title: President of Finland

text: The president of the republic is the commander-in-chief of the Finnish Defence Forces, but may delegate this position to another Finnish citizen. Delegation of the position of commander-in-chief is an exception to the principle that the president cannot delegate functions to others. The last time this has occurred was in the Second World War (to Field Marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim). The president commissions officers and decides on the mobilisation of the Defence Forces. If Parliament is not in session when a decision to mobilise is taken, it must be immediately convened. As commander-in-chief, the president has the power to issue military orders concerning general guidelines for military defence, significant changes in military preparedness and the principles according to which military defence is implemented.


title: President of Finland

text: Decisions concerning military orders are made by the president in conjunction with the prime minister, and the minister of defence. The president decides on military appointments in conjunction with the minister of defence.


title: President of Finland

text: Under the Preparedness Act, in exceptional circumstances the president may issue a decree authorising the government to exercise emergency powers for up to one year at a time. The decree must be submitted to Parliament for its approval. Should the powers available under the Preparedness Act prove inadequate in an emergency, additional powers can be assumed under the State of Defence Act. The president may declare a state of defence by decree for a maximum of three months initially. If necessary, it can be extended for a maximum of one year at a time. A state of defence may also be declared in a region of the country. The decree must be submitted to parliament for approval.


title: President of Finland

text: The president, as grand master, awards decorations and medals belonging to the Order of the White Rose of Finland, the Order of the Lion of Finland and the Order of the Cross of Liberty to Finnish and foreign citizens. Likewise, titles of honor are awarded by the president; these include, for example, "professor" and different "counsellor" titles. These titles are symbolic, carry no responsibilities and have a similar role as knighting in monarchies. The highest titles are "valtioneuvos" (statesman) and "vuorineuvos" (industrial).


title: President of Finland

text: The president makes a number of important public speeches and statements each year. The most notable of these are the annual New Year's Speech on 1 January, and the speech at the opening of each annual session of parliament.


title: President of Finland

text: From 2012 to 2013, the president received an annual salary of 160,000 euros. The salary and other benefits are exempt from all taxes. In 2013, the salary was cut to 126,000 euros on the initiative of Sauli Niinistö.


title: President of Finland

text: The president has the use of three properties for residential and hospitality purposes: the Presidential Palace and Mäntyniemi, both in Helsinki, and Kultaranta in Naantali on the west coast near Turku.


title: President of Finland

text: The president of Finland does not have a vice president. If the president is temporarily prevented from performing his or her duties, the prime minister or the deputy prime minister becomes acting president until the president's incapacity ceases. If the president dies in office or if the Government declares that the president is permanently unable to carry out the duties of office, a new president is elected as soon as possible. If the president, the prime minister, and the deputy prime minister are all temporarily unavailable, the most senior minister of the government, in years of service, becomes the acting president. The parliament can override these rules by means of an emergency constitutional amendment passed by a majority of at least 5/6, and has done so on multiple occasions.


title: President of Finland

text: If the chancellor of justice, the parliamentary ombudsman or the Government deem that the president is guilty of treason or high treason, or crimes against humanity, the matter shall be communicated to Parliament. If Parliament, by three-fourths of the votes cast, decides that charges are to be brought, the Prosecutor-General prosecutes the president in the High Court of Impeachment and the president abstains from office for the duration of the proceedings.


title: President of Finland

text: The traditional Independence Day Reception (in Finnish: "Linnanjuhlat", "the Castle Ball") at the Presidential Palace on 6 December is one of the key annual events in the presidential calendar. It originated as a celebration of Finland's national independence and pride, and although nowadays it is seen by some as a glorified social party, the reception is broadcast every year on Finnish television and has very high viewer ratings. The number of guests invited has varied from about 1,600 to 2,000. With the exception of ambassadors to Finland, only Finnish citizens are invited.


title: President of Finland

text: The history of the Independence Day reception stretches back to 1919, when the first afternoon reception was held at the Presidential Palace. In 1922, the president and Ståhlberg hosted the first evening reception at the palace, with the reception beginning at nine o' clock. Guests included the Government, diplomats, Members of Parliament, high-ranking officers, senior civil servants, artists and other prominent people. Music and dancing were on the programme and the reception lasted until late night. Similar receptions have been held ever since, though less regularly in the beginning.


title: President of Finland

text: Since 1946 the Independence Day reception has taken place at the Presidential Palace every year with six exceptions. In 1952 it was cancelled on account of President Paasikivi's illness. In 1972 it was held at Finlandia Hall in connection with the Independence Day concert, with the Prime Minister as host, because the Presidential Palace was being renovated. In 1974 it was cancelled on account of the death of President Kekkonen's wife only a few days prior to the reception. In 1981 it was held at Finlandia Hall after the Independence Day concert, with Deputy Prime Minister Eino Uusitalo as host, because President Kekkonen had resigned in October and Deputy President Mauno Koivisto was campaigning for the presidency. In 2013, the reception was held at the Tampere Hall in central Tampere, because the Presidential Palace in Helsinki was undergoing repairs at the time. This was the first time during the era of independence that the reception was held outside Helsinki. In 2020, the reception was cancelled because of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.


title: President of Finland

text: The president and president's spouse greet the guests individually in the State Hall at the beginning of the evening. Later on there is dancing, music provided by the Guards Band, and a traditional buffet.


title: President of Finland

text: After Finland's independence and the Civil War in Finland the matter of whether Finland should be a republic or a constitutional monarchy was much debated (see Frederick Charles of Hesse), and the outcome was a compromise: a rather monarchy-like, strong presidency with great powers over Finland's foreign affairs, the appointment of the Government and the officers of the civil service. The Constitution was changed in 2000, to redistribute some of this power to Parliament and the Government. The Constitution specifies how the principles of parliamentarism are to be followed. Most significantly, the president can no longer nominate the prime minister or individual ministers independently. For example, this power was previously used to form governments where the party in plurality was excluded. Regarding the right to dissolve Parliament, consultation with the prime minister and heads of parliamentary groups was made mandatory before Parliament could be dissolved and new elections ordered. Furthermore, some appointing powers, such as appointment of provincial governors and department heads at ministries, were transferred to the Government.


title: President of Finland

text: From the declaration of Finland's independence on 6 December 1917 until the end of the Finnish Civil War in May 1918, Pehr Evind Svinhufvud was the head of state of White Finland in his capacity as chairman of the Senate. Between May 1918 and July 1919, Finland had two regents (, , lit. "Care-taker of State") and, for a time, an elected king, although the latter renounced the throne:


title: Super Friends

text: Super Friends is an American animated television series about a team of superheroes, which ran from 1973 to 1985 on ABC as part of its Saturday-morning cartoon lineup. It was produced by Hanna-Barbera and was based on the Justice League of America and associated comic book characters published by DC Comics.


title: Super Friends

text: The name of the program (and the Justice League members featured with the Super Friends) has been variously represented (as "Super Friends" and "Challenge of the Superfriends", for example) at different points in its broadcast history. There were a total of 93 episodes and two backdoor-pilot episodes of "The New Scooby-Doo Movies", with Batman and Robin appearing in "The Dynamic Scooby-Doo Affair" and "The Caped Crusader Caper".


title: Super Friends

text: Plot lines for the later series involved many of the familiar DC Comics super-villains that the first incarnation of the "Super Friends" did not. Instead, like the comic books, they focused on the far-fetched schemes of mad scientists and aliens, who were invariably revealed as being well-intentioned, and simply pursuing their goals through unlawful or disreputable means. Typically, at the end of each story, a peaceful and reasonable discussion would be performed by the heroes to convince the antagonists to adopt more reasonable methods.


title: Super Friends

text: "The All-New Super Friends Hour" departed somewhat from the previous series' formula by featuring villains using more elaborate methods to further their goals; as a rule they could not be reasoned with, requiring the heroes to use direct force to stop them. Beginning with "Challenge of the Superfriends", several of the heroes' arch-villains from the comic books (such as Lex Luthor and The Riddler) began to feature prominently in comic-style stories. Throughout the series, plots often wrapped themselves up neatly in the final minutes of an episode in the fashion of the typical comic books and deus ex machina.


title: Super Friends

text: In 1973, the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) acquired rights to the DC Comics characters and partnered with animation company Hanna-Barbera to adapt the "Justice League of America" comic book for television. The network made several changes in the transition, including the change of name to "Super Friends", to "cut off any accusations of extreme patriotism". Nevertheless, team members sometimes referred to themselves as the Justice League on the show. The violence common in superhero comics was toned down for a younger audience and to adhere to broadcast standards governing violence in 1970s children's television.


title: Super Friends

text: As a DC Comics-based show, the "Super Friends" franchise was owned by DC's parent company Warner Bros., who later put the series into syndication. Cartoon Network, which had the rights to air most of the rest of the Hanna-Barbera library from its inception in 1992, was not able to air "Super Friends" until after the merger of Warner Bros.' parent company, Time Warner and Cartoon Network's parent company, Turner Broadcasting System was completed in 1996. This merger also led to Warner Bros. taking control of Hanna-Barbera and all of its other assets as well. The series was owned by Hanna-Barbera Cartoons, DC Comics Entertainment, Warner Bros. Family Entertainment, and Warner Bros. Animation.


title: Super Friends

text: "Super Friends" first aired on ABC on September 8, 1973, featuring well-known DC characters Superman, Batman and Robin, Wonder Woman, and Aquaman. Superman, Batman and Robin, and Aquaman had each previously appeared in their own animated series produced by Filmation, and voice talent from these prior programs was brought in to work on the new show (with the exception of Marvin Miller who was replaced by Norman Alden as the voice of Aquaman). Shortly before the "Super Friends" series was developed, Superman and Wonder Woman also guest-starred in two episodes of "The Brady Kids" (voiced by Lennie Weinrib and Jane Webb under Filmation), while Batman and Robin appeared in two episodes of "The New Scooby-Doo Movies".


title: Super Friends

text: In addition to the superheroes, a trio of sidekicks was introduced, each of whom were new characters not drawn from the comic books: Wendy and Marvin (voiced by Sherri Alberoni and Frank Welker) and Wonder Dog (also voiced by Frank Welker), none of whom had any special abilities (save the dog's unexplained ability to reason and talk). The trio—or at least its human members—were depicted as detectives and/or superheroes-in-training; the "teen detectives and their talking animal" cliché, originally popularized by "Scooby-Doo", was typical in Hanna-Barbera cartoons of the mid/late 1970s.


title: Super Friends

text: Each episode began with the heroes responding to an emergency detected by the massive TroubAlert computer in the Hall of Justice, which served as the headquarters of the team. Colonel Wilcox, a U.S. Army official, was a recurring character who would act as a government liaison with the Super Friends during emergencies. Colonel Wilcox was voiced by John Stephenson.


