title: Evaluation

text: There exist several conceptually distinct ways of thinking about, designing, and conducting evaluation efforts. Many of the evaluation approaches in use today make truly unique contributions to solving important problems, while others refine existing approaches in some way.


title: Evaluation

text: Two classifications of evaluation approaches by House and Stufflebeam and Webster can be combined into a manageable number of approaches in terms of their unique and important underlying principles.


title: Evaluation

text: House considers all major evaluation approaches to be based on a common ideology entitled liberal democracy. Important principles of this ideology include freedom of choice, the uniqueness of the individual and empirical inquiry grounded in objectivity. He also contends that they are all based on subjectivist ethics, in which ethical conduct is based on the subjective or intuitive experience of an individual or group. One form of subjectivist ethics is utilitarian, in which "the good" is determined by what maximizes a single, explicit interpretation of happiness for society as a whole. Another form of subjectivist ethics is intuitionist/pluralist, in which no single interpretation of "the good" is assumed and such interpretations need not be explicitly stated nor justified.


title: Evaluation

text: These ethical positions have corresponding epistemologies—philosophies for obtaining knowledge. The objectivist epistemology is associated with the utilitarian ethic; in general, it is used to acquire knowledge that can be externally verified (intersubjective agreement) through publicly exposed methods and data. The subjectivist epistemology is associated with the intuitionist/pluralist ethic and is used to acquire new knowledge based on existing personal knowledge, as well as experiences that are (explicit) or are not (tacit) available for public inspection. House then divides each epistemological approach into two main political perspectives. Firstly, approaches can take an elite perspective, focusing on the interests of managers and professionals; or they also can take a mass perspective, focusing on consumers and participatory approaches.


title: Evaluation

text: Stufflebeam and Webster place approaches into one of three groups, according to their orientation toward the role of values and ethical consideration. The political orientation promotes a positive or negative view of an object regardless of what its value actually is and might be—they call this pseudo-evaluation. The questions orientation includes approaches that might or might not provide answers specifically related to the value of an object—they call this quasi-evaluation. The values orientation includes approaches primarily intended to determine the value of an object—they call this true evaluation.


title: Evaluation

text: When the above concepts are considered simultaneously, fifteen evaluation approaches can be identified in terms of epistemology, major perspective (from House), and orientation. Two pseudo-evaluation approaches, politically controlled and public relations studies, are represented. They are based on an objectivist epistemology from an elite perspective. Six quasi-evaluation approaches use an objectivist epistemology. Five of them—experimental research, management information systems, testing programs, objectives-based studies, and content analysis—take an elite perspective. Accountability takes a mass perspective. Seven true evaluation approaches are included. Two approaches, decision-oriented and policy studies, are based on an objectivist epistemology from an elite perspective. Consumer-oriented studies are based on an objectivist epistemology from a mass perspective. Two approaches—accreditation/certification and connoisseur studies—are based on a subjectivist epistemology from an elite perspective. Finally, adversary and client-centered studies are based on a subjectivist epistemology from a mass perspective.


title: Evaluation

text: The following table is used to summarize each approach in terms of four attributes—organizer, purpose, strengths, and weaknesses. The organizer represents the main considerations or cues practitioners use to organize a study. The purpose represents the desired outcome for a study at a very general level. Strengths and weaknesses represent other attributes that should be considered when deciding whether to use the approach for a particular study. The following narrative highlights differences between approaches grouped together.


title: Evaluation

text: Politically controlled and public relations studies are based on an from an elite perspective. Although both of these approaches seek to misrepresent value interpretations about an object, they function differently from each other. Information obtained through politically controlled studies is released or withheld to meet the special interests of the holder, whereas public relations information creates a positive image of an object regardless of the actual situation. Despite the application of both studies in real scenarios, neither of these approaches is acceptable evaluation practice.


title: Evaluation

text: As a group, these five approaches represent a highly respected collection of disciplined inquiry approaches. They are considered quasi-evaluation approaches because particular studies legitimately can focus only on questions of knowledge without addressing any questions of value. Such studies are, by definition, not evaluations. These approaches can produce characterizations without producing appraisals, although specific studies can produce both. Each of these approaches serves its intended purpose well. They are discussed roughly in order of the extent to which they approach the objectivist ideal.


title: Evaluation

text: Evaluation is methodologically diverse. Methods may be qualitative or quantitative, and include case studies, survey research, statistical analysis, model building, and many more such as:


title: Craniosacral therapy

text: Craniosacral therapy (CST) or cranial osteopathy is a form of alternative therapy that uses gentle touch to palpate the synarthrodial joints of the cranium. CST is a pseudoscience and its practice has been characterized as quackery. It is based on fundamental misconceptions about the physiology of the human skull and is promoted as a cure-all for a variety of health conditions.


title: Craniosacral therapy

text: CST was invented in the 1970s by John Upledger as an offshoot of cranial osteopathy, which had been devised in the 1930s by William Garner Sutherland.


title: Craniosacral therapy

text: Medical research has found no good evidence that either CST or cranial osteopathy confers any health benefit, and they can be harmful, particularly if used on children or infants. The basic assumptions of CST are not true, and practitioners produce conflicting and mutually exclusive diagnoses of the same patients.


title: Craniosacral therapy

text: Practitioners of CST claim it is effective in treating a wide range of conditions, sometimes claiming it is a cancer cure, or a cure-all. Practitioners particularly advocate the use of CST on children. The American Cancer Society cautions that CST should never be used on children under age two. Pediatricians have expressed concern at the harm CST can cause to children and infants.


title: Craniosacral therapy

text: CST is potentially harmful. There have been cases of people with head injuries suffering further injury as a result of CST. If used as an alternative for legitimate therapy for a serious condition, choosing CST can have serious adverse consequences.


title: Craniosacral therapy

text: According to the American Cancer Society, although CST may relieve the symptoms of stress or tension, "available scientific evidence does not support claims that craniosacral therapy helps in treating cancer or any other disease". Cranial osteopathy has received a similar assessment, with one 1990 paper finding there was no scientific basis for any of the practitioners' claims the paper examined. A 2019 systematic review found limited evidence that CST may bring some relief for up to 6 months for people with chronic pain. However, the conclusions of this study were disputed by the Office for Science and Society at McGill University due to the poor methodological quality of the individual studies that made up the analysis.


title: Craniosacral therapy

text: In October 2012, Edzard Ernst conducted a systematic review of randomized clinical trials of craniosacral therapy. He concluded that "the notion that CST is associated with more than non-specific effects is not based on evidence from rigorous randomised clinical trials." Commenting specifically on this conclusion, Ernst wrote on his blog that he had chosen the wording as "a polite and scientific way of saying that CST is bogus." Ernst also remarked that the quality of five of the six trials he had reviewed was "deplorably poor", a sentiment that echoed an August 2012 review that noted the "moderate methodological quality of the included studies."


title: Craniosacral therapy

text: Ernst criticized a 2011 systematic review performed by Jakel and von Hauenschild for including observational studies and including studies with healthy volunteers. This review concluded that the evidence base surrounding craniosacral therapy and its efficacy was sparse and composed of studies with heterogeneous design. The authors of this review stated that currently available evidence was insufficient to draw conclusions.


title: Craniosacral therapy

text: The evidence base for CST is sparse and lacks a demonstrated biologically plausible mechanism. In the absence of rigorous, well-designed randomized controlled trials, it is a pseudoscience, and its practice quackery.


title: Craniosacral therapy

text: Tests show that CST practitioners cannot in fact identify the purported craniosacral pulse, and different practitioners will get different results for the same patient. The idea of a craniosacral rhythm cannot be scientifically supported.


title: Craniosacral therapy

text: Edzard Ernst wrote that in 2005 in the United Kingdom, a foundation of then-Prince Charles issued a booklet listing CST as one of several popular alternative therapies, but admitted that the therapy was unregulated and lacked either a defined training program or the oversight of a professional body. Ernst writes that this makes the therapists practising CST "less regulated than publicans."


title: Craniosacral therapy

text: Cranial osteopathy, a forerunner of CST, was originated by Sutherland in 1898–1900. While looking at a disarticulated skull, Sutherland was struck by the idea that the cranial sutures of the temporal bones where they meet the parietal bones were "beveled, like the gills of a fish, indicating articular mobility for a respiratory mechanism."


title: Craniosacral therapy

text: From 1975 to 1983, Upledger and neurophysiologist and histologist Ernest W. Retzlaff worked at Michigan State University as clinical researchers and professors. They assembled a research team to investigate the purported pulse and further study Sutherland's theory of cranial bone movement. Later independent reviews of these studies concluded that they presented no good evidence for the effectiveness of craniosacral therapy or the existence of the proposed cranial bone movement.


title: Craniosacral therapy

text: Practitioners of both cranial osteopathy and CST assert that there are small, rhythmic motions of the cranial bones attributed to cerebrospinal fluid pressure or arterial pressure. The premise of CST is that palpation of the cranium can be used to detect this rhythmic movement of the cranial bones and selective pressures may be used to manipulate the cranial bones to achieve a therapeutic result. However, there is no evidence that the bones of the human skull can be moved by such manipulations.


title: Craniosacral therapy

text: The fundamental concepts of cranial osteopathy and CST are inconsistent with the human skull, brain, and spine's known anatomy and physiology. Edzard Ernst has written "to anyone understanding a bit of physiology, anatomy etc. [CST] looks like pure nonsense."


title: Craniosacral therapy

text: In common with many other varieties of alternative medicine, CST practitioners believe all illness is caused by energy or fluid blockages which can be released by physical manipulation. They believe that the bones of the skull move in a rhythmic pattern which they can detect and correct.


title: Craniosacral therapy

text: The therapist lightly palpates the patient's body, and focuses intently on the communicated movements. A practitioner's feeling of being in tune with a patient is described as "entrainment".


title: Craniosacral therapy

text: Comparing it to cranial osteopathy Upledger wrote: "Dr. Sutherland's discovery regarding the flexibility of skull sutures led to the early research behind CranioSacral Therapy– and both approaches affect the cranium, sacrum and coccyx– the similarities end there." However, modern-day cranial osteopaths largely consider the two practices to be the same, but that cranial osteopathy has "been taught to non-osteopaths under the name CranialSacral therapy."


