title: Oka Crisis

text: In 1868, one year after Confederation, the chief of the Oka Mohawk people, Joseph Onasakenrat, wrote a letter to the seminary claiming that its grant had included about reserved for Mohawk use in trust of the seminary, and that the seminary had neglected this trust by granting themselves (the seminary) sole ownership rights. In 1869, Onasakenrat attacked the seminary with a small armed force after having given the missionaries eight days to hand over the land. Local authorities ended this stand-off with force. In 1936, the seminary sold the territory under protest by the local Mohawk community. At the time they still kept cattle on the common land. By 1956, the Mohawk were left to six remaining square kilometres from their original 165.


title: Oka Crisis

text: In 1959, the town approved the development of a private nine-hole golf course, the , on a portion of the disputed land. The project area bordered The Pines, as well as a Mohawk burial ground in use, at that time, for nearly a century. The Mohawk suit filed against the development did not succeed. Construction also began on a parking lot and golf greens adjacent to the Mohawk cemetery.


title: Oka Crisis

text: In 1977, the Kanehsatà:ke band filed an official land claim with the federal Office of Native Claims regarding the land. The claim was accepted for filing and funds were provided for additional research of the claim. In 1986 the claim was rejected on the basis that it failed to meet key legal criteria.


title: Oka Crisis

text: In March 1989, the announced plans to expand the golf course by an additional nine holes. As the Office of Native Claims had rejected the Mohawk claim on the land three years earlier, his office did not consult the Mohawk on the plans. No environmental or historic preservation review was undertaken. Protests by Mohawks and others, as well as concern from the Quebec Minister of the Environment, led to negotiations and a postponement of the project by the municipality in August pending a court ruling on the development's legality.


title: Oka Crisis

text: On June 30, 1990, the court found in favour of the developers, and the mayor of Oka, Jean Ouellette, announced that the remainder of the Pines would be cleared to expand the golf course to eighteen holes and to construct 60 condominiums. Not all residents of Oka approved of the plans, but opponents found the mayor's office unwilling to discuss them.


title: Oka Crisis

text: On March 11, as a protest against the court decision to allow the golf course expansion to proceed, some members of the Mohawk community erected a barricade blocking access to the dirt side-road between Route 344 and "The Pines". A court injunction in late April ordering the dismantling of the barricade was ignored, as was a second order issued on June 29. Mayor Ouellette demanded compliance with the court order, but the land defenders refused.


title: Oka Crisis

text: On July 5, the Quebec minister of Public Security, Sam Elkas, said, regarding the land defenders at the Pines, that "they have until the 9th [of July], after that date it's going down." The next day, the Quebec Human Rights Commission alerted John Ciaccia and Tom Siddon, respectively the provincial and federal native affairs ministers, of the rapidly increasing threat of conflict near Oka and the need to establish an independent committee to review the historical Mohawk land claim. Ciaccia wrote a letter of support for the Mohawk, saying that "these people have seen their lands disappear without having been consulted or compensated, and that, in my opinion, is unfair and unjust, especially over a golf course." This did not sway the mayor.


title: Oka Crisis

text: At 5:15 a.m. on July 11, police officers arrived at the Mohawk barricade blocking the southern entrance to the Pines. Police cars and vans, as well as rental trucks parked in front of the barricade. Police officers took tactical positions from high vantage points in the trees or hid in ditches, semi-automatic weapons at the ready. Others walked to the barrier. At the same moment, another police contingent approached the northern barricade, referred to as “Sector Five”. In total, about a hundred officers, including a tactical intervention squad and riot police, surrounded the Mohawk warriors and their allies.


title: Oka Crisis

text: The previous day the mayor of Oka, Jean Ouellette, had asked the SQ to intervene with the Mohawk protest, citing alleged criminal activity at the barricade. While the protesters had expected town officials or municipal workers, they had been promised by an SQ officer that the police would not intervene in this civil injunction. While they were reportedly willing to be arrested in the defence of their land, they had hoped to avoid violence.


title: Oka Crisis

text: The Mohawk women present at the southern barricade purportedly took charge of the interactions with authorities as they recognized the protection of the land as their own duty. A dozen of them, arms stretched out to signify their being unarmed and having no violent intent, walked towards the police. Authorities said they would speak only to a designated leader, while the group of women said that they were all representing the interests of the group and no single leader existed. Tensions escalated as the authorities would not discuss matters with the Mohawk women. Eventually the group compromised and asked a male protester to come forward and talk with the officers. This was in vain. The SQ deployed their Emergency Response Team (ERT), a police tactical unit, threw tear gas canisters and concussion grenades at the protesters in an attempt to force them to disperse.


title: Oka Crisis

text: The was called in for reinforcements, and by 6:20 a.m. they were seizing Mercier Bridge and the highways which fed into it. They gained control of the two lanes of Highway 138, and then pushed back the thousands of cars to Châteauguay. Over the next three hours they created a no-man's land between two barricades while other contingents blocked Highways 132 and 207 as well as Old Châteauguay Road.


title: Oka Crisis

text: Around 7:30 a.m. a front-end loader (sometimes cited as a bulldozer) and helicopter arrived, and the police moved closer to the barricade. Trees were sawed down by the Mohawk and added to the barricade while additional police cars arrived. Members of the surrounding Mohawk communities joined those already present at the Pines as tear gas canisters were thrown at the southern barrier. Around 8:30 the front-end loader rammed the barricade. Then armed police officers moved into the Pines, and gunshots were fired from both sides. Then the police retreated, abandoning six cruisers and a bulldozer. Although an initial account reported that 31-year-old SQ Corporal Marcel Lemay had been shot in the face during the firefight, a later inquest determined that the bullet which killed him struck his "left side below the armpit, an area not covered by [his] bullet-proof vest". Despite a 1985 SQ directive mandating that all officer communications be recorded, no record of the events was provided to the court, which the coroner decried as "unacceptable" and "even comical".


title: Oka Crisis

text: Upon their return, SQ officers established a perimeter around the protesters both at Kahnawáːke and Kanehsatàːke, blocking all access routes with rows of police cars and sandbags, preventing supplies like food and medication to be delivered and blocking ambulances from intervening. Representatives from the Quebec Human Rights Commission were also prevented from entering. In turn, protesters fortified their barricades and erected new ones, but police forced their way in to arrest, search and interrogate. On July 12, at the request of the Quebec minister of Public Securit, the Canadian Army began sending plain clothes military officers, C-7 rifles, night-vision equipment, bulletproof vests and armoured vehicles.


title: Oka Crisis

text: Before the raid, there were approximately 30 armed Mohawk in and around the barricade; following the gun battle, this number grew to 60–70 and later grew to 600. The Mohawks seized six vehicles, including four police cars, and commandeered the front-end loader to crush the vehicles and use them to form a new barricade across Route 344.


title: Oka Crisis

text: The Mohawk established a network for communications among the Mohawk villages/reserves of Ahkwesáhsne, Kanehsatàːke and Kahnawáːke, using hand-held radios, cellular phones, air raid sirens and fire hall bells, as well as local radio stations, and patrols. The local Mohawk were joined by Indigenous people from across Canada and the United States. People from Micmac communities, as well as a Buddhist monk and Filipina acupuncturist joined the protesters in the early weeks of the fight. Fifteen activist-students were sent from all over Canada by the Canadian Federation of Students to write a policy paper, but most of the students decided to stay on in aid to the Mohawk cause instead. Additionally, over a hundred Oneida people from New York, Wisconsin and southern Ontario, a Quebec Algonquin man and several women from western Canada and Mexico all came to help. The Mohawk Warriors and protesters also received support from Indigenous populations across the country.


title: Oka Crisis

text: The Mercier Bridge was blockaded at the point where it passed through Mohawk territory, thereby sealing off a major access between the Island of Montreal and Montreal's densely populated South Shore suburbs. This frustrated commuters, which resulted in violent confrontations. At the peak of the crisis, the Mercier Bridge and routes 132, 138 and 207 were all blocked, creating substantial disruption to traffic.


title: Oka Crisis

text: Corporal Marcel Lemay's funeral was held on July 16, and was attended by around 2000 people, including police officers from across Canada and the SQ director. The Warrior flag was lowered to half-mast in the Pines. On July 17, the Red Cross was granted entrance by police to provide food relief, but this access was rescinded quickly, forcing residents to smuggle provisions in. The Mohawk coalition, speaking on behalf of the resistance, agreed on three preconditions for negotiations: free access to food and advisors, and the presence of independent international observers, which both the provincial and federal governments firmly opposed.


title: Oka Crisis

text: Anger grew among residents as the crisis dragged on. A group of Châteauguay residents started building an unauthorized, unplanned roadway circumventing the Kahnawáːke reserve. Long after the crisis, this unfinished roadway was eventually incorporated into Quebec Autoroute 30. Residents of Châteauguay assaulted a Mohawk women trying to buy groceries, tried to prevent her from leaving the store, from which she had to be escorted by police, and threw tomatoes at her and her children. They also burned multiple effigies of Mohawk warriors while chanting "" (savages).


title: Oka Crisis

text: By August 12, the crowd at Mercier Bridge had become a riot several thousand strong, destroying police vehicles and wounding officers. The SQ lost control of the situation, and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) were deployed. This resulted in 35 people, including ten constables, being hospitalized for their injuries. The heated context of the "failed" Meech Accords and earlier that summer, as well as the tensions between French and English speakers in the province complicated public sentiment vis-a-vis the Kanehsatàːke resistance. Radio host Gilles Proulx raised tensions with comments such as the Mohawks "couldn't even speak French", while Simon Bédard of CJPR called for "cleaning everything up" by killing "fifty, one hundred, one hundred and twenty-five" people, burying them and forgetting about it. These remarks inflamed tempers that had been running especially high from comments preceding this crisis, including those by Ricardo Lopez, the federal Member of Parliament for Châteauguay, who denigrated the Mohawk.


title: Oka Crisis

text: Nightly gatherings at the blockaded Mercier Bridge grew in size and violence, adding to the pressure put on SQ forces, leading the Quebec premier Robert Bourassa to announce that in accord with Section 275 of the "National Defence Act", he was requesting official military support from the Canadian Army on August 27. The same day Mulroney appointed Quebec Chief Justice Alan B. Gold as special mediator to negotiate an agreement with the land defenders. On August 28, press conferences were held by military leadership to announce the upcoming intervention and by Mulroney to denounce the actions of the protesters. Lieutenant-General Kent Foster announced the upcoming use of three Leopard tanks and that Brigadier-General Armand Roy was given full autonomy to attack at will with the objective of obtaining "unconditional surrender" from the Warriors.