title: Super Friends

text: Conflicts were usually resolved with the antagonists persuaded to adapt more reasonable methods to achieve their aims (with the assistance of the heroes). Natural disasters triggered by human (or alien) activity were often shown, and environmental themes featured strongly in the program. Three other DC Comics superheroes were featured as guest stars during this season: the Flash, Plastic Man, and Green Arrow.


title: Super Friends

text: This first run of "Super Friends", consisting of 16 one-hour episodes which were rerun several times, concluded on August 24, 1974. At this point, the series was cancelled. However, interest in superheroes among ABC's prime-time viewers (with the success of "The Six Million Dollar Man" and the live-action "Wonder Woman" series) caused the network to revive "Super Friends". The original 16 episodes of the series were rebroadcast as a mid-season replacement, running from February 7, 1976, to September 3, 1977. These episodes were edited into half-hour versions. At the same time, DC Comics published a "Super Friends" comic, which used Wendy and Marvin from issue #1 (November 1976) to #6 (August 1977). In the meantime, Hanna-Barbera began production on a revamped version of the show.


title: Super Friends

text: "The All-New Super Friends Hour" featured four animated shorts per program. Wendy, Marvin, and Wonder Dog were dropped from this and all future TV iterations of "Super Friends", and were replaced by Wonder Twins Zan and Jayna, and their pet monkey, Gleek. Unlike Wendy and Marvin, Zan and Jayna had actual super powers. A total of 15 episodes were produced. Darrell McNeil of the Hanna-Barbera animation studios later explained the change in cast:


title: Super Friends

text: The show followed a basic format each week. The first segment of every show featured two of the heroes (for the purposes of the team-ups in the first and fourth segments, Batman and Robin were considered "one hero") teaming up in a separate mini-story. The second segment featured a story with the Wonder Twins. The third segment was considered the "primary" adventure of the week, featuring the entire Super Friends roster (including the Wonder Twins) in a longer adventure. The fourth and final segment featured a story with one of the primary lineup and a "special guest star". This segment typically featured a problem that was solved using the guest star's unique abilities.


title: Super Friends

text: Between segments there were short spots with members of the Super Friends giving basic safety lessons, providing first-aid advice, demonstrating magic tricks, creating crafts, and presenting a two-part riddle featuring the week's primary plot line. This was the first season to feature two villains appearing in the comic books, Black Manta and Gentleman Ghost. Each appeared in only one episode this season and each was somewhat modified for television. Black Manta's costume was not black and he was only referred to as "Manta". The Gentleman Ghost was referred to as "Gentleman Jim Craddock" which is his human name in the comics.


title: Super Friends

text: The first segment of the program featured the established group of heroes: Superman, Batman and Robin, Aquaman, Wonder Woman, and the Wonder Twins and Gleek. They were rerun with intro from the "All-New Super Friends" Hour when in syndication in the early 1980s, but they are seldom seen in syndication since then.


title: Super Friends

text: The second half-hour of the show introduced the Legion of Doom, a team of 13 recurring foes who are the Super Friends' worst enemies. They used a swamp-based mechanical flying headquarters, the Hall of Doom (resembling the helmet of Darth Vader), as a contrast to the Super Friends' gleaming Hall of Justice. A total of 16 episodes were produced.


title: Super Friends

text: Additional heroes who had previously appeared as guest stars were added to the roster as well, to make a total of 11. These included The Flash, Green Lantern, and Hawkman from DC Comics and three Hanna-Barbera creations: Black Vulcan, Apache Chief, and Samurai. Despite the Riddler showing a set of playing cards with (from left to right) Gleek, Zan, Aquaman, Wonder Woman, Robin, Batman, and Superman (which he then burns to ashes in his introduction in "Wanted: The Super Friends"), the Wonder Twins and Gleek did not appear in "Challenge".


title: Super Friends

text: "The" "Challenge of the Superfriends" segment was expanded to 90 minutes mid-season, with reruns of earlier episodes filling out the last half-hour.


title: Super Friends

text: In the fall of 1979, the "Super Friends" returned to their prior format, bringing back the original set of five DC superheroes and Zan, Jayna, and Gleek. Eight half-hour episodes were created for this run, with the majority of the season consisting of repeats of "The All-New Super Friends Hour" from 1977 to 1978 and The Super Friends segments from "Challenge of the Superfriends" from 1978 to 1979. Renamed "The World's Greatest SuperFriends", this series began on September 22, 1979, and ran until September 27, 1980.


title: Super Friends

text: Renamed "SuperFriends" in 1980, the series changed formats again, abandoning the production of half-hour episodes and producing seven-minute shorts. Each episode of "SuperFriends" would feature a rerun from one of the previous six years and three new shorts. These new adventures featured appearances by the core group of five Super Friends and Zan, Jayna, & Gleek. There were also guest appearances from members previously depicted in "Challenge of the Superfriends" and the Hanna-Barbera-created hero El Dorado, who was added to the show in 1981 to provide cultural diversity.


title: Super Friends

text: This would prove to be one of the longer-lived incarnations of the series (three years). A total of 22 episodes were produced.


title: Super Friends

text: For the 1982–1983 television season ABC ran half-hour reruns of shows from the previous seven seasons, with none of the seven-minute shorts rebroadcast. ABC called the rerun package "The Best of the Super Friends".


title: Super Friends

text: Hanna-Barbera and Warner Bros. had created a syndication package of the earlier "Super Friends" series (co-distributed by LBS Communications); these were picked up by stations across the United States and typically broadcast on weekday afternoons. Not wishing to compete with the syndication programming, ABC dropped the series from the 1983–1984 Saturday morning television line-up. For the second time, "Super Friends" was cancelled.


title: Super Friends

text: However, during this time Hanna-Barbera continued to produce new episodes with the Super Friends, with ABC's approval and funding. In total, 24 "lost episodes" were produced, but not aired in the United States that season; the series appeared in Australia. Three of these episodes were aired when "Super Friends" returned to Saturday-morning ABC television the following year. The remainder aired on the USA Network in 1995, as part of the "Superman/Batman Adventures" show. The 1983 Lost Episodes of "Super Friends" were released on DVD by Warner Home Entertainment (via DC Comics Entertainment, Hanna-Barbera Cartoons, and Warner Bros. Family Entertainment) in April 2009.


title: Super Friends

text: "Super Friends" returned to ABC Saturday, September 8, 1984, with a new 30-minute program typically featuring two 11-minute stories per episode. This incarnation featured Superman, Batman, Robin, Wonder Woman, and the Wonder Twins and Gleek, this time teamed up with Firestorm. In addition to this core group, episodes during this season also featured cameos by old (and new) Super Friends. The series ended August 31, 1985, and featured comic-book villains such as Brainiac, Lex Luthor, Mirror Master, Mr. Mxyzptlk, Darkseid, and his henchmen from Apokolips. This season and the next featured the "Super Powers" tagline, which was part of a marketing tie-in with a toy line of the same name produced by Kenner.


title: Super Friends

text: In fall 1985, the next version of Hanna-Barbera's depiction of the DC Comics heroes began, although it no longer carried the "Super Friends" name. This series returned to a conventional lineup for the team, with a focus on teen members Cyborg and Firestorm. Once again headquartered at the Hall of Justice in Metropolis, the heroes battled such familiar foes as Lex Luthor, Brainiac, the Scarecrow, and recurring villain Darkseid. It also contained the only appearances by The Joker, The Penguin, the Royal Flush Gang, and Felix Faust.


title: Super Friends

text: Most notably, it is in this series that Batman's origin is depicted for the first time outside of comics and the first cartoon series. Batman and Robin chase The Scarecrow into Crime Alley, where Thomas and Martha Wayne were murdered, which triggers a fear-induced flashback. Additionally, in the same episode, Professor Jonathan Crane appears as the Scarecrow's secret identity, which was unknown to the authorities, allowing Scarecrow to use it to secretly sabotage the Super Friends' investigations until Batman managed to deduce his identity, leading to his arrest.


title: Super Friends

text: "The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians" lasted one season before being canceled. The final new episode aired was "Escape From Space City" on October 26, 1985. This third cancellation would be the final one, and "Galactic Guardians" marked the end of Hanna-Barbera's 13-year run of the series on October 26, 1985.


title: Super Friends

text: Thirteen villains composed the Legion of Doom during the "Challenge of the Superfriends" season. They were:


title: Super Friends

text: Beginning with the original "Super Friends" season, the opening narration describes the team's headquarters as "the great hall of the Justice League". The opening credits of "Challenge of the Superfriends" names the Super Friends as the Justice League of America. In addition to the appearance of a JLA emblem on a communicator and a reference to a mission to repair the Justice League satellite, the Super Friends are often linked with the JLA. The Justice League satellite under repair is clearly the same design as the Justice League Satellite that appeared in the comics at the time, but was shown to be substantially smaller than its comic book counterpart.


title: Super Friends

text: The voice of the Narrator was provided by actor Ted Knight during the early hour-long episodes. Bill Woodson took over with the revival of the series in 1977. His signature line was "Meanwhile, back at the Hall of Justice...". The voices of Marvin and Wonder Dog as well as Mr. Mxyzptlk, Toyman, The Dollmaker, Darkseid, Kalibak, and The Joker were performed by Frank Welker. Adam West provided the voice of Batman in "" and "". Casey Kasem provided the voice of Robin (and many others in the show). René Auberjonois lends his voice as DeSaad.


title: Super Friends

text: On January 18 and 25, 1979, Hanna-Barbera ran two one-hour live-action specials under the umbrella title "Legends of the Superheroes". The first special, subtitled "The Challenge", was loosely based on the Super Friends and the 1960s "Batman" series (played for laughs, but this time, including a laugh track) and included several other DC characters who replaced Samurai, Black Vulcan, and Apache Chief: Black Canary, the E-2 Huntress Helena Wayne (a new DC character, gathering her own following in "All-Star" and "Adventure Comics" JSA runs as a JSA member), and Captain Marvel (who had previously had his own live action series through Filmation studios). The second special, entitled "The Roast", featured Ed McMahon as emcee of the roast, along the lines of "The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast" specials. Due to Warner Bros.' contracts on Wonder Woman (already being used in her own live action series; Lynda Carter) and Superman (in his own live-action theatrical movie at the time; Christopher Reeve), they were unable to be featured on the specials.


title: Super Friends

text: Plastic Man first appeared in the first season of "Super Friends", in one episode. Later, Ruby-Spears Productions released a series starring the character in his own solo adventures.


