title: Beauty and the Beast (musical)

text: Largely due to audience reception, "Beauty and the Beast" remains one of Broadway's biggest successes of the current era. "Beauty and the Beast" established itself as a musical that could survive on Broadway despite its unenthusiastic reviews. Several detractors had thought that musicals like "Beauty and the Beast" would be a one-time event, but the results ultimately turned out to be quite the opposite. According to theatrical producer Stuart Oken, Disney's success with "Beauty and the Beast" is responsible for today's biggest Broadway hits and making the medium "better than it has ever been". The groundbreaking performance of "Beauty and the Beast" inspired other major Hollywood studios to produce Broadway renditions of some of their own films. Disney soon began to commission Broadway adaptations of several of the studio's most popular musical films, namely "The Lion King" (1997), "Mary Poppins" (2004), "Tarzan" (2006), "The Little Mermaid" (2008), "Newsies" (2012) and "Aladdin" (2014), in addition to producing the musical "Aida". After completing her run in "Beauty and the Beast", Egan would famously go on to voice Meg in Disney's animated musical "Hercules" (1997), establishing herself as a popular voice and film actress. Following the success of "Human Again", the song was later incorporated into reissues of the animated film in the form of an animated musical sequence.


title: Beauty and the Beast (musical)

text: "Beauty and the Beast" is considered to be Broadway's first legitimate family show, responsible for birthing an entirely new generation of young theatergoers. The family demographic of the musical established inspired international productions of "Aladdin" and "Matilda". According to "The Complete Book of 1990s Broadway Musicals" author Dan Dietz, "the show's resounding success opened the floodgates for a spate of ... productions based on Disney and other family-oriented films", transforming Broadway into "a theme park with a parade of musicals aimed at kids and teenagers." Dietz believes that the plethora of Broadway musicals that came after "Beauty and the Beast" have unfortunately resembled "feel-good family show[s] whose goal was to emulate its film source." Additionally, the success of the musical inspired a legion of Broadway productions geared towards young women, including "Hairspray" (2002), "Wicked" (2003), "Legally Blonde" (2007), "Matilda" (2013) and Rodgers and Hammerstein's "Cinderella" (2013). While these musicals flourished on Broadway, it seems as though more serious, adult-oriented fare struggled to perform as well. New York theater critic Howard Kissel famously despised "the Kiddy Komponent of New York theatergoing" spearheaded by the successful 13-year Broadway run of "Beauty and the Beast". The success of "Beauty and the Beast" inspired Eisner to invest in his own theater to house future stage adaptations of the studio's animated classics.


title: Beauty and the Beast (musical)

text: Original arrangements of some of the show's original songs can be heard playing in the Belle's Village area of Fantasyland in Tokyo Disneyland, which opened September 28, 2020.


title: Associate professor

text: Associate professor is an academic title with two principal meanings: in the North American system and that of the "Commonwealth system".


title: Associate professor

text: In the "North American system", used in the United States and many other countries, it is a position between assistant professor and a full professorship. In this system an associate professorship is typically the first promotion obtained after gaining a faculty position, and in the United States it is usually connected to tenure.


title: Associate professor

text: In the "Commonwealth system" (Canada included), the title associate professor is traditionally used in place of reader in certain countries. Like the reader title it ranks above senior lecturer – which corresponds to associate professor in the North American system – and is broadly equivalent to a North American full professor, as the full professor title is held by far fewer people in the Commonwealth system. In this system an associate professorship is typically the second or third promotion obtained after gaining an academic position, and someone promoted to associate professor has usually been a permanent employee already in their two previous ranks as lecturer and senior lecturer. Traditionally British universities have used the title reader, while associate professor "in place of reader" is traditionally used in Australia and New Zealand, South Africa, India, Malaysia, and Ireland within an otherwise British system of ranks. More recently, some universities in Commonwealth countries have adopted the North American system of ranks.


title: Associate professor

text: The table presents a broad overview of the traditional main systems, but there are universities which use a combination of those systems or other titles. Some universities in Commonwealth countries have also entirely adopted the North American system in place of the Commonwealth system.


title: Kerri Kenney-Silver

text: Kerri Kenney-Silver (born January 20, 1970) is an American actress, comedian, writer, singer, and musician. She is best known for starring as Trudy Wiegel on the mockumentary series "Reno 911!" and previously for her sketch comedy work on MTV's "The State", where she was the show's lone female cast member. She has also appeared with recurring roles on sitcoms such as "Superstore", "2 Broke Girls", "Love", and "The Ellen Show". In the mid-late 1990s, Kenney fronted the all-female rock band Cake Like.


title: Kerri Kenney-Silver

text: Kenney-Silver was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana, and was raised in Westport, Connecticut, and New York City. She is the daughter of Carol Kenney and Larry Kenney, an actor who is best known as the voice of Lion-O in "ThunderCats".


title: Kerri Kenney-Silver

text: During the early 1990s, Kenney-Silver was the lead singer and bass guitarist of the indie rock band Cake Like.


title: Kerri Kenney-Silver

text: Kenney-Silver attended New York University where she joined the sketch comedy group The New Group which ultimately became The State. The group was picked up for a self-titled sketch comedy show on MTV, "The State", which aired between 1993 and 1995.


title: Kerri Kenney-Silver

text: After the show's completion, Kenney-Silver continued working with her fellow troupe members on other projects. In 1996, she co-wrote and starred in "Viva Variety", a parody of variety shows that aired on Comedy Central for two seasons.


title: Kerri Kenney-Silver

text: In 2000, Kenney-Silver voiced the character of "Gravitina" in the children's cartoon "Buzz Lightyear of Star Command". She has since done a number of voices on the Nickelodeon series "Invader Zim". Additionally, she starred as a regular on "The Ellen Show", which aired until 2001. She later found success with "Reno 911!", a series on Comedy Central that parodied police reality shows like "COPS", which also featured former members of the State Thomas Lennon, Ben Garant, and Joe Lo Truglio. The show was originally cancelled in 2009 after six seasons. Kenney-Silver also appeared on the TV series "Still Standing".


title: Kerri Kenney-Silver

text: In July 2008, Kenney-Silver made her debut as "Dame Delilah", the title character in the web series "Dame Delilah's Fantasy Ranch & Gift Shoppe". On the site, various comedians give video testimony as characters working at or otherwise visiting the fictional Cat House. Kenney-Silver created the series and it was produced by her husband, Steve Silver, and Jared Mazzaschi.


title: Kerri Kenney-Silver

text: Kenney-Silver was among the cast of "Suburban Shootout", a pilot episode directed and executive produced by Barry Sonnenfeld for HBO. The pilot filmed in The Hamptons, Long Island, in September 2008. HBO has not announced if it will pick up the pilot for a season. The pilot is based on the British comedy of the same name.


title: Kerri Kenney-Silver

text: Kenney-Silver has appeared in films such as "All About Steve", "", "National Lampoon's Pledge This!", "Balls of Fury", "The Ten", "Role Models", and "Wanderlust".


title: Kerri Kenney-Silver

text: In December 2011 it was announced that Kenney-Silver and actress Jamie Denbo were developing a new series for Comedy Central called "Dame Delilah’s Rabbit Hole Ranch" based on a web series they previously created and starred in.


title: Kerri Kenney-Silver

text: From 2016 to 2018, she played the recurring role of Syd (the neighbor of Gillian Jacobs’s character) in the Netflix comedy series "Love". She currently recurs on the NBC sitcom "Superstore", playing the role of Jerusha Sturgis, Glenn's wife, who was introduced in the third season.


title: Kerri Kenney-Silver

text: In 2020, Kenney-Silver reprised her role as Deputy Trudy Wiegel in the seventh season of "Reno 911!" which aired on Quibi. She also appeared in the 2021 Paramount+ movie, "Reno 911! The Hunt for QAnon". The eighth season of the series, now titled "Reno 911! Defunded", premiered on The Roku Channel in February 2022.


title: Joy Bryant

text: Joy Bryant is an American actress, businesswoman and fashion model. She has appeared in numerous films and television since beginning her acting career in 2001. She has received two NAACP Image Award nominations, and one Screen Actors Guild Award nomination.


title: Joy Bryant

text: Bryant began her career as a fashion model, appearing in advertisements for Ralph Lauren, Tommy Hilfiger, Gap, and Victoria's Secret. She made her film debut in 2001's "". Bryant had her breakthrough after being cast by Denzel Washington in his biographical drama film "Antwone Fisher" (2002), in which she played a U.S. Navy sailor. This was followed by a recurring guest role on the NBC series "ER". Her subsequent film credits include "Spider-Man 2" (2004), the horror film "The Skeleton Key" and the drama "Get Rich or Die Tryin'" (both 2005), and the historical drama "Bobby" (2006).


title: Joy Bryant

text: In 2010, Bryant was cast in the role of Jasmine Trussell in the NBC family drama "Parenthood", a role she portrayed for the series' entire six seasons before its finale in 2015. She has also appeared on television in guest roles on the series "Girls" (2017) and "Ballers" (2018).


title: Joy Bryant

text: Bryant was born on October 18, 1974 in the Bronx, New York to Joyce Bryant. She was raised by her grandmother, who helped support her on welfare. She started dancing at age three. Bryant would later reveal that she was conceived from a sexual assault against her mother, who was fifteen years old at the time of her birth, by an older adult male. Bryant stated: "[My mother] gave birth to me, not in love but in shame, after hiding her pregnancy from my grandmother for six months."


title: Joy Bryant

text: She described herself as a "nerd" growing up: "I read encyclopedias all day and watched TV. My grandmother, who raised me, emphasized the importance of education. For me it was about being self-sufficient and using my brain." While living in the Bronx, she graduated from CJHS 145x and was a member of the Fieldston Enrichment Program, an elite high school preparatory program. Bryant is a graduate of Westminster School, a boarding school in Simsbury, Connecticut. After graduating from Westminster, Bryant was a gifted student and earned a scholarship to Yale University, where she studied for two years before dropping out to pursue a modeling career. Bryant's grandmother died during her freshman year at Yale, which made her lose interest in studying, saying "I lost my biggest cheerleader, my rock. Being 'smart' didn’t matter to me anymore."


title: Joy Bryant

text: While enrolled as a student at Yale, Bryant was discovered by a modeling scout from Next Model Management and was selected to appear in "Seventeen" magazine's "Back to School" issue soon after. She began working as a fashion model in Paris. She appeared in advertisements for Gap, Victoria's Secret, Ralph Lauren, Tommy Hilfiger and Rocawear. In 2006, Bryant signed a multi-year contract with CoverGirl. She has walked the runway for Tommy Hilfiger and Givenchy. Bryant hosted BET's 2009 Rip the Runway fashion show with Derek Luke.


