title: Atari ST

text: Atari initially used single-sided 3.5 inch floppy disk drives that could store up to 360 KB. Later drives were double-sided and stored 720 KB. Some commercial software, particularly games, shipped by default on single-sided disks, even supplying two 360 KB floppies instead of a single double-sided one, to avoid alienating early adopters.


title: Atari ST

text: STs with double-sided drives can read disks formatted by MS-DOS, but IBM PCs can not read Atari disks, because the initial versions of TOS can recognize, read, and write to (but not create) disks in the same specification used by MS-DOS because of differences in the layout of data on track 0.


title: Atari ST

text: Atari upgraded the basic design in 1986 with the 1040STF, stylized as 1040ST: essentially a 520ST with double the RAM and with the power supply and a double-sided floppy drive built-in instead of external. This adds to the size of the machine, but reduces cable clutter. The joystick and mouse ports, formerly on the right side of the machine, are in a niche underneath the keyboard. An "FM" variant includes an RF modulator allowing a television to be used instead of a monitor.


title: Atari ST

text: The trailing "F" and "FM" were often dropped in common usage. In "BYTE" magazine's March 1986 cover photo of the system, the name plate reads 1040ST but in the headline and article it's simply "1040ST".


title: Atari ST

text: The 1040ST is one of the earliest personal computers shipped with a base RAM configuration of 1 MB. With a list price of in the US, "BYTE" hailed it as the first computer to break the $1000 per megabyte price barrier. "Compute!" noted that the 1040ST is the first computer to break the $2500 per megabyte price barrier.


title: Atari ST

text: Initial sales were strong, especially in Europe, where Atari sold 75% of its computers. Germany became Atari's strongest market, with small business owners using them for desktop publishing and CAD.


title: Atari ST

text: To address this growing market segment, Atari introduced the ST1 at Comdex in 1986. Renamed to Mega, it includes a high-quality detached keyboard, a stronger case to support the weight of a monitor, and an internal bus expansion connector. An optional 20 MB hard drive can be placed below or above the main case. Initially equipped with 2 or 4 MB of RAM (a 1 MB version, the Mega 1, followed), the Mega machines can be combined with Atari laser's printer for a low-cost desktop publishing package.


title: Atari ST

text: A custom blitter coprocessor improved some graphics performance, but was not included in all models. Developers wanting to use it had to detect its presence in their programs. Properly written applications using the GEM API automatically make use of the blitter.


title: Atari ST

text: In late 1989, Atari Corporation released the 520ST and 1040ST (also written STE), enhanced version of the ST with improvements to the multimedia hardware and operating system. It features an increased color palette of 4,096 colors from the ST's 512 (though the maximum displayable palette without programming tricks is still limited to 16 in the lowest 320 × 200 resolution, and even fewer in higher resolutions), Genlock support, and a blitter coprocessor (stylized as "BLiTTER") which can quickly move large blocks of data (particularly, graphics data) around in RAM. The STE is the first Atari with PCM audio; using a new chip, it added the ability to play back 8-bit (signed) samples at 6258 Hz, 12517 Hz, 25033 Hz, and even 50066 Hz, via direct memory access (DMA). The channels are arranged as either a mono track or a track of LRLRLRLR... bytes. RAM is now much more simply upgradable via SIMMs.


title: Atari ST

text: Two enhanced joystick ports were added (two normal joysticks can be plugged into each port with an adapter), with the new connectors placed in more easily accessed locations on the side of the case. The enhanced joystick ports were re-used in the Atari Jaguar console and are compatible.


title: Atari ST

text: The STE models initially had software and hardware conflicts resulting in some applications and video games written for the ST line being unstable or even completely unusable, primarily caused by programming direct hardware calls which bypassed the operating system. Furthermore, even having a joystick plugged in would sometimes cause strange behavior with a few applications (such as the WYSIWYG word-processor application 1st Word Plus). Very little use was made of the extra features of the STE: STE-enhanced and STE-only software was rare.


title: Atari ST

text: The last STE machine, the Mega STE, is an STE in a grey Atari TT case that had a switchable 16 MHz, dual-bus design (16-bit external, 32-bit internal), optional Motorola 68881 FPU, built-in 1.44 MB "HD" 3-inch floppy disk drive, VME expansion slot, a network port (very similar to that used by Apple's LocalTalk) and an optional built-in 3" hard drive. It also shipped with TOS 2.00 (better support for hard drives, enhanced desktop interface, memory test, 1.44 MB floppy support, bug fixes). It was marketed as more affordable than a TT but more powerful than an ordinary ST.


title: Atari ST

text: In 1990, Atari released the high-end workstation-oriented Atari TT030, based on a 32 MHz Motorola 68030 processor. The "TT" name ("Thirty-two/Thirty-two") continued the nomenclature because the 68030 chip has 32-bit buses both internally and externally. Originally planned with a 68020 CPU, the TT has improved graphics and more powerful support chips. The case has a new design with an integrated hard-drive enclosure.


title: Atari ST

text: The final model of ST computer is the Falcon030. Like the TT, it is 68030-based, at 16 MHz, but with improved video modes and an on-board Motorola 56001 audio digital signal processor. Like the Atari STE, it supports sampling frequencies above 44.1 kHz; the sampling master clock is 98340 Hz (which can be divided by a number between 2 and 16 to get the actual sampling frequencies). It can play the STE sample frequencies (up to 50066 Hz) in 8 or 16 bit, mono or stereo, all by using the same DMA interface as the STE, with a few additions. It can both play back and record samples, with 8 mono channels and 4 stereo channels, allowing musicians to use it for recording to hard drive. Although the 68030 microprocessor can use 32-bit memory, the Falcon uses a 16-bit bus, which reduces performance and cost. In another cost-reduction measure, Atari shipped the Falcon in an inexpensive case much like that of the ST and ST. Aftermarket upgrade kits allow it to be put in a desktop or rack-mount case, with the keyboard separate.


title: Atari ST

text: Released in 1992, the Falcon was discontinued by Atari the following year. In Europe, C-Lab licensed the Falcon design from Atari and released the C-Lab Falcon Mk I, identical to Atari's Falcon except for slight modifications to the audio circuitry. The Mk II added an internal 500 MB SCSI hard disk; and the Mk X further added a desktop case. C-Lab Falcons were also imported to the US by some Atari dealers.


title: Atari ST

text: As with the Atari 8-bit family of computers, software publishers attributed their reluctance to produce Atari ST products in part to—as "Compute!" reported in 1988—the belief in the existence of a "higher-than-normal amount of software piracy". That year, WordPerfect threatened to discontinue the Atari ST version of its word processor because the company discovered that pirate bulletin board systems (BBSs) were distributing it, causing "ST-Log" to warn that "we had better put a stop to piracy "now" ... it can have harmful effects on the longevity and health of your computer". In 1989, magazines published a letter by Gilman Louie, head of Spectrum HoloByte. He stated that he had been warned by competitors that releasing a game like "Falcon" on the ST would fail because BBSs would widely disseminate it. Within 30 days of releasing the non-copy protected ST version, the game was available on BBSs with maps and code wheels. Because the ST market was smaller than that for the IBM PC, it was more vulnerable to piracy which, Louie said, seemed to be better organized and more widely accepted for the ST. He reported that the Amiga version sold in six weeks twice as much as the ST version in nine weeks, and that the Mac and PC versions had four times the sales. "Computer Gaming World" stated "This is certainly the clearest exposition ... we have seen to date" of why software companies produced less software for the ST than for other computers.


title: Atari ST

text: Plenty of professional quality MIDI-related software was released. The popular Windows and Macintosh applications Cubase and Logic Pro originated on the Atari ST (the latter as Creator, Notator, Notator-SL, and Notator Logic). Another popular and powerful ST music sequencer application, KCS, contains a "Multi-Program Environment" that allows ST users to run other applications, such as the synthesizer patch editing software XoR (now known as Unisyn on the Macintosh), from within the sequencer application.


title: Atari ST

text: Music tracker software became popular on the ST, such as the TCB Tracker, aiding the production of quality music from the Yamaha synthesizer, now called chiptunes.


title: Atari ST

text: Due to the ST having comparatively large amounts of memory for the time, sound sampling packages became feasible. Replay Professional features a sound sampler using the ST cartridge port to read in parallel from the cartridge port from the ADC. For output of digital sound, it uses the on-board frequency output, sets it to 128 kHz (inaudible) and then modulates the amplitude of that.


title: Atari ST

text: MasterTracks Pro originated on Macintosh, then ST, then IBM PC version. It continued on Windows and macOS, along with the original company's notation applications Encore.


title: Atari ST

text: Professional desktop publishing software includes PageStream and Calamus. Word processors include WordPerfect, Microsoft Write, AtariWorks, and First Word (bundled with the machine). Spreadsheets include 3D-Calc, and databases include Zoomracks. Graphics applications include NEOchrome, DEGAS & DEGAS Elite, Deluxe Paint, and Cyber Paint (which author Jim Kent would later evolve into Autodesk Animator) with advanced features such as 3D design and animation. The Spectrum 512 paint program uses rapid palette switching to expand the on-screen color palette to 512 (up to 46 colors per scan line).


title: Atari ST

text: 3D computer graphics applications (like Cyber Studio CAD-3D, which author Tom Hudson later developed into Autodesk 3D Studio), brought 3D modelling, sculpting, scripting, and computer animation to the desktop. Video capture and editing applications use dongles connected to the cartridge port for low frame rate, mainly silent and monochrome, but progressed to sound and basic color in still frames. At the end, Spectrum 512 and CAD-3D teamed up to produce realistic 512-color textured 3D renderings, but processing was slow, and Atari's failure to deliver a machine with a math coprocessor had Hudson and Yost looking towards the PC as the future before a finished product could be delivered to the consumer.


title: Atari ST

text: Graphical touchscreen point of sale software for restaurants was originally developed for Atari ST by Gene Mosher under the ViewTouch copyright and trademark. Instead of using GEM, he developed a GUI and widget framework for the application using the Neochrome paint program.


title: Atari ST

text: The 520ST was bundled with both Digital Research Logo and Atari ST BASIC. Third-party BASIC systems with better performance were eventually released: HiSoft BASIC, GFA BASIC, FaST BASIC, DBASIC, LDW BASIC, Omikron BASIC, BASIC 1000D and STOS. In the later years of the Atari ST, Omikron Basic was bundled with it in Germany.


