title: Tom Rogic

text: On 9 January 2013, it was reported that Rogic had joined Scottish Premier League champions Celtic at their training camp in Spain. On 16 January 2013, it was reported that terms had been agreed for the transfer of Rogic from Central Coast Mariners to Celtic, subject to personal terms. The deal was completed the next day. Rogic made his Celtic debut on 9 February 2013 in an SPL match against Inverness Caledonian Thistle; setting up Kris Commons with a cross to score the equaliser, bringing the score to 1–1. Celtic went on to win 3–1 and Rogic won the Man of the Match award. He made a further seven appearances for Celtic that season.


title: Tom Rogic

text: The following season saw Rogic make only a handful of appearances for Celtic, and he was sent out on loan to Melbourne Victory in January 2014.A recurring groin injury limited Rogic's appearances for Melbourne, and the injury eventually caused him to miss the 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2015 AFC Asian Cup for Australia. He was required to have two operations on his groin and did not play again until March 2015 when he made his comeback in Celtic's Development side match against Motherwell.


title: Tom Rogic

text: On August 9th, 2015, Rogic made his first start for Celtic in almost two years, scoring the opening goal in a 2–0 win against Partick Thistle. He began to regularly feature in the team and scored further goals against St Johnstone and Dundee in the weeks that followed. His goal against Kilmarnock on 19 March 2016 earned Rogic the club's goal of the season award for 2015–16.


title: Tom Rogic

text: Despite reported interest from the likes of Arsenal, Fiorentina, and Valencia, Rogic signed a new three-year contract with Celtic on 9 August 2016. The following day, he scored twice as Celtic beat Motherwell 5–0 in the Scottish League Cup. He followed this up by scoring the opener in the first leg of the Champions League play-off tie against Hapoel Be'er Sheva on 17 August 2016; Celtic went on to win 5–2.


title: Tom Rogic

text: Rogic scored the first goal in Celtic's 3–0 triumph over Aberdeen in the Scottish League Cup Final at Hampden Park on 27 November 2016. He scored another winning goal in injury time against Motherwell on 3 December, firing home from just outside the box to give Celtic a 4–3 win at Fir Park. On 27 May 2017, Rogic scored a late winner against Aberdeen in the Scottish Cup Final, securing the domestic treble for Celtic.


title: Tom Rogic

text: After a prolonged period out of the Celtic starting 11, in August 2020 it looked as if Rogic's time at Celtic would be over. He was linked with an unnamed Qatari club for a fee of around £4 million before the move fell through. After a lacklustre trophyless season, the signing of Australian manager Ange Postecoglou in June 2021 acted as a renaissance moment for Rogic's career. Knowing his new boss from the Australian national team, Rogic was entrusted with time in the starting eleven. Through impressive performances characteristic of his earlier years at Celtic, he earned a spot in the PFA Scotland Team of the Year.


title: Tom Rogic

text: On 13 May 2022, Celtic announced that Rogic and Nir Bitton would both be leaving the club after the final game of the season against Motherwell. Rogic said: "It has been a phenomenal journey, with some magical moments – it has been an honour to be a part of this experience. While I am so sad to leave, I feel so proud to be part of a team that has delivered the title again for our fans. The club is in a great position and I know the manager will take the club on and deliver more and more success." He started the match before being substituted for James McCarthy at the hour mark, for which he received a standing ovation from the Celtic Park crowd. He and Bitton brought out the Scottish Premiership trophy together, which club captain Callum McGregor then lifted aloft with his departing teammates standing on either side.


title: Tom Rogic

text: On 12 September 2022, Rogic joined EFL Championship club West Bromwich Albion on a free transfer, signing a deal until the end of the season. on 1 October 2022, Rogic made his debut for Albion in a 3-2 home defeat to Swansea City, lasting 57 minutes before being substituted. He scored his first goal for the club on 12 December 2022, equalizing in a 2–1 away win against Sunderland.


title: Tom Rogic

text: Rogic has represented Australia at Futsal. At the 2010 AFC Futsal Championship Rogic scored six goals, making him Australia's leading goal scorer and tied for the fourth leading goal scorer for the tournament at the age of 18.


title: Tom Rogic

text: On 7 March 2012, Rogic was selected to represent the Australia Olympic team in an Asian Olympic Qualifier match against Iraq, during which he made his debut as a halftime substitute for his Central Coast Mariners teammate Mustafa Amini at the Central Coast Stadium in Gosford.


title: Tom Rogic

text: Rogic made his debut for the Australia national team on 14 November 2012 as a substitute in a 2–1 friendly victory over South Korea. On 11 June 2013, Rogic came on as a substitute in Australia's 4–0 win against Jordan in a 2014 World Cup Qualifier and provided the assist for captain Lucas Neill's first international goal.


title: Tom Rogic

text: On 3 September 2015, Rogic scored his first and second goal for Australia, scoring in a 5–0 defeat of Bangladesh in a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier. In March 2016, Rogic scored two goals in three minutes against Tajikistan after coming off the bench in a World Cup Qualifier that ended 7–0 in Australia's favor. In the following qualifier against Jordan five days later, Rogic scored another goal for Australia in a 5–0 win.


title: Tom Rogic

text: On 8 June 2017, Rogic scored the decisive goal in a 3–2 win over Saudi Arabia in a World Cup qualifier. Rogic perfectly controlled the ball before booting it past the goalkeeper into the net from outside the box. Rogic also joined Australia as they competed in the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup. In Australia's first group match against Germany, he played a key role, as he scored a goal in the first half as well as setting up Tomi Juric in the second. Despite his heroics Australia lost 3–2. Rogic was an unused substitute in Australia's final group match that saw them draw 1–1 with Chile.


title: Tom Rogic

text: At the end of August 2021, Rogic was called-up again for the third round of the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualifiers and subsequently registered his first appearance for the "Socceroos" since November 2019, as he started the match against China PR (where he also assisted Martin Boyle for the second goal of the game and took part in a 3–0 win) on 2 September 2021.


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: Charles Francis Harper is a fictional character and one of the two main protagonists in the CBS sitcom "Two and a Half Men" during the first eight seasons of the series. Played by actor Charlie Sheen, the character has garnered him four Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series and two Golden Globe nominations for Best Performance by an Actor in a Comedy Series. Although the character was written off after the end of the eighth season, the character was reprised for one episode of the ninth season by Kathy Bates, which resulted in her winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series and in the series finale, "Of Course He's Dead".


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: After being expelled from Juilliard School, Charlie moved back to Los Angeles with the intention of becoming a film composer. He met a commercial producer who listened to Charlie's work and thus, Charlie began his career writing jingles. His most famous composition is the Maple Loops song. Charlie then became a successful composer and singer of children's music, with the alias "Charlie Waffles", when the jingle business dried up. He can be frequently seen playing the Steinway grand piano in his living room. The piano was later removed from the house by Walden Schmidt after his death.


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: Charlie prides himself on his bachelor/playboy lifestyle in Malibu, California and drives a Mercedes, and used to own a Jaguar. He was also thinking of buying a Ferrari F430 or a Bentley. His lifestyle consists of living in a two-story beachfront home, drinking excessively, smoking cigars, taking drugs, constant womanizing, gambling, and usually wearing bowling shirts and shorts. Charlie sleeps in constantly, and retains a full-time housekeeper, Berta. Money "falls into his lap" as he lives a life of free-spirited debauchery. He has a vast range of phobias, including stage fright (unless he is drunk), commitment, his mother, spiders, large birds, germs, change and hard work.


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: Following Sheen's dismissal from the series in March 2011, the character was killed off in the ninth season, having supposedly been struck by a train in Paris while on vacation. Charlie's ghost, portrayed by Kathy Bates, returns as a hallucination to Alan, revealing that he is living in Hell trapped in a woman's body. However, in the series finale, "Of Course He's Dead," his wife Rose reveals that Charlie is, in fact, alive (albeit brainwashed) and has been kept prisoner in the basement of a house that she purchased in Sherman Oaks after returning to the United States. He escapes from Rose's basement and returns to the beach house. As he rings the doorbell, a piano that is being transported by helicopter falls from the sky, killing him.


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: When Charlie's mother Evelyn was pregnant with him (for 7 and a half months), his parents thought that he was going to be a girl, since the ultrasound showed no signs of a penis. According to Evelyn, Charlie was always "a little drama queen" when he grew up. After his father died of food poisoning, Charlie and his brother Alan had three stepdads. The first, Harry Luther Gorsky, left Charlie's and Alan's mother for a young woman (Charlie refers to Harry as "a little tyrant"), and Evelyn was also present at his funeral, the second was a twitchy gay man from Texas who called him and Alan "buckaroos", and the third was "the Carpet King", a fat man whom Charlie liked the most because he had "a grateful daughter". Well into his 40s, Charlie believed "the Carpet King" owned a carpeting business until his mother explained that the man's name was actually sexual slang rather than his profession.


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: When Charlie was young, he was embarrassed by his younger brother Alan, and when Alan had his first school day, Charlie told everyone at school that Alan was his shaved monkey (he later explained he did this because he always wanted a shaved monkey). He also gave his brother full-time wedgies and abused him whenever he could. Charlie has dependably had a stressed association with Alan, and would go to all expenses to escape being a decent sibling to him. As a child, Charlie would spook his sibling by giving him wedgies and ridiculing him at school. As a child, Charlie once put a toy in Alan's pocket to shop-lift, and when they got caught, he influenced Alan to assume the fault. Charlie drank a lot when he was a teenager, was a chain smoker, and constantly ran away, nevertheless his mother did not mind because he always came back, and generally didn't care about her sons. He once even, when he was 16, drove to Tijuana, Mexico with a school nurse. When he was 17, he almost married a woman whom he thought was the love of his life, but relented; as Charlie says, if he didn't, he would today be married to a "65-year old retired belly dancer". Charlie constantly criticizes Alan's and Jake's presence in his house, but generally seems comfortable that they are around, because they are the only people who have known him for a long time and remain in his daily life. When Alan was surprised to find Charlie did not have their mother's cell phone number in his contacts list, Charlie told him "If I can't eat it, bang it or bet on it, it's not in my phone." On a later episode, it is shown Charlie does get his mother's number. In fact, he has it on the speed dial address that he finds appropriate for her, "666".