title: David Bowie (1967 album)

text: David Bowie is the debut studio album by English musician David Bowie. It was released in the United Kingdom on 1June 1967 through Decca-subsidiary Deram Records. Following a string of singles that failed to chart and being dismissed from Pye Records in late 1966, Bowie was signed to Deram on the strength of "Rubber Band". After spending autumn of that year writing songs,


title: David Bowie (1967 album)

text: "David Bowie" was recorded from November 1966 to March 1967 at Decca Studios in London with production by Mike Vernon, who hired numerous studio musicians. Bowie and his former Buzz bandmate Derek "Dek" Fearnley composed music charts for the orchestra using Freda Dinn's "Observer's Guide to Music".


title: David Bowie (1967 album)

text: Musically, the album displays a baroque pop and music hall sound influenced by Anthony Newley and the Edwardian styles of contemporary British rock bands. The songs are primarily led by orchestral brass and woodwind instruments rather than traditional instruments in pop music at the time, although some tracks feature guitar. The lyrics are short-story narratives that range from lighthearted to dark, discussing themes from childhood innocence, to drug use and totalitarianism. Bowie utilised various ideologies on the record for his later works. The cover artwork is a headshot of Bowie in a mod haircut wearing a high-collared jacket.


title: David Bowie (1967 album)

text: Released in both mono and stereo, "David Bowie" received positive reviews from music journalists but was a commercial failure due to a lack of promotion from Deram. Two tracks were omitted for its release in the United States in August 1967. Bowie provided more tracks for Deram, all of which were rejected and led to his departure from the label. Retrospective reviews unfavourably compare "David Bowie" to the artist's later works, but some recognise it positively on its own terms. The album was reissued in a two-disc deluxe edition in 2010, which featured both mixes and other tracks from the period.


title: David Bowie (1967 album)

text: Following a string of singles that failed to chart, David Bowie was let go from Pye Records in September 1966. The lack of promotion from Pye also contributed to Bowie's disenchantment with the label. In order to secure him a new record contract, his soon-to-be manager Kenneth Pitt financed a recording session the next month at London's R G Jones Studio. On 18October, Bowie and his backing band the Buzz conducted a four-hour session with a group of local studio musicians, producing a new version of the rejected Pye track "The London Boys" and two new songs, "Rubber Band" and "The Gravedigger". Two days after the session, Pitt showed an acetate of "Rubber Band" to the promotional head of Decca Records, Tony Hall, who was impressed and was eager to hear more, later reflecting: "I must say I did flip. This guy had such a different sound, such a different approach."


title: David Bowie (1967 album)

text: Six days after the session on 24 October, Pitt showed acetates of all three tracks to Decca A&R manager Hugh Mendl and in-house producer Mike Vernon, who were both impressed. Mendl signed Bowie to the label's progressive pop subsidiary label Deram Records and gave him a deal that financed the production of a full-length album and paid £150 for the three tracks and a further advance of £100 for royalties on the album. At the time, being granted an album deal before having a hit single was a rare occurrence. Mendl later stated: "I had a minor obsession about David—I just thought he was the most talented, magical person... I think I would have signed him even if he didn't have such obvious musical talent. But he did have talent. He was bursting with creativity."


title: David Bowie (1967 album)

text: Bowie spent the autumn of 1966 writing songs; at one point, he and Pitt had counted almost 30 new compositions. According to biographer Paul Trynka, his songwriting focused less on traditional instrumentation and more in favour of orchestral arrangements, in the vein of the Beach Boys' recently-released "Pet Sounds". The album sessions officially commenced on 14November at Decca Studio 2 in West Hampstead, London with the recording of "Uncle Arthur" and "She's Got Medals". Vernon produced the entirely of the sessions while Gus Dudgeon engineered. The Buzz contributed with the exception of keyboardist Derek Boyes, who had "suspect appendicitis".


title: David Bowie (1967 album)

text: Rather than hire an arranger, Bowie and Buzz member Derek "Dek" Fearnley used Freda Dinn's "Observer's Guide to Music" to study orchestra arrangements and requested Vernon hire the appropriate musician. Because Fearnley had little experience writing music charts, while Bowie couldn't read music at all, he found it a daunting task, later stating: "It was bloody hard work. I knew how to read the staves and that a bar had four crotches; David had never seen or written a note, so I was the one qualified to write stuff out." He found that when presenting the charts to the musicians, some of whom were members of the London Philharmonic Orchestra, they threw them back and requested new scores, which he had to do himself while Bowie monitored from the control room.


title: David Bowie (1967 album)

text: Recording continued on 24November 1966, when "There Is a Happy Land", "We Are Hungry Men", "Join the Gang" and the B-side "Did You Ever Have a Dream" were completed. Around the same time, Pitt and Bowie's current manager Ralph Horton decided that Bowie would cease live performances so he could focus on recording the album and that he would part ways with the Buzz. Bowie and the Buzz made their final live performance together on 2December, the same day Deram issued the "Rubber Band" single. Recording continued on, with "Sell Me a Coat", "Little Bombardier", "Silly Boy Blue" and "Maid of Bond Street" tracked from 8 to 9December, with "Come and Buy My Toys" and "The Gravedigger", now titled "Please Mr. Gravedigger", following on 12 and 13December, respectively.


title: David Bowie (1967 album)

text: Alongside the Orchestra members, Vernon hired numerous uncredited sessions musicians, some of which included guitarist John Renbourn, whose playing is heard prominently on "Come and Buy My Toys", and multi-instrumentalist Big Jim Sullivan, who contributed banjo on "Did You Ever Have a Dream" and sitar on "Join the Gang". In December, Fearnley's friend Marion Constable contributed backing vocals on "Silly Boy Blue". Later on, Vernon recalled having "a lot of fun" during the sessions and described Bowie as "the easiest person to work with", further adding that "some of the melodies were extremely good, and the actual material, the lyrics, had a quality that was quite unique." This sentiment was echoed by Dudgeon, who told biographer David Buckley that "the music was very filmic, all very visual and all quite honest and unaffected and therefore unique."


title: David Bowie (1967 album)

text: A provisional running order was drawn up at the end of December 1966, which saw the inclusion of tracks that would be removed from the final album, such as "Did You Ever Have a Dream", "Your Funny Smile" and "Bunny Thing". In mid-January 1967, Bowie fired Horton as his manager after months of financial mismanagement and approached Pitt, who took over as his full-time manager in April. On 26January, Bowie and the musicians reconvened at Decca, recording the backing tracks for "The Laughing Gnome" and "The Gospel According to Tony Day", which were chosen as the next single; vocals were added in early February. On 25February, a new version of "Rubber Band" was recorded for inclusion on the album, as well as "Love You till Tuesday" and "When I Live My Dream". These tracks featured uncredited arrangements by Arthur Greenslade. Final touches were added on 1March, completing the sessions. The album was mixed in both mono and stereo, making "David Bowie" one of the first albums to be released in both formats. According to biographer Nicholas Pegg, the two variants featured minor differences in instrumentation and mixing: mono editions used slightly different mixes of "Uncle Arthur" and "Please Mr. Gravedigger".


title: David Bowie (1967 album)

text: "David Bowie" consists of 14 tracks, all of which were written entirely by Bowie himself. His influences at this stage of his career included the theatrical tunes of Anthony Newley, music hall numbers by acts like Tommy Steele, whimsical British material by Ray Davies of the Kinks, Syd Barrett's psychedelic nursery rhymes for the early Pink Floyd, and the Edwardian flair shared by the contemporary works of the Kinks and the Beatles. The desire of Pitt for Bowie to become an "all-around entertainer" rather than a "rock star" also impacted the songwriter's style. As such, the songs range from up-tempo pop, rock and waltz. BBC Music retrospectively categorised it as baroque pop and music hall. Rather than using traditional instruments in pop music at the time, such as guitar, piano, bass and drums, the instruments on "David Bowie" likened to those in music hall and classical music, such as brass instruments (tuba, trumpet and French horn) and woodwind instruments (bassoon, oboe, English horn and piccolo). Biographer David Buckley notes almost an entire absence of lead guitar in the final mix.


title: David Bowie (1967 album)

text: Tracks such as "Rubber Band", "Little Bombardier" and "Maid of Bond Street" are primarily led by brass instruments, while "Uncle Arthur" and "She's Got Medals" are primarily led by woodwinds. "Little Bombardier" and "Maid of Bond Street" are in waltz time, while "Join the Gang" includes sitar and a musical quotation of the Spencer Davis Group's recent hit "Gimme Some Lovin'". The Newley influence is present on "Love You till Tuesday", "Little Bombardier" and "She's Got Medals". Regarding the influence, Newley himself later stated in 1992: "I always made fun of it, in a sense. Most of my records ended in a stupid giggle, trying to tell people that I wasn't being serious. I think Bowie liked that irreverent thing, and his delivery was very similar to mine, that Cockney thing. But then he went on to become madly elegant and very, very original."


title: David Bowie (1967 album)

text: "Love You till Tuesday" and "Come and Buy My Toys" are among the few songs on the album with an acoustic guitar, the former heavily augmented by strings. The latter, in particular, is noted by O'Leary as more minimalist in nature, and exemplifies folk in a way author Peter Doggett likens to Simon & Garfunkel. Described by Buckley as "one of pop's genuinely crazy moments", "Please Mr. Gravedigger" utilises various studio sound effects and no backing instrumentation. Biographers compare it to a radio play from the 1940s and 1950s and consider it a comedic parody of the old British song "Oh! Mr Porter".


title: David Bowie (1967 album)

text: Like the music, the lyrical themes are widespread, ranging from lighthearted, to dark, to funny to sarcastic. Additionally, the characters range from societal outcasts, to losers, "near-philosophers" and dictators. According to biographer Chris O'Leary, "David Bowie" found Bowie composing third-person narratives compared to the first-person love stories of his previous releases, a statement echoed by Kevin Cann, who likens the song narratives to traditional folk stories. In 1976, Bowie commented that "the idea of writing sort of short stories, I thought was quite novel at the time". Mark Spitz writes that it contains several "vaguely dark, arcane English story songs" ("Please Mr. Gravedigger", "Uncle Arthur", "Maid on Bond Street") that Pitt envisioned Bowie performing in lounges. "Rubber Band", "Little Bombardier" and "She's Got Medals" all evoke the Edwardian theme.