title: Joy Bryant

text: She has graced the cover of numerous magazines, including "Teen Vogue", "Complex", "Lonny", "Domino" and "Rolling Out". She has appeared in pictorials for "InStyle", "Paper", "Vanity Fair", "Vibe", "Playboy", "Stuff" and "Celebrity Skin".


title: Joy Bryant

text: Early in her career, Bryant played a small role in Ill Al Skratch's video "I'll Take Her". Soulchild]] music video for the song "Nothing at All" opposite actor Andre Warmsley in 2004. Her acting debut came in 2001 in Robert Townsend's "", in which she portrayed one of Carmen’s best friends opposite Beyoncé and Mekhi Phifer. After a small role in the action comedy "Showtime", she made her big breakthrough in Denzel Washington's directorial debut, "Antwone Fisher". In 2003, she co-starred in the Mario Van Peebles biopic "Baadasssss!", followed by a recurring guest role on the drama series "ER". She portrayed Gina, Jessica Alba's character's best friend in the dance film "Honey" (2003).


title: Joy Bryant

text: In 2005, she appeared in several high-profile films, including the horror film"The Skeleton Key" and the drama films "London" and "Get Rich or Die Tryin'", in the latter of which she played the childhood sweetheart of 50 Cent. In 2007, she had a minor part in the thriller film "The Hunting Party" starring Richard Gere and Terrence Howard, followed by a leading role in the ensemble comedy "Welcome Home Roscoe Jenkins" (2008). She also played the role of Tunde Adebimpe's love interest in "Will Do" a 2011 TV on the Radio music video. From 2010 to 2015, Bryant starred as Jasmine Trussell in "Parenthood". BuddyTV ranked her #19 on its TV's 100 Sexiest Women of 2011 list. Also in 2015, she had a guest-starring role as Erica Kincaid, a doctor, on the series "Rosewood". In 2017, she had a guest-starring role on the HBO series "Girls". The following year, Bryant was cast in a recurring role on the sports drama series "Ballers", playing a successful public defender and mother of a rising football star. In 2019, she portrayed Lori Foster on Netflix's teen drama web series "Trinkets".


title: Joy Bryant

text: In June 2014, Bryant and her husband Dave Pope launched a clothing line, Basic Terrain, a casual sportswear to performance outerwear line. The collection was inspired by Bryant's love for the outdoors. Basic Terrain's pop-up store was opened in July 2015 at Satine, a clothing boutique in Los Angeles.


title: Joy Bryant

text: In October 2007, "OK!" magazine reported that Bryant was engaged to stuntman Dave Pope, who she met on the set of "Welcome Home Roscoe Jenkins". They married on June 28, 2008 in the Hamptons. She owns a ranch house in Glendale, California. She is an ambassador of Oxfam's Sisters on the Planet, an organization that helps women fight hunger, poverty and climate change. As of 2014, Bryant resided with her husband in Glendale.


title: Dennis Dugan

text: Dennis Barton Dugan (born September 5, 1946) is an American director, actor, writer, artist and comedian. He is known for his partnership with comedic actor Adam Sandler, for whom he directed the films "Happy Gilmore", "Big Daddy", "The Benchwarmers", "I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry", "You Don't Mess with the Zohan", "Grown Ups", "Just Go with It", "Jack and Jill" and "Grown Ups 2". Dugan is a four-time Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Director nominee, winning once.


title: Dennis Dugan

text: Dugan was born in Wheaton, Illinois, the second of four sons of Marion, a housewife, and Charles Dugan, an insurance salesman. He graduated from Goodman School of Drama at the Art Institute of Chicago (now at DePaul University) and started his acting career in 1969 in New York City. He moved to Hollywood in 1972 and appeared in his first TV show, "The Sixth Sense". Later, he played in the 1973 TV movie "The Girl Most Likely to...". Other early film appearances include "Night Call Nurses" (1972), "Night Moves" (1975), "Smile" (1975), "Harry and Walter Go to New York" (1976) and "Norman... Is That You?" (1976). In 1979, he was cast as the time-displaced hero in "Unidentified Flying Oddball", Disney's very loose adaptation of "A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court". In 1981, he appeared in Joe Dante's adaptation of "The Howling".


title: Dennis Dugan

text: Dugan made guest appearances on several TV series during the 1970s including "The Mod Squad", "The Waltons", "Cannon", "Columbo, The Rockford Files," and "Alice". He also appeared in the mini-series "Rich Man, Poor Man", as well as two episodes of "M*A*S*H" and in 1978 starred in the short-lived series "Richie Brockelman, Private Eye," a spin-off from "The Rockford Files".


title: Dennis Dugan

text: He took on a recurring role as an aspiring caped crusader who called himself "Captain Freedom" on "Hill Street Blues". He also appeared on "Empire" (1984) and "Shadow Chasers" (1984). He played Walter Bishop, briefly the husband of Maddie Hayes (Cybill Shepherd) on "Moonlighting". Dugan's other film credits of the 1980s include "Water" (1985), "Can't Buy Me Love" (1987), "She's Having a Baby" (1988), "The New Adventures of Pippi Longstocking" (1988) and Ron Howard's "Parenthood" (1989).


title: Dennis Dugan

text: Dugan launched a career as a television and film director, making cameo appearances in many of his films. Ones he directed include the comedy "Problem Child" (1990), "Brain Donors" (1992), the comedy "Saving Silverman" (2001) (in which Dugan plays a football referee), the comedy "National Security" (2003), and the Adam Sandler comedies "Happy Gilmore" (1996) (in which Dugan plays Doug Thompson, the golf tour supervisor) and "Big Daddy" (1999) (with Dugan as a man who reluctantly gives candy to a trick-or-treating Julian). Dugan has directed episodes of such television series as "Moonlighting" (was also a guest star in some episodes), "Ally McBeal", and "NYPD Blue".


title: Dennis Dugan

text: Dugan directed "The Benchwarmers" (2006), a comedy co-produced by Sandler, about a trio of men who try to make up for missed opportunities in childhood by forming a three-player baseball team to compete against Little League squads. Dugan himself has a bit part as Coach Bellows. He then directed two more Sandler vehicles, "I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry" (2007) and "You Don't Mess with the Zohan" (2008).


title: Dennis Dugan

text: Dugan directed "Grown Ups" (2010), which follows a group of high school friends who are reunited after thirty years for the Fourth of July. The film again stars Sandler, along with Kevin James, Chris Rock, Rob Schneider, and David Spade; it was released in the summer of 2010 with major box office success.


title: Dennis Dugan

text: Dugan's "Just Go with It" (2011) was his sixth film with Sandler; it also starred Jennifer Aniston and Brooklyn Decker. Dugan directed "Jack and Jill" (2011), again with Sandler, and "Grown Ups 2" (2013), with Sandler, James, Rock and Spade, all reprising their roles. Schneider was unable to do so due to scheduling conflicts.


title: Dennis Dugan

text: Dugan's first marriage was to actress Joyce Van Patten in 1973. They divorced in 1987, and he later wed Sharon O'Connor, to whom he is still married.


title: Dennis Dugan

text: In June 2009, Dugan's son, Kelly, was drafted with the 75th overall selection by the Philadelphia Phillies in the Major League Baseball Draft. A graduate of Notre Dame High School of Sherman Oaks, California, he played for five of the club's minor league teams through 2015, followed by shorter stays in the Chicago Cubs (2016) and Arizona Diamondbacks (2017) organizations before moving on to independent baseball (2018-2022).


title: How to Save a Life

text: "How to Save a Life" is a song by American alternative rock band The Fray, released in March 2006 as the second single from their debut studio album of the same name. The song is one of the band's most popular airplay songs and peaked in the top 3 of the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart in the United States. It became the joint seventh longest charting single on the "Billboard" Hot 100, tying with Santana's "Smooth" (1999), at 58 consecutive weeks. The song has been certified 3× Platinum by the RIAA, and has sold 4.7 million downloads as of January 2015, the fourth best-selling rock song in digital history.


title: How to Save a Life

text: "How to Save a Life" is the band's biggest hit single to date, topping the Adult Top 40 chart for 15 consecutive weeks and topping the Canadian Airplay Chart. It was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal in 2007, but lost to "Dani California" by Red Hot Chili Peppers.


title: How to Save a Life

text: According to lead singer Isaac Slade, the song was composed and influenced by his experience while working as a mentor at a camp for troubled teenagers:


title: How to Save a Life

text: Slade claims that the song is about all of the people that tried to reach out to the boy but were unsuccessful. As Slade says in an interview, the boy's friends and family approached him by saying, "Quit taking drugs and cutting yourself or I won't talk to you again," but all he needed was some support. The boy was losing friends and going through depression. He lost his best friend and could not deal with it. The verses of the song describe an attempt by an adult to confront a troubled teen. In the chorus, the singer laments that he himself was unable to save a friend because he did not know how.


title: How to Save a Life

text: While this was the original intent of the song, the band has opened the song to interpretation. They created a website where fans were welcome to submit music videos they had made for the song. This arose from the response that Slade got from the song:


title: How to Save a Life

text: During an interview in "Sauce", Bob Wilson asked Slade, "'How to Save a Life' was apparently inspired by an experience you had as a mentor to a boy who had a drug problem. What's the story behind that?" Slade answered:


title: How to Save a Life

text: The song is the band's first to achieve significant popularity outside of the United States. "How to Save a Life" was a top five hit in Australia, Canada, Ireland, Italy, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.


title: How to Save a Life

text: Due to an early leak by BBC Radio 1 in the United Kingdom, where it was the band's debut single, the song was released in the territory five weeks earlier than planned. It debuted at number 29 on the UK Singles Chart on January 21, 2007, via downloads alone. Instead of its planned release date which was to be March 26, 2007, the single was physically released in the United Kingdom on February 28 and gradually rose up the chart, reaching number five on February 25, staying there for four weeks. It eventually peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart on April 8 and became Britain's eleventh biggest-selling song of 2007. On March 29, "How to Save a Life" peaked at number 1 in Ireland, becoming their first and only number one single in the country to date. The song only stayed at the top spot for a week but sales still proved strong after it fell from number 1.


title: How to Save a Life

text: The song was ranked No. 24 on "Billboard"'s "Best Adult Pop Songs of the Decade", and No. 47 on Billboard's "Top 100 Digital Tracks of the Decade". It was also ranked No. 58 on Billboard's "Hot 100 Songs of the Decade" and No. 56 on Rhapsody's list of the "Top 100 Tracks of the Decade". The song was the 25th most downloaded song of all time on iTunes as of February 2010. The song has sold over 4.7 million copies in the US as of January 2015.