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: Charlie and Alan have an estranged relationship with their mother and try to avoid her at all costs; Charlie refers to her as "a Satan". Not much is known about their biological father, Francis Harper, except that when Charlie thinks back he says he was a horrible son to him. Evelyn, even after multiple marriages, still keeps her first husband's name (Harper). Charlie also once had a hallucination of his father Francis telling him to take care of his mother, which horrified him, but when he saw an old gangster film, he realized that he "misunderstood" him, and to actually kill her when he is able to.


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: Charlie is often uncaring towards Alan. In one episode he made Alan go on a date in spite of being sick with the flu, merely in order to afford him (Charlie) the opportunity to have "revenge sex". In another episode when Alan got frustrated in a bookstore and wanted to miss a movie that they were going to see Charlie replied, "So I'm supposed to miss the movie just because you had a nervous breakdown. Don't you think that is a little selfish, Alan?" Furthermore, after Alan's second divorce Alan tells Charlie that he needs him in front of a crowd of people to which Charlie retorts, "Anyone know a Charlie?" He additionally derives enjoyment from rubbing his own success in Alan's face and further complicating Alan's situations just for the fun of it. He is particularly harsh about Alan's situation with Judith, especially since he told Alan not to marry her and tried to bribe him with a $1000 prostitute.


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: While Charlie loves his nephew Jake and, at the beginning of the show, used him to get dates, he often makes jokes revolving around Jake's apparent lack of intellectual ability, and often states that he is destined to be a doorstop or a fry cook, and states that he is not a kid, but a "gassy dwarf". Nevertheless, it is often shown that Charlie genuinely loves Jake, and sometimes acts like a father to him, giving him some advice, that Alan is unable to give.


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: Despite his selfish attitude, Charlie can be caring at times. Though Charlie often scolds Alan for being a "sponge", Charlie has continued to provide two out of his three bedrooms to Alan, without rent, and seemingly provides all of his meals, even when the two dine out together. In many occasions, he has stood up to Jake for Alan when Jake started roasting his father. He also cares a lot for Jake, even though he has trouble admitting it. In the episode "Ate the Hamburgers, Wearing the Hats" Jake gets an injury and Charlie goes out of his way to make sure that he's safe. In the episode "The Mooch at the Boo" Jake and his neighbor, a pretty girl named Celeste, disappear together and Celeste's father Jerome (played by Michael Clarke Duncan), an ex-football player, came looking. When they were found kissing, Charlie later said to Jerome that he would take the beating intended for Jake.


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: Charlie watches a lot of sports on TV, but has little interest in athletics "per se"; rather, Charlie is a frequent gambler. He watches sports to keep tabs on his investments, and bets on horse races, football matches, etc. Two of his favorite sitcoms are "Dharma and Greg" and "Becker".


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: Despite his upper class and playboy persona, Charlie can be remarkably naïve about everyday matters. In "Last Chance to See Those Tattoos," Alan observes that Charlie does not really understand how the Internet works. In "I Can't Afford Hyenas," Charlie is shown to have no understanding of how to care for his own living expenses because he entrusts an accountant with managing his cash flow and paying the bills, but the accountant is actually swindling him. When his accountant is arrested, Charlie is not even aware of a problem until he receives notices from the bank that his accounts are delinquent, his credit cards are maxed out and his car is in danger of being repossessed. He has never done his own laundry, and has no idea how a washing machine works; he genuinely believes Alan when he sarcastically says that the machine will call him when the cycle is complete. In the final few months of his life after Chelsea left him, he reverts to his old ways: drinking excessively, gambling, smoking marijuana to help him sleep and partying hard for hours. This began to affect him psychologically and physically; he aged considerably, gave himself a bad haircut, broke several toes and received a black eye from one of his adventures in Las Vegas. He eventually admits that his behavior is a way to cope with depression and loneliness.


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: Charlie Harper was reported by Rose to have died in Paris after being struck by a train. The season 9 premiere featured his funeral with one of Charlie's trademark bowling shirts and a pair of cargo shorts hanging by his closed casket. Rose explained that he had proposed to her in Paris and the next few days had been happy, but when she returned from shopping one day, she found him showering with another woman. The next day he fell off a Paris Métro platform and was struck by a train, his body exploding "like a balloon full of meat". It is implied by Rose and suggested by Berta that Rose was responsible for Charlie's death.


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: Following his death, Charlie has been frequently mentioned by his surviving (though very few) loved ones. It tends to be in a disrespectful manner and secrets and previously unknown details about his life emerge.


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: After his funeral his ashes are delivered and Alan decides to spread them on the beach but spills them after being scared at seeing Walden Schmidt at the window, soaking wet. In "Those Fancy Japanese Toilets", Charlie is shown to have kept a private journal. He kept it in a safe deposit box at the bank, and after he died, the bank contacted his mother about it. She gives the journal to Alan, who becomes fascinated with it, as the entries give an insight to a whole new side of Charlie that he never saw before. It is revealed that Charlie had postulated about the various causes of his death, including liver failure and being pushed in front of a bus, and that he questioned his condescending behavior towards women. It's revealed that when Charlie first met his nephew Jake, he believed that he was to have a bright future ahead of him, but secretly thought he was not Alan's biological son (implied by him to Alan years prior). It is also hinted that, despite all the criticism and abuse, he actually idolized his brother and missed him when he moved in with Lyndsey, however he knew at the same time that he would be back "before long".


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: In "Thank You for the Intercourse", Walden redecorates the house and therefore donates Charlie's piano to an orphanage. Alan suffers a mental breakdown, after realizing how much he misses Charlie and starts to act like him because of it, even picking up women with much success. Jake and Walden are worried about Alan's strange behavior and Walden then brings Alan to a mental institution after tricking him into believing that they were going for a trip to Las Vegas and that he stayed at the Bellagio penthouse suite.


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: Charlie is re-introduced into the series in the episode "Why We Gave Up Women", portrayed by Kathy Bates. While Alan is hospitalized for a mild heart attack, he awakens to find a strange woman sitting at the foot of his bed, dressed like Charlie and smoking a cigar. She also introduces herself as Charlie. Still not convinced, Alan asks her questions that only the real Charlie could answer, and she does so correctly. Charlie proceeds to explain that he ended up in Hell, and, as part of his punishment, must live eternity in the body of a large, older woman, albeit with a pair of testicles (he does not consider his new form all bad, as he is able to grope his own breasts). Charlie advises Alan to turn his life around and become self-dependent for once. After the meeting, Alan decides to rent an apartment, which is very low-grade. The following night, Charlie reappears to Alan, and admits that he did not care if Alan changed, but was happy that even though he is dead, he was finally able to get him out of his house. Later, after Alan fakes a second heart attack, in the hospital, Charlie appears to Jake, trying to hint who he is after addressing him by his old pet name "Tater Head", but Jake fails to understand. Annoyed, Charlie goes back to Hell, escorted by two sexy women, where he wistfully complains about not having a penis anymore.


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: According to Chuck Lorre, the show's producers were so impressed with Bates performance, that they were considering bringing her back in the recurring role of "Alan's demonic spirit guide". Bates did not return to the show after this appearance.


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: Charlie is mentioned briefly in the season 10 episode "A Big Bag of Dog", when Walden has an emotional breakdown upstairs in the master bedroom over a breakup, Berta says that Charlie used to have emotional meltdowns over breakups in that bedroom, too. He is mentioned in the season 10 episode "That's Not What They Call It in Amsterdam" when Rose returns, Alan asks Walden if she told him that she was stalking his brother, and again when Rose is unsure whether to date Walden as he lives in Charlie's house, but Walden insists that has nothing to do with Alan or himself. He is referenced to by Walden in "Something My Gynecologist Said" when he is talking about this fake book he is writing, about a man called Alan who lives with his brother in a beach house, but the brother dies by being pushed in front of a train, and a billionaire comes and buys the house. Berta mentions him in "I Scream When I Pee", when saying that she didn't think she could work for anyone besides Charlie, but says that Walden is the greatest boss she ever had, after he comes to cheer her up on her birthday and buys her a car. Alan briefly mentions him in "Advantage: Fat, Flying Baby". He is mentioned again in the season 10 finale, "Cows, Prepare to Be Tipped", when Alan reveals that Charlie left Jake two of his last cigars for when Jake graduates college. Alan and Jake smoke them and laugh heartily. In "Big Episode. Someone Stole a Spoon", after a wild party at the beach house leaves an intense mess with wreckage, Walden come out into the living room and says, "It looks like Charlie Sheen's house!", referencing not the character, but the actor himself.


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: In season 11, a woman knocks on Walden and Alan's door, and introduces herself as Jenny, Charlie's daughter, which surprises Alan to the point of shock, as he never knew that he had a daughter, but amuses Walden. According to Jenny, the last time she saw him alive was at her fourth birthday. Hurt because Charlie didn't want to marry her, Jenny's mother banned him from ever seeing Jenny again. Wanting to somehow provide for Jenny, Charlie would send a lucrative check to the family every month up until his passing. Alan reveals to Jenny that he kept his brother's ashes and put them in the liquor cabinet. He spills his ashes twice in the same day but is happy when he finds two quarters in them. It is also the first time Walden mentions Charlie by name, after previously only referring to him as "your brother" or "Alan's brother", and he wishes there was something other than Alan that Charlie would have left behind. Berta begins to tell Jenny stories of Charlie's life but Walden stops her and asks if she has any stories for Jenny that don't include drugs, alcohol or hookers, Berta is unable to recall anymore stories than ones that include those things. Later at Pavlov's, Jenny, Walden, Alan and Evelyn toast to Charlie as a father, brother, son and guy who bought his beach house after got hit by a train


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: In the second episode, Evelyn says to her boyfriend that she wasn't the greatest mother to Charlie and Alan, and that she wants to make up for it with Jenny. She asks Jenny if she wants to see pictures of her father at the police station as they will have more pictures of him than she ever took. Walden talks to Charlie's ashes for the first time in season 11, asking him for a sign of advice on what to do about his love life and thanks him for the house, stating, "you'd have to be on crack to give all this up". Jenny claims that in her entire life, Charlie only wrote to her once asking "Are your friends 18 yet?"


