title: The Emancipation of Mimi

text: "The Emancipation of Mimi" entered the Australian Albums Chart on April 17, 2005, at number 13. During the following week, it peaked at and spent one week at number six. The album spent a total of forty-six weeks on the chart. It was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) – denoting shipments of 70,000 unit – and finished at number twenty-seven on the End of Year Chart. In Canada "The Emancipation of Mimi" debuted and peaked at number two on the Canadian Albums Chart, with first-week sales of 11,000 units. The album was certified triple platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA) for shipments of 300,000 units. "The Emancipation of Mimi" debuted at number seven on the UK Albums Chart dated April 6, 2005. On July 23, fourteen weeks after its debut, the album once again reached its peak position of number seven. After one re-entry, the album spent a combined forty-three weeks in the albums chart, being certified double-platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for shipments of 600,000 copies. By May 2008, the album's British sales stood at 621,352 units.


title: The Emancipation of Mimi

text: In France, the album debuted at its peak position of number four on April 9, 2005. The record spent a total of fifty-one weeks in the chart, and was certified gold by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP), signifying shipments of 100,000 copies. Eight months after its release in Europe, the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) certified "The Emancipation of Mimi" platinum, denoting shipments of one million units throughout the continent. In Hong Kong it was awarded a Gold Disc Award, which is issued to the ten best-selling foreign albums each year. "The Emancipation of Mimi" debuted at number two on the Japanese Albums Chart, and was certified platinum (250,000 units shipped) by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ). At the end of 2005, the IFPI reported that "The Emancipation of Mimi" had sold 7.7 million copies globally, and was the second best-selling album of the year, after Coldplay's "X&Y". It was the best-selling album by a solo and female artist. As of October 2011, "The Emancipation of Mimi" has sold 10 million copies worldwide.


title: The Emancipation of Mimi

text: "The Emancipation of Mimi" was ranked as the 52nd best album of all time on the "Billboard Top 200 Albums of All Time".


title: The Emancipation of Mimi

text: "The Emancipation of Mimi" received many awards and nominations. It earned ten Grammy Award nominations in 2006–07: eight in 2006 for the original release (the most received by Carey in a single year), and two in 2007 for "Ultra Platinum Edition". In 2006, Carey won Best Contemporary R&B Album for "The Emancipation of Mimi", as well as Best Female R&B Vocal Performance and Best R&B Song for "We Belong Together". Carey was nominated for, Album of the Year ("The Emancipation of Mimi"), Record of the Year ("We Belong Together"), Song of the Year ("We Belong Together"), Best Female Pop Vocal Performance ("It's Like That"), and Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance ("Mine Again"). In 2007, "Don't Forget About Us" was nominated for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance and Best R&B Song.


title: The Emancipation of Mimi

text: "The Emancipation of Mimi" won the 2005 Soul Train Awards for Best R&B/Soul Album and Best Female R&B/Soul Album, and the 2005 Vibe Award for Album of the Year. "Rolling Stone" ranked the album at number 43 on its 2005 list of the year's best albums, and "Entertainment Weekly" ranked it at number 21 on their list of the "Top 100 Best Albums of the past 25 years". "We Belong Together" won a Teen Choice Award, a World Music Award, five "Billboard" Music Awards, four Radio Music Awards, and three Bambi Awards. "Shake It Off" and "Don't Forget About Us" won two additional Bambis. After Carey received the Bambi, the award drew media attention after it was stolen from the singer's dressing room.


title: Swiss German

text: Swiss German (Standard German: , , and others) is any of the Alemannic dialects spoken in the German-speaking part of Switzerland and in some Alpine communities in Northern Italy bordering Switzerland. Occasionally, the Alemannic dialects spoken in other countries are grouped together with Swiss German as well, especially the dialects of Liechtenstein and Austrian Vorarlberg, which are closely associated to Switzerland's.


title: Swiss German

text: Linguistically, Alemannic is divided into Low, High and Highest Alemannic, varieties all of which are spoken both inside and outside Switzerland. The only exception within German-speaking Switzerland is the municipality of Samnaun, where a Bavarian dialect is spoken. The reason Swiss German dialects constitute a special group is their almost unrestricted use as a spoken language in practically all situations of daily life, whereas the use of the Alemannic dialects in other countries is restricted or even endangered.


title: Swiss German

text: The dialects of Swiss German must not be confused with Swiss Standard German, the variety of Standard German used in Switzerland. Swiss Standard German is fully understandable to all Standard German speakers, while many people in Germany – especially in the north – do not understand Swiss Germans. An interview with a Swiss German speaker shown on German national television therefore requires subtitles, much as an interview in Scots would on US television. Although Swiss German is the native language in the German-speaking part of Switzerland, Swiss school students additionally learn Swiss Standard German at school from age six. They are thus capable of understanding, writing and speaking Standard German, with varying abilities mainly based on the level of education.


title: Swiss German

text: Unlike most regional languages in modern Europe, Swiss German is the spoken everyday language for the majority of all social levels in industrial cities, as well as in the countryside. Using the dialect conveys neither social nor educational inferiority and is done with pride.


title: Swiss German

text: In 2014, about 87% of the people living in the German-speaking portion of Switzerland were using a dialect in their everyday lives.


title: Swiss German

text: Swiss German is a regional or political umbrella term, not a linguistic unity. For all Swiss-German dialects, there are idioms spoken outside Switzerland that are more closely related to them than to some other Swiss-German dialects. The main linguistic divisions within Swiss German are those of Low, High and Highest Alemannic, and mutual intelligibility across those groups is almost fully seamless, despite some differences in vocabulary. Low Alemannic is only spoken in the northernmost parts of Switzerland, in Basel and around Lake Constance. High Alemannic is spoken in most of the Swiss Plateau, and is divided in an eastern and a western group. Highest Alemannic is spoken in the Alps.


title: Swiss German

text: One can separate each dialect into numerous local subdialects, sometimes down to a resolution of individual villages. Speaking the dialect is an important part of regional, cantonal and national identities. In the more urban areas of the Swiss plateau, regional differences are fading due to increasing mobility and to a growing population of non-Alemannic background. Despite the varied dialects, the Swiss can still understand one another, but may particularly have trouble understanding Walliser dialects.


title: Swiss German

text: Most Swiss German dialects, being "High German" dialects, have completed the High German consonant shift (synonyms: Second Germanic consonant shift, High German sound shift), that is, they have not only changed "t" to or and "p" to or , but also "k" to or . There are, however, exceptions, namely the idioms of Chur and Basel. Basel German is a "Low Alemannic" dialect (mostly spoken in Germany near the Swiss border), and Chur German is basically "High Alemannic" without initial or .


title: Swiss German

text: The High German consonant shift happened between the 4th and 9th centuries south of the Benrath line, separating "High" German from Low German, where "high" refers to the geographically higher regions of the German-speaking area of those days (combining Upper German and Central German varieties - also referring to their geographical locations).


title: Swiss German

text: The Walser migration, which took place between the 12th and 13th centuries, spread upper Wallis varieties towards the east and south, into Grisons and even further to western Austria and northern Italy. Informally, a distinction is made between the German-speaking people living in the canton of Valais, the "Walliser", and the migrated ones, the "Walsers" (to be found mainly in Graubünden, Vorarlberg in Western Austria, Ticino in South Switzerland, south of the Monte Rosa mountain chain in Italy (e.g. in Issime in the Aosta valley), Tirol in North Italy, and Allgäu in Bavaria).


title: Swiss German

text: Generally, the Walser communities were situated on higher alpine regions, so were able to stay independent of the reigning forces of those days, who did not or were not able to follow and monitor them all the time necessary at these hostile and hard to survive areas. So, the Walser were pioneers of the liberalization from serfdom and feudalism. And, Walser villages are easily distinguishable from Grisonian ones, since Walser houses are made of wood instead of stone.


title: Swiss German

text: Like all other Southern German dialects, Swiss German dialects have no voiced obstruents. However, they have an opposition of consonant pairs such as and or and . Traditionally, that distinction is said to be a distinction of fortis and lenis, but it has been claimed to be a distinction of quantity.


title: Swiss German

text: Swiss German keeps the fortis–lenis opposition at the end of words. There can be minimal pairs such as 'straight' and 'arête' or "bis" 'be (imp.)' and 'bite'. That distinguishes Swiss German and Swiss Standard German from German Standard German, which neutralizes the fortis–lenis opposition at the ends of words. The phenomenon is usually called final-obstruent devoicing even though, in the case of German, phonetic voice may not be involved.