title: How to Save a Life

text: The song was first featured on ABC's "Grey's Anatomy", after Alexandra Patsavas, the music supervisor for the show, saw the band perform in Los Angeles. Alexandra then incorporated the song into the second-season episode "Superstition". After its usage in the episode, the song became a minor Hot 100 hit. The song became an "unofficial theme" for the other members of the "Grey's Anatomy" production after the episode aired, leading to the decision that the song would be used in the main promotion for the third season in the show. "Grey's Anatomy" is credited with bringing popularity to the song. It was also used in the show's musical episode when Callie was having surgery to save her and baby Sofia's life. It was also used when Derek died and Meredith stood at his bedside. The song also featured prominently in the season five "Scrubs" episode "My Lunch", and was used as the song of choice for the 'best bits' of season 8 of Big Brother UK.


title: How to Save a Life

text: The original music video, which premiered on VH1 on September 12, 2006, featured the recurring themes of light and stopped time. This music video shows the scene of a car crash and all of its presumed victims in pause. There is a recurring light throughout the video shining brightly in the dark woods that the video takes place in. Scenes of the band playing in a dark warehouse are intercut with the story going on outside. This version of the video was placed at No. 21 of the year by VH1's "Top 40 Videos of 2006".


title: How to Save a Life

text: Another version of the music video juxtaposes scenes from "Grey's Anatomy" to scenes of the original music video. However, all the scenes of the presumed car crash victims are excluded and only scenes of the Fray playing in a warehouse are shown.


title: How to Save a Life

text: A third music video, directed by Mark Pellington, was released for the song on December 6, 2006. The video features various adolescents, most of which seem to be between 12 and 18 in age, all who appear to be depressed and suicidal, or possibly mourning the loss of a loved one. All of these children have lost a significant loved one prior to the video, and many of them cry and scream in the video, all against a white background. Scenes of the band playing the song against this same white background are also shown throughout the video. Many numbered steps are shown alongside them, such as "Remember", "Cry", or "Let It Go". The video ends with each child finding a catharsis and making peace with themselves or others. This version of the video debuted on MTV's Total Request Live (TRL) at No. 9, and went on to top the countdown at No. 1 on December 21, 2006, becoming the band's first TRL No. 1, and also becoming the last No. 1 video on TRL for 2006.


title: There She Goes (The La's song)

text: "There She Goes" is a song by English rock band the La's, written by the band's frontman, Lee Mavers. The song reached number 13 on the UK Singles Chart when it was re-issued in 1990.


title: There She Goes (The La's song)

text: In May 2007, "NME" magazine placed the song at number 45 in its list of the 50 Greatest Indie Anthems Ever. Predating Britpop by four years, the band's self-titled album was named one of the 40 greatest one-album wonders by "Rolling Stone", with the magazine stating, "Whether about heroin or just unrequited love, the La's single 'There She Goes' off their self-titled debut has endured as a founding piece of Britpop's foundation." It was listed at number 22 on "NME"s "500 Greatest Songs of All Time".


title: There She Goes (The La's song)

text: "There She Goes" has gained a reputation for being about the use of heroin, possibly as a result of the lines: "There she goes again... racing through my brain... pulsing through my vein... no one else can heal my pain". Several newspapers ran articles about the La's and their apparent ode to heroin. When asked about the rumour in 1995, the group's bassist John Power replied: "I don't know. Truth is, I don't wanna know." However, in the book "" (2003) by MW Macefield, ex-La's guitarist Paul Hemmings denied the rumour and added: "Jeremy Fisher, you don't know what you are talking about." In an interview with "Les Inrockuptibles", Mavers admits to trying heroin in 1990. The song therefore predated his experience as it was originally released in 1988. Mavers himself has also emphatically denied that the song is about heroin.


title: There She Goes (The La's song)

text: The band's guitarist John Byrne said of the song, "I thought it would be big, a lot bigger than it was, but then forgotten like a lot of pop songs. In retrospect, the opposite happened."


title: There She Goes (The La's song)

text: The first version of the song, produced by Bob Andrews, was released by the La's in 1988, and again on 2 January 1989. The 1989 release peaked at number 59 on the UK Singles Chart. Andrews' production of the song was remixed by Steve Lillywhite in 1990 for inclusion on their debut album "The La's". This remixed version was issued as a single on 22 October 1990 and reached number 13 on the UK Singles Chart.


title: There She Goes (The La's song)

text: In May 2007, "NME" magazine placed "There She Goes" at number 45 in its list of the 50 Greatest Indie Anthems Ever. In 2008, it was also re-released as a vinyl single for its 20th anniversary. A precursor to Britpop, the album was listed at number 13 in "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of the 40 greatest one-hit wonders. It was listed at number 22 on "NME"s list of the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time".


title: There She Goes (The La's song)

text: On NPR's "All Songs Considered", musician Ben Gibbard selected "There She Goes" as his pick for "perfect song." Gibbard observed that the song "defines the perfectly written pop song: an instantaneously recognizable melody and lyric set to simple, economic musical structure. It is such a simple song that it boggles the mind that someone hadn't already written it." Eric Clapton also praised the song.


title: There She Goes (The La's song)

text: In December 2021, Oasis's Noel Gallagher said it was his favourite song from the 1990s; despite technically being released in 1988, the song didn't achieve widespread fame and acclaim until 1990.


title: There She Goes (The La's song)

text: The first video, released in 1988 and directed by Jeff Baynes, was recorded on a camcorder, and was shot in the English countryside and in the band's hometown of Liverpool. It shows the band performing in an alleyway and on a hill, as well as footage from their concerts. The band are also seen in a park. The video ends with a shot of the drum logo. This version was released exclusively for the UK and Irish markets only and uses the single version of the song.


title: There She Goes (The La's song)

text: The second music video, released in 1990, was shot in Los Angeles, California. It is the band's first video to feature new lead guitarist Peter Camell and drummer Neil Mavers (Lee's younger brother). It shows the band performing in the streets and neighboring towns of Los Angeles, interspliced with footage of a young woman. The band is also shown performing in front of the Los Angeles skyline as evidenced by the U.S. Bank Tower. The video ends with a shot of the woman's face. This version, dubbed as "American version" and "International version", was released internationally and uses the album version of the song.


title: There She Goes (The La's song)

text: American Christian alternative rock band Sixpence None the Richer released a cover version of the song in July 1999 as the second single from their third studio album, "Sixpence None the Richer" (1997). The band's rendition of the song reached number two in Iceland, number 12 in Canada, number 14 on the UK Singles Chart, and number 32 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: There She Goes (The La's song)

text: It has appeared on several film soundtracks, including "The Parent Trap"; "Fever Pitch"; "Girl, Interrupted"; "Cold Case"; "The Adventures of Pete and Pete"; "Snow Day"; and "So I Married an Axe Murderer" (where both the original and The Boo Radleys version appear). It also opens the "Pilot" episode of "Gilmore Girls". Sixpence None the Richer's version of the song was used in "Family Guy" and the commercials for birth-control company Ortho Tri-Cyclen Lo from 2004–2005.


title: There She Goes (The La's song)

text: The song was also used for the opening montage of the first episode of Channel 4's drama series "This Is England '90", which also featured outgoing Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's resignation speech.


title: There She Goes (The La's song)

text: The song was used frequently for slow-motion scenes with Nori in the U.S. TV series "Me, Myself & I".


title: There She Goes (The La's song)

text: The BBC comedy drama "There She Goes" was named after the song, as the show’s creator Shaun Pye listened to it whilst writing the first script.


title: Hot Shots! Part Deux

text: Hot Shots! Part Deux is a 1993 American parody film directed by Jim Abrahams. It stars Charlie Sheen, Lloyd Bridges, Valeria Golino, Richard Crenna (parodying his Colonel role in the "Rambo" franchise), Brenda Bakke, Miguel Ferrer, Rowan Atkinson, and Jerry Haleva. Sheen, who portrays a spoof of John Rambo, went through a tough weight lifting/training program to gain the physique needed to play the role of an action hero. A sequel to "Hot Shots!" (1991) and the second installment in the "Hot Shots" franchise, the movie primarily spoofs the 1980s action films "" (1985) and "Rambo III" (1988).


title: Hot Shots! Part Deux

text: One night, an American special forces team invades Saddam Hussein's palace and a nearby prison camp to rescue captured soldiers from Operation Desert Storm and to assassinate Saddam, but they find the Iraqis waiting for them, and the entire rescue team is captured. This failed operation turns out to be the latest in a series of rescue attempts which were foiled by the Iraqis, and consequently the advisors of President Benson suspect a mole in their own ranks. Colonel Denton Walters suggests that they gain the support of war hero Topper Harley for the next mission, but Topper has retired from the United States Navy and become a reclusive Buddhist in a small Thai village. Walters and Michelle Huddleston, CIA, arrive and try to persuade him out of retirement in order to rescue the imprisoned soldiers and the previous rescue parties.


title: Hot Shots! Part Deux

text: Topper initially refuses, but when yet another rescue mission (this one, in turn, led by Walters) fails, he agrees to lead a small group of soldiers into Iraq. He is joined by Harbinger, Williams, and Rabinowitz, the sole escapee of the prior rescue mission and whom Topper suspects to be the mysterious saboteur. They parachute into an Iraqi jungle close to the heavily guarded hostage camp and set off to meet their contact, who turns out to be Topper's ex-girlfriend, Ramada. Ramada guides them to a fishing boat that she prepared for their transportation. As they move towards the camp, she and Topper reminisce, and she explains that she was married before she met him. When she was informed that her husband, Dexter, was still alive and a prisoner in Iraq, she volunteered to participate in his rescue, but was instructed to keep this strictly confidential, forcing her to break up with Topper just as they were preparing to elope; this also led to Topper's decision to retire from the Navy.


title: Hot Shots! Part Deux

text: Topper's team proceeds to the prison camp disguised as river fishermen, but a confrontation with an Iraqi patrol boat defeats them. When President Benson hears of the apparent demise of another mission, he decides to help the fight and joins additional forces in Iraq. However, Topper and his teammates have survived, and soon reach the Iraqi hostage camp. In the course of the operation, the alarm is raised and a gunfight ensues, during which Topper finds out that Harbinger is not the saboteur, but has merely lost self-confidence in fighting, and manages to inspire him. After the prisoners are freed, Topper goes back to free Dexter, who is imprisoned in Saddam's palace.


