural areas. In 1928 there was a 2-million-ton shortfall in grains purchased by the Soviet Union from neighbouring markets. Stalin claimed the grain had been produced but was being hoarded by "kulaks." Stalin tried to appear as being on the side of the peasants, but it did not help, and the peasants as a whole resented the grain seizures. The peasants did everything they could to protest what they considered unfair seizures. Instead of raising the price, the Politburo adopted an emergency measure to requisition 2.5 million tons of grain.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: The seizures of grain discouraged the peasants and less grain was produced during 1928, and again the government resorted to requisitions, much of the grain being requisitioned from middle peasants as sufficient quantities were not in the hands of the "kulaks." The impact that this had on poorer peasants forced them to move to the cities. The peasants moved in search of jobs in the rapidly expanding industry. This, however, had a fairly negative impact upon their arrival as the peasants brought with them their habits from the farms. They struggled with punctuality and demonstrated a rather poor work ethic, which hindered their ability to perform in the workplace. In 1929, especially after the introduction of the Ural-Siberian Method of grain procurement, resistance to grain seizures became widespread with some violent incidents of resistance. Also, massive hoarding (burial was the common method) and illegal transfers of grain took place.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: Faced with the refusal to hand grain over, a decision was made at a plenary session of the Central Committee in November 1929 to embark on a nationwide program of collectivization.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: Several forms of collective farming were suggested by the People's Commissariat for Agriculture (Narkomzem), distinguished according to the extent to which property was held in common:


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: In November 1929, the Central Committee decided to implement accelerated collectivization in the form of kolkhozes and sovkhozes. This marked the end of the New Economic Policy (NEP), which had allowed peasants to sell their surpluses on the open market. Peasants that were willing to conform and join the kolkhozes were rewarded with higher quality land and tax breaks, whereas peasants were unwilling to join the kolkhozes were punished with being given lower quality land and increased taxes. The taxes imposed on the peasants was primarily to fund the industrial blitz that Stalin had made a priority. If these lesser forms of social coercion proved to be ineffective then the central government would resort to harsher forms of state coercion. Stalin had many kulaks transported to collective farms in distant places to work in agricultural labour camps. In response to this, many peasants began to resist, often began arming themselves against the activists sent from the towns. As a form of protest, many peasants preferred to slaughter their animals for food rather than give them over to collective farms, which produced a major reduction in livestock.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: Collectivization had been encouraged since the revolution, but in 1928, only about one per cent of farmland was collectivized, and despite efforts to encourage and coerce collectivization, the rather optimistic first five-year plan only forecast 15 per cent of farms to be run collectively.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: The situation changed quickly in the autumn of 1929 and the winter of 1930. Between September and December 1929, collectivization increased from 7.4% to 15%, but in the first two months of 1930, 11 million households joined collectivized farms, pushing the total to nearly 60% almost overnight.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: To assist collectivization, the Party decided to send 25,000 "socially conscious" industry workers to the countryside. This was accomplished from 1929–1933, and these workers have become known as twenty-five-thousanders ("dvadtsat'pyat'tysyachniki"). Soviet officials had hoped that by sending the twenty-five thousanders to the countryside that they would be able to produce grain more rapidly. Their hopes were that key areas in the North Caucasus and Volga regions would be collectivized by 1931, and then the other regions by 1932. Shock brigades were used to force reluctant peasants into joining the collective farms and remove those who were declared kulaks and their "agents".


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: Collectivization sought to modernize Soviet agriculture, consolidating the land into parcels that could be farmed by modern equipment using the latest scientific methods of agriculture. It was often claimed that an American Fordson tractor (called "Фордзон" in Russian) was the best propaganda in favour of collectivization. The Communist Party, which adopted the plan in 1929, predicted an increase of 330% in industrial production, and an increase of 50% in agricultural production.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: The means of production (land, equipment, livestock) were to be totally "socialized", i.e. removed from the control of individual peasant households. Not even private household garden plots were allowed.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: Agricultural work was envisioned on a mass scale. Huge glamorous columns of machines were to work the fields, in total contrast to peasant small-scale work.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: The peasants traditionally mostly held their land in the form of large numbers of strips scattered throughout the fields of the village community. By an order of 7 January 1930, "all boundary lines separating the land allotments of the members of the artel are to be eliminated and all fields are to be combined in a single land mass." The basic rule governing the rearrangement of the fields was that the process would have to be completed before the spring planting. The new kolkhozes were initially envisioned as giant organizations unrelated to the preceding village communities. Kolkhozes of tens, or even hundreds, of thousands of hectares, were envisioned in schemes which were later to become known as gigantomania. They were planned to be "divided into 'economies ("ekonomii")' of 5,000–10,000 hectares which were in turn divided into fields and sections ("uchastki") without regard to the existing villages – the aim was to achieve a 'fully depersonalized optimum land area'..." Parallel with this were plans to transfer the peasants to centralized 'agrotowns' offering modern amenities.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: The price of collectivization was so high that the March 2, 1930 issue of "Pravda" contained Stalin's article "Dizzy with Success ("), in which he called for a temporary halt to the process:


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: It is a fact that by February 20 of this year 50 percent of the peasant farms throughout the U.S.S.R. had been collectivized. That means that by February 20, 1930, we had "overfulfilled" the five-year plan of collectivization by more than 100 per cent... some of our comrades have become dizzy with success and for the moment have lost clearness of mind and sobriety of vision.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: After the publication of the article, the pressure for collectivization temporarily abated and peasants started leaving collective farms. According to Martin Kitchen, the number of members of collective farms dropped by 50% in 1930. But soon collectivization was intensified again, and by 1936, about 90% of Soviet agriculture was collectivized.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: Communist efforts to collectivize agriculture and eliminate independent property account for the biggest death toll under Stalin's rule. Some peasants viewed collectivization as the end of the world. By no means was joining the collective farm (also known as the kolkhoz) voluntary. The drive to collectivize understandably had little support from experienced farmers.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: The intent was to withhold grain from the market and increase the total crop and food supply via state collective farms. The anticipated surplus would then pay for industrialization. The kulaks, (who were mostly experienced farmers), were coerced into giving up their land to make way for these collective farms or risk being killed, deported, or sent to labor camps. Inexperienced peasants from urban areas would then replace the missing workforce of the agriculture sector, which is now considered overstaffed, inefficient and import-dependent. Under Stalin's grossly inefficient system, agricultural yields declined rather than increased. The situation persisted into the 1980s, when Soviet farmers averaged about 10 percent of the output of their counterparts in the United States. To make matters worse, tractors promised to the peasants could not be produced due to the poor policies in the Industrial sector of the Soviet Union.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: Peasants tried to protest through peaceful means by speaking out at collectivization meetings and writing letters to the central authorities, to no avail. The kulaks argued to the collectors that starvation was inevitable, but they still started to seize everything edible from the kulaks to meet quotas, regardless if the kulaks had anything for themselves. Stalin falsely denied there even was a famine and prohibited journalists from visiting the collective farms. In order to cover up for the poor harvests, the Soviet government created a fierce propaganda campaign blaming the kulaks for the famine. The propaganda said they were creating an artificial food shortage by hiding crops only to sell them when prices were high. The false propaganda also claimed kulaks were committing crimes such as arson, lynching, and murder of local authorities, kolkhoz, and activists.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: Rumors circulated in the villages warning the rural residents that collectivization would bring disorder, hunger, famine, and the destruction of crops and livestock. Readings and reinterpretations of Soviet newspapers labelled collectivization as a second serfdom. Villagers were afraid the old landowners/serf owners were coming back and that the villagers joining the collective farm would face starvation and famine. More reason for peasants to believe collectivization was a second serfdom was that entry into the kolkhoz had been forced. Farmers did not have the right to leave the collective without permission. The level of state procurements and prices on crops also enforced the serfdom analogy. The government would take a majority of the crops and pay extremely low prices. The serfs during the 1860s were paid nothing but collectivization still reminded the peasants of serfdom. To them, this "second serfdom" became code for the Communist betrayal of the revolution. To the peasants, the revolution was about giving more freedom and land to the peasants, but instead, they had to give up their land and livestock to the collective farm which to some extent promoted communist policies.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: Women were the primary vehicle for rumours that touched upon issues of family and everyday life. Fears that collectivization would result in the socialization of children, the export of women's hair, communal wife-sharing, and the notorious common blanket affected many women, causing them to revolt. For example, when it was announced that a collective farm in Crimea would become a commune and that the children would be socialized, women killed their soon-to-be socialized livestock, which spared the children. Stories that the Communists believed short hair gave women a more urban and industrial look insulted peasant women. After local activists in a village in North Caucasus actually confiscated all blankets, more fear dispersed among villagers. The common blanket meant that all men and women would sleep on a seven-hundred meter long bed under a seven-hundred-meter long blanket. Historians argue that women took advantage of these rumours without actually believing them so they could attack the collective farm "under the guise of irrational, nonpolitical protest." Women were less vulnerable to retaliation than peasant men, and therefore able to get away with a lot more.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: Peasant women were rarely held accountable for their actions because of the officials' perceptions of their protests. They "physically blocked the entrances to huts of peasants scheduled to be exiled as kulaks, forcibly took back socialized seed and livestock and led assaults on officials." Officials ran away and hid to let the riots run their course. When women came to trial, they were given less harsh punishments as the men because women, to officials, were seen as illiterate and the most backward part of the peasantry. One particular case of this was a riot in a Russian village of Belovka where protestors were beating members of the local soviet and setting fire to their homes. The men were held exclusively responsible as the main culprits. Women were given sentences to serve as a warning, not as a punishment. Because of how they were perceived, women were able to play an essential role in the resistance to collectivization.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: Collectivization did not just entail the acquisition of land from farmers but also the closing of churches, burning of icons, and the arrests of priests. Associating the church with the tsarist regime, the Soviet state continued to undermine the church through expropriations and repression. They cut off state financial support to the church and secularized church schools. Peasants began to associate Communists with atheists because the attack on the church was so devastating. The Communist assault on religion and the church angered many peasants, giving them more reason to revolt. Riots exploded after the closing of churches as early as 1929.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: Identification of Soviet power with the Antichrist also decreased peasant support for the Soviet regime. Rumors about religious persecution spread mostly by word of mouth, but also through leaflets and proclamations. Priests preached that the Antichrist had come to place "the Devil's mark" on the peasants. and that the Soviet state was promising the peasants a better life but was actually signing them up for Hell. Peasants feared that if they joined the collective farm they would be marked with the stamp of the Antichrist. They faced a choice between God and the Soviet collective farm. Choosing between salvation and damnation, peasants had no choice but to resist the policies of the state. These rumours of the Soviet state as the Antichrist functioned to keep peasants from succumbing to the government. The attacks on religion and the Church affected women the most because they were upholders of religion within the villages.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: Dovzhenko's film "Earth" gives example of peasants' skepticism with collectivization on the basis that it was an attack on the church. Coiner of the term genocide; Raphael Lemkin considered the repression of the Orthodox Church to be a prong of genocide against Ukrainians when seen in correlation to the Holodomor famine.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: Due to the high government production quotas, peasants received, as a rule, less for their labour than they did before collectivization, and some refused to work. Merle Fainsod estimated that, in 1952, collective farm earnings were only one-fourth of the cash income from private plots on Soviet collective farms. In many cases, the immediate effect of collectivization was the reduction of output and the cutting of the number of livestock in half. The subsequent recovery of the agricultural production was also impeded by the losses suffered by the Soviet Union during World War II and the severe drought of 1946. However, the largest loss of livestock was caused by collectivization for all animals except pigs. The numbers of cows in the USSR fell from 33.2 million in 1928 to 27.8 million in 1941 and to 24.6 million in 1950. The number of pigs fell from 27.7 million in 1928 to 27.5 million in 1941 and then to 22.2 million in 1950. The number of sheep fell from 114.6 million in 1928 to 91.6 million in 1941 and to 93.6 million in 1950. The number of horses fell from 36.1 million in 1928 to 21.0 million in 1941 and to 12.7 million in 1950. Only by the late 1950s did Soviet farm animal stocks begin to approach 1928 levels.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: Despite the initial plans, collectivization, accompanied by the bad harvest of 1932–1933, did not live up to expectations. Between 1929 and 1932 there was a massive fall in agricultural production resulting in famine in the countryside. Stalin and the CPSU blamed the prosperous peasants, referred to as 'kulaks' (Russian: "fist"), who were organizing resistance to collectivization. Allegedly, many kulaks had been hoarding grain in order to speculate on higher prices, thereby sabotaging grain collection. Stalin resolved to eliminate them as a class. The methods Stalin used to eliminate the kulaks were dispossession, deportation, and execution. The term "Ural-Siberian Method" was coined by Stalin, the rest of the population referred to it as the "new method". Article 107 of the criminal code was the legal means by which the state acquired grain.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: The Soviet government responded to these acts by cutting off food rations to peasants and areas where there was opposition to collectivization, especially in Ukraine. For peasants that were unable to meet the grain quota, they were fined five-times the quota. If the peasant continued to be defiant the peasants' property and equipment would be confiscated by the state. If none of the previous measures were effective the defiant peasant would be deported or exiled. The practice was made legal in 1929 under Article 61 of the criminal code. Many peasant families were forcibly resettled in Siberia and Kazakhstan into exile settlements, and most of them died on the way. Estimates suggest that about a million so-called 'kulak' families, or perhaps some 5 million people, were sent to forced labour camps.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: On August 7, 1932, the "Decree about the Protection of Socialist Property" proclaimed that the punishment for theft of kolkhoz or cooperative property was the death sentence, which "under extenuating circumstances" could be replaced by at least ten years of incarceration. With what some called the "Law of Spikelets" ("Закон о колосках"), peasants (including children) who hand-collected or gleaned grain in the collective fields after the harvest were arrested for damaging the state grain production. Martin Amis writes in "Koba the Dread" that 125,000 sentences were passed for this particular offence in the bad harvest period from August 1932 to December 1933.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: During the Famine of 1932–33 it's estimated that 7.8–11 million people died from starvation. The implication is that the total death toll (both direct and indirect) for Stalin's collectivization program was on the order of 12 million people. It is said that in 1945, Joseph Stalin confided to Winston Churchill at Yalta that 10 million people died in the course of collectivization.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: Since the second half of the 19th century, Siberia had been a major agricultural region within Russia, espеcially its southern territories (nowadays Altai Krai, Omsk Oblast, Novosibirsk Oblast, Kemerovo Oblast, Khakassia, Irkutsk Oblast). Stolypin's program of resettlement granted a lot of land for immigrants from elsewhere in the empire, creating a large portion of well-off peasants and stimulating rapid agricultural development in the 1910s. Local merchants exported large quantities of labelled grain, flour, and butter into central Russia and Western Europe.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: In May 1931, a special resolution of the Western-Siberian Regional Executive Committee (classified "top secret") ordered the expropriation of property and the deportation of 40,000 kulaks to "sparsely populated and unpopulated" areas in Tomsk Oblast in the northern part of the Western-Siberian region. The expropriated property was to be transferred to kolkhozes as indivisible collective property and the kolkhoz shares representing this forced contribution of the deportees to kolkhoz equity were to be held in the "collectivization fund of poor and landless peasants" (фонд коллективизации бедноты и батрачества).