title: Swiss German

text: Swiss German are not aspirated. Aspirated have (in most dialects) secondarily developed by combinations of prefixes with word-initial or by borrowings from other languages (mainly Standard German): 'keep' (standard German ); 'tea' (standard German ); 'salary' (standard German ). In the dialects of Basel and Chur, aspirated is also present in native words. All typically voiced consonant sounds are voiceless. Stop sounds being , and fricatives as .


title: Swiss German

text: Unlike Standard German, Swiss German does not have the allophone but is typically , with allophones . The typical Swiss shibboleth features this sound: ('kitchen cupboard'), pronounced .


title: Swiss German

text: Most Swiss German dialects have gone through the Alemannic "n"-apocope, which has led to the loss of final "-n" in words such as 'garden' (standard German ) or 'to make' (standard German ). In some Highest Alemannic dialects, the "n"-apocope has also been effective in consonant clusters, for instance in 'horn' (High Alemannic ) or 'to think' (High Alemannic ). Only the Highest Alemannic dialects of the Lötschental and of the Haslital have preserved the -"n".


title: Swiss German

text: The phoneme is pronounced as an alveolar trill in many dialects, but some dialects, especially in the Northeast or in the Basel region, have a uvular trill , and other allophones resulting in fricatives and an approximant as [] like in many German varieties of Germany.


title: Swiss German

text: In Bernese German, an [] can be pronounced as a []. It may also be pronounced this way when occurring towards the end of a syllable.


title: Swiss German

text: A labiodental approximant is used in Bernese German, as the sound is present in Standard German. In Walser German, it is realized as a labiodental fricative [].


title: Swiss German

text: Most Swiss German dialects have rounded front vowels, unlike other High German dialects. Only in Low Alemannic dialects of northwestern Switzerland (mainly Basel) and in Walliser dialects have rounded front vowels been unrounded. In Basel, rounding is being reintroduced because of the influence of other Swiss German dialects.


title: Swiss German

text: Like Bavarian dialects, Swiss German dialects have preserved the opening diphthongs of Middle High German: : in 'lovely' (standard German but pronounced ); 'hat' (standard German ); 'cool' (Standard German ). Some diphthongs have become unrounded in several dialects. In the Zürich dialect, short pronunciations of // are realized as []. Sounds like the monophthong can frequently become unrounded to among many speakers of the Zürich dialect. Vowels such as a centralized [] and an open-mid [] only occur in the Bernese dialect.


title: Swiss German

text: Like in Low German, most Swiss German dialects have preserved the old West-Germanic monophthongs : 'arrow' (Standard German ); 'belly' (Standard German ); 'pillar' (Standard German ). A few Alpine dialects show diphthongization, like in Standard German, especially some dialects of Unterwalden and Schanfigg (Graubünden) and the dialect of Issime (Piedmont).


title: Swiss German

text: Some Western Swiss German dialects like Bernese German have preserved the old diphthongs , but the other dialects have like Standard German or . Zürich German, and some other dialects distinguish primary diphthongs from secondary ones that arose in hiatus: Zürich German from Middle High German versus Zürich German from Middle High German ; Zürich German 'leg, woman' from Middle High German "," versus Zürich German 'free, building' from Middle High German "," .


title: Swiss German

text: In many Swiss German dialects, consonant length and vowel length are independent from each other, unlike other modern Germanic languages. Here are examples from Bernese German:


title: Swiss German

text: Lexical stress is more often on the first syllable than in Standard German, even in French loans like or 'thanks' (despite stress falling on the final syllable in French). However, there are many different stress patterns, even within dialects. Bernese German has many words that are stressed on the first syllable: 'casino' while Standard German has . However, no Swiss German dialect is as consistent as Icelandic in that respect.


title: Swiss German

text: In Swiss German, a small number of verbs reduplicate in a reduced infinitival form, i.e. unstressed shorter form, when used in their finite form governing the infinitive of another verb.  The reduced and reduplicated part of the verb in question is normally put in front of the infinitive of the second verb. This is the case for the motion verbs 'to go' and 'to come' when used in the meaning of 'go (to) do something', 'come (to) do something', as well as the verbs 'to let' and in certain dialects 'to start, to begin' when used in the meaning of 'let do something', or 'start doing something'. Most affected by this phenomenon is the verb , followed by '.  Both ' and " are less affected and only when used in present tense declarative main clauses.


title: Swiss German

text: As the examples show, all verbs are reduplicated with a reduced infinitival form when used in a declarative main clause.  This is especially interesting as it stands in contrast to the standard variety of German and other varieties of the same, where such doubling effects are not found as outlined in the examples.


title: Swiss German

text: Reduplication effects are weaker in the verbs 'to let' and 'to start, to begin' than they are in 'to go' and 'to come'.  This means that " is most likely to be used without its reduplicated and reduced form while retaining grammaticality, whereas utterances with "goo" are least likely to remain grammatical without the reduplicated part.


title: Swiss German

text: Between ' and ', these effects are weakest in '.  This means that while reduplication is mandatory for ' in declarative main clauses almost everywhere in the country, this is the case for fewer varieties of Swiss German with '. The reason for this is unknown, but it has been hypothesized that the fact that "afaa" has a separable prefix ("a"-) might weaken its doubling capacity. The presence of this separable prefix also makes the boundaries between the reduced infinitival reduplication form and the prefix hard if not impossible to determine.  Thus, in the example above for ', an argument could be made that the prefix a- is left off, while the full reduplicated form is used:


title: Swiss German

text: In this case, the prefix would be omitted, which is normally not permissible for separable prefixes, and in its place, the reduplication form is used.


title: Swiss German

text: Meanwhile, " is not reduplicated when used in a subordinate clause or in the past tense.  In such instances, doubling would result in ungrammaticality:


title: Swiss German

text: In order to achieve grammaticality in both instances, the reduced doubling part would have to be taken out.


title: Swiss German

text: While ' 'to start, to begin' is quite restricted when it comes to reduplication effects, the phenomenon is more permissive, but not mandatory in the verb 'to let'.  While present tense declarative sentences are generally ungrammatical when ' remains unduplicated, this is not true for past tense and subordinate clauses, where doubling effects are optional at best:


title: Swiss German

text: In the use of this form, there are both geographical and age differences.  Reduplication is found more often in the western part of Switzerland than in the eastern part, while younger generations are much more inclined to leave out reduplication, which means that the phenomenon is more widespread in older generations.


title: Swiss German

text: Ungrammaticality in reduplication of 'to start, to begin' in the past tense and in subordinate clauses as well as the somewhat more lenient use of reduplication with ' 'to let' stand in contrast to doubling effects of the motion verbs ' 'to go' and 'to come'.  When the latter two verbs are used in other utterances other than a declarative main clause, where the finite verb traditionally is in second position, their use might not be mandatory; however, it is correct and grammatical to double them both in the past tense and in subordinate clauses:


title: Swiss German

text: As outlined in both examples, the reduplicated form of both and can but does not have to be used in order for the past tense sentences to be grammatical. Notably, it is the reduced form of both verbs that is necessary, not the full participle form.


title: Swiss German

text: In subordinate clauses, the reduplicated part is needed as the sentence would otherwise be ungrammatical in both ' and '.


title: Swiss German

text: The same is true for the past tense.  Since there is only one past tense in Swiss German and since this is formed using an auxiliary verb – 'to be' or 'to have', depending on the main verb – reduplication seems to be affected and therefore, less strictly enforced for ' and ', while it is completely ungrammatical for and optional for respectively.


title: Swiss German

text: Questions behave a lot like their declarative counterparts, and reduplication is therefore mandatory for both motion verbs ' 'to go' and ' 'to come', while ' 'to let' and ' 'to start, to begin' show weaker doubling effects and more optionality. Furthermore, this is the case for both open and close (yes/no) questions.  Consider the following examples:


title: Swiss German

text: Just like in declarative forms, could be reduced to "a-" and thus be considered the detachable prefix.  In this case, " would no longer be a reduplicated verb, and that is where the language development seems to move towards.


title: Swiss German

text: In the imperative mood, just like in questions, 'to go' and 'come' are very strict in their demand for doubling. The same is true for 'to let'; it is ungrammatical to use it in imperative mood undoubled.  On the other hand, leaves a lot more room for the speaker to play with.  Speakers accept both sentences with only the detachable prefix and no doubling, and sentences with the full doubled form.