title: Hot Shots! Part Deux

text: While the squad evacuates the hostages, Topper enters Saddam's palace and encounters the dictator himself, who pulls out his machine pistol and commands Topper to surrender. Topper overpowers Saddam, and they engage in a sword fight. President Benson arrives and orders Topper to rescue Dexter while Benson and Saddam continue the duel. Benson defeats Saddam by spraying him with a fire extinguisher, upon which he and his dog freeze and crack into pieces, only to subsequently melt, combine and reform as Saddam with his dog's head, fur, nose and ears. In the meantime, Topper manages to find Dexter, but is forced to carry him out on his shoulders as the Iraqis have tied Dexter's shoelaces together.


title: Hot Shots! Part Deux

text: The squad heads back to the army helicopter, where Ramada, after an intense revelation involving unfounded jealousy, reveals and arrests Michelle as the saboteur who betrayed the previous rescue attempts to the Iraqis. Dexter arrives with Topper and insists on taking a picture of him and Ramada, but backs away too far and falls over a cliff. President Benson joins the escapees, and the evacuation team lifts off; Saddam is about to shoot down the chopper when Topper and Ramada get rid of extra weight in it by pushing a piano out the open door, which crushes him. Reunited, Topper and Ramada kiss as they fly off into the sunset.


title: Hot Shots! Part Deux

text: Reviews for "Hot Shots! Part Deux" were mixed. Rotten Tomatoes gives a score of 58% based on reviews from 33 critics with the consensus stating, "Audiences who enjoyed the first "Hot Shots!" will probably get tickled by this second helping, although the barrage of laughs miss more than they hit this time around".


title: Hot Shots! Part Deux

text: Roger Ebert noted that the film references such movies as "Rambo III", "Lady and the Tramp" and "Apocalypse Now", as well as the fairy tale "Goldilocks and the Three Bears". Ebert concluded, "Movies like this are more or less impervious to the depredations of movie critics. Either you laugh, or you don't. I laughed."


title: Hot Shots! Part Deux

text: As part of the film's promotion, a mockumentary was aired on HBO. Titled "Hearts of Hot Shots! Part Deux—A Filmmaker's Apology", the mockumentary parodied "", the 1991 documentary about the making of the film "Apocalypse Now" (which starred Charlie Sheen's father, Martin Sheen). Martin and Charlie Sheen briefly encounter each other in a scene in the main movie, parodying "Apocalypse Now" and "Platoon", where they pass each other in PBR vessels along a river, and shout across to each other, "I loved you in "Wall Street"!".


title: Theresa Saldana

text: Theresa Saldana (August 20, 1954 – June 6, 2016) was an American actress, activist, and writer. She is known for her role as Rachel Scali, the wife of Police Commissioner Tony Scali, in the 1990s television series "The Commish", for which she received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role, in 1994. Major film roles include Lenora LaMotta, the wife of Joe Pesci's character in the 1980 film, "Raging Bull", and as a Beatles fan in Robert Zemeckis' 1978 Beatlemania ensemble "I Wanna Hold Your Hand". She was also known for raising public awareness of the crime of stalking after surviving a knife attack by an obsessed fan at her home in 1982.


title: Theresa Saldana

text: Saldana was born in the Brooklyn borough of New York City, and was adopted at five days old by Divina and Tony Saldana, a family of Puerto Rican and Italian-American heritage.


title: Theresa Saldana

text: Saldana took dance lessons as a child. After suffering a serious shoulder injury while part of a tumbling team, she enrolled in acting classes at age 12. After being spotted by a talent scout while performing in an Off Broadway musical called "The New York City Street Show" in 1977, she was cast in the 1978 film "Nunzio".


title: Theresa Saldana

text: On March 15, 1982, Saldana was stalked by Arthur Richard Jackson, a 46-year-old drifter from Aberdeen, Scotland. Jackson became obsessed with Saldana after seeing her in the 1980 films "Defiance" and "Raging Bull". He hired a private investigator who obtained the unlisted phone number of Saldana's mother. Jackson then called Saldana's mother and posed as Martin Scorsese's assistant, saying he needed Saldana's residential address in order to contact her for replacing an actress in a film role in Europe.


title: Theresa Saldana

text: Jackson approached Saldana in front of her West Hollywood residence in broad daylight and attacked her with a 5½-inch (14 cm) hunting knife, puncturing a lung. His attack was so fierce that the blade bent. Although there were many nearby onlookers including children, the attack was interrupted only when a deliveryman, Jeff Fenn, intervened after hearing her cries, rushed from the second floor of an apartment building, and incapacitated Jackson. Following the assault, Saldana was hospitalized with 10 stab wounds and underwent a four-month hospital stay at the Motion Picture Hospital. She relived the incident in the made-for-TV movie "" and again in an episode of "Hunter".


title: Theresa Saldana

text: Jackson served almost 14 years in prison for the assault and making subsequent threats against Saldana and her rescuer while in prison. He was then extradited to the United Kingdom in 1996 to be tried for a 1966 robbery and murder. Jackson (who once saw himself as "the benevolent angel of death") was found not guilty by diminished responsibility in 1997 and committed to a British psychiatric hospital, where he died of heart failure in 2004, at the age of 68.


title: Theresa Saldana

text: Jackson's method of finding and approaching Saldana inspired stalker Robert John Bardo to hire a private investigator to contact Rebecca Schaeffer, a young TV sitcom star whom he subsequently murdered, also in West Hollywood, on July 18, 1989.


title: Theresa Saldana

text: Following her long recovery, Saldana founded the Victims for Victims organization and participated in lobbying for the 1990 anti-stalking law and the 1994 Driver's Privacy Protection Act, both of which came into being partly as a consequence of the attack. The experience also inspired Saldana to play herself in the television movie "Victims for Victims: The Theresa Saldana Story", and she authored the book "Beyond Survival", a memoir of her experiences after being attacked.


title: Theresa Saldana

text: Saldana's first marriage was to Fred Feliciano from February 11, 1979 to 1986. In March 1989, she married for the second time, to Phil Peters, with whom she had a daughter, Tianna Saldana Peters (born August 30, 1989, in Los Angeles). They remained together until her death.


title: Theresa Saldana

text: Saldana died at age 61 on June 6, 2016, following her hospitalization for pneumonia at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. Michael Chiklis, who played Saldana's husband on "The Commish", wrote that it was "painful to hear the news."


title: The Factory

text: The Factory was Andy Warhol's studio in New York City, which had four locations between 1963 and 1987. The Factory became famed for its parties in the 1960s. It was the hip hangout spot for artists, musicians, celebrities and Warhol's superstars. The original Factory was often referred to as the Silver Factory. In the studio, Warhol's workers would make silkscreens and lithographs under his direction.


title: The Factory

text: Due to the mess his work was causing at home, Warhol wanted to find a studio where he could paint. A friend of his found an old unoccupied firehouse on East 87th Street where Warhol began working in January 1963. No one was eager to go there, so the rent was $150 a month. A few months later, Warhol was informed that the building would have to be vacated soon, and in November he found another loft on the fifth floor at 231 East 47th Street in Midtown Manhattan, which would become the first Factory.


title: The Factory

text: In 1963, artist Ray Johnson took Warhol to a "haircutting party" at Billy Name's apartment, decorated with tin foil and silver paint, and Warhol asked him to do the same scheme for his recently leased loft. Silver, fractured mirrors, and tin foil were the basic decorating materials loved by early amphetamine users of the sixties. Name covered the whole factory in silver, even the elevator. Warhol's years at the Factory were known as the Silver Era. Aside from the prints and paintings, Warhol produced shoes, films, sculptures and commissioned work in various genres to brand and sell items with his name. His first commissions consisted of a single silkscreen portrait for $25,000, with additional canvases in other colors for $5,000 each. He later increased the price of alternative colors to $20,000 each. Warhol used a large portion of his income to finance the Factory.


title: The Factory

text: Billy Name brought in the red couch which became a prominent furnishing at the Factory, finding it on the sidewalk of 47th street during one of his "midnight outings." The sofa quickly became a favorite place for Factory guests to crash overnight, usually after coming down from speed. It was featured in many photographs and films from the Silver era, including "Blow Job" (1963) and "Couch" (1964). During the move in 1968, the couch was stolen while left unattended on the sidewalk for a short time.


title: The Factory

text: Many Warhol films, including those made at the Factory, were first (or later) shown at the New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre or 55th Street Playhouse.


title: The Factory

text: Warhol left in 1967 when the building was scheduled to be torn down. The location is now the entrance to the parking garage of One Dag.


title: The Factory

text: He then relocated his studio to the sixth floor of the Decker Building at 33 Union Square West near the corner of East 16th Street, near Max's Kansas City, a club which Warhol and his entourage frequently visited. By the time Warhol had achieved a reputation, he was working day and night on his paintings. Warhol used silkscreens so that he could mass-produce images the way corporations mass-produced consumer goods. To increase production, he attracted a ménage of adult film performers, drag queens, socialites, drug addicts, musicians, and free-thinkers who became known as the Warhol Superstars, to help him. These "art-workers" helped him create his paintings, starred in his films, and created the atmosphere for which the Factory became legendary.


title: The Factory

text: The Factory was revamped and remained there until 1973. It moved to 860 Broadway at the north end of Union Square. Although this space was much larger, not much filmmaking took place there. In 1984 Warhol moved his remaining ventures, no longer including filming, to 22 East 33rd Street, a conventional office building.


title: The Factory

text: Speaking in 2002, musician John Cale said, "It wasn't called the Factory for nothing. It was where the assembly line for the silkscreens happened. While one person was making a silkscreen, somebody else would be filming a screen test. Every day something new."


title: The Factory

text: The Factory became a meeting place of artists and musicians such as Lou Reed, Bob Dylan, and Mick Jagger, as well as writer Truman Capote. Less frequent visitors included Salvador Dalí and Allen Ginsberg. Warhol collaborated with Reed's influential New York rock band the Velvet Underground in 1965, and designed the noted cover for "The Velvet Underground & Nico," the band's debut album. It featured a plastic image of a yellow banana, which users could peel off to reveal a flesh-hued version of the banana. Warhol also designed the album cover for the Rolling Stones' album "Sticky Fingers".


title: The Factory

text: Warhol included the Velvet Underground in the Exploding Plastic Inevitable, a spectacle that combined art, rock, Warhol films and dancers of all kinds, as well as live S&M enactments and imagery. The Velvet Underground and EPI used the Factory as a place to rehearse and hang out.