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: It has since been perceived by historians such as Lynne Viola as a Civil War of the peasants against the Bolshevik Government and the attempted colonization of the countryside.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: In 1928 within Soviet Kazakhstan, authorities started a campaign to confiscate cattle from richer Kazakhs, who were called bai, known as Little October. The confiscation campaign was carried out by Kazakhs against other Kazakhs, and it was up to those Kazakhs to decide who was a bai and how much to confiscate from them. This engagement was intended to make Kazakhs active participants in the transformation of Kazakh society. More than 10,000 bais may have been deported due to the campaign against them. In areas where the major agricultural activity was nomadic herding, collectivization met with massive resistance and major losses and confiscation of livestock. Livestock in Kazakhstan fell from 7 million cattle to 1.6 million and from 22 million sheep to 1.7 million. Restrictions on migration proved ineffective and half a million migrated to other regions of Central Asia and 1.5 million to China. Of those who remained, as many as a million died in the resulting famine. In Mongolia, a so-called 'Soviet dependency', attempted collectivization was abandoned in 1932 after the loss of 8 million head of livestock.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: Historian Sarah Cameron argues that while Stalin did not intend to starve Kazakhs, he saw some deaths as a necessary sacrifice to achieve the political and economic goals of the regime. Cameron believes that while the famine combined with a campaign against nomads was not genocide in the sense of the United Nations (UN) definition, it complies with Raphael Lemkin's original concept of genocide, which considered destruction of culture to be as genocidal as physical annihilation. Historian Stephen Wheatcroft criticizes this view in regard to the Soviet famine because he believes that the high expectations of central planners was sufficient to demonstrate their ignorance of the ultimate consequences of their actions and that the result of them would be famine. Niccolò Pianciola goes further than Cameron and argues that from Lemkin's point of view on genocide all nomads of the Soviet Union were victims of the crime, not just the Kazakhs.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: Most historians agree that the disruption caused by collectivization and the resistance of the peasants significantly contributed to the Great Famine of 1932–1933, especially in Ukraine, a region famous for its rich soil (chernozem). This particular period is called "Holodomor" in Ukrainian. During the similar famines of 1921–1923, numerous campaigns – inside the country, as well as internationally – were held to raise money and food in support of the population of the affected regions. Nothing similar was done during the drought of 1932–1933, mainly because the information about the disaster was suppressed by Stalin. Stalin also undertook a purge of the Ukrainian communists and intelligentsia, with devastating long-term effects on the area. Many Ukrainian villages were blacklisted and penalized by government decree for perceived sabotage of food supplies. Moreover, migration of population from the affected areas was restricted. According to Stalin in his conversation with the prize-winning writer Mikhail Sholokhov, the famine was caused by the excesses of local party workers and sabotage,