title: Swiss German

text: In the case of the verb 'to come', there are situations when instead of it being reduplicated with its reduced form , the doubled short form of 'to go', , is used instead. This is possible in almost all instances of ', regardless of mood or tense.  The examples below outline ' reduplicated with both its reduced form ' and the reduced form of ', ", in different sentence forms.


title: Swiss German

text: With the motion verbs 'to go' and 'to come', where reduplication effects are strongest, there is some variation regarding their reduplicated or reduced forms.  Thus, in some Swiss German dialects, ' will be doubled as , while will be doubled as .  In some analyses, this is described as a multiple reduplication phenomenon in that the reduced infinitives or part is repeated as , providing the forms ' and ". However, these forms are used less frequently than their shorter counterparts and seem to be concentrated into a small geographic area of Switzerland.


title: Swiss German

text: The vocabulary is varied, especially in rural areas: many specialized terms have been retained, e.g., regarding cattle or weather. In the cities, much of the rural vocabulary has been lost. A Swiss German greeting is , from (Standard German " ), loosely meaning 'God bless you'.


title: Swiss German

text: Most word adoptions come from Standard German. Many of these are now so common that they have totally replaced the original Swiss German words, e.g. the words 'hill' (instead of "," ), 'lip' (instead of ). Others have replaced the original words only in parts of Switzerland, e.g., 'butter' (originally called in most of Switzerland). Virtually any Swiss Standard German word can be borrowed into Swiss German, always adapted to Swiss German phonology. However, certain Standard German words are never used in Swiss German, for instance 'breakfast', 'cute' or 'at home'; instead, the native words , and are used.


title: Swiss German

text: Swiss dialects have quite a few words from French and Italian, which are perfectly assimilated. (ice cream) for example is pronounced in French but or in many Swiss German dialects. The French word for 'thank you', , is also used as in (, cf. Standard German's and ). Possibly, these words are not direct adoptions from French but survivors of the once more numerous French loanwords in Standard German, many of which have fallen out of use in Germany.


title: Swiss German

text: In recent years, Swiss dialects have also taken some English words which already sound very Swiss, e.g., ('to eat', from 'food'), ('to play computer games', from "game") or or – ('to snowboard', from "snowboard"). These words are probably not direct loanwords from English but have been adopted through standard German intermediation. While most of those loanwords are of recent origin, some have been in use for decades, e.g. ('to play football', from "shoot").


title: Swiss German

text: There are also a few English words which are modern adoptions from Swiss German. The dishes "müesli", and "rösti" have become English words, as did "loess" (fine grain), "flysch" (sandstone formation), "kepi", "landammann", "kilch", ', and "putsch" in a political sense. The term ' is sometimes explained as originating from Swiss German, while printed etymological dictionaries (e.g. the German "Kluge" or "Knaurs Etymological Dictionary") derive it from Low German instead.


title: Swiss German

text: Written forms that were mostly based on the local Alemannic varieties, thus similar to Middle High German, were only gradually replaced by the forms of New High German. This replacement took from the 15th to 18th centuries to complete. In the 16th century, the Alemannic forms of writing were considered the original, truly Swiss forms, whereas the New High German forms were perceived as foreign innovations. The innovations were brought about by the printing press and were also associated with Lutheranism. An example of the language shift is the Froschauer Bible: Its first impressions after 1524 were largely written in an Alemannic language, but since 1527, the New High German forms were gradually adopted. The Alemannic forms were longest preserved in the chancelleries, with the chancellery of Bern being the last to adopt New High German in the second half of the 18th century.


title: Swiss German

text: Today all formal writing, newspapers, books and much informal writing is done in Swiss Standard German, which is usually called (written German). Certain dialectal words are accepted regionalisms in Swiss Standard German and are also sanctioned by the Duden, e.g., (afternoon snack). Swiss Standard German is virtually identical to Standard German as used in Germany, with most differences in pronunciation, vocabulary, and orthography. For example, Swiss Standard German always uses a double s ("ss") instead of the eszett ("ß").


title: Swiss German

text: There are no official rules of Swiss German orthography. The orthographies used in the Swiss-German literature can be roughly divided into two systems: Those that try to stay as close to standard German spelling as possible and those that try to represent the sounds as well as possible. The so-called was developed by Eugen Dieth, but knowledge of these guidelines is limited mostly to language experts. Furthermore, the spellings originally proposed by Dieth included some special signs not found on a normal keyboard, such as instead of for or instead of for . In 1986, a revised version of the "Dieth-Schreibung" was published, designed to be typed with a regular typewriter.


title: Swiss German

text: Since the 19th century, a considerable body of Swiss German literature has accumulated. The earliest works were in Lucerne German (Jost Bernhard Häfliger, Josef Felix Ineichen), in Bernese German (Gottlieb Jakob Kuhn), in Glarus German (Cosimus Freuler) and in Zürich German (Johann Martin Usteri, Jakob Stutz); the works of Jeremias Gotthelf which were published at the same time are in Swiss Standard German, but use many expressions of Bernese German. Some of the more important dialect writing authors and their works are:


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: Jordan Ernest Burroughs (born July 8, 1988) is an American freestyle wrestler and former folkstyle wrestler who currently competes at 79 kilograms, and previously competed at 74 kilos. In freestyle, he was the 2012 Olympic gold medalist, is the reigning and a six-time world champion (nine-time medalist), three-time Pan American Games Gold medalist, four-time Pan American champion, and four-time US Open national champion, and has made the US World or Olympic Team on 11 occasions. In folkstyle, Burroughs was a two-time NCAA Division I champion for the Nebraska Cornhuskers and was awarded the Dan Hodge Trophy (equivalent to the Heisman Trophy) in 2012. After winning gold at the 2022 World Wrestling Championships, Burroughs set the American record with his seventh gold medal at the Olympic and World Championship level. Burroughs is widely known for his double-leg takedown and is considered one of the greatest freestyle wrestlers of all time.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: Burroughs is from the Sicklerville section of Winslow Township, New Jersey. When he was in elementary school, he brought a wrestling flyer home and became the first member of his family to ever wrestle, at the age of five. He went on to attend Winslow Township High School, where he was a three-sport athlete in wrestling, American football, and running. He dreamed of playing in the NFL as a wide receiver, but gave up on it to focus on wrestling, weighing 130 pounds as a freshman.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: As a wrestler, he became a three-time district champion, two-time regional champion, state (NJSIAA) champion, and NHSCA national champion in his senior year (06'). He graduated with 115 wins and 20 losses.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: In 2006, he accepted a scholarship to the University of Nebraska as the 52nd-ranked senior in the nation.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: Burroughs freshman year ended with 16 wins and 13 losses. He was also an NCAA qualifier and placed third at the Big 12 Conference championships.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: For his sophomore year in college, he made adjustments with which he finished regular season with a 34–6 record. He also set a single-season record, scoring 98 dual takedowns and surrendering just seven on the year, marking one of UNL's best sophomore seasons. As the top-seed at the Big 12 Championships, Burroughs made his way to the title with technical fall and major decisions and was also named the Outstanding Wrestler of the tournament. At the NCAAs, he capped three victories up until the semifinals, where he was downed by Hawkeyes' legend Brent Metcalf. He placed third after defeating J.P. O'Connor and Josh Churella in his last matches of the season, claiming All-American honors.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: During his junior , he won the Cliff Keen title (with wins over returning AA O'Connor and defending NCAA champion Jordan Leen), where he was named the Outstanding Wrestler. He also broke the school's single-season dual takedown record for the second straight year with 117 in 19 duals, only giving up one himself, to future three-time Bellator MMA World Champion Michael Chandler. Burroughs then claimed his second Big 12 title with wins over Oklahoma State's Neil Erisman and once again over Chandler. Entering as an undefeated (34–0) top-seed, he claimed his first NCAA title by beating fellow undefeated (17–0) second-seed Mike Poeta in the finals. He also defeated future UFC fighter Gregor Gillespie in the semifinals.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: Burroughs was having a 7–0 regular season, including a single win at the Las Vegas Invitational against eventual UFC Interim Champion Justin Gaethje (he forfeited the next matches due to an injury from the match), before suffering a season-ending injury at a dual match against Central Michigan's Steve Brown, where he dropped an overtime loss due to the injury. This led to a medical redshirt for the remainder of the year.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: Burroughs started his comeback senior season strong with a Harold Nichols Classic and Midlands Championships with a win over returning NCAA champion Andrew Howe in the finals, receiving the Dan Gable Most Outstanding Wrestler award due to his performance in the tournament. This capped a perfect 29–0 to finish the regular season. At the Big 12 championships, he defeated second-ranked in the country Tyler Caldwell 2–1 to claim the championship. At the NCAA tournament, he again defeated Caldwell in the finals to become a two-time national champion. He was awarded the Dan Hodge Trophy as the best collegiate wrestler in the country after an undefeated season. He graduated with 128 wins and 20 losses overall, 13 of those coming in his first year.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: Burroughs made his senior-level debut at the US University Nationals on April, where he placed second to Teyon Ware.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: Just three weeks after graduating from college, Burroughs made an immediate jump into the freestyle scene, competing at the US Open on April 7–10. He dismantled all of his four opponents (including Nick Marable and Bobby Nash) to claim the championship.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: On May 5, he defeated Aniuar Geduev from Russia, at the annual Beat the Streets dual. At the US World Team Trials of June 9–11, Burroughs defeated US University National Champion Andrew Howe twice in a row to become the US World Team Member at 74 kilograms. He then won the Ukrainian Memorial International tournament on July 23–24, winning every period of his five matches and coming out with a notable victory over Musa Murtazaliev.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: At the World Championships on September 18, Burroughs was able to make a 5–0 mark in the stacked weight class, defeating the likes of two-time and defending World Champion Denis Tsargush, Central American and Caribbean Games champion Ricardo Roberty, Military World medalist Ashraf Aliyev and Sadegh Goudarzi, 10' World Silver medalist and Asian Games champion. By this result, Burroughs became the third Cornhusker to win a world title for the United States of America.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: To close the year, the recently crowned World Champion won his first Pan American Games title on October 24, after running through all of his three opponents.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: Burroughs started off his legendary year by winning the Dave Schultz Memorial International on February 1–4, where he defeated the likes of Tyler Caldwell and Trent Paulson. He travelled to Cuba for the Cerro Pelado International on February 14–15, where he once again claimed the gold medal, now with victories over Nick Marable and Paulson. On April 21, he claimed the US Olympic spot at 74 kilograms after downing Andrew Howe once, as he was forced to forfeit the next match.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: Burroughs was selected to represent the United States at the World Cup on May 12–13. He collected notable wins for his resume after beating the likes of Akhmed Gadzhimagomedov, Sosuke Takatani, Sadegh Goudarzi and Davit Khutsishvili, to claim gold. He also dominated Russia's Kamel Malikov at the annual Beat the Streets.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: At the 2012 Summer Olympics of London on August 10, Burroughs opened up with a dominant 4–0, 6–0 performance over Francisco Soler from Puerto Rico and followed up with a 2–1, 1–1 score over Matt Gentry from Canada, to advance to the semifinals. In the semis, he took out two–time World Champion and three-time European champion Denis Tsargush from Russia, in a rough 3–1, 0–2, 2–1 to advance to the final, where he shut down the highly accomplished Sadegh Goudarzi from Iran, 1–0, 1–0, to claim his Olympic gold medal.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: The newly crowned Olympic champion, Burroughs won his second World Cup on February 21–22, defeating Sosuke Takatani, Ezzatollah Akbari, and Ali Shabanau. On March 1–2, he also won the Alexander Medved Prizes International title.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: On April 17–19, he came back to the national circuit to claim his second US Open title, defeating Penn State legend David Taylor in the process. He then defeated Saba Khubezhty in two different duals, the first one at the Rumble on the Rails and the second one at Beat the Streets, on May 15 and 19 respectively.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: Burroughs made his second US World Team on June 21–23, when he defeated recent graduate and four-time NCAA champion Kyle Dake twice, remaining un-scored (7–0) in the first match and going to overtime (8–6) in the second. He then warmed up with a Stepan Sargsyan International title on August 3–4, compiling four more victories to his streak.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: Four weeks prior to the World Championships, Burroughs broke his ankle, however, he was once again victorious at the tournament, now in even more dominant fashion. He outscored his opposition 34–3, and recorded technical falls in three of his five matches (including Narsingh Yadav and Jabrayil Hasanov), the two remaining being a disqualification win against Ali Shabanau and a 4–0 match in the finale against Ezzatollah Akbari, to crown himself as a two-time World Champion.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: In 2014, Burroughs received the 2013 John Smith Award as USA Wrestling's Freestyle Wrestler of the Year.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: Burroughs travelled to Turkey to compete at the Yasar Dogu on February 15–16, where he won over Rashid Kurbanov (6–0) and Pürevjavyn Önörbat (TF 10–0) before his legendary 70-match win streak and undefeated 70–0 record since crossing over to freestyle full-time were broken by Nick Marable, in a 4–4 loss. He went on to claim the bronze medal.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: Despite his streak being snapped, Burroughs continued to dominate his opposition, next representing the United States at the World Cup on March 15–16, where he got two falls (one over Parveen Rana), two tech falls and one 7–1 decision over Ezzatollah Akbari, helping the USA reach third-place and claiming his second individual World Cup. He also claimed his third US Open title on April 15–19, after defeating two-time Dan Hodge Trophy winner David Taylor in an exciting finale. Before the US WTT, Burroughs pinned Russia's Atsamaz Sanakoev on May 7 at Beat the Streets.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: At the US World Team Trials of May 31–June 1, Burroughs defeated Taylor for the third and fourth times in his senior career to secure the spot, the first a fairly dominant performance by the Olympic gold medalist (6–2) and the second as close as the US Open's match between the two (6–5). To warm up, Burroughs competed in Mexico City and claimed a Pan American title on July 15–17, while defeating the accomplished Liván López from Cuba in the finals.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: At the World Championships of September 8–14, Burroughs advanced to the semifinals without much problem, beating four-time African Champion Augusto Midana (spraining his MCL throughout the match) and Rashid Kurbanov, who would go on to win the Asian Games Gold medal 20 days later. Despite initial success in the tournament, he was unable to secure his fourth consecutive World/Olympic title, as he was downed by Denis Tsargush 2–9, but captured the bronze medal by pinning Rustam Dudaiev from Ukraine. The loss to Tsargush marked the first time he had been defeated by an international wrestler in over 60 international matches.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: Burroughs came back to competition on March 6–7 at the Alexander Medved Prizes International. He made his way to the gold medal in the stacked bracket, defeating Rashid Kurbanov, Ali Shabanau, and Jakob Makarashvili in the process.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: Burroughs then competed on April 11–12 at the 15' World Cup. He powered through Cuba's Liván López, Russia's Iakubali Shikhdzhamalov, Mongolia's Pürevjavyn Önörbat and Iran's Morteza Rezaei Ghaleh to claim his fourth straight World Cup. He also downed Luis Quintana in his fifth-consecutive appearance at Beat the Streets, now on May 12. At the US World Team Trials of June 12–14, Burroughs defeated the challenger Kyle Dake twice, winning by decision in the first match (6–3) and dismantling the later 15' US National champion with a technical fall (14–4). To warm up, Burroughs won his second Pan American Games title on July 18, defeating Liván López (for the third time in his career), Jevon Balfour and Yoan Blanco.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: At the World Championships of September 12, Burroughs had a tough six-match run, being dominant on his way to the semifinals (scores of 5–2, TF 10–0, TF 11–0, 5–0) before bumping into European Games champion Aniuar Geduev, whom he was able to defeat in a close 4–3 match. At the finals, Burroughs outclassed his opponent Pürevjavyn Önörbat with a technical fall to help the USA place second at the tournament.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: To start off the Olympic year, Burroughs won his second Yasar Dogu gold medal February 4–6, racking up notable wins over Soner Demirtaş and Zelimkhan Khadjiev. He also won his second Pan American title on February 26–28, with dominant performances at the tournament. At the 2016 US Olympic Team Trials of April 10, Burroughs dismantled 12' opponent Andrew Howe with a 9–3 in the first match and a technical fall in the second to make his second Olympic Team. He also competed at Beat the Streets for the sixth time, now on May 19 against 15' Asian Champion Peyman Yarahmadi, whom he almost tech'd with an 11–2 score.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: Burroughs was then expected to compete at the World Cup on June 11–12, however, he chose to withdraw from the tournament as the birth of his second child was coming up. Burroughs won his last tournament before the Summer Olympics at the Germany Grand Prix, on July 2, soundly defeating Bekzod Abdurakhmonov and Martin Obst.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: On August 19, Burroughs competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics, entering the tournament as a heavy-favorite to win his second gold medal. After an 8–3 win in the Round of 16 against eight-time African Championships medalist Augusto Midana, he wrestled Aniuar Geduev (whom he was 2–0 against) in the quarterfinals. After a match full of emotions, Burroughs was violently upset with a close 2–3 loss, which stunned the United States and sent him to the consolation bracket. At the consolation semifinals, Burroughs was defeated in an impressive fashion, as Bekzod Abdurakhmonov (whom he had comfortably beaten a month prior) was able to pick up the win by technical fall over the American. After being sent home, an emotional Burroughs with tears on his eyes, stated:


