title: Kareem Hunt

text: Hunt made his NFL debut on September 7, 2017, against the New England Patriots. On his first career NFL carry, despite never losing a fumble during his college career, Hunt fumbled, with the ball being recovered by the Patriots' safety Devin McCourty. Hunt went on to catch two touchdown passes – a three-yarder from quarterback Alex Smith late in the first half, and a 78-yarder in the fourth quarter, and punched in a four-yard rushing touchdown in the fourth en route to a 42–27 Chiefs win. Hunt finished with 246 total yards from scrimmage (148 rushing, 98 receiving), the most ever in an NFL debut. He joined stars Marshall Faulk (for the Indianapolis Colts in 1994, 174 yards) and Billy Sims (for the Detroit Lions in 1980, 217 yards), as the only NFL players since 1970 to debut with over 150 scrimmage yards and three touchdowns. His 148 rushing yards led all NFL rushers for Week 1. Hunt was named the AFC Offensive Player of the Month for the month of September after leading the NFL with 401 rushing yards, 538 yards from scrimmage, and 8.53 yards per carry. In a Week 7 31–30 road loss to the Oakland Raiders, he had 117 scrimmage yards for his seventh straight game accomplishing the feat.


title: Kareem Hunt

text: On December 19, 2017, Hunt was named to the 2018 Pro Bowl as a rookie. Heading into Week 17, Hunt was third in the NFL in rushing yards behind Todd Gurley and Le'Veon Bell. Both Gurley and Bell were inactive for Week 17 after both teams clinched the playoffs and were resting their players, giving Hunt a chance to claim the rushing title. On his first and only carry of the game, he rushed for a 35-yard touchdown, passing both Bell and Gurley, giving Hunt the rushing yards title for the 2017 season with 1,327 yards. This marked the second season in a row where a rookie led the league in rushing (Ezekiel Elliott in 2016). He was ranked 33rd on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2018.


title: Kareem Hunt

text: The Chiefs finished atop the AFC West with a 10–6 record and qualified for the playoffs. In the against the Tennessee Titans, Hunt rushed for 42 yards and a touchdown on 11 carries in the narrow 22–21 defeat.


title: Kareem Hunt

text: Hunt remained the Chiefs' primary running back going into the 2018 season. During Week 3, he recorded his second career game with two rushing touchdowns in the 38–27 victory over the San Francisco 49ers. In the next game against the Denver Broncos, he rushed for 121 yards and a touchdown and caught three passes for 54 yards. On October 6, Hunt was fined $26,739 for a hit where he intentionally lowered his helmet. Two weeks later against the New England Patriots, Hunt rushed for 80 yards and caught five passes for 105 yards and a 67-yard touchdown in the 43–40 road loss. In the next game, a 45–10 home victory against the Cincinnati Bengals, he rushed for 86 yards and a touchdown and caught five passes for 55 yards and two touchdowns. Hunt continued his momentum in Week 8 against the Broncos, rushing for 50 yards and catching five passes for 36 yards and a touchdown. In the next game, Hunt rushed for 91 yards and two touchdowns, along with a 50-yard touchdown reception in a 37–21 road victory over the Cleveland Browns, earning him AFC Offensive Player of the Week. During Week 11, in what turned out to be Hunt's final game as a Chief, he rushed for 28 yards and caught six passes for 41 yards and a touchdown as the Chiefs narrowly lost to the Los Angeles Rams on the road by a score of 54–51.


title: Kareem Hunt

text: Hunt was released by the Chiefs on November 30, 2018, after a videotape of him physically assaulting a woman and kicking her on the ground the previous February surfaced. Hunt was never charged with any crime, as the incident was investigated as a misdemeanor assault and the victim failed to properly take her case to court.


title: Kareem Hunt

text: Hunt was signed by the Cleveland Browns on February 11, 2019. Due to the pending investigation from the NFL into the assault allegations against him, Hunt was placed on the Commissioner’s Exempt list after signing his contract. On March 15, 2019, the NFL announced that Hunt had been suspended without pay for the first eight games of the 2019 season for violating the league's personal conduct policy. He was eligible to participate in all off-season workouts and all preseason games. Following the announcement, Hunt was added to the Browns' active roster. On August 29, 2019, Hunt underwent a sports hernia surgery; he was placed on the reserve/suspended list two days later. As part of the terms of his suspension, he began practicing with the team again on October 21.


title: Kareem Hunt

text: Hunt was reinstated from suspension on November 4. He made his first appearance with the Browns in Week 10 against the Buffalo Bills.


title: Kareem Hunt

text: Hunt finished the 2019 season with 43 carries for 179 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns along with 37 receptions for 285 receiving yards and a receiving touchdown.


title: Kareem Hunt

text: On March 16, 2020, the Browns placed a second-round restricted free agent tender on Hunt. He signed the tender on April 20, 2020.


title: Kareem Hunt

text: On September 8, 2020, the Browns signed Hunt to a two-year, $13.25 million contract extension. In Week 2 against the Cincinnati Bengals, Hunt rushed 10 times for 86 yards and his first rushing touchdown of the season and caught two passes for 15 yards and his first receiving touchdown of the season during the 35–30 win. In Week 4, against the Dallas Cowboys, he had 11 carries for 71 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns in the 49–38 victory. In Week 10, against the Houston Texans, he had 19 carries for 104 rushing yards in the 10–7 victory.


title: Kareem Hunt

text: In Week 14 against the Baltimore Ravens, Hunt recorded 110 yards from scrimmage, one rushing touchdown, and one receiving touchdown during the 42–47 loss. In the 2020 season, Hunt finished with 198 carries for 841 rushing yards and six rushing touchdowns to go along with 38 receptions for 304 receiving yards and five receiving touchdowns.


title: Kareem Hunt

text: In the of the playoffs against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Hunt rushed for 48 yards and two touchdowns during the 48–37 win. In the , Hunt scored a rushing touchdown in the 22–17 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs.


title: Kareem Hunt

text: Hunt entered the 2021 season as the backup to Nick Chubb. He suffered a calf injury in Week 6 and was placed on injured reserve on October 19, 2021. He was activated on November 27. In the 2021 season, Hunt finished with 78 carries for 386 rushing yards and four rushing touchdowns to go along with 22 receptions for 174 receiving yards in eight games.


title: Kareem Hunt

text: On August 7, 2022, Hunt requested a trade from the Browns however the team declined his trade request. Hunt is in the last year of a two-year deal and he is set to make $6.25 million in the 2022 season. Hunt will be an unrestricted free agent next offseason. In Week 1, Hunt recorded one rushing touchdown and one receiving touchdown in the 26–24 victory over Carolina.


title: Kareem Hunt

text: On November 30, 2018, TMZ released a video of Hunt involved in kicking a woman in a hotel from the previous February. Later that same day, Hunt was placed on the commissioner's exempt list, prohibiting him from practicing and playing with the team. Shortly after being placed on the exempt list, the Chiefs released him. Chiefs co-owner and CEO Clark Hunt released a statement following his release indicating that Hunt was not truthful when the Chiefs asked him about the incident.


title: Matthew Marsden

text: Matthew David Marsden (born 3 March 1973) is an English-American actor, producer, singer and former model. He has appeared in films such as "Helen of Troy", "", "Tamara", "", "Rambo", "," and "Atlas Shrugged".


title: Matthew Marsden

text: Marsden was born on 3 March 1973 at Hallam Hospital in West Bromwich, West Midlands, England. He grew up on the Yew Tree Estate in Walsall. His father abandoned the family when Marsden was a child, and his mother Ann then brought him up and his sister alone. He attended Manor High School in Wednesbury, before leaving to go to Dartmouth High School in Great Barr, Birmingham.


title: Matthew Marsden

text: Marsden found work as a model in London, Paris and Milan. He was featured in commercials for products such as Jacobs Coffee, Punica, Vimto and Impulse. He has since commented, "I was at college in London and when you're a struggling student it doesn't take a genius to work out that it's easier to model for a few hours each week and earn thousands of pounds than work in a bar for a pittance. But I hated doing it really." After nearly two years of modelling, he decided to get an agent and find work as an actor.


title: Matthew Marsden

text: Marsden's acting break came in 1995 when he joined the cast of the ITV soap opera "Emmerdale", playing the upper crust Daniel Weir, lover of Linda Glover. He remained in the role for three months before the character was written out. He went on to play the role of surfer Philip Kennedy in "Island" – a Jersey-based ITV miniseries. Marsden also dressed in drag when he appeared in the Jeannot Szwarc French film "Les Soeurs Soleil" ("The Sun Sisters").


title: Matthew Marsden

text: On 3 March 1997, he joined the cast of "Coronation Street" as mechanic Chris Collins and he remained with the series until 29 March 1998. The role earned him 1997 National Television Award for Most Popular Newcomer. Following his departure from "Coronation Street", Marsden decided on a change of direction and a fleeting career as a pop star followed. He signed a £500,000 record deal with Columbia Records and released his debut single in July 1998 called "The Heart's Lone Desire", which reached number 13 in the UK singles chart. He followed with a second single, a cover of Hall & Oates' "She's Gone", with his label-mates Destiny's Child providing backing-vocals, which reached number 24 in the UK singles chart.


title: Matthew Marsden

text: Marsden returned to acting, portraying Paris in the USA networks mini-series "Helen of Troy"; Army Ranger Dale Sizemore in Ridley Scott's blockbuster film "Black Hawk Down". He starred in John Irvin's feature "Shiner", "" (the sequel to "Anaconda") and "Tamara", a supernatural thriller by "Final Destination" screenwriter Jeffrey Reddick. He made appearances in the films "" and "". He co-starred in "Rambo" (2008) and "".


title: Matthew Marsden

text: Marsden is a practising Roman Catholic. He appeared in "Rosary Stars Praying the Gospel" (2009). He and his family are frequently involved in activities with Family Theater Productions, a division of Holy Cross Family Ministries, founded by Father Patrick Peyton.


title: Matthew Marsden

text: Marsden is an active supporter of the armed forces and has parachuted with the United States Army Parachute Team. He received the title of Kentucky Colonel, the highest award that is bestowed on individuals by the state of Kentucky, in recognition of his support of the U.S. military.


title: Bluepoint Games

text: Bluepoint Games Inc is an American video game developer based in Austin, Texas. Founded in 2006 by Andy O'Neil and Marco Thrush, the studio is known for video game remasters and remakes, such as "" (2015), "Shadow of the Colossus" (2018), and "Demon's Souls" (2020). Sony Interactive Entertainment acquired Bluepoint Games in September 2021.