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: I've thanked you for the letters, as they expose a sore in our Party-Soviet work and show how our workers, wishing to curb the enemy, sometimes unwittingly hit friends and descend to sadism. ... the esteemed grain-growers of your district (and not only of your district alone) carried on an 'Italian strike' (sabotage!) and were not loath to leave the workers and the Red Army without bread. That the sabotage was quiet and outwardly harmless (without blood) does not change the fact that the esteemed grain-growers waged what was in fact a 'quiet' war against Soviet power. A war of starvation, dear com[rade] Sholokhov. This, of course, can in no way justify the outrages, which, as you assure me, have been committed by our workers. ... And those guilty of those outrages must be duly punished.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: About 40 million people were affected by the food shortages including areas near Moscow where mortality rates increased by 50%. The center of the famine, however, was Ukraine and surrounding regions, including the Don, the Kuban, the Northern Caucasus and Kazakhstan where the toll was one million dead. The countryside was affected more than cities, but 120,000 died in Kharkiv, 40,000 in Krasnodar and 20,000 in Stavropol.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: The declassified Soviet archives show that there were 1.54 million officially registered deaths in Ukraine from famine. Alec Nove claims that registration of deaths largely ceased in many areas during the famine. However, it's been pointed out that the registered deaths in the archives were substantially revised by the demographics officials. The older version of the data showed 600,000 fewer deaths in Ukraine than the current, revised statistics. In "The Black Book of Communism", the authors claim that the number of deaths was at least 4 million, and they also characterize the Great Famine as "a genocide of the Ukrainian people".