title: David Bowie (1967 album)

text: Lighthearted themes, such as childhood innocence, are celebrated in "Sell Me a Coat", "When I Live My Dream" and "Come and Buy My Toys", as well as the psychedelic-influenced "There Is a Happy Land", which took its title and subject matter from the Andrew Young hymn of the same name. "Silly Boy Blue" expresses Bowie's then-recent interest in Buddhism. On the other hand, "Join the Gang" discusses darker ideals such as peer pressure and drug use, while "We Are Hungry Men" depicts a totalitarian world that reflects messianic worship and cannibalism in a comedic way. Meanwhile, "Little Bombardier" concerns a war veteran who is forced to leave town after being suspected for pedophilia, and the a cappella "Please Mr. Gravedigger" details a child-murderer contemplating his next victim while standing in a graveyard.


title: David Bowie (1967 album)

text: "David Bowie" was released in the United Kingdom on 1June 1967, with the catalogue numbers DML 1007 (mono) and SML 1007 (stereo). Its release coincided with the Beatles' "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band". The American release, issued in August 1967, omitted "We Are Hungry Men" and "Maid of Bond Street", which Pegg speculates was possibly due to the US practice of trimming track listings in order to "reduce publishing royalties".


title: David Bowie (1967 album)

text: The sleeve photograph is a full-headshot of Bowie in a mod haircut wearing a high-collared jacket. The sleeve was taken by Fearnley's brother Gerald in his basement studio near Marble Arch, where Bowie and Dek Fearnley had conducted rehearsals for the sessions. Bowie himself chose the jacket and later recalled that he was "very proud" of it, stating "it was actually tailored". Spitz considers the image "very rooted" in the mid-1960s, and "Consequence of Sound" Blake Goble called it "perhaps the most uninteresting and dated album cover of Bowie's career" in 2018. The Pitt-written sleeve notes also described Bowie's vision as "straight and sharp as a laser beam. It cuts through hypocrisy, prejudice and cant. It sees the bitterness of humanity, but rarely bitterly. It sees the humour in our failings, the pathos of our virtues."


title: David Bowie (1967 album)

text: Despite promotional attempts by other countries outside the UK and US, "David Bowie" was a commercial failure, in part due to lack of promotion from Deram. The label were already unimpressed with the "Rubber Band" single and after Tony Hall, who was instrumental in Bowie's signing, departed the company in May 1967, it was apparent they had no interest in promoting. Vernon later stated that Decca "didn't understand what rock music was... at all". Additionally, both "The Laughing Gnome", issued in April, and a new version of "Love You till Tuesday", recorded on 3June and issued on 14July, saw no chart success neither, further signaling Bowie's downturn with the label.


title: David Bowie (1967 album)

text: "David Bowie" received few reviews from music critics on release, although the ones it did receive were positive. In the "New Musical Express", Allen Evans praised the record as "all very refreshing" and called the artist "a very promising talent. And there's a fresh sound to the light musical arrangements by David and Dek Fearnley." Chris Welch of "Melody Maker" enjoyed the album as "a singularly rewarding collection" boasted by "excellent" production. Welch was surprised Bowie had yet to impact the pop scene. A reviewer for "Disc & Music Echo" described the album as "a remarkable, creative debut album by a 19-year-old Londoner," further declaring: "Here is a new talent that deserves attention, for though David Bowie has no great voice, he can project words with a cheeky 'side' that is endearing yet not precious... full of abstract fascination. Try David Bowie. He's something new." The journalist also suggested that Bowie could garner more attention if he "gets the breaker and the right singles". After Pitt sent copies of "David Bowie" to several music executives in order to generate publicity, he received letters of admiration from Lionel Bart, Bryan Forbes and Franco Zeffirelli.


title: David Bowie (1967 album)

text: Bowie went on to record several tracks for Deram, all of which were rejected by the label. In September 1967, Bowie recorded "Let Me Sleep Beside You" and "Karma Man", which marked the beginning of the artist's association with producer Tony Visconti. Both tracks had a radically different sound to the material on "David Bowie", harking back to his pre-Deram mod period. Despite this, Deram refused to release the single, which Pegg saw as possibly due to the suggestive nature of the A-side's title. Bowie quickly proposed swapping the A-side with a new version of "When I Live My Dream", which had been re-recorded in the same session as his third post-album single. Once again Deram refused to release the track, possibly because they felt the sound of this material had failed so many times before. In early 1968, Bowie recorded another two tracks for release as a single: "In the Heat of the Morning" and "London Bye Ta–Ta". Resembling the pop-mod sound of "Let Me Sleep Beside You", "In the Heat of the Morning" was again rejected by Deram.


title: David Bowie (1967 album)

text: The failure of "David Bowie" and its singles, as well as not being able to produce anything with his subsequent material felt worthy of release, resulted in Bowie's departure from Deram in May 1968. Outside of music, Bowie starred in the Michael Armstrong-directed short film "The Image" (1969), which fell into obscurity until 1973. Additionally, Bowie became associated with mime actor Lindsay Kemp, who was a fan of "David Bowie". He acted in the Kemp's mime play "Pierrot in Turquoise" throughout early 1968, where he performed the "David Bowie" songs "When I Live My Dream", "Sell Me a Coat" and "Come and Buy My Toys". Bowie returned to music in late 1968 with the folk rock group Feathers, consisting of himself, dancer Hermione Farthingale and guitarist John Hutchinson. They recorded a single track, "Ching-a-Ling", before splitting in 1969.


title: David Bowie (1967 album)

text: After the commercial failure of "David Bowie", Pitt authorised a promotional film in an attempt to introduce Bowie to a larger audience. The film, "Love You till Tuesday", marked the end of Pitt's mentorship of Bowie and went unreleased until 1984. Knowing "Love You till Tuesday" wouldn't feature any new material, Pitt asked Bowie to write something new. Encompassing the feeling of alienation, he wrote "Space Oddity", a tale about a fictional astronaut named Major Tom. Eighteen months after "David Bowie" release, "Space Oddity" became the artist's first hit.


title: David Bowie (1967 album)

text: "David Bowie", and the Deram period in general, were routinely mocked throughout Bowie's career, being dismissed, in Pegg's words, as "music-hall piffle derived from a passing Anthony Newley fad", a characteristic noted by Gus Dudgeon, who later told Buckley, "it bothered Mike Vernon and me because we'd say, 'Bowie's really good and his songs are fucking great, but he sounds like Anthony Newley'." Buckley himself ridiculed "David Bowie" as a "cringe-inducing piece of juvenilia" only to be braved by "those with a high enough embarrassment threshold". Bowie himself downplayed or disowned the period entirely, calling it "cringey" in 1990. According to Pegg, Bowie's fans have attempted to place blame on Pitt for the record's sound, a theory the manager dismissed in his memoir, stating that it was Bowie's sole idea to "sound like Newley". Pegg also rejects this claim, as Pitt was absent from Bowie's person during the majority of the writing and recording period.


title: David Bowie (1967 album)

text: Other claims made about "David Bowie" include the idea that it sounded like nothing else at the time, which Pegg attributes to Dudgeon's "oft-quoted" description of the album as "about the weirdest thing any record company have ever put out". Pegg debunks this idea, writing that "David Bowie" blend of "folk and short-story narrative" shared similarities with the more commercial releases of the British psychedelia movement of 1966–1967 and that numerous motifs throughout the album, such as wartime nostalgia and childhood innocence, reflected the contemporary ideals of Syd Barrett's Pink Floyd, the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band and the Beatles. The Beatles, in particular, embellished similar ideas as "David Bowie" into their recent records "Revolver" (1966) and "Sgt. Pepper": the latter's "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!" matched the waltz-style of "Little Bombardier", while Pegg compares the styles of "Uncle Arthur", "She's Got Medals" and "Sell Me a Coat" to "Eleanor Rigby", "Lovely Rita" and "She's Leaving Home". Additionally, Buckley writes that Bowie's use of brass and woodwinds on "Rubber Band" predated their use by the Beatles' on "Sgt. Pepper", while Doggett further writes that "Rubber Band" and "With a Little Help from My Friends" both feature lyrical gags about performing "out of tune".


title: David Bowie (1967 album)

text: Regarding the blend of folk, pop and classical, Perone argues that the Moody Blues' "Days of Future Passed", also released by Deram in 1967, was more commercially viable but displayed the combination, sometimes to greater effect, on "David Bowie", particularly on "Rubber Band" and "Sell Me a Coat". Comparing Bowie to the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band, Pegg states that the Bonzos' debut single "My Brother Makes the Noises for the Talkies" contained sound effects that Bowie utilised for "We Are Hungry Men", "Please Mr. Gravedigger" and the outtake "Toy Soldier", and later "Ching-a-Ling".


title: David Bowie (1967 album)

text: Commentators have noted themes on "David Bowie" that would inform the artist's later work. "We Are Hungry Men" is told by a self-styled messiah whose persona would reappear in different forms in works throughout his entire career. Perone further argues that the track anticipated the post-punk and new wave styles of the late 1970s, naming Talking Heads' and second albums. Additionally, the folk of "Come and Buy My Toys" anticipated Bowie's exploration of the genre on his second self-titled album in 1969, while Doggett finds the sense of desperation on "Rubber Band" predated the "Station to Station" (1976) and ""Heroes"" LPs (1977). Biographers also contend that the gender-bending themes of "She's Got Medals" predated 1971's "Queen Bitch" and 1974's "Rebel Rebel".


title: David Bowie (1967 album)

text: Retrospective reviews of "David Bowie" have been mixed, with many comparing it unfavourably to Bowie's later works. Writing for AllMusic, Dave Thompson called it "an intriguing collection, as much in its own right as for the light it sheds on Bowie's future career" and concluded that "though this material has been repackaged with such mind-numbing frequency as to seem all but irrelevant today, "David Bowie" still remains a remarkable piece of work. And it sounds less like anything else he's ever done than any subsequent record in his catalog." The same publication's Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted that although the record does not provide a good indication of Bowie's future works, on its own it remains "a fascinating, highly enjoyable debut". Reviewing in 2010, BBC Music's Sean Egan found an "unrefined" talent in Bowie, noting "above average" lyrics that are "hardly deep". Nevertheless, he praised Bowie's commitment to the project, concluding that ""David Bowie" is hardly an essential listen but historically interesting as unmistakably the entrée of someone with a future." In 2017, Dave Swanson of "Ultimate Classic Rock" commented that while the music was joyful, the record was out of place with the music industry at the time, which he argued mostly contributed to its failure.