title: Atari ST

text: Atari's initial development kit from Atari is a computer and manuals. The cost discouraged development. The later Atari Developer's Kit consists of software and manuals for . It includes a resource kit, C compiler (first Alcyon C, then Mark Williams C), debugger, 68000 assembler, and non-disclosure agreement. The third-party Megamax C development package was .


title: Atari ST

text: Other development tools include 68000 assemblers (MadMac from Atari, HiSoft Systems's Devpac, TurboAss, GFA-Assembler), Pascal (OSS Personal Pascal, Maxon Pascal, PurePascal), Modula-2, C compilers (Lattice C, Pure C, Megamax C, GNU C, Aztec C, AHCC), LISP, and Prolog.


title: Atari ST

text: The ST had success in gaming due to the low cost, fast performance, and colorful graphics. ST game developers include Peter Molyneux, Doug Bell, Jeff Minter, Éric Chahi, Jez San, and David Braben.


title: Atari ST

text: The realtime pseudo-3D role-playing video game "Dungeon Master", was developed and released first on the ST, as the best-selling software ever produced for the platform. Simulation games like "Falcon" and "Flight Simulator II" use the ST's graphics hardware, as do many arcade ports. The 1987 first person shooter, "MIDI Maze", uses the MIDI ports to connect up to 16 machines for networked deathmatch play. The critically acclaimed "Another World" was originally released for ST and Amiga in 1991 with its engine developed on the ST and the rotoscoped animation created on the Amiga. Games simultaneously released on the Amiga that do not use the Amiga's superior graphics and sound capabilities were often accused by video game magazines of simply being ST ports.


title: Atari ST

text: Garry Kasparov became the first chess player to register a copy of ChessBase, a popular commercial database program for storing and searching records of chess games. The first version was built for Atari ST with his collaboration in January 1987. In his autobiography "Child of Change", he regards this facility as "the most important development in chess research since printing".


title: Atari ST

text: Spectre GCR emulates the Macintosh. MS-DOS emulators were released in the late 1980s. PC-Ditto has a software-only version, and a hardware version that plugs into the cartridge slot or kludges internally. After running the software, an MS-DOS boot disk is required to load the system. Both run MS-DOS programs in CGA mode, though much more slowly than on an IBM PC. Other options are the PC-Speed (NEC V30), AT-Spee (Intel 80286), and ATonce-386SX (Intel 80386SX) hardware emulator boards.


title: Atari ST

text: The ST's low cost, built-in MIDI ports, and fast, low-latency response times make it a favorite with musicians.


title: Atari ST

text: Very early machines have the OS on a floppy disk before a final version was burned into ROM. This version of TOS was bootstrapped from a small core boot ROM.


title: Atari ST

text: In 1986, most production models became STs, with an integrated single- (520STF) or double-sided (1040STF) double density floppy disk drive built-in, but no other changes. Also in 1986, the "520ST" (or "520STM") added an RF Modulator for allowing the low and medium resolution color modes when connected to a TV. Later "F" and "FM" models of the 520 had a built-in double-sided disk drive instead of a single-sided one.


title: Atari ST

text: The 130ST was intended to be a 128 KB variant. It was announced at the 1985 CES alongside the 520ST but never produced. The 4160ST was a 1040ST, but with 4 MB of RAM. A small quantity of development units were produced, but the system was never officially released. Atari did produce a quantity of 4160STE metallic case badges which found their way to dealers, so it's not uncommon to find one attached to systems which were originally 520/1040STE. No such labels were produced for the base of the systems.


title: Atari ST

text: Atari Transputer Workstation is a standalone machine developed in conjunction with Perihelion Hardware, containing modified ST hardware and up to 17 transputers capable of massively parallel operations for tasks such as ray tracing.


title: Atari ST

text: Following Atari's departure from the computer market, both Medusa Computer Systems and Milan Computer manufactured Atari Falcon/TT-compatible machines with 68040 and 68060 processors. The FireBee is an Atari ST/TT clone based on the Coldfire processor. The GE-Soft Eagle is a 32 MHz TT clone.


title: Cappadonna

text: Darryl Hill, better known by his stage name Cappadonna, is an American rapper. He is a member of the hip-hop collective the Wu-Tang Clan and is a member of the rap group Theodore Unit together with Ghostface Killah.


title: Cappadonna

text: Cappadonna (also known as Cappachino) was known to the future members of the Wu-Tang Clan, and had been U-God's mentor. However, Cappadonna went to prison and was replaced in the group by Method Man.


title: Cappadonna

text: Cappadonna made his recording debut as an affiliate of the Wu-Tang Clan on Raekwon's 1995 single "Ice Cream" on "Only Built 4 Cuban Linx...". He was also a guest star, along with Raekwon, on Ghostface Killah's solo debut album, "Ironman". He made his first appearance on a Wu-Tang Clan album in 1997 on "Wu-Tang Forever" on the single "Triumph". Following his appearance on "Forever", he contributed significantly to the group's third studio album, "The W", at which point his appearances were no longer marked with "Featuring Cappadonna", as they had been on "Forever". After a falling-out with RZA the next year over royalties, he did not appear at all on the group's subsequent album "Iron Flag". He reunited with the group for their concert at 2004's Rock the Bells, and appeared on 2007 release "8 Diagrams".


title: Cappadonna

text: Cappadonna's status as a Wu-Tang member or as a featured artist has varied throughout the years, while long referred to by both the group and fans as the "Unofficial Tenth Member". Also, while his vocals on "8 Diagrams" were not marked with "Feat. Cappadonna", much like "The W", he does not appear on the front cover with the original eight living members, and is not featured in the album's booklet with a picture, although he is included in the group's shout-outs sections. In a press conference held October 2, 2014, at Warner Studios for the upcoming release of the Wu-Tang Clan's "A Better Tomorrow" album, RZA clarified any misunderstanding of Cappadonna's affiliation with Wu-Tang Clan, stating that Cappadonna has been an official member of Wu-Tang Clan since "8 Diagrams".


title: Cappadonna

text: Cappadonna's first solo effort was 1998's "The Pillage" which debuted and peaked at number 3 on the charts and certified Gold. His follow-up - 2001's "The Ying and The Yang" - debuted at number 51 on the charts. Staying vigilant in his support of The Clan, he then featured on over 25 releases including classics from Raekwon, Method Man and Ghostface.


title: Cappadonna

text: Known for his colorful wardrobe, he frequently refers to fashion designers and his large collection of boutique clothing in his raps.


title: Cappadonna

text: In 2019 Cappadonna was featured in "," a documentary in honor of the 25th anniversary of Wu-Tang Clan's debut album, "Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers)."


title: Lakshya Sen

text: Lakshya Sen (born 16 August 2001) is an Indian badminton player. Sen is a former world junior no. 1. He has won gold medals at the 2018 Asian Junior Championships in the boys' singles and at the Summer Youth Olympics in the mixed team event. He won the bronze medal at the 2021 World Championships and was


title: Lakshya Sen

text: runner-up at the 2022 All England Open. Sen was also a part of the Indian team which won the Thomas Cup 2022. He also won the gold medal at the 2022 Commonwealth Games held in Birmingham in men’s singles badminton.


title: Lakshya Sen

text: Sen, was born in Almora in Uttarakhand. His father, D. K. Sen, is a coach in India and his brother, Chirag Sen is also an international badminton player.


title: Lakshya Sen

text: Having trained at the Prakash Padukone Badminton Academy, Sen had shown his talent as a badminton player at a very young age, and had a brilliant year in the junior badminton circuit in 2016. He clinched the bronze medal at Junior Asian Championship after losing to Sun Feixiang 12-21,16-21. Coincidently, Sen lost to Sun again in the pre-quarters of Junior World Championship 21-17,8-21 and 13-21,His team finished 8th in the team event. Sen also competed in the senior international level and won the men's singles title at the 2016 India International Series tournament.


title: Lakshya Sen

text: Sen started the year at Syed Modi International where he lost in the pre-quarters to compatriot Sourabh Verma 14-21,16-21.


title: Lakshya Sen

text: Sen became the number one junior singles player in BWF World Junior ranking in February 2017. At the Junior Asian Championship, Sen was seeded as no.1 but lost in the pre-quarters to Lin Chun-yi 21-13,23-25 and 20-22. Sen reached the Quarter-finals of Vietnam Open before losing to Kodai Naraoka 21-17,21-23 and 10-21. Sen was seeded as no.2 at the Junior World Championship but in the Quarter-finals, he again lost to Kodai Naraoka 21-14,17-21,14-21.


title: Lakshya Sen

text: Sen defeated Cheam June Wei a much higher ranked player than him 21-11,21-16 in straight games at the New Zealand Open but lost to 2 time Olympic gold medallist and seed no.1 Lin Dan 21-15,15-21 and 12-21. At the Australian Open, He lost to seed no.7 Lee Cheuk Yiu 20-22,21-13 and 19-21. Sen emerged as the champion at the 2018 Asian Junior Championships defeating the top seeded World Junior No. 1 Kunlavut Vitidsarn in the final 21-19,21-18.


title: Lakshya Sen

text: At the Hyderabad Open, Sen lost to seed no. 8 Heo Kwang-hee 13-21 and 12-21. Sen defeated seed no.2 Sitthikom Thammasin 21-14,21-19 in the pre-quarters of 2018 Bangka Belitung Indonesia Masters but lost to seed no.7 Lin Yu-hsien 21-12,20-21 and 14-21 in the Quarter-finals.


title: Lakshya Sen

text: Sen participated at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics as the fourth seeded. He settled for boys' singles silver medal after losing to Chinese player Li Shifeng in straight games 15–21, 19–21. He also competed in the mixed team event, and helped team Alpha win the gold medal.


title: Lakshya Sen

text: Sen clinched the bronze medal at the BWF Junior World Championships after losing to the eventual champion Kunlavut Vitidsarn in the semi-finals 22-20,16-21,13-21.


title: Lakshya Sen

text: Sen won the Belgian International tournament by beating Victor Svendsen 21-14 and 21-15. Sen clinched his first BWF Tour title by winning the Dutch Open men's singles title after beating Yusuke Onodera of Japan. The Dutch Open is a BWF Tour Super 100 tournament. In November 2019, he won the SaarLorLux Open which is a BWF Tour Super 100 tournament held in Saarbrücken, Germany. He defeated China's Weng Hongyang in the final to claim the title.


title: Lakshya Sen

text: He won the men's singles title in the 2019 Scottish Open in November, with a victory against Brazilian Ygor Coelho.


