title: Noise music

text: In 1961, James Tenney composed "Analogue #1: Noise Study" (for tape) using computer synthesized noise and "Collage No.1 (Blue Suede)" (for tape) by sampling and manipulating a famous Elvis Presley recording.


title: Noise music

text: In 1932, Bauhaus artists László Moholy-Nagy, Oskar Fischinger and Paul Arma experimented with modifying the physical contents of record grooves.


title: Noise music

text: Under the influence of Henry Cowell in San Francisco in the late 1940s, Lou Harrison and John Cage began composing music for "junk" (waste) percussion ensembles, scouring junkyards and Chinatown antique shops for appropriately tuned brake drums, flower pots, gongs, and more.


title: Noise music

text: In Europe, during the late 1940s, Pierre Schaeffer coined the term "musique concrète" to refer to the peculiar nature of sounds on tape, separated from the source that generated them initially. Pierre Schaeffer helped form Studio d'Essai of the Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française in Paris during World War II. Initially serving the French Resistance, Studio d'Essai became a hub for musical development centered around implementing electronic devices in compositions. It was from this group that musique concrète was developed. A type of electroacoustic music, musique concrète is characterized by its use of recorded sound, electronics, tape, animate and inanimate sound sources, and various manipulation techniques. The first of Schaeffer's "Cinq études de bruits" ("Five Noise Etudes"), called "Étude aux chemins de fer" (1948) consisted of transformed locomotive sounds. The last étude, "Étude pathétique" (1948), makes use of sounds recorded from sauce pans and canal boats. "Cinq études de bruits" was premiered via a radio broadcast on October 5, 1948, titled "Concert de bruits".


title: Noise music

text: Following musique concrète, other modernist art music composers such as Richard Maxfield, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Gottfried Michael Koenig, Pierre Henry, Iannis Xenakis, La Monte Young, and David Tudor, composed significant electronic, vocal, and instrumental works, sometimes using found sounds. In late 1947, Antonin Artaud recorded ' ("To Have Done with the Judgment of God"), an audio piece full of the seemingly random cacophony of xylophonic sounds mixed with various percussive elements, mixed with the noise of alarming human cries, screams, grunts, onomatopoeia, and glossolalia. In 1949, Nouveau Réalisme artist Yves Klein wrote "The Monotone Symphony" (formally "The Monotone-Silence Symphony", conceived 1947–1948), a 40-minute orchestral piece that consisted of a single 20-minute sustained chord (followed by a 20-minute silence) — showing how the sound of one drone could make music. Also in 1949, Pierre Boulez befriended John Cage, who was visiting Paris to do research on the music of Erik Satie. John Cage had been pushing music in even more startling directions during the war years, writing for prepared piano, junkyard percussion, and electronic gadgetry.


title: Noise music

text: In 1951, Cage's "Imaginary Landscape #4", a work for twelve radio receivers, was premiered in New York. Performance of the composition necessitated the use of a score that contained indications for various wavelengths, durations, and dynamic levels, all of which had been determined using chance operations.


title: Noise music

text: A year later in 1952, Cage applied his aleatoric methods to tape-based composition. Also in 1952, Karlheinz Stockhausen completed a modest musique concrète student piece entitled "Etude". Cage's work resulted in his famous work "Williams Mix", which was made up of some six hundred tape fragments arranged according to the demands of the "I Ching". Cage's early radical phase reached its height that summer of 1952, when he unveiled the first art "happening" at Black Mountain College, and "4'33"", the so-called controversial "silent piece". The premiere of "4'33"" was performed by David Tudor. The audience saw him sit at the piano, and close the lid of the piano. Some time later, without having played any notes, he opened the lid. A while after that, again having played nothing, he closed the lid. And after a period of time, he opened the lid once more and rose from the piano. The piece had passed without a note being played, in fact without Tudor or anyone else on stage having made any deliberate sound, although he timed the lengths on a stopwatch while turning the pages of the score. Only then could the audience recognize what Cage insisted upon: that there is no such thing as silence. Noise is always happening that makes musical sound. In 1957, Edgard Varèse created on tape an extended piece of electronic music using noises created by scraping, thumping and blowing titled "Poème électronique".


title: Noise music

text: In 1960, John Cage completed his noise composition "Cartridge Music" for phono cartridges with foreign objects replacing the 'stylus' and small sounds amplified by contact microphones. Also in 1960, Nam June Paik composed "Fluxusobjekt" for fixed tape and hand-controlled tape playback head. On May 8, 1960, six young Japanese musicians, including Takehisa Kosugi and Yasunao Tone, formed the Group Ongaku with two tape recordings of noise music: "Automatism" and "Object". These recordings made use of a mixture of traditional musical instruments along with a vacuum cleaner, a radio, an oil drum, a doll, and a set of dishes. Moreover, the speed of the tape recording was manipulated, further distorting the sounds being recorded. Canada's Nihilist Spasm Band, the world's longest-running noise act, was formed in 1965 in London, Ontario, and continues to perform and record to this day, having survived to work with many of the newer generation which they themselves had influenced, such as Thurston Moore of Sonic Youth and Jojo Hiroshige of Hijokaidan. In 1967, Musica Elettronica Viva, a live acoustic/electronic improvisational group formed in Rome, made a recording titled "SpaceCraft" using contact microphones on such "non-musical" objects as panes of glass and motor oil cans that was recorded at the Akademie der Kunste in Berlin. At the end of the sixties, they took part in the collective noise action called "Lo Zoo" initiated by the artist Michelangelo Pistoletto.


title: Noise music

text: The art critic Rosalind Krauss argued that by 1968 artists such as Robert Morris, Robert Smithson, and Richard Serra had "entered a situation the logical conditions of which can no longer be described as modernist." Sound art found itself in the same condition, but with an added emphasis on distribution. Antiform process art became the terms used to describe this postmodern post-industrial culture and the process by which it is made. Serious art music responded to this conjuncture in terms of intense noise, for example the La Monte Young Fluxus composition "89 VI 8 C. 1:42–1:52 AM Paris Encore" from "Poem For Chairs, Tables, Benches, Etc." Young's composition "Two Sounds" (1960) was composed for amplified percussion and window panes and his "Poem for Tables, Chairs and Benches, Etc." (1960) used the sounds of furniture scraping across the floor.


title: Noise music

text: "Freak Out!", the 1966 debut album by The Mothers of Invention made use of avant-garde sound collage—particularly the closing track "The Return of the Son of Monster Magnet". The same year, art rock group The Velvet Underground made their first recording while produced by Andy Warhol, a track entitled "Noise".


title: Noise music

text: "Tomorrow Never Knows" is the final track of The Beatles' 1966 studio album "Revolver"; credited as a Lennon–McCartney song, it was written primarily by John Lennon with major contributions to the arrangement by Paul McCartney. The track included looped tape effects. For the track, McCartney supplied a bag of -inch audio tape loops he had made at home after listening to Stockhausen's "Gesang der Jünglinge". By disabling the erase head of a tape recorder and then spooling a continuous loop of tape through the machine while recording, the tape would constantly overdub itself, creating a saturation effect, a technique also used in musique concrète. The Beatles would continue these efforts with "Revolution 9", a track produced in 1968 for "The White Album". It made sole use of sound collage, credited to Lennon–McCartney, but created primarily by John Lennon with assistance from George Harrison and Yoko Ono.


title: Noise music

text: In 1975, Ned Lagin released an album of electronic noise music full of spacey rumblings and atmospherics filled with burps and bleeps entitled "Seastones" on Round Records. The album was recorded in stereo quadraphonic sound and featured guest performances by members of the Grateful Dead, including Jerry Garcia playing treated guitar and Phil Lesh playing electronic Alembic bass. David Crosby, Grace Slick and other members of the Jefferson Airplane also appear on the album.


title: Noise music

text: Lou Reed's double LP "Metal Machine Music" (1975) is cited as containing the primary characteristics of what would in time become a genre known as noise music. The album, recorded on a three speed Uher machine and mastered/engineered by Bob Ludwig, is an early, well-known example of commercial studio noise music that the music critic Lester Bangs has sarcastically called the "greatest album ever made in the history of the human eardrum". It has also been cited as one of the "worst albums of all time". In 1975, RCA also released a Quadrophonic version of the "Metal Machine Music" recording that was produced by playing the master tape back both forward and backward, and by flipping the tape over. Reed was well aware of the drone music of La Monte Young and cites him as a major influence on "Metal Machine Music". Young's Theatre of Eternal Music was a proto-minimal music noise group in the mid-60s with John Cale, Marian Zazeela, Henry Flynt, Angus Maclise, Tony Conrad, and others. The Theatre of Eternal Music's discordant sustained notes and loud amplification had influenced Cale's subsequent contribution to The Velvet Underground in his use of both discordance and feedback. Cale and Conrad have released noise music recordings they made during the mid-sixties, such as Cale's "Inside the Dream Syndicate" series ("The Dream Syndicate" being the alternative name given by Cale and Conrad to their collective work with Young).


title: Noise music

text: The aptly named noise rock fuses rock to noise, usually with recognizable "rock" instrumentation, but with greater use of distortion and electronic effects, varying degrees of atonality, improvisation, and white noise. One notable band of this genre is Sonic Youth, who took inspiration from the No Wave composers Glenn Branca and Rhys Chatham (himself a student of La Monte Young). Marc Masters, in his book on the No Wave, points out that aggressively innovative early dark noise groups like Mars and DNA drew on punk rock, avant-garde minimalism and performance art. Important in this noise trajectory are the nine nights of noise music called "Noise Fest" that was organized by Thurston Moore of Sonic Youth in the NYC art space White Columns in June 1981 followed by the "Speed Trials" noise rock series organized by Live Skull members in May 1983.


title: Noise music

text: In the 1970s, the concept of art itself expanded and groups like Survival Research Laboratories, Borbetomagus and Elliott Sharp embraced and extended the most dissonant and least approachable aspects of these musical/spatial concepts. Around the same time, the first postmodern wave of industrial noise music appeared with The Pop Group, Throbbing Gristle, Cabaret Voltaire, and NON (aka Boyd Rice). These cassette culture releases often featured zany tape editing, stark percussion and repetitive loops distorted to the point where they may degrade into harsh noise. In the 1970s and 1980s, industrial noise groups like Killing Joke, Throbbing Gristle, Mark Stewart & the Mafia, Coil, Laibach, Thee Temple ov Psychick Youth, Smegma, Nurse with Wound and Einstürzende Neubauten performed industrial noise music mixing loud metal percussion, guitars, and unconventional "instruments" (such as jackhammers and bones) in elaborate stage performances. These industrial artists experimented with varying degrees of noise production techniques. Interest in the use of shortwave radio also developed at this time, particularly evident in the recordings and live performances of John Duncan. Other postmodern art movements influential to post-industrial noise art are Conceptual Art and the Neo-Dada use of techniques such as assemblage, montage, bricolage, and appropriation. Bands like Test Dept, Clock DVA, Factrix, Autopsia, Nocturnal Emissions, Whitehouse, Severed Heads, Sutcliffe Jügend, and SPK soon followed.