title: The Factory

text: "Walk on the Wild Side", Lou Reed's best-known song from his solo career, was released on his second, and first commercially successful, solo album, "Transformer" (1972). The song relates to the superstars and life of the Factory. He mentions Holly Woodlawn, Candy Darling, Joe Dallesandro, Jackie Curtis and Joe Campbell (referred to in the song by his Factory nickname Sugar Plum Fairy).


title: The Factory

text: Andy Warhol commented on mainstream America through his art while disregarding its conservative social views. Almost all his work filmed at the Factory featured nudity, graphic sexuality, drug use, same-sex relations and transgender characters in much greater proportion to what was being shown in mainstream cinema. By making the films, Warhol created a sexually lenient environment at the Factory for the "happenings" staged there, which included fake weddings between drag queens, porn film rentals, and vulgar plays. What was called free love took place in the studio, as sexuality in the 1960s was becoming more open and embraced as a high ideal. Warhol used footage of sexual acts between his friends in his work, such as in "Blue Movie", a 1969 film directed, produced, written and cinematographed by Warhol. The film, starring Viva and Louis Waldon, was the first adult erotic film depicting explicit sex to receive wide theatrical release in the United States.


title: The Factory

text: Holly Woodlawn and Jackie Curtis were noted drag queens who were part of the Factory group, as was transgender woman Candy Darling. Andy Warhol frequently used these women and other sexual non-conformists in his films, plays, and events. Because of the constant drug use and the presence of sexually liberal artists and radicals, drugged orgies were a frequent happening at the Factory. Warhol met Ondine at an orgy in 1962:


title: The Factory

text: Warhol started shooting movies in the Factory around 1963, when he began work on "Kiss". He screened his films at the Factory for his friends before they were released for public audiences. When traditional theaters refused to screen his more provocative films, Warhol sometimes turned to night-clubs or porn theaters, including the New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre and the 55th Street Playhouse, for their distribution.


title: Metal Gear Survive

text: Metal Gear Survive is a 2018 survival game developed by Konami Digital Entertainment and published by Konami. It was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One in February. It is the first "Metal Gear" game to be developed following the series' creator Hideo Kojima's departure from Konami in late 2015, and the first since 1990's "Snake's Revenge" to be made without Kojima's input. The game takes place between the events of "" and "", and follows the Captain, an MSF soldier who enters a parallel dimension and establishes a local command center to unravel the mysteries of a strange virus that turns people into zombie-like creatures.


title: Metal Gear Survive

text: Pre-release reception of the game was generally negative, in response to its design and recent business decisions from Konami. Upon release, "Metal Gear Survive" received a mixed reception from critics. Due to its low sales within the "Metal Gear" series, the game was considered to have underperformed commercially.


title: Metal Gear Survive

text: "Metal Gear Survive" is a survival action-adventure game with tower defense elements and minor stealth mechanics, played from a third-person perspective. It features a cooperative multiplayer mode, in which the player can be joined by up to three other players to complete missions.


title: Metal Gear Survive

text: A large portion of the gameplay consists of the player exploring the world which is mostly covered by "The Dust", a mysterious toxic cloud that obstructs vision, disables the in-game map, and requires the player to monitor their oxygen level. Players venture out to gather resources such as food and crafting materials as well as to activate the various portal generators scattered throughout the map. These generators serve as the game's fast-travel system and are each unlocked by completing a tower-defence segment. "Metal Gear Survive" tasks players with managing thirst and hunger by scavenging for water and hunting animals for food. Players can then return to base camp in order to cook food and later purify water for safe drinking. There is also an injury system, which requires players to use different medical supplies to heal ailments such as bleeding or food poisoning.


title: Metal Gear Survive

text: The main enemies of "Survive" are crystalline zombie-like creatures called "Wanderers", with many variants introduced as the story progresses. The enemies in Survive can be overcome using either stealth or a large variety of weapons and gadgets earned gradually through finding crafting recipes or broken weapons. Players begin with access to melee weapons such as spears, machetes, and shock-batons. Eventually, bows with several kinds of arrows and firearms such as pistols, shotguns, and sniper rifles are acquired. Due to the difficulty of attacking enemies head-on, players are encouraged to use a device that allows them to erect various fences, barricades and other structures. Available gadgets include grenades, Molotov cocktails, decoys, automated gun turrets, and a plethora of traps. Killing enemies earns players "Kuban Energy", the game's currency that can be used to level up and acquire new skills. After completing the main story, four additional "sub-classes" are unlocked which have their own set of skills gained by leveling up. Class skills range from straight stat bonuses, special attacks, mobility skills, and even stealth camouflage.


title: Metal Gear Survive

text: Players are able to upgrade their base camp by building defences, advanced crafting stations, farms, animal cages, and rainwater collectors. Other survivors can be rescued from The Dust to provide the base camp with support staff. Base staff can also be organized into an exploration team and sent out to automatically acquire resources. Eventually, players can initiate a tower defence segment at base camp, allowing them to defend against attacks and earn rewards. Players are able to purchase "Survive Coins" which can be used to unlock various features such as a resource booster, base defender, emotes, additional exploration teams and additional load-out slots beyond the initial four. Players can unlock character slots which act as the game's New Game Plus mode. Survive Coins can be earned as in-game rewards and login bonuses as well.


title: Metal Gear Survive

text: Following the , the surviving MSF members bury their dead, aided by the UN. A UN member takes the body of a soldier, who had avoided being sucked into a wormhole that had opened above Mother Base shortly after the incident but had severed their arm when it closed.


title: Metal Gear Survive

text: Months later, the soldier awakens in a Wardenclyffe Section facility, a government research group investigating organisms and wormholes. The UN member, Goodluck, a chief researcher, enlists the soldier to enter a wormhole to Dite, another dimension. The soldier was chosen due to the Mother Base wormhole infecting him with an organism from Dite, restoring their arm but putting them at risk of becoming a zombie-like Wanderer. Goodluck dubs the soldier "Captain", and instructs them to find a cure and to rescue others transported to Dite through wormholes.


title: Metal Gear Survive

text: In Dite, the Captain makes their way to Base Camp, allying with Reeve, an XOF soldier sucked into the Mother Base wormhole. They find Base Camp abandoned except for Virgil AT-9, an artificial intelligence from the Charon Corps, an investigation team previously sent to Dite. Following an emergency shutdown upon their disappearance, Virgil remained dormant and its memory was partially lost. The Captain rescues several human survivors, including a boy called Chris.


title: Metal Gear Survive

text: Virgil eventually generates a wormhole to transport the group back to Earth, but cannot maintain it without Iris, a source of energy. They are contacted by Joseph Gruen, head of Wardenclyffe Section, claiming that Goodluck acted against orders in orchestrating the Captain's mission, before committing suicide. A black box within Virgil supports this, but Gruen vows to bring the group home. With enough Iris energy, the wormhole is opened but Gruen demands maximum energy output, attracting the Lord of Dust, a huge creature. The group is forced to enter and close the wormhole before it can follow. They are transported to a forested area of Dite instead of Earth and deduce Gruen desired the Lord of Dust to use for its vast source of energy. Goodluck instructs them to find a weapon to destroy the creature.


title: Metal Gear Survive

text: The Captain rescues an MSF soldier, Seth, from a Corps survivor, Dan. The group assumes Dan caused the Corps' disappearance. The Captain locates the weapon, a Metal Gear, but is confronted by Dan, who allies himself with the group. Seth betrays them, revealing that after being sucked into the Mother Base wormhole, he was taken in by the Charon Corps. He then allowed himself to become infected by the Dust, causing their dissolution. Seth transforms into a Wanderer, forcing the Captain to kill him.


title: Metal Gear Survive

text: Virgil reveals that he had become infected whilst Seth was with the Corps and quarantined its programming with the emergency shutdown. However, contact with Seth reversed these countermeasures, giving Virgil access to its data. He reveals that Dite is Earth in the 22nd century, caused by the Lord of Dust. Formed from energy and self-replicating nanomachines, the Lord of Dust feeds off of Iris energy and creates wormholes to transport matter to consume. Once Dite is ravaged, the Lord of Dust transports itself back in time to start the process again, causing a time loop.


title: Metal Gear Survive

text: Securing the Metal Gear, the group remains to destroy the Lord of Dust, but Chris is chosen to be the one to return to Earth. Attracting the Lord of Dust, the survivors use the Metal Gear to trap it, while Chris goes through the wormhole, promising to rescue them. From here, the story has two endings depending on the player's actions. If the player follows Chris, the Captain abandons the survivors and goes through the wormhole. The Lord of Dust escapes the trap and the remaining survivors are presumed dead. The Captain re-emerges in a desert dressed in their MSF uniform, picks up a photograph that appeared next to them, and wanders off. If the player stays, the Captain fires on the Lord of Dust using the Metal Gear, but only maims it before it reforms. A final message from Goodluck explains that he failed them; he is revealed to be Chris, having gone through the wormhole and ending up in 1943. Having worked his way into Wardenclyffe Section, he made his recordings for the Charon Corps and potential survivors to receive in the hope they could destroy the Lord of Dust.


title: Metal Gear Survive

text: Having no notion of death, the Lord of Dust is unable to be killed. Virgil enters the creature and introduces it to the concept, having created its own understanding from experience. The Captain uses the Metal Gear to destroy the Lord of Dust.


title: Metal Gear Survive

text: An after-credits scene shows a damaged Virgil launching from the Lord of Dust's body and returning to Base Camp, explaining to the Captain that it is still functional and will be able to continue assisting them in their mission.


title: Metal Gear Survive

text: In an alternate timeline, Gruen reprimands Goodluck for his mistake that the next wormhole was predicted to open above Mother Base. Goodluck deduces that the survivors have destroyed the Lord of Dust and reaffirms his vows to bring them home.


title: Metal Gear Survive

text: "Metal Gear Survive" was announced on 16 August 2016 during Gamescom 2016. It was not the first time the concept of a zombie game was toyed with, as Hideo Kojima said on 29 April 2013 that he always wanted to make one during "Metal Gear Solid V"s development, and Kojima reportedly requested to Platinum Games that the sequel to "" have Gray Fox fighting against nanomachine-empowered zombies. The game's development was hinted at on 17 December 2015, when Konami started recruiting for a new "Metal Gear" development staff. The game uses the Fox Engine.


title: Metal Gear Survive

text: Konami Europe president Tomotada Tashiro described "Metal Gear Survive" as a "fresh take on the series' famed stealth elements", with a "unique co-op setting that is designed for a truly engrossing multiplayer experience."