title: Lakshya Sen

text: Sen was a member of the Indian team which clinched the bronze medal at 2020 Badminton Asia Team Championships.


title: Lakshya Sen

text: Sen reached the 2nd round of 2020 All England Open which was his 1st ever BWF Super 1000 Tournament before losing to the champion and world no.1 Viktor Axelsen 17-21 and 18-21. He lost to Hans-Kristian Vittinghus 21-15,7-21 and 15-21 in 2nd round of the 2020 Denmark Open. Sen was seeded as no.2 at 2020 SaarLorLux Open but withdrew due to an injury. The Covid-19 Pandemic restricted him to play any more international BWF Tournaments in the year.


title: Lakshya Sen

text: In December, he reached the World Championships semifinals where he lost to compatriot Srikanth Kidambi in a hard fought match 21–17, 14–21, 17–21 and settled for a bronze medal.


title: Lakshya Sen

text: In January, he defeated the reigning world champion Loh Kean Yew in the India Open final, thus clinching his first Super 500 title. He defeated Loh in two straight games 24–22, 21–17. In the German Open, Lakshya defeated World No.1 Viktor Axelsen in the semifinals, but lost the finals to Kunlavut Vitidsarn. He then defeated World No. 3 Anders Antonsen and World No. 7 Lee Zii Jia to reach the finals of the 2022 All England Open. He lost the finals to Viktor Axelsen 10–21, 15–21. He subsequently withdrew from the Swiss Open, as he was tired after playing 2 back-to-back BWF tournaments finals. Lakshya Sen was part of the Indian men's team for 2022 Thomas Cup. The team went on to win the Thomas Cup by beating Indonesia 3–0, with Sen winning his match against Anthony Sinisuka Ginting. He became Commonwealth champion at 2022 Commonwealth Games by defeating Ng Tze Yong of Malaysia in the final. Sen was also part of the Indian team that won silver in the mixed team event.


title: Lakshya Sen

text: The BWF World Tour, which was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018, is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). The BWF World Tour is divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300, and the BWF Tour Super 100.


title: Lakshya Sen

text: Record against Year-end Finals finalists, World Championships semi finalists, and Olympic quarter finalists. Accurate as of 27 October 2022.


title: Binary heap

text: A binary heap is a heap data structure that takes the form of a binary tree. Binary heaps are a common way of implementing priority queues. The binary heap was introduced by J. W. J. Williams in 1964, as a data structure for heapsort.


title: Binary heap

text: Heaps where the parent key is greater than or equal to (≥) the child keys are called "max-heaps"; those where it is less than or equal to (≤) are called "min-heaps". Efficient (logarithmic time) algorithms are known for the two operations needed to implement a priority queue on a binary heap: inserting an element, and removing the smallest or largest element from a min-heap or max-heap, respectively. Binary heaps are also commonly employed in the heapsort sorting algorithm, which is an in-place algorithm because binary heaps can be implemented as an implicit data structure, storing keys in an array and using their relative positions within that array to represent child–parent relationships.


title: Binary heap

text: Both the insert and remove operations modify the heap to conform to the shape property first, by adding or removing from the end of the heap. Then the heap property is restored by traversing up or down the heap. Both operations take time.


title: Binary heap

text: Steps 2 and 3, which restore the heap property by comparing and possibly swapping a node with its parent, are called "the up-heap" operation (also known as "bubble-up", "percolate-up", "sift-up", "trickle-up", "swim-up", "heapify-up", or "cascade-up").


title: Binary heap

text: The number of operations required depends only on the number of levels the new element must rise to satisfy the heap property. Thus, the insertion operation has a worst-case time complexity of . For a random heap, and for repeated insertions, the insertion operation has an average-case complexity of O(1).


title: Binary heap

text: and we want to add the number 15 to the heap. We first place the 15 in the position marked by the X. However, the heap property is violated since , so we need to swap the 15 and the 8. So, we have the heap looking as follows after the first swap:


title: Binary heap

text: which is a valid max-heap. There is no need to check the left child after this final step: at the start, the max-heap was valid, meaning the root was already greater than its left child, so replacing the root with an even greater value will maintain the property that each node is greater than its children (; if , and , then , because of the transitive relation).


title: Binary heap

text: The procedure for deleting the root from the heap (effectively extracting the maximum element in a max-heap or the minimum element in a min-heap) while retaining the heap property is as follows:


title: Binary heap

text: Steps 2 and 3, which restore the heap property by comparing and possibly swapping a node with one of its children, are called the "down-heap" (also known as "bubble-down", "percolate-down", "sift-down", "sink-down", "trickle down", "heapify-down", "cascade-down", "extract-min" or "extract-max", or simply "heapify") operation.


title: Binary heap

text: Now the heap property is violated since 8 is greater than 4. In this case, swapping the two elements, 4 and 8, is enough to restore the heap property and we need not swap elements further:


title: Binary heap

text: The downward-moving node is swapped with the "larger" of its children in a max-heap (in a min-heap it would be swapped with its smaller child), until it satisfies the heap property in its new position. This functionality is achieved by the Max-Heapify function as defined below in pseudocode for an array-backed heap "A" of length "length"("A"). "A" is indexed starting at 1.


title: Binary heap

text: For the above algorithm to correctly re-heapify the array, no nodes besides the node at index "i" and its two direct children can violate the heap property. The down-heap operation (without the preceding swap) can also be used to modify the value of the root, even when an element is not being deleted.


title: Binary heap

text: In the worst case, the new root has to be swapped with its child on each level until it reaches the bottom level of the heap, meaning that the delete operation has a time complexity relative to the height of the tree, or O(log "n").


title: Binary heap

text: Inserting an element then extracting from the heap can be done more efficiently than simply calling the insert and extract functions defined above, which would involve both an upheap and downheap operation. Instead, we can do just a downheap operation, as follows:


title: Binary heap

text: Python provides such a function for insertion then extraction called "heappushpop", which is paraphrased below. The heap array is assumed to have its first element at index 1.


title: Binary heap

text: A similar function can be defined for popping and then inserting, which in Python is called "heapreplace":


title: Binary heap

text: The decrease key operation replaces the value of a node with a given value with a lower value, and the increase key operation does the same but with a higher value. This involves finding the node with the given value, changing the value, and then down-heapifying or up-heapifying to restore the heap property.


title: Binary heap

text: Building a heap from an array of input elements can be done by starting with an empty heap, then successively inserting each element. This approach, called Williams' method after the inventor of binary heaps, is easily seen to run in time: it performs insertions at cost each.


title: Binary heap

text: However, Williams' method is suboptimal. A faster method (due to Floyd) starts by arbitrarily putting the elements on a binary tree, respecting the shape property (the tree could be represented by an array, see below). Then starting from the lowest level and moving upwards, sift the root of each subtree downward as in the deletion algorithm until the heap property is restored. More specifically if all the subtrees starting at some height formula_4 have already been "heapified" (the bottommost level corresponding to formula_5), the trees at height formula_6 can be heapified by sending their root down along the path of maximum valued children when building a max-heap, or minimum valued children when building a min-heap. This process takes formula_7 operations (swaps) per node. In this method most of the heapification takes place in the lower levels. Since the height of the heap is formula_8, the number of nodes at height formula_4 is formula_10. Therefore, the cost of heapifying all subtrees is:


title: Binary heap

text: The exact value of the above (the worst-case number of comparisons during the heap construction) is known to be equal to:


title: Binary heap

text: where is the sum of all digits of the binary representation of and is the exponent of in the prime factorization of .


title: Binary heap

text: The average case is more complex to analyze, but it can be shown to asymptotically approach comparisons.


title: Binary heap

text: binary tree with "n" nodes to a max-heap by repeatedly using Max-Heapify (down-heapify for a max-heap) in a bottom-up manner.


title: Binary heap

text: are all leaves for the tree (assuming that indices start at 1)—thus each is a one-element heap, and does not need to be down-heapified. Build-Max-Heap runs


title: Binary heap

text: Heaps are commonly implemented with an array. Any binary tree can be stored in an array, but because a binary heap is always a complete binary tree, it can be stored compactly. No space is required for pointers; instead, the parent and children of each node can be found by arithmetic on array indices. These properties make this heap implementation a simple example of an implicit data structure or Ahnentafel list. Details depend on the root position, which in turn may depend on constraints of a programming language used for implementation, or programmer preference. Specifically, sometimes the root is placed at index 1, in order to simplify arithmetic.


title: Binary heap

text: Let "n" be the number of elements in the heap and "i" be an arbitrary valid index of the array storing the heap. If the tree root is at index 0, with valid indices 0 through "n − "1, then each element "a" at index "i" has


title: Binary heap

text: Alternatively, if the tree root is at index 1, with valid indices 1 through "n", then each element "a" at index "i" has


title: Binary heap

text: This implementation is used in the heapsort algorithm which reuses the space allocated to the input array to store the heap (i.e. the algorithm is done in-place). This implementation is also useful as a Priority queue. When a dynamic array is used, insertion of an unbounded number of items is possible.


title: Binary heap

text: The upheap/downheap operations can then be stated in terms of an array as follows: suppose that the heap property holds for the indices "b", "b"+1, ..., "e". The sift-down function extends the heap property to "b"−1, "b", "b"+1, ..., "e".


title: Binary heap

text: Let "j" be the index of the largest child of "a"["i"] (for a max-heap, or the smallest child for a min-heap) within the range "b", ..., "e".


title: Binary heap

text: The sift-down function is applied tail-recursively to index "j" until the heap property is established for all elements.


title: Binary heap

text: The sift-down function is fast. In each step it only needs two comparisons and one swap. The index value where it is working doubles in each iteration, so that at most log "e" steps are required.


title: Binary heap

text: For big heaps and using virtual memory, storing elements in an array according to the above scheme is inefficient: (almost) every level is in a different page. B-heaps are binary heaps that keep subtrees in a single page, reducing the number of pages accessed by up to a factor of ten.


title: Binary heap

text: The operation of merging two binary heaps takes Θ("n") for equal-sized heaps. The best you can do is (in case of array implementation) simply concatenating the two heap arrays and build a heap of the result. A heap on "n" elements can be merged with a heap on "k" elements using O(log "n" log "k") key comparisons, or, in case of a pointer-based implementation, in O(log "n" log "k") time. An algorithm for splitting a heap on "n" elements into two heaps on "k" and "n-k" elements, respectively, based on a new view


title: Binary heap

text: of heaps as an ordered collections of subheaps was presented in. The algorithm requires O(log "n" * log "n") comparisons. The view also presents a new and conceptually simple algorithm for merging heaps. When merging is a common task, a different heap implementation is recommended, such as binomial heaps, which can be merged in O(log "n").