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: In the series finale, "Of Course He's Dead", a retcon reveals that Charlie is not dead but survived an attempt on his life by an angry Rose after she found him having sex with a hooker, a mime, and a goat on their honeymoon. Rose binds and gags him and returns Charlie to the United States where she brainwashes him and confines him to a pit under her house in Sherman Oaks. He escapes after four years, collects $2.5 million in royalty money, and sends messages to Alan, Evelyn, and Walden, warning of his imminent return and threatening revenge against them. He also sends Jenny, his former girlfriends, Berta, and Jake generous checks. In the last moments of the finale, Charlie is seen walking (only shown from the back) to the door of his beach house, when a helicopter is transporting Charlie's grand piano and just as he is about to ring the doorbell of the beach house, the piano drops and Charlie disappears once and for all. No one was particularly happy that Charlie was alive because he was planning to kill them, and because the characters had moved on with their lives and become a closer family unit than they had been when Charlie was alive and lived there.


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: Despite speculation that Charlie Sheen would make a cameo appearance, he does not appear in the program. Instead, his character is depicted via animation as a re-enactment of events when Rose is explaining what happened in Paris and by a stand-in in the last scene which only shows Charlie from behind.


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: According to showrunner Chuck Lorre, writing in the vanity card that appeared at the end of the episode, Sheen was offered a role in the finale where he would have "walk[ed] to the front door in the last scene, ring the doorbell, then turn, look directly into the camera and go off on a maniacal rant about the dangers of drug abuse. He would then explain that these dangers only applied to average people. That he was far from average. He was a ninja warrior from Mars. He was invincible. And then we would drop a piano on him. We thought it was funny. He didn’t. Instead, he wanted us to write a heart warming scene that would set up his return to primetime TV in a new sitcom called "The Harpers" starring him and Jon Cryer. We thought that was funny too."


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: Charlie's love life is a recurring theme in his character. He is an alcoholic womanizer who has engaged in decades of frequent one-night stands, prostitutes, casual sex, and "relationships" of short duration, in stark contrast to his brother Alan's inability to garner much female attention. Even though Charlie usually never calls any of his partners again after he had sex with them, there are a few relationships on the show that lasted longer than one night, notably his neighbor Rose, who continues to stalk him after they spent one night together, and Jake's ballet teacher Mia, whom Charlie was actually in love with, and almost married in Las Vegas. He usually dated much younger women, but starting in season 5, he pursued relationships that were a change of pace for him. He started a relationship with a respected judge played by Ming-Na and later with a substantially older single mother/author (Susan Blakely), but he later blew it with both women. In season 6, Charlie proposes to his girlfriend Chelsea (Jennifer Taylor, who has also played three other roles in earlier seasons) just to get her to return his love for her. But eventually turns out that it was the only love of his life when he dumped Mia and confessed his love for Chelsea. They remain engaged throughout season 7 until Charlie throws up on a baby, forcing Chelsea to dump him and leaving Charlie heartbroken. At the end of season 8 he goes off with Rose to a romantic getaway in Paris, which ultimately resulted in his 'death'.


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: Charlie and Rose (Melanie Lynskey) spent one night together shortly before the events portrayed in the show; after this, Rose became increasingly obsessed with him. She usually spends time at his beach house when Charlie and Alan are gone, and when they come back they usually find a surprise, such as cabinets that are glued shut. Rose demonstrates her obsession with Charlie in numerous ways: when taking up with Charlie's pizza boy Gordon, she flaunted him to Charlie in an obvious but useless attempt to make the latter jealous; she then attempted to mold Gordon into Charlie by dressing him in short pants and designer bowling shirts like those Charlie usually wears, and instructing him to try to emulate Charlie's poses; she has named all of her five ferrets Charlie. Rose's father (portrayed by Sheen's real-life father Martin) became similarly obsessed with Charlie's mother Evelyn; Charlie and Evelyn sought "expert" assistance (i.e., Rose) to get rid of him. Charlie is usually charmed by Rose, but is not interested in a relationship with her, even though Berta thinks they are a good couple together. When Rose decided to leave to go to London Charlie believed that she was only pretending in order to get him into a relationship with her; after she really left, Charlie realized that he made a horrible mistake by letting Rose go. He then went to London to meet her but quickly returned home when Rose started talking about his moving there and starting a family together. Rose has since returned to Malibu and continues to stalk Charlie. As of "The Devil's Lube," there is a chance of a future relationship between the two; in this episode Charlie points out that he has not seen Rose in a while, but she cannot say the same. In "Above Exalted Cyclops," Rose, after being set up by Chelsea, now has moved on from Charlie and is stalking Alan, or possibly stalking both brothers. In "Gumby with a Pokey" (her only appearance in Season 7), she is still noted as Charlie's stalker, implying that she is either done stalking Alan and back to Charlie, or stalking both brothers. Gordon is unaware of Rose's brief relationship with Alan. In Season 8's "The Crazy Bitch Gazette," Rose is again stalking Charlie. This time it has become too much for Charlie's new girlfriend Michelle, who is convinced that Charlie loves Rose. Rose tells Charlie that she is marrying a guy named "Manfred Quinn," which appears to be verified when Charlie and Alan go to the church and peer through a door window to see a wedding in progress. The two walk away, with Charlie confused and apparently heartbroken. At the end of the episode, it is revealed that, with the exception of the priest and Rose, all the other attendants are mannequins (hence the name of Rose's purported groom: Manfred "Manny" Quinn). Later in Season 8, Charlie tells Rose that he loves her and they begin a romantic relationship with Charlie even taking her on a romantic getaway to Paris despite the fact that he still thinks she is truly married. Rose implied she killed Charlie in Paris after it is revealed she caught him having an affair. Charlie had proposed to her in Paris also which was mentioned by Rose at Charlie's funeral and Rose said yes to the proposal. In "That's Not What They Call It in Amsterdam", Rose begins a relationship with Walden, and after "Ferrets, Attack!" begins stalking him and ruining his life. During "Of Course He's Dead", she mentions that he cheated on her shortly after they married, and a goat prevented his death at the last moment.


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: Bill (Chris O'Donnell) was a previous girlfriend of Charlie's appearing in a season one episode, "An Old Flame with a New Wick". Bill had since had sexual-reassignment surgery and was formerly living as "Jill". Charlie comments during the episode that while the relationship was passionate, sex with Bill was "a little weird". As the episode progresses, Bill begins dating Charlie's mother Evelyn (she is initially unaware of Bill's history). Once Bill's identity is revealed to her, she faints, but decides to continue seeing Bill. Bill was never seen or mentioned again.


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: Lisa (Denise Richards) was Charlie's favorite ex-girlfriend. She appeared in one season 1 and one season 2 episode. In "Merry Thanksgiving," Charlie proposed to her but she decided to marry another man. In "Yes, Monsignor," Charlie had to prove that he is capable of caring for babies when he found out she had one (played by Richards' and Sheen's real-life elder daughter Sam). She was absent at Charlie's funeral.


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: Miss Delores Pasternak (Missi Pyle, also Alicia Witt in season 6) was Jake's fifth-grade teacher. Charlie charmed her to save Jake from suspension for flipping her off, but she proved to be a domineering/school-marm type, driving Charlie to break up with her, after which she had a meltdown that got her fired from teaching and disowned by her family, leaving her to become a bikini dancer. After running into each other four years later (see "A Jock Strap in Hell"), Charlie feels guilty about this and hires her as Jake's private tutor, leading them to resume their romantic relationship. She quickly reverts to her religious self and Charlie breaks up with her again. She was seen at Charlie's funeral, where she mentioned he made tea using her panties.


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: Isabella (Jodi Lyn O'Keefe) was Charlie's Goth girlfriend known to bring a dark atmosphere with her. She and several of her girlfriends "anoint" Charlie as their king in a ceremony, "bonding" them for life. It's revealed that she knows Evelyn from Pilates class, and Isabella was unaware that Charlie and Alan are Evelyn's sons. Isabella was at Charlie's funeral, where she mentions that Charlie gave her herpes.


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: Charlie had a brief relationship with Kandi (April Bowlby, credited as "Kymber"), after which she married his brother, Alan. Kandi is 22 years old as of the season 3 episode "Ergo, the Booty Call", and is portrayed as a "dumb blonde" stereotype, even though she is a redhead.


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: Mia (Emmanuelle Vaugier) is a ballet teacher, whom Charlie had a crush on, and was engaged to for a short while. Charlie decided not to marry Mia after she insisted that Alan and Jake must move out of the house, only to find out that Alan had married Kandi and moved out. Charlie later became sexually reckless and depressed, because he learned that Mia was going to marry someone else. Charlie blamed Alan for ruining everything, but later realizes that he was just looking for an excuse to get out of the marriage. They reunited in person at the end of season 6's "Baseball Was Better With Steroids," resulting in a cliffhanger for the season finale. In season 7's premiere "818-jklpuzo", Mia appears in much less favorable light. Mia asks Charlie for help with a singing career, but in reality she appears to want him back. By this time, Charlie had begun a relationship with Chelsea, and is now torn between the two. While in the studio recording a demo tape, Mia asks Charlie for sex after revealing that she is a horrible singer. Charlie tells Mia she cannot sing, and chooses Chelsea. As Charlie rushes away he turns off Mia's microphone, so that he cannot hear her yell and swear at him. Mia was at Charlie's funeral, demanding to see the body.


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: Shortly after he canceled his wedding with Mia, Charlie began dating a rude real-estate agent named Lydia (Katherine LaNasa). Alan, Jake, Rose and Berta did not like her and made this clear to Charlie, but when she met his mother, Evelyn, the four realized that she and Evelyn were exactly alike in character. Bobby, the waiter at Charlie's and Evelyn's favorite restaurant, was the first to recognise Lydia's similarity to Evelyn. When Lydia began bossing Berta around, Berta threatened to quit unless Charlie broke up with her. Lydia meanwhile threatened to break up with Charlie unless he fired Berta. In the end, Charlie broke up with Lydia, and Berta would only return if Charlie admitted his sexual addiction and attended rehab. At Charlie's funeral, Lydia mentions that Charlie loved being spanked.


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: Myra (Judy Greer) is the sister of Herb Melnick (Judith's husband after Alan). She bonded with Charlie over their hatred of Judith. Judith did not want the two dating, and would take her frustration out on Alan. Judith did not want Charlie coming over to her house either, so Charlie invited Myra to his house. Even though she was supposed to be sleeping in Jake's room, Myra slept with Charlie, leaving Alan and Jake to hear them and find out the truth. When Charlie wanted to pursue the relationship, he was heartbroken to learn that she was engaged and he'd have to drive her to the airport after the wedding, and that he'd never see her again. Greer again appears in Season 9 as Walden's ex-wife.