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: After a long lay-off, Burroughs came back to the scene at the World Cup on February 16–17, where he was able to put his name back on notice once with four victories over foreigner opponents. He then went back to the National scene, as he competed at the US Open on April 26–29. At the tournament, he outscored his opponents 32 points to 2 up until the finals, where he was able to edge long-time rival Kyle Dake with a 2–2 criteria win to claim his fourth US Open title. On May 17, he defeated Sosuke Takatani at Beat the Streets.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: Burroughs then faced his US Open opponent Kyle Dake at the US World Team Trials on June 9–10. He lost the first match of the best-of-three via criteria, 6–6, but was able to conquer the spot in the two following bouts with convincing decisions, 8–4 and 6–2. He travelled to Madrid to compete at the Spain Grand Prix on July 15–16, where he picked up four victories and notable ones over Taimuraz Friev and Jevon Balfour, winning all of his matches with the same score, 10–0.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: At the World Championships of August 26, Burroughs had a tough challenge in the first round, despite defeating the two-time World Championship bronze medalist Ali Shabanau with a close score of 7–5. He then advanced to the second round and quarterfinals, where he tech'd his opposition, downing his BTS opponent Sosuke Takatani with a score of 12–2 and Zelimkhan Khadjiev with a score of 13–2, respectively. He then proclaimed redemption at Bekzod Abdurakhmonov, whom he was tech'd by at the Olympics, with a score of 6–5 to pass on to the finale. At the finals, he faced Russian National Champion Khetag Tsabolov and was able to beat him 9–6 to reclaim his throne at 74 kilograms .


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: After his World Championship run, Burroughs was named a Comeback Wrestler of the Year by United World Wrestling on December 27.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: Burroughs started off the year strong by winning his sixth World Cup on April 7–8 at Iowa City, Iowa, bumping up his record at such tournament to 27–0 and clinching the team title for Team USA. He then faced Frank Chamizo for the first time, going to a close and exciting come-from-behind 6–5 decision win, giving birth to one of the best rivalries in recent wrestling history.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: He then made his eight World or Olympic team on June 8–9, at the '18 Final X: Lincoln, where he was the crowd-favorite as Lincoln, Nebraska is the city where he attended college. He did so by defeating US Open champion and NCAA legend Isaiah Martinez, with a 4–1 score in the first match and a case-closing 11–1 technical fall in the second. Burroughs took a trip to Istanbul, Turkey to compete at the Yasar Dogu tournament on July 27–29, where he made the finale comfortably, to face Frank Chamizo. In a high-scoring match packed with action, Burroughs found himself defeated by the Italian via criteria, 10–10 to make the series a tie and claim his first silver medal in his entire freestyle career since crossing over.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: At the World Championships of October 20–21, he defeated Mostafa Hosseinkhani from Iran in the opening round, 4–3, but suffered an upset in the quarterfinals to two-time and reigning Russian National champion and eventual winner of the championship Zaurbek Sidakov in a close 5–6 loss. However, he came back in the consolation semis, where he defeated Miroslav Kirov from Belarus by a 9–0 decision. At the bronze medal match, he faced Frank Chamizo and was able to break the tie with a 4–4 criteria win to claim the third-place, therefore his sixth medal from Worlds.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: Burroughs started off his athletic year in Bulgaria, at the Dan Kolov – Nikola Petrov Memorial of February 28 to March 3. In this tournament, he beat Frank Chamizo once again with a convincing 9–2 win and also got a notable victory over Bekzod Abdurakhmonov to claim the championship. On April 19–21 Burroughs competed at his first Pan American Championships since 2016, and was able to claim his third title with notable victories over Franklin Gómez and Jevon Balfour.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: On May 6, Burroughs competed at Beat the Streets against UFC undefeated star and former Dan Hodge Trophy winner Ben Askren. He was able to outclass the long-time retired wrestler via 11–0 technical fall. On June 14–15, Burroughs made his seventh US World Team by claiming the spot at . Just like last year, he faced Isaiah Martinez, World Cup champion and two-time US Open champion, who pushed Burroughs to a closer series to last year's. In the first match, Burroughs won a close 5–4 decision, but was defeated via criteria in the second match (5–5) and was forced to come back with a dominant 7–1 to claim the series.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: On July 11–14, Burroughs claimed his second Yasar Dogu title, beating 18' U23 World champion Tajmuraz Salkazanov and Yakup Gör in the process. In the finals, he was scheduled to face Frank Chamizo, however, Chamizo pulled out of the bout and Burroughs claimed gold. On August 10, Burroughs took home his third Pan American games title with notable wins over Geandry Garzón and Franklin Gómez, helping to clinch the team title for the United States.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: At the World Championships of September 20–21, Burroughs started off with two close victories, coming from behind in both of them and winning 11–10 and 6–4 respectively. He then picked up a solid win to make his way into the semifinals, where he was once again stopped by Zaurbek Sidakov by one point scored in the last second in a 3–4 match, forcing him to compete for the bronze medal. In the third-place match, he was able to defeat Mao Okui with a dominant 10–0 technical fall.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: On March 6–9, Burroughs claimed his fourth Pan American Championship with dominant scores of 10–0, 3–0 and 8–1 over Jorge Llano, Geandry Garzón and Franklin Gómez.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: Burroughs was scheduled to compete at the '20 US Olympic Team Trials on April 4 at State College, Pennsylvania. However, the event was postponed for 2021 along with the Summer Olympics due to the COVID-19 pandemic, leaving all the qualifiers unable to compete.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: After months of not being able to compete due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Burroughs wrestled two-time NCAA champion and '19 US National Champion at 86 kilos Zahid Valencia, at a catchweight of 185 pounds in the headline of FloWrestling: Burroughs vs. Valencia, on November 14. At the weigh-ins, Burroughs weighed 178.2 pounds, while Valencia marked 184.1 pounds on the scale. After being topped 0–4 in the first period, Burroughs overcame Valencia and took the lead, outscoring him 8–1 in the second period to mark the final score 8-5 and claim the dual.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: After downing the number two-ranked 86 kilogram'er in the country, Burroughs had been booked to wrestle former rival and '18 World Champion David Taylor at 86 kilos, while headlining FloWrestling: Burroughs vs. Taylor, which would take place on January 9. However, it was announced on January 8 that Taylor was unable to travel to Austin, Texas due to COVID-19 restrictions and the bout was subsequently postponed for four days later and changed its location for Lincoln, Nebraska, thus moving to a different card also named FloWrestling: Burroughs vs. Taylor. After a 0-4 period, Burroughs rallied late to score four points of his own, but was unable to secure the victory as Taylor had criteria, defeating Burroughs for the first time in five matches.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: After a full year without competing at 74 kilograms, Burroughs competed at the prestigious Matteo Pellicone Ranking Series. To make the finals, Burroughs shut down '20 Asian Continental Champion Daniyar Kaisanov and the accomplished Narsingh Yadav. In the finale, he faced two-time World Champion Frank Chamizo for the fifth time, and was edged in a close match by a point, marking the second time Burroughs had ever been defeated in a final (first loss was also handed by Chamizo) and claiming the silver medal.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: In April 3, Burroughs competed at the rescheduled US Olympic Team Trials in an attempt to make his tenth straight US World/Olympic Team. Able to sit out as a 2019 World Championship medalist, Burroughs faced reigning and two–time World Champion at 79kg and former rival Kyle Dake in a best–of–three final. Both matches were similar and had the same result, with Dake coming out on top after seemingly shutting down the Olympic champion with the scores of 2–3 and 0–3. This marked the first time Burroughs was unable to make the US Olympic or World Team, ending a dominant nine–year long reign.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: Burroughs had been set to wrestle former rival Isaiah Martinez on June 18 at Who's Number One, but on June 14, Martinez announced he would not be able to make the weight of 79 kilograms and the bout was cancelled.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: After initial manifestation of moving up to 79 kilograms in April, Burroughs registered to bulk up and compete at the 2021 US World Team Trials on September 11–12 as the top-seed, intending to represent the country at the World Championships for the eight time. Burroughs showed immense longevity in his career while displaying his signature double leg throughout the tournament, dropping All-Americans Hayden Hidlay and Chance Marsteller as well as three-time NCAA champion Jason Nolf, advancing to the finals. In a best-of-three series, Burroughs downed another three-time NCAA champion in Alex Dieringer twice in a row in frenetic bouts, getting back on the top of the podium for the first time since March 2020. During his second match with Dieringer, Burroughs suffered a torn calf muscle, and he was told by the doctors that he would need eight weeks to recover, but still represented the United States at the 2021 World Championships from October 3 to 4 in Oslo, Norway, less than a month later.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: To make his first World Championship final since 2017, Burroughs won four matches during the first date, including a close bout with two-time U23 European champion Radik Valiev. He topped Mohammad Nokhodi from Iran in the finals in order to capture the gold at the new weight class and become a five-time World Champion, cementing his legacy as one of the most accomplished American wrestlers of all time.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: After defeating Nestor Taffur at Bout at the Ballpark in February 12, Burroughs competed at the prestigious Yasar Dogu International on February 27, claiming the gold medal. On May 8, he swept the competition at the 2022 Pan American Championships to add a fifth title to his name.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: On September 16, at the World Championships in Belgrade, Burroughs won his second straight world championship at 79kg, and sixth overall.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: Burroughs is a Christian. He has spoken about his faith saying, "A gold medal is always going to leave you empty. ... There's no other thing in life that's more fulfilling than a relationship with Jesus Christ. Contentment is one of the biggest things I've learned, knowing that regardless of where you are in life, it's all about being content with God's provision." Jordan is married to Lauren Burroughs ("née" Mariacher) and has four children, Beacon, Ora, Rise, and Banner. Burroughs is a football fan and supports the Buffalo Bills.