title: David Bowie (1967 album)

text: Bowie's biographers have held mixed opinions on "David Bowie". "NME" critics Roy Carr and Charles Shaar Murray have said, "a listener strictly accustomed to David Bowie in his assorted '70s guises would probably find this debut album either shocking or else simply quaint", while Buckley describes its status in the Bowie discography as "the vinyl equivalent of the madwoman in the attic". Perone finds the debut showcases the artist displaying a wide variety of musical styles "generally to good effect". Trynka praises Bowie's confidence and highlights individual tracks, such as "We Are Hungry Men" and "Uncle Arthur", but notes that he lacked ambition and commerciality at the time. Doggett similarly contends that its "whimsical character studies" stood against the "psychedelic ambiance" of the era. Pegg writes that "it seems a pity that "David Bowie" is only ever considered in terms of what we can extrapolate from it... Thankfully, it does seem that pop musicologists are at last beginning to regard "David Bowie" not just as a quirky set of embryonic twitterings, but as an album that's actually worth considering in its own right."


title: David Bowie (1967 album)

text: In a 2016 list ranking Bowie's studio albums from worst to best, Bryan Wawzenek of "Ultimate Classic Rock" placed "David Bowie" at number 23 (out of 26), criticising Bowie's vocal performances, lyrics and overall sound that lacks "wit and energy". Including Bowie's two albums with Tin Machine, the writers of "Consequence of Sound" ranked "David Bowie" number 26 (out of 28) in their 2018 list. Goble called it "an awkward artifact", representing signs of what was to come for the artist but as a standalone album, it remains "not essential".


title: David Bowie (1967 album)

text: Bowie's Deram recordings have been recycled in a multitude of compilation albums, including "The World of David Bowie" (1970), "Images 1966–1967" (1973), "Another Face" (1981), "Rock Reflections" (1990), and "The Deram Anthology 1966–1968" (1997).


title: David Bowie (1967 album)

text: Deram first reissued "David Bowie" on LP in August 1984, followed by a CD release in April 1989. In January 2010, Deram and Universal Music reissued the album in a remastered two-disc deluxe edition package. Containing 53 total tracks, the deluxe edition compiles both the original mono and stereo mixes, Bowie's other Deram recordings, such as "The London Boys" and "The Laughing Gnome", single mixes, previously unreleased stereo mixes, alternate takes and for the first time, Bowie's first BBC radio session ("Top Gear", December 1967). The tracks were remastered by Peter Mew and Tris Penna, who previously undertook Virgin's deluxe reissue of "Space Oddity". Penna stated in the deluxe edition liner notes that they wanted "to ensure [the tracks] sounded as good, if not better, than when they were first released".


title: David Bowie (1967 album)

text: Reviewing the deluxe edition for "The Second Disc", Joe Marchese considered it a welcome supplement to "The Deram Anthology 1966–1968" that showed Bowie had talent but lacked direction. He concluded that the set allows listeners to reexamine "David Bowie" and "makes the best possible case for this 'lost era' of Bowie history". Pegg similarly called the set "excellent". Barry Walters of "Rolling Stone" described the collection as an "early portrait of pop's ultimate shape-shifter". Erlewine praised the addition of the new tracks, arguing that they enhance the debut rather than diminish it, fully offering more insight into Bowie's talent at this stage of his career. On the other hand, Egan found that while the collection was "comprehensive", it is also "aesthetically too much even if the parent album was the greatest ever made".


title: David Bowie (1967 album)

text: Two versions were released on LP in the UK: mono and stereo. Mono editions use slightly different mixes of "Uncle Arthur" and "Please Mr. Gravedigger". The American release omits "We Are Hungry Men" and "Maid of Bond Street".


title: Molar ionization energies of the elements

text: These tables list values of molar ionization energies, measured in kJ⋅mol. This is the energy per mole necessary to remove electrons from gaseous atoms or atomic ions. The first molar ionization energy applies to the neutral atoms. The second, third, etc., molar ionization energy applies to the further removal of an electron from a singly, doubly, etc., charged ion. For ionization energies measured in the unit eV, see "Ionization energies of the elements (data page)". All data from rutherfordium onwards is predicted.


title: Poet

text: A poet is a person who studies and creates poetry. Poets may describe themselves as such or be described as such by others. A poet may simply be the creator (thinker, songwriter, writer, or author) who creates (composes) poems (oral or written), or they may also perform their art to an audience.


title: Poet

text: The work of a poet is essentially one of communication, expressing ideas either in a literal sense (such as communicating about a specific event or place) or metaphorically. Poets have existed since prehistory, in nearly all languages, and have produced works that vary greatly in different cultures and periods. Throughout each civilization and language, poets have used various styles that have changed over time, resulting in countless poets as diverse as the literature that (since the advent of writing systems) they have produced.


title: Poet

text: In Ancient Rome, professional poets were generally sponsored by patrons, wealthy supporters including nobility and military officials. For instance, Gaius Cilnius Maecenas, friend to Caesar Augustus, was an important patron for the Augustan poets, including both Horace and Virgil. While Ovid, a well established poet, was banished from Rome by the first Augustus.


title: Poet

text: Poets held an important position in pre-Islamic Arabic society with the poet or "sha'ir" filling the role of historian, soothsayer and propagandist. Words in praise of the tribe ("qit'ah") and lampoons denigrating other tribes ("hija"') seem to have been some of the most popular forms of early poetry. The "sha'ir" represented an individual tribe's prestige and importance in the Arabian peninsula, and mock battles in poetry or "zajal" would stand in lieu of real wars. 'Ukaz, a market town not far from Mecca, would play host to a regular poetry festival where the craft of the "sha'irs" would be exhibited.


title: Poet

text: In the High Middle Ages, troubadors were an important class of poets and came from a variety of backgrounds. They lived and travelled in many different places and were looked upon as actors or musicians as much as poets. They were often under patronage, but many travelled extensively.


title: Poet

text: The Renaissance period saw a continuation of patronage of poets by royalty. Many poets, however, had other sources of income, including


title: Poet

text: Italians like Dante Aligheri, Giovanni Boccaccio and Petrarch's works in a pharmacist's guild and William Shakespeare's work in the theater.


title: Poet

text: In the Romantic period and onwards, many poets were independent writers who made their living through their work, often supplemented by income from other occupations or from family. This included poets such as William Wordsworth and Robert Burns.


title: Poet

text: Poets of earlier times were often well read and highly educated people while others were to a large extent self-educated. A few poets such as John Gower and John Milton were able to write poetry in more than one language. Some Portuguese poets, as Francisco de Sá de Miranda, wrote not only in Portuguese but also in Spanish. Jan Kochanowski wrote in Polish and in Latin, France Prešeren and Karel Hynek Mácha wrote some poems in German, although they were poets of Slovenian and Czech respectively. Adam Mickiewicz, the greatest poet of Polish language, wrote a Latin ode for emperor Napoleon III. Another example is Jerzy Pietrkiewicz, a Polish poet. When he moved to Great Britain, he ceased to write poetry in Polish, but started writing novel in English. He also translated poetry from English and into English.


title: Poet

text: Many universities offer degrees in creative writing though these only came into existence in the 20th century. While these courses are not necessary for a career as a poet, they can be helpful as training, and for giving the student several years of time focused on their writing.


title: Poet

text: Lyrical poets who write sacred poetry ("hymnographers") differ from the usual image of poets in a number of ways. A hymnographer such as Isaac Watts who wrote 700 poems in his lifetime, may have their lyrics sung by millions of people every Sunday morning, but are not always included in anthologies of poetry. Because hymns are perceived of as "worship" rather than "poetry," the term "artistic kenosis" is sometimes used to describe the hymnographer's success in "emptying out" the instinct to succeed as a poet. A singer in the pew might have several of Watts's stanzas memorized, without ever knowing his name or thinking of him as a poet.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The Toyota Corolla (E140/E150) is the tenth generation of cars sold by Toyota under the Corolla nameplate. The Toyota Auris replaced the Corolla hatchback in Japan and Europe, but was still badged "Corolla" in Australia and New Zealand.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The chassis of the E140 is based on the Toyota MC platform, with the E150 model deriving from the New MC platform. In other words, the Japanese market E140 carried its MC platform over from the previous E120. The versions sold in the Americas, Southeast Asia and the Middle East are based on the widened edition of this platform. Models sold in Australia, Europe and South Africa used the more sophisticated New MC underpinnings, and were thus designated as E150. The wide-body E150 was first released in China and Europe in early 2007, while the wide-body E140 was released in Americas and parts of Asia later in the year.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The tenth-generation Corolla (E140) was released in Japan on 10 October 2006. The saloon is now known as the Corolla Axio. The Axio name was created from the Greek word "axia", meaning "things with value". The estate version retains the Corolla Fielder name. The dimensions for the Corolla sold in Japan are smaller than vehicles made for export so as to remain in compliance with Japanese government regulations concerning exterior dimensions and engine displacement.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The Corolla Axio gets Toyota's latest intelligent parking-assist system. The option costs , or at current exchange rates. A backup camera monitor is standard. On Japanese models only, G-BOOK, a subscription telematics service, is offered as an option. The Luxel being the highest trim level, offers additional features such as Dynamic radar Cruise Control and tiptronic transmission. The G mid range model receives a set of projector headlamps, factory-fitted audio system with steering audio controls, Push button start, speedometer clusters with additional tachometer clusters and automatic climate controls.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The Japanese model included a rear-view monitor which displays an image of the area at the rear of the vehicle while backing up to reduce the burden on the driver while parking. Also, the optional Intelligent Parking Assist system supports steering operations when parallel parking and backing into a parking space. Ultrasonic sensors installed on the front of the vehicle detect other parked vehicles and, based on the results, estimate the physical dimensions of a vacant parking space and set the target parking position.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The Corolla Axio introduced a Pre-Crash Safety System that uses millimeter-wave radar. When the millimeter-wave radar detects a high risk of collision, the Pre-Crash Seatbelts improves initial restraint capabilities for passengers while the Pre-Crash Brake Assist System decelerates the vehicle to reduce the collision speed and contribute to less damage induced by collision. The Radar Cruise Control system detects and monitors the preceding vehicle and the lane, maintaining a fixed distance according to the preceding vehicle's speed within a preset range of speed.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: Both the Corolla Axio and Corolla Fielder received their facelift on 28 October 2008. The Corolla Axio only received a redesigned front grille and rear lights, while the Corolla Fielder also received a redesigned front bumper.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The Axio GT is a version based on Corolla Axio based on the Axio N2 race car. It includes turbocharged 1NZ-FE engine rated and , intercooler, 5-speed manual transmission, TRD Sportivo suspension, 'GT' emblem, leather shift knob, 'TRD Turbo' aero grill, front spoiler, side mud guard, TF4 17-inch wheels with Michelin Pilot Preceda PP2 215/45R17 tires, rear spoiler, drive monitor, grey interior, enhanced clutch cover. The vehicle went on sale in February 2009 in Japan.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The GT TRD and TRD GT Packages are accessory packages for Corolla Axio (GT TRD) and Corolla Fielder (TRD GT).