title: Metal Gear Survive

text: In an interview with "Dengeki PlayStation", the development staff stated that the player is able to customize their character, use several weapons, and develop their own equipment to suit their play style. They also stated that while it is possible to stealthily maneuver around enemies when playing solo, it is much more difficult taking on waves of them compared to co-op play.


title: Metal Gear Survive

text: At Tokyo Game Show (TGS) in September 2016, a demo revealed that the Fulton Cannon would make an appearance. The player can optionally retrieve the creatures for resource building, acquire resource building, heal themselves on the main menu, and the player can develop various things from collected resources, from defensive measures to offensive measures. The players can also split up.


title: Metal Gear Survive

text: During a stage presentation at TGS 2016, Hideo Kojima was asked if he had anything to do with "Metal Gear Survive". He stated that the game had "nothing to do with [him]," the "Metal Gear" series is about "political fiction and espionage", and zombies do not fit into his vision of the series, despite his previous remarks concerning a sequel to "Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance" with zombies. Yoji Shinkawa also stated that he was not involved with the game. He jokingly said that "Metal Gear Survive" would even have mechs if he worked on it.


title: Metal Gear Survive

text: The game was released on 20 February 2018 in North America, 21 February 2018 in Japan, and 22 February 2018 in Europe, Australia and New Zealand.


title: Metal Gear Survive

text: "Metal Gear Survive" received a generally negative response following its announcement, in part due to the controversies surrounding Konami's recent business decisions and Kojima's departure from the company. Complaints focused on the game's genre and theme (being branded as "generic" as it revolved around fighting zombie-like enemies through co-op and multiplayer), recycled assets from "Metal Gear Solid V", microtransactions, constant internet connection requirement and the departure from the general feel of previous "Metal Gear" games.


title: Metal Gear Survive

text: Upon release, "Metal Gear Survive" received "mixed or average" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Ben "Yahtzee" Croshaw of "Zero Punctuation" ranked it as the third worst game of 2018, comparing it to the similarly criticized "Fallout 76".


title: Metal Gear Survive

text: In Japan, the PlayStation 4 version sold 31,359 copies within its first week on sale, placing it at number three on the all format sales chart, and number one on the digital sales charts. In the UK, "Survive" debuted at sixth place in the all format sales chart, selling 85% fewer copies than "", and 95% fewer copies than "".


title: Metal Gear Survive

text: As of 2018, Konami's earnings report did not mention "Survive"s total sales, unlike the previous entries in the series and other games made by the company. Critics ultimately deemed the game as having underperformed in sales.


title: John Brown's Body

text: "John Brown's Body" (originally known as "John Brown's Song") is a United States marching song about the abolitionist John Brown. The song was popular in the Union during the American Civil War. The tune arose out of the folk hymn tradition of the American camp meeting movement of the late 18th and early 19th century. According to an 1889 account, the original John Brown lyrics were a collective effort by a group of Union soldiers who were referring both to the famous John Brown and also, humorously, to a Sergeant John Brown of their own battalion. Various other authors have published additional verses or claimed credit for originating the John Brown lyrics and tune.


title: John Brown's Body

text: The "flavor of coarseness, possibly of irreverence" led many of the era to feel uncomfortable with the earliest "John Brown" lyrics. This in turn led to the creation of many variant versions of the text that aspired to a higher literary quality. The most famous of these is Julia Ward Howe's "Battle Hymn of the Republic", which was written when a friend suggested, "Why do you not write some good words for that stirring tune?" Kimball suggests that President Lincoln made this suggestion to Howe, though other sources do not agree on this point.


title: John Brown's Body

text: Numerous informal versions and adaptations of the lyrics and music have been created from the mid-1800s to the present, making "John Brown's Body" an example of a living folk music tradition.


title: John Brown's Body

text: "Say, Brothers, Will You Meet Us", the tune that eventually became associated with "John Brown's Body" and the "Battle Hymn of the Republic", was formed in the American camp meeting circuit of the late 1700s and early 1800s. These meetings were usually held in frontier areas, when people who lacked regular access to church services would gather together to worship before traveling preachers. These meetings were important social events, but developed a reputation for wildness in addition to wild religious fervor experienced by attendees. In that atmosphere, where hymns were taught and learned by rote and a spontaneous and improvisational element was prized, both tunes and words changed and adapted in true folk music fashion:


title: John Brown's Body

text: Early versions of "Say, Brothers" included variants, developed as part of this call-and-response hymn singing tradition such as:


title: John Brown's Body

text: The familiar "Glory, glory, hallelujah" chorus—a notable feature of the "John Brown Song", the "Battle Hymn of the Republic", and many other texts that used this tune—developed out of the oral camp meeting tradition sometime between 1808 and the 1850s.


title: John Brown's Body

text: Folk hymns like "Say, Brothers" circulated and evolved chiefly through oral tradition rather than through print. In print, the camp meeting song can be traced back as early as 1806–1808, when it was published in camp meeting song collections in South Carolina, Virginia, and Massachusetts.


title: John Brown's Body

text: The tune and variants of the "Say, brothers" hymn text were popular in southern camp meetings, with both African-American and white worshipers, throughout the early 1800s, spread predominantly through Methodist and Baptist camp meeting circuits. As the southern camp meeting circuit died down in the mid 1800s, the "Say, brothers" tune was incorporated into hymn and tune books and it was via this route that the tune became well known in the mid 1800s throughout the northern U.S. By 1861, "groups as disparate as Baptists, Mormons, Millerites, the American Sunday School Union, and the Sons of Temperance all claimed 'Say Brothers' as their own."


title: John Brown's Body

text: For example, in 1858 words and the tune were published in "The Union Harp and Revival Chorister", selected and arranged by Charles Dunbar, and published in Cincinnati. The book contains the words and music of a song "My Brother Will You Meet Me", with the music but not the words of the "Glory Hallelujah" chorus; and the opening line "Say my brother will you meet me". In December 1858 a Brooklyn Sunday school published a hymn called "Brothers, Will You Meet Us" with the words and music of the "Glory Hallelujah" chorus, and the opening line "Say, brothers will you meet us".


title: John Brown's Body

text: Some researchers have maintained that the tune's roots go back to a "Negro folk song", an African-American wedding song from Georgia, or to a British sea shanty that originated as a Swedish drinking song. Anecdotes indicate that versions of "Say, Brothers" were sung as part of African American ring shouts; appearance of the hymn in this call-and-response setting with singing, clapping, stomping, dancing, and extended ecstatic choruses may have given impetus to the development of the well known "Glory hallelujah" chorus. Given that the tune was developed in an oral tradition, it is impossible to say for certain which of these influences may have played a specific role in the creation of this tune, but it is certain that numerous folk influences from different cultures such as these were prominent in the musical culture of the camp meeting, and that such influences were freely combined in the music-making that took place in the revival movement.


title: John Brown's Body

text: It has been suggested that "Say Brothers, Will You Meet Us", popular among Southern blacks, already had an anti-slavery sub-text, with its reference to "Canaan's happy shore" alluding to the idea of crossing the river to a happier place. If so, that sub-text was considerably enhanced and expanded as the various "John Brown" lyrics took on themes related to the famous abolitionist and the American Civil War.


title: John Brown's Body

text: In 1861, the new 29th New York Infantry Regiment was stationed in Charles Town, Virginia (since 1863, West Virginia), where John Brown was executed. "The soldiers daily visit the spot [of the hanging] by hundreds, singing a song, the refrain of which is:


title: John Brown's Body

text: At Andersonville Prison, which held Union prisoners of war, a visiting Confederate soldier describes it thus:


title: John Brown's Body

text: On May 1, 1865, in Charleston, South Carolina, recently freed African-Americans and some white missionaries held a parade of 10,000 people, led by 3,000 Black children singing "John Brown's Body." The march honored 257 dead Union soldiers whose remains the organizers had reburied from a mass grave in a Confederate prison camp. This is considered the first observation of Decoration Day, now known as Memorial Day.


title: John Brown's Body

text: The American consul in Vladivostok, Russia, Richard T. Greener, reported in 1906 that Russian soldiers were singing the song. The context was the 1905 Russian Revolution.


title: John Brown's Body

text: At a flag-raising ceremony at Fort Warren, near Boston, on Sunday May 12, 1861, the "John Brown" song was publicly played "perhaps for the first time". The American Civil War had begun the previous month.


title: John Brown's Body

text: Newspapers reported troops singing the song as they marched in the streets of Boston on July 18, 1861, and there was a "rash" of broadside printings of the song with substantially the same words as the undated "John Brown Song!" broadside, stated by Kimball to be the first published edition, and the broadside with music by C. S. Marsh copyrighted on July 16, 1861, also published by C.S. Hall (see images displayed on this page). Other publishers also came out with versions of the "John Brown Song" and claimed copyright.


title: John Brown's Body

text: In 1890, George Kimball wrote his account of how the 2nd Infantry Battalion of the Massachusetts militia, known as the "Tiger" Battalion, collectively worked out the lyrics to "John Brown's Body". Kimball wrote:


title: John Brown's Body

text: According to Kimball, these sayings became bywords among the soldiers and, in a communal effort—similar in many ways to the spontaneous composition of camp meeting songs described above—were gradually put to the tune of "Say, Brothers":


title: John Brown's Body

text: Some leaders of the battalion, feeling the words were coarse and irreverent, tried to urge the adoption of more fitting lyrics, but to no avail. The lyrics were soon prepared for publication by members of the battalion, together with publisher C. S. Hall. They selected and polished verses they felt appropriate, and may even have enlisted the services of a local poet to help polish and create verses.


title: John Brown's Body

text: The official histories of the old First Artillery and of the 55th Artillery (1918) also record the Tiger Battalion's role in creating the John Brown Song, confirming the general thrust of Kimball's version with a few additional details.


title: John Brown's Body

text: In hymnals and folks song collections, the hymn tune for "Say, Brothers" is often attributed to William Steffe. Robert W. Allen summarizes Steffe's own story of composing the tune:


title: John Brown's Body

text: Steffe finally told the whole story of the writing of the song. He was asked to write it in 1855 or 56 for the Good Will Engine Company of Philadelphia. They used it as a song of welcome for the visiting Liberty Fire Company of Baltimore. The original verse for the song was "Say, Bummers, Will You Meet Us?" Someone else converted the "Say, Bummers" verse into the hymn "Say, Brothers, Will You Meet Us". He thought he might be able to identify that person, but was never able to do so.


title: John Brown's Body

text: Though Steffe may have played a role in creating the "Say, Bummers" version of the song, which seems to be a variant of and owe a debt to both "Say, Brothers" and "John Brown", Steffe couldn't have written the "Glory Hallelujah" tune or the "Say, Brothers" text, both of which had been circulating for decades before his birth.