title: Super Friends

text: A Batman animated series was also considered in the mid-1980s, presumably with Adam West reprising his role as the voice of Batman. "The Fear" was written as a pilot episode for the series, but it was instead adapted in to an episode of "".


title: Super Friends

text: In 1983, a cartoon based upon "The New Teen Titans" comics began development. It was created as a companion for the "Super Friends", to be set in the same continuity. Robin was not going to be featured in the cartoon though, at least not as a regular, since in the "Super Friends" universe, he was a member of the Justice League. Like "Super Friends", the show was to be developed by Hanna-Barbera for ABC, but since shows like "The Smurfs" (airing on NBC) were so popular at the time, this show was never picked up by the network. The show would have featured Wonder Girl as the leader, along with Cyborg, Kid Flash, Changeling, Raven and Starfire. Although the show failed to get picked up, a television commercial with a substance abuse theme did feature the Titans, as they would have appeared in the animated series, along with a new superhero named "The Protector" who would have been the replacement character for Robin. A Teen Titans animated TV program was eventually produced, adding Robin and removing Wonder Girl, Kid Flash and The Protector.


title: Super Friends

text: Fisher-Price developed a toy line named DC Super Friends featuring DC Comics characters as toys for young children. A comic book series and direct-to-video original animation called "The Joker's Playhouse" (2010) was developed to tie-in. The video features the World's Greatest Super Friends theme, allusions to the Legion of Doom, and the Super Friends and their Hall of Justice.


title: Super Friends

text: The first use of the "Super Friends" name on a DC Comics publication was in "Limited Collectors' Edition" #C-41 (December 1975-January 1976) which reprinted stories from "Justice League of America" #36 and 61 and featured a new framing sequence by writer E. Nelson Bridwell and artist Alex Toth. DC published a comic book version of the "Super Friends" from November 1976 to August 1981. The comic book series was launched by E. Nelson Bridwell and artist Ric Estrada. Zan and Jayna were given back stories and secret identities as a pair of blond-haired high school kids; they were more competent heroes than their cartoon counterparts.


title: Super Friends

text: While the television cartoons were not part of the same fictional universe as the DC comic books, writer E. Nelson Bridwell made the comic book accord with the other DC titles via footnotes. An example of trying to fit "Super Friends" into the DC Universe:


title: Super Friends

text: The argument for the comic being part of the Earth-One continuity also included the fact that certain elements of the series impacted other books in the DC line:


title: Super Friends

text: 1. TNT's appearance in Kandor in an issue of "Superman Family" that references events exclusively from "Super Friends" issue #12


title: Super Friends

text: 2. Sinestro's lack of a power ring in an issue of "The Brave and The Bold" after the ring was destroyed in "Super Friends" issue #46.


title: Super Friends

text: 3. Superman already being familiar with Dr. Mist and the international heroes in "DC Comics Presents" after meeting them in "Super Friends" issues 7–9 and 12–13.


title: Super Friends

text: Because the Super Friends stories were referenced in and the events in them remembered by the characters in the core DC superhero titles - for example, in "Justice League of America" #155 (June 1978 - Red Tornado remembers using his powers to break the time barrier, which he did in "Super Friends" #8) - they have to be considered part of the Pre-Crisis Earth 1 ensemble of stories.


title: Super Friends

text: In 2008, DC began publishing a new "Super Friends" comic book starring Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Aquaman, Flash (Wally West) and Green Lantern (John Stewart). Based on the eponymous Imaginext toyline; it is aimed at children, with an art style reminiscent to that of Marvel's "Super Hero Squad". Written by Sholly Fisch with art mainly from Dario Brizuela, Stewart McKenny and J. Bone (who was cover artist throughout the series), it ran for 29 issues, from May 2008 to September 2010.


title: Super Friends

text: "Young Justice" was a comic series that followed the adventures of a group composed of the latest teen superheroes of the late 1990s and early 2000s, including Robin, Superboy, Impulse and Wonder Girl. Towards the end of the run, Young Justice was involved in a mission which required them to invade an island whose population was made up of super-villains. In order to conduct a successful attack, the core team assembled all the then-known teen heroes (including the Wonder Twins). As in "Extreme Justice", neither spoke English and both seemed to enjoy eating CDs. Unlike their cartoon counterparts, the Wonder Twins were rude and sarcastic.


title: Super Friends

text: The lighthearted nature of the show was spoofed in the 2000s with two DC miniseries, "Formerly Known as the Justice League" and "I Can't Believe It's Not the Justice League!" (although these series were more direct take-offs on the 1980s Blue Beetle/Booster Gold-era Justice League). In these miniseries the group is known as the "Super Buddies", and consists of a team of ex-Justice League members. A television advertisement for the team shows them posing in the postures of the original "Super Friends" title card.


title: Super Friends

text: As of issue #34 (2006), Wendy and Marvin were part of the DC continuity. They are now fraternal twins (a nod to their "Super Friends" successors, the Wonder Twins), engineering geniuses (having graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology at age 16), and are employed at Titans Tower as maintenance crew and mechanical troubleshooters. They were responsible for restoring Titans member Cyborg to full functionality after he sustained damage to his artificial body parts during the events of the "Infinite Crisis" mini-series. Wonder Dog was also introduced into the series, although (unlike the cartoon) he was not a lovable sidekick and pet, but a murderous, shape-shifting demon dog who was sent to Titans Tower to kill the team. Wonder Dog killed Marvin and attacked Wendy, leaving her crippled from the waist down. Wendy is a supporting character in the "Batgirl" series, where she receives help accepting her disabilities from former Batgirl Barbara Gordon.


title: Super Friends

text: During the events of the 2005 company-wide "Infinite Crisis" crossover the Justice League Watchtower was destroyed by Superboy-Prime, leaving the JLA without a base of operations. To that end, the team established the Hall of Justice in Washington, D.C. to act as an embassy for the team and an emergency base of operations if needed. In the continuity of the comics, the Hall was designed by Green Lantern and Wonder Woman. In "Justice League of America" #46 (2010) Samurai made his first appearance in the DC Universe, where he was shown as one of the heroes driven temporarily insane by Alan Scott.


title: Super Friends

text: Issue #77 of "Wizard" magazine parodied the Super Friends; the JLA was sent through a dimensional rift and met some of the Super Friends. After Martian Manhunter used his Martian vision to melt the villain and his machine (much to Green Lantern's dismay: "You have to trick him into leaving, or shutting off his machine, NOT direct physical violence!"), the Super Friends decided to send the Justice Leaguers back to their own dimension. As a jest, the magazine also ran an April Fool's promotion for a Wonder Twins special by painter Alex Ross. The book, entitled "Wonder Twins: Form of Water", was to be one of Alex Ross' oversized books chronicling the Justice League. The plot would see Zan and Jayna using their powers to help the Earth's famine- and drought-stricken nations after their monkey, Gleek, contracted super-rabies from severe dehydration.


title: Super Friends

text: In the Elseworlds one-shot "", Bat-Mite and Mr. Mxyzptlk travel to different worlds within the DC Universe. On one of them, they encounter the Super Friends.


title: Super Friends

text: In the "" two-part episode "Apokolips... Now!", Superman is fighting the Parademons in Metropolis. In the background is a building resembling the Hall of Justice, referred to in dialogue as "Metropolis Plaza". This was likely a reference to Darkseid's forces previously appearing in the final two seasons of "Super Friends".


title: Super Friends

text: At the end of "Secret Origins," the premiere three-episode arc of "Justice League", Superman proposes the formation of a superhero coalition including himself, Batman, Wonder Woman, the Flash (Wally West), the Green Lantern (John Stewart), the Martian Manhunter, and Hawkgirl. In a direct reference (and perhaps a criticism of the somewhat silly name), the Flash jokingly asks if such a team would be called "Super Friends". Superman relabels the guild as the "Justice League".


title: Super Friends

text: In the animated series "Justice League Unlimited", Gorilla Grodd reforms his Secret Society this time an even larger group of villains. While not called "The Legion of Doom" (due to DC executives disallowing the creative team from using the name), their headquarters is a craft similar to the Hall of Doom, located in a swamp. Additionally, the Justice League's Metro Tower headquarters in Metropolis strongly resembled the Hall of Justice.


title: Super Friends

text: The Ultimen, loosely based on characters created for the Super Friends, were briefly allies and later antagonists to the JLU. The Ultimen consisted of Long Shadow (based on Apache Chief and voiced by Gregg Rainwater), Juice (based on Black Vulcan and voiced by an uncredited CCH Pounder in a digitally-altered voice), Wind Dragon (based on Samurai and voiced by James Sie), Downpour and Shifter (based on the Wonder Twins and voiced by Grey DeLisle). The group appeared in the episode "Ultimatum" where it is revealed that they are clones created by Project Cadmus with Maxwell Lord as their manager.


title: Super Friends

text: The animated series "The Batman" featured a modified version of the JLA Watchtower which closely resembled the Hall of Justice.


title: Super Friends

text: The Hall of Justice appeared in the "" episode "Sidekicks Assemble!", with a pastiche of the music played when the Hall appeared in "Super Friends".


title: Super Friends

text: The Wonder Twins appeared in the "Smallville" episode "Idol", with Zan played by David Gallagher and Jayna played by Allison Scagliotti. Gleek did not appear physically, but a cartoonish image of him was shown on each of the twins' cellphones.


title: Super Friends

text: The Hall of Justice was featured in "Young Justice" as the Justice League's decoy base of operations. Additionally, Wendy and Marvin appear as classmates of Conner Kent and Megan Morse. The members of the Injustice League operate out of a base resembling the Legion's Hall of Doom.


title: Super Friends

text: In the second season, approximations of the minority members created for "Super Friends" (similar to the Ultimen example above) are introduced as teenagers given powers by the Reach. The group consists of Tye Longshadow (Apache Chief), Asami "Sam" Koizumi (Samurai) and Eduardo "Ed" Dorado Jr. (El Dorado). The exception is Black Vulcan, whose place is taken by Milestone Media hero Static (though Black Lightning also appears in the series).


title: Super Friends

text: The title of the "Super Best Friends Forever" DC Nation Shorts is a play on the title "Super Friends". Additionally, Black Vulcan's costume can be seen in the background of the first "Black Lightning" short. The "Farm League" carries several homages to the Super Friends including its narrator, characters used and graphics.


title: Super Friends

text: In the "Teen Titans Go!" "Two-Parter" episode, the Titans go to the Hall of Justice to use the pool, as later, they become members of the Justice League to save the Justice League members from Darkseid, this sequence parodies the introduction of the super heroes as in the "Super Friends" series.


title: Super Friends

text: In the episode "You're Fired", Beast Boy is fired from the Teen Titans, and a competition is held to find his replacement. The eventual winners are the Wonder Twins.