title: Binary heap

text: Additionally, a binary heap can be implemented with a traditional binary tree data structure, but there is an issue with finding the adjacent element on the last level on the binary heap when adding an element. This element can be determined algorithmically or by adding extra data to the nodes, called "threading" the tree—instead of merely storing references to the children, we store the inorder successor of the node as well.


title: Binary heap

text: It is possible to modify the heap structure to make the extraction of both the smallest and largest element possible in formula_14formula_15 time. To do this, the rows alternate between min heap and max-heap. The algorithms are roughly the same, but, in each step, one must consider the alternating rows with alternating comparisons. The performance is roughly the same as a normal single direction heap. This idea can be generalized to a min-max-median heap.


title: Binary heap

text: In an array-based heap, the children and parent of a node can be located via simple arithmetic on the node's index. This section derives the relevant equations for heaps with their root at index 0, with additional notes on heaps with their root at index 1.


title: Binary heap

text: To avoid confusion, we'll define the level of a node as its distance from the root, such that the root itself occupies level 0.


title: Binary heap

text: For a general node located at index (beginning from 0), we will first derive the index of its right child, formula_16.


title: Binary heap

text: Let node be located in level , and note that any level contains exactly formula_17 nodes. Furthermore, there are exactly formula_18 nodes contained in the layers up to and including layer (think of binary arithmetic; 0111...111 = 1000...000 - 1). Because the root is stored at 0, the th node will be stored at index formula_19. Putting these observations together yields the following expression for the index of the last node in layer .


title: Binary heap

text: Each of these nodes must have exactly 2 children, so there must be formula_22 nodes separating 's right child from the end of its layer (formula_23).


title: Binary heap

text: If the root is located at index 1 instead of 0, the last node in each level is instead at index formula_18. Using this throughout yields formula_27 and formula_28 for heaps with their root at 1.


title: Binary heap

text: Every node is either the left or right child of its parent, so we know that either of the following is true.


title: Binary heap

text: If node formula_1 is a left child, this gives the result immediately, however, it also gives the correct result if node formula_1 is a right child. In this case, formula_35 must be even, and hence formula_36 must be odd.


title: Binary heap

text: Therefore, irrespective of whether a node is a left or right child, its parent can be found by the expression:


title: Binary heap

text: Since the ordering of siblings in a heap is not specified by the heap property, a single node's two children can be freely interchanged unless doing so violates the shape property (compare with treap). Note, however, that in the common array-based heap, simply swapping the children might also necessitate moving the children's sub-tree nodes to retain the heap property.


title: Ranked voting

text: The term ranked voting (also known as preferential voting or ranked choice voting) refers to any voting system in which voters rank their candidates (or options) in a sequence of first or second (or third, etc.) on their respective ballots. Ranked voting systems differ on the basis of how the ballots are marked, how the preferences are tabulated and counted, how many seats are filled, and whether voters are allowed to rank candidates equally. An electoral system that uses ranked voting uses one of the many available counting methods to select the winning candidate or candidates. There is also variation among ranked voting electoral systems in that in some ranked voting systems, officials require voters to rank a set number of candidates, sometimes all of them; in others, citizens may rank as many candidates as they see fit.


title: Ranked voting

text: Election of single members using ranked votes is often instant-runoff voting. Election of multiple members using ranked votes is usually single transferable voting (STV). Other systems may be used to select single members or for multi-member elections.


title: Ranked voting

text: Ranked voting in multi-member districts is used in national elections in Australia, Ireland, Malta, the United Kingdom (Scottish and Welsh Parliaments), single-winner ranked voting is used to elect national-level politicians from the states of Maine and Alaska in the United States. Ranked voting is used in Slovenia, and Nauru. It is used for some local elections in New Zealand. It is used in the United States by some cities, counties, and federal primaries in 16 states plus 5 more states' overseas voters, for federal elections.


title: Ranked voting

text: The first known reference to ranked voting is found in the writings of Ramon Llull at the end of the 13th century. His meaning is not always clear. Llull is believed to have supported Copeland's method that used a sequence of two-way elections rather than ranked-choice ballots.


title: Ranked voting

text: In the early 15th century, his writings came to the attention of Nicholas of Cusa. However, Nicholas seems little influenced by them and independently developed what is now called the Borda count. This method uses ranked ballots. Llull's and Nicholas's writings were then lost, resurfacing in the twentieth century.


title: Ranked voting

text: The modern study of ranked voting began when Jean-Charles de Borda published a paper in 1781 which advocated the method now associated with his name. This method drew criticism from the Marquis de Condorcet. He developed a method for recognizing a collective preference. He believed that Borda's approach did not always identify the preference of a group. However, his example remains controversial: see Comparison of electoral systems).


title: Ranked voting

text: Interest in the topic revived in the nineteenth century when Dane Carl Andræ developed the Single Transferable Vote (STV) system. His home country, Denmark, adopted the STV voting system in 1855. Thomas Hare also reinvented STV in the UK about the same time, in 1857.


title: Ranked voting

text: William Robert Ware proposed STV's single-winner variant, IRV (Instant Runoff Voting), around 1870. Ware may have been unaware that Condorcet had previously mentioned it, but only to condemn it.


title: Ranked voting

text: Tasmania was the first place in the world to use ranked voting in government elections in the 1890s. This was STV. It came into broader use in Australia starting in the 1910s.


title: Ranked voting

text: By 1920s ranked voting was used in cities in Ireland and South Africa, and in 20 cities in Canada and about the same number in the U.S. In these elections, mayors and other single officials were elected through Instant Runoff Voting, while multiple officials such as councillors or school board trustees were elected through STV. Ranked voting was also used in government elections in Ireland, Malta and Canada (Alberta and Manitoba) starting in the 1920s.


title: Ranked voting

text: Theoretical modeling of electoral processes began with a 1948 paper by Duncan Black, which was quickly followed by Kenneth Arrow's work on the consistency of voting criteria. The topic has received academic attention ever since under the rubric of social choice theory, generally incorporated under economics.


title: Ranked voting

text: In November 2016, voters in Maine approved Question 5, implementing a ranked choice voting system for all elections. It was first used in 2018, the first time a ranked choice voting system was used for a statewide election in the United States. In November 2020, Alaska voters approved Measure 2, which implemented ranked choice voting beginning in 2022.


title: Ranked voting

text: Several of the concepts developed by the Marquis de Condorcet in the eighteenth century still play a central role in the subject.


title: Ranked voting

text: If there is a candidate whom most voters prefer to every other candidate, this candidate is known as the Condorcet winner. A voting method that always elects the Condorcet winner, if there is one, is defined as the Condorcet consistent or (equivalently) to satisfy the Condorcet criterion. Methods with this property are known as Condorcet methods.


title: Ranked voting

text: Suppose there is no Condorcet winner in an election. In that case there must be a Condorcet cycle, which an example can illustrate. Suppose that there are three candidates, A, B, and C, and 30 voters such that ten vote C–B–A, ten vote B–A–C, and ten vote A–C–B. Then there is no Condorcet winner. In particular, we see that A cannot be a Condorcet winner because of voters chose B to A. However, B cannot be a Condorcet winner because prefer C to B, and C cannot be a Condorcet winner because prefer A to C. But A cannot be a Condorcet winner. Thus, searching for a Condorcet winner takes us in circles without finding one.


title: Ranked voting

text: A spatial model is a model of the electoral process developed by Duncan Black and extended by Anthony Downs. Every voter and every candidate is assumed to occupy a location in the space of opinions that may have one or more dimensions, and voters are supposed to prefer the closer of two candidates to the more distant. A political spectrum is a simple spatial model in one dimension.


title: Ranked voting

text: The diagram shows a simple spatial model in one dimension, illustrating the voting methods later in this article. A's supporters are assumed to vote A–B–C and C's to vote C–B–A while B's are split equally between having A and C as second preference. According to the table shown, if there are 100 voters, then the ballot cast will be determined by voters' and candidates' positions in the spectrum.


title: Ranked voting

text: Spatial models are important because they are a natural way of visualizing voters' opinions. They lead to an important theorem, the median voter theorem, also due to Black. It asserts that for a wide class of spatial models – including all unidimensional models and all symmetric models in higher dimensions – a Condorcet winner is guaranteed to exist and be the candidate closest to the median of the voter distribution.


title: Ranked voting

text: Suppose we apply these ideas to the diagram. In that case, we see that there is indeed a Condorcet winner – B – who is preferred to A by 64% and to C by 66% and that the Condorcet winner is indeed the candidate closest to the median of the voter distribution.


title: Ranked voting

text: Arrow's impossibility theorem casts a more pessimistic light on ranked voting. While the median voter theorem tells us that it is easy to devise a voting method that works perfectly for many sets of voter preferences, Arrow's theorem says that it is impossible to develop a technique that works perfectly in "all" cases.


title: Ranked voting

text: Whether Arrow's pessimism or Black's optimism more accurately describes electoral behavior is a matter that needs to be determined empirically. Some studies, including a paper by Tideman and Plassman, suggest that simple spatial models of the type satisfying the median voter theorem give a close match to observed voter behavior.


title: Ranked voting

text: Another pessimistic result, Gibbard's theorem (from Allan Gibbard), asserts that any voting system must be vulnerable to tactical voting.


title: Ranked voting

text: The Borda count assigns a score to each candidate by adding a number of points awarded by each ballot. If there are "m" candidates, then the first-ranked candidate in a ballot receives "m" – 1 points, the second gets "m" – 2, and so on until the last-ranked candidate receives none. In the example provided "B" is elected with 130 of the total 300 points.


title: Ranked voting

text: The Borda count is simple to implement but does not satisfy the Condorcet criterion. It has a particular weakness in that its result can be strongly influenced by the nomination of candidates who do not themselves stand any chance of being elected.


title: Ranked voting

text: Voting systems that award points in this way but possibly using a different formula are positional systems. Where the score vector ("m" – 1, "m" – 2... ,0) corresponds to the Borda count, (1, , ... ,1/"m" ) defines the Dowdall system and (1, 0... ,0) equates to first-past-the-post.