title: John Brown's Body

text: Maine songwriter, musician, band leader, and Union soldier Thomas Brigham Bishop (1835–1905) has also been credited as the originator of the John Brown Song, notably by promoter James MacIntyre in a 1916 book and 1935 interview. (Bishop also claimed to have written "Kitty Wells", "Shoo, Fly Don't Bother Me", and "When Johnny Comes Marching Home",—and to have played a role in the composition of Swanee River.)


title: John Brown's Body

text: In the late 1800s, during the song's height of popularity, a number of other authors claimed to have played a part in the origin of the song.


title: John Brown's Body

text: Some sources list Steffe, Bishop, Frank E. Jerome, and others as the tune's composer. Given the tune's use in the camp meeting circuits in the late 1700s and early 1800s and the first known publication dates of 1806–1808, long before most of these claimants were born, it is apparent that none of these authors composed the tune that was the basis of "Say, Brothers" and "John Brown".


title: John Brown's Body

text: As Annie J. Randall wrote, "Multiple authors, most of them anonymous, borrowed the tune from 'Say, Brothers', gave it new texts, and used it to hail Brown's war to abolish the centuries-old practice of slavery in America." This continual re-use and spontaneous adaptation of existing words and tunes is an important feature of the oral folk music tradition that "Say, Brothers" and the "John Brown Song" were embedded in and no one would have begrudged their use or re-use of these folk materials. Some of those who claimed to have composed the tune may have had a hand in creating and publishing some of the perfectly legitimate variants or alternate texts that used the tune—but all certainly wanted a share of the fame that came with being known as the author of this very well known tune.


title: John Brown's Body

text: Once "John Brown's Body" became popular as a marching song, more literary versions of the "John Brown" lyrics were created for the "John Brown" tune. For example, William Weston Patton wrote his influential version in October 1861, which was published in the "Chicago Tribune", 16 December of that year. The "Song of the First of Arkansas" was written, or written down, by Capt. Lindley Miller in 1864, although (typical of the confusion of authorship among the variants and versions) a similar text with the title "The Valiant Soldiers" is also attributed to Sojourner Truth. "The President's Proclamation" was written by Edna Dean Proctor in 1863 on the occasion of the Emancipation Proclamation. Other versions include the "Marching song of the 4th Battalion of Rifles, 13th Reg., Massachusetts Volunteers" and the "Kriegslied der Division Blenker", written for the Blenker Division, a group of German soldiers who had participated in the European revolutions of 1848/49 and fought for the Union in the American Civil War.


title: John Brown's Body

text: The tune was later also used for "The Battle Hymn of the Republic" (written in November 1861, published in February 1862; this song was directly inspired by "John Brown's Body"), "Marching Song of the First Arkansas", "The Battle Hymn of Cooperation", "Bummers, Come and Meet Us" (see facsimile), and many other related texts and parodies during and immediately after the American Civil War period.


title: John Brown's Body

text: The World War II song "Blood on the Risers" is set to the tune, and includes the chorus "Glory, glory (or Gory, gory), what a hell of a way to die/And he ain't gonna jump no more!"


title: John Brown's Body

text: The tune was used for perhaps the most well-known labor-union song in the United States, "Solidarity Forever". The song became an anthem of the Industrial Workers of the World and all unions that sought more than workplace concessions, but a world run by those who labor.


title: John Brown's Body

text: Sailors are known to have adapted "John Brown's Body" into a sea shanty—specifically, into a "Capstan Shanty", used during anchor-raising.


title: John Brown's Body

text: The "John Brown" tune has proven popular for folk-created texts, with many irreverent versions created over the years. "The Burning of the School" is a well-known parody sung by schoolchildren, and another version that begins "John Brown's baby has a cold upon his chest" is often sung by children at summer camps.


title: John Brown's Body

text: An African-American version was recorded as "We'll hang Jeff Davis from a sour apple tree". Similarly, a fight song at the University of Pennsylvania set to the same melody begins, "Hang Jeff Davis from a sour apple tree."


title: John Brown's Body

text: A version of the song was also sung by French paratroopers: "oui nous irons tous nous faire casser la gueule en coeur / mais nous reviendrons vainqueurs" meaning "yes, we'll get our skulls broken in choir / but we'll come back victorious".


title: John Brown's Body

text: In Sri Lanka it was adapted into a bilingual (English and Sinhala) song sung at cricket matches—notably at the Royal-Thomian, with the lyrics "We'll hang all the Thomians on the cadju-puhulang tree..." Another adaptation sung at the annual match between the Colombo Law and Medical colleges went "Liquor arsenalis and the cannabis indica..." This was adapted into a trilingual song by Sooty Banda.


title: John Brown's Body

text: The music is used for a German-language children's song by Frank und seine Freunde called "Alle Kinder lernen lesen" translated to "All Children Learn to Read".


title: John Brown's Body

text: The lyrics used with the "John Brown" tune generally increase in complexity and syllable count as they move from a simple, orally transmitted camp meeting song to an orally composed marching song to more consciously literary versions.


title: John Brown's Body

text: The increasing syllable count led to an ever-increasing number of dotted rhythms in the melody to accommodate the increased number of syllables. The result is that the verse and chorus, which were musically identical in "Say, Brothers", became quite distinct rhythmically—though still identical in melodic profile—in "John Brown's Body".


title: John Brown's Body

text: The trend towards ever more elaborate rhythmic variations of the original melody became even more pronounced in the later versions of the "John Brown Song" and in the "Battle Hymn of the Republic", which have far more words and syllables per verse than the early versions. The extra words and syllables are fit in by adding more dotted rhythms to the melody and by including four separate lines in each verse rather than repeating the first line three times. The result is that in these later versions the verse and the chorus became even more distinct rhythmically and poetically though still remaining identical in their underlying melodic profile.


title: John Brown's Body

text: William Weston Patton, an influential abolitionist and pastor, composed his "The New John Brown Song" in the fall of 1861 and published it in the "Chicago Tribune", December 16, 1861:


title: Liliana Mumy

text: Liliana Berry Davis Mumy (; born April 16, 1994) is an American actress. Between 2002 and 2006, she appeared as Jessica Baker in the two "Cheaper by the Dozen" movies and as Lucy Miller in the second and third films of "The Santa Clause" trilogy.


title: Liliana Mumy

text: In animation, Mumy performed the voice of Mertle Edmonds in the "Lilo & Stitch" franchise as well as Twinkle in "Higglytown Heroes". For Cartoon Network she has voiced Panini in "Chowder". For Nickelodeon, she has voiced Human Kimberly in "Catscratch", Roxy in the Nickelodeon revival of "Winx Club", and Leni Loud in "The Loud House".


title: Liliana Mumy

text: Mumy was born in San Marcos, California, the daughter of Eileen Joy Mumy (née Davis), a childbirth educator, and former child star Bill Mumy. She is the younger sister of former child actor Seth Mumy. She graduated from Laurel Hall School in North Hollywood, California and attended Campbell Hall School. She left there and graduated from Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks, California in 2012.


title: Liliana Mumy

text: Liliana appeared with her father, Bill Mumy, in the "Twilight Zone" revival series' episode "It's Still a Good Life".


title: Liliana Mumy

text: Mumy has appeared in several motion pictures. Her most notable film appearances are in "Cheaper by the Dozen", "Cheaper by the Dozen 2", "The Santa Clause 2", as well as "". In 2002, Mumy played Audrey Fremont, the daughter of her father Bill's character Anthony, in a sequel to the classic "The Twilight Zone" episode "It's a Good Life" called "It's Still a Good Life".


title: Liliana Mumy

text: Mumy provided the voice of Mertle Edmonds (Lilo Pelekai's rival) in "Stitch! The Movie", "", "", and "Leroy & Stitch", and voicing a character with a smaller role on "" as Haley's rival at school. She is also the voice of Twinkle on "Higglytown Heroes" and the voice of Human Kimberly on Nickelodeon's "Catscratch". Lesser roles included TV appearances playing Rachael/Rachel in six episodes on "My Wife and Kids" from 2002 to 2004 as well as young Donna on "That '70s Show" and guest starring in "Scrubs" as a girl at her birthday party (whose face J.D. daydreams of shoving into her cake). She also voiced Panini in the cartoon "Chowder", airing on Cartoon Network and played Lula in "The Cleaner" in 2008. She also voiced a feisty, fashionable, pink-loving, golden retriever puppy named Rosebud in the Disney movies "Snow Buddies", "Space Buddies", and "Santa Buddies". In June 2012, Mumy started voice work as 'Beth' in "Bravest Warriors", an animated series created by Pendleton Ward, produced by Frederator Studios for their channel, Cartoon Hangover, a premium content partner of YouTube. Mumy also provided the voice of Roxy on Nickelodeon's "Winx Club" and Leni Loud on Nickelodeon's "The Loud House".


title: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: The Fischer–Tropsch process is a collection of chemical reactions that converts a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, known as syngas, into liquid hydrocarbons. These reactions occur in the presence of metal catalysts, typically at temperatures of and pressures of one to several tens of atmospheres. The process was first developed by Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Coal Research in Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany, in 1925.


title: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: As a premier example of C1 chemistry, the Fischer–Tropsch process is an important reaction in both coal liquefaction and gas to liquids technology for producing liquid hydrocarbons. In the usual implementation, carbon monoxide and hydrogen, the feedstocks for FT, are produced from coal, natural gas, or biomass in a process known as gasification. The process then converts these gases into synthetic lubrication oil and synthetic fuel. This process has received intermittent attention as a source of low-sulfur diesel fuel and to address the supply or cost of petroleum-derived hydrocarbons. It is now receiving much renewed attention as a means of producing carbon-neutral liquid hydrocarbon fuels from atmospheric CO and hydrogen.


title: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: The Fischer–Tropsch process involves a series of chemical reactions that produce a variety of hydrocarbons, ideally having the formula (CH). The more useful reactions produce alkanes as follows:


title: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: where "n" is typically 10–20. The formation of methane ("n" = 1) is unwanted. Most of the alkanes produced tend to be straight-chain, suitable as diesel fuel. In addition to alkane formation, competing reactions give small amounts of alkenes, as well as alcohols and other oxygenated hydrocarbons.


title: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: The reaction is a highly exothermic reaction due to a standard reaction enthalpy (ΔH) of −165 kJ/mol CO combined.


title: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: Converting a mixture of H and CO into aliphatic products is a multi-step reaction with several intermediate compounds. The growth of the hydrocarbon chain may be visualized as involving a repeated sequence in which hydrogen atoms are added to carbon and oxygen, the C–O bond is split and a new C–C bond is formed.