title: Super Friends

text: In the pilot episode of "Supergirl", Winn Schott considers calling the group of Supergirl/Kara Zor-El and her allies (himself, James Olsen, and Alex Danvers) "The Super Friends". In the fourth season episode, "What's So Funny About Truth, Justice And The American Way?", Kara forms a small team of heroes that includes herself, Brainiac 5, The Dreamer, and the Martian Manhunter and directly calls them "The Super Friends". In the fifth-season episode, "Back From the Future - Part One", the S.T.A.R. Labs base (see below) is noted to be called the Hall of Justice in the future.


title: Super Friends

text: In the "Invasion" cross-over event, across "Supergirl", "The Flash", "Arrow" and DC's "Legends of Tomorrow", the secret STAR Labs base used by the heroes was based on the Hall of Justice. Also later on in that season, Barry and Supergirl sing a duet called "Super Friends" in order to escape the Music Meister's musical.


title: Super Friends

text: Season 2 of "Legends of Tomorrow" features multiple references to "Super Friends", including the villainous group being dubbed the "Legion of Doom" by Nate Heywood; in the episode "Doomworld", the new design of S.T.A.R. Labs in the altered timeline resembles the Hall of Doom. In the final scene of "Crisis on Infinite Earths", Barry repurposed the secret S.T.A.R. Labs base previously used in "Invasion!" as the headquarters for Earth-Prime's heroes. In the closing moments of the crossover, the unnamed team is disrupted by the confusing sound of laughter (revealed to be an escaped Gleek, hinting at a possible future inclusion of the character and/or Wonder Twins). Afterwards, the camera pans out to the headquarters as music based on the original series plays in the background.


title: Super Friends

text: In "The Lego Batman Movie", the cast of the "Super Friends" are seen celebrating an anniversary party in the Fortress of Solitude, which Batman was not invited to, featuring characters like El Dorado, The Wonder Twins, Gleek and Wonder Dog.


title: Super Friends

text: In "", the Hall of Justice is one of the game's hubs, while the Hall of Doom and the surrounding swamp environs are explorable areas.


title: Super Friends

text: The Super Powers toy line (and associated tie-in merchandise) was based on the final two seasons of "Super Friends". Samurai, an original character from the show, and the Hall of Justice were both released. Plans for future waves from Super Powers would have also included Apache Chief, El Dorado, Black Vulcan and the Wonder Twins.


title: Super Friends

text: The toy line based on "Justice League Unlimited" released a three pack of figures from characters created for "Super Friends", namely Black Vulcan, Apache Chief and Samurai. They were chosen over the Ultimen characters that actually appeared in the JLU animated series: Juice, Long Shadow and Wind Dragon.


title: Super Friends

text: Fisher-Price began to produce DC Comics characters in a kid-friendly toyline named after the "Super Friends".


title: Super Friends

text: Paying homage to Super Powers, DC Universe Classics produced original "Super Friends" characters such as Apache Chief, Black Vulcan, El Dorado, Samurai and the Wonder Twins.


title: Luke Campbell (boxer)

text: Luke Campbell (born 27 September 1987) is a British former professional boxer who competed from 2013 to 2021. He challenged twice for lightweight world titles; the WBA and "The Ring" titles in 2017; and the WBA, WBO, "The Ring" and vacant WBC titles in 2019. At regional level he held the WBC Silver and Commonwealth lightweight titles from 2016 to 2017. As an amateur, Campbell won gold at the 2008 European Championships, silver at the 2011 World Championships, and gold at the 2012 Olympics, all in the bantamweight division.


title: Luke Campbell (boxer)

text: Campbell competed for St. Paul's Amateur Boxing Club in Hull, winning the English senior ABA bantamweight title in 2007 and retaining in 2008 after beating Gareth Smith 23–1 in the final.


title: Luke Campbell (boxer)

text: He represented England at the 2008 European Amateur Boxing Championships in Liverpool. At the Championships, Campbell defeated Olympic bronze medalist Veaceslav Gojan of Moldova in the quarterfinals and Denis Makarov of Germany in the semifinals before facing the experienced Detelin Dalakliev of Bulgaria in the final.


title: Luke Campbell (boxer)

text: After four rounds the Bulgarian levelled the scores in the fight to 5 each after he scored a point in the last two seconds of the fight. The decision then went to countback and Campbell was awarded the title making Campbell the first Englishman to win a European amateur title since 1961.


title: Luke Campbell (boxer)

text: Following his successful return, following a year long sabbatical to recover from tendon surgery, to International competition at the WBC Night Of Champions in Cardiff in July, Luke started his 2012 London Olympics preparations by securing gold at the Four Nations Challenge in Sheffield.


title: Luke Campbell (boxer)

text: On the Saturday Luke, who convincingly won his Featherweight (57 kg) fight by an 11–5 points margin over China's Jun Tan at the WBC Night Of Champions, continued his winning ways by beating Kazakhstan's Shulakov Madi by 6 – 4 in the semi final of the Four Nations Challenge.


title: Luke Campbell (boxer)

text: In Sunday's final Luke again faced Jun Tan from China, his adversary the previous week at the WBC Night of Champions. As before Luke dominated the proceedings, this time winning by an increased points margin of 11–3.


title: Luke Campbell (boxer)

text: Campbell qualified for the 2012 Olympic Games after winning a silver medal at the 2011 World Amateur Boxing Championships – Bantamweight in Baku, Azerbaijan.


title: Luke Campbell (boxer)

text: At the 2012 London Olympics, Campbell won gold in the 56 kg Bantamweight division after beating Ireland's John Joe Nevin 14:11. Campbell had earlier beaten Italian, Vittorio Parrinello, by 11:9. In the quarter-finals he met Detelin Dalakliev of Bulgaria in his closest bout of the competition, controversially edging it by a score of 16:15. His next opponent, Satoshi Shimizu from Japan- who had earlier been reinstated in the tournament by AIBA after a successful appeal after a defeat by Magomed Abdulhamidov was beaten by 20:11. Campbell beat Nevin in the final bout, and dropped the Irishman at the start of the third round, thus becoming the first bantamweight boxer to win Olympic gold for Great Britain since Henry Thomas in 1908.


title: Luke Campbell (boxer)

text: A first class postage stamp, depicting Campbell, was issued by Royal Mail and a post box in Hessle Road, Hull was painted gold to commemorate his gold medal win. Local telephone network provider, KC, have also commemorated the win by painting one of their telephone boxes, near to St Paul's Boxing Club, gold.


title: Luke Campbell (boxer)

text: Campbell was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to boxing.


title: Luke Campbell (boxer)

text: Campbell's first professional fight took place on 13 July 2013 at Craven Park in his home city of Hull. His opponent was Andy Harris who he beat in the first round. Campbell continued his undefeated start to his career with a fifth-round stoppage of Lee Connelly in Hull on 2 November 2013. In his fifth professional bout Campbell carried on his undefeated record and became the first person to stop Scott Moises.


title: Luke Campbell (boxer)

text: In April 2014, Campbell announced that he would be taking a break from boxing, pulling out of his next scheduled bout, following his father being diagnosed with cancer.


title: Luke Campbell (boxer)

text: Despite announcing he would be taking a break from boxing, Campbell fought a further four times in 2014. A points win over Craig Woodruff, a knockout win of Steve Trumble, a technical knockout (TKO) victory over Krzysztof Szot and another TKO win over Daniel Eduardo Brizuela. In March 2015, Campbell faced off against 24 year old Nicaraguan Levis Morales (11–1–1, 4 KOs) at the Ice Arena in Hull. Campbell knocked down Morales in round two and three, before the referee Howard John Foster stopped the fight resulting in a TKO victory for Campbell.


title: Luke Campbell (boxer)

text: On 1 August, Campbell claimed the vacant WBC International lightweight title by defeating fellow Hullensian Tommy Coyle (21–2, 10 KOs) via ten-round TKO at the KC Lightstream Stadium. This was also a WBC lightweight eliminator. Coyle was knocked down once in round two following a left to the body and three times in round twelve before the referee waved off the fight. Only four months later in December, Campbell lost the title and mandatory status in a split decision loss to French boxer Yvan Mendy (32–4–1, 16 KOs) at The O2 Arena in London on the undercard of Anthony Joshua vs. Dillian Whyte. Campbell was floored for the first time in his professional career in a ragged defensive display as Mendy received a split decision with scores of 115–112, 115–113, while the third judge scored it 115–113 for Campbell.


title: Luke Campbell (boxer)

text: After a three-month lay off, Campbell started a comeback trail in March on the undercard of Brook-Bizier at the Sheffield Arena in Sheffield, fighting British boxer Gary Sykes (28–4, 6 KOs) for the vacant Commonwealth lightweight title. Campbell made a winning return to the ring in spectacular fashion only needing two rounds to finish Sykes off in his first fight since losing his unbeaten professional record. A left hook that landed hard on the top of Sykes' head had him struggling before a straight right put him down. Although Sykes beat the count, Campbell was all over him. It was the left-hook that opened the door again, this time in the midsection, followed by a right to the temple. Referee Steve Gray moved swiftly in as Sykes' corner was throwing their towel to halt the fight.


title: Luke Campbell (boxer)

text: Promoter Eddie Hearn revealed Campbell was next due to fight on 30 July 2016 at the First Direct Arena in Leeds for the vacant WBC Silver lightweight title against 30 year old former IBF junior-lightweight champion Argenis Mendez (23–4–1, 12 KOs). Although being floored by a sharp right hand in the second round, Campbell proved to be too quick and dominated the remainder of the fight to claim the vacant WBC Silver lightweight title. From the third round, it became a comfortable fight for Campbell who moved his opponent around the ring and caught him with a succession of punches. The scorecards were all in favour of Campbell 116–111, 117–110, 115–112, who stated he would now like to land a world title shot.


title: Luke Campbell (boxer)

text: Campbell fought former British and Commonwealth lightweight champion and former world title challenger Derry Mathews (38–10, 20 KOs) on the undercard of the world cruiserweight title fight between Tony Bellew and BJ Flores at the Echo Arena on 15 October, live on Sky Sports. This was the first defence of the WBC Silver lightweight title in a scheduled twelve round bout. The fight started off as a brawl, however Campbell proved to be too quick as he retained his titles and kept his future world title shot alive after stopping Mathews in round four. Mathews was dropped following a couple of left hooks to his body. In the post fight interview, Campbell claimed, despite winning via stoppage, his game plan was 'to outbox Mathews for a points win'.