title: Bluepoint Games

text: Bluepoint Games was founded in 2006 by Andy O'Neil and Marco Thrush, two former Retro Studios employees who had worked on "Metroid Prime". The studio's first game, "Blast Factor", was released later that year. In August 2009, Sony Computer Entertainment announced that remastered versions of "God of War" and "God of War II" would be coming to the PlayStation 3 as "God of War Collection". The ports were handled by Bluepoint and released on November 17, 2009, in North America. The studio's remasters of "Ico" and "Shadow of the Colossus" as "The Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Collection" for the PlayStation 3 were released in September 2011. Years later, in 2018, Bluepoint would remake "Shadow of the Colossus" for the PlayStation 4. The studio also handled the remastered HD versions of "" and "" included in the "Metal Gear Solid HD Collection", which was released on November 8, 2011.


title: Bluepoint Games

text: Bluepoint collaborated with SuperBot Entertainment to develop "PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale" (2012), which was built on Bluepoint's proprietary engine. Bluepoint also ported the game to the PlayStation Vita. The studio collaborated with Santa Monica Studio to port "Flower" to the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita in 2013, as well as with Respawn Entertainment to develop the Xbox 360 version of "Titanfall" (2014). After "Titanfall", Bluepoint remastered the three PlayStation 3 releases of the "Uncharted" franchise to the PlayStation 4 as "Uncharted: The Nathan Drake Collection," as well as "Gravity Rush Remastered", which was released in Japan at the end of 2015 and internationally in early 2016.


title: Bluepoint Games

text: O'Neil died in June 2019 aged 47. By August 2019, Bluepoint had hired several other former Retro Studios staff. Notable hires include designer Kynan Pearson in July 2013 and artist Elben Schafers in 2014. In June 2020, Bluepoint was announced as developing a remake of "Demon's Souls". The remake was released as a launch title for PlayStation 5 in November 2020 and received universal acclaim from critics. Sony Interactive Entertainment (SIE) acquired Bluepoint on September 30, 2021, making it part of PlayStation Studios. SIE had previously leaked its intent to buy the studio in June that year. At the time, Bluepoint and its roughly 70 employees were working on original content.


title: Avalon (Roxy Music album)

text: Avalon is the eighth and final studio album by English rock band Roxy Music, released on 28 May 1982 by E.G. Records, and Polydor. It was recorded between 1981 and 1982 at Compass Point Studios in Nassau, Bahamas, and is regarded as the culmination of the smoother, more adult-oriented sound of the band's later work.


title: Avalon (Roxy Music album)

text: The first single, "More Than This", preceded the album and was a top 10 hit in Britain, Australia, and several European countries. "Avalon", the second single, reached the top 20; "Take a Chance with Me" reached the top 30. In the United States, "More Than This" and "Take a Chance with Me" reached 103 and 104.


title: Avalon (Roxy Music album)

text: "Avalon" is Roxy Music's most successful studio album. It stayed at number one on the UK Albums Chart for three weeks, and stayed on the chart for over a year. Although it reached only No. 53 in the US, "Avalon" endured as a sleeper hit and became Roxy Music's only million-selling US record, ultimately receiving platinum certification.


title: Avalon (Roxy Music album)

text: Bryan Ferry started working on the material for "Avalon" while staying at Crumlin Lodge on the west coast of Ireland. Ferry was there with his girlfriend, Lucy Helmore, who would become his wife in 1983. The album cover artwork featured the same lough (lake) that can be seen from the lodge. Phil Manzanera has said about the making of the record "By the time you get to "Avalon", 90 per cent of it was being written in the studio. That album was a product of completely changing our working methods," adding "for the last three albums, quite frankly, there were a lot more drugs around as well, which was good and bad. It created a lot of paranoia and a lot of spaced-out stuff." Ferry said "I've often thought I should do an album where the songs are all bound together in the style of West Side Story, but it's always seemed like too much bother to work that way. So instead, I have these 10 poems, or short stories, that could, with a bit more work, be fashioned into a novel. Avalon is part of the King Arthur legend and is a very romantic thing, when King Arthur dies, the Queens ferry him off to Avalon, which is sort of an enchanted island. It's the ultimate romantic fantasy place."


title: Avalon (Roxy Music album)

text: Manzanera has said of the title track, "Avalon", "When we were recording the third or fourth album in London we'd often be working in the same studio as Bob Marley, who'd be downstairs doing all of those famous albums. It just had to rub off somewhere." Rhett Davies recounted the story of how the song got made:


title: Avalon (Roxy Music album)

text: "Ferry had stayed up that Saturday night and composed what would be the lyrics to "Avalon." Then, happenstance would provide “Avalon” with one of its most memorable elements: the interpretive vocal contributions of Yanick Étienne. Sunday was usually a down day at the Power Station, so the studio would let local Haitian bands come in to do demos when there wasn't much happening. It was then that Davies and Ferry, on a coffee break in the hallway, heard Etienne singing.


title: Avalon (Roxy Music album)

text: “Bryan and I could hear this girl from the Haitian band next door singing, and we thought, 'Wow! What a voice! We've got to get her singing some backing vocals on "Avalon."' That was Yanick Étienne, who didn't speak a word of English. She came in with her boyfriend/manager and we described to him what we wanted and she sort of sang the choruses and the [word] 'Avalon' — the great sound that is on there. Then we said, 'Can she try and do something free at the end?' and we ran the end of the track and she did absolutely nothing. So I said, 'No, we want her to sing anything that she would want to sing, totally free.' So the second time we ran the tape, she sang exactly what you hear on the record at the end.


title: Avalon (Roxy Music album)

text: “Bryan then went straight out and re-sang his vocal properly, because he was so inspired by Yanick's singing. I remember Bryan's manager walked in the room and Bryan was just finishing his vocal. We were doing the playback and I'd never seen the look on his eyes before. He went, 'Jesus f**** Christ! That is incredible!' Well, we knew it was a really high point of the evening. I remember going, 'Wow! We have really created something special here.' That is how I felt. Then we mixed it the next day with Bob [Clearmountain].


title: Avalon (Roxy Music album)

text: "It was one of those turnaround things, where the original track was just about to be thrown in the can. And then suddenly, we did a completely different version of the song that just made the record for me," Davies concludes. "I thought, 'That's it. That completes the record!' I remember we had dinner a couple nights later, and I asked Bryan, 'What are you going to call the album?' and he said, 'I'm going to call it Avalon,' and I thought, 'Yeah. Of course.'"


title: Avalon (Roxy Music album)

text: The artwork for the album was designed by Peter Saville. Although less visually obvious than it had been with past releases, "Avalon" continued the tradition for Roxy Music albums to feature images of women on the cover artwork. Bryan Ferry's girlfriend (and soon to be wife) Lucy Helmore appeared on the album cover wearing a medieval helmet with a falcon perched on her gloved hand, evoking King Arthur's last journey to the mysterious land of Avalon.


title: Avalon (Roxy Music album)

text: The artwork design was created on Transparency film with retouching by John Abbott at TRP SLAVIN in Chenies Street, W1, now the RADA Building.


title: Avalon (Roxy Music album)

text: In "The Village Voice"s 1982 Pazz & Jop critics' poll, "Avalon" was voted the 11th-best album of the year. In 1989, the album was ranked No. 31 on "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of "The 100 Greatest Albums of the 1980s". In 1993, "Entertainment Weekly" included the CD as No. 25 in their 100 Greatest CDs A Love-It-Or-Loathe-It Guide to the Essential Disc Library. In 2000 it was voted number 187 in Colin Larkin's "All Time Top 1000 Albums". In 2003, the album was ranked number 307 on "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. "Avalon" is the highest entry of four Roxy Music albums that made the list ("Siren" at No. 371, "Country Life" at No. 387 and "For Your Pleasure" at No. 394 being the others); "Avalon" and "Country Life" were dropped from the 2012 revision, but "Avalon" was re-included on the 2020 revision at No. 336. In 2012, "Slant Magazine" named the album the 45th best album of the 1980s.


title: Avalon (Roxy Music album)

text: The album has consistently been praised by critics. Reviewing the album in "Rolling Stone", Kurt Loder wrote: ""Avalon" takes a long time to kick in, but it finally does, and it's a good one. Bryan Ferry stars as a remarkably expressive keyboard player and singer whose familiar mannerisms are subsumed in a rich, benevolent self-assurance. And reed man Andy Mackay shines in a series of cameos (his oboe meditation on Ferry's "Tara" is particularly lovely). Ten years after its debut, Roxy Music has mellowed: the occasional stark piano chords in "While My Heart Is Still Beating," for example, recall the stately mood of "A Song for Europe," but the sound is softer, dreamier and less determinedly dramatic now. Ferry's songwriting, however, has seldom seemed stronger."


title: Avalon (Roxy Music album)

text: Mark Coleman in "The New Rolling Stone Album Guide" gave the record four-and-a-half stars out of five, and wrote; "this austere, beautiful set of songs represents a mature peak. The controlled chaotic edge of the early albums is completely gone, and co-founders Manzanera and Mackay provide only skeletal guitar and sax lines. Ferry fills in the details, creating layered synth landscapes around his tragic scenarios and melodic ruminations. "Avalon"'s pervasive influence on the British pop scene of the '80s can't be overstated. Roxy Music's stature is even further enhanced by the absence of a latter-day comeback album. So far, anyway." "Spin Alternative Record Guide" rated "Avalon" nine out of ten: "1982's "Avalon" remains one of the all-time great makeout infernos, a synthesized version of Al Green's "Call Me", Van Morrison's "Moondance", and João Gilberto's "Amoroso"."


title: Avalon (Roxy Music album)

text: In 2003, Virgin reissued "Avalon" on Hybrid Super Audio CD with a new 5.1-channel surround sound remix by the original production team of Rhett Davies (the producer) and Bob Clearmountain (the mixing engineer). The original 1982 stereo mix is left intact and is the same for the CD layer and for the HD layer, allegedly being transferred from analogue master tapes to DSD and processed in DSD throughout the process. The surround part of the HD layer includes the full album in the original running order plus the bonus track "Always Unknowing", whose original stereo mix is only available on CD on the 4-CD boxed set "The Thrill of It All" and in the 2012 "Roxy Music Complete Recordings" boxed set.


title: Avalon (Roxy Music album)

text: Except for "India", the short instrumental piece whose original multi-track tape had been lost, all tracks in the surround mix were remixed from multi-track sources, as opposed to two-channel stereo mixes being 'upmixed' to 5.1 as in some DVD-Video releases. For "India," the stereo mix is panned clockwise a few times as the track plays, which ends in the rear right channel, from which the saxophone begins the next piece, "While My Heart Is Still Beating," making up for "India" not being a fully-fledged surround recording.