title: Oka Crisis

text: In response, families with children and elderly members attempt to flee Kahnawáːke, and were met at the barricades by a crowd throwing stones. Though the SQ had guaranteed safety for the evacuees, they did not attempt to stop the crowd from breaking windshields and windows. Several people were wounded and Mohawk elder Joe Armstrong, 71, was struck in the chest by a large rock, and suffered a fatal heart attack the following day. The following morning, army forces replace SQ officers surrounding Kahnawáːke and Kanehsatàːke.


title: Oka Crisis

text: General John de Chastelain, Chief of the Defence Staff, placed Quebec-based troops in support of the provincial authorities; 2,500 regular and reserve troops from 34 and 35 Canadian Brigade Groups and 5 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group were put on notice. On August 20, a company of the Royal 22 Régiment, known colloquially in English as the "Van Doos", led by Major Alain Tremblay, took over three barricades and arrived at the final blockade leading to the disputed area. There, they reduced the stretch of no man's land, originally implemented by the SQ before the barricade at the Pines, from 1.5 kilometres to 5 metres. Additional troops and mechanized equipment mobilized at staging areas around Montreal, while reconnaissance aircraft flew air photo missions over Mohawk territory to gather intelligence. On August 29, the Mohawks at the Mercier Bridge negotiated an end to their protest blockade with Lieutenant-Colonel Robin Gagnon, the "Van Doos" commander who had been responsible for the south shore of the St. Lawrence River during the crisis.


title: Oka Crisis

text: While the Warriors at Kahnawáːke had reached an agreement with government officials and had begun dismantling their barricades, Kanehsatàːke was now more vulnerable and isolated. Though the land dispute which had led to the crisis was resolved in principle, since the federal government had secured the purchase of the land from the developers and the town of Oka, it had yet to transfer the land title into Mohawk hands. Furthermore, the protesters at Kanehsatàːke were still waiting on safety guarantees for themselves and their allies before risking giving up their last bargaining chips. Nonetheless, Bourassa announced that negotiations were over and demanded that international observers leave. They reluctantly submitted to his request, and were replaced by local church and human rights observers. Multiple parallel and sometimes secret talks were held, unbeknownst to many of the parties involved. With the bridge no longer occupied and Kahnawáːke essentially neutralized, the armed forces entered Kanehsatàːke on September 1. They dismantled the last barricade on Highway 344 on September 2. The next day, only 24 Warriors were left defending a territory of only a few hundred meters and were surrounded by ravines, the lake, over 400 soldiers with machine guns, armoured vehicles and helicopters. They were sheltered in a treament centre, at the top of a hill, with dormitories, a kitchen, food reserves, and communication equipment. What followed was the last leg of a prolonged siege.


title: Oka Crisis

text: By September 6, the Mercier Bridge was functional again. Journalists were forbidden from approaching the Warrior stronghold and the army cut all cellphone service to the treatment centre. Anyone who left the compound was arrested, including legal counsel Stanley Cohen.


title: Oka Crisis

text: September 25 witnessed the final engagement of the crisis: a Mohawk warrior walked around the perimeter of the blockade area with a long stick, setting off flares that had been originally installed by the Canadian Forces to alert them to individuals fleeing the area. The soldiers turned a water hose on this man, but it lacked enough pressure to disperse the crowd surrounding him. This crowd taunted the soldiers and began throwing water balloons at them, but the incident did not escalate further.


title: Oka Crisis

text: Finally, after 78 days of fighting and 26 days of siege without supplies being let through, the land defenders decided to end the struggle. The remaining protesters began walking home, but all were arrested either while leaving Kanehsatà:ke or while entering Oka. As the military began arresting land defenders and some began to flee, 14-year-old Waneek Horn-Miller was stabbed near the heart by a Canadian bayonet, and nearly died. The journalists who had managed to stay with the Mohawk people in the treatment center were now held and interrogated. The Kanehsatà:ke Resistance was over.


title: Oka Crisis

text: Among those charged and convicted for their participation was Ronaldo Casalpro (who used the alias Ronald "Lasagna" Cross during the conflict). Casalpro was beaten by Sûreté du Québec officers after his arrest, and while three were suspended without pay, the case took so long to process that they had already left the force. Two SQ officers were suspended and investigated for allegedly beating Casalpro while in captivity, but were not subsequently charged. Cross served a six-year sentence for assault and weapons charges related to his role in the crisis and died of a heart attack in November 1999. Casalpro's brother, Tracy Cross, later served as the best man at the wedding of slain SQ Corporal Lemay's sister, Francine, who had reconciled with the community after reading "At the Woods' Edge", a history of Kanesatake.


title: Oka Crisis

text: The golf course expansion that had originally triggered the crisis was cancelled and the land under dispute was purchased from the developers by the federal government for $5.3 million. The municipality initially refused to sell the land until Mohawk barricades were dismantled, but acquiesced when the government threatened to expropriate the land without compensation. The federal government of Canada did not transfer this land to into Kanehsatà:ke ownership nor establish it as a land reserve.


title: Oka Crisis

text: The Oka Crisis motivated the development of a national First Nations Policing Policy to try to prevent future incidents, and brought Indigenous issues into the forefront in Canada. In 1991, Ouellette was re-elected mayor of Oka by acclamation. He later said of the crisis that his responsibilities as mayor required him to act as he did.


title: Oka Crisis

text: Canadian filmmaker Alanis Obomsawin has made documentaries about the Oka Crisis, including "" (1993) and "Rocks at Whiskey Trench" (2000). These and two additional documentaries on the crisis were all produced by the National Film Board of Canada: Christine Welsh directed "Keepers of the Fire" (1994), which documents the role of Mohawk women during the crisis, and Alec MacLeod created "Acts of Defiance" (1993).


title: Oka Crisis

text: "Montreal Gazette" journalist Albert Nerenberg switched careers after smuggling a video camera behind the barricades and making his first documentary, called "Okanada".


title: Oka Crisis

text: Gerald R. Alfred, a Kahnawá:ke Mohawk who was part of the band council during the crisis, and who later became a professor of political science, wrote "Heeding the Voices of Our Ancestors: Kahnawake Mohawk Politics and the Rise of Native Nationalism" (1995). This was based on his PhD dissertation, which examined the issues.


title: Oka Crisis

text: John Ciaccia, the Minister of Native Affairs for Quebec at the time, wrote a book about the events related to the Oka Crisis. His book, titled "The Oka Crisis, A Mirror of the Soul", was published in 2000. Harry Swain, then the federal deputy minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, wrote "Oka: a Political Crisis and its Legacy," in 2010.


title: Oka Crisis

text: Robin Philpot wrote a book about English Canada's use of the crisis as a political tool following the failed Meech Lake Accord: (1991).


title: Oka Crisis

text: Anarchist author and activist Peter Gelderloos said that the Oka Crisis should serve as a model for activists to get what they want for four reasons.


title: Oka Crisis

text: The 2020 film "Beans", which won the Canadian Screen Award for Best Motion Picture, portrays the incident through the eyes of a young Mohawk girl. Tracey Deer, who lived through the crisis when she was twelve years old, directed and co-wrote the film.


title: Oka Crisis

text: Joseph Tehawehron David, a Mohawk artist who became known for his role as a warrior during the Oka Crisis in 1990, developed a body of artistic work that was deeply influenced by his experience "behind the wire" in 1990.


title: Oka Crisis

text: In the 1999 film "The Insider", Al Pacino's character Lowell Bergman says "Everybody thinks Canadian Mounties ride horses and rescue ladies from rapids. Mike, they backed locals in Oka in a fight with Mohawks over building a golf course on their burial site, they beat up protestors at Kanesatake".


title: Oka Crisis

text: The Canadian punk rock band Propagandhi wrote a song titled "Oka Everywhere", which was released in 1995 on a 10-inch split album with I Spy. It was later re-released on their 1998 compilation album "Where Quantity Is Job Number 1".


title: Oka Crisis

text: The Canadian indigenous hip hop duo Snotty Nose Rez Kids reference the Oka Crisis in their song "Cops With Guns Are The Worst!!!".


title: Oka Crisis

text: A vast amount has been written in both English and French on the Oka crisis, including the following:


title: Hotel Artemis

text: Hotel Artemis is a 2018 American film written and directed by Drew Pearce, in his feature film directorial debut. It stars Jodie Foster, Sterling K. Brown, Sofia Boutella, Jeff Goldblum, Charlie Day, Brian Tyree Henry, Jenny Slate, Dave Bautista, and Zachary Quinto. The plot follows Jean Thomas, a nurse who runs a secret hospital for criminals in futuristic Los Angeles. It was released in the United States on June 8, 2018. The film received mixed reviews from critics, who praised its visual style, intriguing screenplay and acting (particularly Foster's) but found the execution poor. It was a box office bomb, only grossing $13 million against a budget of $15 million.


title: Hotel Artemis

text: On June 21, 2028, a riot breaks out in Los Angeles over the city's water privatization. Taking advantage of the chaos, professional criminal Sherman attempts a bank robbery that leaves half his team dead with his brother Lev and another accomplice critically wounded. During the robbery, Lev takes a fancy pen from a well-dressed bank customer who tells Lev he is making a terrible mistake. They escape to the nearby Hotel Artemis, a secretive hospital that treats only criminals, run by Jean "the Nurse" Thomas. Confined inside the hotel for 22 years by her severe agoraphobia and grief over the death of her son, Thomas adheres to a strict set of rules for the hospital, including "No weapons", "No non-members", and "No killing of other guests".


title: Hotel Artemis

text: Sherman and Lev are admitted while their accomplice is forcibly ejected by Thomas' assistant, Everest. Lev, given the codename "Honolulu", undergoes the hotel's technologically advanced treatment, including robot-assisted surgery and 3D printed transplant organs. Sherman encounters the hotel's other guests: "Acapulco", an obnoxious arms dealer, and "Nice", an international assassin and old acquaintance. As the riot draws nearer, Thomas receives word that notorious crime lord Orian "The Wolf King" Franklin, who is also the owner of the Hotel is en route. Thomas' preparations are complicated by the arrival of a wounded police officer named Morgan, a childhood friend of Thomas' late son, begging for help. Against Everest's warnings and Thomas' own rules, they admit Morgan.