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: At the beginning of the fifth season, Charlie dated Judge Linda Harris (Ming-Na), a judge of his own age. Their relationship ended in the middle of the same season, after Linda concluded that she could not "be connected publicly to a guy like [Charlie]" after he publicly humiliated her (under the influence of his mother's "medication") at an event held in her honor. The random songs which Charlie sang to her son Brandon while babysitting, essentially launched his show-biz persona, "Charlie Waffles".


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: Charlie also fell for his future stepsister, "Courtney" (Jenny McCarthy) in Season 5, and after agreeing to stop seeing her due to their relationship to each other, he lends her a substantial amount of money and proposes moments before they become step-siblings. She also forced Charlie to buy a car from her so the secret of their relationship would not get out to her father and Evelyn. Charlie is heart-broken to learn that she is actually a con artist named Sylvia, but he apparently retains feelings for her, telling her that he will "wait" for her (to get out of prison). She reappears in Season 8's "Ow, Ow, Don't Stop" (as Courtney) after being released from prison, and Charlie immediately falls for her again, even professing his love for her. Courtney and Charlie break up two episodes later in "Chocolate Diddlers or My Puppy's Dead" when they realize they have simply lost their feelings for one another and, in an extremely rare case for Charlie, they part mutually and on good terms. Although surprisingly she holds a lot of resentment towards him at his funeral in the season 9 opener. In the season 9 episode "Nine Magic Fingers", Courtney starts dating Walden Schmidt (Ashton Kutcher), but their relationship is short-lived as Alan and Bridget, Walden's wife, successfully convince Walden that Courtney is simply a con artist.


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: Near the end of season 5, Charlie met an older woman (Susan Blakely) named Angie who was also the author of a relationship self-help book that he was interested in reading. Angie has been described as a mother figure to Charlie, more so than even his own mother, Evelyn. When Angie introduced him to her grown son Jeremy and his fiancée Tricia (Virginia Williams), Charlie realized that he had dated Tricia earlier in his life. After Tricia revealed that she still had feelings for Charlie, Tricia dumped Jeremy, and Angie became, as Alan describes, a "mean drunk" who verbally lashed out at Charlie and furiously broke up with him.


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: In a season 6 episode ("The Flavin' and the Mavin'"), Charlie is annoyed that he has to drive Alan to work, until he meets Alan's spunky young receptionist, Melissa (Kelly Stables). Alan begs Charlie not to hit on her, as it will likely end badly and complicate their working relationship, but Charlie ignores him. Charlie sleeps with Melissa, then becomes annoyed when she constantly hangs around his house. Melissa becomes vindictive when she realizes that Charlie is not serious about their relationship. As Alan suspected, the failed relationship causes Melissa to demand a raise and health insurance. (Melissa would later date Alan in several episodes of seasons 6, 7 and 8, becoming the third of Charlie's ex-girlfriends to later date Alan.)


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: Chelsea Christine Melini (Jennifer Taylor) starts dating Charlie in season 6, and is the first woman to whom he confessed his love without prompting. He says this nearly by accident, but claims he meant it. At first, Chelsea was another one of Charlie's one-night stands, but it soon evolved into a relationship. The relationship comes to a rut with Chelsea wanting to break up, but after some couples counseling, the two remained together. Charlie proposed to her, ring and all, just to get her to say "I love you" back to him, and until the middle of season 7, they were engaged to be married. When Chelsea moved into the Harper beach house, Charlie rented out her vacant apartment to get alone time. Chelsea has a cat named "Sir Lancelot", who was almost never seen on-camera (two exceptions are in "Mmm, fish. Yum." and "Tinkle Like a Princess") and was constantly being stepped on, mostly by Charlie, but once by Alan. Chelsea got along well with Evelyn, much to Charlie's chagrin, and had a very rocky relationship with her nephew-to-be Jake, until Charlie forced them to work out their issues. Charlie had a telephone video of one of their lovemaking events, but when Chelsea found out, she erased the video herself. The two eventually broke up due to Charlie's jealousy towards her friendship with Alan's lawyer, Brad. Charlie then made matters worse by vomiting on a baby in public while apologizing to her, and subsequently slept with Chelsea's best friend, Gail (Tricia Helfer). Chelsea's last appearance was in the first episode of Season 9, when she announced at Charlie's funeral that he gave her chlamydia; Gail, who also attended, said Charlie gave "her" vaginal warts.


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: Betsy (Katy Mixon) first met the Harper brothers the day Charlie and Chelsea set the date for their wedding. Panicked over the impending end of his bachelor lifestyle, Charlie finds himself blacked out drunk in bed with Betsy and Alan shortly after their meeting in Pavlov's Bar. With little memory of the night's events, Alan and Charlie left her home before dawn. Only remembering flashes of himself, his brother, and Betsy fooling around naked, shortly after Alan performed a striptease in drag, Charlie went to his mother for advice. To help wipe the disturbing memories from Charlie's mind, Evelyn told him of the time she cheated on her third husband with circus folk, including a clown, strongman, bearded lady, acrobats, and dwarfs, in one debased night. Traumatized by Evelyn's story, Charlie's few memories of the night were now replaced with images of his mother's circus orgy. When Charlie and Betsy encounter each other again, they immediately run off to Las Vegas and have a "quickie" wedding. But the marriage is soon rendered invalid when it is revealed that Betsy is already married.


title: Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)

text: Michelle (Liz Vassey) is Charlie's dermatologist. In "Twanging Your Magic Clanger," they met when Charlie was getting a mole removed from his behind. They went to a movie and Charlie was surprised to learn that she is older than he is. After Alan telling him that he's probably gonna be dead for ten years by the time she turns 70 (which ironically came true, as he died not too long after), he went to Michelle and told her that he was interested in being in a relationship with her. He then met Michelle's 20-year-old daughter, which led him to briefly think about sex with the daughter. But after finding out that she thinks "older guys" (much younger than Charlie) are bad to have sex with, he returns to Michelle. In "The Crazy Bitch Gazette," Michelle and Charlie went on a date where they had lunch with Evelyn and Alan, causing a few embarrassing details about Charlie's past to slip out. When they got to Charlie's house, Charlie introduced Michelle to Berta and told Michelle about his past girlfriends and other sordid details of his life. To Charlie's surprise, Michelle still wanted to be with him. Later that night, Charlie's neighbor/stalker Rose appeared on his deck. Michelle was upset with Charlie, because he did not mention Rose in any of his confessions. Nor did he mention the fact that she constantly stalked him. The next week, Charlie went to Michelle's house with flowers and begged her to give him another chance. Michelle broke up with Charlie anyway, convinced that he still had feelings for Rose. At Charlie's funeral, Michelle builds on Lydia's remark about him by adding that he liked being spanked while wearing Michelle's panties.


title: Vienna sausage

text: A Vienna sausage (; Viennese/Austrian German: "Frankfurter Würstel" or "Würstl"; Swiss German: "Wienerli"; Swabian: "Wienerle" or "Saitenwurst") is a thin parboiled sausage traditionally made of pork and beef in a casing of sheep's intestine, then given a low temperature smoking. The word "Wiener" is German for "Viennese". In Austria, the term "Wiener" is uncommon for this food item, which instead is usually called "Frankfurter Würstl".


title: Vienna sausage

text: In some European countries, cooked and often smoked wiener sausages bought fresh from supermarkets, delicatessens and butcher shops may be called by a name (such as in German or French) which translates in English as "Vienna sausage." Traditionally, they are made from cured pork, but in Eastern and Southern Europe, sausages made from chicken or turkey are more common; these are also sold in places with a significant population of people who do not eat pork for religious reasons. Wieners sold in Europe have a taste and texture very much like North American hot dogs, but are usually longer and somewhat thinner, with a very light, edible casing. European Vienna sausages served hot in a long bun with condiments are often called "hot dogs," referring to the long sandwich as a whole. A spiced, paprika-rich look-alike of Vienna sausage is known as debrecener.


title: Vienna sausage

text: After having been brought to North America by European immigrants, "Vienna sausage" came to mean only smaller and much shorter smoked and canned wieners, rather than link sausage, beginning about 1903. However, they have no federal standard of identity. North American vienna sausages are made similarly to pork wieners, finely ground to a paste consistency and mixed with salt and various spices, such as cloves, coriander, nutmeg, garlic powder, onion powder and finely ground, dry red pepper. The sausages are stuffed into a long casing, sometimes smoked, always thoroughly cooked and beginning in the 1950s, the casings were removed. The sausages are cut into short segments for canning and cooking. They are available plain (in gelatin, similar to aspic) or with a variety of flavorings, such as smoke, mustard, chili, or barbecue sauces. Consumption of Vienna sausages peaked in the 1940s to 1970s but has declined since then.


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: Chrysomallon squamiferum, commonly known as the scaly-foot gastropod, scaly-foot snail, sea pangolin, or volcano snail is a species of deep-sea hydrothermal-vent snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Peltospiridae. This vent-endemic gastropod is known only from deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the Indian Ocean, where it has been found at depths of about . "C. squamiferum" differs greatly from other deep-sea gastropods, even the closely related neomphalines. In 2019, it was declared endangered on the IUCN Red List, the first species to be listed as such due to risks from deep-sea mining of its vent habitat.


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: The shell is of a unique construction, with three layers; the outer layer consists of iron sulphides, the middle layer is equivalent to the organic periostracum found in other gastropods, and the innermost layer is made of aragonite. The foot is also unusual, being armored at the sides with iron-mineralised sclerites.


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: The snail's oesophageal gland houses symbiotic gammaproteobacteria from which the snail appears to obtain its nourishment. This species is considered to be one of the most peculiar deep-sea hydrothermal-vent gastropods, and it is the only known extant animal that incorporates iron sulfide into its skeleton (into both its sclerites and into its shell as an exoskeleton). Its heart is, proportionately speaking, unusually large for any animal: the heart comprises approximately 4% of its body volume.


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: This species was first discovered in April 2001, and has been referred to as the "scaly-foot" gastropod since 2001. It has been referred to as "Chrysomallon squamiferum" since 2003, but it was not formally described in the sense of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature until Chen "et al." named it in 2015. Type specimens are stored in the Natural History Museum, London. During the time when the name was not yet formalized, an incorrect spelling variant was ""Crysomallon squamiferum"".