title: Noise music

text: The sudden post-industrial affordability of home cassette recording technology in the 1970s, combined with the simultaneous influence of punk rock, established the No Wave aesthetic, and instigated what is commonly referred to as noise music today.<ref name="organisational autonomy / extra-musical elements">Media.hyperreal.org, "Prehistory of Industrial Music" 1995 Brian Duguid, esp. chapter "Organisational Autonomy / Extra-Musical Elements".</ref>


title: Noise music

text: Since the early 1980s, Japan has produced a significant output of characteristically harsh artists and bands, sometimes referred to as "Japanoise", with names such as Government Alpha, Alienlovers in Amagasaki and Koji Tano, and perhaps the best known being Merzbow (pseudonym for the Japanese noise artist Masami Akita who himself was inspired by the Dada artist Kurt Schwitters's "Merz" art project of psychological collage). In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Akita took "Metal Machine Music" as a point of departure and further abstracted the noise aesthetic by freeing the sound from guitar based feedback alone. According to Hegarty (2007), "in many ways it only makes sense to talk of noise music since the advent of various types of noise produced in Japanese music, and in terms of quantity this is really to do with the 1990s onwards ... with the vast growth of Japanese noise, finally, noise music becomes a genre". Other key Japanese noise artists that contributed to this upsurge of activity include Hijokaidan, Boredoms, C.C.C.C., Incapacitants, KK Null, Yamazaki Maso's Masonna, Solmania, K2, The Gerogerigegege and Hanatarash. Nick Cain of "The Wire" identifies the "primacy of Japanese Noise artists like Merzbow, Hijokaidan and Incapacitants" as one of the major developments in noise music since 1990.


title: Noise music

text: Following the wake of industrial noise, noise rock, no wave, and harsh noise, there has been a flood of noise musicians whose ambient, microsound, or glitch-based work is often subtler to the ear. Kim Cascone refers to this development as a postdigital movement and describes it as an "aesthetic of failure." Some of this music has seen wide distribution thanks to peer-to-peer file sharing services and netlabels offering free releases. Steve Goodman characterizes this widespread outpouring of free noise based media as a "noise virus."


title: Miss Supranational 2022

text: Miss Supranational 2022 was the 13th edition of the Miss Supranational pageant, held on 15 July 2022, at Strzelecki Park Amphitheater in Nowy Sącz, Poland. Chanique Rabe of Namibia crowned Lalela Mswane of South Africa at the end of the event. This edition marked the first back to back win for contestants from Africa, and the first Black woman who won Miss Supranational.


title: Miss Supranational 2022

text: On 26 April 2022, Gerhard Parzutka von Lipinski, the president of Miss and Mister Supranational, announced that 13th edition of the Miss Supranational competition would return to Nowy Sacz in the Małopolska region in June and July, and the final night would be held on 15 July 2022.


title: Miss Supranational 2022

text: Anita Nneka Jones returned as host and joined by Martin Fitch, with backstage coverage by Ivan Podrez.


title: Miss Supranational 2022

text: The preliminary competition was broadcast live on the official Miss Supranational YouTube channel at 9pm CET on 12 July 2022. The preliminary interview judges and members of a panel of experts were announced.


title: Miss Supranational 2022

text: The new Miss Supranational crown was designed by Ricardo Patraca and was introduced during Miss Supranational 2022 preliminary competition.


title: Miss Supranational 2022

text: The winner of the Supra Fan Vote will automatically advance to the Top 12 finalists of Miss Supranational 2022.


title: Miss Supranational 2022

text: On 4 July 2022, Miss Supra Influencer Top 42 finalists were announced via the organization's official Facebook account. The Top 22 finalists were announced via Miss Supranational official instagram account on 6 July 2022.


title: Miss Supranational 2022

text: Supra Model of the Year was broadcast live via Miss Supranational official Facebook and YouTube on 3 July 2022.


title: Miss Supranational 2022

text: The 18 finalists were split into 2 semi-finals which were filmed in Poland. 5 winners from each semi-final will be chosen to advance to the finals.


title: Miss Supranational 2022

text: Talent competition were held on 3 July 2022, during the charity auction ‘Evening of Fashion and Culture for Ukraine’. The delayed broadcast of the competition were official premiered via Miss Supranational YouTube channel on 4 July 2022. Miss Malaysia, Melisha Lin was included in the line-up but were not chosen as a finalist.


title: Miss Supranational 2022

text: Miss Elegance competition were held on 8 July 2022. The delayed broadcast of the competition were official premiered via Miss Supranational YouTube channel on 9 July 2022. Miss Turkey, Şira Sahilli, was named as the winner at the end of the event.


title: Matt Lintz

text: Matthew Lintz (born May 23, 2001) is an American actor known for playing Matty van Patten in "Pixels", Henry in the AMC television series "The Walking Dead" and Bruno in "Ms. Marvel".


title: Matt Lintz

text: Lintz played the older version of Henry in the television series, "The Walking Dead". The younger version of Henry was played by Lintz's younger brother, Macsen, while his older sister, Madison, played Carol's daughter, Sophia Peletier in the first two seasons.


title: Matt Lintz

text: In November 2020, it was revealed in set photos that Lintz would be playing Bruno Carrelli in the Disney+ series "Ms. Marvel" set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Lintz also originally auditioned for the role of Spider-Man in the MCU.


title: Independent city (United States)

text: In the United States, an independent city is a city that is not in the territory of any county or counties and is considered a primary administrative division of its state. Independent cities are classified by the United States Census Bureau as "county equivalents" and may also have similar governmental powers to a consolidated city-county. However, in the case of a consolidated city-county, a city and a county were merged into a unified jurisdiction in which the county at least nominally exists to this day, whereas an independent city was legally separated from any county or merged with a county that simultaneously ceased to exist even in name.


title: Independent city (United States)

text: Of the 41 independent U.S. cities, 38 are in Virginia, whose state constitution makes them a special case. The three independent cities outside Virginia are Baltimore, Maryland; St. Louis, Missouri; and Carson City, Nevada. The most populous of them is Baltimore.


title: Independent city (United States)

text: In the Commonwealth of Virginia, all municipalities incorporated as "cities" have been "independent cities", also called "free cities", since 1871, when a revised state constitution took effect following the American Civil War and the creation of West Virginia. Virginia's thirty-eight independent cities are not politically part of a county, even though geographically they may be completely surrounded by one. An independent city in Virginia may serve as the county seat of an adjacent county, even though the city by definition is not part of that county. Some other Virginia municipalities, even though they may be more populous than some existing independent cities, are incorporated towns. These towns always form part of a county. Incorporated towns have limited powers, varying by each charter. They typically share many aspects such as courts and public school divisions with the county they are within.


title: Independent city (United States)

text: In the Commonwealth of Virginia, there are two classes of city. The primary difference relates to the court system. A first-class city (e.g., Richmond) has its own District Court and also its own Circuit Court. A second-class city (e.g. Norton or Emporia) has its own District Courts, but not its own Circuit Court. As a second-class city, Fairfax shares a Circuit Court with Fairfax County, while Falls Church shares a Circuit Court with adjacent Arlington County. In Virginia, a District Court is not a court of record, so all cases are heard by a judge; all jury trials are heard in a Circuit Court.


title: Independent city (United States)

text: Three older Virginia counties, whose origins go back to the original eight shires of Virginia formed in 1634 in the Colony of Virginia, have or had the word "city" in their names; politically, however, they are counties. The independent cities were formed to centralize trading and legal matters as the older system of merchant ships cruising from plantation to plantation was inefficient. The colonial capital of Williamsburg was created for this reason, being a port on the James River. Two of these counties are Charles City County and James City County, whose names originated with earlier "incorporations" created in 1619 by the Virginia Company as Charles Cittie and James Cittie. Additionally, Elizabeth City County, which was originally part of the older Elizabeth Cittie, became extinct in 1952 when it was consolidated politically by mutual consent with the small City of Hampton, its county seat, and the Town of Phoebus. These merged entities became the current independent city of Hampton, Virginia, one of the largest cities of Virginia.


title: Paul Winchell

text: Paul Winchell ("né" Wilchinsky; December 21, 1922 – June 24, 2005) was an American actor, comedian, humanitarian, inventor and ventriloquist whose career flourished in the 1950s and 1960s. From 1950 to 1954, he hosted "The Paul Winchell Show", which also used two other titles during its prime time run on NBC: "The Speidel Show", and "What's My Name?" From 1965 to 1968, Winchell hosted the children's television series "Winchell-Mahoney Time".


title: Paul Winchell

text: Winchell made guest appearances on Emmy Award-winning television series from the late 1950s to the mid 1970s, such as "Perry Mason", "The Dick Van Dyke Show", "McMillan & Wife", "The Brady Bunch", "The Donna Reed Show", and appearances as Homer Winch on "The Beverly Hillbillies". In animation, he was the original voice of Tigger, Dick Dastardly, Gargamel, and other characters.


title: Paul Winchell

text: Winchell, who had medical training, was also an inventor, becoming the first person to build and patent a mechanical artificial heart, implantable in the chest cavity (US Patent #3097366 of 1963). He has been honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work in television.


title: Paul Winchell

text: Winchell was born Paul Wilchinsky in New York City on December 21, 1922, to Solomon Wilchinsky and Clara Fuchs. His father was a tailor; his grandparents were Jewish immigrants from Russian-ruled Poland and Austria-Hungary. Winchell's initial ambition was to become a physician, but the Great Depression wiped out any chance of his family's ability to afford medical school tuition. At age 6, his legs atrophied after contracting polio.


title: Paul Winchell

text: When Winchell was 12 or 13, he came across a magazine advertisement offering a ventriloquism kit for ten cents. Back at school, he asked his art teacher, Jero Magon, if he could receive class credit for creating a ventriloquist's dummy. Magon was agreeable, and Winchell thanked him named his creation Jerry Mahoney. Winchell went back to reading magazines, gathering jokes from them and putting together a comedy routine, which he then took to the "Major Bowes Amateur Hour" in 1938, winning first prize. A touring offer, playing various theaters with the Major Bowes Review, was part of the prize. Bandleader Ted Weems saw the young Winchell while on tour; he visited Winchell and made him an offer of employment. Winchell accepted and became a professional at age 14.