title: Hotel Artemis

text: Thomas shows Sherman evidence that his brother Lev is a drug addict. Through aid from Nice, Sherman discovers the pen Lev stole is marked with the Wolf King's symbol and a concealed case carrying diamonds worth over $18 million. The Wolf King has a strict policy of killing those who steal from him by dumping them in the ocean. Fearful of being discovered, Sherman prepares to fight the Wolf King's men until his brother is stable enough to move. The Wolf King arrives, having survived an attempt on his life, and is admitted, leaving his men and son Crosby in the lobby. Everest sneaks Morgan out of the hotel after treating her wounds. Acapulco learns that Nice has been hired to kill the Wolf King; she incapacitates Acapulco and plants a bomb on the hotel's power generator.


title: Hotel Artemis

text: While administering to the Wolf King, Thomas discovers that he was responsible for her son's death. While the police reported he died due to an overdose, her son was killed after attempting to steal the Wolf King's car. The Wolf King paid the police to lie about her son's death and used the tragedy to recruit Nurse Thomas to run Hotel Artemis. Thomas prepares to kill the Wolf King, but is diverted when Nice's bomb disrupts the power and Lev's life support. While Thomas struggles to save Lev, Nice kills the Wolf King. Lev dies and Sherman confronts Nice, but the two are attacked by Acapulco; Sherman is shot but manages to kill him.


title: Hotel Artemis

text: As rioters storm the streets outside, Thomas, Sherman, and Nice make their way out of the hotel, while Everest stays behind to stave off the Wolf King's men; Nice follows suit, covering Thomas and Sherman's escape. The two are met by Crosby, but kill him and make their way through the riot to Sherman's getaway car. Thomas decides to stay to give medical aid to the rioters, but tells Sherman of another hotel, the Apache in Las Vegas, before he drives off.


title: Hotel Artemis

text: Everest, the last man standing at the Artemis, turns on the hotel's sign as Thomas walks away from the hotel.


title: Hotel Artemis

text: In a mid-credits scene, a shadowy figure runs across the screen, suggesting Nice may have also survived.


title: Hotel Artemis

text: Development on the project began in November 2016, when it was announced Jodie Foster would star in the film with a script to be written and directed by Drew Pearce. Lionsgate acquired the international distribution rights to the film at the 2017 Berlin Film Festival, with WME Global dealing with the North American release.


title: Hotel Artemis

text: Before filming began Lionsgate acquired the international distribution rights to "Hotel Artemis" at the 2017 Berlin Film Festival, with WME Global dealing with the North American release.


title: Hotel Artemis

text: The film was released on June 8, 2018. It had its premiere on May 19, 2018 at the Regency Village Theater in Westwood, Los Angeles. To promote the film, Global Road Entertainment released a set of character posters, each featuring an homage to a famous literary or film reference from Los Angeles, such as Sterling K. Brown merged into the book cover for Raymond Chandler's novel "The Long Goodbye" and Charlie Day merged into the film poster for "American Gigolo".


title: Hotel Artemis

text: In the United States and Canada, the film was released alongside "Ocean's 8" and "Hereditary", and was initially projected to gross $5–9 million from 2,340 theaters in its opening weekend. However, after making $1.1 million on Friday (including $271,000 from Thursday night previews), estimates were lowered to $3 million. It went on to debut to $3.2 million, finishing eighth at the box office. The film fell 69% in its second weekend to $1 million, finishing 14th. In its third week of release the film was pulled from 92.8% of theaters (2,299 to 163) and grossed just $72,151, marking the 28th-largest third-week theater drop in history.


title: Hotel Artemis

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, and an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, ""Hotel Artemis" has a few flashes of wit and an intriguing cast, but mostly it's just a serviceable chunk of slightly futuristic violence—which might be all its audience is looking for." On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 58 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of "C−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Hotel Artemis

text: Mick LaSalle of the "San Francisco Chronicle" praised the first time director and screenwriter for balancing "absurdity, but also the consequences". LaSalle further praised the film for "its genuine thrills, terrific cast and strong performances."


title: Hotel Artemis

text: Richard Roeper of the "Chicago Sun-Times" praised the cast and the filmmakers attempt to do something different but was disappointed that the film is "all too predictable and familiar".


title: Hotel Artemis

text: Foster's performance received positive reviews and particular attention from critics. "Empire's" Jonathan Pile said, "Foster gives a performance to treasure—tough on the surface, but conveying an unshakeable sadness", while "Screen Rant's" Sandy Schaefer called her the film's best part and said: she naturally gets the meatiest role here as Nurse—whose dry humor masks her struggles with anxiety and a past she cannot escape. "Vulture's" Emily Yoshida said, "Foster, dowdied up and forever shuffling around from room to room, toting a portable record player and headphones, is a massive pleasing anchor amid all the more flashy bullet exchanges and flying kicks that inevitably break out." The "San Francisco Chronicle's" Mick LaSalle said, "Not enough can be said about the performance of Foster in this film. She brings to the role a quality of having seen the absolute worst in people, but also the suggestion that, as a result, she accepts them on their own terms and knows how to handle any situation. So she starts the film radiating confidence and sadness, and then, as the story wears on, a creeping sense of panic." Rick Bentley from the "Tampa Bay Times" declared Foster's performance as Oscar-worthy and said, "she transforms herself from her world-weary face to a way of shuffling when she walks that suggests a life of pain and suffering ignored to spend more time helping others. This is one of the Oscar-winner’s best and most memorable performances.*"


title: Karlovy Vary

text: Karlovy Vary (; , formerly also spelled "Carlsbad" in English) is a spa city in the Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 46,000 inhabitants. It lies on the confluence of the rivers Ohře and Teplá. It is named after Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor and the King of Bohemia, who founded the city.


title: Karlovy Vary

text: Karlovy Vary is the site of numerous hot springs (13 main springs, about 300 smaller springs, and the warm-water Teplá River), and is the most visited spa town in the Czech Republic. The historic city centre with the spa cultural landscape is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument reservation. It is the largest spa complex in Europe. In 2021, the city became part of the transnational UNESCO World Heritage Site under the name "Great Spa Towns of Europe" because of its spas and architecture from the 18th through 20th centuries.


title: Karlovy Vary

text: The city is named after its founder. The name Karlovy Vary means literally "Charles' Baths". The city was also colloquially called "Warmbad" ("hot bath").


title: Karlovy Vary

text: Karlovy Vary is located about west of Prague. It lies at the confluence of the Ohře (which flows across the city) with the Teplá and Rotava rivers.


title: Karlovy Vary

text: The northern part of the municipal territory with most of the built-up area lies in a relatively flat landscape of the Sokolov Basin. The southern part, including the valley of the Teplá River, lies in a hilly landscape of the Slavkov Forest and in the eponymous protected landscape area. The highest point is the hill Vítkův vrch, at above sea level.


title: Karlovy Vary

text: An ancient late Bronze Age fortified settlement was found in Drahovice. A Slavic settlement on the site of Karlovy Vary is documented by findings in Tašovice and Sedlec. People lived in close proximity to the site as far back as the 13th century and they must have been aware of the curative effects of thermal springs.


title: Karlovy Vary

text: From the end of the 12th century to the early 13th century, German settlers from nearby German-speaking regions came as settlers, craftsmen and miners to develop the region's economy. Eventually, Karlovy Vary/Karlsbad became a town with a German-speaking population.


title: Karlovy Vary

text: In 1325, Obora, a village in the today's city area, was mentioned. Karlovy Vary as a small spa settlement was founded most likely around 1349. According to a legend, Charles IV organized an expedition into the forests surrounding modern-day Karlovy Vary during a stay in Loket. It is said that his party once discovered a hot spring by accident, and thanks to the water from the spring, Charles IV healed his injured leg. On the site of a spring, he established a spa mentioned as "in dem warmen Bade bey dem Elbogen" in German, or "Horké Lázně u Lokte" ("Hot Spas at the Loket"). The location was subsequently named "Karlovy Vary" after the emperor. Charles IV granted the town privileges on 14 August 1370. Earlier settlements can also be found on the outskirts of today's city.


title: Karlovy Vary

text: An important political event took place in the city in 1819, with the issuing of the Carlsbad Decrees following a conference there. Initiated by the Austrian Minister of State Klemens von Metternich, the decrees were intended to implement anti-liberal censorship within the German Confederation.


title: Karlovy Vary

text: Due to publications produced by physicians such as David Becher and Josef von Löschner, the city developed into a spa resort in the 19th century and was visited by many members of European aristocracy as well as celebrities from many fields of endeavour. It became even more popular after railway lines were completed from Prague to Cheb in 1870.


title: Karlovy Vary

text: The number of visitors rose from 134 families in the 1756 season to 26,000 guests annually at the end of the 19th century. By 1911, that figure had reached 71,000, but the outbreak of World War I in 1914 greatly disrupted the tourism on which the city depended.


title: Karlovy Vary

text: At the end of World War I in 1918, the large German-speaking population of Bohemia was incorporated into the new state of Czechoslovakia in accordance with the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919). As a result, the German-speaking majority of Karlovy Vary protested. A demonstration on 4 March 1919 passed peacefully, but later that month, six demonstrators were killed by Czech troops after a demonstration became unruly.


title: Karlovy Vary

text: According to the 1930 census, the city was home to 23,901 inhabitants – 20,856 were of German ethnicity, 1,446 of Czechoslovak ethnicity (Czech or Slovak), 243 of Jewish ethnicity, 19 of Hungarian ethnicity and 12 of Polish ethnicity.


title: Karlovy Vary

text: In 1938, the majority German-speaking areas of Czechoslovakia, known as the Sudetenland, became part of Nazi Germany according to the terms of the Munich Agreement. After World War II, in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement, the vast majority of the people of the city were forcibly expelled because of their German ethnicity. In accordance with the Beneš decrees, their property was confiscated without compensation.


title: Karlovy Vary

text: Since the end of Communist rule in Czechoslovakia in 1989 and the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the presence of Russian businesses in Karlovy Vary has steadily increased.


title: Karlovy Vary

text: In 2017, non-Czech residents were around 7% of the population of the Karlovy Vary region. After Prague, this is the highest proportion in the Czech Republic. The largest group of foreigners were Vietnamese, followed by Germans, Ukrainians and Russians.


title: Karlovy Vary

text: The city's economy is focused on services and only small and medium-sized industrial enterprises are based in it. Karlovy Vary is known for the popular Czech liqueur "Becherovka", which has been produced here since 1807, and for the production of the lead glass manufacturer Moser Glass founded in 1857, which is considered as the most luxurious Czech brand. The "Karlovarské oplatky" (Carlsbad wafers) originated in the city in 1867. The city has also lent its name to "Carlsbad plums", candied stuffed prune plums.