title: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: The conversion of CO to alkanes involves hydrogenation of CO, the hydrogenolysis (cleavage with H) of C–O bonds, and the formation of C–C bonds. Such reactions are assumed to proceed via initial formation of surface-bound metal carbonyls. The CO ligand is speculated to undergo dissociation, possibly into oxide and carbide ligands. Other potential intermediates are various C fragments including formyl (CHO), hydroxycarbene (HCOH), hydroxymethyl (CHOH), methyl (CH), methylene (CH), methylidyne (CH), and hydroxymethylidyne (COH). Furthermore, and critical to the production of liquid fuels, are reactions that form C–C bonds, such as migratory insertion. Many related stoichiometric reactions have been simulated on discrete metal clusters, but homogeneous Fischer–Tropsch catalysts are poorly developed and of no commercial importance.


title: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: Addition of isotopically labelled alcohol to the feed stream results in incorporation of alcohols into product. This observation establishes the facility of C–O bond scission. Using C-labelled ethylene and propene over cobalt catalysts results in incorporation of these olefins into the growing chain. Chain growth reaction thus appears to involve both ‘olefin insertion’ as well as ‘CO-insertion’.


title: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: Fischer–Tropsch plants associated with coal or related solid feedstocks (sources of carbon) must first convert the solid fuel into gaseous reactants, "i.e.", CO, H, and alkanes. This conversion is called gasification and the product is called synthesis gas ("syngas"). Synthesis gas obtained from coal gasification tends to have a H:CO ratio of ~0.7 compared to the ideal ratio of ~2. This ratio is adjusted via the water-gas shift reaction. Coal-based FT plants produce varying amounts of CO, depending upon the energy source of the gasification process. However, most coal-based plants rely on the feed coal to supply all the energy requirements of the process.


title: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: Carbon monoxide for FT catalysis is derived from hydrocarbons. In gas to liquids (GTL) technology, the hydrocarbons are low molecular weight materials that often would be discarded or flared. Stranded gas provides relatively cheap gas. GTL is viable provided gas remains relatively cheaper than oil.


title: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: Several reactions are required to obtain the gaseous reactants required for FT catalysis. First, reactant gases entering a reactor must be desulfurized. Otherwise, sulfur-containing impurities deactivate ("poison") the catalysts required for FT reactions.


title: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: Several reactions are employed to adjust the H:CO ratio. Most important is the water-gas shift reaction, which provides a source of hydrogen at the expense of carbon monoxide:


title: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: For FT plants that use methane as the feedstock, another important reaction is dry reforming, which converts the methane into CO and H:


title: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: Generally, the Fischer–Tropsch process is operated in the temperature range of . Higher temperatures lead to faster reactions and higher conversion rates but also tend to favor methane production. For this reason, the temperature is usually maintained at the low to middle part of the range. Increasing the pressure leads to higher conversion rates and also favors formation of long-chained alkanes, both of which are desirable. Typical pressures range from one to several tens of atmospheres. Even higher pressures would be favorable, but the benefits may not justify the additional costs of high-pressure equipment, and higher pressures can lead to catalyst deactivation via coke formation.


title: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: A variety of synthesis-gas compositions can be used. For cobalt-based catalysts the optimal H:CO ratio is around 1.8–2.1. Iron-based catalysts can tolerate lower ratios, due to intrinsic water-gas shift reaction activity of the iron catalyst. This reactivity can be important for synthesis gas derived from coal or biomass, which tend to have relatively low H:CO ratios (< 1).


title: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: Efficient removal of heat from the reactor is the basic need of FT reactors since these reactions are characterized by high exothermicity. Four types of reactors are discussed:


title: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: In general the product distribution of hydrocarbons formed during the Fischer–Tropsch process follows an Anderson–Schulz–Flory distribution, which can be expressed as:


title: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: where "W" is the weight fraction of hydrocarbons containing "n" carbon atoms, and "α" is the chain growth probability or the probability that a molecule will continue reacting to form a longer chain. In general, α is largely determined by the catalyst and the specific process conditions.


title: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: Examination of the above equation reveals that methane will always be the largest single product so long as "α" is less than 0.5; however, by increasing "α" close to one, the total amount of methane formed can be minimized compared to the sum of all of the various long-chained products. Increasing "α" increases the formation of long-chained hydrocarbons. The very long-chained hydrocarbons are waxes, which are solid at room temperature. Therefore, for production of liquid transportation fuels it may be necessary to crack some of the FT products. In order to avoid this, some researchers have proposed using zeolites or other catalyst substrates with fixed sized pores that can restrict the formation of hydrocarbons longer than some characteristic size (usually "n" < 10). This way they can drive the reaction so as to minimize methane formation without producing many long-chained hydrocarbons. Such efforts have had only limited success.


title: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: A variety of catalysts can be used for the Fischer–Tropsch process, the most common are the transition metals cobalt, iron, and ruthenium. Nickel can also be used, but tends to favor methane formation (“methanation”).


title: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: Cobalt-based catalysts are highly active, although iron may be more suitable for certain applications. Cobalt catalysts are more active for FT synthesis when the feedstock is natural gas. Natural gas has a high hydrogen to carbon ratio, so the water-gas shift is not needed for cobalt catalysts. Iron catalysts are preferred for lower quality feedstocks such as coal or biomass. Synthesis gases derived from these hydrogen-poor feedstocks has a low-hydrogen-content and require the water-gas shift reaction. Unlike the other metals used for this process (Co, Ni, Ru), which remain in the metallic state during synthesis, iron catalysts tend to form a number of phases, including various oxides and carbides during the reaction. Control of these phase transformations can be important in maintaining catalytic activity and preventing breakdown of the catalyst particles.


title: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: In addition to the active metal the catalysts typically contain a number of "promoters," including potassium and copper. Group 1 alkali metals, including potassium, are a poison for cobalt catalysts but are promoters for iron catalysts. Catalysts are supported on high-surface-area binders/supports such as silica, alumina, or zeolites. Promoters also have an important influence on activity. Alkali metal oxides and copper are common promoters, but the formulation depends on the primary metal, iron vs cobalt. Alkali oxides on cobalt catalysts generally cause activity to drop severely even with very low alkali loadings. C and CO selectivity increase while methane and C–C selectivity decrease. In addition, the alkene to alkane ratio increases.


title: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: FT catalysts are sensitive to poisoning by sulfur-containing compounds. Cobalt-based catalysts are more sensitive than their iron counterparts.


title: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: Fischer–Tropsch iron catalysts need alkali promotion to attain high activity and stability (e.g. 0.5 wt% ). Addition of Cu for reduction promotion, addition of , for structural promotion and maybe some manganese can be applied for selectivity control (e.g. high olefinicity). The working catalyst is only obtained when—after reduction with hydrogen—in the initial period of synthesis several iron carbide phases and elemental carbon are formed whereas iron oxides are still present in addition to some metallic iron. With iron catalysts two directions of selectivity have been pursued. One direction has aimed at a low-molecular-weight olefinic hydrocarbon mixture to be produced in an entrained phase or fluid bed process (Sasol–Synthol process). Due to the relatively high reaction temperature (approx. 340 °C), the average molecular weight of the product is so low that no liquid product phase occurs under reaction conditions. The catalyst particles moving around in the reactor are small (particle diameter 100 µm) and carbon deposition on the catalyst does not disturb reactor operation. Thus a low catalyst porosity with small pore diameters as obtained from fused magnetite (plus promoters) after reduction with hydrogen is appropriate. For maximising the overall gasoline yield, C and C alkenes have been oligomerized at Sasol. However, recovering the olefins for use as chemicals in, e.g., polymerization processes is advantageous today. The second direction of iron catalyst development has aimed at highest catalyst activity to be used at low reaction temperature where most of the hydrocarbon product is in the liquid phase under reaction conditions. Typically, such catalysts are obtained through precipitation from nitrate solutions. A high content of a carrier provides mechanical strength and wide pores for easy mass transfer of the reactants in the liquid product filling the pores. The main product fraction then is a paraffin wax, which is refined to marketable wax materials at Sasol; however, it also can be very selectively hydrocracked to a high quality diesel fuel. Thus, iron catalysts are very flexible.


title: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: Ruthenium is the most active of the Fischer–Tropsch catalysts. It works at the lowest reaction temperatures, and it produces the highest molecular weight hydrocarbons. It acts as a catalyst as the pure metal, without any promoters, thus providing the simplest catalytic system of FT synthesis, where mechanistic conclusions should be the easiest—e.g., much easier than with iron as the catalyst. Like with nickel, the selectivity changes to mainly methane at elevated temperature. Its high price and limited world resources exclude industrial application. Systematic studies with ruthenium catalysts should contribute substantially to the further exploration of the fundamentals of FT synthesis. There is an interesting question to consider: what features have the metals nickel, iron, cobalt, and ruthenium in common to let them—and only them—be FT catalysts, converting the CO/H mixture to aliphatic (long chain) hydrocarbons in a ‘one step reaction’. The term ‘one step reaction’ means that reaction intermediates are not desorbed from the catalyst surface. In particular, it is amazing that the much carbided alkalized iron catalyst gives a similar reaction as the just metallic ruthenium catalyst.


title: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: High-Temperature Fischer–Tropsch (or HTFT) is operated at temperatures of 330–350 °C and uses an iron-based catalyst. This process was used extensively by Sasol in their coal-to-liquid plants (CTL). Low-Temperature Fischer–Tropsch (LTFT) is operated at lower temperatures and uses an iron or cobalt-based catalyst. This process is best known for being used in the first integrated GTL-plant operated and built by Shell in Bintulu, Malaysia.


title: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: Since the invention of the original process by Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch, working at the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut for Chemistry in 1926, many refinements and adjustments were made. Fischer and Tropsch filed a number of patents, "e.g.", , applied 1926, published 1930. It was commercialized by Brabag in Germany in 1936. Being petroleum-poor but coal-rich, Germany used the process during World War II to produce "ersatz" (replacement) fuels. FT production accounted for an estimated 9% of German war production of fuels and 25% of the automobile fuel.


title: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: The United States Bureau of Mines, in a program initiated by the Synthetic Liquid Fuels Act, employed seven Operation Paperclip synthetic fuel scientists in a Fischer–Tropsch plant in Louisiana, Missouri in 1946.


title: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: In Britain, Alfred August Aicher obtained several patents for improvements to the process in the 1930s and 1940s. Aicher's company was named "Synthetic Oils Ltd" (not related to a company of the same name in Canada).