title: Paul Winchell

text: Winchell's best-known ventriloquist dummies were Jerry Mahoney and Knucklehead Smiff. Mahoney was carved by Chicago-based figure maker Frank Marshall. Sometime later Winchell had basswood copies of Jerry's head made by a commercial duplicating service. One became the upgraded Jerry Mahoney that is seen primarily throughout Winchell's television career. The television versions of Jerry and Knucklehead also featured Winchell's innovation of actors slipping their hands into the sleeves of the dummies, giving the visual effect of gesturing with their hands while "conversing" with each other. He modified two other copies to create Knucklehead Smiff. The original Marshall Jerry Mahoney and one copy of Knucklehead Smiff are in storage at the Smithsonian Institution. The other two figures are in the collection of illusionist David Copperfield.


title: Paul Winchell

text: Winchell's first show as a ventriloquist was on radio with Jerry Mahoney in 1943. The program was short-lived, however, as he was overshadowed by Edgar Bergen. Winchell also created Ozwald, a character that resembled Humpty Dumpty. The effect was accomplished by painting eyes and a nose on his chin, then adding a "body" covering the rest of his face, and finally electronically turning the camera image upside down. In 1961, Berwin Novelties introduced a home version of the character that included an Ozwald body, creative pencils to draw the eyes and nose and a "magic mirror" that automatically turned a reflection upside down.


title: Paul Winchell

text: In 1948, Winchell and Joseph Dunninger were featured on "Floor Show" on NBC. Recorded via kinescope and replayed on WNBQ-TV in Chicago, the 8:30-9 p.m. Central Time show on Thursdays was the station's first mid-week program.


title: Paul Winchell

text: During the 1950s, Winchell hosted children's ("The Paul Winchell and Jerry Mahoney Show") and adult programs with his figures for NBC Television, and later for syndication. The NBC Saturday morning program, sponsored by Tootsie Roll, featured a clubhouse motif and a theme song co-written by Winchell and his longtime bandleader and on-air sidekick, Milton Delugg. The theme song was titled "HOORAY, HOORAH" which featured the secret password "SCOTTY WOTTY DOO DOO". An ending song titled "Friends, Friends, Friends" was sung by the children in the audience. In October 1956, Winchell moved to ABC, hosting "Circus Time" on Thursday evening for one season before returning to "Winchell-Mahoney" on Sunday afternoons. On one episode in late 1959, The Three Stooges appeared on the show to promote their joint feature film venture, "Stop, Look and Laugh". Winchell made an appearance on "Nanny and the Professor" (Season 2, Episode 13) as a "mean old man" (a puppeteer who had retired into seclusion after losing his wife in an accident). In 1996, Winchell contracted with figure maker Tim Selberg to construct a more contemporary version of Jerry Mahoney, which Winchell described as "Disney-esque". Winchell used the new figure version to pitch a new TV series idea to Michael Eisner. In 2009, Winchell was featured in the comedy documentary "I'm No Dummy", directed by Bryan W. Simon.


title: Paul Winchell

text: Winchell's career after 1968 included various voice roles for animated television series. For Hanna-Barbera, he played the character Dick Dastardly in multiple series (including "Wacky Races" and "Dastardly and Muttley in their Flying Machines"); Clyde and Softy on "Wacky Races" and "The Perils of Penelope Pitstop"; Fleegle on "The Banana Splits Adventure Hour"; and Gargamel on "The Smurfs".


title: Paul Winchell

text: He also provided the voice of Bubi Bear in "Help!... It's the Hair Bear Bunch!" in 1971, Revs on "Wheelie and the Chopper Bunch", Moe on "The Robonic Stooges" and Shake on "The CB Bears". In 1973, he did the voice of Goober the Dog on the H-B show "Goober and the Ghost Chasers" and also guest starred as the rain-making villain on an episode of "Hong Kong Phooey". For Disney, Winchell voiced Tigger in Disney's "Winnie-the-Pooh" featurettes, and won a Grammy Award for his performance in "Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too".


title: Paul Winchell

text: Beginning with the television series "The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh", he alternated in the role with Jim Cummings, the current voice of Pooh. Winchell's final performances as Tigger was in 1999 for "" and "The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh" attraction at Walt Disney World. After that, Jim Cummings permanently took over the role of Tigger starting with "Sing a Song with Pooh Bear" in 1999 (though some of Winchell's vocals from previous Pooh animations were included). Other Disney roles included parts in "The Aristocats" as a Siamese cat named Shun Gon, and "The Fox and the Hound" as Boomer the woodpecker. He was also the original voice of Zummi Gummi on the TV series "Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears" for seasons 1–5; Jim Cummings took over for the final season in 1990.


title: Paul Winchell

text: Winchell provided the voices of Sam-I-Am and the unnamed character Sam pesters in "Green Eggs and Ham" from the animated television special "Dr. Seuss on the Loose" in 1973. He played Fleabag on "The Oddball Couple", Fearless Freddy the Shark Hunter on the "Pink Panther" spin-off "Misterjaw" in 1976, as well as a number of one-shot characters in "The Blue Racer" series. In commercials, he voiced the character of Burger Chef for the fast food chain of the same name, the Scrubbing Bubbles for Dow Chemicals and Mr. Owl for Tootsie Roll Pops.


title: Paul Winchell

text: From 1981 to 1989, Winchell voiced Gargamel on "The Smurfs" as well as on several Smurfs television movies. During the 1980s, he was called upon by Hanna-Barbera to reprise his role of Dick Dastardly on "Yogi's Treasure Hunt" (which was a tour-de-force featuring all of the H-B characters) and later on "Wake, Rattle and Roll" (which was a "Wacky Races" spin-off). Also on the animated movie "Yogi Bear and the Magical Flight of the Spruce Goose", he did the voice of the Dread Baron, who was previously voiced by John Stephenson on the "Laff-a-Lympics".


title: Paul Winchell

text: Winchell (often with Jerry Mahoney) was a frequent guest panelist on "What's My Line?" in 1956. (On the April 29 episode, in which Winchell was a panelist, the mystery guest was Edgar Bergen; after his identity was revealed, Jerry Mahoney and Charlie McCarthy carried on a conversation.) Other work included on-camera guest appearances on such series as "The Polly Bergen Show"; "The Virginian"; "The Lucy Show"; "The Donna Reed Show"; "Dan Raven"; "The Brady Bunch"; as Homer Winch on "The Beverly Hillbillies"; and as Claude Wilbur on "The Dick Van Dyke Show". He appeared in a 1960 motion picture that included a compilation of Three Stooges shorts ("Stop!, Look and Laugh"), and also in the Jerry Lewis movie "Which Way to the Front?".


title: Paul Winchell

text: Winchell appeared as himself in 1963 in the NBC game show "Your First Impression". He appeared in the late 1960s in a sketch on "Rowan and Martin's Laugh-in" as a French ventriloquist named "Lucky Pierre", who has the misfortune of having his elderly dummy die of a heart attack in the middle of his act. On "Love, American Style", he appeared with fellow ventriloquist Shari Lewis in a sketch about two shy people in a waiting room who choose to introduce themselves to each other through their dummies.


title: Paul Winchell

text: Winchell's most successful TV show was "Winchell-Mahoney Time" (1965–1968), a children's show written by his wife, actress Nina Russel. Winchell played several onscreen characters, including Knucklehead Smiff's father, Bonehead Smiff. He also played himself as friend and adult advisor to Mahoney and Smiff. He also created "Mr. Goody-good," a surreal character, by painting eyes and a nose on his chin, covering his face with a small costume, then having the camera image inverted. The resulting pinheaded character seemed to have an immensely wide mouth and a highly mobile head. Winchell created this illusion by moving his chin back and forth. The show was produced at KTTV in Los Angeles, which was owned by Metromedia.


title: Paul Winchell

text: Winchell started "negotiating with Metromedia in 1970 to syndicate the 305 color segments of the show" but nothing came of it. Finally, "Winchell offered to purchase the tapes outright for $100,000. Metromedia responded with an ultimatum...: Agree on a syndication plan or the tapes will be destroyed." When Winchell did not agree, Metromedia carried out with its threat and the tapes were erased and destroyed. Winchell sued Metromedia and in 1986 a jury awarded him "$3.8 million for the value of the tapes and $14 million in punitive damages against Metromedia." Metromedia appealed the award all the way to the Supreme Court but was unsuccessful.


title: Paul Winchell

text: Winchell's last regular on-camera TV appearances working with his puppets were "Storybook Squares", a children's version of the adult celebrity game show "Hollywood Squares" which was seen Saturday mornings on NBC during the 1969 TV season, and "Runaround", another children's TV game show seen Saturday mornings on NBC from September 1972 to September 1973.


title: Paul Winchell

text: Winchell was a pre-med student at Columbia University. He graduated from The Acupuncture Research College of Los Angeles in 1974, and became an acupuncturist. He also worked as a medical hypnotist at the Gibbs Institute in Hollywood. He owned more than 30 patents in his lifetime. He invented an artificial heart with the assistance of Dr. Henry Heimlich, inventor of the Heimlich maneuver, and held an early U.S. patent for such a device. The University of Utah developed a similar apparatus around the same time, but when they tried to patent it, Winchell's patents were cited as prior art. Eventually, Winchell donated his heart patents to the university.


title: Paul Winchell

text: There is some debate as to how much of Winchell's design Robert Jarvik used in creating the Jarvik-7. Dr. Heimlich stated, "I saw the heart, I saw the patent and I saw the letters. The basic principle used in Winchell's heart and Jarvik's heart is exactly the same." Jarvik denied that any of Winchell's design elements were incorporated into the his device, which was first successfully implanted in Barney Clark in 1982.


title: Paul Winchell

text: Winchell established more medical patents while working on projects for the Leukemia Society (now known as the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society) and the American Red Cross. Other devices that he invented and patented included a disposable razor, a blood plasma defroster, a flameless cigarette lighter, a garter belt with no outwardly visible lines, a fountain pen with a retractable tip, and battery-heated gloves.