title: Avalon (Roxy Music album)

text: The surround mix has roughly the same running times as the ten tracks present in the stereo mix. The main difference is in the stereo image being 360-degrees wide, as opposed to a front image plus rear ambiance, and the levels at which various tracks from the multi-track are mixed into the multi-channel mix. For instance, the guitar parts in "The Main Thing" and "Take a Chance with Me" are noticeably more prominent in the multi-channel mix than in the stereo mix. Guitar, saxophone, synthesizer, and percussion parts are often placed in the rear part of the sound field, while lead vocals tend to stick to the front centre, as opposed to being mixed in dual-mono in front left and right like in the somewhat traditional 2.0 stereo mixing.


title: Avalon (Roxy Music album)

text: In an interview with "Sound on Sound" regarding the surround-sound remix of "Avalon", Clearmountain stated: "This record probably means more to me than anything I've ever done. I've had more comments and compliments on this album by far than anything else I've ever done."


title: 1988 NBA Finals

text: The 1988 NBA Finals was the championship round of the National Basketball Association (NBA)'s 1987–88 season, and the culmination of the season's playoffs. The Western Conference champion Los Angeles Lakers defeated the Eastern Conference champion Detroit Pistons 4 games to 3.


title: 1988 NBA Finals

text: One of Los Angeles Lakers head coach Pat Riley's most famous moments came when he promised the crowd a repeat championship during the Lakers' 1987 championship parade in downtown Los Angeles. With every team in the league now gunning for them, the Los Angeles Lakers still found a way to win, taking their seventh consecutive Pacific Division title. While the 1988 Lakers did not produce as many wins in the regular season as the 1987 Lakers, they were just as successful in the playoffs, becoming the first team in 19 years to repeat as champions.


title: 1988 NBA Finals

text: One of Pistons guard Isiah Thomas's career-defining performances came in Game 6. Despite badly twisting his ankle midway through the period, Thomas scored an NBA Finals record 25 third-quarter points, as Detroit fell valiantly, 103–102, to the Lakers at the Forum.


title: 1988 NBA Finals

text: Thomas still managed to score 10 first-half points in Game 7, as Detroit built a 5-point lead. In the 3rd quarter, the Lakers, inspired by Finals MVP James Worthy and Byron Scott (14 3rd-quarter points), exploded as they built a 10-point lead entering the final period. The lead swelled to 15 before Detroit mounted a furious 4th-quarter rally, trimming the lead to two points on several occasions. The Lakers ultimately prevailed and captured their 5th championship in the last 9 seasons.


title: 1988 NBA Finals

text: During the 1987 championship parade in Los Angeles, Lakers coach Pat Riley guaranteed a repeat championship, a feat that had not been achieved since the Boston Celtics won the 1969 NBA Finals. Motivated by their coach's boast, the Lakers once again earned the league's best record in the 1987–88 season (62–20), despite winning three games less than the previous year. They also had a 15-game winning streak from December 11, 1987 until the Lakers were beaten by the LA Clippers (109-110) on January 13, 1988. They also had another double-digit winning streak (10-game winning streak) from February 11 until February 28.


title: 1988 NBA Finals

text: The playoffs proved to be a difficult climb for the Lakers, however. They swept the San Antonio Spurs in the first round. They came back from a 2–1 deficit against the Utah Jazz in the semifinals round before beating them in Game 7. They then defeated the Dallas Mavericks in 7 games in the Conference Finals round. The Lakers eventually prevailed in both series thanks to their championship experience.


title: 1988 NBA Finals

text: The Pistons of head coach Chuck Daly were an up-and-coming team that gradually moved up the Eastern Conference ranks. Known as the "Bad Boys" for their physical and defensive-minded style of play, the Pistons' core featured guards Isiah Thomas and Joe Dumars, forwards Adrian Dantley and Rick Mahorn, center Bill Laimbeer, and bench players Vinnie Johnson, Dennis Rodman and John Salley. Midway through the season, Detroit gained a valuable backup to Laimbeer and Mahorn when they acquired James Edwards.


title: 1988 NBA Finals

text: The 1987–88 season marked a further ascension for the franchise, as Detroit won the Central Division title with a 54–28 record. The second-seeded Pistons overcame the Washington Bullets and the Chicago Bulls in five games each, before facing the Boston Celtics once again in the conference finals. This time, the Pistons were the better team, eliminating the Celtics in six games for their first NBA Finals appearance since .


title: 1988 NBA Finals

text: The Pistons had just dispatched the Celtics in six games, while the Lakers were coming off back-to-back seven-game wins over the Utah Jazz and Dallas Mavericks. The Lakers were tired, and it showed. Adrian Dantley scored 34 points, hitting 14 of 16 shots from the field. The Pistons took control of the game with four seconds left in the first half when Bill Laimbeer hit a three-point shot to put the Pistons up 54–40. Isiah Thomas then stole Kareem's inbound pass at half court and let fly with another three-pointer which hit nothing but net at the halftime buzzer. The Pistons had a 57-40 halftime lead and never looked back, stealing Game 1 with a 105–93 win.


title: 1988 NBA Finals

text: Facing the possibility of going down 2–0 with three games to play in Detroit, the veteran Lakers found resolve with a 108–96 win. James Worthy led the Lakers with 26 points, Byron Scott had 24, and Magic Johnson 23 despite battling the flu.


title: 1988 NBA Finals

text: With Magic still battling the flu, the Lakers got a key win in Detroit, 99–86, to go up 2–1 in games. The Lakers took control of the game in the third period, outscoring the Pistons 31–18. Despite his illness, Magic had 18 points, 14 assists, and six rebounds.


title: 1988 NBA Finals

text: In front of their home fans, the Pistons tied the series at 2–2 with a 111–86 win. The Pistons decided to attack the basket and make Magic Johnson defend. Johnson wound up on the bench early in the second half with foul trouble.


title: 1988 NBA Finals

text: With Magic out of the game, the Pistons built a substantial lead. During timeouts, Bill Laimbeer was almost frantic. He kept saying, "No letup! We don't let up!" They didn't, and blew out the defending NBA champions by 25 points.


title: 1988 NBA Finals

text: Left open by the trapping Lakers defense, Dantley led the team with 27 points. Vinnie Johnson came off the bench to add 16 while James Edwards had 14 points and five rebounds off the bench.


title: 1988 NBA Finals

text: The Pistons' 104–94 victory was a perfect farewell to the Pontiac Silverdome. Bill Laimbeer told Joe Dumars with a minute left in the game to "look around and enjoy this because you'll never see anything like it again". He went on to say, "Forty-one thousand people waving towels and standing. It was awesome."


title: 1988 NBA Finals

text: The Lakers opened Game 5 with a fury of physical intimidation, scoring the game's first 12 points. But that approach soon backfired, as the Laker big men got into foul trouble.


title: 1988 NBA Finals

text: Dantley played a major role in the turnaround, scoring 25 points, 19 of them in the first half, to rally the Pistons to a 59-50 halftime lead. Vinnie Johnson added 12 of his 16 points in the first half to keep Detroit moving.


title: 1988 NBA Finals

text: Joe Dumars added 19 points on 9-of-13 shooting to send the Pistons back to Los Angeles, one win away from their first NBA title.


title: 1988 NBA Finals

text: Games 3, 4, and 5 were the last NBA Finals games to be contested in a domed stadium built primarily for football until the 1999 NBA Finals in which Games 1 and 2 were played at the Alamodome in San Antonio. The Pistons left the Pontiac Silverdome after the 1987–88 season and moved into The Palace of Auburn Hills for the 1988-89 NBA season.


title: 1988 NBA Finals

text: The Lakers led 56–48 in the third quarter when Isiah Thomas suddenly began a classic performance. He scored his team's next 14 points, hitting two free throws, a driving layup, four jump shots, and a running bank shot.


title: 1988 NBA Finals

text: With a little less than 5 minutes left in the period and the score 70–64, Lakers, Thomas rolled his right ankle while passing off to Joe Dumars for a basket. Thomas tried to run upcourt, but collapsed while the Lakers scored again. Despite a severe sprain, Thomas returned to the game with 3:44 left and the Lakers up 74–66. Thomas, with his bad ankle, scored 11 of the Pistons' last 15 points of the quarter to finish with 25, an NBA Finals record for one quarter, on 11-of-13 shooting. During this time, the Pistons outscored the Lakers 15–5 to take an 81–79 lead.


title: 1988 NBA Finals

text: The fourth quarter was nip-and-tuck; with 1:30 left, Thomas, sore ankle and all, hit a baseline jumper for his 42nd and 43rd points to give the Pistons a 100–99 lead. The Lakers came down and Magic Johnson got the ball inside to James Worthy, but his layup attempt was blocked by Dennis Rodman. Joe Dumars penetrated inside on the ensuing possession, was fouled, and hit the two free throws for a three-point lead at 102–99 with a minute left.


title: 1988 NBA Finals

text: The Lakers called timeout, and on the next possession, Byron Scott drove by Thomas from the top of the key and hit a 14-footer from the right elbow to cut the lead to one with 45 seconds left. Thomas then missed another baseline jumper and Worthy rebounded with 27 seconds remaining. The Lakers then set up and Scott got it to Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, who drew a foul on Bill Laimbeer (his sixth) as he wheeled for a skyhook on the right baseline with 14 seconds left. This foul has remained controversial to the Pistons and their fans, who claim that Laimbeer never made contact with Jabbar on his shot attempt. Abdul-Jabbar then proceeded to sink two high-pressure free throws providing the Lakers with a one point lead.


title: 1988 NBA Finals

text: After a time out, the Pistons set up for a final shot. Thomas collided with Dantley after inbounding the ball, but Dumars penetrated in the paint and put up a shot that missed after he was forced to by A.C. Green to alter it. After a scramble, Scott came up with the ball for the Lakers and was shoved out of bounds by Rodman, inciting a near-fight, with 5 seconds left on the clock. Scott missed both free throw attempts, but the Pistons, who had no timeouts remaining, lost precious seconds trying to secure the loose rebound and could not get a shot off before time expired.


title: 1988 NBA Finals

text: In the final game, Thomas' ankle was still sore, as evidenced by his limping badly in warm-ups. He did manage to play the first half, scoring 10 points and leading the Pistons to a 52-47 halftime lead. But, the delay between halves caused the ankle to stiffen, and Thomas played little in the second half. With Isiah on the bench, the Lakers turned the halftime deficit into a 90–75 lead early in the 4th quarter. A key factor was Laker guard Michael Cooper; he had been mired in a terrible shooting slump all series, but suddenly caught fire, hitting three 3-point baskets.