title: Luke Campbell (boxer)

text: On 3 January 2017, it was announced that Campbell would defend his WBC Silver title against Jairo Lopez (21–6, 14 KOs) at the Ice Arena in Hull on 25 February. The title defence would be part of a triple header, also including fellow Hullensian Tommy Coyle and Gavin McDonnell challenging for the vacant WBC super-bantamweight title. Campbell won the fight in round two after a well timed uppercut floored Lopez. Referee Ian-John Lewis halted the fight. Lopez was also dropped in round one just before the bell rang. Campbell retained his WBC Silver lightweight title. After the fight, Campbell and promoter Eddie Hearn both said the fight they were chasing next is a rematch with French boxer Yvan Mendy, to avenge his sole loss. "Mendy has done the worst thing possible in beating me", Campbell said after the fight.


title: Luke Campbell (boxer)

text: On 10 April 2017, Eurosport and Sky Sports announced that Campbell would be involved in a WBA lightweight title eliminator against former WBA interim lightweight titlist Darleys Pérez (33–2–2, 21 KOs) on the Anthony Joshua vs. Wladimir Klitschko undercard at the Wembley Stadium on 29 April 2017. The winner would be in the number one position to challenge champion Jorge Linares. Pérez weighed over the limit at 136.3 pounds, so had he won the bout, he would not have been eligible for the mandatory spot. Campbell racked up the win via a ninth-round stoppage win, which was due to injury. It was said that Pérez hurt his left arm after a throwing a left hook. He signaled to the referee that he could not continue and the fight was stopped at 1 minute 28 seconds into the round. Although Pérez started the fight well, enough to win the first three rounds, he physically looked gassed by the later rounds where Campbell took over. With the win, Campbell was made the new mandatory challenger to WBA champion Jorge Linares. Eddie Hearn said he would speak to Golden Boy Promotions to push things forward for the fight to be made.


title: Luke Campbell (boxer)

text: Golden Boy Promotions matchmaker, Robert Diaz, announced that WBA and "The Ring" lightweight champion Jorge Linares (42–3, 27 KOs) would next fight on 23 September 2017 and ruled out Campbell as his opponent. The plan being to have Campbell to fight on the undercard. If both fighters win their respected bouts, they would meet in the future. On 21 July 2017 the WBA ordered Linares to make a mandatory defence against Campbell. As per WBA rules, a titleholder must fight a mandatory within nine months, this time would expire on 23 July, having won the title from Crolla in September 2016. Both sides were given 30 days to come to an agreement for the fight. On 27 July, a deal was reached for Linares and Campbell to fight at The Forum in Inglewood, California on 23 September 2017. The bout will be shown live on Sky Sports in the UK and on HBO: Boxing After Dark in the US. In an interview, Linares said, "I am excited to make my return to the US and to headline a HBO show for the first time. I know Campbell is a tough [...] I am confident that I will emerge victorious on September 23rd." This fight would mark the second time Campbell fights professionally in California. In front of 4,125, Linares won his twelfth straight fight, retaining his WBA world title after twelve rounds against Campbell. One judge scored the fight 115–113 for Campbell, the remaining two had it 115–112 and 114–113 in favour of Linares, giving him the split decision win. ESPN.com also scored the fight 115–112 for Linares. Linares dropped Campbell with a straight right hand to the head in round two. Between rounds five and nine, Campbell took control of the fight. Linares began winning the championship rounds. Had Campbell not been knocked down early in the fight, the verdict would have been a split draw.


title: Luke Campbell (boxer)

text: Campbell believed he won the fight, speaking to Max Kellerman he said, "No one can ever doubt my heart. Yeah, I got off to a rocky start. He hit me with a nice, clean shot in the second round, caught me on the eye, cut it. I wasn’t dazed. From there, I had double vision in one eye for the rest of the fight. But from then, I out-classed him. I thought I won the fight. He’s a great champion, but I thought I out-classed him. I didn't think he was landing any shots whatsoever, and I was catching him with all the clean shots." Linares praised Campbell for his efforts, "He was a tough opponent. Many people said he was very easy, but it’s not for no reason he’s an Olympic champion. I fought very well all the way to the twelfth round. And I think in the fifth round, I started to box him a little bit because I didn't wanna get hurt." CompuBox stats showed Linares landed 140 of 414 thrown (34%), while Campbell was credited to landing 141 of his 524 thrown (27%). After the fight, promoter Eddie Hearn stated that Campbell could fight the winner of Crolla vs. Burns or another possible opponent would be WBO lightweight champion Terry Flanagan. A day after the fight, Campell revealed that his father had died of cancer two weeks before the fight. Campbell was in the US at his training camp when his father died at home, with family members. The fight drew an average of 687,000 viewers and peaked at 726,000 viewers on HBO.


title: Luke Campbell (boxer)

text: On 3 May 2018, it was announced by Matchroom that Campbell would appear on the Bellew-Haye II card the next day at the O2 Arena in London in a six-round fight. Campbell fought and defeated Troy James (20-5-1, 5 KOs). In round two, Campbell hit James with a left uppercut followed by a right hand that dropped him. James quickly recovered and survived the remainder of the round. In round four, Campbell dropped James with a hard shot, again James showed heart in getting up off the canvas. In the following round, Campbell started to unload and landed a barrage of unanswered punches before the referee stepped in to stop the fight.


title: Luke Campbell (boxer)

text: On 31 July, Campbell announced Shane McGuigan as his new trainer. Speaking on the partnership, Campbell said, "I'm incredibly excited to be teaming up with Shane. I've always heard good things about him within boxing but having trained under him for a few weeks now I can vouch for just how good he is. We've already struck up a great relationship and I have no doubt he is going to help take me to the next level. I want to become a world champion and Shane has a proven track record of achieving that with his fighters. It's a thriving gym with a great atmosphere and world class fighters, and that's where I want to be." In his statement, McGuigan said he would help Campbell become an elite as well as win a world title.


title: Luke Campbell (boxer)

text: On 6 August, Sky Sports announced the rematch between Campbell and 33 year old French boxer Yvan Mendy (40-4-1, 19 KOs) was confirmed to take place on the Anthony Joshua vs. Alexander Povetkin undercard at the Wembley Stadium in London on 22 September. Since defeating Campbell in their first fight in December 2015, Mendy had gone on to win seven fights in a row and picked up a #1 ranking with WBC at lightweight. Hearn called the bout a 'true 50–50 fight' as both boxers had improved since their first meeting. Campbell won the bout on points to avenge the earlier defeat. After twelve rounds the scorecards read 119–109, 118–111 and 116–112 in favour or Campbell. Mendy had his moments in the earlier rounds, but once Campbell adjusted, he was able to box and move to pound out a decision victory in what was a WBC lightweight title eliminator.


title: Luke Campbell (boxer)

text: On 15 March 2019, Campbell, who was now the mandatory challenger to Mikey Garcia's WBC lightweight title, travelled to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to take on Adrian Yung. Both men had never been stopped prior to the bout, but that changed when Campbell landed a left hook in the fifth round followed by a flurry of punches which forced the referee to halt the fight, making Campbell the winner by fifth-round technical knockout.


title: Luke Campbell (boxer)

text: On 31 August 2019, Campbell challenged the top pound-for-pound fighter and three-division world champion, Vasiliy Lomachenko, for the WBA (Super), WBO, "The Ring", and vacant WBC lightweight titles at The O2 Arena in London.


title: Luke Campbell (boxer)

text: Prior to the fight on 22 August 2019, Sky Sports released "The Gloves are Off: The Debate (Lomachenko vs. Campbell)" segment, hosted by former cruiserweight world champion Johnny Nelson, with retired, former world champions Tony Bellew, Carl Froch, David Haye and Paulie Malignaggi giving their pre-fight analysis as part of the lead up to the fight. Although all parties agreed Campbell will be the underdog going into the fight, with the odds being stacked in Lomachenko's favour, all praised Campbell's skill and amateur pedigree, with Malignaggi insisting Campbell is "one of the better fighters in the world to have not won a world championship."


title: Luke Campbell (boxer)

text: On the night of the fight, Lomachenko put on a dominant display, dropping Campbell in the eleventh round and winning a wide unanimous decision with scores of 119-108, 119-108, 118-109.


title: Luke Campbell (boxer)

text: On 2 January 2021, Campbell faced undefeated Ryan García for the vacant WBC interim lightweight title in what would ultimately be his final professional fight. Despite entering as the pre-fight betting underdog, Campbell dropped his opponent in the second round with a left hand, from which García recovered. García returned the favour in the seventh round, by dropping Campbell with a left hook to the body. Campbell, however, was not able to beat the count and suffered the first and only stoppage loss of his career.


title: Luke Campbell (boxer)

text: On 30 July 2021, Campbell announced his retirement from boxing. He released a statement on Twitter, saying, "Every fight, right the way from my debut on 13th June 2013, up to my last on 2nd January 2021, the cheers and messages of encouragement have always been monumental. Throughout my career I've tried to test myself against the very best in the industry and never shied away from anyone. I'm so grateful this hasn't gone unnoticed from supporters and I appreciate you all."


title: Luke Campbell (boxer)

text: Campbell was born in Hull and supports local football team Hull City. He has three sons with his wife Lynsey Kraanen who is a model. Campbell has a notable boxing heritage, with his grandfather having been an Irish boxing champion. Many of Campbell's relatives still live in Ireland.


title: Luke Campbell (boxer)

text: Two weeks before Campbell fought for the WBA and ring lightweight titles against Jorge Linares his father passed away. Campbell did not tell anyone as he did not want the Linares camp thinking it was a weakness. Speaking on this he said "I probably cried once a day. I had to try and shut my feelings off. After the fight I had a good cry. The only thing that kept me going is I know what my dad would have wanted for me."


title: Luke Campbell (boxer)

text: In December 2012 it was announced that Campbell would take part in ITV's "Dancing on Ice" series 8 which started on 6 January 2013, skating with professional Jenna Smith. He reached the final of Dancing On Ice 2013 with Beth Tweddle and Matt Lapinskas.


title: If It Bleeds

text: If It Bleeds is a collection of four previously unpublished novellas by American writer Stephen King. The stories in the collection are titled "Mr. Harrigan's Phone", "The Life of Chuck", "If It Bleeds", and "Rat". It was released on April 28, 2020.


title: If It Bleeds

text: Craig gets a job working for the retired Mr. Harrigan, who gifts Craig a winning lottery ticket. Craig then buys Mr. Harrigan a cell phone using some of the money won from the lottery ticket. Eventually, Mr. Harrigan dies and later, Craig leaves a voicemail on Mr. Harrigan's old phone about a bully. The bully is later found to have died by suicide. Craig then decides not to use the phone with Mr. Harrigan's number and switches to a newer model. Later, after the drunk driver responsible for a loved teacher's death receives a light sentence, Craig calls Mr. Harrigan's phone and leaves a voicemail about the drunk driver using his old phone. The drunk driver is then found to have died by suicide; following this, Craig throws his old phone into a lake.