title: Paul Winchell

text: In the 1980s, Winchell's concern about starvation in Africa led him to develop a method to cultivate tilapia in tribal villages and small communities. The fish thrives in brackish waters, which made it particularly well suited for sub-Saharan Africa. Winchell appeared before a Congressional committee with several other celebrities, including actors Richard Dreyfuss and Ed Asner, and Dr. Heimlich. The committee declined to finance a pilot program for the tilapia aquaculture project in Africa because it required digging wells into non-potable water.


title: Paul Winchell

text: Winchell had three children: a son, Stacy Paul Winchell; a daughter, Stephanie, from his first marriage to Dorothy "Dottie" Movitz; and a daughter, April Winchell (the current voice of Clarabelle Cow), who is a comedian and voice actress, from his second marriage to actress Nina Russel. His third wife was the former Jean Freeman. Winchell's autobiography, "Winch" (2004), exposed many details of Winchell's life that had previously been kept private, including early stories of an abused childhood, a long history of depression and at least one mental breakdown which resulted in a short stint in an institution. The autobiography caused a major estrangement between Winchell and his children, prompting daughter April to publicly defend her mother, who was negatively portrayed in the book.


title: Paul Winchell

text: After writing in "God 2000: Religion Without the Bible" (1982) that religion brought more chaos to humanity than any "other invention of man", Winchell expressed deist opinions within his 2004 book "Protect God".


title: Paul Winchell

text: Winchell died on June 24, 2005, at the age of 82, from natural causes in his sleep at his home in Moorpark, California, after years of recurring mental problems that came from his youth.


title: Paul Winchell

text: He authored a large and detailed autobiography called "Winch The Autobiography" published April 2004, at age 81, which revealed the bad treatment he had from his mother for a considerable period, and the mental impact that continued to negatively affect him for decades after his mother's death (Clara Wilchinski died in 1953 when she was only 58 years old, and Paul was 30).


title: Paul Winchell

text: He was survived by his wife, his children, and three grandchildren. His remains were cremated, and his ashes scattered over his home property.


title: Paul Winchell

text: He was estranged from his children, and they were not immediately informed of his death. Upon learning of it, April posted an entry on her website:


title: Paul Winchell

text: I got a phone call a few minutes ago, telling me that my father passed away yesterday. A source close to my dad, or at least, closer than I was, decided to tell me himself, instead of letting me find out on the news, which I appreciate. Apparently a decision had been made not to tell me, or my father's other children. My father was a very troubled and unhappy man. If there is another place after this one, it is my hope that he now has the peace that eluded him on earth.


title: Paul Winchell

text: Jim Cummings took on the role of Tigger full-time starting with "The Tigger Movie" (2000) after Winchell was rejected by the studio as they thought at that time that his voice and energy sounds and felt too old for the role of the character (at the time of the production of this movie Winchell was 75/76 years old). Tom Kenny and Peter Woodward took on the role of Dick Dastardly and Hank Azaria, Rainn Wilson, and Mark Irons took on the role of Gargamel.


title: John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough

text: John George Vanderbilt Henry Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough, (13 April 1926 – 16 October 2014) was a British peer. He was the elder son of the 10th Duke of Marlborough and his wife, the Hon. Alexandra Mary Hilda Cadogan. He was known as "Sunny" after his courtesy title of Earl of Sunderland.


text: His principal seat was Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire. He was ranked 224th in the "Sunday Times Rich List" 2004, with an estimated wealth of £185 million. His death was announced on 16 October 2014 by Blenheim Palace.


text: He was educated at Eton College and served seven years in the Life Guards, in which he achieved the rank of captain. In 1972, on inheriting the Dukedom of Marlborough, he took over the management of Blenheim Palace and the Blenheim estate.


text: To fund the maintenance of the house, he opened it to visitors and as a film set, and established a number of businesses, including a garden furniture company and a water bottling plant.


text: He was also active in a range of organisations, including the Thames and Chilterns Tourist Board and Oxford United Football Club. He served as vice-president of the Witney Conservative Association, the local party of David Cameron.


text: Firstly, he married Susan Mary Hornby (1929–2005), daughter of Michael Charles St John Hornby and Nicolette Joan Ward, on 19 October 1951. They divorced in 1961 after having three children:


text: Secondly, on 23 October 1961, he married Athina Onassis ("née" Livanos), former wife of Aristotle Onassis, and daughter of Stavros Livanos. They were divorced in March 1971 and had no children.


text: Thirdly, on 20 May 1972, he married Countess Rosita Douglas-Stjernorp, daughter of ambassador Count Carl Douglas-Stjernorp and Ottora Haas-Heye. They had three children and were divorced in 2008.


text: Finally, at the age of 82, Marlborough married Lily Mahtani ("née" Sahni; born c. 1954–57 in Iran) 3 December 2008 in the Private Chapel at Blenheim. There were no children from this marriage.


title: Ron Cyrus

text: Ronald Ray Cyrus (July 10, 1935 – February 28, 2006) was an American politician and public servant in Greenup County, Kentucky. A member of the Democratic Party, he was elected to Kentucky House of Representatives for 11 consecutive terms, from 1975 until he retired in 1996.


title: Ron Cyrus

text: He was the father of country music singer and actor Billy Ray Cyrus and the paternal grandfather of Miley, Noah and Brandi Cyrus.


title: Ron Cyrus

text: Cyrus was born in Flatwoods, Kentucky, to Verlina Adeline Hay (1894–1980) and Eldon Lindsey Cyrus (1895–1975). He was a 1959 graduate of Russell High School, a graduate of Ashland Community and Technical College, and attended the University of Kentucky.


title: Ron Cyrus

text: A member of the Democratic Party, he was elected a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives for Kentucky's 98th Legislative District, which encompasses Greenup County, in 1975, and began his career in the General Assembly in 1976. He was elected to 11 consecutive terms — serving a total of 21 years — until he retired from office in 1996.


title: Ron Cyrus

text: Cyrus served as executive secretary and treasurer of the Kentucky AFL-CIO from 1984 to 1986 and was employed as a rigger with Armco Steel Ashland Works. He was a Kentucky Colonel, served as a regional representative with Alan Greenspan of the Federal Reserve Board, member of The Crownsmen Quartet, Little League baseball coach, and a member of Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horse Association.


title: Ron Cyrus

text: Cyrus also served in the United States Air Force in Japan. He served as founding Chairman of the Board of the Billy Ray Cyrus Charities Foundation and was a devoted member of Big Woods Community Church in Wellington, Kentucky.


title: Ron Cyrus

text: Cyrus was 70 years old when he died on February 28, 2006, of lung cancer at a Lexington hospital. He was buried in Louisa, Kentucky, with his funeral on March 5, at Big Woods Community Church in Wellington, Kentucky. A visitation was held on March 4 at the student union at his alma mater, Russel High School. As a tribute in his honor, the Kentucky House of Representatives observed a moment of silence on March 1, 2006.


title: Ron Cyrus

text: The song "I Miss You" by Cyrus' granddaughter Miley Cyrus was written for him and was featured on her 2007 album "". The song "Hey Daddy" by Cyrus' son Billy Ray Cyrus is also dedicated to him, on the album "Wanna Be Your Joe". Billy Ray sang this song to Cyrus, the night before his death. In honor of Cyrus, his granddaughter, Miley chose to act as "Ronnie" for her character in the 2010 film "The Last Song". She also changed her middle name from "Hope" to "Ray" in Cyrus' honor. A chapter of her autobiography "Miles to Go" is also dedicated to Cyrus.


title: K. Manikandan

text: Manikandan participated in a popular reality comedy show and finished as the runner-up of the season. Subsequently, he joined an FM channel as a Radio Jockey while also dubbing/voice acting for several films and TV shows.


title: K. Manikandan

text: He debuted as a writer with "" (2013). He made his acting debut with "India Pakistan" (2015) and played a minor role in the "Kadhalum Kadanthu Pogum" (2016) directed by Nalan Kumarasamy. Manikandan then played an antagonist in Sri Ganesh's debut directorial venture "8 Thottakkal" (2017) alongside M. S. Bhaskar and Lallu. He penned the dialogues for Pushkar–Gayathri's third directorial venture "Vikram Vedha" (2017) and also played a role of a police constable in the film. In 2018, Pa. Ranjith picked Manikandan for a role in "Kaala" (2018). Manikandan was involved in "Viswasam" (2019) "Thambi" (2019), directed by Siva and Jeethu Joseph respectively, as a dialogue writer. He paired with Nivedithaa Sathish in the romantic anthology film "Sillu Karupatti" (2019), directed by Halitha Shameem. Manikandan received critical acclaim for his role in the film, "Aelay" (2021).


title: K. Manikandan

text: Manikandan directed an independent film ‘Narai Ezhuthum Suyasaritham’ (English Title: Endless) starring Delhi Ganesh and himself. The film was selected to participate in Bengaluru International Film Festival (2016) under ‘Indian Cinema Competition’. Endless was one of the four films to be selected for screening at 16th New York Indian Film Festival (2016).


title: Luke Newton

text: Luke Paul Anthony Newton (né Atkinson; born 5 February 1993) is an English actor. He is known for playing Colin, the third Bridgerton child, in the Netflix series "Bridgerton" (2020–present). He also had roles in the BBC Two drama "The Cut" (2009) and the Disney Channel series "The Lodge" (2016).


title: Luke Newton

text: Newton is from Shoreham-by-Sea, West Sussex. He has a younger sister, Lauren. Their parents divorced, and their mother Michelle remarried in 2006. Newton attended Northbrook College Sussex (now part of Greater Brighton Metropolitan College). He then formed the boy band South 4 with Oli Reynolds (then Evans), Joel Baylis, and Henry Tredinnick. He went on to train at the London School of Musical Theatre.


title: Luke Newton

text: In 2010, Newton made his television debut in the BBC Two teen series "The Cut" as Luke Attwood, a role he portrayed for 11 episodes. In 2014, he appeared in two episodes of the BBC soap opera "Doctors" as Sam Hern. From 2016 to 2017, Newton starred in the Disney Channel series "The Lodge" as Ben Evans. While appearing on the series, he was also featured on the two accompanying soundtrack albums. In 2018, he starred in the Syfy television film "" as Billy. In 2020, he began starring in the Netflix series "Bridgerton" as Colin Bridgerton.


title: Earth-616

text: In the fictional Marvel Comics multiverse, Earth-616 is the primary continuity in which most Marvel Comics titles take place.