title: Karlovy Vary

text: Local buses (Dopravní podnik Karlovy Vary) and cable cars take passengers to most areas of the city. The Imperial funicular is the oldest tunnel funicular in Europe and the steepest in the Czech Republic, the Diana funicular was at the time of commissioning the longest funicular in Austria-Hungary.


title: Karlovy Vary

text: The city is accessible via the D6 motorway and inter-city public transport options include inter-city buses, České dráhy, and Deutsche Bahn via the Karlovy Vary–Johanngeorgenstadt railway. Karlovy Vary Airport is an international airport located southeast from the city centre, at the village of Olšová Vrata.


title: Karlovy Vary

text: As the principal town on the West Bohemian Spa Triangle and the largest spa complex in Europe, Karlovy Vary has over 80 springs. They are a part of the Eger Graben, a tectonically active region in western Bohemia. Although the infiltration area is several hundred square kilometres, each spring has the same hydrological origins, and therefore shares the same dissolved minerals and chemical formula. The hottest of the springs can approach 74 °C, while the coldest have temperatures under 40 degrees. All of the springs combined provide roughly 2,000 litres of water every minute.


title: Karlovy Vary

text: In the 19th century, Karlovy Vary became a popular tourist destination, especially known for international celebrities who visited for spa treatment. The city is also known for the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival, which is one of the oldest in the world and one of Europe's major film events.


title: Karlovy Vary

text: The city has been used as the location for a number of film-shoots, including the 2006 films "Last Holiday" and "Casino Royale", both of which used the city's Grandhotel Pupp in different guises. Moreover, the Palace Bristol Hotel in Karlovy Vary had been used as a model for "The Grand Budapest Hotel".


title: Karlovy Vary

text: Karlovy Vary is home to the top-tier ice hockey club HC Karlovy Vary, and football club FC Slavia Karlovy Vary, which plays in the third tier of the Czech football system.


title: Karlovy Vary

text: Carlsbad, New Mexico, United States (after which Carlsbad Caverns National Park is named), Carlsbad, California, USA Carlsbad Springs, Ontario, Canada, and Carlsbad, Texas, USA, take their names from Karlovy Vary's English name, Carlsbad. All of these places were so named because they were the sites of mineral springs or natural sources of mineral water.


title: Archie Renaux

text: Archie James Beale (born 22 November 1997), known professionally as Archie Renaux, is an English actor and model. He is known for his roles in the BBC One miniseries "Gold Digger" (2019) and the Netflix series "Shadow and Bone" (2021–).


title: Archie Renaux

text: Renaux is from Tolworth in Kingston upon Thames. His mother's side of the family is Anglo-Indian. He has two sisters and a brother. Renaux attended Richard Challoner School before going on to train at the Unseen, a drama school in London. He quit his 9–5 job as an air conditioning engineer to become an actor.


title: Archie Renaux

text: Renaux began his career in modelling, with gigs such as Topman, Nasir Mazhar, Moss Bros, "Gay Times Magazine", and Men's Fashion Week.


title: Archie Renaux

text: In 2017, Renaux was cast in dystopian film "Zero". He made his television debut with a guest role in Amazon Prime series "Hanna" and landed his first major television role in 2018 with the main role of Leo Day in the 2019 BBC One miniseries "Gold Digger". Renaux had small roles as Alex in the film "Voyagers" and Bobby in Marvel's "Morbius".


title: Archie Renaux

text: In October 2019, it was announced Renaux would star as Malyen "Mal" Oretsev in the 2021 Netflix series "Shadow and Bone", an adaptation of the overlapping fantasy book series "Shadow and Bone" and "Six of Crows" by Leigh Bardugo. In 2022, Renaux appeared in the Amazon Prime medieval comedy film "Catherine Called Birdy" and the Apple TV+ biographical film "The Greatest Beer Run Ever". He has upcoming film roles in "The Other Zoey", and "Upgraded".


title: Archie Renaux

text: Renaux announced through a post on Instagram in June 2020 that he and his girlfriend, Annie, were expecting a child. Their daughter was born in October 2020.


Visa requirements for Malaysian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Malaysia. As of 19 July 2022, Malaysian citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 179 countries and territories, ranking the Malaysian passport 13th in the world according to the Henley Passport Index, making it the 2nd highest-ranked passport in Southeast Asia after Singapore, the 4th highest-ranked in Asia and the highest-ranked passport in the developing world and among Muslim-majority countries.


title: Visa requirements for Malaysian citizens

text: Although Malaysian passports bear the inscription "This passport is valid for all countries except Israel" and the Malaysian government officially allows travel to Israel for Christian pilgrims only, the travel restrictions imposed by the Malaysian government have no bearing on the Israeli government, which issues visas to Malaysian citizens according to Israeli regulations.


text: In September 2017, Malaysia announced a ban on all Malaysian citizens from travelling to North Korea, in the wake of strained Malaysia–North Korea relations following the assassination of Kim Jong-nam at Kuala Lumpur International Airport.


text: Visa requirements for Malaysia citizens for visits to various territories, disputed areas, partially recognized countries and restricted zones:


text: Holders of an APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) travelling on business do not require a visa to the following countries:


title: Velcro

text: Velcro, officially known as Velcro IP Holdings LLC and trading as Velcro Companies, is a British privately held company, founded by Swiss electrical engineer George de Mestral in the 1950s. It is the original manufacturer of hook-and-loop fasteners, which de Mestral invented.


title: Velcro

text: Swiss electrical engineer George de Mestral invented his first touch fastener when, in 1941, he went for a walk in the Alps, and wondered why burdock seeds clung to his woolen socks and coat, and also his dog Milka. He discovered it could be turned into something useful. He patented it in 1955, and subsequently refined and developed its practical manufacture until its commercial introduction in the late 1950s.


title: Velcro

text: The fastener consisted of two components: a lineal fabric strip with tiny hooks that could 'mate' with another fabric strip with smaller loops, attaching temporarily, until pulled apart. Initially made of cotton, which proved impractical, the fastener was eventually constructed with nylon and polyester.


title: Velcro

text: De Mestral named "Velcro"; a portmanteau of the French words "velours" ('velvet') and "crochet" ('hook'), to his invention, as well as to the Swiss company he founded; Velcro SA.


title: Velcro

text: The company continues to manufacture and market the fastening system. Originally envisioned as a fastener for clothing, today, Velcro is used across a wide array of industries and applications; including healthcare, the military, land vehicles, aircraft, and even spacecraft.


title: Wavenumber

text: In the physical sciences, the wavenumber (also wave number or repetency) is the "spatial frequency" of a wave, measured in cycles per unit distance (ordinary wavenumber) or radians per unit distance (angular wavenumber). It is analogous to temporal frequency, which is defined as the number of wave cycles per unit time ("ordinary frequency") or radians per unit time ("angular frequency").


title: Wavenumber

text: In multidimensional systems, the wavenumber is the magnitude of the "wave vector". The space of wave vectors is called "reciprocal space". Wave numbers and wave vectors play an essential role in optics and the physics of wave scattering, such as X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction, electron diffraction, and elementary particle physics. For quantum mechanical waves, the wavenumber multiplied by the reduced Planck's constant is the "canonical momentum".


title: Wavenumber

text: Wavenumber can be used to specify quantities other than spatial frequency. For example, in optical spectroscopy, it is often used as a unit of temporal frequency assuming a certain speed of light.


title: Wavenumber

text: Wavenumber, as used in spectroscopy and most chemistry fields, is defined as the number of wavelengths per unit distance, typically centimeters (cm):


title: Wavenumber

text: where "λ" is the wavelength. It is sometimes called the "spectroscopic wavenumber". It equals the spatial frequency. A wavenumber in inverse cm can be converted to a frequency in GHz by multiplying by 29.9792458 (the speed of light in centimeters per nanosecond). An electromagnetic wave at 29.9792458 GHz has a wavelength of 1 cm in free space.


title: Wavenumber

text: In theoretical physics, a wave number, defined as the number of radians per unit distance, sometimes called "angular wavenumber", is more often used:


title: Wavenumber

text: When wavenumber is represented by the symbol , a frequency is still being represented, albeit indirectly. As described in the spectroscopy section, this is done through the relationship formula_3, where is a frequency in hertz. This is done for convenience as frequencies tend to be very large.


title: Wavenumber

text: Wavenumber has dimensions of reciprocal length, so its SI unit is the reciprocal of meters (m). In spectroscopy it is usual to give wavenumbers in cgs unit (i.e., reciprocal centimeters; cm); in this context, the wavenumber was formerly called the "kayser", after Heinrich Kayser (some older scientific papers used this unit, abbreviated as "K", where 1K = 1cm). The angular wavenumber may be expressed in radians per meter (rad⋅m), or as above, since the radian is dimensionless.


title: Wavenumber

text: For electromagnetic radiation in vacuum, wavenumber is directly proportional to frequency and to photon energy. Because of this, wavenumbers are used as a convenient unit of energy in spectroscopy.


title: Wavenumber

text: A complex-valued wavenumber can be defined for a medium with complex-valued relative permittivity formula_4, relative permeability formula_5 and refraction index "n" as:


title: Wavenumber

text: where "k" is the free-space wavenumber, as above. The imaginary part of the wavenumber expresses attenuation per unit distance and is useful in the study of exponentially decaying evanescent fields.


title: Wavenumber

text: The propagation factor of a sinusoidal plane wave propagating in the x direction in a linear material is given by


title: Wavenumber

text: The sign convention is chosen for consistency with propagation in lossy media. If the attenuation constant is positive, then the wave amplitude decreases as the wave propagates in the x direction.


title: Wavenumber

text: Wavelength, phase velocity, and skin depth have simple relationships to the components of the wavenumber:


title: Wavenumber

text: Here we assume that the wave is regular in the sense that the different quantities describing the wave such as the wavelength, frequency and thus the wavenumber are constants. See wavepacket for discussion of the case when these quantities are not constant.


title: Wavenumber

text: where "ν" is the frequency of the wave, "λ" is the wavelength, "ω" = 2"πν" is the angular frequency of the wave, and "v" is the phase velocity of the wave. The dependence of the wavenumber on the frequency (or more commonly the frequency on the wavenumber) is known as a dispersion relation.