title: Ranked voting

text: "Alternative vote", (also known as "instant-runoff voting"/IRV or "ranked-choice voting"/RCV in the United States) eliminates candidates in a series of rounds. The ranking allows the voter to determine how the vote is to be transferred if the first preference is found to be un-electable or if they are elected with surplus votes. IRV eliminates candidates in a series of rounds, emulating the effect of separate ballots on shrinking sets of candidates. The first round consists of the votes as cast. If no candidate has a majority of the vote in the first count, the candidate with the fewest votes is identified (in this case B) and deleted from the count for subsequent rounds. Their votes are transferred as per the next marked preference, if any. This continues until one candidate has a majority of votes (a combination of first-preference votes and votes transferred from other candidates).


title: Ranked voting

text: In the example, in the second round, A has taken a majority of votes and is declared elected. In effect, the voters expressed preferences between the last two candidates (more generally "m" – 1). We stop because A is the preference of the majority of the voters.


title: Ranked voting

text: Elimination systems require each vote that is to be transferred needs to be examined to allow the voter's personal ranking to have effect, rather than allocating seats from a simple table of derived statistics such as under party-list PR.


title: Ranked voting

text: IRV does not satisfy the Condorcet winner criterion. Unlike most ranked voting systems, IRV does not allow tied preferences except sometimes between a voter's least preferred candidates.


title: Ranked voting

text: A version of single transferable vote applying to the ranking of parties was proposed for elections in Germany in 2013 as spare vote.


title: Ranked voting

text: Single transferable vote (STV) is a multi-winner and proportional version of IRV. Like in IRV, in STV secondary preferences are contingent votes – only used when the first preference cannot be used effectively. Under STV, each voter has just one vote (but is able to mark back-up preferences), and an elector's vote is initially allocated to their most-preferred candidate. After (or if) candidate(s) are elected ("winners") by reaching "quota", "surplus" votes are transferred from winners to remaining candidates ("hopefuls") according to the voters' ordered preferences. If seats still need to be filled, candidate(s) are eliminated and their voters transferred to remaining candidates. Different forms of STV may have different methods of eliminating candidates and conducting transfer of votes.


title: Ranked voting

text: The minimax system determines a result by constructing a results table. An entry for every pair of distinct candidates shows how often the first is preferred to the second. Using the table of ranked votes in the Spatial Model section above, we see that since 51 voters prefer A to C and 49 have the opposite preference, the (A,C) entry reads '51:49'. In each row, we identify the "least satisfactory" (i.e., minimal) result for the first candidate (shown in bold). The winning candidate has the fewest least preferred results and is "most favourable" (i.e., maximal). In the example, the winner is B, whose least Preferred result is winning. In contrast, the other candidates' least favourable results are slightly different losses.


title: Ranked voting

text: Determining the minimax winner from a set of ballots is a straightforward operation. The method satisfies the Condorcet criterion and can be seen as electing the Condorcet winner, if there is one, and selecting the candidate who comes closest to being a Condorcet winner (under a simple metric) otherwise.


title: Ranked voting

text: Copeland's method assigns each candidate a score derived from the results table as shown above for minimax. The score is simply the number of favorable results in the candidate's row, i.e., the number of other candidates a particular candidate was preferred to by a majority of voters. The candidate with the highest score (in this case B) wins.


title: Ranked voting

text: Copeland's method is Condorcet-consistent and straightforward but, for specific patterns of voter preferences (with no Condorcet winner), it will yield a tie however large the electorate. Its advocates, therefore, generally recommend its use in conjunction with a tie-break. Suitable rules for this purpose include minimax, IRV, and the Borda count, the last of which gives the Dasgupta-Maskin method.


title: Ranked voting

text: The simplest form of comparison is through argument by example. The example in the present article illustrates what many people would consider a weakness of IRV; other examples show asserted flaws in different methods.


title: Ranked voting

text: Logical voting criteria can be thought of as extrapolating the salient features of examples into infinite spaces of elections. The consequences are often hard to predict: initially, reasonable measures contradict and reject otherwise satisfactory voting methods.


title: Ranked voting

text: Empirical comparisons can be performed using simulated elections. Populations of voters and candidates are constructed under a spatial (or other) model. The accuracy of each voting method – defined as the frequency with which it elects the candidate closest to the centre of the voter distribution – can be estimated by random trials. Condorcet methods (and Coombs' method) give the best results, followed by the Borda count, with IRV some way behind and first-past-the-post worst of all.


title: Ranked voting

text: Mathematical properties of voting methods must be balanced against pragmatic features, such as intelligibility to average voters.


title: Ranked voting

text: Ranked voting allows voter to select candidates that more accurately represent their preferences than first-past-the-post ballots. However, they are more complicated.


title: Ranked voting

text: If there are a large number of candidates, which is quite common in single transferable vote elections, then it is likely that many preference voting patterns will be unique to individual voters, which could allow voters to identify themselves in a context of corruption or intimidation, undermining the secrecy of ballots. For example, in the 2002 Irish general election, the electronic votes were published for the Dublin North constituency.


title: 2022 San Francisco 49ers season

text: The 2022 season is the San Francisco 49ers' 73rd in the National Football League (NFL), their 77th overall, and their sixth under the head coach/general manager tandem of Kyle Shanahan and John Lynch. The 49ers will attempt to improve on their 10–7 record from the previous year. With a Week 15 win against the Seattle Seahawks, they won the NFC West for the first time since 2019 and clinched a playoff berth.


title: 2022 San Francisco 49ers season

text: On May 4, the NFL announced that the 49ers will play the Arizona Cardinals during Week 11 on at Estadio Azteca in Mexico City, as part of the league's International Series. The game will kickoff at 6:15 p.m. MST/5:15 p.m. PST, and will be televised on ESPN, with the Cardinals serving as the home team.


title: Vicar

text: A vicar (; Latin: "vicarius") is a representative, deputy or substitute; anyone acting "in the person of" or agent for a superior (compare "vicarious" in the sense of "at second hand"). Linguistically, "vicar" is cognate with the English prefix "vice", similarly meaning "deputy". The title appears in a number of Christian ecclesiastical contexts, but also as an administrative title, or title modifier, in the Roman Empire. In addition, in the Holy Roman Empire a local representative of the emperor, perhaps an archduke, might be styled "vicar".


title: Vicar

text: In Catholic canon law, "a vicar is the representative of any ecclesiastic" entity. The Romans had used the term to describe officials subordinate to the praetorian prefects. In the early Christian churches, bishops likewise had their vicars, such as the archdeacons and archpriests, and also the rural priest, the curate who had the "cure" or "care" of all the souls outside the episcopal cities. The position of the Roman Catholic vicar as it evolved is sketched in the "Catholic Encyclopedia", 1908.


title: Vicar

text: Vicars have various titles based on what role they are performing. An apostolic vicar is a bishop or priest who heads a missionary particular Church that is not yet ready to be a full diocese – he stands as the local representative of the Pope, in the Pope's role as bishop of all unorganized territories. A vicar capitular, who exercises authority in the place of the diocesan chapter, is a temporary ordinary of a diocese during a "sede vacante" period.


title: Vicar

text: Vicars exercise authority as the agents of the bishop of the diocese. Most vicars, however, have ordinary power, which means that their agency is not by virtue of a delegation but is established by law. Vicars general, episcopal vicars, and judicial vicars exercise vicarious ordinary power; they each exercise a portion of the power of the diocesan bishop (judicial for the judicial vicar, executive for the others) by virtue of their office and not by virtue of a mandate.


title: Vicar

text: A "vicar forane", also known as an archpriest or dean, is a priest entrusted by the bishop with a certain degree of leadership in a territorial division of a diocese or a pastoral region known as a vicarate forane or a deanery.


title: Vicar

text: A parochial vicar is a priest assigned to a parish in addition to, and in collaboration with, the parish priest or rector. He exercises his ministry as an agent of the parish's pastor, who is termed "parochus" in Latin.


title: Vicar

text: A vicar can be the priest of a "chapel of ease", a building within the parish which is not the parish church. Non-resident canons led also to the institution of "vicars choral", each canon having his own vicar, who sat in his stall in his absence (see Cathedral).


title: Vicar

text: In Opus Dei, a regional vicar is a priest designated to fulfil responsibilities for an entire country or region, such as France or the United States.


title: Vicar

text: In the Russian Orthodox Church and some other non-Hellenic Eastern Orthodox churches that historically follow Russian tradition, vicar (Russian: "vikariy" / викарий) is a term for what is known as suffragan bishop in the Anglican Communion or as auxiliary bishop in the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church. A vicar bishop usually bears in his title the names of both his titular see (usually, a smaller town within the diocese he ministers in) and the see he is subordinate to. For example, Ignaty Punin, the vicar bishop under the Diocese of Smolensk, is titled "The Rt Revd Ignaty, the bishop of Vyazma, the vicar of the Diocese of Smolensk", Vyasma being a smaller town inside the territory of the Diocese of Smolensk. Normally, only large dioceses have vicar bishops, sometimes more than one. Usually, Russian Orthodox vicar bishops have no independent jurisdiction (even in their titular towns) and are subordinate to their diocesan bishops; though some of them "de facto" may have jurisdiction over some territories, especially when there is a need to avoid an overlapping jurisdiction.


title: Vicar

text: In Anglicanism, a "vicar" is a type of parish priest. Historically, parish priests in the Church of England were divided into vicars, "rectors", and "perpetual curates". The parish clergy and church were supported by tithes—like a local tax (traditionally, as the etymology of "tithe" suggests, of ten percent) levied on the personal as well as agricultural output of the parish. Roughly speaking, the distinction was that a rector directly received both the greater and lesser tithes of his parish while a vicar received only the lesser tithes (the greater tithes going to the lay holder, or "impropriator", of the living); a perpetual curate with a small cure and often aged or infirm received neither greater nor lesser tithes, and received only a small salary (paid sometimes by the diocese). (See also in Church of England.) Today, the roles of a rector and a vicar are essentially the same. Which of the two titles is held by the parish priest is historical. Some parishes have a rector, others a vicar.


title: Vicar

text: In the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, the positions of "vicar" and "curate" are not recognized in the canons of the entire church. However, some diocesan canons do define "vicar" as the priest in charge of a mission; and "curate" is often used for assistants, being entirely analogous to the English situation.


title: Vicar

text: A vicarage, or vicarage house, is a residence provided by the church for the priest. They were usually located near the church and were sometimes quite elaborate and other times inadequate. Dating from medieval times, they were often rebuilt and modernized. In the second half of the 20th century, most large vicarages were replaced with more modern and simpler houses.