title: 1988 NBA Finals

text: Chuck Daly then went to a faster lineup with Dennis Rodman, John Salley, Joe Dumars, and Vinnie Johnson that created matchup problems for the Lakers and enabled the Pistons to score at a torrid pace. With 3:54 left, Salley canned two free throws to cut the Laker lead to 98–92, making the Forum fans nervous.


title: 1988 NBA Finals

text: With 1:17 left, Dumars hit a jump shot to cut the lead to 102–100. Magic Johnson then hit a free throw after a Rodman foul to put the Lakers up by three. After the two teams exchanged turnovers, Rodman took an ill-advised jumper with 40 seconds left. Byron Scott rebounded and was fouled. His two free throws pushed the lead to 105–100. After another Pistons' turnover, Michael Cooper had a chance to essentially clinch the victory after being fouled, but he missed both free throws, and the Lakers' lead remained at five.


title: 1988 NBA Finals

text: After Dumars made a layup, James Worthy hit a free throw and Bill Laimbeer canned a 28-foot three-pointer, pushing the score to 106–105 with six seconds showing. A. C. Green completed the scoring with a layup off a length-of-the court pass from Magic, making it 108–105. Laimbeer made a long desperate pass to Thomas who caught the ball trying to shoot a three to send the game to overtime, but Thomas fell to the floor in a collision with Johnson, losing the ball as time ran out. Fans were already beginning to storm onto the floor even though time had not expired, but the officials ignored this. Pat Riley and the Laker players hurried back to their dressing room as the players and coaches on both teams were pummeled by the storming fans.


title: 1988 NBA Finals

text: Worthy racked up a monster triple-double: 36 points, 16 rebounds and 10 assists. It would prove to be the only triple-double in Worthy's Hall of Fame career. For that and his earlier efforts in the series, he was named the Finals MVP, cementing his nickname "Big Game James".


title: 1988 NBA Finals

text: Michael Cooper, Magic Johnson and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar are the only members of all 5 Lakers championship teams from the 1980s. Pat Riley is the only coach that was on all 5 Lakers championship teams from the 1980s, he was an assistant coach on the 1980 championship team, and head coach on the other four championship teams.


title: 1988 NBA Finals

text: This was the Lakers' first Game 7 Finals victory since 1954; however, it was their first ever Game 7 win in the championship series since moving to Los Angeles in 1960; they were 0–5 in previous Game 7's since moving (1962, 1966, 1969, 1970, 1984). This would end up being the Lakers' last home win in the championship series until 2000.


title: 1988 NBA Finals

text: The Detroit Pistons season documentary "Bad Boys", narrated by George Blaha recaps Detroit's run to the Finals and how they garnered the "Bad Boys" moniker while the Los Angeles Lakers documentary "Back To Back", narrated by Chick Hearn recaps the Lakers quest to become the first team since the Bill Russell-led Celtics to achieve NBA championships in consecutive years.


title: 1988 NBA Finals

text: That year, CBS Sports used three sideline reporters which were Pat O'Brien (the Pistons' sideline), Lesley Visser (the Lakers' sideline) and James Brown (both teams). Dick Stockton and Billy Cunningham served as the play-by-play announcer and color analyst respectively. After the season, Cunningham left CBS to join the Miami Heat ownership group, and Hubie Brown was promoted the following season.


title: David Bruckner

text: David Bruckner (born c. 1977) is an American film director. With Jacob Gentry and Dan Bush, he co-wrote and co-directed the 2007 horror film "The Signal". Bruckner also co-wrote and directed the "Amateur Night" segment of the 2012 horror anthology film "V/H/S", as well as directed the 2017 film "The Ritual" and the 2020 film "The Night House".


title: David Bruckner

text: Bruckner grew up in Atlanta, Georgia. His father is a police detective and his mother an emergency room nurse. He attended the University of Georgia along with A. J. Bowen and Jacob Gentry. The three would later collaborate with Dan Bush on "The Signal" (2007).


title: David Bruckner

text: With Jacob Gentry and Dan Bush, Bruckner co-wrote and co-directed "The Signal". The filmmakers used their connections in Atlanta to compose a crew. The concept came from a Surrealist game called exquisite corpse, in which multiple people collaborate in order to complete an art project. When Gentry was unable to contribute to the horror anthology "V/H/S" (2012), he suggested Bruckner, who eventually co-wrote and directed the segment "Amateur Night". Also released in 2012, his short film "Talk Show" addresses the torture debate in mainstream media. Bruckner was set to direct a reboot of "Friday the 13th" for Paramount Pictures but was reported to have left in late 2015. His film "Southbound" premiered at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival and was picked up for distribution by the Orchard for release in 2016. In 2016, he was an executive producer on "Siren", which was based on his "V/H/S" segment "Amateur Night". In 2017, he released his first solo directed feature, "The Ritual", based on the horror novel by Adam Nevill. The film premiered at the Toronto Film Festival, and was released by Netflix. Bruckner's most recent film is the horror-thriller "The Night House", starring Rebecca Hall. Theatrically released on August 20, 2021, the film was acclaimed by critics. In 2020, it was announced that Bruckner would be helming a reboot of "Hellraiser".


title: David Bruckner

text: In 2008, Bruckner was nominated for the Independent Spirit John Cassavetes Award along with Gentry and Bush for "The Signal".


title: Bust/waist/hip measurements

text: Bust/waist/hip measurements (informally called 'body measurements' or ′vital statistics′) are a common method of specifying clothing sizes. They match the three inflection points of the female body shape. In human body measurement, these three sizes are the circumferences of the bust, waist and hips; usually rendered as "xx–yy–zz" in inches, or centimeters. The three sizes are used mostly in fashion, and almost exclusively in reference to women, who, compared to men, are more likely to have a narrow waist relative to bust and hips. An important difference exists when measuring men's hips for most fashion design purposes. In these instances, men's hips are measured at the genitals.


title: Bust/waist/hip measurements

text: Breast volume will have an effect on the perception of a woman's figure even when bust/waist/hip measurements are nominally the same. Brassière band size is measured below the breasts, not at the bust. A woman with measurements of 36A–27–38 will have a different presentation than a woman with measurements of 34C–27–38. These women have ribcage circumferences differing by 2 inches, but when breast tissue is included the measurements are the same at 38 inches. The result is that the latter woman will appear "bustier" than the former due to the apparent difference in bust to hip ratios (narrower shoulders, more prominent breasts) even though they are both technically 38–27–38.


title: Bust/waist/hip measurements

text: Height will also affect the presentation of the figure. A woman who is 36–24–36 (91.5–61–91.5) at tall looks different from a woman who is 36–24–36 at tall. Since the latter woman's figure has greater distance between measuring points, she will likely appear thinner than her former counterpart, again, even though they share the same measurements.


title: Bust/waist/hip measurements

text: The specific proportions of 36–24–36 inches (90-60-90 centimeters) have frequently been given as the "ideal", or "hourglass" proportions for women since at least the 1960s (these measurements are, for example, the title of a hit instrumental by The Shadows).


title: Adjugate matrix

text: In linear algebra, the adjugate or classical adjoint of a square matrix is the transpose of its cofactor matrix and is denoted by . It is also occasionally known as adjunct matrix, or "adjoint", though the latter today normally refers to a different concept, the adjoint operator which is the conjugate transpose of the matrix.


title: Adjugate matrix

text: The product of a matrix with its adjugate gives a diagonal matrix (entries not on the main diagonal are zero) whose diagonal entries are the determinant of the original matrix:


title: Adjugate matrix

text: where is the identity matrix of the same size as . Consequently, the multiplicative inverse of an invertible matrix can be found by dividing its adjugate by its determinant.


title: Adjugate matrix

text: In more detail, suppose is a unital commutative ring and is an matrix with entries from . The -"minor" of , denoted , is the determinant of the matrix that results from deleting row and column of . The cofactor matrix of is the matrix whose entry is the "cofactor" of , which is the -minor times a sign factor:


title: Adjugate matrix

text: The adjugate is defined so that the product of with its adjugate yields a diagonal matrix whose diagonal entries are the determinant . That is,


title: Adjugate matrix

text: The above formula implies one of the fundamental results in matrix algebra, that is invertible if and only if is an invertible element of . When this holds, the equation above yields


title: Adjugate matrix

text: Since the determinant of a 0 x 0 matrix is 1, the adjugate of any 1 × 1 matrix (complex scalar) is formula_7. Observe that formula_8


title: Adjugate matrix

text: The in the second row, third column of the adjugate was computed as follows. The (2,3) entry of the adjugate is the (3,2) cofactor of A. This cofactor is computed using the submatrix obtained by deleting the third row and second column of the original matrix A,


title: Adjugate matrix

text: This can be proved in three ways. One way, valid for any commutative ring, is a direct computation using the Cauchy–Binet formula. The second way, valid for the real or complex numbers, is to first observe that for invertible matrices and ,


title: Adjugate matrix

text: Because every non-invertible matrix is the limit of invertible matrices, continuity of the adjugate then implies that the formula remains true when one of or is not invertible.


title: Adjugate matrix

text: If is invertible, this implies that also commutes with . Over the real or complex numbers, continuity implies that commutes with even when is not invertible.


title: Adjugate matrix

text: Finally, there is a more general proof than the second proof, which only requires that an "n" × "n" matrix has entries over a field with at least 2"n" + 1 elements (e.g. a 5 × 5 matrix over the integers modulo 11). is a polynomial in "t" with degree at most "n", so it has at most "n" roots. Note that the "ij" th entry of is a polynomial of at most order "n", and likewise for . These two polynomials at the "ij" th entry agree on at least "n" + 1 points, as we have at least "n" + 1 elements of the field where is invertible, and we have proven the identity for invertible matrices. Polynomials of degree "n" which agree on "n" + 1 points must be identical (subtract them from each other and you have "n" + 1 roots for a polynomial of degree at most "n" – a contradiction unless their difference is identically zero). As the two polynomials are identical, they take the same value for every value of "t". Thus, they take the same value when "t" = 0.


title: Adjugate matrix

text: Using the above properties and other elementary computations, it is straightforward to show that if has one of the following properties, then does as well:


title: Adjugate matrix

text: If is invertible, then, as noted above, there is a formula for in terms of the determinant and inverse of . When is not invertible, the adjugate satisfies different but closely related formulas.