title: Wavenumber

text: For the special case of an electromagnetic wave in a vacuum, in which the wave propagates at the speed of light, "k" is given by:


title: Wavenumber

text: where "E" is the energy of the wave, "ħ" is the reduced Planck constant, and "c" is the speed of light in a vacuum.


title: Wavenumber

text: For the special case of a matter wave, for example an electron wave, in the non-relativistic approximation (in the case of a free particle, that is, the particle has no potential energy):


title: Wavenumber

text: Here "p" is the momentum of the particle, "m" is the mass of the particle, "E" is the kinetic energy of the particle, and "ħ" is the reduced Planck constant.


title: Wavenumber

text: In spectroscopy, "wavenumber" formula_21 refers to a frequency which has been divided by the speed of light in vacuum usually in centimeters per second (cm.s): :


title: Wavenumber

text: The historical reason for using this spectroscopic wavenumber rather than frequency is that it is a convenient unit when studying atomic spectra by counting fringes per cm with an interferometer : the spectroscopic wavenumber is the reciprocal of the wavelength of light in vacuum:


title: Wavenumber

text: which remains essentially the same in air, and so the spectroscopic wavenumber is directly related to the angles of light scattered from diffraction gratings and the distance between fringes in interferometers, when those instruments are operated in air or vacuum. Such wavenumbers were first used in the calculations of Johannes Rydberg in the 1880s. The Rydberg–Ritz combination principle of 1908 was also formulated in terms of wavenumbers. A few years later spectral lines could be understood in quantum theory as differences between energy levels, energy being proportional to wavenumber, or frequency. However, spectroscopic data kept being tabulated in terms of spectroscopic wavenumber rather than frequency or energy.


title: Wavenumber

text: For example, the spectroscopic wavenumbers of the emission spectrum of atomic hydrogen are given by the Rydberg formula:


title: Wavenumber

text: where "R" is the Rydberg constant, and "n" and "n" are the principal quantum numbers of the initial and final levels respectively ("n" is greater than "n" for emission).


title: Wavenumber

text: where "n" is the refractive index of the medium. Note that the wavelength of light changes as it passes through different media, however, the spectroscopic wavenumber (i.e., frequency) remains constant.


title: Wavenumber

text: Conventionally, inverse centimeter (cm) units are used for formula_21, so often that such spatial frequencies are stated by some authors "in wavenumbers", incorrectly transferring the name of the quantity to the CGS unit cm itself.


title: Lee Tergesen

text: Lee Allen Tergesen (; born July 8, 1965) is an American actor. He is known for his roles in "Weird Science", as Tobias Beecher in HBO's prison drama "Oz", and as Evan Wright in "Generation Kill," as well as guest starring in many other series. In film, he is known for his portrayal of Terry in "Wayne's World" and "Wayne's World 2", as well as Vincent Corey in "Monster".


title: Lee Tergesen

text: Tergesen was born in Ivoryton, Connecticut and graduated from Valley Regional High School in nearby Deep River. He moved to New York to try to become an actor. He graduated from the American Musical and Dramatic Academy (AMDA)'s two-year program in Manhattan, where, from 1986 to 1989, he worked at the Empire Diner. "I wasn't a great waiter. I was funny, but I gave a lot of attitude", he told "Rosie" magazine in March 2002. He added: "The place is like a vortex for me". He met Tom Fontana, the future creator of "Oz", at the diner.


title: Lee Tergesen

text: He did some stage work during this time. "I was doing plays all the time, but there's no money in it", Tergesen said in a 1995 "Los Angeles Times" article. "After graduation, I thought I'd be making a living at it." He went to Los Angeles to help Fontana move into his house. While dining at a restaurant on the day after arriving in Los Angeles, a casting director and friend of Fontana's asked Tergesen if he was an actor. "He told me there was a part in this movie and at that time, I couldn't imagine what it could be," Tergesen told the "L.A. Times". The movie turned out to be "Point Break", starring Keanu Reeves and Patrick Swayze. "It was the beginning of me never having to do anything else but act", he told LT.com in 1990.


title: Lee Tergesen

text: Tergesen then appeared in "Wayne's World" (1992) and "Wayne's World 2" (1993), in the 1994 series "Weird Science" as Chester "Chett" Donnelly, and in a recurring role in the first season of "".


title: Lee Tergesen

text: He portrayed Tobias Beecher on HBO's "Oz" (1997), a critically acclaimed role he played until the series ended in 2003. His film credits include "Point Break", "Shaft", "Monster", "The Forgotten", "", "Cast A Deadly Spell" and "Wild Iris". He has made several appearances in TV shows such as "ER", "Rescue Me", "", "Criminal Minds", "The 4400", "House", "Law & Order" and two of its spin-offs, "" and "". He played a murderous Navy SEAL, Andrew Larrick, in Season 2 of "The Americans" on the FX television network.


title: Lee Tergesen

text: He played an Alcoholics Anonymous sponsor in the second season of "Desperate Housewives", becoming romantically involved with Bree Van de Kamp. He appeared in the USA Network series "Royal Pains" and in Seasons 4–5 of the Lifetime Network series "Army Wives". He played Evan Wright in the HBO mini-series "Generation Kill".


title: Lee Tergesen

text: He has appeared on stage in the Off-Broadway productions of "Long Lost" (2019) by Donald Margulies and "Rapture, Blister, Burn" in 2012 at Playwrights Horizons, among others.


title: Kate Chopin

text: Kate Chopin (, ; born Katherine O'Flaherty; February 8, 1850 – August 22, 1904) was an American author of short stories and novels based in Louisiana. She is considered by scholars to have been a forerunner of American 20th-century feminist authors of Southern or Catholic background, such as Zelda Fitzgerald, and she is one of the more frequently read and recognized writers of Louisiana Creole heritage. She is best known today for her 1899 novel "The Awakening".


title: Kate Chopin

text: Of maternal French and paternal Irish descent, Chopin was born in St. Louis, Missouri. She married and moved with her husband to New Orleans. They later lived in the country in Cloutierville, Louisiana. From 1892 to 1895, Chopin wrote short stories for both children and adults that were published in national magazines, including "Atlantic Monthly", "Vogue", "The Century Magazine", and "The Youth's Companion." Her stories aroused controversy because of her subjects and her approach; they were condemned as immoral by some critics.


title: Kate Chopin

text: Her major works were two short story collections and two novels. The collections are "Bayou Folk" (1894) and "A Night in Acadie" (1897). Her important short stories included "Désirée's Baby" (1893), a tale of miscegenation in antebellum Louisiana, "The Story of an Hour" (1894), and "The Storm" (1898). "The Storm" is a sequel to "At the Cadian Ball (1892)," which appeared in "Bayou Folk", her first collection of short stories.


title: Kate Chopin

text: Chopin also wrote two novels: "At Fault" (1890) and "The Awakening" (1899), which are set in New Orleans and Grand Isle, respectively. The characters in her stories are usually residents of Louisiana, and many are Creoles of various ethnic or racial backgrounds. Many of her works are set in Natchitoches in north-central Louisiana, a region where she lived.


title: Kate Chopin

text: Within a decade of her death, Chopin was widely recognized as one of the leading writers of her time. In 1915, Fred Lewis Pattee wrote "some of [Chopin's] work is equal to the best that has been produced in France or even in America. [She displayed] what may be described as a native aptitude for narration amounting almost to genius."


title: Kate Chopin

text: Chopin was born Katherine O'Flaherty in St. Louis, Missouri. Her father, Thomas O’Flaherty, was a successful businessman who had immigrated to the United States from Galway, Ireland. Her mother, Eliza Faris, was his second wife, and a well-connected member of the ethnic French community in St. Louis as the daughter of Athénaïse Charleville, a Louisiana creole of French Canadian descent. Some of Chopin's ancestors were among the early European (French) inhabitants of Dauphin Island, Alabama.


title: Kate Chopin

text: Kate was the third of five children, but her sisters died in infancy and her half-brothers (from her father's first marriage) died in their early 20s. They were reared Roman Catholic in the French and Irish traditions. She also became an avid reader of fairy tales, poetry, religious allegories, and classic and contemporary novels. She graduated from Sacred Heart Convent in St. Louis in 1868.


title: Kate Chopin

text: At the age of five, she was sent to Sacred Heart Academy, where she learned how to handle her own money and make her own decisions, as the nuns intended. Upon her father's death, she was brought home to live with her grandmother and great-grandmother, comprising three generations of women who were widowed young and never remarried. For two years, she was tutored at home by her great-grandmother, Victoria (or Victoire) Charleville, who taught French, music, history, gossip and the need to look on life without fear. After those two years, Kate went back to Sacred Heart Academy, which her best friend and neighbor, Kitty Garesche, also attended, and where her mentor, Mary O’Meara, taught. A gifted writer of both verse and prose, O'Meara guided her student to write regularly, to judge herself critically, and to conduct herself valiantly. Nine days after Kate and Kitty's first communions in May 1861, the Civil War came to St. Louis. During the war, Kate's half-brother died of fever, and her great-grandmother died as well. After the war ended, Kitty and her family were banished from St. Louis for supporting the Confederacy.


title: Kate Chopin

text: In St. Louis, Missouri on June 8, 1870, she married Oscar Chopin and settled with him in his home town of New Orleans. The Chopins had six children between 1871 and 1879: in order of birth, Jean Baptiste, Oscar Charles, George Francis, Frederick, Felix Andrew, and Lélia (baptized Marie Laïza). In 1879, Oscar Chopin's cotton brokerage failed.


title: Kate Chopin

text: The family left the city and moved to Cloutierville in south Natchitoches Parish to manage several small plantations and a general store] They became active in the community, where Chopin found, in the local creole culture, much material for her future writing.


title: Kate Chopin

text: When Oscar Chopin died in 1882, he left Kate $42,000 in debt (approximately $ in 2022). Emily Toth stated "for a while the widow Kate ran his [Oscar's] business and flirted outrageously with local men; (she even engaged in a relationship with a married farmer)." Although Chopin worked to make her late husband's plantation and general store succeed, two years later she sold her Louisiana business.


title: Kate Chopin

text: Her mother had implored her to move back to St. Louis, which Chopin did, with her mother's financial support. Her children gradually settled into life in the bustling city, but Chopin's mother died the following year.


title: Kate Chopin

text: Chopin struggled with depression after the successive loss of her husband, her business, and her mother. Chopin's obstetrician and family friend Dr. Frederick Kolbenheyer suggested that she start writing, believing that it could be therapeutic for her. He understood that writing could be a focus for her extraordinary energy as well as a source of income.