title: If It Bleeds

text: The story is split into three acts given in reverse chronological order. They are given in chronological order here:


title: If It Bleeds

text: Holly Gibney of the Finders Keepers detective agency sees footage of a horrific school bombing on TV. She suspects that there is something odd about the reporter Ondowsky who was first on the scene and that he may be a supernatural 'outsider'. Holly makes contact with an elderly former policeman who believes that the reporter feeds on the fear of traumatic emotions, and Holly realises that Ondowsky must be stopped. She, Barbara, and Jerome must all work together to take down Ondowsky.


title: If It Bleeds

text: Gibney is one of King's recurring characters, having appeared in his "Bill Hodges" trilogy ("Mr. Mercedes", "Finders Keepers" and "End of Watch"), and in "The Outsider".


title: If It Bleeds

text: Writer and academic Drew Larson has published several short stories, but has been unable to complete a novel. Then he has the inspiration to write a Western thriller, and is determined to complete it. He sets out to an old isolated family cabin, and begins to write, but bad weather and sickness set in. Drew strikes a sinister bargain with a rat; it offers to get rid of his writer's block in exchange for one of Larson's loved ones dying. Thinking that Larson's imagination is getting the best of him he agrees and goes about his day. Finally, when the storm clears Larson returns home to his family. The novel is successful, his friend recovers from a previous illness but is then killed with his wife in an automobile accident.


title: If It Bleeds

text: "USA Today"s Brian Truitt awarded the collection three and a quarter of four, saying, "King still owns the fright business like none other, but the iconic author will keep you up late at night engrossed in four tales about our dreams and our frailties."


title: If It Bleeds

text: "Publishers Weekly" said of the release, "The four never-before-published novellas in this collection represent horror master King at his finest, using the weird and uncanny to riff on mortality, the price of creativity, and the unpredictable consequences of material attachments."


title: If It Bleeds

text: "Kirkus Reviews" summed up the release as "Vintage King: a pleasure for his many fans and not a bad place to start if you're new to him."


title: If It Bleeds

text: On July 10, 2020, "Deadline Hollywood" reported that Netflix had acquired the film rights to "Mr. Harrigan's Phone", produced by Blumhouse Productions and Ryan Murphy. It premiered on October 5, 2022.


title: If It Bleeds

text: "Rat" was optioned by Ben Stiller, who intends to produce, star and direct. Darren Aronofsky's Protozoa Pictures has optioned "The Life of Chuck", with Aronofsky to produce. "If It Bleeds" could be acquired by HBO, due to their use of the Gibney character in "The Outsider".


title: Ghost discography

text: The discography of Ghost, a Swedish rock band, consists of five studio albums, one live album, three extended plays (EPs), thirteen singles and fourteen music videos. Formed in Linköping in 2008, Ghost (formerly known as Ghost B.C. in the US) is composed of nine anonymous members – vocalist Papa Emeritus (revealed in 2017 to be Tobias Forge; all of the band's other frontmen are Forge under a different persona) and eight instrumentalists known as "Nameless Ghouls" (each representing one of the classical elements Fire, Water, Wind, Earth and Ether). After a self-issued demo, the band released its full-length debut "Opus Eponymous" on Rise Above Records in October 2010, which reached number 30 on the Swedish Albums Chart. "Elizabeth" was released as the sole single from the album in June.


title: Ghost discography

text: In January 2013 the band returned with new frontman Papa Emeritus II, and in April the band released its second album "Infestissumam". The album topped the Swedish Albums Chart, as well as reaching the top ten in Finland and Norway. In October 2014, the album was certified gold by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) in Sweden, certifying sales of over 20,000 copies in the band's home country. "Infestissumam" lead single "Secular Haze" reached number 22 on the Finnish Singles Chart. The band released "If You Have Ghost", a five-track EP of cover versions, in November 2013, which reached number 87 on the US "Billboard" 200.


title: Ghost discography

text: Papa Emeritus III replaced II in May 2015, when the band released the single "Cirice" followed by "From the Pinnacle to the Pit" in July, both of which reached the top five of the US "Billboard" Mainstream Rock Songs chart. Ghost's third album "Meliora" was released in August, topping the albums charts in Sweden and Finland, and receiving a platinum certification in Sweden. A second EP, "Popestar", featuring new original song "Square Hammer" and four covers, was released in September 2016. It became the first EP to top the "Billboard" Top Rock Albums chart since the chart began in 2006, while "Square Hammer" reached number 1 on the US Mainstream Rock chart.


title: Ghost discography

text: Ghost released their fourth album "Prequelle" on 1 June 2018, which is the first to feature new frontman Cardinal Copia, and was preceded by the singles "Rats" and "Dance Macabre" in April.


title: Ghost discography

text: On 13 September 2019, Ghost released "Seven Inches of Satanic Panic", which has been described as a two-track EP and as a single. The day before, on 12 September, they released a video for the recording's A-side, "Kiss the Go-Goat", as part of their ongoing webseries.


title: LeafyIsHere

text: Calvin Lee Vail (born August 18, 1995), known online as LeafyIsHere or simply Leafy, is an American internet commentator, former YouTuber and former Twitch streamer who, from the years 2011–2017, and 2020, made reaction, drama, and gaming videos, but is mostly known for commentary.


title: LeafyIsHere

text: Beginning in 2016, Vail was involved in several conflicts with other YouTubers which led to allegations of cyberbullying. Vail was terminated by YouTube in 2020, citing repeated violations of their harassment policies.


title: LeafyIsHere

text: The LeafyIsHere channel was a drama, commentary, and storytime channel. On the channel, Vail mainly commented on gossip involving online content creators and made videos telling life stories. He had made rants on popular YouTubers such as Onision.


title: LeafyIsHere

text: Vail started his channel in 2011, and began uploading content in 2013. He focused primarily on reaction and gaming videos.


title: LeafyIsHere

text: In 2015 and 2016, Vail was the target of a swatting campaign, with repeated calls to the police between December 2015 and February 2016. At that time, he resided in Layton, Utah.


title: LeafyIsHere

text: According to Bryan Menegus of "Gizmodo", Vail mocked a man in 2016 with a learning disability, and had earlier made fun of an autistic man known as TommyNC2010, after which YouTube and Reddit communities rallied behind Tommy, prompting Vail to release an apology.


title: LeafyIsHere

text: In 2016, YouTuber iDubbbz featured Leafy in an episode of his "Content Cop" series, accusing him and his videos of cyberbullying, among other criticisms. Also in 2016, Vail accused YouTuber Evalion of supporting Nazism and antisemitism. Shortly after Vail drew attention to her, Evalion was banned by YouTube. Later that year, one of Vail's videos in which he called transgender vlogger Milo Stewart an "it" and a "creature" was taken down by YouTube. Vail made three videos attacking Stewart.


title: LeafyIsHere

text: In 2019, iDubbbz's "Content Cop" video criticizing Vail was taken down after it was determined to be in violation of YouTube's guidelines.


title: LeafyIsHere

text: After a more than two-year-long hiatus, Vail returned to YouTube with a video insulting iDubbbz in April 2020, following which he resumed posting frequently. In July, Vail began criticizing Twitch streamer Pokimane and her supporters based on speculation about her personal life.


title: LeafyIsHere

text: On August 21, 2020, Vail's YouTube account was permanently terminated. According to "The Verge", Vail's channel had three violations in the previous three months, such as cyberbullying and encouraging viewers to disrupt other people's streams. A YouTube spokesperson said the channel had repeatedly violated YouTube's policies on harassment. Following the ban, Vail began streaming frequently on Twitch. He has also posted on competing video platform StoryFire. He also got into conflicts with YouTuber Ethan Klein.


title: LeafyIsHere

text: On September 11, 2020, Vail's Twitch account was also banned. Earlier that day, Vail had tweeted about receiving a strike on his account from Twitch for "hateful conduct and threats of violence against a person or group of people". Twitch did not comment on the ban or indicate whether it was permanent.


title: Solanum nigrum

text: Solanum nigrum, the European black nightshade or simply black nightshade or blackberry nightshade, is a species of flowering plant in the genus "Solanum", native to Eurasia and introduced in the Americas, Australasia, and South Africa. Ripe berries and cooked leaves of edible strains are used as food in some locales, and plant parts are used as a traditional medicine. A tendency exists in literature to incorrectly refer to many of the other "black nightshade" species as ""Solanum nigrum"".


title: Solanum nigrum

text: "Solanum nigrum" has been recorded from deposits of the Paleolithic and Mesolithic era of ancient Britain and it is suggested by the botanist and ecologist Edward Salisbury that it was part of the native flora there before Neolithic agriculture emerged. The species was mentioned by Pliny the Elder in the first century AD and by the great herbalists, including Dioscorides. In 1753, Carl Linnaeus described six varieties of "Solanum nigrum" in "Species Plantarum".


title: Solanum nigrum

text: Black nightshade is a common herb or short-lived perennial shrub, found in many wooded areas, as well as disturbed habitats. It reaches a height of , leaves long and wide; ovate to heart-shaped, with wavy or large-toothed edges; both surfaces hairy or hairless; petiole long with a winged upper portion. The flowers have petals greenish to whitish, recurved when aged and surround prominent bright yellow anthers. The berry is mostly in diam., dull black or purple-black. In India, another strain is found with berries that turn red when ripe.


title: Solanum nigrum

text: Sometimes "S. nigrum" is confused for the more toxic deadly nightshade ("Atropa belladonna"), which is in a different genus within Solanaceae. A comparison of the fruit shows that the black nightshade berries grow in bunches, whereas the deadly nightshade berries grow individually. Another distinction is black nightshade flowers have white petals.


title: Solanum nigrum

text: The suited soil pH value of black nightshade is between 5.5 and 6.5. It is rich in organic matter, water and fertility on the strong soil growth, in the lack of organic matter, poor ventilation clay, its roots will be stunted, plant growth is weak, commodity is poor. It is difficult to grow under the condition of high temperature and high humidity, the plant grows slowly, the tender shoot is easy to aging fiber, and the commodity is poor.


title: Solanum nigrum

text: "Solanum nigrum" is a highly variable species with many varieties and forms described. The recognized subspecies are:


title: Solanum nigrum

text: The Solanum nigrum" complex — also known as Solanum" L. section "Solanum" — is the group of black nightshade species characterized by their lack of prickles and stellate hairs, their white flowers, and their green or black fruits arranged in an umbelliform fashion. The "Solanum" species in this group can be taxonomically confused, more so by intermediate forms and hybridization between the species. Some of the major species within the "S. nigrum" complex are: "S. nigrum", "S. americanum", "S. douglasii", "S. opacum", "S. ptychanthum", "S. retroflexum", "S. sarrachoides", "S. scabrum", and "S. villosum".