title: Adjugate matrix

text: Laplace expand the determinant of this matrix along column . The result is entry of the product . Collecting these determinants for the different possible yields an equality of column vectors


title: Adjugate matrix

text: Assume that is non-singular. Multiplying this system on the left by and dividing by the determinant yields


title: Adjugate matrix

text: The adjugate also appears in Jacobi's formula for the derivative of the determinant. If is continuously differentiable, then


title: Adjugate matrix

text: Separating the constant term and multiplying the equation by gives an expression for the adjugate that depends only on and the coefficients of . These coefficients can be explicitly represented in terms of traces of powers of using complete exponential Bell polynomials. The resulting formula is


title: Adjugate matrix

text: where is the dimension of , and the sum is taken over and all sequences of satisfying the linear Diophantine equation


title: Adjugate matrix

text: The same formula follows directly from the terminating step of the Faddeev–LeVerrier algorithm, which efficiently determines the characteristic polynomial of .


title: Adjugate matrix

text: The adjugate can be viewed in abstract terms using exterior algebras. Let be an -dimensional vector space. The exterior product defines a bilinear pairing


title: Adjugate matrix

text: Abstractly, formula_57 is isomorphic to , and under any such isomorphism the exterior product is a perfect pairing. Therefore, it yields an isomorphism


title: Adjugate matrix

text: Suppose that is a linear transformation. Pullback by the st exterior power of induces a morphism of spaces. The adjugate of is the composite


title: Adjugate matrix

text: If is endowed with its canonical basis , and if the matrix of in this basis is , then the adjugate of is the adjugate of . To see why, give formula_62 the basis


title: Adjugate matrix

text: Each of these terms maps to zero under formula_67 except the term. Therefore, the pullback of formula_67 is the linear transformation for which


title: Adjugate matrix

text: If is endowed with an inner product and a volume form, then the map can be decomposed further. In this case, can be understood as the composite of the Hodge star operator and dualization. Specifically, if is the volume form, then it, together with the inner product, determines an isomorphism


title: Adjugate matrix

text: Let be an matrix, and fix . The th higher adjugate of is an formula_76 matrix, denoted , whose entries are indexed by size subsets and of . Let and denote the complements of and , respectively. Also let formula_77 denote the submatrix of containing those rows and columns whose indices are in and , respectively. Then the entry of is


title: Adjugate matrix

text: Higher adjugates may be defined in abstract algebraic terms in a similar fashion to the usual adjugate, substituting formula_80 and formula_81 for formula_82 and formula_83, respectively.


title: Forbes Korea Power Celebrity 40

text: "Forbes" Korea Power Celebrity 40 is an annual list published by "Forbes Korea" magazine since 2009. It is a catalog of the top 40 most powerful celebrities in South Korea where personalities from sports, music, arts, film and television are ranked according to their professional achievements, media exposure, social media popularity, TV appearances and earnings from the past year.


title: 2021–22 UEFA Women's Champions League

text: The 2021–22 UEFA Women's Champions League was the 21st edition of the European women's club football championship organised by UEFA, and the 13th edition since being rebranded as the UEFA Women's Champions League. It was the first edition to feature a 16-team group stage.


title: 2021–22 UEFA Women's Champions League

text: The final was held at the Juventus Stadium in Turin, Italy. The winners of the 2021–22 UEFA Women's Champions League automatically qualified for the 2022–23 UEFA Women's Champions League group stage.


title: 2021–22 UEFA Women's Champions League

text: The video assistant referee (VAR), previously only deployed for the final, was used for all matches in the knockout stage.


title: 2021–22 UEFA Women's Champions League

text: On 24 June 2021, UEFA approved the proposal to abolish the away goals rule in all UEFA club competitions, which had been used since 1965. Therefore, if in a two-legged tie, two teams scored the same amount of aggregate goals, the winner of tie was not decided by the number of away goals scored by each team, but always by 30 minutes of extra time, and if the two teams scored the same amount of goals in extra time, the winner was decided by a penalty shoot-out.


title: 2021–22 UEFA Women's Champions League

text: The association ranking based on the UEFA women's country coefficients is used to determine the number of participating teams for each association:


title: 2021–22 UEFA Women's Champions League

text: An association must have an eleven-a-side women's domestic league to enter a team. As of 2019–20, 52 of the 55 UEFA member associations organize a women's domestic league, with the exceptions being Andorra, Liechtenstein and San Marino.


title: 2021–22 UEFA Women's Champions League

text: For the 2021–22 UEFA Women's Champions League, the associations are allocated places according to their 2020 UEFA women's Association coefficients, which takes into account their performance in European competitions from 2015-16 to 2019–20.


title: 2021–22 UEFA Women's Champions League

text: Unlike the men's Champions League, not every association entered a team, and so the exact number of teams entering in each round could not be determined until the full entry list was known. If there were more than 47 teams in the Champions Path qualifying, a preliminary round of two-legged home-and-away matches would have been played by the champions from the lowest-ranked associations. For example, if the title holders had not qualified for the group stage through league position and all 52 associations with a women's domestic league entered, the champions from associations 49–52 would enter the preliminary round. However, only 50 associations entered and this round was skipped.


title: 2021–22 UEFA Women's Champions League

text: The following is the access list for this season. As the Champions League title holders, Barcelona, which were guaranteed a berth in the Champions League group stage, already qualified via their domestic league, the following changes to the access list were made:


title: 2021–22 UEFA Women's Champions League

text: The two qualifying rounds, round 1 and round 2, are divided into Champions Path (CP) and League Path (LP).


title: 2021–22 UEFA Women's Champions League

text: A preliminary round consisting of two-legged home-and-away matches would have been played by the champions from the lowest-ranked associations if more than 50 associations had entered the tournament and the title holders had not qualified through league position. Since only 50 associations entered, this round was skipped.


title: 2021–22 UEFA Women's Champions League

text: The draw for the group stage was held on 13 September 2021, 13:00 CEST, in Nyon. The 16 teams were drawn into four groups of four. For the draw, the teams were seeded into four pots, each of four teams, based on the following principles:


title: 2021–22 UEFA Women's Champions League

text: Teams from the same association could not be drawn into the same group. Prior to the draw, UEFA formed one pairing of teams for associations with two or three teams based on television audiences, where one team was drawn into Groups A–B and another team into Groups C–D, so that the two teams played on different days. Clubs from countries with severe winter conditions (Sweden, Iceland) were assigned a position in their group which allowed them to play away on matchday 6.


title: 2021–22 UEFA Women's Champions League

text: The matches were played on 5–6 October, 13–14 October, 9–10 November, 17–18 November, 8–9 December, and 15–16 December 2021. The top two teams of each group advanced to the quarter-finals.


title: 2021–22 UEFA Women's Champions League

text: Køge, 1899 Hoffenheim and Real Madrid played in a European competition for the first time this season.


title: 2021–22 UEFA Women's Champions League

text: In the knockout phase, teams played against each other over two legs on a home-and-away basis, except for the one-match final. The mechanism of the draws for each round was as follows:


title: Arvo Pärt

text: Arvo Pärt (; born 11 September 1935) is an Estonian composer of contemporary classical music. Since the late 1970s, Pärt has worked in a minimalist style that employs tintinnabuli, a compositional technique he invented. Pärt's music is in part inspired by Gregorian chant. His most performed works include "Fratres" (1977), "Spiegel im Spiegel" (1978), and "Für Alina" (1976). From 2011 to 2018, Pärt was the most performed living composer in the world, and the second most performed in 2019—after John Williams. The Arvo Pärt Centre, in Laulasmaa, was opened to the public in 2018.


title: Arvo Pärt

text: Pärt was born in Paide, Järva County, Estonia, and was raised by his mother and stepfather in Rakvere in northern Estonia. He began to experiment with the top and bottom notes of the family's piano as the middle register was damaged.


title: Arvo Pärt

text: Pärt's musical education began at the age of seven when he began attending music school in Rakvere. By his early teenage years, Pärt was writing his own compositions. His first serious study came in 1954 at the Tallinn Music Middle School, but less than a year later he temporarily abandoned it to fulfill military service, playing oboe and percussion in the army band. After his military service he attended the Tallinn Conservatory, where he studied composition with Heino Eller and it was said of him, "he just seemed to shake his sleeves and the notes would fall out". During the 1950s, he also completed his first vocal composition, the cantata "Meie aed" ('Our Garden') for children's choir and orchestra. He graduated in 1963.


title: Arvo Pärt

text: As a student, Pärt produced music for film and the stage. From 1957 to 1967, he worked as a sound producer for the Estonian public radio broadcaster Eesti Rahvusringhääling.


title: Arvo Pärt

text: Tikhon Khrennikov criticized Pärt in 1962 for employing serialism in "Nekrolog" (1960), the first 12-tone music written in Estonia, which exhibited his "susceptibility to foreign influences". But nine months later Pärt won First Prize in a competition of 1,200 works, awarded by the all-"Union Society of Composers", indicating the Soviet regime's inability to agree on what was permissible. His first overtly sacred piece, "Credo" (1968), was a turning point in his career and life; on a personal level he had reached a creative crisis that led him to renounce the techniques and means of expression used so far; on a social level the religious nature of this piece resulted in him being unofficially censured and his music disappearing from concert halls. For the next eight years he composed very little, focusing instead on study of medieval and Renaissance music to find his new musical language. In 1972 he converted from Lutheranism to Orthodox Christianity.


title: Arvo Pärt

text: Pärt reemerged as a composer in 1976 with music in his new compositional style and technique, tintinnabuli.


title: Arvo Pärt

text: On 10 December 2011, Pope Benedict XVI appointed Pärt a member of the Pontifical Council for Culture for a five-year renewable term.


title: Arvo Pärt

text: In 2014 "The Daily Telegraph" described Pärt as possibly "the world's greatest living composer" and "by a long way, Estonia's most celebrated export". When asked how Estonian he felt his music to be, Pärt replied: "I don't know what is Estonian... I don't think about these things." Unlike many of his fellow Estonian composers, Pärt never found inspiration in the country's epic poem, "Kalevipoeg", even in his early works. Pärt said, "My "Kalevipoeg" is Jesus Christ."


title: Arvo Pärt

text: Familiar works by Pärt are "Cantus in Memoriam Benjamin Britten" for string orchestra and bell (1977) and the string quintet "Fratres I" (1977, revised 1983), which he transcribed for string orchestra and percussion, the solo violin "Fratres II" and the cello ensemble "Fratres III" (both 1980).


title: Arvo Pärt

text: Pärt is often identified with the school of minimalism and, more specifically, that of mystic minimalism or holy minimalism. He is considered a pioneer of the latter style, along with contemporaries Henryk Górecki and John Tavener. Although his fame initially rested on instrumental works such as "Tabula Rasa" and "Spiegel im Spiegel", his choral works have also come to be widely appreciated.