title: Earth-616

text: The term was first used in "Rough Justice", a story credited to both Alan Moore and Alan Davis published in July 1983 by Marvel UK in the anthology comic "The Daredevils" (and was later reprinted in the "Captain Britain" trade paperback). Saturnyne uses the term to differentiate Brian Braddock, the Captain Britain of the regular Marvel Comics universe, from the other members of the Captain Britain Corps, each of which inhabit different universes. The designation was later used by the American branch of Marvel Comics in the "Excalibur" title, which frequently referenced Captain Britain's early UK-published adventures. This comic was written by Chris Claremont, who had created Captain Britain, and pencilled by Alan Davis, the artist on the UK-published series. Davis later had a run as both writer and artist on the book.


title: Earth-616

text: Alan Moore is usually credited with creating the term. However, Alan Davis has said that it was invented by Dave Thorpe, the previous writer of the UK-published "Captain Britain" stories.


title: Earth-616

text: A difference of opinion exists regarding the selection of the number 616. In 2005, Moore's son-in-law John Reppion said on an Internet message board that the number was arbitrarily chosen by Moore, saying it "was just a random number of no significance chosen because people always seemed to be talking about 'earth 2' or 'earth 4' but never any higher numbers." However, Davis has said that it comes from a variation on the number of the beast, picked because Thorpe "wasn't a fan of the modern superhero genre" and expressed this in his stories, "such as recording his opinion of the Marvel Universe with the designation 616."


title: Earth-616

text: In the climaxes of the "Goblin Nation" and "Spider-Verse" storylines in "Superior Spider-Man" and "The Amazing Spider-Man", respectively, it is revealed that Marvel 2099/Earth-928 is the same universe as 616, dubbed as Earth-616 circa 2099.


title: Earth-616

text: Most references to Earth-616 appear in Marvel UK titles, in "Excalibur," or in Marvel reference texts such as the guide to "Alternate Universes" (2005). In addition, there are a number of other references to Earth-616:


title: Earth-616

text: The term has also appeared in "Exiles" (in, among others, the House of M tie-in issues) and is in regular use by the writers of Marvel's Official Handbooks for the simplicity of the term.


title: Earth-616

text: There has been at least one attempt within Marvel canon to change the designation of Earth-616. In the final story arc of "X-Man" (issues #71–74), writer Steven Grant began to refer to the planet as "Earth-611" due to the destruction of several other Earths (which were all apparently "higher on the list" of the multiverse than the Marvel Earth) by a godlike entity. This change, an allusion to the events of DC's "Crisis on Infinite Earths", was not adopted by other writers.


title: Earth-616

text: Former Marvel Editor in Chief Joe Quesada and Executive Editor Tom Brevoort have each stated their dislike for the term Earth-616.


title: Human head

text: In human anatomy, the head is at the top of the human body. It supports the face and is maintained by the skull, which itself encloses the brain.


title: Human head

text: The human head consists of a fleshy outer portion, which surrounds the bony skull. The brain is enclosed within the skull. There are 22 bones in the human head. The head rests on the neck, and the seven cervical vertebrae support it. The human head typically weighs between Over 98% of humans fit into this range. There have been odd incidences where human beings have abnormally small or large heads. The Zika virus was responsible for underdeveloped heads in the early 2000s.


title: Human head

text: The face is the anterior part of the head, containing the eyes, nose, and mouth. On either side of the mouth, the cheeks provide a fleshy border to the oral cavity. The ears sit to either side of the head.


title: Human head

text: The head receives blood supply through the internal and external carotid arteries. These supply the area outside of the skull (external carotid artery) and inside of the skull (internal carotid artery). The area inside the skull also receives blood supply from the vertebral arteries, which travel up through the cervical vertebrae.


title: Human head

text: The twelve pairs of cranial nerves provide the majority of nervous control to the head. The sensation to the face is provided by the branches of the trigeminal nerve, the fifth cranial nerve. Sensation to other portions of the head is provided by the cervical nerves.


title: Human head

text: Modern texts are in agreement about which areas of the skin are served by which nerves, but there are minor variations in some of the details. The borders designated by diagrams in the 1918 edition of Gray's Anatomy are similar but not identical to those generally accepted today.


title: Human head

text: The head contains sensory organs: two eyes, two ears, a nose and tongue inside of the mouth. It also houses the brain. Together, these organs function as a processing center for the body by relaying sensory information to the brain. Humans can process information faster by having this central nerve cluster.


title: Human head

text: For humans, the front of the head (the face) is the main distinguishing feature between different people due to its easily discernible features, such as eye and hair colors, shapes of the sensory organs, and the wrinkles. Humans easily differentiate between faces because of the brain's predisposition toward facial recognition. When observing a relatively unfamiliar species, all faces seem nearly identical. Human infants are biologically programmed to recognize subtle differences in anthropomorphic facial features.


title: Human head

text: People who have greater than average intelligence are sometimes depicted in cartoons as having bigger heads as a way of notionally indicating that they have a "larger brain". Additionally, in science fiction, an extraterrestrial having a big head is often symbolic of high intelligence. Despite this depiction, advances in neurobiology have shown that the functional diversity of the brain means that a difference in overall brain size is only slightly to moderately correlated to differences in overall intelligence between two humans.


title: Human head

text: The head is a source for many metaphors and metonymies in human language, including referring to things typically near the human head ( "the head of the bed"), things physically similar to the way a head is arranged spatially to a body ("the head of the table"), metaphorically ("the head of the class"), and things that represent some characteristics associated with the head, such as intelligence ("there are a lot of good heads in this company").


title: Human head

text: Ancient Greeks had a method for evaluating sexual attractiveness based on the Golden ratio, part of which included measurements of the head.


title: Human head

text: Headhunting is the practice of taking and preserving a person's head after killing the person. Headhunting has been practiced across the Americas, Europe, Asia, and Oceania for millennia.


title: Human head

text: Headpieces can signify status, origin, religious/spiritual beliefs, social grouping, team affiliation, occupation, or fashion choices.


title: Human head

text: In many cultures, covering the head is seen as a sign of respect. Often, some or all of the head must be covered and veiled when entering holy places or places of prayer. For many centuries, women in Europe, the Middle East, and South Asia have covered their head hair as a sign of modesty. This trend has changed drastically in Europe in the 20th century, although is still observed in other parts of the world. In addition, a number of religions require men to wear specific head clothing—such as the Islamic taqiyah, Jewish yarmulke, or the Sikh turban. The same goes for women with the Muslim hijab or Christian nun's habit.


title: Human head

text: A hat is a head covering that can serve a variety of purposes. Hats may be worn as part of a uniform or used as a protective device, such as a hard hat, a covering for warmth, or a fashion accessory. Hats can also be indicative of social status in some areas of the world.


title: Human head

text: While numerous charts detailing head sizes in infants and children exist, most do not measure average head circumference past the age of 21. Reference charts for adult head circumference also generally feature homogeneous samples and fail to take height and weight into account.


title: Human head

text: One study in the United States estimated the average human head circumference to be in males and in females. A British study by Newcastle University showed an average size of 57.2 cm for males and 55.2 cm for females with average size varying proportionally with height


title: Human head

text: Macrocephaly can be an indicator of increased risk for some types of cancer in individuals who carry the genetic mutation that causes Cowden syndrome. For adults, this refers to head sizes greater than 58 centimeters in men or greater than 57 centimeters in women.


title: Golden Tate

text: Golden Herman Tate III (born August 2, 1988) is an American baseball player and former football wide receiver who is currently a center fielder for the Port Angeles Lefties of the West Coast League. He played college football at Notre Dame, where he was recognized as an All-American and won the Fred Biletnikoff Award for Outstanding Receiver at any position in 2009. He was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the second round of the 2010 NFL Draft. He later played for the Detroit Lions, with whom he made a Pro Bowl appearance. He also played a season for the Philadelphia Eagles and two seasons for the New York Giants. He signed with the Lefties in June 2022, having not played baseball since 2009.


title: Golden Tate

text: Born in Hendersonville, Tennessee, Golden Tate attended Pope John Paul II High School, where he played as a three-sport athlete, competing in football, baseball, and track & field. In his high school senior year of 2006, he rushed 140 times for 1,413 yards and 23 touchdowns to go along with 28 receptions for 510 yards and six receiving touchdowns. He also had three interceptions on defense, returned a kickoff for a touchdown and was the team punter. He was named as a Tennessee Division II first-team all-state pick in 2006 as an athlete by the Tennessee Sports Writers Association and also by the Tennessee Football Coaches Association. His jersey was later retired by Pope John Paul II High School.


title: Golden Tate

text: After he injured his thumb in his senior season and could not play baseball, Tate switched to track and field and posted the state's top qualifying times in the 100-meter dash (10.93 s) and 200-meter dash (22.33 s). He was also a member of the John Paul 4 × 100 m relay squad that captured the state title with a time of 42.86 seconds.


title: Golden Tate

text: Tate was drafted out of high school by the Arizona Diamondbacks in the 42nd round of the 2007 amateur draft. Tate did not sign with the Diamondbacks and instead played baseball for the University of Notre Dame. In 2008, Tate's freshman year at Notre Dame, he played in 18 games and batted .262 with three doubles and three stolen bases. Tate hit his first home run against Louisville in Louisville, Kentucky in his sophomore year. He finished his sophomore season with a .329 batting average after playing in 55 games. Tate also scored 45 runs his sophomore year which is the third highest by any Notre Dame baseball player.


title: Golden Tate

text: On June 9, 2010, Tate was drafted by the San Francisco Giants in the 50th round (1,518th overall) of the 2010 MLB Draft, but did not sign.


title: Golden Tate

text: On June 14, 2022, Tate signed with the Port Angeles Lefties of the West Coast League as a center fielder. He started at center field that night.


title: Golden Tate

text: Tate played football for Notre Dame from 2007 to 2009. In the 2007 season as a freshman, Tate started two games, versus the UCLA Bruins and USC Trojans. He totaled six catches for 131 yards and one touchdown and averaged 21.7 yards on 15 kickoff returns for the season.


title: Golden Tate

text: In the 2008 season as a sophomore, Tate started in 12 regular season games with 52 catches for 903 yards and seven touchdowns for a 17.4 yard per catch average. Tate registered 100-yard games against Michigan, Syracuse, North Carolina, and Pittsburgh during the 2008 regular season, while being tapped First-team All-Independent by Rivals.com. Against the Hawaii Warriors in the Hawaii Bowl, he made six catches for 177 yards and three touchdowns in the 49–21 victory for the Fighting Irish, bringing his season total to 58 catches for 1,080 yards (18.6 yard average) with 10 touchdowns.