title: Kate Chopin

text: By the early 1890s, Chopin's short stories, articles, and translations were appearing in periodicals, including the "St. Louis Post-Dispatch", and in various literary magazines. During a period of considerable publishing of folk tales, works in dialect, and other elements of Southern folk life, she was considered a regional writer who provided local color. Her literary qualities were overlooked.


title: Kate Chopin

text: In 1899, "The Awakening,"her second novel, was published. Some newspaper critics reviewed the novel favorably. However, the critical reception was largely negative. The critics considered the behavior of the novel's characters, especially the women – and Chopin's general treatment of female sexuality, motherhood, and marital infidelity – to be in conflict with prevailing standards of moral conduct and therefore offensive.


title: Kate Chopin

text: This novel, her best-known work, is the story of a woman trapped within the confines of an oppressive society. Out of print for several decades, it was rediscovered in the 1970s, when there was a wave of new studies and appreciation of women's writings. The novel has been reprinted and now is widely available. It has been critically acclaimed for its writing quality and importance as an early feminist work of the South.


title: Kate Chopin

text: Critics suggest that such works as "The Awakening" were scandalous and therefore not socially embraced. Chopin was discouraged by the lack of acceptance, but she continued to write, turning to the short story. In 1900, she wrote "The Gentleman from New Orleans." That same year she was listed in the first edition of "Marquis Who's Who." However, she never made much money from her writing, getting by on the investments she made locally in Louisiana and St. Louis of the inheritance from her mother's estate.


title: Kate Chopin

text: While visiting the St. Louis World's Fair on August 20, 1904, Chopin suffered a brain hemorrhage. She died two days later, at the age of 54. She was interred in Calvary Cemetery in St. Louis.


title: Kate Chopin

text: Kate Chopin lived in a variety of locations, based on different economies and societies. These were sources of insights and observations from which she analyzed and expressed her ideas about late 19th-century Southern American society. She was brought up by women who were primarily ethnic French. Living in areas influenced by the Louisiana Creole and Cajun cultures after she joined her husband in Louisiana, she based many of her stories and sketches on her life in Louisiana. They expressed her unusual portrayals (for the time) of women as individuals with separate wants and needs.


title: Kate Chopin

text: Chopin's writing style was influenced by her admiration of the contemporary French writer Guy de Maupassant, known for his short stories:


title: Kate Chopin

text: Kate Chopin is an example of a revisionist myth-maker because she revises myth more realistically about marriage and female sexuality of her time. The biggest myth Chopin focused on was the "Victorian notion of women's somewhat anemic sexuality" and "The Storm" is the best example of Kate Chopin using that myth through a character set on fulfilling her complete sexual potential. For instance, in "The Storm", portraits of women were revised by Kate Chopin to obtain consummation in roles other than marriage to evince a passionate nature considered inappropriate by conventional, patriarchal standards of Victorian America.


title: Kate Chopin

text: Chopin went beyond Maupassant's technique and style to give her writing its own flavor. She had an ability to perceive life and creatively express it. She concentrated on women's lives and their continual struggles to create an identity of their own within the Southern society of the late nineteenth century. For instance, in "The Story of an Hour", Mrs. Mallard allows herself time to reflect after learning of her husband's death. Instead of dreading the lonely years ahead, she stumbles upon another realization:


title: Kate Chopin

text: She knew that she would weep again when she saw the kind, tender hands folded in death; the face that had never looked save with love upon her, fixed and gray and dead. But she saw beyond that bitter moment a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely. And she opened and spread her arms out to them in welcome.


title: Kate Chopin

text: Not many writers during the mid- to late 19th century were bold enough to address subjects that Chopin addressed. Elizabeth Fox-Genovese of Emory University wrote that "Kate was neither a feminist nor a suffragist, she said so. She was nonetheless a woman who took women extremely seriously. She never doubted women's ability to be strong." Kate Chopin's sympathies lay with the individual in the context of his and her personal life and society.


title: Kate Chopin

text: Through her stories, Chopin wrote a kind of autobiography and described her societies; she had grown up in a time when her surroundings included the abolitionist movements before the American Civil War, and their influence on freedmen education and rights afterward, as well as the emergence of feminism. Her ideas and descriptions were not reporting, but her stories expressed the reality of her world.


title: Kate Chopin

text: Chopin took strong interest in her surroundings and wrote about many of her observations. Jane Le Marquand assesses Chopin's writings as a new feminist voice, while other intellectuals recognize it as the voice of an individual who happens to be a woman. Marquand writes, "Chopin undermines patriarchy by endowing the Other, the woman, with an individual identity and a sense of self, a sense of self to which the letters she leaves behind give voice. The 'official' version of her life, that constructed by the men around her, is challenged and overthrown by the woman of the story."


title: Kate Chopin

text: Chopin appeared to express her belief in the strength of women. Marquand draws from theories about creative nonfiction in terms of her work. In order for a story to be autobiographical, or even biographical, Marquand writes, there has to be a nonfictional element, but more often than not the author exaggerates the truth to spark and hold interest for the readers. Kate Chopin might have been surprised to know her work has been characterized as feminist in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, just as she had been in her own time to have it described as immoral. Critics tend to regard writers as individuals with larger points of view addressed to factions in society.


title: Kate Chopin

text: Kate Chopin began her writing career with her first story published in the "St. Louis Post-Dispatch". By the early 1890s, Chopin forged a successful writing career, contributing short stories and articles to local publications and literary journals. She also initially wrote a number of short stories such as "A Point at Issue!", "A No-Account Creole", "Beyond the Bayou" which were published in various magazines. In 1890, her first novel "At Fault" about a young widow and the sexual constraints of women was published privately. The protagonist demonstrates the initial theme of Kate Chopin's works when she began writing. In 1892, Kate Chopin produced "Désirée's Baby", "Ripe Figs" and "At the 'Cadian Ball" which appeared in "Two Tales" that year, and eight of her other stories were published.


title: Kate Chopin

text: The short story "Désirée's Baby" focuses on Kate Chopin's experience with miscegenation and communities of the Creoles of color in Louisiana. She came of age when slavery was institutionalized in St. Louis and the South. In Louisiana, there had been communities established of free people of color, especially in New Orleans, where formal arrangements were made between white men and free women of color or enslaved women for plaçage, a kind of common-law marriage. There and in the country, she lived with a society based on the history of slavery and the continuation of plantation life, to a great extent. Mixed-race people (also known as mulattos) were numerous in New Orleans and the South. This story addresses the racism of 19th century America; persons who were visibly European-American could be threatened by the revelation of also having African ancestry. Chopin was not afraid to address such issues, which were often suppressed and intentionally ignored. Her character Armand tries to deny this reality, when he refuses to believe that he is of partial black descent, as it threatens his ideas about himself and his status in life. R. R. Foy believed that Chopin's story reached the level of great fiction, in which the only true subject is "human existence in its subtle, complex, true meaning, stripped of the view with which ethical and conventional standards have draped it". The story can also be seen from a feminist perspective, where the white wife is unjustly made to suffer for having given birth to a partially black child.


title: Kate Chopin

text: "Desiree's Baby" was first published in an 1893 issue of "Vogue", alongside "A Visit to Avoyelles", another of Kate Chopin's short stories, under the heading "Character Studies: The Father of Desiree's Baby – The Lover of Mentine." "A Visit to Avoyelles" typifies the local color writing that Chopin was known, and it is one of her stories that shows a couple in a completely fulfilled marriage. While Doudouce is hoping otherwise, he sees ample evidence that Mentine and Jules' marriage is a happy and fulfilling one despite the poverty-stricken circumstances that they live. In contrast, in "Desiree's Baby", which is much more controversial, due to the topic of miscegenation, portrays a marriage in trouble. The other contrasts to "A Visit to Avoyelles" are clear, but some are more subtle than others. Unlike Mentine and Jules, Armand and Desiree are rich and own slaves and a plantation. Mentine and Jules' marriage has weathered many hard times, while Armand and Desiree's falls apart at the first sign of trouble. Kate Chopin was talented at showing various sides of marriages and local people and their lives, making her writing very broad and sweeping in topic, even as she had many common themes in her work.


title: Kate Chopin

text: Martha Cutter argues that Kate Chopin demonstrates feminine resistance to patriarchal society through her short stories. Cutter claims that Chopin's resistance can be traced through the timeline of her work, with Chopin becoming more and more understanding of how women can fight back suppression as time progresses. To demonstrate this, Cutter claims that Chopin's earlier stories, such as "At the 'Cadian Ball," "Wiser than a God," and "Mrs. Mobry's Reason" present women who are outright resisting, and are therefore not taken seriously, erased, or called insane. However, in Chopin's later stories, the female characters take on a different voice of resistance, one that is more "covert" and works to undermine patriarchal discourse from within. Cutter exemplifies this idea through the presentation of Chopin's works written after 1894. Cutter claims that Chopin wanted to "disrupt patriarchal discourse, without being censored by it." And to do this, Chopin tried different strategies in her writings: silent women, overly resistant women, women with a "voice covert," and women who mimic patriarchal discourse.


title: Kate Chopin

text: In 1893, she wrote "Madame Célestin's Divorce," and 13 of her stories were published. In 1894, "The Story of an Hour" and "A Respectable woman" were published by "Vogue". "Bayou Folk", a collection of 23 of Chopin's stories, was a success to Kate Chopin in 1894, published by Houghton Mifflin. It was the first of her works to gain national attention, and it was followed by "A Night in Acadie" (1897), another collection of short stories.


title: Kate Chopin

text: Published in 1899, her novel "The Awakening" is considered ahead of its time, garnering more negative reviews than positive from contemporary sources. Chopin was discouraged by this criticism, and she turned to writing short stories almost exclusively. The female characters in "The Awakening" went beyond the standards of social norms of the time. The protagonist has sexual desires and questions the sanctity of motherhood.


title: Kate Chopin

text: The novel explores the theme of marital infidelity from the perspective of a wife. The book was widely banned, and it fell out of print for several decades, then was republished in the 1970s. It now is considered a classic of feminist fiction. Chopin reacted to the negative events happening to her by commenting ironically:I never dreamt of Mrs. Pontellier making such a mess of things and working out her own damnation as she did. If I had had the slightest intimation of such a thing I would have excluded her from the company. But when I found out what she was up to, the play was half over and it was then too late.