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: After the Soviet Occupation of Latvia in June 1940, the country's new rulers were faced with a problem: the agricultural reforms of the inter-war period had expanded individual holdings. The property of "enemies of the people" and refugees, as well as those above 30 hectares, was nationalized in 1940–44, but those who were still landless were then given plots of 15 hectares each. Thus, Latvian agriculture remained essentially dependent on personal smallholdings, making central planning difficult. In 1940–41 the Communist Party repeatedly said that collectivization would not occur forcibly, but rather voluntarily and by example. To encourage collectivization high taxes were enforced and new farms were given no government support. But after 1945 the Party dropped its restrained approach as the voluntary approach was not yielding results. Latvians were accustomed to individual holdings ("viensētas"), which had existed even during serfdom, and for many farmers, the plots awarded to them by the interwar reforms were the first their families had ever owned. Furthermore, the countryside was filled with rumours regarding the harshness of collective farm life.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: Pressure from Moscow to collectivize continued and the authorities in Latvia sought to reduce the number of individual farmers (increasingly labelled "kulaki" or "budži") through higher taxes and requisitioning of agricultural products for state use. The first kolkhoz was established only in November 1946 and by 1948, just 617 kolkhozes had been established, integrating 13,814 individual farmsteads (12.6% of the total). The process was still judged too slow, and in March 1949 just under 13,000 kulak families, as well as a large number of individuals, were identified. Between March 24 and March 30, 1949, about 40,000 people were deported and resettled at various points throughout the USSR.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: After these deportations, the pace of collectivization increased as a flood of farmers rushed into kolkhozes. Within two weeks 1740 new kolkhozes were established and by the end of 1950, just 4.5% of Latvian farmsteads remained outside the collectivized units; about 226,900 farmsteads belonged to collectives, of which there were now around 14,700. Rural life changed as farmers' daily movements were dictated to by plans, decisions, and quotas formulated elsewhere and delivered through an intermediate non-farming hierarchy. The new kolkhozes, especially smaller ones, were ill-equipped and poor – at first farmers were paid once a year in kind and then in cash, but salaries were very small and at times farmers went unpaid or even ended up owing money to the kholhoz. Farmers still had small pieces of land (not larger than 0.5 ha) around their houses where they grew food for themselves. Along with collectivization, the government tried to uproot the custom of living in individual farmsteads by resettling people in villages. However this process failed due to lack of money since the Soviets planned to move houses as well.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: Sources: "Sotsialisticheskoe sel'skoe khoziaistvo SSSR", Gosplanizdat, Moscow-Leningrad, 1939 (pp. 42, 43); supplementary numbers for 1927–1935 from "Sel'skoe khoziaistvo SSSR 1935", Narkomzem SSSR, Moscow, 1936 (pp. 630, 634, 1347, 1369); 1937 from "Great Soviet Encyclopedia", vol. 22, Moscow, 1953 (p. 81); 1939 from "Narodnoe khoziaistvo SSSR 1917–1987", Moscow, 1987 (pp. 35); 1940 from "Narodnoe khoziaistvo SSSR 1922–1972", Moscow, 1972 (pp. 215, 240).


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: The official numbers for the collectivized areas (the column with per cent of sown area in collective use in the table above) are biased upward by two technical factors. First, these official numbers are calculated as a per cent of sown area in peasant farmsteads, excluding the area cultivated by sovkhozes and other agricultural users. Estimates based on the total sown area (including state farms) reduce the share of collective farms between 1935–1940 to about 80%. Second, the household plots of kolkhoz members (i.e., collectivized farmsteads) are included in the land base of collective farms. Without the household plots, arable land in collective cultivation in 1940 was 96.4% of land in collective farms, and not 99.8% as shown by official statistics. Although there is no arguing with the fact that collectivization was sweeping and total between 1928 and 1940, the table below provides different (more realistic) numbers on the extent of collectivization of sown areas.


title: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

text: During World War II, Alfred Rosenberg, in his capacity as the Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories, issued a series of posters announcing the end of the Soviet collective farms in areas of the USSR under German occupation. He also issued an Agrarian Law in February 1942, annulling all Soviet legislation on farming, restoring family farms for those willing to collaborate with the occupiers. But decollectivization conflicted with the wider demands of wartime food production, and Hermann Göring demanded that the "kolkhoz" be retained, save for a change of name. Hitler himself denounced the redistribution of land as 'stupid.' In the end, the German occupation authorities retained most of the kolkhozes and simply renamed them "community farms" (, a throwback to the traditional Russian commune). German propaganda described this as a preparatory step toward the ultimate dissolution of the kolkhozes into private farms, which would be granted to peasants who had loyally delivered compulsory quotas of farm produce to the Germans. By 1943, the German occupation authorities had converted 30% of the kolkhozes into German-sponsored "agricultural cooperatives", but as yet had made no conversions to private farms.


title: George Pickens

text: George Malik Pickens Jr. (born March 4, 2001) is an American football wide receiver for the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Georgia and was drafted by the Steelers in the second round of the 2022 NFL Draft.


title: George Pickens

text: Pickens attended Hoover High School in Hoover, Alabama. As a senior, he had 69 receptions for 1,368 yards and 16 touchdowns. He played in the 2019 Under Armour All-American Game. A five star recruit, he originally committed to Auburn University to play college football before changing his commitment to the University of Georgia.


title: George Pickens

text: Pickens earned immediate playing time his freshman year at Georgia in 2019, leading the team in receptions (49), receiving yards (727) and receiving touchdowns (8). In the following season Pickens caught 36 passes for 513 yards and a team-leading six touchdowns in an eight-game season shortened by the COVID-19 pandemic. In the spring of 2021, Pickens tore his ACL causing him to miss most of his junior season. He returned to play in the final four games of the year, catching just five passes, but made an important 52-yard reception in Georgia's win over Alabama in the 2022 College Football Playoff National Championship game. Pickens declared for the 2022 NFL Draft following the season.


title: George Pickens

text: Pickens was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the second round (52nd overall) of the 2022 NFL Draft.