title: Golden Tate

text: In 2009, Tate had nine games with at least 100 receiving yards. On September 19, against Michigan State, Tate had 7 receptions for 127 yards and an iconic game-winning touchdown in the closing minutes where he celebrated by jumping into the MSU marching band section in the corner of the endzone. On October 3, against Washington, he had nine receptions for 244 yards. On November 28, against Stanford in his final collegiate game, he had 10 receptions for 201 yards and three touchdowns. Following the 2009 season, Tate won the Biletnikoff Award. He was also recognized as a unanimous first-team All-American. Overall, he finished the season with 93 receptions for 1,496 receiving yards and 15 touchdowns.


title: Golden Tate

text: On December 7, 2009, Tate announced that he would forgo his senior year and declared his eligibility for the 2010 NFL Draft.


title: Golden Tate

text: On April 23, 2010, Tate was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the second round (60th overall) of the 2010 NFL Draft. On July 28, 2010, Tate signed a four-year deal with the Seahawks worth $3.261 million. He made his NFL debut on September 19 and had a 52-yard reception against the Denver Broncos. During his rookie season, he caught 21 passes for 227 receiving yards and returned 16 punts and a kickoff for 212 total combined return yards. The following year, he recorded 35 catches for 382 receiving yards and three touchdowns.


title: Golden Tate

text: At the beginning of the 2012 NFL Season, Tate gained notoriety for being involved in a controversial ending during a game against the Green Bay Packers on September 24, 2012, which became infamous due to the confused ruling by replacement referees. At the end of the game, Tate simultaneously caught a pass in the endzone with Packers' safety M. D. Jennings; however the officials made opposite rulings on the field. The official call was later ruled a touchdown, as according to NFL rules, simultaneous possession goes to the team on offense. The Seahawks won the game 14–12 in what is considered one of the most debated endings in NFL history.


title: Golden Tate

text: Tate had a breakout year in 2013, improving significantly in all receiving statistics, with 72 receptions for 959 yards, and had an expanded role in returning punts. He was simultaneously an exciting player and a controversial one, as he was once named NFC Special Teams Player of the Week after playing against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in Week 9, only a week after being fined $7,785 by the NFL for excessive taunting. As one of quarterback Russell Wilson's favorite targets, Tate went on to win a Super Bowl with the Seattle Seahawks in their 43–8 victory over Peyton Manning's Denver Broncos.


title: Golden Tate

text: Following the 2013 season, Tate signed a five-year, $31 million contract with the Detroit Lions, which included $13.25 million guaranteed. Alongside All-Pro receiver Calvin Johnson, he quickly became a key receiving target for quarterback Matthew Stafford. In his first season with the Lions, he had a then career-high 99 receptions, which was sixth highest in the NFL, and had 1,331 receiving yards, seventh highest in the NFL. He was selected to the 2015 Pro Bowl, which marked his first career Pro Bowl appearance, and was later ranked 85th by his fellow league players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2015 list.


title: Golden Tate

text: Although Tate did not make the Pro Bowl again with the Lions, his subsequent seasons with them were statistically successful. In 2015 he recorded 90 receptions for 813 yards and six touchdowns. His 2016 season saw him eclipse the 1,000-yard receiving mark for the second time in his career and the 90-catch mark for the third time in his career, and his 676 yards-after-catch statistic ranked highest among NFL wide receivers that season. He finished the 2017 season with 92 receptions for 1,003 yards and five touchdowns, making back-to-back seasons where he had more than 1,000 receiving yards.


title: Golden Tate

text: Tate was a mid-season trade in 2018 from the Detroit Lions to the Philadelphia Eagles in exchange for a third-round selection in the 2019 NFL Draft. Overall, he had 74 receptions for 795 yards and four touchdowns. In the Wild Card Round against the Chicago Bears on January 6, 2019, he made the game-winning touchdown catch on fourth down on a pass thrown by quarterback Nick Foles. The catch helped the Eagles advance to the against the New Orleans Saints, where Tate had two catches for 18 yards in a 20–14 loss.


title: Golden Tate

text: After the 2018 season ended, Tate signed a four-year, $37.5 million contract with the New York Giants that included $23 million guaranteed. He was later suspended for the first four games of the upcoming 2019 season for violating the NFL's policy on performance-enhancing substances. Tate subsequently appealed the suspension on the grounds that the substance was prescribed fertility medication. The appeal was denied by the NFL and Tate was eventually reinstated on September 30. He finished the 2019 season with 49 receptions for 676 receiving yards and six receiving touchdowns.


title: Golden Tate

text: On October 4, 2020, following a 17–9 Week 4 loss against the Los Angeles Rams, a fight broke out between Tate and his sister’s ex-boyfriend Jalen Ramsey due in part to Ramsey’s comments against Tate’s sister Breanna. Ramsey has two children with Tate's sister. Tate was not fined for his role in the postgame fight. In Week 8 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on "Monday Night Football", Tate threw one pass for 18 yards and recorded two catches for 31 yards and a touchdown during the 25–23 loss. After Tate caught the aforementioned touchdown, he yelled "Throw me the ball!" at a camera. After the game, Tate's wife made posts on social media complaining about his lack of involvement in the Giants' offense. Tate also liked a tweet suggesting that the Giants should cut him. Tate was benched by the Giants for their Week 9 game against the Washington Football Team as a result of his actions. He finished the 2020 season with 35 receptions for 388 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns.


title: Golden Tate

text: Tate signed with the Tennessee Titans' practice squad on November 23, 2021. He was released on January 4, 2022.


title: Golden Tate

text: He is the son of Golden Tate Jr., a former wide receiver at Tennessee State who was the 120th overall pick in the fifth round of the 1984 NFL Draft by the Indianapolis Colts. His younger brother, Wesley Tate, was a running back for Vanderbilt University. His younger twin sisters Breanna and Deanna Tate were both sprinters while at The University of Mississippi. Tate has two nieces through his sister Breanna and NFL cornerback Jalen Ramsey.


title: The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures

text: The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures is an adventure game in the "Ace Attorney" series, developed and published by Capcom. It was directed by Shu Takumi and produced by Shintaro Kojima. The game was released for the Nintendo 3DS in Japan in July 2015, with Android and iOS versions following in August 2017. A sequel, "", was released in Japan in 2017. Both games were released worldwide in July 2021 via The Great Ace Attorney Chronicles, a compilation for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Microsoft Windows.


title: The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures

text: The game carries on the courtroom style gameplay of previous installments in the "Ace Attorney" series, including the fully 3D environments and character models previously featured in "". Like previous titles, the game is divided between investigation, in which players explore areas to gather evidence and testimonies, and courtroom battles, in which players must use evidence to find contradictions in witness testimonies to find the truth behind a case. Similarly to Takumi's previous game, "", the player sometimes has to cross-examine multiple witnesses at the same time, potentially gleaning new information by addressing one witness when they react to another's statement.


title: The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures

text: "The Great Ace Attorney" introduces two new gameplay mechanics; The Dance of Deduction and Summation Examinations. During certain investigations, Herlock Sholmes will perform a "Logic and Reasoning Spectacular", in which he will come up with a flawed theory based on observations of the scene and the behavior of witnesses. Players will then have to examine the scene and witnesses carefully in order to correct Herlock's mistakes and reach a more logical conclusion. Summation Examinations take place during trials in which the jury, an aspect of trials in England, will unanimously decide on a guilty verdict. At these points, the player has to convince a majority of the jury to change their verdict so that the trial may proceed. Players accomplish this by comparing statements from two different jurors that contradict or otherwise prove strongly relevant to each other. This sometimes requires the player to press each juror and present evidence in order to change their statement.


title: The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures

text: Taking place near the end of the 19th century and the dawn of the 20th century (known in Japan as the Meiji Period, in Britain as the Victorian era), "The Great Ace Attorney" focuses on Ryunosuke Naruhodo, a student at Imperial Yumei University and an ancestor of primary "Ace Attorney" series protagonist Phoenix Wright. He is described as a character with a strong sense of justice, but who easily ends up in danger. Joining Ryunosuke is Kazuma Asogi, his friend from university who studies law. The concept of defense lawyers was merely "years old" in the judicial system at the time in Japan, so Asogi is qualified to stand in court already, and aims to transform the legal system via study in Great Britain. Ryunosuke and Asogi are aided by Susato Mikotoba, a judicial assistant. She is described as being an "ideal Japanese woman", and is also a progressive dreamer, and a lover of foreign mystery novels.


title: The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures

text: Upon traveling to England to further his studies, Ryunosuke meets and befriends world-famous British detective Herlock Sholmes (named "Sherlock Holmes" in the original Japanese release). Herlock is a very eccentric and free-spirited individual. Despite being genuinely intelligent, the rapid-fire, blasé nature of his abductive reasoning often leads Herlock to incorrect conclusions. Accompanying Sholmes is his assistant Iris Wilson (named "Iris Watson" in the original Japanese release), a ten-year-old prodigy and Sholmes' adoptive daughter. Iris is a genius inventor, and the author of ""The Adventures of Herlock Sholmes"".


title: The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures

text: In Japan, Ryunosuke Naruhodo is put on trial for the murder of a Japanese university teacher, Dr. John H. Wilson. He is represented by Kazuma Asogi, while the prosecutor is Taketsuchi Auchi (the Meiji Period ancestor of recurring character Winston Payne). With help from Susato Mikotoba, Ryunosuke and Asogi prove that the real murderer is Jezaille Brett, an English exchange student who had been studying under Wilson at the university. Her motive is left a mystery; she is to be sent to China and tried in a consular court. Following the trial, Asogi leaves Japan to complete his studies in Great Britain, but hides Ryunosuke in his baggage so he can see Asogi's debut in the courts. However, while Ryunosuke is asleep, Asogi is found murdered within his cabin, and the now exposed stowaway Ryunosuke is once again blamed for the murder. Working with Susato and eccentric passenger Herlock Sholmes, Ryunosuke discovers that the real killer is Nikolina Pavlova, a world-famous Russian ballerina who fled Russia. She had unintentionally killed Asogi by pushing and breaking his neck on his bed's wooden knob after fearfully assuming that he was going to turn her in to the captain; in truth, he was attempting to introduce her to fellow stowaway Ryunosuke as an act of trust. After the incident is settled, Ryunosuke persuades Susato to let him take Asogi's place as a representative lawyer in Britain. She agrees, and begins to heavily tutor him on English law for the remainder of the journey.