title: Kate Chopin

text: According to Bender, Chopin was intrigued by Darwin's "The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex". Although she agreed with the processes of evolution, Chopin however quarreled with Darwin's theory of sexual selection and the female's role, which can be exemplified in "The Awakening", in which Bender argues that Chopin references "The Descent of Man". In his essay, Darwin suggests female inferiority and says that males had "gained the power of selection." Bender argues that in her writing, Chopin presented women characters that had selective power based on their own sexual desires, not the want of reproduction or love. Bender argues this idea through the examples of Edna Pontellier in "The Awakening," Mrs. Baroda in "A Respectable Woman," and Mrs. Mallard in "The Story of an Hour."


title: Kate Chopin

text: Martha Cutter's article "The Search for a Feminine Voice in the Works of Kate Chopin" analyzes the female characters in many of Chopin's stories. Cutter argues that Chopin's opinion of women as being "the invisible and unheard sex" is exemplified through the characterization of Edna in "The Awakening". Cutter argues that Chopin's writing was shocking due to its sexual identity and articulation of feminine desire. According to Cutter, Chopin's stories disrupt patriarchal norms. Today, "The Awakening" is said to be one of the five top favorite novels in literature courses all over America.


title: Kate Chopin

text: Kate Chopin has been credited by some as a pioneer of the early feminist movement despite not achieving any literary rewards for her works.


title: Kate Chopin

text: Kate Chopin wrote the majority of her short stories and novels from 1889 to 1904. Altogether, Chopin wrote about 100short stories or novels during her time as a fiction writer; her short stories were published in a number of local newspapers including the "St. Louis Post-Dispatch". A large number of her short stories were published in national magazines,such as "Youth's Companion" and "Harper's Young People". "Bayou Folk" was well-reviewed, with Chopin's writing about how she had seen 100 press notices about it. Those stories were published in "The New York Times" and "The Atlantic". People particularly liked how she used local dialects to give her characters a more authentic and relatable feel. She also published two novels: "At Fault" and "The Awakening". Her novels were not well-received initially, compared to her short stories. Her 1899 novel "The Awakening" was considered to be immoral due to the overt themes of female sexuality, as well as the female protagonist's constantly rebuking gender roles and norms. There have been rumors that the novel originally was banned, which have been disproved. Local and national newspapers published mixed reviews of Chopin's novel with one calling it "poison" and "unpleasant", going on to say it was "too strong a drink for moral babes", while another newspaper published a review calling the novel, "A St. Louis Woman Who Has Turned Fame Into Literature." The majority of the early reviews for "The Awakening" were largely negative. Emily Toth, one of Chopin's most well known biographers, thought she had gone too far with this novel. She argued that the protagonist Edna's blatant sensuality was too much for the male gatekeepers. So much so that publication of her next novel was cancelled.


title: Kate Chopin

text: The poet Orrick Johns was at least one strong advocate of Chopin and "The Awakening." "An influential modernist poet and progressive journalist originally from St. Louis who was popular in Greenwich Village literary circles," in 1911 he wrote in Reedy's Mirror: “To one who has read her as a boy and come back to her again with powers of appreciation more subtly developed, she breathes the magic of a whole chapter in his life.” "...[C]redible evidence exists that Johns shared his positive views of Chopin with his literary peers, a tight-knit group that included feminist writers Susan Glaspell and Edith Summers Kelley..." Through Johns's personal friendship with Kelley and his fierce advocacy for "The Awakening", it has been argued that Kelley read and was influenced by "The Awakening", a book once thought of as a literary dead end in terms of influence on the next generation of feminist writers. Textual comparisons between specific texts in Kelly's "Weeds" and "The Awakening" point toward an argument for its wider influence.


title: Kate Chopin

text: Nevertheless, it wasn't until Per Seyersted, a Norwegian professor and scholar, rediscovered Chopin almost 70 years later that the general public began to really appreciate her work as essential feminist and Southern literature from the 19th century. Seyersted wrote that she "broke new ground in American Literature." According to Emily Toth, Kate Chopin's work rose in popularity and recognition during the 1970s due to themes of women venturing outside of the constraints set upon them by society, which appealed to people participating in feminist activism and the sexual revolution. She also argues that the works appealed to women in the 1960s, "a time when American women yearned to know about our feisty foremothers"." Academics and scholars began to put Chopin in the same feminist categories as Louisa May Alcott, Susan Warner, and Emily Dickinson. Parallels between Alcott and Chopin have been drawn to point out how both authors wrote about women who departed from their traditional roles by dreaming of or striving for independence and individual freedoms, also described as a dramatization of a woman's struggle for selfhood. A reviewer for "Choice Reviews" stated that it was ultimately a struggle doomed to failure because the patriarchal conventions of her society restricted her freedom. Karen Simons felt that this failed struggle was perfectly captured by the ending of the novel, where Edna Pontellier ends her life due to her realization that she cannot truly be both the traditional mother and have a sense of herself as an individual at the same time.


title: Kate Chopin

text: Louisiana Public Broadcasting, under president Beth Courtney, produced "Kate Chopin: A Reawakening", a documentary on Chopin's life.


title: Kate Chopin

text: In the penultimate episode of the first season of HBO's "Treme," set in New Orleans, the teacher Creighton (played by John Goodman) assigns Kate Chopin's "The Awakening" to his freshmen and warns them:


title: Kate Chopin

text: I want you to take your time with it," he cautions. "Pay attention to the language itself. The ideas. Don't think in terms of a beginning and an end. Because unlike some plot-driven entertainments, there is no closure in real life. Not really.


title: Vampire squid

text: The vampire squid (Vampyroteuthis infernalis, lit. 'vampire squid from hell') is a small cephalopod found throughout temperate and tropical oceans in extreme deep sea conditions. The vampire squid uses its bioluminescent organs and its unique oxygen metabolism to thrive in the parts of the ocean with the lowest concentrations of oxygen. It has two long retractile filaments, located between the first two pairs of arms on its dorsal side, which distinguish it from both octopuses and squids, and places it in its own order, Vampyromorphida, although its closest relatives are octopods. As a phylogenetic relict, it is the only known surviving member of its order.


title: Vampire squid

text: The first specimens were collected on the Valdivia Expedition and were originally described as an octopus in 1903 by German teuthologist Carl Chun, but later assigned to a new order together with several extinct taxa.


title: Vampire squid

text: The vampire squid was discovered during the Valdivia Expedition (1898–1899), led by Carl Chun. Chun was a zoologist who was inspired by the Challenger Expedition, and wanted to verify that life does indeed exist below 300 fathoms (550 meters). Chun later classified the vampire squid into its family, Vampyroteuthidae. This expedition was funded by the German society "Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte", a group of German scientists who believed there was life at depths greater than 550 meters, contrary to the Abyssus theory. The S.S. "Valdivia" was fitted with equipment for the collection of deep-sea organisms, as well as laboratories and specimen jars, in order to analyze and preserve what was caught. The voyage began in Hamburg, Germany, followed by Edinburgh, and then traced around the west coast of Africa. After navigating around the southern point of Africa, the expedition studied deep areas of the Indian and Antarctic Ocean.


title: Vampire squid

text: The vampire squid can reach a maximum total length around . Its gelatinous body varies in colour from velvety jet-black to pale reddish, depending on location and lighting conditions. A webbing of skin connects its eight arms, each lined with rows of fleshy spines or cirri; the inner side of this "cloak" is black. Only the distal halves (farthest from the body) of the arms have suckers. Its limpid, globular eyes, which appear red or blue, depending on lighting, are proportionately the largest in the animal kingdom at in diameter. The name of the animal was inspired by its dark colour, and cloaklike webbing, rather than habit—it feeds on detritus, not blood.


title: Vampire squid

text: Mature adults have a pair of small fins projecting from the lateral sides of the mantle. These earlike fins serve as the adult's primary means of propulsion: vampire squid move through the water by flapping their fins. Their beaklike jaws are white. Within the webbing are two pouches wherein the tactile velar filaments are concealed. The filaments are analogous to a true squid's tentacles, extending well past the arms; but differ in origin, and represent the pair that was lost by the ancestral octopus.


title: Vampire squid

text: The vampire squid is almost entirely covered in light-producing organs called photophores, capable of producing disorienting flashes of light ranging in duration from fractions of a second to several minutes. The intensity and size of the photophores can also be modulated. Appearing as small, white discs, the photophores are larger and more complex at the tips of the arms and at the base of the two fins, but are absent from the undersides of the caped arms. Two larger, white areas on top of the head were initially believed to also be photophores, but are now identified as photoreceptors.


title: Vampire squid

text: The chromatophores (pigment organs) common to most cephalopods are poorly developed in the vampire squid. The animal is, therefore, incapable of changing its skin colour in the dramatic fashion of shallow-dwelling cephalopods, though such ability would not be useful at the lightless depths where it lives.


title: Vampire squid

text: The vampire squid is an extreme example of a deep sea cephalopod, thought to reside at aphotic (lightless) depths from or more. Within this region of the world's oceans is a discrete habitat known as the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). Within the zone, the saturation of oxygen is too low to support aerobic metabolism in most complex organisms. The vampire squid is the only cephalopod able to live its entire life cycle in the minimum zone, at oxygen saturations as low as 3%.


title: Vampire squid

text: To cope with life in the suffocating depths, vampire squids have developed several adaptations: Of all deep-sea cephalopods, their mass-specific metabolic rate is the lowest. Their blue blood's hemocyanin binds and transports oxygen more efficiently than in other cephalopods, aided by gills with an especially large surface area. The animals have weak musculature, but maintain agility and buoyancy with little effort because of sophisticated statocysts (balancing organs akin to a human's inner ear) and ammonium-rich gelatinous tissues closely matching the density of the surrounding seawater. The vampire squid's ability to thrive in OMZs also keeps it safe from apex predators that require a large amount of oxygen to live.


title: Vampire squid

text: The vampire squid possesses large eyes and optic lobes which may be an adaptation to increase sensitivity for long-ranging detection of bioluminescence and monitoring a huge water volume where density of prey and mates is low.