title: Arvo Pärt

text: In this period of Estonian history, Pärt was unable to encounter many musical influences from outside the Soviet Union except for a few illegal tapes and scores. Although Estonia had been an independent state at the time of Pärt's birth, the Soviet Union occupied it in 1940 as a result of the Soviet–Nazi Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact; and the country would then remain under Soviet domination—except for the three-year period of German wartime occupation—for the next 51 years.


title: Arvo Pärt

text: Pärt's works are generally divided into two periods. He composed his early works using a range of neo-classical styles influenced by Shostakovich, Prokofiev, and Bartók. He then began to compose using Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique and serialism. This, however, not only earned the ire of the Soviet establishment but also proved to be a creative dead-end. When early works were banned by Soviet censors, Pärt entered the first of several periods of contemplative silence, during which he studied choral music from the 14th to 16th centuries. In this context, Pärt's biographer, Paul Hillier, observed that "he had reached a position of complete despair in which the composition of music appeared to be the most futile of gestures, and he lacked the musical faith and willpower to write even a single note."


title: Arvo Pärt

text: In his work "Credo" (1968), written for solo piano, orchestra, and chorus, he employed avant-garde techniques. This work differed from his earlier atonal and tintinnabula works in its forms and context. Inspired by 14th and 16th century liturgical music, he used a poly-stylistic compositional technique to express his faith in God while incorporating avant-garde techniques of the 20th century. By definition, a credo expresses beliefs and guides religious action, and in his work it represents his faith in God. The Soviets eventually banned the work due to its clear religious context, even though it incorporated avant-garde and a constructivist procedure.


title: Arvo Pärt

text: The spirit of early European Polyphony informed the composition of Pärt's transitional Third Symphony (1971); thereafter he immersed himself in early music, reinvestigating the roots of Western music. He studied plainsong, Gregorian chant and the emergence of polyphony in the European Renaissance.


title: Arvo Pärt

text: The music that began to emerge after this period was radically different. This period of new compositions included the 1977 works "Fratres", "Cantus in Memoriam Benjamin Britten" and "Tabula Rasa". Pärt describes the music of this period as "tintinnabuli"—like the ringing of bells. "Spiegel im Spiegel" (1978) is a well-known example that has been used in many films. The music is characterised by simple harmonies, often single unadorned notes, or triads, which form the basis of Western harmony. These are reminiscent of ringing bells. Tintinnabuli works are rhythmically simple and do not change tempo. Another characteristic of Pärt's later works is that they are frequently settings for sacred texts, although he mostly chooses Latin or the Church Slavonic language used in Orthodox liturgy instead of his native Estonian language. Large-scale works inspired by religious texts include "Berliner Messe", "St. John Passion" and "Te Deum"; the author of the famous text of "Litany" is the 4th-century theologian John Chrysostom. Choral works from this period include "Magnificat" and "The Beatitudes".


title: Arvo Pärt

text: Pärt was the most performed living composer in the world from 2011 to 2018, but then the second-most performed composer, after John Williams. Of Pärt's popularity, Steve Reich has written:


title: Arvo Pärt

text: Pärt's music came to public attention in the West largely thanks to Manfred Eicher who recorded several of Pärt's compositions for ECM Records starting in 1984. Pärt wrote "Cecilia, vergine romana" on an Italian text about life and martyrdom of Saint Cecilia, the patron saint of music, for choir and orchestra on a commission for the Great Jubilee in Rome, where it was performed, close to her feast day on 22 November, by the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia conducted by Myung-whun Chung.


title: Arvo Pärt

text: Invited by Walter Fink, Pärt was the 15th composer featured in the annual Komponistenporträt of the Rheingau Musik Festival in 2005 in four concerts. Chamber music included "Für Alina" for piano, played by himself, "Spiegel im Spiegel" and "Psalom" for string quartet. The chamber orchestra of the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra played his "Trisagion", "Fratres" and "Cantus" along with works of J.S. Bach. The Windsbach Boys Choir and soloists Sibylla Rubens, Ingeborg Danz, Markus Schäfer and Klaus Mertens performed "Magnificat" and "Collage über B-A-C-H" together with two Bach cantatas and one by Mendelssohn. The Hilliard Ensemble, organist Christopher Bowers-Broadbent, the Rostock Motet Choir and the Hilliard instrumental ensemble, conducted by , performed a program of Pärt's organ music and works for voices (some "a cappella"), including "Pari intervallo", De profundis, and Miserere.


title: Arvo Pärt

text: A composition, "Für Lennart", written for the memory of the Estonian President, Lennart Meri, was played at Meri's funeral service on 2 April 2006.


title: Arvo Pärt

text: In response to the murder of the Russian investigative journalist Anna Politkovskaya in Moscow on 7 October 2006, Pärt declared that all of his works performed in 2006 and 2007 would be in honour of her death, issuing the following statement: "Anna Politkovskaya staked her entire talent, energy and—in the end—even her life on saving people who had become victims of the abuses prevailing in Russia."


title: Arvo Pärt

text: Pärt was honoured as the featured composer of the 2008 Raidió Teilifís Éireann Living Music Festival in Dublin, Ireland. He was also commissioned by Louth Contemporary Music Society to compose a new choral work based on "Saint Patrick's Breastplate", which premiered in 2008 in Louth, Ireland. The new work, "The Deer's Cry", is his first Irish commission, and received its debut in Drogheda and Dundalk in February 2008.


title: Arvo Pärt

text: Pärt's 2008 Fourth Symphony is named "Los Angeles" and was dedicated to Mikhail Khodorkovsky. It was Pärt's first symphony written since his Third Symphony of 1971. It premiered in Los Angeles, California, at the Walt Disney Concert Hall on 10 January 2009, and was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Classical Contemporary Composition in 2010.


title: Arvo Pärt

text: On 26 January 2014, Tõnu Kaljuste, conducting the Estonian Philharmonic Chamber Choir, the Sinfonietta Riga, the Tallinn Chamber Orchestra, the Latvian Radio Choir and the Vox Clamantis ensemble, won a Grammy for Best Choral Performance for a performance of Pärt's "Adam's Lament". Describing aspects of Pärt's music as "glocal" in approach, Estonian musicologist Kerri Kotta noted that the composer "has been able to translate something very human into sound that crosses the borders normally separating people."


title: Arvo Pärt

text: In 1980, after a prolonged struggle with Soviet officials, he was allowed to emigrate with his wife and their two sons. He lived first in Vienna, where he took Austrian citizenship, and then relocated to Berlin in 1981. He returned to Estonia around the turn of the 21st century and for a while lived alternately in Berlin and Tallinn. He now resides in Laulasmaa, about from Tallinn. He speaks fluent German as a result of living in Germany from 1981.


title: Arvo Pärt

text: In 2010, the Pärt family established The Arvo Pärt Centre, an institution responsible for maintaining his personal archive, in the village of Laulasmaa. A new building of the centre opened to the visitors on 17 October 2018, containing a concert hall, a library, and research facilities. The centre also offers educational programmes for children and operates as an international information centre on Pärt's life and work.


title: Arvo Pärt

text: In April 2020, although Pärt rarely gives interviews, he spoke to the Spanish newspaper "ABC" about the coronavirus crisis.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: The California Highway Patrol (CHP) is a state law enforcement agency of the U.S. state of California. The CHP has primary patrol jurisdiction over all California highways and roads and streets outside city limits, and can exercise law enforcement powers anywhere within the state. The California Highway Patrol can assist local and county agencies and can patrol major city streets along with local and county law enforcement, state and interstate highways, and is the primary law enforcement agency in rural parts of the state.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: The California State Legislature originally established the California Highway Patrol as a branch of the Division of Motor Vehicles in the Department of Public Works, with legislation signed by Governor C. C. Young on August 14, 1929. It was subsequently established as a separate department with legislation signed by Governor Earl Warren in 1947. The CHP gradually assumed increased responsibility beyond the enforcement of the State Vehicle Act and eventually merged with the smaller California State Police in 1995. It is currently organized as part of the California State Transportation Agency (CALSTA).


title: California Highway Patrol

text: In addition to its highway patrol duties, the CHP also provides other services including protecting state buildings and facilities (most notably the California State Capitol) and guarding state officials. The CHP also works with municipal and federal law enforcement agencies, providing assistance in investigations, patrol and other aspects of law enforcement.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: The California Highway Patrol is the largest state police agency in the United States, with 11,000 employees, over 7,600 of whom are sworn officers, according to a study in December 2019.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: The CHP gained international recognition in the late 1970s to the early 1980s through the broadcast of the TV series "CHiPs", which chronicled the adventures of two fictional CHP motorcycle officers and served as technical advisors to the 1950's TV show "Highway Patrol".


title: California Highway Patrol

text: The agency is responsible for law enforcement on all California state routes (including all freeways and expressways), U.S. Highways, Interstate Highways and all public roads in unincorporated and incorporated portions of any specific county. Local police or the local sheriff's department having a contract with an incorporated city are primarily responsible for investigating and enforcing traffic laws in incorporated cities, but any peace officer of the CHP can still enforce any state law anywhere within the state, even though the agency's primary mission is related to transportation. Furthermore, CHP officers act as bailiffs for the California Supreme Court and California Court of Appeal, as well as providing security at buildings occupied by the State of California.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: CHP officers enforce the California Vehicle Code, pursue fugitives spotted on the highways, and attend to all significant obstructions and accidents within their jurisdiction. They patrol in various vehicles including the 2014 & 2016 Ford Police Interceptor Utility (FPIU - Ford Explorer), 2015 Dodge Charger and in 2015 Chevrolet Tahoes. The main vehicle that the CHP uses to patrol is the Dodge Charger Pursuit in the RWD V6 Police Package. The only Hemi V8 Chargers CHP have are in the EVOC unit used for training purposes. CHP Officers have been using some police cars from the early 2000s such as Ford Expeditions.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: CHP officers are responsible for investigating and disposing of car accidents, disabled vehicles, debris, and other impediments to the free flow of traffic. They are often the first responders at the scene of an accident (or obstruction), and in turn summon paramedics, firefighters, tow truck drivers or Caltrans personnel. The CHP files traffic collision reports for state highways and within unincorporated areas. The CHP responds to and investigates all accidents involving school buses throughout the state including incorporated cities.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: CHP also has Multidisciplinary Accident Investigation Teams (MAIT) for the investigation of traffic collisions.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: The CHP also publishes data on traffic accidents in California from a database called SWITRS (Statewide Integrated Traffic Records System).