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: " Chrysomallon squamiferum" is the type species and the sole species within the genus "Chrysomallon". The generic name "Chrysomallon" is from the Ancient Greek language, and means "golden haired", because pyrite (a compound occurring in its shell) is golden in color. The specific name "squamiferum" is from the Latin language and means "scale-bearing", because of its sclerites. At first it was not known to which family this species belonged. Warén "et al." classified this species in the family Peltospiridae, within the Neomphalina in 2003. Molecular analyses based on sequences of cytochrome-c oxidase I (COI) genes confirmed the placement of this species within the Peltospiridae. Morphotypes from two localities are dark; a morphotype from a third locality is white (see next section for explanation of localities). These different colored snails appear to be simply "varieties" of the same species, according to the results of genetic analysis.


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: The scaly-foot gastropod is a vent-endemic gastropod known only from the deep-sea hydrothermal vents of the Indian Ocean, which are around in depth. The species was discovered in 2001, living on the bases of black smokers in the Kairei hydrothermal vent field, , on the Central Indian Ridge, just north of the Rodrigues Triple Point. The species has subsequently also been found in the Solitaire field, , Central Indian Ridge, within the Exclusive Economic Zone of Mauritius and Longqi (means "Dragon flag" in Chinese) field, , Southwest Indian Ridge. Longqi field was designated as the type locality; all type material originated from this vent field. The distance between Kairei and Solitaire is about . The distance between Solitaire and Longqi is about . These three sites belong to the Indian Ocean biogeographic province of hydrothermal vent systems "sensu" Rogers "et al." (2012). The distance between sites is large, but the total distribution area is very small, less than .


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: Peltospiridae snails are mainly known to live in Eastern Pacific vent fields. Nakamura "et al." hypothesized that the occurrence of the scaly-foot gastropod in the Indian Ocean suggests a relationship of the hydrothermal vent faunas between these two areas.


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: In this species, the sides of the snail's foot are extremely unusual, being armoured with hundreds of iron-mineralised sclerites; these are composed of iron sulfides greigite and pyrite. Each sclerite has a soft epithelial tissue core, a conchiolin cover, and an uppermost layer containing pyrite and greigite. Prior to the discovery of the scaly-foot gastropod, it was thought that the only extant molluscs possessing scale-like structures were in the classes Caudofoveata, Solenogastres and Polyplacophora. Sclerites are not homologous to a gastropod operculum. The sclerites of the scaly-foot gastropod are also not homologous to the sclerites found in chitons (Polyplacophora). It has been hypothesized that the sclerites of Cambrian halwaxiids such as "Halkieria" may potentially be more analogous to the sclerites of this snail than are the sclerites of chitons or aplacophorans. As recently as 2015, detailed morphological analysis for testing this hypothesis had not been carried out.


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: The sclerites of "C. squamiferum" are mainly proteinaceous (conchiolin is a complex protein); in contrast, the sclerites of chitons are mainly calcareous. There are no visible growth lines of conchiolin in cross-sections of sclerites. No other extant or extinct gastropods possess dermal sclerites, and no other extant animal is known to use iron sulfides in this way, either in its skeleton, or exoskeleton.


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: The size of each sclerite is about 1 × 5 mm in adults. Juveniles have scales in few rows, while adults have dense and asymmetric scales. The Solitaire population of snails has white sclerites instead of black; this is due to a lack of iron in the sclerites. The sclerites are imbricated (overlapped in a manner reminiscent of roof tiles). The purpose of sclerites has been speculated to be protection or detoxification. The sclerites may help protect the gastropod from the vent fluid, so that its bacteria can live close to the source of electron donors for chemosynthesis. Or alternatively, the sclerites may result from deposition of toxic sulfide waste from the endosymbionts, and therefore represent a novel solution for detoxification. But the true function of sclerites is, as yet, unknown. The sclerites of the Kairei population, which have a layer of iron sulfide, are ferrimagnetic. The non-iron-sulfide-mineralized sclerite from the Solitaire morphotype showed greater mechanical strength of the whole structure in the three-point bending stress test (12.06 MPa) than did the sclerite from the Kairei morphotype (6.54 MPa).


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: In life, the external surfaces of sclerites host a diverse array of epibionts: Campylobacterota (formerly Epsilonproteobacteria) and Thermodesulfobacteriota (formerly part of Deltaproteobacteria). These bacteria probably provide their mineralization. Goffredi "et al." (2004) hypothesized that the snail secretes some organic compounds that facilitate the attachment of the bacteria.


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: The shell of these species has three whorls. The shape of the shell is globose and the spire is compressed. The shell sculpture consists of ribs and fine growth lines. The shape of the aperture is elliptical. The apex of the shell is fragile and it is corroded in adults.


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: This is a very large peltospirid compared to the majority of other species, which are usually below in shell length. The width of the shell is ; the maximum width of the shell reaches . The average width of the shell of adult snails is 32 mm. The average shell width in the Solitaire population was slightly less than that in the Kairei population. The height of the shell is . The width of the aperture is . The height of the aperture is .


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: The shell structure consists of three layers. The outer layer is about 30 μm thick, black, and is made of iron sulfides, containing greigite FeS. This species is the only extant animal known to feature this material in its skeleton. The middle layer (about 150 μm) is equivalent to the organic periostracum which is also found in other gastropods. The periostracum is thick and brown. The innermost layer is made of aragonite (about 250 μm thick), a form of calcium carbonate that is commonly found both in the shells of molluscs and in various corals. The color of the aragonite layer is milky white.


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: Each shell layer appears to contribute to the effectiveness of the snail's defence in different ways. The middle organic layer appears to absorb mechanical strain and energy generated by a squeezing attack (for example by the claws of a crab), making the shell much tougher. The organic layer also acts to dissipate heat. Features of this composite material are in focus of researchers for possible use in civilian and military protective applications.


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: In this species, the shape of the operculum changes during growth, from a rounded shape in juveniles to a curved shape in adults. The relative size of the operculum decreases as individuals grow. About a half of all adult snails of this species possess an operculum among the sclerites at the rear of the animal. It seems likely that the sclerites gradually grow and fully cover the whole foot for protection, and the operculum loses its protective function as the animal grows.


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: The scaly-foot gastropod has a thick snout, which tapers distally to a blunt end. The mouth is a circular ring of muscles when contracted and closed. The two smooth cephalic tentacles are thick at the base and gradually taper to a fine point at their distal tips. This snail has no eyes. There is no specialised copulatory appendage. The foot is red and large, and the snail cannot withdraw the foot entirely into the shell. There is no pedal gland in the front part of the foot. There are also no epipodial tentacles.


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: In "C. squamiferum", the soft parts of the animal occupy approximately two whorls of the interior of the shell. The shell muscle is horseshoe-shaped and large, divided in two parts on the left and right, and connected by a narrower attachment. The mantle edge is thick but simple without any distinctive features. The mantle cavity is deep and reaches the posterior edge of the shell. The medial to left side of the cavity is dominated by a very large bipectinate ctenidium. Ventral to the visceral mass, the body cavity is occupied by a huge esophageal gland, which extends to fill the ventral floor of the mantle cavity.


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: The digestive system is simple, and is reduced to less than 10% of the volume typical in gastropods. The radula is "weak", of the rhipidoglossan type, with a single pair of radular cartilages. The formula of the radula is ∼50 + 4 + 1 + 4 + ∼50. The radula ribbon is 4 mm long, 0.5 mm wide; the width to length ratio is approximately 1:10. There is no jaw, and no salivary glands. A part of the anterior oesophagus rapidly expands into a huge, hypertrophied, blind-ended esophageal gland, which occupies much of the ventral face of the mantle cavity (estimated 9.3% body volume). The esophageal gland grows isometrically with the snail, consistent with the snail depending on its endosymbiont microbes throughout its settled life. The oesophageal gland has a uniform texture, and is highly vascularised with fine blood vessels. The stomach has at least three ducts at its anterior right, connecting to the digestive gland. There are consolidated pellets in both the stomach and in the hindgut. These pellets are probably granules of sulfur produced by the endosymbiont as a way to detoxify hydrogen sulfide. The intestine is reduced, and only has a single loop. The extensive and unconsolidated digestive gland extends to the posterior, filling the shell apex of the shell. The rectum does not penetrate the heart, but passes ventral to it. The anus is located on the right side of the snail, above the genital opening.


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: In the excretory system, the nephridium is central, tending to the right side of the body, as a thin dark layer of glandular tissue. The nephridium is anterior and ventral of the digestive gland, and is in contact with the dorsal side of the foregut.


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: The respiratory system and circulatory system consist of a single left bipectinate ctenidium (gill), which is very large (15.5% of the body volume), and is supported by many large and mobile blood sinuses filled with haemocoel. On dissection, the blood sinuses and lumps of haemocoel material are a prominent feature throughout the body cavity. Although the circulatory system in "Chrysomallon" is mostly closed (meaning that haemocoel mostly does not leave blood sinuses), the prominent blood sinuses appear to be transient, and occur in different areas of the body in different individuals. There are thin gill filaments on either side of the ctenidium. The bipectinate ctenidium extends far behind the heart into the upper shell whorls; it is much larger than in "Peltospira". Although this species has a similar shell shape and general form to other peltospirids, the ctenidium is proportional size to that of "Hirtopelta", which has the largest gill among peltospirid genera that have been investigated anatomically so far.


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: The ctenidium provides oxygen for the snail, but the circulatory system is enlarged beyond the scope of other similar vent gastropods. There are no endosymbionts in or on the gill of "C. squamiferum". The enlargement of the gill is probably to facilitate extracting oxygen in the low-oxygen conditions that are typical of hydrothermal-vent ecosystems.


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: At the posterior of the ctenidium is a remarkably large and well-developed heart. The heart is unusually large for any animal proportionally. Based on the volume of the single auricle and ventricle, the heart complex represents approximately 4% of the body volume (for example, the heart of humans is 1.3% of the body volume). The ventricle is 0.64 mm long in juveniles with a shell length of 2.2 mm, and grows to 8 mm long in adults. This proportionally giant heart primarily sucks blood through the ctenidium and supplies the highly vascularised oesophageal gland. In "C. squamiferum" the endosymbionts are housed in an esophageal gland, where they are isolated from the vent fluid. The host is thus likely to play a major role in supplying the endosymbionts with necessary chemicals, leading to increased respiratory needs. Detailed investigation of the haemocoel of "C. squamiferum" will reveal further information about its respiratory pigments.