title: Vicar

text: In the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod, the Lutheran Church–Canada, and the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod, a vicar is a candidate for ordained pastoral ministry, serving in a vicariate or internship, usually in the third year of seminary training, though it can be delayed to the fourth year (this is often referred to as "a vicarage", a homonym of the residence of the Vicar). Typically at the end of the year of vicarage, the candidate returns to seminary and completes a final year of studies. After being issued a call or assignment, the candidate is ordained as a pastor in the ministry of Word and Sacrament. The role of a vicar in the Lutheran tradition is most comparable to that of a transitional deacon in the Anglican and Roman churches, except that Lutheran vicars are not ordained. In the Evangelical Lutheran Church in South Africa, a vicar is a person who has completed seminary training and is awaiting ordination while serving at a parish where the Diocesan Council places him or her.


title: Vicar

text: The title "Vikar", used in the Lutheran churches in Germany, is comparable while the Lutheran Church of Sweden calls it "kyrkoherde" ("church shepherd"), although that title is more comparable to a rector.


title: Vicar

text: Oliver Goldsmith's novel "The Vicar of Wakefield" (1766) and Honoré de Balzac's "The Curate of Tours" ("Le Curé de Tours"; 1832) evoke the impoverished world of the 18th- and 19th-century vicar. Anthony Trollope's "Chronicles of Barsetshire" are peopled with churchmen of varying situations, from wealthy to impoverished; the income differences prompted a digression in "Framley Parsonage" (chapter 14) on the incomprehensible logic that made one vicar rich and another poor. The 18th-century satirical ballad "The Vicar of Bray" reveals the changes of conscience a vicar (whether of the Bray in Berkshire or of that in County Wicklow) might undergo in order to retain his meagre post, between the 1680s and 1720s. "The Curate of Ars" (usually in French: "Le Curé d'Ars") is a style often used to refer to Saint Jean Vianney, a French parish priest canonized on account of his piety and simplicity of life.


title: General Lee (car)

text: The General Lee (sometimes referred to as simply "the General") is an orange 1969 Dodge Charger driven in the television series "The Dukes of Hazzard" by the characters the Duke boys, Bo and Luke, along with cousins Coy and Vance (in season 5). It is known for its signature horn, its police chases, stunts—especially its long jumps—and for having its doors welded shut, leaving the Dukes to climb in and out through the windows. The car appears in every episode but one ("Mary Kaye's Baby"). The car's name is a reference to Robert E. Lee, general of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It bears a Confederate battle flag on its roof, and also has a horn which plays the first 12 notes of the song "Dixie".


title: General Lee (car)

text: The idea for the "General Lee" was developed from the bootlegger Jerry Rushing's car, which was named for Lee's favorite horse, Traveller. Traveller was also the name of the car in "Moonrunners", the 1975 movie precursor to "The Dukes of Hazzard".


title: General Lee (car)

text: Although the estimated number of "General Lees" used varies from different sources, according to former cast member Ben Jones ("Cooter" in the show), as well as builders involved with the show, 325 "General Lees" were used to film the series. Others claim about 255 were used in the series. Approximately 17 originals still exist, although in various states of repair. On average, more than one "General Lee" was used up per show. When filming a jump, anywhere from of sand bags or concrete ballast was placed in the trunk to prevent the car from nosing over. Later in the series the mechanics would raise the front end of the car to keep it from scraping against the ramp causing it to lose speed, thereby providing a cushion for the driver upon landing. Stunt drivers report enjoying the flights but hating the landings. Despite the ballast, the landing attitude of the car was somewhat unpredictable, resulting in moderate to extremely violent forces, depending on how it landed. On many of the jumps the cars bent upon impact. All cars used in large jumps were immediately retired due to structural damage.


title: General Lee (car)

text: Chargers from model-years 1968 and 1969 (no 1970 Chargers were used until the 2005 movie) were sourced and converted to "General Lee" specifications (taillights, grills, etc.). Despite popular belief, according to all builders involved over the years, obtaining cars was not a problem until later years. By that time, the car was the star of the show and Warner Bros. (WB) moved building of the cars in-house to keep the cars consistent in appearance. Later in the show's run, when it got too hard and/or expensive to continue procuring more Chargers, the producers started using more "jump footage" from previous episodes. In the final season, radio-controlled miniatures were occasionally used, to the chagrin of several cast members.


title: General Lee (car)

text: Episodes 1 through 5 were filmed in the Georgia towns of Covington and Conyers in November and December 1978. Georgia episode cars consisted of six Dodge Chargers. The first General Lees were built by Warner Bros. and shipped to Georgia, where John Marendi (picture car coordinator) labeled the first three cars as "LEE 1", "LEE 2", and "LEE 3" (in no particular order) for film editing purposes.


title: General Lee (car)

text: LEE 1 was a second unit car with a full roll cage. It is a 383 V8-powered 1969 Charger equipped with air-conditioning, an AM/FM stereo, power steering, and power drum brakes. It was originally painted in code T3 "Light Bronze Metallic" with a tan interior, a black vinyl top and chrome rocker trim. The rocker trim was left on due to previously poor body work on the left quarter panel, the gas cap trim, and wheel well trim were missing so the trim was removed on LEE 2 and 3 to match. The chrome vinyl top trim was supposed to be removed but since the left quarter panel had been replaced and was very poorly installed the trim had to be left on to hide the body work and as a result most General Lees throughout the series had vinyl top trim. After the now-famous jump over Rosco P. Coltrane's police cruiser by stuntman Craig Baxley, it was stripped of its front seats and 1969-specific grill and taillight panel. LEE 1 was used once more as the "Richard Petty" tire test car in the fourth episode "Repo Men".


title: General Lee (car)

text: LEE 2, like LEE 1, was a second unit car with a full roll cage, a 383 V-8, a floor shifted automatic transmission and A/C. Originally painted B5 Blue with a black interior, the interior was repainted tan to match LEE 1 and 3 though its steering wheel remained black. It was used for the opening scene in "One Armed Bandits". In this scene, Bo and Luke were chasing Rosco's police cruiser with the "General" after Cooter stole it.


title: General Lee (car)

text: LEE 3 was the first unit 1 close-up car and the first General Lee built by Warner Brothers; it is seen in the first publicity photos. It was originally a F5 Medium Green Metallic R/T SE (Special Edition) model with a tan vinyl top. It was powered by a 440 Magnum engine with 375 HP, the car weighed . LEE 3 was equipped with A/C, power windows, a wood grain dash, and an AM radio. It also had a factory tachometer (which can be seen on "Repo Men"). This car had a tan leather interior and a removable roll bar that allowed installation of a camera for in-car shots. This car was painted 1975 Corvette Flame Red with a special base coat; the base coat was used after they found LEE 1's paint appeared to be blotchy due to the direct application over factory paint, they had first been painted Chrysler code EV2 or "Hemi Orange". Eventually, the first three "General Lees" started to show visible damage, so the crew had to start making more. The first "General Lee" built in Georgia was a 1968 Charger converted to look like a 1969; the tail light panel, front grill, and front seats taken from LEE 1 were used. Interiors not originally tan were sprayed with SEM brand "Saddle tan" vinyl dye. The first three Georgia "Lees" had a set of crossed flags (a Confederate flag and checkered flag) on the panel between the rear window and trunk lid. Although four sets were created, only three were used. They were discontinued due to the continuity of the General Lee graphics, making it one less thing to be used. The three surviving cars went back to California and had the crossed flags removed upon reconditioning. The wheels were generally American Racing brand "Vectors" throughout the show (with Carroll Shelby center caps) and were mainly mounted on P235/70R14 B. F. Goodrich Radial T/A tires with the blackwall side facing out.


title: General Lee (car)

text: LEE 1 was sold to professional golfer Bubba Watson at the 2012 Barrett-Jackson Scottsdale auction for US$110,000 (US$121,000 after buyer premium). After he won the 2012 Masters tournament, there was controversy about his using the General in his Twitter header image. In 2015, in the midst of the Confederate flag controversial ban, he declared his intention of repainting the car and removing the flag. In 2020 Watson confirmed he had removed the flag.


title: General Lee (car)

text: Andre and Renaud Veluzat built "General Lees" for WB from the second season into the fourth season. Viewers can also see two "Georgia" cars used often up into the early second season. LEE 3 and a specially caged car never appearing (but built) in Georgia were used heavily in early California episodes. The Veluzats were somewhat inconsistent in how they built the cars, so this is when the most variations from specification are found. The paint was any color orange they had on hand at the time, but there does appear to be some variance here: interiors were mostly dyed brown and occasionally SEM Saddle Tan. According to some sources, the Veluzats charged WB $250 a week per car for rental and a lump sum of $2000 to $3000 upon destruction of the vehicles; this included police cars. WB mechanics had to maintain the cars at company expense.


title: General Lee (car)

text: The money generated by building "General Lees" financed the Veluzat family project of restoring Gene Autry's Melody Ranch; it had burned in the 1960s. This ranch is where many classic Western films were shot, as well as the television series "Gunsmoke". Today, it is a fully functional movie ranch where shows such as HBO's "Deadwood" are filmed.


title: General Lee (car)

text: By 1983, Warner Brothers turned total control of building "General Lees" to Ken Fritz. Fritz didn't have the job long before he too was fired and at this point Warner Brothers moved full production in-house. The "General Lee" was now the highlight of the series, and WB received enormous amounts of "Lee"-specific fan mail that nit-picked the inconsistencies of the cars. Because of the fame of "General Lee", WB had their staff mechanics build the cars to a specific appearance, even underneath. All graphics had to meet specifications, all side markers and rocker panel chrome trim were removed; and roll bars and push bars had to meet an exact specification. However, some changes were made before the specifications were laid out: The push bar became wider, the interior became a light beige color, and the roll bars were covered in black foam padding. During this period, the only way to distinguish the 1968 conversions from the 1969 originals is by the shape of the dashboard padding.


title: General Lee (car)

text: As the WB era rolled on, finding the cars became difficult: Piper Cubs were hired to perform aerial searches for 1968 and 1969 Chargers amongst the populace; the jumped cars were now no longer scrapped after one jump if deemed salvageable, and were repaired and used until they could no longer function; and, as last resort, miniature radio-controlled models were also brought in toward the end of the series to replace most of the big jump stunts, thereby saving more cars—something that proved unpopular with many episode directors (including Tom Wopat) who felt that the models did not look realistic. By this time, there was also a rivalry for "TV's greatest car" with the "Knight Rider" series, leading to the models being used more and more for greater jumps to try to out-do that series. Taking full control also saved some money, as now WB had the ability to buy cars, recondition them, and use them without paying daily rental fees.