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: In motorsport use, Team apr participated in GT300 class of Super GT, replacing their MR-S with a midship layout Axio E141 in 2009 season.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The Corolla Axio apr GT (NZE141) is a Corolla Axio race car for 2009 SUPER GT GT300 class race. It includes 3.5L 2GR-FSE V6 engine rated over at 6800 rpm, HEWLAND 6-speed sequential transmission, Ogura Clutch Triple Plate, AP Braking System, RAYS 18-inch wheels. The apr GT race car weighs roughly at 1100 kg. The vehicle No.74 was unveiled at the 2009 Tokyo Auto Salon.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The wide-body version of the E140 Corolla was released from late 2007 as a 2008 model year and is larger in dimensions, while retaining many aspects in styling found on the Japanese model. In July 2010, a facelift to the Corolla Altis was introduced, with new ZR engines replacing the ZZ engines found on the 1.6L and 1.8L models. New bumpers, grille, air dams, rear combination lamps differentiate the facelift from the earlier model years.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: A subtle difference between the E140 wide body and that of the E150 wide body would be at the front and rear fender panel lines that are between the front and the rear wheel arch; the international E140 has in-built side skirts that fuses with the side profile of the car while the E150 does not.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The models which use a wider and longer version of the Axio's platform, have styling similar to that of the Camry's while providing a list of added equipment towards its interior standard list.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: A facelift was done in mid-2010, which revised the front and rear fascia of the Corolla with new bumpers and slimmer grille reminiscent to the Camry. New ZR engines replaced the outgoing ZZ engines for the 1.6-litre and 1.8-litre models.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: In Hong Kong, Corollas sold were based on the international market models and the Corolla was fitted with the 1.5-litre "1NZ-FE" engine. The Corolla sold in Hong Kong is made in Japan, although it does vary from the Japanese market model with minor revisions to the front such as the headlamps and air dams. It is available in Luxury and Advantage variants.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The Indian version of the Corolla marketed as 'Corolla Altis' is assembled in Bidadi near Bangalore. The pre-facelift version (2008–2010) had a 1.8-litre ZZ engine with 132 bhp mated to a 5-speed manual or a 4-speed automatic gearbox. A 1.4-litre 1ND-TV diesel engine unique to India and Spain with 88 bhp mated to a 6-speed manual gearbox debuted in 2010. In 2011, the Altis was facelifted and the older ZZ engine was replaced by an updated 1.8 ZR engine producing 140 bhp and was mated to a 6-speed manual like the diesel while a CVT gearbox replaced the outdated 4-speed automatic. The diesel was left untouched mechanically and had a different grill to differentiate it from the petrol.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The Corolla Altis was launched on 28 February 2008, and offered in the base "J", popular mid-level "G", and luxury "V" trim levels. All were powered by the 1.8-litre 1ZZ-FE engine with VVT-i. The J is only available with manual transmission, while the G and V are automatic only. On 30 April 2009, the V's 1.8-litre 1ZZ-FE engine was replaced with a 2.0-litre 3ZR-FE engine, mated to an automatic transmission. The G and V trim levels featured smart entry with start button system and automatic climate control.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: As with Indonesia, the Corolla Altis was launched in March 2008 in Malaysia as well. It was offered in 5 variants – 1.8G, 1.8G Sporty, 1.8E, 1.8E Sporty and 1.6E. All variants were equipped with the 1ZZ-FE engine model with the exception of the 1.6E, that used the 3ZZ-FE engine. Manual transmission for the Corolla Altis was not available in Malaysia. Each of these 5 variants came with 4-speed automatic transmission with Super ECT.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: In Pakistan, the E140 Corolla was launched in August 2008. It was offered in 4 trim levels: XLi, GLi, Corolla Altis and Corolla Diesel. The facelift version was launched in April 2011.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The XLi is offered with Toyota's 85 hp, 1.3L 2NZ-FE engine. Pakistan was the only market to use the 2NZ-FE in the Corolla. This model does not have airbags, ABS or power windows. It is only offered in two colours, black and white.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The GLi is offered with the same 1.3L engine as the XLi but it comes equipped with ABS, and power windows. No airbags are offered on this model. Metallic colours are available in the GLi.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The Corolla 2.0D comes equipped with Toyota's 1989 2C engine which produces 74 hp. The model does not have airbags, ABS or power windows. It is only offered in two colours: black and white.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The Corolla 2.0D Saloon has the same engine as the Corolla 2.0D. The model is only available with a 5-speed manual. The 2.0D Saloon comes equipped with alloy rims, side skirts, optitron speedometer, wooden inserts in the interior and a single driver side airbag. Optional extra on the model is the sunroof.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The facelift for the Corolla was launched on 11 April 2011. Initially only the XLi and GLi trims were available, with modifications to the front and rear lights, front grill, and bumpers, along with a revised interior colour scheme. The 1.8L model with the 1ZZ-FE engine was ceased and was replaced with the 1.6L model with the 1ZR-FE engine producing 122 bhp. The facelift Altis was launched in May 2011. The Altis comes with wood grain panel inserts in the interior, optitron speedometer, 5-spoke alloy rims, fog lamps, power windows, power seats, ABS with EBD, driver side SRS airbag and a 6-speed (forward) manual transmission. Optional on the Altis is a 4-speed super ECT automatic transmission and sunroof.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The GLi model is also offered with a 4-speed super ECT automatic transmission and the 1.6L 1ZR-FE engine. This version of the GLi is the same as the 1.3L GLi, albeit with the 1.6L engine and the 4-speed ECT automatic transmission, hence making it very similar to the Altis, save for the alloy rims and the wooden inserts in the interior.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The tenth generation Corolla was launched as the Corolla Altis in the Philippines on 7 March 2008. It has three variants, the 2.0, 1.8 and 1.6 V, all came with automatic transmission, the 1.6 G available in either manual or automatic transmission, and the 1.6 E, with manual transmission. The 1.6-litre and 1.8-litre engine is the same 3ZZ-FE and 1ZZ-FE motor used in the ninth generation Corolla, whereas the 2.0-litre variant is powered by the newer 3ZR-FE engine equipped with Dual VVT-i technology.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: Toyota Motors Philippines upgraded the Corolla Altis in September 2010. The 2.0V is equipped with CVT to replace the 4-speed AT while the manual transmission for the 1.6 variants have 6 gears instead of the previous 5. All variants uses the newer ZR engines equipped with Dual VVT-i technology.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: A minor update to the Altis was launched in the later part of 2011. It now has a redesigned front and rear fascia and updated wheel designs. It now has powered windows and central-locking doors as standard. It has 4 variants:


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: Singapore received the E140 Corolla Altis on 6 December 2007, and it was the first Asian market to receive the 10th generation Corolla. The same 1.6-litre 3ZZ-FE and 1.8-litre 1ZZ-FE engines were used from the previous generation and continued to be marketed in both 1.6 and 1.8-litre versions. Automatic transmissions were only available to meet Euro IV emissions standards at that time. In late 2008 for a short period, the Altis was offered with racing bodykit alongside the Vios including a low bootlid spoiler, aftermarket 16" rims, brushed silver gear knob and pedals, with a "racing" badge to differentiate its special run. Thereafter in late 2009, the trims for the 1.6 model were split into LX and Elegance, with the latter having multi-spoke 15-inch rims, foglamps, leather seats, chromed inner door handles and touchscreen audio head-unit with reversing camera included.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: In September 2010, the facelifted model of the Altis was introduced, utilising Dual VVT-i engine technology (i.e. 1ZR-FE) for the 1.6-litre version and the engines met the Euro V emissions standards. In 2012 onwards, models did away without foglamps and it received factory installed head-unit installed on the Elegance trim. The 1.6 model was a more popular choice which made it Singapore's No.1 Car for consecutive years.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: There is also a Japanese market model (including Axio saloon and Fielder estate) available under parallel import status (parallel dealers buy the vehicle overseas and do the shipping, custom declaration, vehicle testing & warranty by themselves) from smaller agencies instead of buying from the local dealer. Grades available are the standard X variant and the higher-spec G variant. The Japanese market model, along with the Japanese market Camry and Wish, were once fitted with CNG and used on a small number of taxis there.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: A Japanese-built version of the Corolla saloon is sold in Sri Lanka. The petrol version is offered with the 1.6-litre 3ZZ engine while the diesel version on offer has the 2-litre 2C engine with 5-speed manual transmission only. The body shape is same as ASEAN-marketed Corolla Altis design. This model is locally known as the Corolla 141.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The Corolla Altis was launched on 2 February 2008, and offered in the base "J", popular mid-level "G", and luxury "V" trim levels. All were powered by the 1.8-litre 1ZZ-FE engine with VVT-i. The 1.6-litre 3ZZ-FE engine with VVT-i, while the G and V are automatic only. In early 2009, the J's 1.6-litre 3ZZ-FE engine was replaced with a 2.0-litre 3ZR-FE engine, mated to an automatic transmission. The G and V trim levels feature smart entry and start system and automatic climate control.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: In July 2010, Toyota facelifted the Corolla Altis with new bumpers, grille, air dams, rear combination lamps, including the newer 1.8-litre 2ZR-FE engine with Dual VVT-i. The 1.8 J was replaced with new 1.8 E as the base trim level. Mated with the new engines, the 1.8 E and 2.0 E came with a CVT.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The Corolla Altis introduced in Thailand on 24 January 2008, which currently manufactures the Corolla Altis, is offered a total of four grades (J, E, G and V). Thailand was the only country that offered all existing grades of the new Altis, whilst export markets are only given a fraction of the Thai range in varying combinations.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The 1.8-litre and 2.0-litre variants of the facelifted Corolla Altis are fitted with Super CVT-i gearbox while the 1.6-litre variants remain using the same 4-speed auto gearbox as earlier. Grades available for the Corolla Altis in Thailand varies from the basic 1.6J to the high spec 2.0V Navi variant. The facelifted 1.8-litre variant is fitted with the 2ZR-FBE Flexifuel engine.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The North American Corolla (E140) has a completely different exterior design from the Japanese Corolla Axio, and instead retains the ASEAN-marketed Corolla Altis design. This Corolla was unveiled on 31 October 2007, at the SEMA show in Las Vegas, started production in November 2007 and became available in US dealerships in January 2008, as a 2009 model. Only the saloon is sold, although the second generation Corolla Matrix (commonly referred to as just "Matrix"), which shares the E140 platform and engines, is considered the Corolla's hatchback counterpart.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The new Corolla has similar styling cues to its bigger brother, the Toyota Camry, while also having styling commonality with its little brother, the Yaris. Overall driving dynamics have been improved compared to its predecessor through the use of a new Electronic Power Steering system as well as an upgraded suspension and improved chassis. The interior quality has been improved through the use of new materials and the addition of more room for passengers. Reviewers note that the Corolla represents a gradual evolution over the previous iteration, without straying too far from the formula as a plain but reliable, fuel-efficient, simple and inexpensive form of transportation.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: A total of five trim levels (Standard, S, LE, XLE and XRS) are being offered in the US, Canada has 4 trim levels (CE, LE, Sport (or S) and XRS). The LE and S have a similar MSRP and are very similar mechanically, the main differences being the S's spoiler, underskirts and silver interior highlights. The XRS also has a spoiler and underskirts like the S, but it has a larger 2.4 L engine, rear disc brakes, a sport-tuned suspension, and standard stability and traction control.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The base (standard and CE) and S trims are available with either a five-speed manual or four-speed automatic transmission, while the LE (unlike the previous generation) and XLE are automatic only. The XRS grade is equipped with the 2.4-litre 2AZ-FE I4 engine, the same one used in the Camry, good for and of torque, with a choice of five-speed manual or five-speed automatic transmissions. The XRS takes 7.9 seconds to and 16.0 seconds for the quarter-mile. All other trims have Toyota's new 1.8-litre 2ZR-FE four-cylinder engine with and of torque. Corollas with the 1.8-litre engine have an EPA fuel economy rating of 27 mpg city/35 mpg highway. The 2.4-litre is rated at 22 mpg/30 mpg with the automatic and 22 mpg/29 mpg with the manual. All engines are ULEV II certified. Toyota carried over the 13.2 gal fuel tank from earlier models. In order to help improve fuel economy, the new Corolla uses an electric-power-steering unit instead of a belt-driven-hydraulic pump.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The Corolla offers technological conveniences such as an auxiliary audio jack for MP3 players, upgraded JBL audio, tilt/telescopic steering wheel, steering wheel-mounted audio controls, a purse hook, and a hands-free Bluetooth mobile phone system. Traction control and Vehicle Stability Control (VSC) are standard on the top-of-the-line XRS, and are available as options on the US market LE and XLE trims.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: In 2009 (2010 US model year vehicles), S models received the Optitron XRS gauges as standard equipment and new 16-inch steel wheel cover designs. XLE models were now available with an optional automatic climate control and a metallic finish to the steering wheel panels. All models now have The Star Safety System includes Vehicle Stability Control (VSC), Traction Control (TRAC), Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), Electronic Brake-force Distribution (EBD), Brake Assist (BA) and Smart Stop Technology brake override system as standard equipment.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: In Mexico, the Corolla is offered in three trim levels: LE which comes standard with 16-inch steel wheels and wheel covers and with both manual and automatic transmission, then the mid-range XLE now comes with 16-inch alloy wheels and wood inserts in the interior and it is only available with an automatic transmission, and the XRS with the 2.4-litre 2AZ-FE I4 engine. The Mexican-spec Corolla is built at the Cambridge plant in Ontario. Canada, Mexico and the US are the only countries that receive the Corolla from this assembly plant.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: For the 2011 model year, the XRS and XLE trims were discontinued for the US market (XRS is still available in Canada). The revised Corolla features new front and rear exterior styling and interior design changes, including a redesigned front grille, headlights, front and rear bumpers, new wheel designs, rear chrome garnish, rear combination lamps and boot lid. The interior adds a metallic trim (LE and S trims), new fabrics and a sport tilt/telescopic steering wheel (S grade). Corolla also features two new colours, Nautical Blue Metallic and Sandy Beach Metallic. New standard features for the LE trim include cruise control, Remote Keyless Entry, two additional audio speakers and variable intermittent windshield wipers with a mist cycle. The S trim adds standard cruise control, Remote Keyless Entry, 16-inch alloy wheels and a colour-keyed rear deck spoiler.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: In 2011 (for the 2012 model year), the Corolla received a few feature upgrades, including a new standard audio system with the USB port, Bluetooth and steering audio controls for the US and Canadian LE trim. The US Corolla L received power windows, power door locks and remote keyless entry.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The Corolla comes standard with dual front airbags, front and rear row side curtain airbags and front row side torso airbags. ABS and active headrests are also standard. Beginning in 2009 (2010 model year), Toyota's Vehicle Stability Control and traction control became standard on all trims.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety gave the Corolla its "Top Safety Pick" accolade. The Corolla earned a "Good" overall score in the front impact crash test, with "Good" marks in all six measured front impact categories. And the Corolla received another "Good" overall score for the side impact crash test. The Corolla nearly earned perfect marks in all nine measured side impact test categories but was given an "Average" score for rear passenger pelvis/leg protection. However the Corolla earned a "Good" rating in the side impact structure/safety category which is uncommon in compact car segment.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: Certain 2009 to 2010 model year Toyota Corollas (mainly US-built models with VIN# beginning in "1NX" or "2T1") were subject to the 2010 Toyota vehicle recalls regarding floor mat and accelerator pedal replacement.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: On 10 October 2012, Toyota issued a recall for 2009 model year Corolla and Matrix, along with ten other models. The recall notices stated that improperly lubricated driver's side power window master switch may develop a “notchy” or sticky feel, and that improper aftermarket lubrication may present a fire hazard. The repair involves lubricating the switch assembly with a special fluorine grease.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The tenth generation Corolla was launched in Brazil on 26 March 2008, and in Argentina in April 2008. It was produced in Brazil with two engines (a 1.6 and a 1.8-litre petrol engine – petrol/ethanol in Brazil) and three models: the base XLi, the intermediate XEi and the higher spec SE-G.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The Toyota Corolla E150 made in Japan is sold in Bolivia by Toyota Bolivia. Grey imports allow sale in Bolivia US Spec from USA/Canada/Japan and Corolla Axio from Japan.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The tenth generation Corolla went on sale in Jamaica in October 2007. It is available in 1.5L and 1.8L models. The 1.5L breaks down into two models; the first of which comes without alloy wheels and fog lamps and the other with alloy wheels and fog lamps. The 1.8L model however, comes standard with leather interior and a sunroof. All models feature 4-wheel anti-lock disc brakes.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The Corolla XEI with 2 airbags for Latin America received 4 stars for adult occupants and 1 star for toddlers from Latin NCAP in 2010.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The E150 version appears identical to the E140 wide-body, but has a subtle difference in the front and rear fender panel lines between the front and rear wheel arc region. Its chassis has a different, more sophisticated underpinnings based on the New MC platform. The global debut of the international variant of the tenth generation Corolla was staged in November 2006 at the Beijing Auto Show.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The Corolla E150 was launched at the 2006 Beijing Auto Show and commenced production in 2007. It was built at its plant in Tianjin, and the facelift arrived in September 2010 for the 2011 model year. Engine and gearbox choices available were the 1.6-litre 1ZR-FE, 1.8 litre 2ZR-FE and the 2.0-litre 3ZR-FE paired with the 5-speed manual and 4 speed-automatic for the 1.6 GL models while the 6-speed manual and CVT gearboxes were standard on 1.8GL, 1.8GLX and 2.0GLX models. Pricing ranged between 131,800 yuan and 199,800 yuan (US$25,730–$39,000). Production ended in June 2014 when the Toyota Corolla (E180) replaced it.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: This generation of the Corolla was launched in South Africa in September 2007. Unlike in some countries, Corolla mainly refers to the saloon and not the hatchback, which in South Africa is known as the Toyota Auris. This generation is lower and wider than its predecessor. Toyota South Africa Motors achieved a new all-time sales record for the South African motor industry in October 2007 with the Corolla (including Auris) leading the vehicle sales chart.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The new Corolla was introduced to the Australian market on 18 May 2007. It was available in both saloon and hatchback models, with more safety features and higher levels of luxury. The new 1.8-litre 2ZR-FE Dual VVT-i - with variable valve timing for both intake and exhaust camshafts - was the only engine available for the Australian model. It promised better fuel economy than its predecessor whilst retaining its 100 kW power output. This figure decreased when the previous model's 1.8-litre four-cylinder engine dropped to 93 kW of power and 161 Nm of torque (from 171 Nm) in late 2005 to meet the 2006 Euro IV emissions requirements. A new 6-speed manual gearbox was standard, with a 4-speed automatic optional, despite speculation of a 5-speed like the new Honda Civic, a robotised 5-speed optional in the European Auris, or a CVT available in the Japanese model.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: All Australian models of Corolla ran on the E150 platform, unlike the North American and Asian versions. Therefore, certain chassis parts were not interchangeable.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The new Corolla was available in five trim levels for the hatch (Ascent, Ascent Sport, Conquest, Levin SX and Levin ZR) and four for the saloon (Ascent, Ascent Sport, Conquest and Ultima - auto only), with the Corolla estate discontinued in Australia. The Levin ZR and Ultima grade featured HID xenon headlamps, rain sensing wipers, smart entry and start system and automatic climate control. Safety equipment levels was also improved with ABS brakes and dual airbags standard across the range, whilst side, curtain, driver's knee airbag and stability and traction control was optional on Ascent and Levin SX models and standard on Conquest, Levin ZR and Ultima models from December 2008 production. Other changes from December 2008 production included a revised six-speed manual transmission across all models except the auto only Ultima saloon that had improved gear ratios and the adoption of smart entry activation on front passenger and back door on Levin ZR model. Although the new hatch was badged Auris name in most world markets, the Corolla name was retained for the Australian market.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: The Corolla received a four star ANCAP safety rating for occupant safety and a three star rating for pedestrian safety.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: Like Australia, all models are marketed under the Corolla nameplate. The range is similar to the Australian range with the same engines and drivetrain, however, models are designated as the base GX and higher spec GLX. What distinguishes the New Zealand range from the rest of the world is the addition of the Corolla Fielder estate version, which is otherwise only seen in the Japan market. With estate cars so popular in New Zealand, demand for the previous model was enough to justify it. New Zealand is the only export market for the estate. It is marketed as the Corolla GX Wagon with the 1NZ-FE engine. While the hatch and saloon feature the 1.8-litre 2ZR-FE Dual VVT-i, the estate features the Japanese market 1.5-litre, 4-cylinder, 16-valve, DOHC VVT-i engine. It is specified lower than the GX model hatch and saloon due to the estate being aimed at the price-conscious fleet market and priced accordingly. The hatchback gained two diesel motors in June 2008, with both the 1.4 and 2.0 D4-D engines joining the local range, albeit only with manual transmissions. The diesel cars are European spec models built in Japan, the 1.4 version having its motor shipped from Europe to be placed in the New Zealand spec cars.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: Toyota was widely criticised by the motoring press for selling the new Corolla in Australia and New Zealand without Electronic Stability Control, which can reduce the chances of a fatal accident by up to 55 percent. Electronic Stability Control has been available on American versions of the Corolla for several years. The stability control concern was partially addressed with the diesel Corollas offering ESC as standard. The facelift in 2010 saw the addition of the safety equipment on all models bar the Japanese-spec estate.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: In Ireland, the E150 series Corolla was launched in December 2006 for sale in January 2007. That made it one of the first countries in the world to receive this model. The saloon version is available along with the Auris (and an Auris van) with a 1.4-litre 97 bhp (71 kW) 4ZZ-FE petrol engine or a 1.4-litre 90 bhp D-4D diesel engine in Terra, Strata, Luna and Sol trim levels (estate is not available). European models are built in Turkey and Japan. Saloon versions are more popular in Ireland than the recently launched Auris.