title: George Pickens

text: In Week 3 against the Cleveland Browns, Pickens corralled a one-handed catch while fully extending his body in the air. It was called by some the "Catch of the Year." In Week 4, against the New York Jets, he had six receptions for 102 yards in the 24–20 loss.


title: George Pickens

text: Pickens scored his first professional touchdown in primetime during Week 7 against the Miami Dolphins.


title: Ricardo Eichmann

text: Ricardo Francisco Eichmann (born November 1, 1955) is an Argentine-born German archaeologist. He was the director of the Orient Department of the German Archaeological Institute between 1996 and 2020 and previously a professor of Near Eastern archaeology at the University of Tübingen.


title: Ricardo Eichmann

text: Ricardo Francisco Eichmann was born on November 1, 1955, in Buenos Aires. He is the youngest son of Adolf Eichmann and Vera Eichmann ( Liebl). He has three older brothers. Eichmann was five years old when his father was captured and taken from Argentina to Israel by Mossad. As a teenager, Eichmann learned of his father's history from books. He rejected the Nazi ideology of his father and accepted that his execution was justified.


title: Ricardo Eichmann

text: From 1977, Eichmann studied prehistory and protohistory, classical archaeology and Egyptology at Heidelberg University. His 1984 dissertation was titled "Prehistoric Aspects of Floor Plans in the Middle East".


title: Ricardo Eichmann

text: Eichmann is an archaeologist. From 1984 to 1994, he worked first as a scientific consultant and later as a research assistant in the "Baghdad department" of the German Archaeological Institute in Berlin. Eichmann was then briefly Professor of Near Eastern archaeology at the University of Tübingen from 1995 to 1996. From 1996 to 2019 he was the first director of the Orient Department of the German Archaeological Institute in Berlin, being succeeded by Margarete van Ess in 2020. His research interests include music archaeology in the Near East and Egypt.


title: Ricardo Eichmann

text: In 1995, he met Zvi Aharoni, the Mossad agent who was chiefly responsible for his father's capture. Eichmann declines most requests for interviews. He has two sons.


title: All that glitters is not gold

text: "All that glitters is not gold" is an aphorism stating that not everything that looks precious or true turns out to be so.


title: All that glitters is not gold

text: While early expressions of the idea are known from at least the 12th–13th century, the current saying is derived from a 16th-century line by William Shakespeare, "All that glisters is not gold".


title: All that glitters is not gold

text: The expression, in various forms, originated in or before the 12th century and may date back to Æsop.


title: All that glitters is not gold

text: The Latin is "Non omne quod nitet aurum est." The French monk Alain de Lille wrote "Do not hold everything gold that shines like gold" in 1175.


title: All that glitters is not gold

text: Chaucer gave two early versions in English: ""But al thyng which that shyneth as the gold / Nis nat gold, as that I have herd it told"" in "The Canon's Yeoman's Tale", and ""Hyt is not al golde that glareth"" in "The House of Fame".


title: All that glitters is not gold

text: The popular form of the expression is a derivative of a line in William Shakespeare's play "The Merchant of Venice", which employs the word "glisters," a 16th-century synonym for "glitters." The line comes from a secondary plot of the play, in the scroll inside the golden casket the puzzle of Portia's boxes (Act II – Scene VII – Prince of Morocco):


title: All that glitters is not gold

text: The original version of the saying used the word "glisters", but "glitters" long ago became the predominant form. Poet John Dryden used "glitter" in his 1687 poem "The Hind and the Panther". The words "glister" and "glitter" have the same meaning.


title: All that glitters is not gold

text: Arthur Golding in his 1577 English translation of John Calvin's sermons on Ephesians uses the phrase "But al is not gold that glistereth" in sermon 15.


title: All that glitters is not gold

text: In 1747, Thomas Gray paraphrased the saying in his "Ode on the Death of a Favourite Cat, Drowned in a Tub of Goldfishes" which finishes with the lines:


title: All that glitters is not gold

text: The phrase first originated from The Merchant of Venice, by William Shakespeare, "All that glisters is not gold." (William Shakespeare, Merchant of Venice, Act II Scene 7)


title: All that glitters is not gold

text: It later became a song, "All That Glitters Is Not Gold," in 1901, with words by George A. Norton and music by James W. Casey. The song is perhaps best remembered today for its inclusion in "Bowery Bugs" (1949), a Bugs Bunny cartoon based on the story of "Steve Brodie".


title: All that glitters is not gold

text: The phrase appears in "H.M.S Pinafore," an 1878 comic opera by Gilbert and Sullivan as "all that glitters is not gold."


title: All that glitters is not gold

text: Neil Young used the phrase in his song "Don't Be Denied" "("Well, all that glitters isn't gold/I know you've heard that story told")," from his 1973 album "Time Fades Away," to express his "realization that even success wouldn't make him happy", even after he obtained fame and money.


title: All that glitters is not gold

text: Led Zeppelin reference the phrase in the opening line of their hit Stairway to Heaven: ""There's a lady who's sure all that glitters is gold"".