title: Jordan Burroughs

text: Burroughs has cross-trained with several high-profile figures from the MMA community over the years and has often been linked with making a move to the sport, but publicly explained on an episode of the Joe Rogan Experience that he had decided against doing so on account of his wife, Lauren, and a general concern for maintaining his health.


title: Deinosuchus

text: Deinosuchus () is an extinct genus of alligatoroid crocodilian, related to modern alligators and caimans, that lived 82 to 73 million years ago (Ma), during the late Cretaceous period. The name translates as "terrible crocodile" and is derived from the Greek "deinos" (δεινός), "terrible", and "soukhos" (σοῦχος), "crocodile". The first remains were discovered in North Carolina (United States) in the 1850s; the genus was named and described in 1909. Additional fragments were discovered in the 1940s and were later incorporated into an influential, though inaccurate, skull reconstruction at the American Museum of Natural History. Knowledge of "Deinosuchus" remains incomplete, but better cranial material found in recent years has expanded scientific understanding of this massive predator.


title: Deinosuchus

text: Although "Deinosuchus" was far larger than any modern crocodile or alligator, with the largest adults measuring in total length, its overall appearance was fairly similar to its smaller relatives. It had large, robust teeth built for crushing, and its back was covered with thick hemispherical osteoderms. One study indicated "Deinosuchus" may have lived for up to 50 years, growing at a rate similar to that of modern crocodilians, but maintaining this growth over a much longer time.


title: Deinosuchus

text: "Deinosuchus" fossils have been described from 10 U.S. states, including Texas, Montana, and many along the East Coast. Fossils have also been found in northern Mexico. It lived on both sides of the Western Interior Seaway, and was an opportunistic apex predator in the coastal regions of eastern North America. "Deinosuchus" reached its largest size in its western habitat, but the eastern populations were far more abundant. Opinion remains divided as to whether these two populations represent separate species. "Deinosuchus" was probably capable of killing and eating large dinosaurs. It may have also fed upon sea turtles, fish, and other aquatic and terrestrial prey.


title: Deinosuchus

text: Despite its large size, the overall appearance of "Deinosuchus" was not considerably different from that of modern crocodilians. "Deinosuchus" had an alligator-like, broad snout, with a slightly bulbous tip. Each premaxilla contained four teeth, with the pair nearest to the tip of the snout being significantly smaller than the other two. Each maxilla (the main tooth-bearing bone in the upper jaw) contained 21 or 22 teeth. The tooth count for each dentary (tooth-bearing bone in the lower jaw) was at least 22. All the teeth were very thick and robust; those close to the rear of the jaws were short, rounded, and blunt. They appear to have been adapted for crushing, rather than piercing. When the mouth was closed, only the fourth tooth of the lower jaw would have been visible. The skull of "Deinosuchus" itself was of a unique shape not seen in any other living or extinct crocodilians; the skull was broad, but inflated at the front around the nares. Two holes in the premaxilla in front of the nares are present in this genus and are unique autapomorphies not seen in other crocodilians, but nothing is known at present regarding their function.


title: Deinosuchus

text: Modern saltwater crocodiles ("Crocodylus porosus") have the strongest recorded bite of any living animal, with a maximum force of for a specimen . The bite force of "Deinosuchus" has been estimated to be to .


title: Deinosuchus

text: "Deinosuchus" had a secondary bony palate, which would have permitted it to breathe through its nostrils while the rest of the head remained submerged underwater. The vertebrae were articulated in a procoelous manner, meaning they had a concave hollow on the front end and a convex bulge on the rear; these would have fit together to produce a ball and socket joint. The secondary palate and procoelous vertebrae are advanced features also found in modern eusuchian crocodilians.


title: Deinosuchus

text: The osteoderms (scutes) covering the back of "Deinosuchus" were unusually large, heavy, and deeply pitted; some were of a roughly hemispherical shape. Deep pits and grooves on these osteoderms served as attachment points for connective tissue. Together, the osteoderms and connective tissue would have served as load-bearing reinforcement to support the massive body of "Deinosuchus" out of water. These deeply pitted osteoderms have been used to suggest that, despite its bulk, "Deinosuchus" could probably have walked on land much like modern-day crocodiles.


title: Deinosuchus

text: The large size of "Deinosuchus" has generally been recognized despite the fragmentary nature of the fossils assigned to it. However, estimates of how large it really was have varied considerably over the years. The original estimate from 1954 for the type specimen of the then-named ""Phobosuchus riograndensis"" were based on a skull of and a lower jaw of long, reconstructed with similar proportions to the Cuban crocodile giving a total estimated length of . However, this reconstruction is currently considered to be inaccurate. Using more complete remains, it was estimated in 1999 that the size attained by specimens of "Deinosuchus" varied from with weights from . This was later corroborated when it was noted that most known specimens of "D. rugosus" usually had skulls of about with estimated total lengths of and weights of . A reasonably well-preserved skull specimen discovered in Texas indicated the animal's head measured about , and its body length was estimated at . However, the largest fragmentary remains of "D. riograndensis" were 1.5 times the size of those of the average "D. rugosus" and it was determined that the largest individuals of this species may have been up to in length and perhaps weighed as much as .


title: Deinosuchus

text: A particularly large mandibular fragment from a "D. riograndensis" specimen was estimated to have come from an individual with a skull length of . This length was used in conjunction with a regression equation relating skull length to total length in the American alligator to estimate a total length of for this particular specimen. This is only slightly lower than previous estimates for the species. "Deinosuchus" has often been described as the largest crocodyliform of all time. However, other crocodyliforms such as "Purussaurus", "Rhamphosuchus", and "Sarcosuchus" may have equaled or exceeded it in size.