title: Toyota Corolla (E140)

text: However, British buyers were only offered the Auris, although Toyota did offer the E150 in Belgium, Luxembourg and Spain.


title: Gustavo Dudamel

text: Gustavo Adolfo Dudamel Ramírez (born 26 January 1981) is a Venezuelan conductor and violinist who is the music director of the Simón Bolívar Symphony Orchestra, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, and the Paris Opera.


title: Gustavo Dudamel

text: Dudamel was born in Barquisimeto, Venezuela, the son of a trombonist and a voice teacher. He studied music from an early age, becoming involved with El Sistema, the famous Venezuelan musical education program, and took up the violin at age ten. He soon began to study composition. He attended the Jacinto Lara Conservatory, where José Luis Jiménez was among his violin teachers. He then went on to work with José Francisco del Castillo at the Latin-American Violin Academy.


title: Gustavo Dudamel

text: Dudamel began to study conducting in 1995, first with Rodolfo Saglimbeni, then later with José Antonio Abreu. In 1999, he was appointed music director of the Orquesta Sinfónica Simón Bolívar, the national youth orchestra of Venezuela, and toured several countries. He attended Charles Dutoit's master class in Buenos Aires in 2002, and worked as assistant for Simon Rattle in Berlin and Salzburg in 2003.


title: Gustavo Dudamel

text: Dudamel won a number of competitions, including the Gustav Mahler Conducting Competition in Germany in 2004. His reputation began to spread, attracting the attention of conductors such as Simon Rattle and Claudio Abbado, who accepted invitations to conduct the Simón Bolívar Orchestra in Veneite. In April 2006 Dudamel was appointed as principal conductor of the Gothenburg Symphony for the 2007/2008 season.


title: Gustavo Dudamel

text: Dudamel made his debut at La Scala, Milan, with "Don Giovanni" in November 2006. On 10 September 2007, he conducted the Vienna Philharmonic for the first time at the Lucerne Festival. On 16 April 2007 he conducted the Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra at the Vatican's Paul VI Audience Hall in a concert in commemoration of the 80th birthday of Pope Benedict XVI, with Hilary Hahn as solo violinist, with the Pope and many other Church dignitaries among the audience.


title: Gustavo Dudamel

text: In 2011, he featured in the documentary "Dudamel, Let the Children Play" directed by the Venezuelan filmmaker Alberto Arvelo.


title: Gustavo Dudamel

text: In 2013, Dudamel conducted the Simon Bolivar Symphony Orchestra during the funeral of Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez. Dudamel continues to retain his position with the Simón Bolívar National Youth Orchestra.


title: Gustavo Dudamel

text: In April 2014 Dudamel returned to conduct with Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra, as its honorary conductor, for concerts in the orchestra's home city and on tour in France, Switzerland, and Italy.


title: Gustavo Dudamel

text: In 2015, Dudamel conducted both the opening and end titles, at the behest of famed film composer John Williams, for the official motion picture soundtrack and film of "". At the 2016 Super Bowl, Dudamel and Youth Orchestra Los Angeles (YOLA) accompanied Coldplay and sang along with Chris Martin, Beyoncé and Bruno Mars.


title: Gustavo Dudamel

text: On 1 January 2017, Dudamel conducted the Vienna Philharmonic in their traditional New Year's Day Concert; at the age of only 35, he is the youngest guest conductor in history to lead this event. In December 2018, he made his debut at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City, conducting Verdi's "Otello".


title: Gustavo Dudamel

text: Dudamel served as the 2018–2019 artist-in-residence at Princeton University in celebration of Princeton University Concerts' 125th anniversary. This engagement included cross-disciplinary and cross-cultural panels & discussions, chamber concerts featuring musicians from his associated orchestras (the Met, LA, & Berlin), and in April 2019, Dudamel conducted the Princeton University Orchestra and the Princeton University Glee Club as the culmination of his year-long residency.


title: Gustavo Dudamel

text: In the Summer of 2019, Dudamel conducted the orchestra during the recording sessions for Steven Spielberg's film adaptation of "West Side Story", set for release on 10 December 2021.


title: Gustavo Dudamel

text: Dudamel first guest-conducted at the Opéra national de Paris in 2017. In April 2021, the Opéra National de Paris announced the appointment of Dudamel as its next music director, effective 1 August 2021, with an initial contract of six seasons.


title: Gustavo Dudamel

text: Dudamel made his US conducting debut with the Los Angeles Philharmonic (LAP) at the Hollywood Bowl on 13 September 2005 in a program consisting of "La Noche de los Mayas" by Silvestre Revueltas and Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 5. Dudamel was subsequently invited back to conduct the orchestra at Walt Disney Concert Hall in January 2007 in performances of "Dances of Galánta" by Zoltán Kodály, the third piano concerto of Sergei Rachmaninoff with Yefim Bronfman as soloist, and Béla Bartók's Concerto for Orchestra (the latter of which was recorded live and subsequently released by Deutsche Grammophon).


title: Gustavo Dudamel

text: In April 2007, the LAP announced the appointment of Dudamel as its next music director, effective with the 2009–2010 season. His initial contract in Los Angeles was for five years, beginning in September 2009. In February 2011, the orchestra announced the extension of Dudamel's contract through the end of the 2018–2019 season. In March 2015, the orchestra announced a further extension of his Los Angeles Philharmonic contract through the 2021–2022 season. His most recent LAP contract extension, announced in January 2020, is through the 2025-2026 season.


title: Gustavo Dudamel

text: Dudamel is featured in the documentary film "Tocar y Luchar", which covers El Sistema. Dudamel and the Orquesta Sinfónica Simón Bolívar received the WQXR Gramophone Special Recognition Award in New York City in November 2007. Another US television news feature on Dudamel was on "60 Minutes" in February 2008, entitled "Gustavo the Great."


title: Gustavo Dudamel

text: On 23 July 2009, Dudamel was selected by the Eighth Glenn Gould Prize laureate José Antonio Abreu as winner of the prestigious The City of Toronto Glenn Gould Protégé Prize.


title: Gustavo Dudamel

text: Dudamel is featured in the 2011 documentary "Let the Children Play", a film which focuses on his work advocating for music as a way to enrich children's lives.


title: Gustavo Dudamel

text: "Gramophone" named Dudamel its 2011 Gramophone Artist of the Year. Also in 2011, he was inducted into the Royal Swedish Academy of Music. In February 2012, Dudamel won a Grammy Award for Best Orchestral Performance, for his recording of Brahms Symphony No. 4 for the label Deutsche Grammophon. In 2013, Dudamel was named Musical America's Musician of the Year and was inducted into the Gramophone Hall of Fame. The LAP's continued commitment to innovation and new music under the direction of Dudamel and Borda prompted "New Yorker" critic Alex Ross to name LAP "the most creative, and, therefore, the best orchestra in America." Dudamel received the Leonard Bernstein Lifetime Achievement Award for the Elevation of Music in Society from the Longy School in 2014 and the Americas Society Cultural Achievement Award in 2016.


title: Gustavo Dudamel

text: The character of Rodrigo in Amazon's "Mozart in the Jungle" was based, in part, on Dudamel. Rodrigo is also curly-haired, Latin American, very young, and usually referred to only by his first name. In the first episode of the show's second season, in which Rodrigo appears as a guest conductor for the Los Angeles Philharmonic, Dudamel appears as a guest actor, playing the part of a stage manager.


title: Gustavo Dudamel

text: In June 2018, Dudamel received Chile's Pablo Neruda Order of Artistic and Cultural Merit. Also in June, the Venezuelan American Endowment for the Arts (VAEA) awarded Dudamel the Paez Medal of Art 2018.


title: Gustavo Dudamel

text: Dudamel is featured as the name of an achievement in the game A Rite from the Stars, released on 19 July 2018. The player gets it for solving a music puzzle in less than 14 seconds.


title: Gustavo Dudamel

text: In August 2018, Dudamel announced plans for the LA Phil's 2018/2019 centennial season, including an unprecedented 50 commissions of new music and a Frank Gehry-designed permanent home for Dudamel's YOLA youth orchestra.


title: Gustavo Dudamel

text: On 18 October 2018, it was announced that Dudamel would become the 25th recipient of the Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize


title: Gustavo Dudamel

text: He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on 22 January 2019. In his speech accepting it, he said that it should belong to Venezuela, the country he is from, and that "tomorrow [23 Jan. 2019] is a crucial day [and] the voice of the masses must be heard and respected", referring to the planned national protest on that date and the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis.


title: Gustavo Dudamel

text: At the 64th Annual Grammy Awards the Grammy Award for Best Choral Performance was given to the Dudamel-conducted 2019 recording of Symphony No. 8 (Mahler).