title: California Highway Patrol

text: After the September 11, 2001 attacks the CHP became responsible for securing and patrolling a number of potential terrorist targets in California. These sites include nuclear power plants, government buildings, and key infrastructure sites. The CHP also maintains a SWAT team on 24‑hour stand‑by to respond to any terrorist activity.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: In September 2005, the CHP sent its two Mobile Field Forces (highly trained and equipped quick reaction/deployment teams for civil disturbances and/or disasters) to the Gulf Coast to assist in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. Before the United States National Guard arrived, the CHP had four patrol helicopters over Marianna, Florida, more than eighty vehicles on the ground, and more than 200 officers and other staff, including a SWAT team, deployed in New Orleans.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: The CHP also has officers assigned to drug task forces and other criminal investigative task forces throughout the state, and maintains highly trained Warrant Service Teams (WST) throughout each of its Divisions. These teams serve high-risk felony arrest and search warrants generated as a result of CHP investigations, and the WST assists local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies to serve the same type of high-risk warrants. CHP investigators also work closely with agents of the State Bureau of Investigation, Office of the Attorney General.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: Additionally, the CHP has dozens of narcotic patrol and explosive detection K-9 teams stationed throughout the state.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: Somewhat controversially, the cities of Oakland and Stockton have contracted with the California Highway Patrol to assist their police departments with local patrol duties, including traffic stops and responding to 911 calls.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: Average officer pay was $118,000 in 2014. By law, salaries are set by an average of the five largest police departments in the state. In 2012, the top paid CHP officer received $483,581, 44 other officers earning over $200,000, and over 5,000 officers receiving over $100,000. In 2011, CHP officers earned $82.4 million in overtime, triple the amount in the second largest state, and with one officer earning over $93,000 in overtime alone. Officers are strictly prohibited from working more than 16.5 hours at a time before having to take a minimum 8-hour break.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: In 1999, Governor Gray Davis signed SB 400, which allowed CHP officers to retire at age 50 and continue receiving as much as 90% of their peak pay as a pension. This raised the pension earned for 30 years of service from an average of $62,218 to $96,270. Officers' average retirement age is 54. New officers have a retirement age of 57 in accordance with CalPers 2.7% at 57 formula. As of 2019, a new contract was negotiated with the state, causing officers to increase their contribution to the retirement plan by deferring any percentage over 3% of their annual raise towards their pension. This brings their contribution closer to a 50–50 split with the state, while boosting state contributions toward the officers' retirements from other sources.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: The CHP is led by the Commissioner, who is appointed by the Governor of California. The Deputy Commissioner is also appointed by the Governor and the Assistant Commissioners are appointed by the Commissioner.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: On November 17, 2020, Deputy Commissioner Ray was appointed to Commissioner by Governor Gavin Newsom.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: On November 20, 2010, the CHP received its initial accreditation under the CALEA Advanced Law Enforcement Accreditation Program. Upon receiving this honor, the CHP became the largest CALEA-accredited law enforcement agency in the nation.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: CHP uniforms are traditionally khaki-colored with campaign hat and blue-and-gold trouser stripe. Command officers wear a tan combination cap. The dress uniform includes a forest green jacket and royal blue tie (bow tie for motor officers). Cold weather and utility uniforms are dark blue. Leather gear is black basketweave leather with brass snaps and buckles.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: Standard traffic enforcement patrol vehicles are required by state law to have a white door with, in the case of the CHP, a star. The CHP operates traditional black and white as well as all-white patrol vehicles.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: The California Highway Patrol is one of the few organizations to continue to use the older toll-free "Zenith 1-2000" number. With the falling cost of telephone area code 800 and 888 numbers, most organizations have chosen to switch to one of the newer numbers and discontinue use of the Zenith service, which requires operator assistance. The CHP's traditions include its own radio codes, widely adopted by local agencies. The most important is 11‑99, which signifies that an officer needs emergency assistance or that an officer is down.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: In 1981, a charitable foundation called the 11‑99 Foundation was founded to provide benefits and scholarships to officers and their families. The members of the foundation's board of directors have provided over $16 million in assistance to current, retired, and those fallen in the line of duty CHP employees and their families. The organization's name is taken from the radio code.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: The badge of the California Highway Patrol is a gold seven-point star with the California state seal in the center, and a ribbon with the rank of the badge holder on the bottom. The star points have oak leaves in them, and badges are made of 14k gold-filled brass. A patch facsimile is worn on tactical and utility uniforms, and optionally on the cold weather jacket. The cap piece is a golden winged wheel with banners stating the agency name.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: Since its inception in 1929, 227 officers have died in the line of duty. The top three frequent causes of line of duty deaths to date are (in order of cause): Automobile/Motorcycle Accidents, Gunfire, and Vehicular Assault (i.e., struck by drunk driver, reckless driving, or hearing and/or visually impaired drivers). 1964 was the deadliest year, in which eight officers died in the line of duty; 1970 and 1978 were the second deadliest years, in which seven officers died in the line of duty.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: The "Mexico Liaison Unit" is a Border Division Unit based in San Diego. Since the CHP has no jurisdiction directly in Mexico, officers from the Unit work closely with Mexican authorities to recover stolen vehicles and assist with other law enforcement issues. The purpose of the "Mexico Liaison Unit" is to develop and maintain positive working relations with Mexican authorities in order to:


title: California Highway Patrol

text: The unit was originally established in 1958 and only consisted of one officer. It was discontinued in the 1970s, and reestablished in 1980. The unit now consists of one sergeant and six officers, all of whom are fluent in Spanish.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: On April 6, 1970, four California Highway Patrol officers were killed in a 4‑minute shootout in the Newhall region of Southern California. The incident is a landmark in CHP history because of both its emotional impact and the procedural and doctrinal reforms implemented by the CHP in the incident's aftermath.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: The shootout occurred in a restaurant parking lot just before midnight. Officers Walt Frago and Roger Gore were alerted by radio of a vehicle carrying someone who brandished a weapon. They spotted the car, fell in behind, called for backup, and began the stop procedure. When the suspects' vehicle came to a halt in the parking lot, the driver was instructed to step out of the vehicle and spread his hands on the hood. Gore approached him and Frago moved to the passenger side. The passenger side door suddenly swung open and the passenger sprung out, firing at Frago, who fell with two shots in his chest. The gunman, later identified as Jack Twinning, then turned and fired once at Gore, who returned fire. In that moment the driver, Bobby Davis, turned and shot Gore twice at close range. Both officers died instantly.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: When Officers James Pence and George Alleyn drove in moments later, they could not see suspects or other officers, but both immediately came under fire. Pence put out an 11‑99 call ("officer needs help, emergency") then took cover behind the passenger door. Alleyn grabbed his shotgun, and positioned himself behind the driver-side door. Both officers were mortally wounded in the ensuing exchange, and one suspect was hit.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: Suspects Jack Twinning and Bobby Davis escaped, later abandoned their vehicle and then split up. For nine hours, officers blanketed the area searching for the killers. Twinning broke into a house and briefly held a man hostage. Officers used tear gas before storming the house, but Twinning committed suicide with the shotgun he stole from Frago. Davis was captured, stood trial and convicted on four counts of murder. He was sentenced to death, but in 1972, the California Supreme Court declared the death penalty to be cruel and unusual punishment and in 1973, the court commuted his sentence to life in prison.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: Of the incident, Ronald Reagan, who was governor of California at the time, said the following words: "If anything worthwhile comes of this tragedy, it should be the realization by every citizen that often the only thing that stands between them and losing everything they hold dear ... is the man wearing a badge."


title: California Highway Patrol

text: A follow-up investigation eventually led to a complete revision of procedures during high-risk and felony stops. Firearms procedures have also changed fundamentally due to this incident, and physical methods of arrest have been improved. The police baton and pepper spray have been added to the officer's arsenal, with more in‑depth training in their use.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: The 25th anniversary of the Newhall Incident was observed on April 6, 1995, at the present Newhall Area office, where a brick memorial pays tribute to Officers George Alleyn (6290), Walt Frago (6520), Roger Gore (6547) and James Pence (6885). The memorial once stood at the former Newhall office, but was rebuilt at the new site, about one mile (1.6 km) from the scene of the slayings.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: On July 12, 1995, the California State Police, which was a separate agency, was merged into the CHP, thus greatly expanding the agency's mandate. In addition to safety on the state highway system, it is now responsible for the safety of all elected state officials and all people who work in or are utilizing a state building in California, such as the State Capitol Building in Sacramento.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: It has also been discussed to merge the Law Enforcement Division of the California Department of Fish and Wildlife into the California Highway Patrol. By doing so, this may allow for better protection of California's environment and natural resources. The underfunded CDFW Law Enforcement Division has faced low numbers of Game Wardens also known as Wildlife Officers for the last ten years; a similar idea is already in place in Oregon and Alaska, where the Oregon State Police and Alaska State Troopers serve as game wardens under a separate fish and wildlife division within the two departments.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: When motor vehicles in California were first seen as needing legislation, law enforcement agencies began to patrol using motorcycles, cars and trucks. Motorcycle officers in 1920 Fresno, started a group to assist each other and promote road safety – the Joaquin Valley Traffic Officer's Association – led by Harry Wilson who they elected as president. They renamed themselves the California Association of Highway Patrolmen in 1921, and became the California Highway Patrol in 1927 under the auspices of the Department of Motor Vehicles.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: Through the public competitive bidding process, the Harley-Davidson Electraglide motorcycle was selected as the primary enforcement motorcycle for the California Highway Patrol in 2013.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: These replacement enforcement motorcycles will replenish the department's aging motorcycle fleet. In a cost-saving move, the CHP previously deferred the purchase of replacement motorcycles and has not purchased enforcement motorcycles since January 14, 2011. As a result, approximately 20 percent of the current fleet has logged 100,000 plus miles – well exceeding the manufacturer's warranty.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: CHP's motorcycle program enhances public safety. Motorcycle officers are able to effectively enforce traffic laws in areas in which enforcement by four-wheel vehicles is impractical. Motorcycles can access scenes of accidents and natural disasters more quickly and work commute traffic in way that is unique to the motorcycle. Additionally, motorcycles play a special role in dignitary protection.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: The CHP has approximately 415 enforcement motorcycles working the roads throughout California. The CHP purchased 121 of the Harley-Davidson enforcement motorcycles to replace motorcycles that have high mileage or have been damaged in traffic collisions. As of June 2013, approximately 22 percent of the CHP's motorcycle fleet is over 100,000 miles with more than half of those over 125,000 miles. On average, a CHP enforcement motorcycle is driven 14,000 miles per year.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: Early motorcycles used included Indian, Harley-Davidson and Henderson manufactured bikes during the 1920s and 30s; though by 1941, the main manufacturers used at the training academy were Harley-Davidson and Indian.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: In 1998, CHP began using the BMW R1100RT-P, with features including a helmet interface for communications, two batteries, and a top speed of .