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: The scaly-foot gastropod is a chemosymbiotic holobiont. It hosts thioautotrophic (sulfur-oxidising) gammaproteobacterial endosymbionts in a much enlarged oesophageal gland, and appears to rely on these symbionts for nutrition. The closest known relative of this endosymbiont is that one from "Alviniconcha" snails. In this species, the size of the oesophageal gland is about two orders of magnitude larger than the usual size. There is a significant embranchment within the oesophageal gland, where the blood pressure likely decreases to almost zero. The elaborate cardiovascular system most likely evolved to oxygenate the endosymbionts in an oxygen-poor environment, and/or to supply hydrogen sulfide to the endosymbionts. Thioautotrophic gammaproteobacteria have a full set of genes required for aerobic respiration, and are probably capable of switching between the more efficient aerobic respiration, and the less efficient anaerobic respiration, depending on oxygen availability. In 2014, the endosymbiont of the scaly-foot gastropod become the first endosymbiont of any gastropod for which the complete genome was known. "C. squamiferum" was previously thought to be the only species of Peltospiridae that has an enlarged oesophageal gland, but later it was discovered that both species of "Gigantopelta" also have an enlarged oesophageal gland. "Chrysomallon" and "Gigantopelta" are the only vent animals, except siboglinid tubeworms, that house endosymbionts within an enclosed part of the body not in direct contact with vent fluid.


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: The nervous system is large, and the brain is a solid neural mass without ganglia. The nervous system is reduced in complexity and enlarged in size compared to other neomphaline taxa. As is typical of gastropods, the nervous system is composed of an anterior oesophageal nerve ring and two pairs of longitudinal nerve cords, the ventral pair innervating the foot and the dorsal pair forming a twist via streptoneury. The frontal part of the oesophageal nerve ring is large, connecting two lateral swellings. The huge fused neural mass is directly adjacent to, and passes through, the oeosophageal gland, where the bacteria are housed. There are large tentacular nerves projecting into the cephalic tentacles. The sensory organs of the scaly-foot gastropod include statocysts surrounded by the oesophageal gland, each statocyst with a single statolith. There are also sensory ctenidial bursicles on the tip of the gill filaments; these are known to be present in most vetigastropods, and are present some neomphalines.


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: The reproductive system has some unusual features. The gonads of adult snails are not inside the shell; they are in the head-foot region on the right side of the body. There are no gonads present in juveniles with shell length of 2.2 mm. Adults possess both testis and ovary in different levels of development. The testis is placed ventrally; the ovary is placed dorsally, and the nephridium lies between them. There is a "spermatophore packaging organ" next to the testis. Gonoducts from the testis and ovary are initially separate, but apparently fuse to a single duct, and emerge as a single genital opening on the right of the mantle cavity. The animal has no copulatory organ.


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: It is hypothesized that the derived strategy of housing endosymbiotic microbes in an oesophageal gland, has been the catalyst for anatomical innovations that serve primarily to improve the fitness of the bacteria, over and above the needs of the snail. The great enlargement of the oesophageal gland, the snail's protective dermal sclerites, its highly enlarged respiratory and circulatory systems and its high fecundity are all considered to be adaptations which are beneficial to its endosymbiont microbes. These adaptations appear to be a result of specialisation to resolve energetic needs in an extreme chemosynthetic environment.


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: This species inhabits the hydrothermal vent fields of the Indian Ocean. It lives adjacent to both acidic and reducing vent fluid, on the walls of black-smoker chimneys, or directly on diffuse flow sites.


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: The depth of the Kairei field varies from , and its dimensions are approximately . The slope of the field is 10° to 30°. The substrate rock is troctolite and depleted mid-ocean ridge basalt. The Kairei-field scaly-foot gastropods live in the low-temperature diffuse fluids of a single chimney. The transitional zone, where these gastropods were found, is about in width, with temperature of 2–10 °C. The preferred water temperature for this species is about 5 °C. These snails live in an environment which has high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide, and low concentrations of oxygen.


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: The abundance of scaly-foot gastropods was lower in the Kairei field than in the Longqi field. The Kairei hydrothermal-vent community consists of 35 taxa, including sea anemones "Marianactis" sp., crustaceans "Austinograea rodriguezensis", "Rimicaris kairei", "Mirocaris indica", "Munidopsis" sp., Neolepadidae genus and sp., "Eochionelasmus" sp., bivalves "Bathymodiolus marisindicus", gastropods "Lepetodrilus" sp., "Pseudorimula" sp., "Eulepetopsis" sp., "Shinkailepas" sp., and "Alviniconcha marisindica", "Desbruyeresia marisindica", "Bruceiella wareni", "Phymorhynchus" sp., "Sutilizona" sp., slit limpet sp. 1, slit limpet sp. 2, "Iphinopsis boucheti", solenogastres "Helicoradomenia"? sp., annelids "Amphisamytha" sp., "Archinome jasoni", Capitellidae sp. 1, "Ophyotrocha" sp., Hesionidae sp. 1, Hesionoidae sp. 2, "Branchinotogluma" sp., "Branchipolynoe" sp., "Harmothoe"? sp., "Levensteiniella"? sp., "Prionospio" sp., unidentified Nemertea and unidentified Platyhelminthes. Scaly-foot gastropods live in colonies with "Alviniconcha marisindica" snails, and there are colonies of "Rimicaris kairei" above them.


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: The Solitaire field is at a depth of , and its dimensions are approximately . The substrate rock is enriched mid-ocean ridge basalt. Scaly-foot gastropods live near the high-temperature diffuse fluids of chimneys in the vent field. The abundance of scaly-foot gastropods was lower in the Solitaire field than in the Longqi field. The Solitaire hydrothermal-vent community comprises 22 taxa, including: sea anemones "Marianactis" sp., crustaceans "Austinograea rodriguezensis", "Rimicaris kairei", "Mirocaris indica", "Munidopsis" sp., Neolepadidae gen et sp., "Eochionelasmus" sp., bivalves "Bathymodiolus marisindicus", gastropods "Lepetodrilus" sp., "Eulepetopsis" sp., "Shinkailepas" sp., "Alviniconcha" sp. type 3, "Desbruyeresia" sp., "Phymorhynchus" sp., annelids Alvinellidae genus and sp., "Archinome jasoni", "Branchinotogluma" sp., echinoderm holothurians Apodacea gen et sp., fish Macrouridae genus and sp., unidentified Nemertea, and unidentified Platyhelminthes.


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: The Longqi vent field is in a depth of , and its dimensions are approximately . "C. squamiferum" was densely populated in the areas immediately surrounding the diffuse-flow venting. The Longqi hydrothermal-vent community include 23 macro- and megafauna taxa: sea anemones Actinostolidae sp., annelids Polynoidae n. gen. n. sp. “655”, Branchipolynoe n. sp. “Dragon”, Peinaleopolynoe n. sp. “Dragon”, "Hesiolyra" cf. "bergi", Hesionidae sp. indet., Ophryotrocha n. sp. “F-038/1b”, "Prionospio" cf. "unilamellata", Ampharetidae sp. indet., mussels "Bathymodiolus marisindicus", gastropods "Gigantopelta aegis", "Dracogyra subfuscus", "Lirapex politus", "Phymorhynchus" n. sp. “SWIR”, "Lepetodrilus" n. sp. “SWIR”, crustaceans "Neolepas" sp. 1, "Rimicaris kairei", "Mirocaris indica", "Chorocaris" sp., "Kiwa" n. sp. “SWIR”17, "Munidopsis" sp. and echinoderm holothurians "Chiridota" sp. The density of "Lepetodrilus" n. sp. “SWIR” and scaly-foot gastropods is over 100 snails per m² in close distance from vent fluid sources at Longqi vent field.


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: The scaly-foot gastropod is an obligate symbiotroph throughout post-settlement life. Throughout its post-larval life, the scaly-foot gastropod obtains all of its nutrition from the chemoautotrophy of its endosymbiotic bacteria. The scaly-foot gastropod is neither a filter-feeder nor uses other mechanisms for feeding. The radula and radula cartilage are small, respectively constituting only 0.4% and 0.8% of juveniles' body volume, compared to 1.4% and 2.6% in the mixotrophic juveniles of "Gigantopelta chessoia".


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: For identification of trophic interactions in a habitat, where direct observation of feeding habits is complicated, carbon and nitrogen stable-isotope compositions can be measured. There are depleted values of "δ"C in the oesophageal gland (relative to photosynthetically derived organic carbon). Chemoautotrophic symbionts were presumed as a source of such carbon. Chemoautotrophic origin of the stable carbon isotope C was confirmed experimentally.


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: This gastropod is a simultaneous hermaphrodite. It is the only species in the family Peltospiridae that is so far known to be a simultaneous hermaphrodite. It has a high fecundity. It lays eggs that are probably of lecithotrophic type. Eggs of the scaly-foot gastropod are negatively buoyant under atmospheric pressure. Neither the larvae nor the protoconch is known as of 2016, but it is thought that the species has a planktonic dispersal stage. The smallest "C. squamiferum" juvenile specimens ever collected had a shell length 2.2 mm. The results of statistical analyses revealed no genetic differentiation between the two populations in the Kairei and Solitaire fields, suggesting potential connectivity between the two vent fields. The Kairei population represents a potential source population for the two populations in the Central Indian Ridge. These snails are difficult to keep alive in an artificial environment; however, they survived in aquaria at atmospheric pressure for more than three weeks.


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: The scaly-foot gastropod is not protected. Its potential habitat across all Indian Ocean hydrothermal vent fields has been estimated to be at most , while the three known sites at which it has been found, between which only negligible migration occurs, add up to , or less than one-fifth of a football field.


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: The population at the Longqi vent field may be of particular concern. The Southwest Indian Ridge, within which it is located, is one of the slowest-spreading mid-ocean ridges, and the low rate of natural disturbances is associated with ecological communities that are likely more sensitive to and recover more slowly from disruptions. Slow-spreading centers may also create larger mineral deposits, making those sensitive areas primary targets for deep-sea mining. Furthermore, by genetic measures the population at Longqi is poorly connected to those at the Kairei and Solitaire vent fields, over 2000km away within the Central Indian Ridge.