title: General Lee (car)

text: At the beginning of the movie, the "General" was a faded orange with a hand-painted "01" on the doors, black steel wheels, standard front bumper, functioning doors, and no Confederate Flag. Midway through the film, Cooter repairs the "General" after it is vandalized by Boss Hogg's hirelings. He repaints it a bright Hemi orange and adds the well-known trademarks (American Racing "Vector" 10-spoke "turbine" wheels, octagonal "01", black grille guard, Confederate flag on the roof, "Dixie" horn, and "General Lee" above the door window openings).


title: General Lee (car)

text: The movie "General" not only flies and makes controlled landings, but also drifts with the aid of professional drifter Rhys Millen. During jump scenes, some stunt cars were propelled under their own power by stunt drivers; others had their engines and transmissions removed. The engineless Chargers were then launched without drivers by a diesel-driven catapult similar in principle to those used on aircraft carriers. Approximately 24 1968 to 1970 Chargers were used in the film.


title: General Lee (car)

text: Unlike the television show era "Lees", the movie cars used aftermarket graphic kits. The movie gave them new credibility and is no longer considered to be an inaccurate choice. Otherwise, except for the white letters on the Goodrich "Radial T/A" tires, the exterior of the movie's "close-up" "General Lees" varied little from the television show cars. The paint was "Big Bad Orange" (an American Motors Corporation color) rather than Corvette "Flame Red"; the interior headliner was black instead of tan, an actual roll cage was used; a three-spoke Grant wood-trimmed steering wheel replaced the standard wheel, an AM/FM stereo radio with Compact Disc player was installed in the dashboard; and the interiors were a custom color vinyl fabric made to look like the dye/paint used in the later eras of the TV show. One still can differentiate the 1968 Chargers by looking at the dash pad, but now 1970 Chargers were thrown in the mix. The cars somewhat resembled a late 1990s to early 2000s (decade) "General Lee" clone, but the overall flavor of the "General Lee" is still obvious. On all of the cars, the back-up lights and side marker lenses were removed, the openings filled in.


title: General Lee (car)

text: Eleven of the cars used for the movie had been purchased from the Luedtke Auto Group. Many of the cars had been cut up to allow for inside camera views.


title: General Lee (car)

text: "General Lee" number 020 was the drift car used in the drifting scene around Lee Circle and was also the car racing the black Shelby at the end of the movie. It was the only 4-speed equipped cars and was the backup to car #005. The car contains a unique emergency brake handle near the shifter that allowed the stunt driver quick access to locking the rear brakes at will. Though it did sustain some damage during filming, it is fully road worthy and is privately owned by Troy Martinson in Minnesota.


title: General Lee (car)

text: Two of the "General Lees" (a 1969 R/T SE and a 1970 made to appear as a 1969) were temporarily sold to Warner Brothers by Everett "J.R." Barton of Wichita, Kansas, for $1.00 each then sold back to him for $1.25. They were picked up from him in Wichita and were transported to Baton Rouge, both in driving condition. The 1970 (made to 1969) car then had the engine removed, got the General Lee treatment then weight added to balance the car for the main Freeway jump. One other car was used before this car. The first one landed hard on its nose, broke, and careened right into the guardrail. Given its problematic landing it was not used for that scene. Mr. Barton's car, number 127, was then used for that scene. It was launched from a catapult system, much like that used on aircraft carriers. It flew the farthest of all the jumps in the film and truly did survive. This is the car that made that jump in the film. After the filming the cars were returned to Everett. Everett then put a motor back in the car and even in its jumped condition had driven it in a couple of parades. After keeping the car for eight years, he sold it to an individual that had it restored to show quality. It was restored by the men on the TV show "Graveyard Cars" in season 7.


title: General Lee (car)

text: Early in the fifth-season episode "Exposed" of the television series "Smallville", former "Dukes of Hazzard" co-star Tom Wopat (Luke Duke) plays Kansas Senator Jack Jennings, old friend of Jonathan Kent, played by John Schneider (Bo Duke). Jennings fishtails his car into the Kent farmyard. The car is a 1968 Dodge Charger R/T, painted blue instead of orange, and lacking the "General Lee" distinctive insignia.


title: General Lee (car)

text: In 2014 the General Lee was featured in a commercial spot for AutoTrader. The commercial featured the General Lee with "Dukes of Hazzard" stars John Schneider and Tom Wopat. The series' theme song, "Good Ole Boys", can be heard playing during the commercial. The video was released on June 6, 2014.


title: General Lee (car)

text: In 2001, the hip-hop group Juggaknots's album "Clear Blue Skies" included the song "Generally" about the racist imagery of the car. Singer Breezly Brewin' discussed the lyrics in "Suitable for Children," an episode of "This American Life".


title: General Lee (car)

text: In the aftermath of the 2015 Charleston, South Carolina, shooting deaths, there was a backlash against the Confederate battle flag, due to the flag's historical associations with slavery. In response, Warner Bros. Entertainment, Inc. halted production of General Lee toy cars. Ben Jones criticized the move, stating, "I think all of Hazzard Nation understands that the Confederate battle flag is the symbol that represents the indomitable spirit of independence which keeps us 'makin' our way the only way we know how.'" John Schneider responded by stating, "I take exception to those who say that the flag on the General Lee should always be considered a symbol of racism. Is the flag used as such in other applications? Yes, but certainly not on the Dukes."


title: General Lee (car)

text: After Bubba Watson, owner of LEE 1, won the 2012 Masters tournament, there was controversy about his using the General in his Twitter header image.


title: General Lee (car)

text: On July 2, 2015, Watson tweeted that he would be painting over the Confederate flag on the car's roof. This prompted Brian Grams, director of the Volo Auto Museum (which already had another General Lee), to offer to purchase Watson's General Lee, citing how Watson's car was significant because it was used in the show's first season and would be worthy of inclusion in the museum's collection. His offer was turned down. Watson confirmed in 2020 he still owned the car and that he had removed the flag.


title: General Lee (car)

text: After demands in 2020 for removal of Confederate symbols, the Volo Museum refused to remove the car they had owned since 2005, another one used during the first season. Grams said no one had complained to the museum.


title: General Lee (car)

text: Engines in the TV show "General Lees" varied; they used 318, 383, and 440-cubic-inch engines. None of the TV series cars had the 426 Hemi, although in the 2005 "The Dukes of Hazzard" motion picture, Cooter replaced the "General's" original engine with a . However, the "close-up" "Lees" (except for the first one) were 383-powered. The special purpose built "Ski Car" (the car that was used for stunts involving driving on the left side or right side wheels with the opposite side wheels in the air) had a 318, as it was lighter weight. Most of the 'workhorse' stunt cars had 383s and 440s. The stunt drivers tended to prefer 440s (a higher performance engine) for jumps, so 440-powered stunt "Lees" were often saved for the higher and longer jumps. Also, though early sound effects led many people to believe otherwise, only a handful of Chargers had manual transmissions; most had "727 TorqueFlite" automatic transmissions.


title: General Lee (car)

text: The "General Lee", except in the beginning of the movie, does not have opening doors. In the TV series, it is explained that racing cars have their doors welded shut, so the driver and passenger must slide in the window (as in NASCAR). This was often used for comedic effect when Uncle Jesse or Boss Hogg required help to squeeze through the window. In one episode, Sheriff Rosco hires a bounty hunter (Jason Steele in the show) to create a fake "General Lee" and trick the Dukes into driving it, at which point he promptly orders their arrest for auto theft. The fake car was easily identified because its doors opened. This limitation was not at first planned, but while filming the first chase (where Bo and Luke are chasing Cooter in Rosco's car), the passenger's door handle was damaged when it hit the mailboxes and could not be opened from the outside, so Tom Wopat (Luke) climbed though the window. The director loved the move so much, he had John Schneider (Bo) climb in, too. This is why only LEE 1 and 2 had full roll cages and all other General Lees had only a roll bar, which made it easier for the actors to get in and out. In the movie, the car has been repaired after being trashed, but the doors could not be fixed fast enough. For a running entry, Bo and Luke also slide over the hood rather than walk around the front of the car. However, in the prequel "", the left door was welded shut while the right one was not.


title: General Lee (car)

text: Exhaust systems were basic: some had glasspack mufflers, but most had standard exhausts with the pipe cut just before the rear end. The exhaust sound that can be heard on most of the California-era episode "General Lees" is from a "Thrush" brand glasspack. The sounds came from the exhaust systems fitted to the "close-up" cars; the parts used were "Blackjack" brand headers, dual exhausts, and the aforementioned Thrush mufflers. However, the sounds were dubbed in after the scene was filmed. According to Schneider, the General Lee's exhaust sounds were the same sound effects from the movie "Bullitt".


title: General Lee (car)

text: Tires used on the "General Lee" varied, but the best known make and model was the B.F. Goodrich Radial T/A. The most common size was P235/70R14; P235/70R15 was also used. Winston Winners were also used.


title: Harley-Davidson Sportster

text: The Harley-Davidson Sportster is a line of motorcycles produced continuously since 1957 by Harley-Davidson. Sportster models are designated in Harley-Davidson's product code by beginning with "XL". In 1952, the predecessors to the Sportster, the Model K Sport and Sport Solo motorcycles, were introduced. These models K, KK, KH, and KHK of 1952 to 1956 had a sidevalve ('flat head') engine, whereas the later XL Sportster models use an overhead valve engine. The first Sportster in 1957 had many of the same details of the KH including the frame, fenders, large gas tank and front suspension.


title: Harley-Davidson Sportster

text: The original Sportster line was discontinued in Europe in 2020 because the engine failed to meet the stricter Euro 5 emissions standards. An all-new model, called the Sportster S and equipped with the Revolution Max engine, was introduced in 2021. It was the first motorcycle under the Sportster nameplate to receive a new engine since 1986, and the first Sportster to have an engine not derived from the Model K.


title: Harley-Davidson Sportster

text: Sportster motorcycles are powered by a four-stroke, 45° V-twin engine in which both connecting rods, of the "fork and blade" or "knife & fork" design, share a common crank pin. The original Sportster engine was the Ironhead engine, which was replaced with the Evolution engine in 1986. Sportster engines, the 45-cubic-inch R, D, G & W Models 1929 side-valve motors, and the 'Big Twin' side-valve motors, which were: the flathead Models V, VL etc. (1930–1936), Models U and UL (1937–1948), and the models VH and VLH (1935–1936), models UH and ULH (1937–1941), have four separate cams, sporting one lobe per cam.