title: Solanum nigrum

text: Solanine poisoning symptoms may occur when immature green fruit (looks similar to green peas) or mature leaves are ingested raw. They are typically delayed for 6 to 12 hours after ingestion. Initial symptoms of toxicity include fever, sweating, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, confusion, and drowsiness. Death from ingesting large amounts of the plant results from cardiac arrhythmias and respiratory failure. Livestock have also been poisoned from nitrate toxicity by grazing the mature leaves and green berries of "S. nigrum". However, in central Spain, the great bustard ("Otis tarda") may act as a seed disperser of European black nightshade ("Solanum nigrum"). Black nightshade is highly variable, and some advise to avoid eating the berries unless they are a known edible strain. The toxin levels may also be affected by the plant's growing conditions. The toxins in "S. nigrum" are most concentrated in the unripe green berries, and immature fruit should be treated as toxic. Most cases of suspected poisoning are due to consumption of leaves or unripe fruit. There are ethnobotanical accounts of "S. nigrum" young leaves and shoots being boiled as a vegetable with the cooking water being discarded and replaced several times to remove toxins. Solanine is water-soluble and is destroyed by boiling. "S. nigrum" leaves may be different from this perspective. Young cooked leaves of Solanum complex sp. are a source many useful nutrients similar to levels found in spinach. Solanum complex berries have been consumed on every continent since ancient times.


title: Solanum nigrum

text: Some of the uses ascribed to "S. nigrum" in literature may actually apply to other black nightshade species within the same species complex, and proper species identification is essential for food and medicinal uses (See "Taxonomy" section).


title: Solanum nigrum

text: "S. nigrum" has been widely used as a food since early times, and the fruit was recorded as a famine food in 15th-century China. Despite toxicity issues with some forms, the ripe berries and boiled leaves of edible strains are eaten. The thoroughly boiled leaves — although strong and slightly bitter flavours — are used like spinach as horta and in fataya pies and quiches. The ripe black berries are described as sweet and salty, with hints of liquorice and melon.


title: Solanum nigrum

text: In Kenya, among the Abagusii, "S. nigrum" ( - singular; - plural) is a vegetable delicacy which when blanched and sauteed or boiled to soften and then salted or sauteed and eaten with Ugali (a corn meal product). In the rest of Kenya, "S. nigrum"(managu) is eaten in a similar way.


title: Solanum nigrum

text: In Tanzania, "S. nigrum" ( or in Kiswahili) is a popular green vegetable. Sautéed with chicken or pork, eaten with Ugali, it is both delicious and expensive meal in most restaurants in urban areas. Traditionally, the Iraqw people in northern Tanzania have used "S. nigrum" () as vegetable for generations, eaten with special ‘ugali’ (), stiff porridge made with corn, millet or sorghum flour. An ethnobotanical survey conducted in the mid 1990s on the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba indicated that "S. nigrum" was referred to as in Kiswahili.


title: Solanum nigrum

text: In India, the berries are casually grown and eaten, but not cultivated for commercial use. In South India, the leaves and berries are routinely consumed as food after cooking with tamarind, onion, and cumin seeds. The berries are referred to as "fragrant tomato". Although not very popular across much of its growing region, the fruit and dish are common in Tamil Nadu ( in Tamil), Kerala, southern Andhra Pradesh, and southern Karnataka.


title: Solanum nigrum

text: In Ethiopia, the ripe berries are picked and eaten by children in normal times, while during famines, all affected people would eat berries. In addition, the leaves are collected by women and children, who cook the leaves in salty water and consume them like any other vegetable. Farmers in the Konso Special Woreda report that because "S. nigrum" matures before the maize is ready for harvesting, it is used as a food source until their crops are ready. The Welayta people in the nearby Wolayita Zone do not weed out "S. nigrum" that appears in their gardens since they likewise cook and eat the leaves.


title: Solanum nigrum

text: In Ghana, they are called "kwaansusuaa", and are used in preparing various soups and stews, including the popular palm nut soup commonly eaten with "banku" or "fufu".


title: Solanum nigrum

text: In South Africa, the very ripe and hand-selected fruit (' in Afrikaans and ' in Zulu) is cooked into a beautiful but quite runny purple jam. However, the fruit used in South Africa is more likely to be Solanum retroflexum.


title: Solanum nigrum

text: In Greece and Turkey, the leaves are called "", and in Crete known as "stifno". They are one of the ingredients included in the salad of boiled greens known as "horta".


title: Solanum nigrum

text: In Indonesia, the young fruits and leaves of cultivated forms are used and are known as ' (Javanese) or ' (Sundanese). The fruit and leaves are eaten raw as part of a traditional salad "lalapan", or the fruit is cooked (fried) with "oncom".


title: Solanum nigrum

text: It was imported into Australia from Mauritius in the 1850s as a vegetable during the gold rush, but "S. nigrum" is now prohibited for trade as a food by the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code.


title: Solanum nigrum

text: During ancient times in Hawaii young shoots, leaves, small white flowers, and small black berries were eaten. The leaves, among other greens, were cooked by rolling hot stones among them in a covered gourd.


title: Solanum nigrum

text: The plant has a long history of medicinal usage, dating back to ancient Greece. "... In the fourteenth century, we hear of the plant under the name of Petty Morel being used for canker and with Horehound and wine taken for dropsy." It was a traditional European medicine used as a strong sudorific, analgesic and sedative with powerful narcotic properties, but was considered a "somewhat dangerous remedy". Internal use has fallen out of favor in Western herbalism due to its variable chemistry and toxicity, but it is used topically as a treatment for herpes zoster. There is much disagreement as to whether the leaves and fruit of "S. nigrum" are poisonous. But many countries grow this plant as a food crop. The toxicity of "S. nigrum" may vary by the region and species where it grows. Native Hawaiians use the berries' juice as a laxative, they also take the young leaves boiled to relieve sore throats and coughs.


title: Solanum nigrum

text: "S. nigrum" is an important ingredient in traditional Indian medicines. Infusions are used in dysentery, stomach complaints, and fever. The juice of the plant is used on ulcers and other skin diseases. The fruits are used as a tonic, laxative, appetite stimulant, and for treating asthma and "excessive thirst". Traditionally the plant was used to treat tuberculosis This plant's leaves are used to treat mouth ulcers that happen during winter periods of Tamil Nadu, India. In North India, the boiled extracts of leaves and berries are also used to alleviate liver-related ailments, including jaundice. The juice from its roots is used against asthma and whooping cough.


title: Solanum nigrum

text: "S. nigrum" is a widely used plant in oriental medicine where it is considered to be antitumorigenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, diuretic, and antipyretic.


title: Solanum nigrum

text: Some experiments indicate that the plant inhibits growth of cervical carcinoma in mice. The active ingredient of the plant, solanine, inhibits the proliferation of different cancer cells in vitro, such as breast cancer and pancreatic cancer. Its anti-tumor mechanism is mainly through the induction of different cell and molecular pathways, leading to apoptosis and autophagy of cells and molecules, and inhibiting tumor metastasis. Water extracts of "'Solanum nigrum" have shown a citotoxic activity in reducing ROS generation of the human MM cell line A-375.<ref name="10.2147/DDDT.S119214"></ref>


title: Solanum nigrum

text: "Solanum nigrum" is known to contain solasodine (a steroidal glycoalkaloid that can be used to make 16-DPA progenitor); a possible commercial source could be via cultivating the hairy roots of this plant.


title: Solanum nigrum

text: It is also a treatment of gastric ulcer. Through experiments on mice gastric ulcer model and control group, the results showed that the extract of black nightshade powder and methanol could significantly affect the secretion of gastric acid and protease in mice, thus significantly reducing the gastric ulcer index of mice.


title: Solanum nigrum

text: "Solanum nigrum", Tasmannia pepper leaf, anise myrtle and lemon myrtle share a high concentration of polyphenols and polysaccharides, which take a role in inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 activities, resulting "a viable approach to inhibit inflammation and carcinogenesis and to prevent cancer."


title: Solanum nigrum

text: Uttroside B, a saponin, was identified as a bioactive chemotherapeutic agent, against hepatocellular carcinoma, obtained from the methanolic extract of "S. nigrum".[doi: 10.1038/srep36318] Lankalapalli et al. isolated uttroside B and provided its structure elucidation by derivatization, which afforded an enol ether, and characterized by detailed 2D NMR analysis in this publication.[doi: 10.1038/srep36318] Uttroside B and uttroside A can be differentiated by the group present in C-22 with hydroxyl and methoxy groups, respectively. The structural resemblance of uttroside B and uttroside A poses a challenge in differentiation of these two molecules by NMR or other techniques. Recently, this group provided a correction of a NMR figure with respect to the structure of uttroside B, which enable differentiation of uttroside B from uttroside A with characteristic chemical shift difference in C NMR of hemiketal carbon C-22 at 110.5 and 112.5 ppm, respectively.[doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77440-0] US-FDA granted an orphan drug designation for uttroside B against hepatocellular carcinoma.


title: Solanum nigrum

text: Black nightshade is cultivated as a food crop on several continents, including Africa and North America. The leaves of cultivated strains are eaten after cooking. A garden form with fruit diam. is occasionally cultivated.


title: Solanum nigrum

text: Black nightshade can be a serious agricultural weed when it competes with crops. It has been reported as a weed in 61 countries and 37 crops. Herbicides are used extensively to control it in field crops such as cotton.


title: Michael Johnson (sprinter)

text: Michael Duane Johnson (born September 13, 1967) is an American retired sprinter who won four Olympic gold medals and 8 World Championships gold medals in the span of his career. He formerly held the world and Olympic records in the 200 m and 400 m, as well as the world record in the indoor 400 m. He also once held the world's best time in the 300 m. Johnson is generally considered one of the greatest and most consistent sprinters in the history of track and field.


title: Michael Johnson (sprinter)

text: Johnson is the only male athlete in history to win both the 200 meters and 400 meters events at the same Olympics, a feat he accomplished at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. Johnson is also the only man to successfully defend his Olympic title in the 400 m, having done so at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. Aside from his Olympic success, Johnson accumulated eight gold medals at the World Championships and is tied with Carl Lewis for the fourth most gold medals won by a runner.