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: The Solitaire Vent Field falls within the exclusive economic zone of Mauritius, while the other two sites are within Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (commonly known as the high seas) under the authority of the International Seabed Authority, which has granted commercial mining exploration licenses for both. The Kairei Vent Field is under a license to Germany (2015-2030), the Longqi Vent Field to China (2011-2026). As of 2017, no conservation measures are proposed or in place for any of the three sites.


title: Scaly-foot gastropod

text: It has been listed as endangered species in the "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species" since July 4, 2019.


title: Homeland (season 8)

text: The eighth and final season of the American spy thriller television drama series "Homeland" premiered on February 9, 2020, and concluded on April 26, 2020, on Showtime, consisting of 12 episodes.


title: Homeland (season 8)

text: Saul Berenson, the National Security Advisor for newly inaugurated President Ralph Warner, is assigned to negotiate peace with the Taliban in Afghanistan. Carrie Mathison is still struggling to recover from her brutal treatment as a prisoner in Russia, but Saul wants to take her to Afghanistan, feeling her knowledge and experience there are essential.


title: Homeland (season 8)

text: The eighth season was ordered back-to-back with season 7 in August 2016. In April 2018, Claire Danes confirmed that season 8 would be the last, and Showtime officially confirmed the final season in August. In April 2018, showrunner Alex Gansa stated his plans for the final season, "Season 8 will be overseas somewhere. We get to play a story with larger national stakes in season 7 and we'll go back to a smaller intelligence-based season in 8." He also stated, "We're going to start fresh in season 8 and probably do a fairly big time jump between 7 and 8 and put any Trump parallels behind us" and "We'll tell a very contained story, hopefully in Israel." In January 2019, it was confirmed that the final season will take place in Afghanistan, with filming beginning in February in Morocco.


title: Homeland (season 8)

text: The season was originally planned to debut in June 2019, however, it was delayed until late 2019 "because of production demands of our international locations", per Showtime co-president Gary Levine. In August 2019, Showtime delayed the premiere again to February 2020; Levine stated, ""Homeland" is an ambitious series — especially in its final season. [Showrunner] Alex [Gansa] wants to go out proudly, and that has involved production in multiple countries at times and in places that have some issues. It just takes time." He added, "There have been no missteps. It's been a relatively smooth process. But it's a very ambitious production schedule and it has taken more time than we [anticipated]."


title: Homeland (season 8)

text: During an April 2020 interview on Homeland Season 8, Jalal Haqqani actor Elham Ehsas commented, "I think Haissam (Haqqani) was both Jalal’s biggest idol and biggest heartbreak."


title: Homeland (season 8)

text: The eighth season received highly positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 85% based on 25 reviews, with an average rating of 7.27/10. The site's critical consensus is, ""Homeland" returns to form with a tautly thrilling final season that fittingly finishes the job Carrie Mathison started all those years ago." On Metacritic, the season has a score of 71 out of 100 based on 10 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Homeland (season 8)

text: Robert Rorke of the "New York Post" wrote, "The first three episodes are a bit clunky, with Carrie's familiar pattern of alienating nearly everyone she meets kicking in again – and then Episode 4 comes along and "Homeland" finds its groove." Ben Travers of "IndieWire" gave it a "B+" grade and praised the performances of Claire Danes and Mandy Patinkin, as well as the direction by Lesli Linka Glatter "for her beautifully staged and tensely cut action sequences".


title: Homeland (season 8)

text: At the 72nd Primetime Emmy Awards, Lesli Linka Glatter received a nomination for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for the series finale "Prisoners of War". At the 11th Critics' Choice Television Awards, Claire Danes received a nomination for Best Actress in a Drama Series.


title: AIK Fotboll

text: AIK Fotboll (), more commonly known simply as AIK (), an abbreviation for Allmänna Idrottsklubben (meaning "the public" or "general sports club"), is a Swedish football club competing in Allsvenskan, the top flight of Swedish football. The club was founded 1891 in Stockholm and the football department was formed in 1896. AIK's home ground is Friends Arena, located in Solna, just north of Stockholm City Centre.


title: AIK Fotboll

text: League champions in 2018, AIK has 12 championship titles and is third in the all-time Allsvenskan table. The club holds the record for having played the most seasons in the Swedish top flight. In addition, in this century AIK is the club that has finished top three in Allsvenskan the most times (11), and finished top three six times in a row (2013–2018).


title: AIK Fotboll

text: In Europe, have qualified for the group stage of a UEFA competition; the club also reached the quarter-finals of the 1996–97 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, qualified for the 1999–00 UEFA Champions League group stage, and competed in the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League group stage.


title: AIK Fotboll

text: The first shirt is black and the second shirt is white. Shorts are white or, on rare occasions, black. Socks are striped in black and yellow; second socks are all white. A yellow third jersey was used in 2004, an orange third jersey was used in 2007, a dark-blue third jersey was used in 2010 and a grey commemorative third jersey was used in 2016. A dark-blue first shirt was used for the 2017–2018 UEFA Europa League qualification campaign.


title: AIK Fotboll

text: When Adidas was the kit provider, new kits were launched every even year. Nike, however, releases a new AIK kit every year, before the start of the new season.


title: AIK Fotboll

text: Apart from the brand of their kit provider Nike, AIK has the logos of the following sponsors visible on their shirt and shorts: Notar, a real-estate agent; BenQ, a Taiwanese electronics company; Svea, a financial group; German automakers Volkswagen; and league sponsors Svenska Spel, a government-owned gambling company (whose logo is mandatory on the right sleeve of the shirts of all Allsvenskan teams).


title: AIK Fotboll

text: Since the 2013 season, AIK play their home games at the Nationalarenan (known for sponsorship reasons as "Friends Arena" until 2023), which also houses the Swedish national football team. The decision which arena would replace Råsunda, the club's home up until the 2012 season, was made by a vote of the club's members, held in 2011, which resulted in a large majority favoring Nationalarenan over Tele2 Arena.


title: AIK Fotboll

text: AIK's main rival is Djurgården, also formed in 1891 in Stockholm, just three weeks after AIK. Widely considered the fiercest rivalry in Swedish – and arguably also Nordic – football, the fixture between the clubs is known as Tvillingderbyt ("the Twin derby"). AIK also maintains a strong animosity towards the third major Stockholm side Hammarby. The club's biggest rival outside the Stockholm urban area is IFK Göteborg, followed by Malmö FF.


title: AIK Fotboll

text: In 2006 AIK had an average attendance of over 21,000, the highest in Sweden In 2007 AIK had an average attendance of over 20,000. AIK have had the highest average attendance 39 times, more than any other club in Sweden. AIK finished the 2013 season with an average attendance of 18,900, the highest number in Scandinavia. That was also the first season with the new arena. In 2018, AIK broke the record for most sold tickets in an Allsvenskan game in the derby against Hammarby two weeks before the game was played.


title: AIK Fotboll

text: The club's entrance music and hymn is "Å vi e AIK" (meaning "Oh we are AIK"), a Swedish-lyric version (written in the 1980s) of a 1971 song, "The Last Farewell", originally performed by its co-writer, the British-Kenyan folk singer Roger Whittaker. The recording that has been used as AIK's entrance music since the mid 00s was released in 2002, an arrangement somewhat closer to Elvis Presley's 1976 cover of the song.


title: Queen Naija

text: Queen Naija Bulls (; born October 17, 1995) is an American R&B singer and media personality. Born in Ypsilanti, Michigan, though she was raised majorly in Detroit, Michigan, she started out her career as a vlogger on YouTube and then participated in season 13 of "American Idol". Her self-released song "Medicine" (2017) reached the top 50 of the "Billboard" Hot 100 in 2018, and she was signed to Capitol Records.


title: Queen Naija

text: Queen Naija's self-titled EP was released in 2018 and debuted at number 26 on the "Billboard" 200. Three singles from the album were certified platinum by the RIAA. In 2020, Queen Naija released her debut album "Missunderstood", which debuted and peaked at number 9 on the "Billboard" 200.


title: Queen Naija

text: Queen Naija was born on October 17, 1995, in Ypsilanti, Michigan. She has described her background as a mix of "Arab, Black and Italian", but has also mentioned having Indian ancestry, though she was not sure how much. Her father is from Yemen.


title: Queen Naija

text: Her birth name, Queen Naija, was given to her by her mother. "Queen" was inspired by her grandmother, who had the same first name, and "Naija" represented her father's name.


title: Queen Naija

text: Queen Naija first gained prominence as a contestant on the thirteenth season of "American Idol". She had auditioned two years earlier but had failed to advance into the next round. In the thirteenth season, she advanced into the Hollywood round, but was cut when the top 30 were chosen. Afterwards, Queen Naija went back to working as a security guard. She then continued on building her YouTube career.


title: Queen Naija

text: Queen Naija released her song "Medicine" in December 2017 and "Karma", her second single, in June 2018.


title: Queen Naija

text: Queen Naija did a video interview for the song "Medicine" with Genius in January 2018. Queen documented on her YouTube channel a few meetings with record labels that she attended with her team/management. By March 2018, Queen's initial song post of "Medicine" had more than 10 million views. An official music video was released later that month. The video acquired 4.5 million views on the day of its release, and has over 150+ million views as of December 2019. In July 2018, Queen Naija created a new collaborative YouTube channel, "Royal Family", alongside her new boyfriend, Clarence White. The channel has 2.79 million subscribers as of March 2021.


title: Queen Naija

text: On April 25, 2018, Queen Naija signed to Capitol Records. On June 28, she released her second single, "Karma". She wrote and recorded the song in January 2018. On the same day, the song reached number one overall on the iTunes charts. "Karma" debuted at number 13 on the "Billboard" Digital Songs sales chart, and at number 63 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The audio for the song has over 116 million views as of March 2021.


title: Queen Naija

text: Queen Naija released her self-titled extended play on July 27, 2018. It consists of five songs: "Medicine", "Karma", "Mama's Hand", "Butterflies", and "Bad Boy". The project includes production from No I.D., El Jefe, Rob Grimaldi, 30 Hertz Beats, and ClickNPress. Queen described the EP as an emotional journey in which each song describes either an experience or emotion she has gone through. The songs reference topics including heartbreak and betrayal, motherhood, and finding new love again. "Medicine" deals with her heartbreak and emotions toward her ex-partner, and "Karma" explains overcoming the heartbreak while sending a message that she will be fine. "Mama's Hand" is dedicated to her son; she promises to give him everything and encourages him to have optimistic thoughts about the future. "Butterflies" reveals that she is beginning to fall in love again with someone new. "Bad Boy" describes her connection with a new lover, and how her goodness may cause him to change for the better. The EP debuted at number 26 on the "Billboard" 200 and reached number one on the Apple Music R&B charts.