title: Harley-Davidson Sportster

text: The cam followers used in Sportster engines, K models, big twin side-valve models, and the side-valve W model series, were a slightly shorter version of the followers used in the larger motors, but featured the same diameter body and diameter roller follower used since 1929. The company used similar cam followers for decades, with minor changes, from 1929 to the 1980s.


title: Harley-Davidson Sportster

text: Sportster engines retained the K/KH design crankcase design, in which the transmission is contained in the same casting as the engine, and driven by the engine with a triple-row #35 chain primary drive and a multi-plate cable-operated clutch. Models since 1991 have five speeds; 1990 and earlier models had four speeds.


title: Harley-Davidson Sportster

text: The engine was mounted directly to the frame from 1957 through the 2003 model year. While this system allows the bike to be somewhat lighter with more precise handling, it also transmits engine vibration directly to the rider. In 2003, Harley Davidson produced a limited number of 100th anniversary model sportsters. They are identified by the 100th anniversary paint schemes and plaques attached to the sheetmetal, speedometer housing, and engine. Sportsters released in 2004 and later use rubber isolation mounts and tie links to limit engine movement to a single plane, which greatly reduces vibration felt by the rider. Buell motorcycles built with variants of the Sportster engine have used a rubber mount system since 1987.


title: Harley-Davidson Sportster

text: The Model K, from which the Sportster evolved, was the first civilian motorcycle produced by Harley-Davidson with hydraulic shock absorbers on both wheels. Common usage calls this a K Model.


title: Harley-Davidson Sportster

text: This is developed from the earlier 45 W model, but with the revised flat head engine and new 4-speed transmission contained in the same castings as would become the Sportster. The connecting rods would be inherited by the Sportster along with many other design elements and dimensions.


title: Harley-Davidson Sportster

text: Introduced in 2007, the XL1200N Nightster included (then) unique elements such as a bobbed rear fender, front fork gaiters, and a side mount license plate. The riding position and seat height of the Nightster are the same as those of the XL883L Sportster Low - UK version (along with Iron 883 and Forty-Eight) has central number plate, 13.5-inch rear shocks, tapered silencers, and combined LED indicator/tail/brake lights. The bike has a measured HP of (rear wheel) and (rear wheel) and a top speed of and a wet weight of .


title: Harley-Davidson Sportster

text: The Harley "Iron" was introduced in 2009 as a smaller-displacement version of the Nightster. The major differences are blacked-out engine, cast wheels instead of laced; narrower handlebars; and of course the smaller 883 cc engine displacement compared to the Nightster's 1200 cc. The Nightster was discontinued in 2012.


title: Harley-Davidson Sportster

text: In the 2008 model year, Harley-Davidson released the XR1200 Sportster in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. The XR1200 had an Evolution engine tuned to produce , four-piston dual front disc brakes, and an aluminum swing arm. "Motorcyclist" had the XR1200 on the cover of its July 2008 issue, and was generally positive about it in their "First Ride" story, in which Harley-Davidson was repeatedly asked to sell it in the United States.


title: Harley-Davidson Sportster

text: One possible reason for the delayed availability in the United States was the fact that Harley-Davidson had to obtain the "XR1200" naming rights from Storz Performance, a Harley customizing shop in Ventura, California.


title: Harley-Davidson Sportster

text: The XR1200 was released in the United States in 2009, in a special color scheme including Mirage Orange highlighting its dirt-tracker heritage. The first 750 XR1200 models in 2009 were pre-ordered and came with a number 1 tag for the front of the bike, autographed by Kenny Coolbeth and Scott Parker and a thank you/welcome letter from Harley-Davidson, signed by Bill Davidson. The XR1200 was discontinued on the United States Market after 2012. For 2012, the XR1200X model had upgraded suspension front and rear. The bike has a measured HP of (rear wheel) and (rear wheel) and a top speed of and a wet weight of .


title: Harley-Davidson Sportster

text: In the 2010 model year, Harley-Davidson introduced the XL1200X "Forty-Eight" model. It is similar to the "Dark" Nightster style but has the classic 1948 style small peanut tank, wire wheels, forward-controls, a wider front tire with a fat front end and chopped front fender, a slammed speedo with under mount mirrors, low solo single seat, and low suspension.


title: Harley-Davidson Sportster

text: In the 2012 model year, Harley-Davidson introduced the XL1200V "Seventy-Two" model, sold until 2016. It has the classic styling of the early '70s chopper/bobbers that were prevalent during this time. It has the peanut gas tank, wire wheels, white-wall tires, forward-controls, a bit of extra rake and slightly longer front forks, a chopped (bobbed) rear fender, side-mounted license plate, low solo single seat, mini-ape hanger handlebars, and low suspension. The bike has a measured HP of (rear wheel) and (rear wheel) and a top speed of with a wet weight of .


title: Harley-Davidson Sportster

text: In the 2016 model year, Harley-Davidson introduced the XL1200CX "Roadster" model. This is the sporty Sportster it has café bike styling and stance. With mid-position pegs and a slammed drag bar give a slight lean-forward riding position. A 43mm inverted cartridge fork and in the back preload-adjustable emulsion-type shocks help the roadster to have the greatest lean angle of any Sportster. Also standard are twin 300mm floating disc brakes and a tachometer. The bike has a measured HP of (rear wheel) and (rear wheel).


title: Harley-Davidson Sportster

text: In 2021, Harley-Davidson launched the Sportster S and described it as a "sports custom motorcycle". In an independent review, Bennetts commented that: "Despite the Sportster moniker, the new bike’s specs mean it’s got more in common with the old V-Rod than its namesakes. By the end of its life, the V-Rod had a 1247cc, water-cooled, DOHC V-twin making 125hp, putting it within spitting distance of the new Sportster’s 1252cc and 121hp. But the old bike was a much heftier machine, coming in at around 300kg depending on which version you picked, where the Sportster S is a relatively lithe 228kg ready-to-ride. The result means the Sportster will be a significantly better-performing machine, both in a straight line and around corners, than the old V-Rod."


title: Harley-Davidson Sportster

text: The Sportster is offered in a number of different models. The 2022 models, which are not all offered in the same countries, are:


title: Harley-Davidson Sportster

text: Harley-Davidson manufactured the last Evolution Sportster, a Gunship Gray 883, on November 18th, 2022.


title: Harley-Davidson Sportster

text: Buell started with water-cooled two-stroke square-fours and ended with a water cooled four-stroke V-Twin, but the vast majority of their bikes used reworked 883 and 1200 Sportster engines. With Buell-designed heads, barrels, and in 1999 fuel injection, these all led to an increase in horsepower. They also had rubber mounting and a fan to cool the rear cylinder.


title: PlayStation Productions

text: PlayStation Productions, LLC is an American production company owned by Sony Interactive Entertainment.


title: PlayStation Productions

text: Sony Interactive Entertainment launched PlayStation Productions in 2019 with a focus on adapting the company's video game franchises into films and television shows. An emphasis was placed on coordination between the film and television departments at Sony Pictures with the video game development studios at PlayStation Studios.


title: PlayStation Productions

text: In December 2020, Tony Vinciquerra, Chairman and CEO of Sony Pictures, revealed that Sony was working on three movies and seven TV shows based on PlayStation video game content.


title: PlayStation Productions

text: PlayStation Productions first produced film was "Uncharted", based on the action-adventure video game franchise by Naughty Dog, released theatrically on February 18, 2022. "Gran Turismo", based on the racing simulation video game series by Polyphony Digital, is currently in production and is scheduled to be released theatrically on August 11, 2023. Feature film adaptations of the Sucker Punch Productions video game "Ghost of Tsushima", Bend Studio's "Days Gone" and Japan Studio's "Gravity Rush" are currently in the works.


title: PlayStation Productions

text: In February 2022, a "Jak and Daxter" film adaptation was revealed to be in development with "Uncharted" director Ruben Fleischer collaborating on the film with Naughty Dog.


title: PlayStation Productions

text: The first television series from PlayStation Productions is set to be an adaptation of Naughty Dog's "The Last of Us", due to premiere on HBO on January 15, 2023. "Twisted Metal", a television adaptation of the vehicular combat franchise, is currently in post-production for Peacock. Live-action television series based on Santa Monica Studio's "God of War" franchise for Amazon Prime Video and Guerrilla Games' "Horizon" series for Netflix, are in the works.


title: Time in China

text: The time in China follows a single standard time offset of (eight hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time), even though China spans almost five geographical time zones. The official national standard time is called Beijing Time (BJT, ) domestically and China Standard Time (CST) internationally. Daylight saving time has not been observed since 1991.


title: Time in China

text: China Standard Time (UTC+8) is consistent across Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Philippines, Singapore, Brunei, Mongolia, etc.


title: Time in China

text: In the 1870s, the Shanghai Xujiahui Observatory was constructed by a French Catholic missionary. In 1880s officials in Shanghai French Concession started to provide a time announcement service using the Shanghai Mean Solar Time provided by the aforementioned observatory for ships into and out of Shanghai. By the end of 19th century, the time standard provided by the observatory had been switched to GMT+08:00. The practice has spread to other coastal ports, and in 1902 the "Coastal Time" was proposed to be the universal time zone for all the coastal ports in China. However, the time zone for the rest of China remained undetermined.


title: Time in China

text: Until 1913, the official time standard for the whole of China was still the apparent solar time of Beijing, the capital of the country at the time. Starting in 1914, the Republic of China government began adopting the Beijing Local Mean Solar Time as the official time standard. By 1918, five standard time zones had been proposed by the Central Observatory of Beiyang government of Republic of China, including the Kunlun (), Sinkiang-Tibet (), Kansu-Szechwan (), Chungyuan (), and Changpai ().


title: Time in China

text: After the defeat of Beiyang government in 1928, the mission of the Central Observatory was moved to Nanjing, and the reference time standard used for the construction of traditional Chinese Calendar was shifted from Beijing Mean Solar Time to .


title: Time in China

text: In the 1930s, the proposed five time zones had not been fully observed, causing regions in inner China area to adopt their own time standards, resulting in chaos. On 9 March 1939, when the Ministry of the Interior organized a Standard Time Conference in Chongqing, it was decided to adopt the five time zone proposal with slight modification of their borders starting from 1 June, however it was also decided that the entire country would use the Kansu-Szechwan Time () during the Second Sino-Japanese War which began at the time.