title: Vampire squid

text: Like many deep-sea cephalopods, the vampire squid lacks ink sacs. If disturbed, it will curl its arms up outwards and wrap them around its body, turning itself inside-out in a way, exposing spiny projections. If highly agitated, it may eject a sticky cloud of bioluminescent mucus containing innumerable orbs of blue light from the arm tips. This luminous barrage, which may last nearly 10 minutes, would presumably serve to dazzle would-be predators and allow the vampire squid to disappear into the blackness without the need to swim far. The glowing ink is also able to stick to the predator, creating what is called a burglar alarm (making the vampire squid's predator more visible to secondary predators). The display is made only if the animal is very agitated, because regenerating the mucus is metabolically costly. The vampire squid also has bioluminescent organs at the end of each of its arms, using them as a lure to attract prey. The ends of squid's arms are also regenerative, so if they are bitten off, they can be used as a diversion allowing the animal to escape while its predator is distracted.


title: Vampire squid

text: Few specifics are known regarding the ontogeny of the vampire squid. Their development progresses through three morphologic forms: the very young animals have a single pair of fins, an intermediate form has two pairs, and the mature form again has one. At their earliest and intermediate phases of development, a pair of fins is located near the eyes; as the animal develops, this pair gradually disappears as the other pair develops. As the animals grow and their surface area to volume ratio drops, the fins are resized and repositioned to maximize gait efficiency. Whereas the young propel themselves primarily by jet propulsion, mature adults find flapping their fins to be the most efficient means. This unique ontogeny caused confusion in the past, with the varying forms identified as several species in distinct families.


title: Vampire squid

text: If hypotheses may be drawn from knowledge of other deep-sea cephalopods, the vampire squid likely reproduces slowly by way of a small number of large eggs. Ovulation is irregular and there is minimal energy devotion into the development of the gonad. Growth is slow, as nutrients are not abundant at depths frequented by the animals. The vastness of their habitat and its sparse population make procreative encounters a fortuitous event. The female may store a male's hydraulically implanted spermatophore (a tapered, cylindrical satchel of sperm) for long periods before she is ready to fertilize her eggs. Once she does, she may need to brood over them for up to 400 days before they hatch. Their reproductive strategy appears to be iteroparous, which is an exception amongst the otherwise semelparous Coleoidea. During their life, Coleidea cephalopods are thought to go through only one reproductive cycle whereas vampire squid have shown evidence of multiple reproductive cycles. After releasing their eggs, new batches of eggs are formed after the female vampire squid returns to resting. This process may repeat up to, and sometimes more than, twenty times. It has been hypothesized that the iteroparous lifestyle of the vampire squid has evolved with the squid's relaxed lifestyle. With iteroparity often seen in organisms with high adult survival rates, such as the vampire squid, many low-cost reproductive cycles would be expected for the species.


title: Vampire squid

text: Hatchlings are about 8 mm in length and are well-developed miniatures of the adults, with some differences. Their arms lack webbing, their eyes are smaller, and their velar filaments are not fully formed. The hatchlings are transparent and survive on a generous internal yolk for an unknown period before they begin to actively feed. The smaller animals frequent much deeper waters, perhaps feeding on marine snow (falling organic detritus). The mature vampire squid is also thought to be an opportunistic hunter of larger prey as fish bones, other squid flesh, and gelatinous matter has been recorded in mature vampire squid stomachs.


title: Vampire squid

text: Reproduction of the vampire squid is unlike any other coleoid cephalopod. During mating the males pass a “packet” of sperm to a female and the female accepts it and stores it in a special pouch inside her mantle. When the female is ready, she will use the packet to reproduce. The females spawn eggs in separate spawning “events” when she feels the necessity to reproduce. These spawning events happen quite far apart due to the vampire squid's low metabolic rate, meaning they take a long time to accumulate the necessary resources to spawn. This is very rare and needs further research done on it.


title: Vampire squid

text: What behavioral data are known have been gleaned from ephemeral encounters with ROVs; animals are often injured during capture, and survive up to two months in aquaria, although it is hypothesized that they can live for over eight years. An artificial environment makes reliable observation of non-defensive behavior difficult. In May 2014, Monterey Bay Aquarium (California, United States) became the first to ever put this species on display.


title: Vampire squid

text: With their long velar filaments deployed, vampire squids have been observed drifting along in the deep, black ocean currents. If the filaments contact an entity, or if vibrations impinge upon them, the animals investigate with rapid acrobatic movements. They are capable of swimming at speeds equivalent to two body lengths per second, with an acceleration time of five seconds. However, their weak muscles limit stamina considerably.


title: Vampire squid

text: Unlike their relatives living in more hospitable climates, deep-sea cephalopods cannot afford to expend energy in protracted flight. Given their low metabolic rate and the low density of prey at such depths, vampire squids must use innovative predator avoidance tactics to conserve energy. Their aforementioned bioluminescent "fireworks" are combined with the writhing of glowing arms, erratic movements, and escape trajectories, making it difficult for a predator to identify multiple targets. The vampire squid's retractile filaments have been suggested to play a larger role in predator avoidance via both detection and escape mechanisms.


title: Vampire squid

text: In a threat response called the "pumpkin" or "pineapple" posture, the vampire squid inverts its caped arms back over the body, presenting an ostensibly larger form covered in fearsome-looking though harmless spines (called cirri). The underside of the cape is heavily pigmented, masking most of the body's photophores. The glowing arm tips are clustered together far above the animal's head, diverting attack away from critical areas. If a predator were to bite off an arm tip, the vampire squid can regenerate it.


title: Vampire squid

text: They have eight arms but lack feeding tentacles, and instead use two retractile filaments in order to capture food. These filaments have small hairs on them that are made up of many sensory cells that helps them detect and secure their prey. They combine waste with mucus secreted from suckers to form balls of food. As sedentary generalists, they feed on detritus, including the remains of gelatinous zooplankton (such as salps, larvaceans, and medusae jellies) and complete copepods, ostracods, amphipods, and isopods, as well as faecal pellets of other aquatic organisms that live above. Vampire squids also use a unique luring method where they purposefully agitate bioluminescent protists in the water as a way to attract larger prey for them to consume.


title: Vampire squid

text: Vampire squids have been found among the stomach contents of large, deepwater fish, including giant grenadiers, and deep-diving mammals, such as whales and sea lions.


title: Vampire squid

text: The Vampyromorphida is the extant sister taxon to all octopuses. Phylogenetic studies of cephalopods using multiple genes and mitochondrial genomes have shown that the Vampyromorphida are the first group of Octopodiformes to evolutionarily diverge from all others. The Vampyromorphida is characterized by derived characters such as the possession of photophores and of two velar filaments which are most probably modified arms. It also shares the inclusion of an internal gladius with other coleoids, including squid, and eight webbed arms with cirrate octopods.


title: Vampire squid

text: "Vampyroteuthis" shares its eight cirrate arms with the Cirrata, in which lateral cirri, or filaments, alternate with the suckers. "Vampyroteuthis" differs in that suckers are present only on the distal half of the arms while cirri run the entire length. In cirrate octopods suckers and cirri run and alternate on the entire length. Also, a close relationship between "Vampyroteuthis" and the Jurassic-Cretaceous Loligosepiina is indicated by the similarity of their gladii, the internal stiffening structure. "Vampyronassa rhodanica" from the middle Jurassic La Voulte-sur-Rhône of France is considered as one of a vampyroteuthid that shares some characters with "Vampyroteuthis".


title: Vampire squid

text: The supposed vampyromorphids from the Kimmeridgian-Tithonian (156–146 mya) of Solnhofen, "Plesioteuthis prisca", "Leptoteuthis gigas", and "Trachyteuthis hastiformis", cannot be positively assigned to this group; they are large species (from 35 cm in "P. prisca" to > 1 m in "L. gigas") and show features not found in vampyromorphids, being somewhat similar to the true squids, Teuthida.


title: Vampire squid

text: The vampire squid is currently not on any endangered or threatened species list and they have no known impact on humans.


title: Vampire squid

text: Following an article in "Rolling Stone" magazine by Matt Taibbi after the subprime mortgage crisis of 2008, the term "vampire squid" has been regularly used in popular culture to refer to Goldman Sachs, the American investment bank.


title: Jill Talley

text: Jill Talley (born December 19, 1962) is an American actress and comedian. She is a main cast member on the animated series "SpongeBob SquarePants", in which she voices Karen Plankton. Her other voice roles include Sarah Dubois on Adult Swim's "The Boondocks" and Rita Loud on "The Loud House".


title: Jill Talley

text: In her twenties, Talley performed improv comedy in Chicago at the Improv Institute and The Second City. Talley and her husband, Tom Kenny, were both cast members of the cult short-lived FOX Network sketch comedy show "The Edge" from 1992 to 1993 and sketch comedy show "Mr. Show" from 1995 to 1998. They also appeared together in the May 1996 video for "Tonight, Tonight" by The Smashing Pumpkins as a married couple who take a honeymoon on the moon.


title: Jill Talley

text: Since 1999, Jill Talley has played Karen Plankton on "SpongeBob SquarePants". She was promoted to a main cast member in the credits of its 2004 film adaptation. Talley's other vocal work includes playing several characters on "Camp Lazlo" (Gretchen, Nina, and Ms. Mucus) and playing Sarah Dubois on the Adult Swim show "The Boondocks". She also voiced Lady Granite in the Plastic Man "DC Nation Shorts and Maja the Sky Witch in the "Adventure Time" episode "Sky Witch”.


title: Jill Talley

text: Since "Mr. Show"s run, she has also appeared in minor roles in several films such as "Little Miss Sunshine" and "Sky High", in the latter of which she appeared with her husband.


title: Jill Talley

text: Talley first met Tom Kenny in 1992 while working on "The Edge". They married in 1995 and have two children, Mack (born 1997) and Nora (born 2003).


title: 2002 UEFA Champions League Final

text: The 2002 UEFA Champions League Final was the final match of the 2001–02 UEFA Champions League, Europe's primary club football competition. The show-piece event was contested between Bayer Leverkusen of Germany and Real Madrid of Spain at Hampden Park in Glasgow, Scotland on Wednesday, 15 May 2002, to decide the winner of the Champions League. Leverkusen appeared in the final for the first time, whereas Real Madrid appeared in their 12th final.


title: 2002 UEFA Champions League Final

text: Each club needed to progress through two group stages, and two knockout rounds to reach the final. Real Madrid won their group and moved into the second group stage, which they also won, before facing the defending champions Bayern Munich and Barcelona in the knockout stage. Bayer Leverkusen finished second in their group behind Barcelona and progressed to the second group stage. There, they won their group, before beating the likes of Liverpool and Manchester United to progress to the final.


title: 2002 UEFA Champions League Final

text: Before the match, a minute of silence was held in honour of Ukrainian manager Valeriy Lobanovskyi, who died two days earlier.