title: Deinosuchus

text: "Deinosuchus" was present on both sides of the Western Interior Seaway. Specimens have been described from 10 U.S. states: Utah, Montana, Wyoming, New Mexico, New Jersey, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Texas, and North Carolina. David Schwimmer has said "Deinosuchus" fossils have been found in South Carolina and Delaware as well, but none of them from those two states have been formally described. A "Deinosuchus" osteoderm from the San Carlos Formation was also reported in 2006, so the giant crocodilian's range may have included parts of northern Mexico. There is also a report describing a possible "Deinosuchus" scute from Colorado. "Deinosuchus" fossils are most abundant in the Gulf Coastal Plain region of Georgia, near the Alabama border. All known specimens of "Deinosuchus" were found in rocks dated to the Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous period. The oldest examples of this genus lived approximately 82 Ma, and the youngest lived around 73 Ma.


title: Deinosuchus

text: The distribution of "Deinosuchus" specimens indicates these giant crocodilians may have preferred estuarine environments. In the Aguja Formation of Texas, where some of the largest specimens of "Deinosuchus" have been found, these massive predators probably inhabited brackish-water bays. Although some specimens have also been found in marine deposits, it is not clear whether "Deinosuchus" ventured out into the ocean (like modern-day saltwater crocodiles); these remains might have been displaced after the animals died. "Deinosuchus" has been described as a "conspicuous" component of a purportedly distinct biome occupying the southern half of Late Cretaceous North America.


title: Deinosuchus

text: In 1954, Edwin H. Colbert and Roland T. Bird speculated that "Deinosuchus" "may very well have hunted and devoured some of the dinosaurs with which it was contemporaneous". Colbert restated this hypothesis more confidently in 1961: "Certainly this crocodile must have been a predator of dinosaurs; otherwise why would it have been so overwhelmingly gigantic? It hunted in the water where the giant theropods could not go." David R. Schwimmer proposed in 2002 that several hadrosaurid tail vertebrae found near Big Bend National Park show evidence of "Deinosuchus" tooth marks, strengthening the hypothesis that "Deinosuchus" fed on dinosaurs in at least some instances. In 2003, Christopher A. Brochu agreed that "Deinosuchus" "probably dined on ornithopods from time to time." "Deinosuchus" is generally thought to have employed hunting tactics similar to those of modern crocodilians, ambushing dinosaurs and other terrestrial animals at the water's edge and then submerging them until they drowned. A 2014 study suggested that it would have been able to perform a "death roll", like modern crocodiles.


title: Deinosuchus

text: Schwimmer and G. Dent Williams proposed in 1996 that "Deinosuchus" may have preyed on marine turtles. "Deinosuchus" would probably have used the robust, flat teeth near the back of its jaws to crush the turtle shells. The "side-necked" sea turtle "Bothremys" was especially common in the eastern habitat of "Deinosuchus", and several of its shells have been found with bite marks that were most likely inflicted by the giant crocodilian.


title: Deinosuchus

text: Schwimmer concluded in 2002 that the feeding patterns of "Deinosuchus" most likely varied by geographic location; the smaller "Deinosuchus" specimens of eastern North America would have been opportunistic feeders in an ecological niche similar to that of the modern American alligator. They would have consumed marine turtles, large fish, and smaller dinosaurs. The bigger, but less common, "Deinosuchus" that lived in Texas and Montana might have been more specialized hunters, capturing and eating large dinosaurs. Schwimmer noted no theropod dinosaurs in "Deinosuchus" eastern range approached its size, indicating the massive crocodilian could have been the region's apex predator.


title: Deinosuchus

text: A 1999 study by Gregory M. Erickson and Christopher A. Brochu suggested the growth rate of "Deinosuchus" was comparable to that of modern crocodilians, but was maintained over a far longer time. Their estimates, based on growth rings in the dorsal osteoderms of various specimens, indicated each "Deinosuchus" might have taken over 35 years to reach full adult size, and the oldest individuals may have lived for more than 50 years. This was a completely different growth strategy than that of large dinosaurs, which reached adult size much more quickly and had shorter lifespans. According to Erickson, a full-grown "Deinosuchus" "must have seen several generations of dinosaurs come and go".


title: Deinosuchus

text: Schwimmer noted in 2002 that Erickson and Brochu's assumptions about growth rates are only valid if the osteodermal rings reflect annual periods, as they do in modern crocodilians. According to Schwimmer, the growth ring patterns observed could have been affected by a variety of factors, including "migrations of their prey, wet-dry seasonal climate variations, or oceanic circulation and nutrient cycles". If the ring cycle were biannual rather than annual, this might indicate "Deinosuchus" grew faster than modern crocodilians, and had a similar maximum lifespan.


title: Deinosuchus

text: In 1858, geologist Ebenezer Emmons described two large fossil teeth found in Bladen County, North Carolina. Emmons assigned these teeth to "Polyptychodon", which he then believed to be "a genus of crocodilian reptiles". Later discoveries showed that "Polyptychodon" was actually a pliosaur, a type of marine reptile. The teeth described by Emmons were thick, slightly curved, and covered with vertically grooved enamel; he assigned them a new species name, "P. rugosus". Although not initially recognized as such, these teeth were probably the first "Deinosuchus" remains to be scientifically described. Another large tooth that likely came from "Deinosuchus", discovered in neighboring Sampson County, was named "Polydectes biturgidus" by Edward Drinker Cope in 1869.


title: Deinosuchus

text: In 1903, at Willow Creek, Montana, several fossil osteoderms were discovered "lying upon the surface of the soil" by John Bell Hatcher and T.W. Stanton. These osteoderms were initially attributed to the ankylosaurid dinosaur "Euoplocephalus". Excavation at the site, carried out by W.H. Utterback, yielded further fossils, including additional osteoderms, as well as vertebrae, ribs, and a pubis. When these specimens were examined, it became clear that they belonged to a large crocodilian and not a dinosaur; upon learning this, Hatcher "immediately lost interest" in the material. After Hatcher died in 1904, his colleague W. J. Holland studied and described the fossils. Holland assigned these specimens to a new genus and species, "Deinosuchus hatcheri", in 1909. "Deinosuchus" comes from the Greek δεινός/"deinos", meaning "terrible", and σοῦχος/"suchos", meaning "crocodile".


title: Deinosuchus

text: A 1940 expedition by the American Museum of Natural History yielded more fossils of giant crocodilians, this time from Big Bend National Park in Texas. These specimens were described by Edwin H. Colbert and Roland T. Bird in 1954, under the name "Phobosuchus riograndensis". Donald Baird and Jack Horner later assigned the Big Bend remains to "Deinosuchus", which has been accepted by most modern authorities. The genus name "Phobosuchus", which was initially created by Baron Franz Nopcsa in 1924, has since been discarded because it contained a variety of different crocodilian species that turned out to not be closely related to each other.


title: Deinosuchus

text: The American Museum of Natural History incorporated the skull and jaw fragments into a plaster restoration, modeled after the present-day Cuban crocodile. Colbert and Bird stated this was a "conservative" reconstruction, since an even greater length could have been obtained if a long-skulled modern species, such as the saltwater crocodile had been used as the template. Because it was not then known that "Deinosuchus" had a broad snout, Colbert and Bird miscalculated the proportions of the skull, and the reconstruction greatly exaggerated its overall width and length. Despite its inaccuracies, the reconstructed skull became the best-known specimen of "Deinosuchus", and brought public attention to this giant crocodilian for the first time.


title: Deinosuchus

text: Numerous additional specimens of "Deinosuchus" were discovered over the next several decades. Most were quite fragmentary, but they expanded knowledge of the giant predator's geographic range. As noted by Chris Brochu, the osteoderms are distinctive enough that even "bone granola" can adequately confirm the presence of "Deinosuchus". Better cranial material was also found; by 2002, David R. Schwimmer was able to create a composite computer reconstruction of 90% of the skull.


title: Deinosuchus

text: Since the discovery of the earliest fragmentary remains that will come to be known as "Deinosuchus", it was considered a relative of crocodiles and initially placed in the family (crocodylidae) in 1954 based on dental features. However, the finding of new specimens from Texas and Georgia in 1999 led to phylogenetic analysis placing "Deinosuchus" in a basal position within the clade Alligatoroidea along with "Leidyosuchus". This classification was bolstered in 2005 by the discovery of a well-preserved "Deinosuchus" brain case from the Blufftown Formation of Alabama, which shows some features reminiscent of those in the modern American alligator, although "Deinosuchus" was not considered a direct ancestor of modern alligators.