title: California Highway Patrol

text: The Department of General Services is responsible for selecting a vehicle based on price, performance and payload capacity for the CHP. The bid specifications require a pursuit-rated, rear-wheel drive or all-wheel drive that can carry at least 1,500 pounds, the approximate weight of four officers, their equipment, and the police vehicle equipment.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: As of July 2013, CHP had not purchased patrol vehicles since January 2011 and their fleet was rapidly aging. On average, CHP patrol vehicles are driven 33,000 miles per year. Half of their 2,153-vehicle fleet had over 100,000 miles as of June 2013. After 100,000 miles, the warranty on CHP vehicles expires, forcing CHP to pay for maintenance costs. In July 2013, the CHP was authorized to purchase up to 751 new vehicles to begin replacing its aging fleet, starting with cars that have the highest mileage.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: Through a public, competitive bidding process, the Ford Police Interceptor Utility Vehicle (Explorer) was selected as the new enforcement vehicle for the CHP in 2013. The Ford Police Interceptor Utility Vehicle is All Wheel Drive and powered by a V6, 3.7 Liter engine. It is a Flex Fuel vehicle that can use gasoline or E85 and gets 16 mpg city and 21 mpg highway.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: The Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor averaged 14 mpg city and 21 mpg highway. The new Ford Police Interceptor Utility Vehicle costs $26,578, which includes a 5-year, 100,000-mile warranty. The department was paying $24,043 for the Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptors and recently spent hundreds of thousands of dollars per month to maintain all vehicles no longer covered by warranty.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: Several vehicles were allocated to public affairs officers and are used for recruiting purposes. An example of these vehicles can be seen at the California State Fair and other venues. The last Crown Victorias were retired in September 2020. CHP also uses Chevrolet Silverados, Dodge Rams (for commercial vehicle enforcement), Ford Expeditions, and Dodge Durangos for their divisions that experience snow frequently or have certain terrain that is inaccessible to sedan-based patrol cars.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: In July 2016, it was announced that the CHP would be taking delivery of 516 2016 Dodge Chargers. These cars are hoped to be more reliable than the Ford Police Interceptor Utility Vehicle, which have been plagued with various recalls and breakdowns, most notably, transmission failures.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: In 2017, it was announced that the CHP were going to start using Chevrolet Tahoe Police Patrol Vehicles (PPV) for rural and resident posts. This is because of their ability to carry a larger "basic load" of normal issue equipment, equipment that may be only in a few cars, and / or not carried by patrol cars at all, in a more urban setting.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: The CHP utilizes both helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft. As of October 2020, the fleet consisted of:


title: California Highway Patrol

text: George Gwaltney, a former officer from Barstow, was convicted on May 10, 1984, in federal court for the on‑duty rape and murder of 23-year-old Robin Bishop on January 11, 1982. He had reported finding a dead body off a deserted stretch of interstate 15 the same day he murdered her with his service weapon. Gwaltney was tried twice for this murder at the San Bernardino County Court House. The first trial ended with the jury deadlocked 8–4 and the second 7–5. The district attorney attempted to try Gwaltney a third time, but a Superior court judge dismissed the murder charge. Since Gwaltney was allowed to go free for the first two state trials, the FBI took over the case. The FBI was able to piece together the events leading up to the murder and the on-duty rape of Robin Bishop and interrogating Gwaltney's alibi, Preston Olson and his mother. There was more forensic evidence that the FBI succeeded in getting to build their case against Gwaltney; soon his story started to fall apart. After the six-month investigation by the FBI, George Michael Gwaltney was arrested in Barstow and tried at the US District Court in Los Angeles. He was represented by a public defender who chose not to have Gwaltney testify as he had done in the previous two state trials. He was found guilty of the murder, rape and the deprivation of Robin Bishop's civil rights while on duty. He was the first California Highway Patrol officer to be charged with the indictment of violating the civil rights of Robin Bishop as well as being the first CHP officer known to commit a murder while on duty. Following the conviction, Gwaltney was subsequently sentenced to 90 years in prison, being eligible for parole after serving at least 30 years. Gwaltney died in federal custody from a heart attack in 1997.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: Craig Peyer, a former officer from Poway, is serving a forty-year prison sentence for the on-duty strangulation and murder of 20-year-old Cara Knott on December 27, 1986. After she was killed, Knott's body was discarded over an abandoned highway bridge. Peyer was convicted of first-degree murder in 1988. Though he has maintained innocence ever since, Peyer has been denied parole consistently. In 2004, the parole board offered Peyer the chance to prove his alleged innocence by providing a DNA sample to compare against a drop of blood found on Cara's shoe, using modern DNA profiling. Peyer declined to provide a sample, nor explain why he declined to do so.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: Brad Wheat, an off-duty California Highway Patrol Officer got into a dispute with his wife who was sleeping with the owner of a "Get Ripped Nutrition" in Martell in Amador County, California on August 4, 2018. Wheat had a weapon and the store owner was going to call 911 before Wheat shot the owner, his wife, and himself. The owner managed to escape despite his injury and called 911. Wheat's wife and Wheat were killed instantly.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: Michael Joslin, a former officer from Pioneer was arrested for continuously molesting and raping a 12-year-old girl on August 13, 2018. He was charged with oral copulation with a minor under 14, lewd acts with a child under 14, continuous sexual abuse of a child, penetration with a foreign object and rape. The Amador County Sheriff's Department was tipped off by a local Church pastor after the victim and her mother came forward with the alleged abuse. The Amador County Sheriff's detectives and the department learned that the alleged molestation had been taking place for the past year. Joslin was employed with the California Highway Patrol Amador area office until August 14, when he was removed from the position. From July 1, 2009, until March 2, 2016, he was employed at the San Andreas area office. He started his career at the CHP Academy in West Sacramento on June 18, 2007. Joslin appeared in court and pleaded not guilty to the charges he had against him and was ordered to turn in his firearms. A protective order was imposed on Joslin in court, prohibiting him from contacting the victim in any capacity. He was held at the Amador County Jail.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: On March 4, 2019, Joslin plead guilty to one count of sexual penetration by foreign object and one count of rape by force or fear in exchange for the remaining charges being dismissed. On April 16, he was sentenced to a total of 19 years in prison. Joslin will be eligible for parole in 2033.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: In 2006, two officers forwarded photos taken of Nikki Catsouras, a teenager who died in a motor vehicle accident, to colleagues without authorization. These photos quickly spread on the internet. The family sued and reached a settlement in the case with CHP for $2.37 million in 2012.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: The CHP hosts or partners with numerous programs for public safety education and community involvement.


title: California Highway Patrol

text: When the CHP was formed, there were discussions as to what to call this new agency. The consensus was for the name "California Highway Patrol". The American Automobile Association (AAA) is a private organization which provided, among other things, roadside assistance to their members. At that time, the AAA had a fleet of trucks which patrolled the roads so they could assist their members. These trucks carried a sign which said "Highway Patrol". The CHP organizers decided it would be best to contact the AAA to see if they would object to the state using this name. The AAA considered the idea, and gave their consent.


title: Adam Pascal

text: Adam Pascal (born October 25, 1970) is an American actor, singer, and musician, known for his performance as Roger Davis in the original 1996 cast of Jonathan Larson's musical "Rent" on Broadway, the 2005 movie version of the musical, and the Broadway tour of "Rent" in 2009. He is also known for originating the role of Radames in Elton John and Tim Rice's "Aida", for playing the Emcee in the 1998 revival of "Cabaret", and for playing Huey Calhoun in the Broadway company of "Memphis". More recently, he played William Shakespeare in the Tony Award-winning musical "Something Rotten!"


title: Adam Pascal

text: Pascal was born in The Bronx, New York, and grew up in Woodbury, Nassau County, New York, with his mother, Wendy (née Frishman), and stepfather, Mel Seamon. He was raised Jewish. He graduated from Syosset High School. He then graduated from New York Institute of Technology. Before his interest in music, he was a personal trainer. Although he began as a rock musician playing in a number of bands (such as Mute) formed with his schoolmates, Pascal became drawn to musical theater.


title: Adam Pascal

text: A friend of his from high school (Idina Menzel's boyfriend at the time) mentioned "Rent" to him. On a whim, he auditioned and was cast as the HIV-positive rock guitarist Roger Davis. His powerful tenor voice and his performance in "Rent" earned him a Tony nomination, a Theater World award, and an Obie Award. He left the show on November 2, 1997, but went on to reprise Roger when "Rent" opened in London.


title: Adam Pascal

text: The role helped Pascal gain fame on Broadway, and he was cast in the Elton John and Tim Rice musical "Aida" as the Egyptian general Radames with the original and final casts (former "Rent" castmate Idina Menzel would co-star as Amneris in 2001), and Kander and Ebb's "Cabaret", appearing in the show as the Emcee (closing cast). He also participated in several charity performances, including "Chess" in 2003 (playing the American, Freddie Trumper), "Hair" in 2004 (singing "I Got Life"), and the "24 Hour Plays" in 2005. He returned to "Aida" in 2004 to close the run of the show as Radames.


title: Adam Pascal

text: Along with original Broadway "Rent" cast member Anthony Rapp (Mark Cohen), Pascal returned to Broadway to star as Roger in "Rent" from July 30 to October 7, 2007. In January 2009, he and Rapp reprised their originating (and film) roles as Roger and Mark in "Rent: The Broadway Tour", which played in many cities in North America, as well as stops in Japan and South Korea. At the tour's Detroit, Michigan stop in February, Pascal suffered two herniated discs in his neck and was on medical leave for a week. His role was filled in by Cary Shields, who had played "Roger" in the Broadway, Canadian, "Benny" National Tour productions. Pascal made a full recovery and finished up the tour in early 2010. This tour closed on February 7, 2010.


title: Adam Pascal

text: Pascal reprised the role of Frederick Trumper, aka "Freddie, The American" in the London concert version of "Chess" at the Royal Albert Hall on May 12–13, 2008. His "Rent" and "Aida" co-star Idina Menzel played Florence. This performance was recorded; it has been televised, first on American and British television on June 17, 2009, and repeatedly in America on PBS stations as part of that network's "Great Performances" series; and has been released on DVD.