title: The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures

text: Shortly after their arrival in Great Britain, Lord Chief Justice Mael Stronghart suddenly assigns Ryunosuke and Susato to defend philanthropist Magnus McGilded, who has been accused of murdering bricklayer Mason Milverton within a moving omnibus. They go up against Barok van Zieks, a legendary British prosecutor known as the "Reaper of the Old Bailey" and are introduced to the British legal system, which uses a jury of six people to decide the verdict. During the trial, a smoke bomb is set off, forcing an evacuation of the courtroom. After court resumes, Ryunosuke and Susato cross examine the newly discovered witness, Gina Lestrade, and discover evidence proving that Mason had been killed on the carriage roof, though van Zieks claims that this evidence had been forged after the smoke bomb had gone off. He is unable to prove this, and McGilded is subsequently acquitted, though Ryunosuke remains unsure of McGilded's innocence. Shortly after the trial, McGilded is killed in a fire.


title: The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures

text: The following day, Ryunosuke and Susato take on the defense of the soon to be famous Japanese novelist Soseki Natsume, who is currently in London studying English as a nervous exchange student, and has been charged with aggravated assault following a stabbing in the street. During the trial, Ryunosuke proves that the stabbing was actually the result of a domestic disturbance between landlord John Garrideb and his wife Joan, who had thrown a knife at her husband, only for the knife to fall outside their window and unintentionally hit the victim. Soseki is declared not guilty and explains that he is going to go back to Japan, no longer as nervous of the public as he was before. Herlock invites Ryunosuke and Susato to live with him and Iris at 221B Baker Street and set up their law office in their attic. A few months later, Gina is accused of murdering pawnshop owner Pop Windibank. During the trial, it is revealed that McGilded actually was Mason Milverton's murderer, and that the fire that killed McGilded was started by Milverton's son, a telegraph station technician named Ashley Graydon. Graydon and an unwitting Milverton had been selling coded government secrets to McGilded, which resulted in a fight that led to McGilded murdering Milverton; in revenge, Graydon killed McGilded and tried to steal back the encoded secrets from Windibank's pawnshop, causing him to murder Windibank in a confrontation. After the case is solved, Susato returns to Japan after learning that her father Yujin is supposedly deathly ill.


title: The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures

text: "The Great Ace Attorney" was developed by Capcom for the Nintendo 3DS. It was directed by Shu Takumi and produced by Shintaro Kojima, and features character designs and art direction by Kazuya Nuri and music by Yasumasa Kitagawa and Hiromitsu Maeba.


title: The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures

text: Development began in 2013, a few months after the Japanese release of Takumi's previous project, "", when he was asked to work on a new "Ace Attorney" game. At one point, he considered having the game focus on civil trials, but remembered a game idea he had come up with earlier: around 2000, he had the idea of a mystery game in which a detective makes incorrect deductions, and where players have to correct the detective and lead him towards the truth. He thought it would be fun to combine the idea with "Ace Attorney", but did not expect Capcom to accept the idea.


title: The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures

text: Takumi had also been wanting to make a Sherlock Holmes game for a long time; because of this, Holmes was part of the concept all the way from the start. According to Takumi, he had several reasons for wanting Holmes in the game: both due to the gameplay, and as a way to separate the game from the main "Ace Attorney" series, as Holmes is from a different time period than the one the main series games take place in. This led to Takumi thinking about how Japan was at that time, and lead to new possibilities for the game's mysteries. Initially, Takumi had intended for the game to begin in London, thinking that it would be too much to create a Japanese court only for the prologue; this changed when Nuri said that he thought it should begin in Japan. The previous work in "Professor Layton vs. Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney" helped Takumi establish the details for this setting.


title: The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures

text: Takumi found it challenging to write dialogue and using expressions appropriate for the way the Japanese language was during the Meiji period, as he had to avoid both too old-fashioned and too modern dialogue. As the Meiji period was a time when the lawyer profession was new in Japan, and when there was a lot of focus on becoming a part of "the new world" and becoming more Western, Takumi made sure to make the game reflect this. As Takumi had to create a new world for the story to take place in, it took longer than expected to write the game's scenario. The protagonist Ryūnosuke's character was based on how the main series protagonist Phoenix Wright would speak and act if he had lived during the Meiji period. When the development team wrote a list of ideas for names for the protagonist, "Ryūnosuke" was the first one to be suggested; it only took a few seconds for them to decide on it. Susato is based on the same concept as that of previous "Ace Attorney" heroines: she was designed to be a "perfect partner" and fun to spend time with, as the heroines of the series always are by the main characters' side. Her name was decided by choosing kanji characters that Takumi found pretty. The development team decided to change "Sherlock's Watson" from the original, as they thought it would be more interesting if Watson weren't another English gentleman.


title: The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures

text: Unlike previous "Ace Attorney" games, both characters and environments are fully made in 3D. Like Takumi's earlier game "", spotlights light up characters while they dance; this was something that had not been done in previous "Ace Attorney" games. Motion capture of the former Takarazuka Revue actress Shiotsuki Shuu was used for some animations; as the "Ace Attorney" series is known for its poses and animations, this was chosen as a way to make the animation more dynamic. Nuri designed the characters to make them look simple while also conveying a lot of information. He intended to make the graphics look like illustrations, and wanted to convey the feeling of the materials clothes and items from the Meiji period were made from. Characters were designed to be partially realistic, as realistic animations and facial expressions were needed for the game. Witnesses and jury members were however designed in a more stylized way, to ensure that players immediately recognize them when they see the characters sitting next to each other.


title: The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures

text: Ryūnosuke was designed to have "the sharp look of a university student", which went without problems. It did, however, take a long time to design his haircut; Takumi wanted the haircut to be recognizable from Ryūnosuke's silhouette, but said that most people during the Meiji period had simple haircuts. Nuri tried designing various haircuts from that time, and designed around 50 variations. Susato was designed to be an elegant Japanese woman; because of the time period, it was decided that she was to wear a kimono. Takumi had several ideas for various items she could hold, but it was decided that it was best to keep her design simple, as contrast to the English characters. Several different variations were made for Holmes' design, including "depressed", "cute", "adventurous", "dark", and "sleeping" variations; eventually, they used a variation on how Holmes traditionally is depicted, as contrast to his personality. Additionally, he was given a gun as contrast to Ryūnosuke's sword. Iris' design included gothic elements, as well as elements of a mad scientist, and was created to look good when appearing together with Holmes. Asōgi's clothes were designed with influences from both Japanese and Western cultures. His headband, which flutters in the wind, was something Nuri really wanted in the game, and was something they were only able to do with 3D graphics. Van Zieks was designed to give off a "dark aura", with elements of vampires, wolves, and fallen angels. The game features 2D animated cutscenes produced by animation studio J.C. Staff.


title: The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures

text: When composing the game's music, Kitagawa used a mindset similar to that when composing for older games, trying to work within limitations to create strong music. He focused on creating catchy melodies, and went through a lot of trial and error. Takumi wanted the music to sound more "festive" than the electronic music used in earlier "Ace Attorney" games, so he asked Kitagawa to make use of a live orchestra, but with fewer instruments than in the previous game. He also wanted it to sound British, so Kitagawa ended up using sounds similar to chamber music. They did not think piano sounded right for the game, which led to difficulties in differentiating the instruments, as they only had string and wind instruments; because of this, they ended up introducing Spanish elements to the music. As a reference to how Holmes is known for playing the violin, they also tried using violins in the music.


title: The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures

text: Head localizer Janet Hsu approached the localization of "The Great Ace Attorney Chronicles" primarily "as a story", like all other "Ace Attorney" titles. For "The Great Ace Attorney Chronicles" in particular, there was also a need for historical and cultural background research on which to base the translation. They wanted to preserve the “period feel” of the setting. An example of these extra considerations is the Court Record subtitle system where, in an effort to preserve the flavor of the Meiji Japan setting, she asked the programmers to create a new UI system with which she could add subtitles to pieces of evidence instead of redoing the textures in English.


title: The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures

text: Regarding Japanese cultural nuances, not a lot was altered. This was because the game distinctly relied in the contrast between the cultures of Japan and Britain in its story and theming. As the player is expected to experience this culture clash in the first place, there was no need to change much. However some instances were "fine-tuned" regarding their phrasing, to help bring out the intended nuance of the original. Hsu gives the example of a scene involving Susato Mikotoba, in which she talks about a decision she has made. Hsu wanted to make sure western players understood that Susato is not being deferential or asking for permission, but is following Japanese etiquette. Hsu found it difficult to translate over the games numerous jokes and conversions that would not make sense to a western audience. For example, a conversation between Ryunosuke and Susato about a snowman involved them talking about how something is "two heads" or "three heads" high. This had to be changed, as it relied on players being aware of the culture surrounding daruma dolls and would not come across as funny in English. To maintain the feel of the original while altering such lines, Hsu considered what the Japanese version was going for and to either translate it over direct if possible, or go for its nearest approximation. In the original, dialogue consists of "faux-Meiji Era" style Japanese which is of the period, yet which is still easy to understand for modern audiences. To replicate this, the localization has the British characters speak in "faux-Victorian" dialect, such as the blue-collar Cockney accent of Gina Lestrade.


title: The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures

text: The increase in awareness of Japanese culture in recent years allowed Hsu to include Japanese honorifics into the game without needing to explain what they mean. The usage of "-san" and "-sama" in contrast with "Mister" and "Miss" was utilised in order to subtly convey to players when Ryunosuke and Susato are supposed to be speaking Japanese to each other.


title: The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures

text: As the story and themes of "The Great Ace Attorney" are heavily tied to the protagonist being Japanese, Hsu felt it was important to convey his immigrant experience. The main struggle she faced was conveying cultural information to players in a way that feels natural. This was a stark contrast to past Ace Attorney localizations, in which the setting was altered to America. Hsu gives the comparison of "Turnabout Storyteller" from "", in which rakugo played a major role. Hsu notes that, as the protagonist is localized to be American, having Japanese culture explained to her for the player's sake was easily doable and made sense. However, in contrast, it would seem entirely unnatural if Ryunosuke had to have Japanese culture explained to him. Thusly she needed to rely on slipping the information to the player naturally via context clues and indirect dialogue. Prior to announcement of the game's western localization, fears over the game's usage of racism directed toward Ryunosuke and other Japanese characters was one of the speculated reasons for the lack of a western release.