title: Queen Naija

text: On July 24, 2020, Queen Naija released "Pack Lite", the first single for her debut album. A video for the song was released on July 31. Queen released the single "Lie to Me" featuring Lil Durk on October 2. On October 5, Queen released a visual for the song. The song samples DeBarge's "A Dream". On October 30, Queen Naija released her debut album, "Missunderstood". The album is 18 tracks long and features artists such as Jacquees, Toosii, Mulatto, Pretty Vee, Russ, Lucky Daye, Kiana Ledé, and more. Three singles from the album were Certified Gold by the RIAA. The deluxe edition of the album titled "Missunderstood...Still" featuring J.I the Prince of N.Y and Ari Lennox was released on April 16, 2021. On October 28, 2021, "Missunderstood" was nominated at the 2021 American Music Awards. On October 17, 2021, on Queen's 26th birthday, she started the mini Butterfly Tour, her second tour, across 19 US cities, with special guest Tink.


title: Every Time I Die

text: Every Time I Die was an American metalcore band from Buffalo, New York, formed in 1998. For most of the band's career, the line-up was centred on brothers Keith (vocals) and Jordan Buckley (guitar), as well as rhythm guitarist Andy Williams with bassist Stephen Micciche being in the band for a collective 15 of the bands 24 years. After spending the first decade of their career on the Ferret Music label, they signed with Epitaph Records in 2008 and remained there until their split in early 2022. Every Time I Die released nine studio albums, with their final album "Radical" being released in October 2021.


title: Every Time I Die

text: The band garnered acclaim for their energetic and intense live shows, as well as their constantly evolving sound – with "Kerrang!" noting that the band "shaped the cutting edge of modern metalcore."


title: Every Time I Die

text: The band was established by Jordan Buckley, Andy Williams and Michael Novak. They added Keith Buckley on vocals and bassist John McCarthy. They played their first show in Hamilton, Ontario.


title: Every Time I Die

text: In their first short tour covering the Buffalo, New York and Toronto, Ontario, Canada vicinity, the band met Goodfellow Records producer Chris Logan, who released the band's debut EP "The Burial Plot Bidding War" in December 1999. The band also contributed an exclusive song to Redstar Records' Various Artists compilation "The Sound and the Fury", released in October 1999.


title: Every Time I Die

text: The following year, Aaron Ratajczak replaced McCarthy as bassist and the band entered Zing Studios in Westfield, Massachusetts to begin recording their debut full length for Ferret Records in January 2001.


title: Every Time I Die

text: The band released "Last Night In Town" on August 14, 2001, and embarked on an east coast tour with Killswitch Engage in support. That same year Stephen Micciche, of Kid Gorgeous replaced Ratajczak as bassist.


title: Every Time I Die

text: In mid-December 2002, it was announced that the band had booked time to record their next album in February 2003, with the aim of releasing it in June. Recording took place at Trax East studios in South River, New Jersey with producer Eric Rachel. On February 13, 2003, it was announced that drums had been tracked and that progress on guitars was underway. The following March, the band embarked on tour with Unearth and Evergreen Terrace and shot a music video for the album's lead single, "Ebolorama" with director Darren Doane. The band released "Hot Damn!" on July 1, 2003, and embarked on an American tour supporting "Jackass" star Steve-O. The album was well received and brought about their first mini Warped Tour stint, overseas tours with NORA and Chimaira, numerous U.S tours with bands such as Bleeding Through, Norma Jean, Dillinger Escape Plan and a spot on the 2004 Ozzfest tour.


title: Every Time I Die

text: In 2004, Undecided Records reissued the band debut EP "The Burial Plot Bidding War" with an upgraded artwork and remastered audio.


title: Every Time I Die

text: Micciche resigned from his position in 2005 toward the end of the writing sessions for "Gutter Phenomenon," with the band announcing they were accepting online submissions to replace Micciche. Kevin Falk of Between The Buried and Me filled the vacant position in April 2005. The band released "Gutter Phenomenon" on August 23, 2005, on Ferret Records with Falk being let go from the band almost immediately after the album's release for personal reasons. He was replaced by Chris Byrnes of NORA who left the band immediately following their stint on Warped Tour 2006 under amicable circumstances. He was replaced by Keller Harbin of The Chariot and embarked on tour with Atreyu on the World Championship Tour along with From First to Last and Chiodos.


title: Every Time I Die

text: On October 30, 2006, the band released their first DVD entitled "Shit Happens" including various home videos, tour antics and live footage of the band.


title: Every Time I Die

text: In February 2007, Keith Buckley stated that the band had been holed up in a basement in North Tonawanda, New York writing their fourth album. On April 24, 2007, the band announced that "The Big Dirty" would be released on September 4 of that year. The band embarked on tour with Norma Jean of June 2007. The next month the band released the first single, "Imitation Is the Sincerest Form of Battery" on all streaming services. Upon release of the album, Josh Newton replaced Harbin on bass and the band embarked on tour with Underoath, Poison The Well and Maylene and The Sons Of Disaster. The band performed the song "We'rewolf" live on the ABC late night talk show "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" on Halloween of 2007.


title: Every Time I Die

text: From January–February 2008, Every Time I Die went on a tour with Killswitch Engage, The Dillinger Escape Plan, and Parkway Drive. They also headlined the Take Action Tour, playing alongside From First to Last, August Burns Red, The Bled, and The Human Abstract. The band played the entire Warped Tour 2008. In July 2008, Keith Buckley announced that the band had fulfilled their contract with Ferret Records and were looking for a new label. In February 2009 the band announced that they have signed with Epitaph Records and would be going into the studio later that year to begin production on their fifth album.


title: Every Time I Die

text: During the 2009 UK tour with Gallows, a song titled "Buffalo 666" was played for the first time. At the end of June it was announced that drummer Mike "Ratboy" Novak had left the band due to "personal conflicts". On August 23 of that year, Ryan "Legs" Leger was added as the new drummer. The band released "New Junk Aesthetic" on September 15, 2009. The band was part of the European Taste of Chaos tour at the end of 2009, supporting headliners Killswitch Engage and In Flames.


title: Every Time I Die

text: Every Time I Die headlined the 2010 Australian Boys of Summer Tour. In support of Every Time I Die were Australian bands 50 Lions, House vs. Hurricane and Mary Jane Kelly. The band toured across Australia playing shows in Sydney, Gold Coast, Brisbane, Melbourne, Adelaide and Perth.


title: Every Time I Die

text: Josh Newton announced on October 12, 2011, that he was no longer in the band. For the remainder of the tour, Stephen Micciche filled his role as bassist. On December 12, they released a video on Warped Tour's YouTube channel announcing they were playing all dates on the 2012 Warped Tour.


title: Every Time I Die

text: In January 2012, Every Time I Die released their video for "Underwater Bimbos from Outer Space", from their album "Ex Lives", which was released on March 6, 2012. On February 23, the band released the second single and music video off the album for "Revival Mode". The band embarked on tour with The Devil Wears Prada, Oh, Sleeper and Letlive in 2012 in support of "Ex Lives".


title: Every Time I Die

text: On October 15, 2013, the band was announced to be a support act for A Day to Remember on their European Tour 2014.


title: Every Time I Die

text: In the spring of 2014, the band announced that they were starting production on their seventh studio album "From Parts Unknown" with producer Kurt Ballou which was released July 8, 2014 along with their sixth run on the Vans Warped Tour 20th edition. The album peaked at #22 on the "Billboard" 200, their second top 25 in the band's existence. Following their time on Warped Tour Every Time I Die started a Canadian tour in mid September with Expire and Counterparts. Following their Canadian tour, they co-headlined a winter tour with The Ghost Inside along with support from Architects, Backtrack and Hundredth as their openers.


title: Every Time I Die

text: In February 2015, the band announced Ryan Leger's departure, and he was replaced by Daniel Davison, formerly of Norma Jean and Underoath. On March 29, the band revealed that they would be releasing an EP exclusively for Record Store Day titled "Salem".


title: Every Time I Die

text: In December 2015 while on tour with August Burns Red, Keith Buckley left due to a life-threatening emergency with his 7-month pregnant wife and unborn daughter. It was during this time and the subsequent hospital stays that Buckley wrote a vast majority of lyrics for a new album while awaiting their clean bill of health and recovery.


title: Every Time I Die

text: On September 23, 2016, the band released "Low Teens" to universal critical acclaim. The band spent the next 2 years touring with the likes of Knocked Loose, Harm's Way, Fall Out Boy, Taking Back Sunday, '68, Motionless In White, Turnstile and Machine Gun Kelly in support of the album.


title: Every Time I Die

text: In September 2017, Daniel Davison parted ways with the band, citing exhaustion from touring. He was replaced by Clayton "Goose" Holyoak of Fear Before The March Of Flames – who had, coincidentally, also previously replaced Davison in Norma Jean. Holyoak was subsequently replaced in Norma Jean by another former Every Time I Die drummer, Ryan Leger.


title: Every Time I Die

text: On June 21, 2018, the band embarked on the final run of the Vans Warped Tour. In October 2018, the band announced that they would embark on one last tour in support of "Low Teens" with Turnstile, Angel Du$t and Vein.fm before taking time off to begin writing their ninth record. On December 15, 2018, the band was honored by their native Buffalo, for their musical accomplishments and advocacy for the city, with an annual holiday on December 15 named after the band. The band revealed in an interview they all had to share their ETID Day plaque between them.


title: Every Time I Die

text: They later announced during the January 2020 UK/EU tour supporting While She Sleeps, that the recording process of the album would start once they returned to the US. The band completed recording before the COVID-19 pandemic escalated in the United States in early 2020, and waited to release the new album until they were able to tour in support of it. On December 8, 2020, the band released two new songs called "A Colossal Wreck" and "Desperate Pleasures" in the lead-up to their live stream event which took place on December 19, 2020, instead of their annual "Tid the Season" show. A third track, "AWOL" was released via email to those who purchased tickets to the TIDathon and released to streaming platforms on February 1, 2021.