title: All that glitters is not gold

text: The phrase is referenced with a reversal of the usual meaning in J. R. R. Tolkien's poem "The Riddle of Strider", originally written for "The Fellowship of the Ring":


title: All that glitters is not gold

text: The poem emphasizes that sometimes gold is hidden or mistaken for something else, as opposed to gaudy facades being mistaken for real gold. Strider, secretly the rightful king of Gondor, appears to be a mere Ranger. Fundamentally, both Tolkien's phrase and the original ask the reader to look beneath the skin, rather than judging on outward look alone.


title: All that glitters is not gold

text: V.C. Andrews wrote a novel called "All That Glitters," which in turn inspired a Nicole Dollanganger song, "White Trashing."


title: All that glitters is not gold

text: Smash Mouth reference the phrase in the chorus of their signature song, All Star: ""All that glitters is gold / Only shooting stars break the mold"".


title: All that glitters is not gold

text: In the episode, "All That Glitters" of SpongeBob SquarePants, SpongeBob gives a brief soliloquy of the Shakespearean quote directly to the audience.


title: All that glitters is not gold

text: Gabrielle Aplin’s song Keep on Walking from her 2013 album English Rain includes the lyrics 'All that glitters is not gold / From these bruises flowers grow'.


title: All that glitters is not gold

text: Boz Scaggs' song You Make it so Hard (to Say No) from his 1974 album Slow Dancer 2nd verse 'All that glitters is not gold / Just like good jokes get old'.


title: All that glitters is not gold

text: A deviation from the phrase can be found in the song Posthuman by Marilyn Manson, released on the 1998 album Mechanical Animals, whose lyrics include the line "All that glitters is cold".


title: Peter Guber

text: Howard Peter Guber (born March 1, 1942) is an American business executive, entrepreneur, educator, and author. He is chairman and CEO of Mandalay Entertainment. Guber's most recent films from Mandalay Entertainment include "The Kids Are All Right", "Soul Surfer" and "Bernie". He has also produced "Rain Man", "Batman", "The Color Purple", "Midnight Express", "Gorillas in the Mist", "The Witches of Eastwick", "Missing", and "Flashdance". Guber's films have grossed over $3 billion worldwide and received 50 Academy Award nominations.


title: Peter Guber

text: Guber is also co-owner of four professional sports teams: the Golden State Warriors of the National Basketball Association, the Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball, Los Angeles Football Club (LAFC) of Major League Soccer, and the professional eSports organization aXiomatic Gaming with a controlling interest in one of the world's premier eSports franchises, Team Liquid.


title: Peter Guber

text: Guber formerly served as chairman of Dick Clark Productions, which produces the American Music Awards, the Golden Globe Awards and other shows. He is also chairman of the Strategic Board; was an investor in NextVR, which sold to Apple in 2020; and is chairman of Mandalay Sports Media. He is co-executive chairman of aXiomatic, a broad-based esports and gaming company. He is a Regent of the University of California and a professor at the UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television and the UCLA Anderson School of Management. For 10 years, Guber was an entertainment and media analyst for Fox Business.


title: Peter Guber

text: Guber's most recent business book, "Tell to Win – Connect, Persuade, and Triumph with the Hidden Power of Story", became a No. 1 "New York Times" bestseller.


title: Peter Guber

text: Guber is also noted for other books that include "Inside the Deep" and "Shootout: Surviving Fame and (Mis)Fortune in Hollywood", which became a television series on AMC called "Shootout". Guber hosted the show from 2003 to 2008 with Peter Bart, editor of "Variety". Guber wrote a cover article for the "Harvard Business Review", titled "The Four Truths of the Storyteller".


title: Peter Guber

text: Guber was born to a Jewish family in Boston, Massachusetts, the son of Ruth (née Anshen) and Sam Guber (married 1929). His father owned a junk business in Somerville, Massachusetts. As a child, Guber was noted as a "very smart, wired kid" by a childhood acquaintance. He attended John Ward Elementary School and Newton North High School. Guber's childhood included a love of the Boston Red Sox and Fenway Park, which foreshadowed his later participation in the group that purchased the Los Angeles Dodgers.


title: Peter Guber

text: Following high school graduation, Guber enrolled in the pre-law curriculum at Syracuse University. He played intramural football and rushed the Zeta Beta Tau fraternity. Guber spent his junior year abroad at Syracuse's Florence, Italy campus. At Syracuse he met his future wife, Tara Lynda Francine Gellis, whom he married in 1964.


title: Peter Guber

text: Guber enrolled at New York University, where he earned his J.D. and LL.M. law degrees, studying for his MBA at night. As he neared graduation in 1968, Guber accepted a position with Columbia Pictures as a management trainee.


title: Peter Guber

text: Guber joined Columbia Pictures in 1968. At Columbia, Guber, an exceptionally early proponent of computerization and entertainment technologies, began computerizing files on working actors and made available tape-recorded summaries of scripts for other executives to listen to while bathing. A year after arriving at Columbia, Guber, having witnessed a demonstration of an early video cassette machine, published "The New Ballgame/The Cartridge Revolution," an analysis of the changes to be wrought by home video technology, in the journal "Cinema".