title: Michael Johnson (sprinter)

text: Johnson's distinctive stiff upright running position and very short steps defied the conventional wisdom that a high knee lift was necessary for maximum speed. As of 2012, Johnson holds 13 of the top 100 times for the 200 meters and 27 of the top 100 times for the 400 meters. Of those, he holds 14 of the top 25 times for the 400 meters. He broke 44 seconds for the 400 meters 22 times, more than twice as many times as any other athlete.


title: Michael Johnson (sprinter)

text: Johnson held the national records for the 200, 300, and 400 meters. The 4 × 400 meters relay world record was anchored by Johnson.


title: Michael Johnson (sprinter)

text: Since 2001, he has worked at the BBC, appearing as a pundit at multiple events. He has been a part of the BBC's Olympics athletics coverage since Athens 2004.


title: Michael Johnson (sprinter)

text: In 1991 at the World Championships in Tokyo, Johnson earned his first world title by winning the 200 m race by the unusual margin of victory of 0.33 seconds over Frankie Fredericks.


title: Michael Johnson (sprinter)

text: Two weeks before the 1992 Summer Olympics began, Johnson and his agent both contracted food poisoning at a restaurant in Spain. Johnson lost both weight and strength. He was the favorite to win the 200 m going into the Olympics, but he could do no better than sixth in his semifinal heat, and failed to reach the 200 m final by 0.16 seconds. Nevertheless, he was able to race as a member of the 4 × 400 m relay team, which won a gold medal and set a new world-record time of 2:55.74. Johnson ran his leg in a time of 44.73.


title: Michael Johnson (sprinter)

text: He won the 1993 U.S. title in the 400 m, and followed it with world titles in both the 400 m and 4 × 400 m relay. His 42.91 second split time in the 4 × 400 m relay remains the fastest 400 meters in history. At the 1995 World Championships in Gothenburg, Johnson won his first 200 m and 400 m "double". No elite-level male track athlete had accomplished this in a major meet in the 20th century. At the end he made it a "triple" by adding another title in the 4 × 400 m relay.


title: Michael Johnson (sprinter)

text: In June 1996, Johnson was 28 when he ran the 200-m in 19.66 seconds at the U.S. Olympic Trials, breaking Pietro Mennea's record of 19.72 seconds that had stood for nearly 17 years. With that performance he qualified to run at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta and prepared to attempt to win both the 200 meters and 400 meters events, a feat never before achieved by a male athlete. (Two women have won Olympic gold medals in both races in the same year: Valerie Brisco-Hooks in the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, and Marie-José Pérec, in the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta.)


title: Michael Johnson (sprinter)

text: Johnson entered the Olympic finals donning a custom-designed pair of golden-colored Nike racing spikes made with Zytel, causing him to be nicknamed "The Man With the Golden Shoes". Sources differ on the exact weight of these shoes; the manufacturer of the spikes claims they weighed each, while other sources state each shoe weighed about . The left shoe was a US size 10.5 while the right shoe was a US size 11, to account for Johnson's longer right foot.


title: Michael Johnson (sprinter)

text: On July 29, Johnson easily captured the 400 m Olympic title with an Olympic record time of 43.49 seconds, 0.92 seconds ahead of silver medalist Roger Black of Great Britain. At the 200 m final on August 1, Johnson ran the opening 100 meters in 10.12 seconds and finished the race in a world-record time of 19.32 seconds, breaking by more than three tenths of a second the previous record he had set in the U.S. Olympic Trials, on the same track one month earlier—the largest improvement ever on a 200 m world record. Some commentators compared the performance to Bob Beamon's record-shattering long jump at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City. During the race, Johnson strained a muscle in his leg, which prevented him from winning his third gold medal of the Olympics in the 4 × 400 m relay as Team USA went on to win the gold even without him.


title: Michael Johnson (sprinter)

text: After the 1996 season ended, Johnson received the James E. Sullivan Award as the top amateur athlete in any sport in the United States, and was named ABC's "Wide World of Sports" Athlete of the Year. In August, HarperCollins published his biographical/motivational book, "Slaying the Dragon: How to Turn Your Small Steps to Great Feats".


title: Michael Johnson (sprinter)

text: After the end of the 1996 Summer Olympics, American Sportscaster Bob Costas claimed that Johnson was faster than 100m Gold medalist Donovan Bailey Because Johnson's 200m time (19.32 Seconds) divided by 2 (9.66 Seconds) was shorter than Bailey's 100m time (9.84). This started a debate on weather Johnson or Bailey was the real "World's Fastest Man", which in turn resulted in a 150m race between the two, in which Bailey won after Johnson injured his hamstring.


title: Michael Johnson (sprinter)

text: After recovering from the injury, Johnson was able to compete for his third 400 m world title. The IAAF invented a new policy of giving a "bye" to the defending champions essentially to allow Johnson to compete in the IAAF World Championships that year, because Johnson was unable to qualify the conventional method (by competing in the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships) due to his injury from the race with Bailey. More than a month after the U.S. Championships, Johnson had recovered from his injury and won the 400 meters at the 1997 World Championships in Athens.


title: Michael Johnson (sprinter)

text: At the 1998 Goodwill Games in New York City, Johnson anchored the U.S. 4 × 400 m relay team with Jerome Young, Antonio Pettigrew, and Tyree Washington to a win and set a world record of 2:54.20. Pettigrew has since admitted doping from 1997, while Young was caught doping in 1999. The world record was annulled by the IAAF in August 2008, and reverted to the time of 2:54:29 Johnson helped set in the 1993 World Championships.


title: Michael Johnson (sprinter)

text: Johnson was plagued by injury in 1999, and his following season was troubled with two injury scares that limited him to just four 400 m races before the 1999 World Championships in Seville. Were it not for the IAAF policy established two years earlier for Johnson, that allowed automatic entry to defending champions, he could not have raced in Seville since he failed to compete in the U.S. trials due to his injury. He recovered and won his fourth 400 meter world title with a new world-record time of 43.18 seconds at the relatively late age of 31 years and 11 months, which stood for nearly 17 years before being beaten at the 2016 Olympics by the South African Wayde van Niekerk. Johnson's splits for this world record were 21.22 seconds for the opening 200 meters and 21.96 seconds for the closing 200 meters, giving a differential of 0.74 seconds.


title: Michael Johnson (sprinter)

text: After qualifying for the 2000 Summer Olympics in the 400 m, Johnson sustained an injury in the 200 m final while racing in a highly anticipated matchup against the 100 m and 200 m world champion, Maurice Greene. The injury prevented a defense of his 200 m Olympic title. Johnson ended his career at the Sydney Olympics by winning the gold medal in the 400 m, which brought his total number of Olympic gold medals to four. By winning the 400 m at the age of 33 years 12 days, he earned the distinction of being the oldest Olympic gold medalist at any track event shorter than 5000 m. Johnson was also the anchor of the United States 4x400 relay team along with Alvin Harrison, Antonio Pettigrew, and Calvin Harrison, which originally won the gold medal, but was later stripped of the title after Pettigrew and Jerome Young (who ran in the heats) were found guilty of having used performance-enhancing drugs.


title: Michael Johnson (sprinter)

text: On July 18, 2004, the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) ruled that Jerome Young was ineligible to compete in Sydney and annulled all his past results, including those achieved as part of relay teams. Young had competed for the USA team in the heats and semi-final of this event. Therefore, the United States team was stripped of the gold medal and Nigeria, Jamaica, and the Bahamas were moved up one position each. On July 22, 2005, the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) overturned this decision and restored the original finish order of the race based on a ruling that a team should not be disqualified because of a doping offense by an athlete who did not compete in the finals. Then in June 2008, Antonio Pettigrew "admitted in court he cheated to win" by using banned performance-enhancing substances, and agreed to return his gold medal. Johnson announced that he would return his own gold medal, won as part of the relay team with Pettigrew. Johnson stated that he felt "cheated, betrayed and let down" by what Pettigrew had done at the Games. Pettigrew committed suicide in 2010.


title: Michael Johnson (sprinter)

text: Johnson has run 200 m in under 19.80 seconds six times, and he has run the distance in less than 20 seconds twenty-three times. He holds nine of the top 50 200 m performances of all time. Johnson has run twenty-two 400 m races in under 44 seconds; he holds twenty-two of the top 50 and five of the top 10 400 m performances of all time. Over the course of his career, he twice set the world record in the 200 m, three times set the world record as part of the 4 × 400 m relay team, twice set the indoor 400 m world record, set the outdoor 400 m world record once, and set the 300 m mark once.


title: Michael Johnson (sprinter)

text: Johnson was elected to the United States Track and Field Hall of Fame in 2004, where his 200 m performance at the 1996 Olympics was named the greatest track and field moment of the last 25 years.


title: Michael Johnson (sprinter)

text: Since retiring from competitive track, Johnson currently works as a television commentator, often for the BBC in the United Kingdom, where he has also written columns for the "Daily Telegraph" and "The Times" newspapers. Johnson first appeared for the BBC in 2001 at the World Championships and at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester. He subsequently was part of the BBC's presenting team at the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, 2012 Olympic Games in London, 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro and 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo. He was in the BBC commentary booth for the men's 400 meters final in Rio de Janeiro to see his world record broken by Wayde van Niekerk, saying about van Niekerk's performance, "Oh my God! From lane eight, a world record. He took it out so quick. I have never seen anything from 200 to 400 like that. That was a massacre from Wayde van Niekerk. He just put those guys away."


title: Michael Johnson (sprinter)

text: In 2007 Johnson opened Michael Johnson Performance, at McKinney, Texas, a training facility for youth athletes aged 9 to 18 and professional athletes in all sports. The company works with Olympic teams and football clubs and has operations around the world. Michael Johnson Performance currently works with Arsenal, assisting in the development of young players in their academy.


title: Michael Johnson (sprinter)

text: In June 2008, Johnson voluntarily returned the 4 × 400 m relay gold medal he earned in the 2000 Olympics after Antonio Pettigrew, who ran the second leg, admitted he took performance-enhancing drugs between 1997 and 2001. Pettigrew made his admission while giving testimony in the trial of coach Trevor Graham for his role in the BALCO scandal. On August 2, 2008, the International Olympic Committee stripped the gold medal from the U.S. men's 4 x 400-meter relay team. Three of the four runners in the event final, including Pettigrew and twins Alvin and Calvin Harrison, and preliminary round runner Jerome Young, all have admitted or tested positive for performance-enhancing drugs. Only Johnson and Angelo Taylor, who also ran in preliminary rounds, were not implicated. Johnson had already returned his medal because, as he said, he felt the medal was not won fairly.


title: Michael Johnson (sprinter)

text: Johnson appeared as a contestant on NBC's 9th season of "The Celebrity Apprentice" (2010), placing 10th after exiting the show due to a personal issue on the fifth episode of the season first airing April 11, 2010.