title: Gustavo Dudamel

text: Dudamel has been married twice. His first marriage, in 2006, was to Eloísa Maturén in Caracas. Maturén, also a Venezuelan native, is a classically trained ballet dancer and a journalist. Their marriage produced a son, Martín Dudamel Maturén, a U.S. citizen (born 1 April 2011). In March 2015, Dudamel and Maturén filed papers for divorce. In February 2017, Dudamel secretly married Spanish actress María Valverde, whom he had first met in 2016, in Las Vegas, Nevada. He became a Spanish citizen in 2018.


title: Unethical human experimentation

text: Unethical human experimentation is human experimentation that violates the principles of medical ethics. Such practices have included denying patients the right to informed consent, using pseudoscientific frameworks such as race science, and torturing people under the guise of research. Around World War II, Imperial Japan and Nazi Germany carried out brutal experiments on prisoners and civilians through groups like Unit 731 or individuals like Josef Mengele; the Nuremberg Code was developed after the war in response to the Nazi experiments. Countries have carried out brutal experiments on marginalized populations. Examples include American abuses during Project MKUltra and the Tuskegee syphilis experiments, and the mistreatment of indigenous populations in Canada and Australia. The Declaration of Helsinki, developed by the World Medical Association (WMA), is widely regarded as the cornerstone document on human research ethics.


title: Unethical human experimentation

text: Nazi Germany performed human experimentation on large numbers of prisoners (including children), largely Jews from across Europe, but also Romani, Sinti, ethnic Poles, Soviet prisoners of war, homosexuals and disabled Germans, in its concentration camps mainly in the early 1940s, during World War II and the Holocaust. Prisoners were forced into participating; they did not willingly volunteer and no consent was given for the procedures. Typically, the experiments resulted in death, trauma, illness, shortening of life, disfigurement, or permanent disability, and as such are considered as examples of medical torture since the participants had to endure mass amounts of pain.


title: Unethical human experimentation

text: At Auschwitz and other German camps, under the direction of Eduard Wirths, selected inmates were subjected to various hazardous experiments that were designed to help German military personnel in combat situations, develop new weapons, aid in the recovery of military personnel who had been injured, and to advance the racial ideology backed by the Third Reich. Aribert Heim conducted similar medical experiments at Mauthausen. Carl Værnet is known to have conducted experiments on homosexual prisoners in attempts to "cure" homosexuality.


title: Unethical human experimentation

text: After the war, these crimes were tried at what became known as the Doctors' Trial, and the abuses perpetrated led to the development of the Nuremberg Code of medical ethics. During the Nuremberg Trials, 23 Nazi doctors and scientists were tried for the unethical treatment of concentration camp inmates, who were often used as research subjects with fatal consequences. Of those 23, 16 were convicted (15 were convicted for the unethical treatment, while one of them was only convicted of SS membership), 7 were condemned to death, 9 received prison sentences from 10 years to life, and 7 were acquitted.


title: Unethical human experimentation

text: The Law for the Prevention of Genetically Defective Progeny, passed on 14 July 1933, legalized the involuntary sterilization of persons with diseases claimed to be hereditary: weak-mindedness, schizophrenia, alcohol abuse, insanity, blindness, deafness, and physical deformities. The law was used to encourage growth of the Aryan race through the sterilization of persons who fell under the quota of being genetically defective. 1% of citizens between the age of 17 to 24 had been sterilized within two years of the law passing. Within four years, 300,000 patients had been sterilized. From about March 1941 to about January 1945, sterilization experiments were conducted at Auschwitz, Ravensbrück, and other places by Carl Clauberg. The purpose of these experiments was to develop a method of sterilization which would be suitable for sterilizing millions of people with a minimum of time and effort. These experiments were conducted by means of X-ray, surgery and various drugs. Thousands of victims were sterilized. Aside from its experimentation, the Nazi government sterilized around 400,000 people as part of its compulsory sterilization program. Intravenous injections of solutions speculated to contain iodine and silver nitrate were successful, but had unwanted side effects such as vaginal bleeding, severe abdominal pain, and cervical cancer. Therefore, radiation treatment became the favored choice of sterilization. Specific amounts of exposure to radiation destroyed a person's ability to produce ova or sperm. The radiation was administered through deception. Prisoners were brought into a room and asked to complete forms, which took two to three minutes. In this time, the radiation treatment was administered and, unknown to the prisoners, they were rendered completely sterile. Many suffered severe radiation burns.


title: Unethical human experimentation

text: Eugen Fischer began sterilization experimentation in German-occupied South West Africa during World War I. A supporter of forced sterilization as a means to prevent the growth of inferior populations and a member of the Nazi Party, Fischer focused his experimentation on mixed-race children in order to justify the Nazi Party's ban on interracial marriage. As a result of Fischer's research in Namibia, Germany prohibited marriages between people of different races in its colonies.


title: Unethical human experimentation

text: The "Luftwaffe" performed a series of 360 to 400 experiments at Dachau and Auschwitz, in which hypothermia was induced in 280 to 300 victims. These were conducted for the Nazi high command to simulate the conditions the armies suffered on the Eastern Front, as the German forces were ill-prepared for the cold weather they encountered. Many experiments were conducted on captured Russian troops; the Nazis wondered whether their genetics gave them superior resistance to cold. Approximately 100 people are reported to have died as a result of these experiments.


title: Unethical human experimentation

text: In early 1942, prisoners at Dachau concentration camp were used by Sigmund Rascher in experiments to aid German pilots who had to eject at high altitudes. A low-pressure chamber containing these prisoners was used to simulate conditions at altitudes of up to 20,000 m (66,000 ft). Of the 200 subjects, 80 died outright, and the others were executed.


title: Unethical human experimentation

text: Other experiments included: experiments on twins (such as sewing twins together in attempts to create conjoined twins), an experiment in repeated head injury which drove a boy insane, experiments at Buchenwald where poisons were secretly administered in food, experiments to test the effect of various pharmaceutical preparations on phosphorus burns induced with material from incendiary bombs, experiments at Ravensbrück to investigate the effectiveness of sulfonamide after infection with bacteria such as "Clostridium perfringens" (the causative agent in gas gangrene) and "Clostridium tetani" (the causative agent in tetanus), experiments conducted to attempt treatments of chemical burns induced by mustard gas and similar compounds, and experiments at Dachau to study various methods of making sea water drinkable.


title: Unethical human experimentation

text: Many of the subjects died as a result of the experiments, while many others were executed after the tests were completed to study the effect post mortem. Those who survived were often left mutilated, suffering permanent disability, weakened bodies, and mental distress.


title: Unethical human experimentation

text: The results of the Dachau freezing experiments have been used in some modern research into the treatment of hypothermia, with at least 45 publications having referenced the experiments since the Second World War. This, together with the recent use of data from Nazi research into the effects of phosgene gas, has proven controversial and presents an ethical dilemma for modern physicians who do not agree with the methods used to obtain this data. Some object on an ethical basis, and others have rejected Nazi research purely on scientific grounds, pointing out methodological inconsistencies. In an often-cited review of the Dachau hypothermia experiments, Berger states that the study has "all the ingredients of a scientific fraud" and that the data "cannot advance science or save human lives."


title: Unethical human experimentation

text: Several Nazi experimenters were after the war employed by the United States government in Operation Paperclip and later similar efforts.


title: Unethical human experimentation

text: Human subject research in Japan began in World War II. It continued for some years after. Unit 731, a department of the Imperial Japanese Army located near Harbin (then in the puppet state of Manchukuo, in northeast China), experimented on prisoners by conducting vivisections, dismemberments, and bacterial inoculations. It induced epidemics on a very large scale from 1932 onward through the Second Sino-Japanese War. It also conducted biological and chemical weapons tests on prisoners and captured POWs. With the expansion of the empire during World War II, similar units were set up in conquered cities such as Nanking (Unit 1644), Beijing (Unit 1855), Guangzhou (Unit 8604) and Singapore (Unit 9420). After the war, Supreme Commander of the Occupation Douglas MacArthur gave immunity in the name of the United States to Shiro Ishii and all members of the units in exchange for all of the results of their experiments. The United States blocked Soviet access to this information. The Soviets prosecuted some of the Unit 731 members during its Khabarovsk War Crime Trials.


title: Unethical human experimentation

text: In November 2006, Doctor Akira Makino confessed to Kyodo news that he had performed surgery and amputations on condemned prisoners, including women and children, in 1944 and 1945 while he was stationed on Mindanao. Most of Makino's victims were Moro Muslims. In 2007, Doctor Ken Yuasa testified to "The Japan Times" and said that he believes that at least 1,000 persons working for the Shōwa regime, including surgeons, conducted surgical research in mainland China.


title: Unethical human experimentation

text: In incidents throughout the 1950s, former Unit 731 members infected prisoners and mental health patients with deadly diseases. In 1958, a large number of infants were brought to Kobe Medical School and forcibly administered sugar by having needles inserted through their noses and into their stomachs. A tube was inserted into their anuses to determine how the sugar was processed by their digestive systems. Many of the infants experienced diarrhea and anal bleeding. The parents were never informed that their children were being used as test subjects.


title: Unethical human experimentation

text: In the 1920s and 1930s, Aboriginal Australians were subject to medical experiments on how they experienced pain and where body measurements and blood samples were forcibly taken. The experiments were motivated by a system of scientific racism and were carried out by researchers from the University of Adelaide. In 2002, the vice chancellor of the university described the experiments as "degrading and in some cases barbarous" and the school issued a formal apology to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander groups.


title: Unethical human experimentation

text: Canada has historically carried out unethical medical experiments on indigenous populations in concert with its policies of forced cultural assimilation. In 1933, about 600 Native children from the reserves near Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan, were enrolled in a trial to test the tuberculosis vaccine. In both the control and treatment groups nearly a fifth died from exposure, malnutrition, and other causes. Parental consent was not sought for indigenous children, though it was sought for the non-indigenous.


title: Unethical human experimentation

text: Between 1942 and 1952, malnourished children from six residential schools were used in experiments without consent or parental notification. They were split into treatment and control groups and denied increases in nutrition, despite the researchers believing malnutrition to be a serious problem in the schools, as they were used to determine whether certain combinations of supplements mitigated problems. Children died, developed anemia, and were in some cases denied dental care previously available to them as they developed cavities and gingivitis. The experiments were run by the Department of Indian Affairs of Canada and directed by Percy Moore and Frederick Tisdall, a former president of the Canadian Paediatric Society. In 2014, the Society released a statement outlining guidelines for community-based participatory research involving Inuit, Métis, and First Nations youth.