title: Peter Guber

text: Guber was transferred to the business affairs division. Guber paid to fly himself to Columbia's New York City office and successfully argued for his promotion to vice-president of creative affairs. Shortly thereafter Guber was named head of American production. In August 1973 he was promoted to vice-president of worldwide production. Steven Spielberg noted that he "used to go to (Guber's) office at Columbia when (he) was just starting. (Guber) had an enormous chart on (his) wall with what every director in the world was planning that listed their pictures in development and planned for production." It made a lasting impression on Spielberg.


title: Peter Guber

text: During his time at Columbia the studio released, among other films, "Shampoo", "Taxi Driver", "Tommy", and "The Way We Were". Upon leaving Columbia in 1975, Guber was given a three-year production deal with the studio.


title: Peter Guber

text: Guber launched his career as an independent film producer with "The Deep" (1977), which became the one of the highest-grossing films of the year. Guber also bought the rights and served as executive producer for "Midnight Express" (1978). Produced by Alan Marshall and David Puttnam, the film earned seven Academy Award nominations including Best Picture. The National Association of Theatre Owners named Guber Producer of the Year.


title: Peter Guber

text: In 1976, Guber merged his company Filmworks with Casablanca Records, headed by Neil Bogart, to form Casablanca Record and Filmworks, Inc. Guber became chairman while Bogart remained president of the combined company. Their record operation included ground-breaking artists such as Kiss, Donna Summer, Captain and Tennille, The Village People, and George Clinton's Parliament-Funkadelic. It also released soundtracks such as "Midnight Express", "Endless Love", and "Flashdance". During this period, Guber also produced several television shows and series, including "Television and the Presidency" (1984) with Theodore H. White, the 1985 documentary series "Oceanquest" for NBC, and the 1980 special "Mysteries of the Sea" for ABC.


title: Peter Guber

text: In 1979, Guber formed PolyGram's motion picture and television division where he was Chairman of the Board and CEO. He sold his interest in PolyGram in 1983 and then formed and served as co-owner of the Guber-Peters Company (GPC), along with producer Jon Peters.


title: Peter Guber

text: Films on which Guber served as producer or executive producer have earned more than $3 billion in worldwide revenue and more than 50 Academy Award nominations, including four Best Picture nominations. Guber's producing credits during this period include "Rain Man", "Batman", "Gorillas in the Mist", "The Color Purple", "Innerspace", "The Witches of Eastwick", "Flashdance", "Missing", "Tango & Cash" and "An American Werewolf in London".


title: Peter Guber

text: In 1988, GPC became a public company when it merged with game show production company Barris Industries. On September 7, 1989, Barris Industries was renamed Guber-Peters Entertainment Company. On September 28, 1989, Sony Corporation announced its intention to buy GPEC. The sale was completed on November 9, 1989, a day after Sony acquired Columbia Pictures Entertainment.


title: Peter Guber

text: During Guber's tenure as co-chairman and CEO at SPE, the company produced and distributed iconic hit films such as "Awakenings", "Misery", "Flatliners", "", "Boyz n the Hood", "City Slickers", "Basic Instinct", "A League of Their Own", "Single White Female", "A River Runs Through It", "A Few Good Men", "Sleepless in Seattle", "In the Line of Fire", "Groundhog Day" and "Philadelphia". SPE's Motion Picture Group achieved, over four years, an industry-best domestic box office market share, which averaged seventeen percent. During the same period, Sony Pictures led all competitors with 120 Academy Award nominations, the highest four-year total ever for a single company. SPE also created and distributed many prime time, half-hour comedy television series at the time, with shows including "Married... with Children", "Designing Women", "Seinfeld", "Mad About You" and "The Nanny."


title: Peter Guber

text: In 1995, Guber formed Mandalay Entertainment as a joint venture with Sony Pictures Entertainment. The multimedia entertainment company has interests in motion pictures, television, sports entertainment and digital media.


title: Peter Guber

text: Mandalay Pictures, a division of Mandalay Entertainment Group, produces motion pictures for the global marketplace. Mandalay has had distributor relationships through first look deals with Universal Pictures, Paramount Pictures and Sony Pictures Entertainment.


title: Peter Guber

text: Mandalay Vision was Mandalay Entertainment Group's independent development, production and financing label. Mandalay Vision's first release, "The Kids Are All Right" (2010), directed by Lisa Cholodenko and starring Julianne Moore, Annette Bening and Mark Ruffalo, won the Golden Globe for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy, and was nominated for four Academy Awards, including Best Picture.


title: Peter Guber

text: Mandalay Vision produced "Bernie" (2011), which premiered at the Los Angeles Film Festival. The film was directed by Richard Linklater and starred Jack Black, Matthew McConaughey and Shirley MacLaine. "Bernie" debuted at No. 1 on general release in April 2012 with the best per-theater average for a limited release. Jack Black received a Golden Globe nomination, and the film gained two Spirit Award nominations, as well as a Best Picture nomination at the 2012 Gotham Awards.


title: Peter Guber

text: Mandalay Television's "Blood Crime", starring James Caan and Jonathan Schaech, was USA network's highest rated Crime Friday movie for 2002.


title: Peter Guber

text: From best-selling author Nora Roberts, Peter Guber adapted a number of books into Lifetime movies. More than 34 million viewers tuned in to the first collection of four movies: "Angels Fall", "Blue Smoke", "Carolina Moon" and "Montana Sky".