title: The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures

text: Conveying British culture to American audiences was also another hurdle that Hsu faced. There were issues involving the differing terminology between British-English and American-English, such as "first floor" meaning different things in both. The Japanese original also contained many references to Victorian-Britain that even the British translators did not know about, and had to look up. Hsu avoided using obscure Victorian Era-words or hardcore "Britishisms" that would’ve been confusing to people unfamiliar with the terms. Regarding the British setting, as the Japanese original takes great care to make the London setting feel real, Hsu avoided leaning on "American ideas of a stereotypical England", and instead focused on celebrating the culture of Britain. To this extent, most of the translators who worked on the game were British, and the translation was handed by "Plus Alpha Translations".


title: The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures

text: The inclusion of real-life figure Soseki Natsume caused another hurdle for Hsu. As Natsume would be recognisable to all Japanese players, his books being required learning at school, the character relied a great deal on a natural cultural warmth towards him. It was difficult making the character as lovable to an audience who would likely not know who he is.


title: The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures

text: Due to long-standing copyright issues related to the character of Holmes with the estate of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the character of Sherlock was renamed "Herlock Sholmes" for the international release. This was done as an allusion to Maurice Leblanc's "Arsène Lupin versus Herlock Sholmes", according to Takumi. Following the announcement of the "Herlock Sholmes" localisation, memes developed around the character and the circumstances of their renaming from "Sherlock Holmes" in conjunction with copyright law. This situation was picked up and covered by major online news outlets. "Comic Book Resources" lauded the "goofy moniker" of the character, complimenting its "fit with the comedic and sometimes irreverent tone of the "Ace Attorney" series, even if it does leave a few things lost in translation."


title: The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures

text: The game was released by Capcom for the Nintendo 3DS in Japan on July 9, 2015. It was made available in various different editions. A limited edition, which is only sold through Capcom's "e-Capcom" store, includes the game, a box based on Holmes' briefcase, Holmes and Iris plush toys, a pin based on the one Ryuunosuke wears, postcards, and a Holmes-themed sticker. Another edition, also exclusive to e-Capcom, includes the game, a soundtrack CD, and a collection of illustrations. Additionally, there is one edition that includes the game and all the bonus items from the other editions. Pre-orders of the game also included a "The Great Ace Attorney" theme for the Nintendo 3DS home screen. A limited edition bundling "The Great Ace Attorney" with its sequel and a soundtrack CD with music from both games was released on August 3, 2017. The original soundtrack release was published by Capcom in Japan on July 15, 2015. Android and iOS versions of the game were released in Japan on August 30 and August 31, 2017, respectively.


title: The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures

text: According to Capcom France, there were no plans for a Western release of the game as of September 2015. According to producer Yasuyuki Makino, they wanted to release the game in Western regions, but knew proper localization would be a core challenge. In June 2016, Eshiro said that they want to release the game in the West, and that he is aware of fans asking Capcom for it, but that "certain circumstances" are preventing it from happening. A fan translation in the form of subtitled videos was created over the course of eight months and uploaded to YouTube; it was taken down by Capcom in June 2017, but reinstated by YouTube in July 2017 following a counter-notification by the translators. The videos have since been removed and the channel deleted, however. A complete English fan translation patch for the Nintendo 3DS and Android versions of the game was released in 2019, under the name "The Great Ace Attorney: The Adventures of Ryuunosuke Naruhodou".


title: The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures

text: "The Great Ace Attorney Chronicles" received "generally favorable reviews" according to review aggregator Metacritic.


title: The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures

text: Kimberley Wallace of "Game Informer" considered the game "an entertaining package with two closely connected games that delight in their over-the-top fashion". Andrew King of "GameSpot" wrote that the story of the two games was "impressively cohesive", well written and with memorable characters, though a bit slow-paced, and also found the new "summation examination" mechanic incredibly funny. Ash Parrish of "Kotaku" praised the various additions that have been made to the gameplay, such as the Story Mode function or the new "Dances of Deductions", but also felt that the game was too long and slowly-paced, and that the racism the Japanese characters deal with in the story was "a little over the top". Kate Gray of "Nintendo Life" felt the localization work made for the western release was "fantastic", and also praised the soundtrack and the roster of characters, though lamenting the cast's small size and repetition. Malindy Hetfeld at "Eurogamer" noted that the game suffered from being compared to the original trilogy, but also stated that it tried something new both with the setting and the gameplay, praising Shu Takumi's writing. Graham Russel of "Siliconera", while considering the game fun, stated that the core gameplay of the series needed more substantial updates, as the title played very similarly to its predecessors despite the presence of some new gimmicks. Eric Van Allen of "Destructoid" praised the deduction system and wrote that it "blend[ed] in naturally with the gameplay" and that it "emphasize[d] Naruhodo's growing ability to deduce and discover the truth..." Rachel Watts of "PC Gamer" scored the game a 73 of 100, praising the setting and atmosphere while writing that the hands-on deductions in the game contributed to a "missed feeling of showing up to court with a bag full of evidence" that this left "no sense of build-up to the trial." Patrick Lum of "The Guardian" called the game the "best game in the franchise," praising the "eccentric and entertaining witnesses" while calling its writing "truly sublime." Stephen Tailby of "Push Square" praised its gameplay, story, characters, setting, presentation, and bonus content, while criticizing its slow pacing and rudimentary new additions.


title: The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures

text: The game won VGMO's 2015 Scores of the Year award in the "Traditional / Acoustic" category; the music was described as exceeding the "already high expectations" for the series, and being streamlined and varied with "high-quality instrumentation and engaging melodies".


title: The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures

text: "Entertainment Weekly" placed "The Great Ace Attorney Chronicles" on the list of the Year's Best + Worst in the "Play" section for "Best Use of Vintage Copyright Avoidance", saying, "Herlock Sholmes is totally legally distinct from Sherlock Holmes. Just ask Arsène Lupin."


title: The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures

text: "The Great Ace Attorney Chronicles" was nominated for the Freedom Tower Award for Best Remake at New York Videogame Critics Circle's 11th Annual New York Game Awards, which went to "Resident Evil 4 VR". The game won the award for Best Story in the Editors' Choice section, but was a runner-up for the same category in the Readers' Choice section at "Adventure Gamers" 2021 Aggie Awards; it was also a runner-up for Best Writing - Drama in the Editors' Choice section, for Best Graphics Design and Best Sound Effects in the Readers' Choice section, and for Best Music in the Editors' Choice section while winning the same category in Readers' Choice, and was a runner-up for Best Non-Traditional Adventure and Overall Best Adventure of 2021 in both Editors' and Readers' Choice. As of April 14, 2022, "The Great Ace Attorney Chronicles" has sold 500,000 units worldwide.


title: The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures

text: In 2014, Takumi said that the game was planned to be the first title in a new series; A sequel, "The Great Ace Attorney 2: Resolve", was announced in September 2016, and was released in Japan for the Nintendo 3DS on August 3, 2017, and for iOS and Android on April 24, 2018.


title: The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures

text: Capcom announced "The Great Ace Attorney Chronicles", a bundle containing both "Adventures" and "Resolve", in April 2021. It was released on July 27 in the West, and on July 29 in Japan and Asia, for the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Microsoft Windows via Steam. This version includes both English and Japanese audio tracks, an auto-advancing story mode, the downloadable episodes from "Adventures" and costumes from "Resolve", and an in-game gallery for viewing artwork, trailers, and music with developer commentary. Players that purchase the compilation before September 1, 2021 receive the "From the Vaults" downloadable content, which adds additional art and music to the gallery.


title: Celtic Christianity

text: Celtic Christianity (; ; ; ; ; ; ) is a form of Christianity that was common, or held to be common, across the Celtic-speaking world during the Early Middle Ages. Some writers have described a distinct Celtic Church uniting the Celtic peoples and distinguishing them from adherents of the Roman Church, while others classify Celtic Christianity as a set of distinctive practices occurring in those areas. Varying scholars reject the former notion, but note that there were certain traditions and practices present in both the Irish and British churches that were not seen in the wider Christian world.


title: Celtic Christianity

text: Such practices include: a distinctive system for determining the dating of Easter, a style of monastic tonsure, a unique system of penance, and the popularity of going into "exile for Christ". Additionally, there were other practices that developed in certain parts of Britain and Ireland that were not known to have spread beyond particular regions. The term typically denotes the regional practices among the insular churches and their associates rather than actual theological differences.


title: Celtic Christianity

text: The term Celtic Church is deprecated by many historians as it implies a unified and identifiable entity entirely separate from that of mainstream Western Christendom. For this reason, many prefer the term Insular Christianity. As Patrick Wormald explained, "One of the common misconceptions is that there was a "Roman" Church to which the "Celtic" Church was nationally opposed."


title: Celtic Christianity

text: Popularized by German historian Lutz von Padberg, the term ""Iroschottisch"" is used to describe this supposed dichotomy between "Irish-Scottish" and "Roman" Christianity. As a whole, Celtic-speaking areas were part of Latin Christendom at a time when there was significant regional variation of liturgy and structure. But a general collective veneration of the Papacy was no less intense in Celtic-speaking areas.


title: Celtic Christianity

text: Nonetheless, distinctive traditions developed and spread to both Ireland and Great Britain, especially in the 6th and 7th centuries. Some elements may have been introduced to Ireland by the Romano-British Saint Patrick, and later, others from Ireland to Great Britain through the Irish mission system of Saint Columba. However, the histories of the Irish, Welsh, Scots, Breton, Cornish, and Manx Churches diverge significantly after the 8th century. Interest in the subject has led to a series of Celtic Christian Revival movements, which have shaped popular perceptions of the Celts and their Christian religious practices.


title: Celtic Christianity

text: People have conceived of "Celtic Christianity" in different ways at different times. Writings on the topic frequently say more about the time in which they originate than about the historical state of Christianity in the early medieval Celtic-speaking world, and many notions are now discredited in modern academic discourse. One particularly prominent feature ascribed to Celtic Christianity is that it is supposedly inherently distinct from – and generally opposed to – the Catholic Church. Other common claims include that Celtic Christianity denied the authority of the Pope, was less authoritarian than the Catholic Church, more spiritual, friendlier to women, more connected with nature, and more comfortable dealing with Celtic polytheism. One view, which gained substantial scholarly traction in the 19th century, was that there was a "Celtic Church", a significant organised Christian body or denomination uniting the Celtic peoples and separating them from the "Roman" church of continental Europe.An example of this appears in Toynbee's "Study of History" (1934–1961), which identified Celtic Christianity with an "Abortive Far Western Civilization" – the nucleus of a new society, which was prevented from taking root by the Roman Church, Vikings, and Normans. Others have been content to speak of "Celtic Christianity" as consisting of certain traditions and beliefs intrinsic to the Celts.