title: Deinosuchus

text: The species pertaining to "Deinosuchus" since the resurrection of the generic name in 1979 have been traditionally recognized as "D. rugosus" from Appalachia and the larger "D. hatcheri/riograndensis" from Laramidia, characterized by differences of the shape of their osteoderms and teeth. However, based on the lack of distinctive enough differences beyond size, they have increasingly been considered all the same species. In their overview of crocodyliform material from the Kaiparowits Formation of Utah, Irmis et al. (2013) noted that "D. rugosus" is dubious due to its holotype teeth being undiagnostic, and recommended using "Deinosuchus hatcheri" for "Deinosuchus" material from Laramidia, while stressing that cranial "Deinosuchus" material from Appalachia has not been described. In a 2020 study, Cossette and Brochu agreed that "D. rugosus" is dubious and undiagnostic, rendering it a "nomen dubium", and alternatively named a new species "D. schwimmeri" (named after fellow paleontologist David R. Schwimmer) from Appalachia, which included several specimens previously ascribed to "D. rugosus". They also noted that the highly incomplete "D. hatcheri" holotype can be distinguished by the unique shape of the edge of its indented osteoderms, although this may not be reliable because the osteoderms of the other species may simply not be as well preserved. However, due to the incomplete nature of the type species "D. hatcheri", Cossette and Brochu proposed to transfer the type species to the better preserved "D. riograndensis", which would allow for improved identification and differentiation of the "Deinosuchus" species.


title: Deinosuchus

text: Phylogenetic analysis places "Deinosuchus" as a basal member of Alligatoroidea, as shown in the simplified cladogram below:


title: King's Indian Defence

text: Black intends to follow up with 3...Bg7 and 4...d6 (the Grünfeld Defence arises when Black plays 3...d5 instead, and is considered a separate opening). White's major third move options are 3.Nc3, 3.Nf3 or 3.g3, with both the King's Indian and Grünfeld playable against these moves. The "Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings" classifies the King's Indian Defence under the codes E60 through E99.


title: King's Indian Defence

text: The King's Indian is a hypermodern opening, where Black deliberately allows White control of the with its pawns, with the view to subsequently challenge it. In the most critical lines of the King's Indian, White erects an imposing pawn centre with Nc3 followed by e4. Black stakes out its own claim to the centre with the Benoni-style ...c5, or ...e5. If White resolves the central pawn tension with d5, then Black follows with either ...b5 and queenside play, or ...f5 and an eventual kingside attack. Meanwhile, White attempts to expand on the opposite wing. The resulting unbalanced positions offer scope for both sides to play for a win.


title: King's Indian Defence

text: The earliest known use of the term "Indian Defence" was in 1884. The modern names "King's Indian Defence", "King's Indian Attack", etc. arose in the mid-twentieth century and are attributed to Hans Kmoch. Until the mid-1930s, the King's Indian Defence was generally regarded as highly suspect, but the analysis and play of three strong Soviet players in particular—Alexander Konstantinopolsky, Isaac Boleslavsky, and David Bronstein—helped to make the defence much more respected and popular. It is a dynamic opening, exceptionally complex, and a favourite of former world champions Garry Kasparov, Bobby Fischer, and Mikhail Tal, with prominent grandmasters Viktor Korchnoi, Miguel Najdorf, Efim Geller, John Nunn, Svetozar Gligorić, Wolfgang Uhlmann, and Ilya Smirin having also contributed much to the theory and practice of this opening.


title: King's Indian Defence

text: In the early 2000s the opening's popularity suffered after Vladimir Kramnik scored excellent results against it, so much so that even Kasparov gave up the opening after relentless losses to Kramnik. However, Kramnik himself won a fine game on the black side of the KID in 2012, and current top players Hikaru Nakamura, Teimour Radjabov, and Ding Liren all play the opening.


title: King's Indian Defence

text: A minor but still significant sideline occurs for White on move 6, with 6.Bg5, the Zinnowitz Variation, instead of 6.Be2 e5. The line was played several times by German Grandmaster Burkhard Malich in the 1960s and 1970s. It is currently unfashionable at master level; Black gets a good game with either 6...h6 or 6...Nbd7. This line is distinct from the much more popular Averbakh Variation, described below, since in the Zinnowitz, White has played 5.Nf3 instead of 5.Be2, as in the Averbakh, and then follows with 6.Bg5.


title: King's Indian Defence

text: Another, more significant and quite popular sideline occurs for Black on move 6, with 6...Bg4, in place of the mainline 6...e5. One idea for Black here is to relieve their somewhat cramped position by exchanging their light-squared bishop, which is often relegated to a passive role in the King's Indian. White's most popular response is 7.Be3, similar to the Gligoric System (see above); White seems to retain a small edge in every variation. Top players who have used this line for Black include two former World Champions: GMs Mikhail Tal and Boris Spassky.


title: King's Indian Defence

text: After 6...c5 7.O-O cxd4 8.Nxd4 Nc6, the game transposes into the Accelerated Dragon variation of the Sicilian Defence.


title: King's Indian Defence

text: The Sämisch Variation is 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6 5.f3. It is named after Friedrich Sämisch, who developed the system in the 1920s. This often leads to very sharp play with the players castling on opposite wings and attacking each other's kings, as in the Bagirov–Gufeld game given below, though it may also give rise to heavyweight positional struggles. Black has a variety of pawn breaks, such as ...e5, ...c5 and ...b5 (prepared by ...c6 and/or ...a6). This can transpose to the Modern Benoni after 5...0-0 6.Bg5 c5 7.d5 e6. World champions Mikhail Botvinnik, Mikhail Tal, Tigran Petrosian, Boris Spassky, Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov have all played this variation. This line defends the e4-pawn to create a secure centre and enables White to begin an attack kingside with Be3, Qd2, Bh6, g2–g4 and h2–h4. It allows placement of a bishop on e3 without allowing ...Ng4; however, its drawback is that it deprives the knight on g1 of its most natural square, thus impeding development of the kingside. Black can strike for the centre as previously mentioned or delay with 6...Nc6, 7...a6 and 8...Rb8 so that Black can play ...b7–b5 to open lines on the queenside.


title: King's Indian Defence

text: The Classical Defence to the Sämisch is 5...0-0 6.Be3 e5, when White has a choice between closing the centre with 7.d5, or maintaining the tension with 7.Nge2. Kasparov was a major proponent of this defence.


title: King's Indian Defence

text: The Sämisch Gambit arises after 5...0-0 6.Be3 c5. This is a pawn sacrifice, and was once considered dubious. As Black's play has been worked out, this evaluation has changed, and the gambit now enjoys a good reputation. A practical drawback, however, is that a well-prepared but unambitious White player can often enter lines leading to a forced draw. The line where White accepts the gambit runs 5...0-0 6.Be3 c5 7.dxc5 dxc5 8.Qxd8 (8.e5 Nfd7 9.f4 f6 10.exf6 is also possible here, though less often seen) Rxd8 9.Bxc5 Nc6. Black's activity is believed to give sufficient compensation. White's most frequent play is to decline the gambit, and instead play 7.Nge2, and head for Benoni type positions after a d4–d5 advance. However, after 7...cxd4 (preventing the d4-d5 advance) 8.Nxd4 Nc6, the game transposes into the Accelerated Dragon variation of the Sicilian Defence.


title: King's Indian Defence

text: 5...0-0 6.Be3 Nc6 7.Nge2 a6 8.Qd2 Rb8 leads to the Panno Variation of the Sämisch. Black prepares to respond appropriately depending on White's choice of plan. If White plays 0-0-0 and goes for a kingside attack, then 7...a6 prepares ...b7–b5 with a counterattack against White's castled position. If instead White plays more cautiously, then Black challenges White's centre with ...e5.


title: King's Indian Defence

text: The Averbakh Variation is 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6 5.Be2 0-0 6.Bg5 (named for Yuri Averbakh), which prevents the immediate 6...e5 (6...e5 7. dxe5 dxe5 8. Qxd8 Rxd8 9. Nd5 Nxd5 (If black doesn't play Nxd5, black loses the f6 knight)10. Bxd8 Nb6 11. Bxc7 White is up an exchange and a pawn, the endgame should be winning for white.)


title: King's Indian Defence

text: Black often repels the bishop with ...h6 giving them the option of a later g5, though in practice this is a weakening move. White has various ways to develop, such as Qd2, Nf3, f4 or even h4. However, Black obtains good play against all of these development schemes.


title: King's Indian Defence

text: It is possible that the Averbakh System (of the Modern Defense) can transition to the Averbakh Variation of the King's Indian Defence.


title: King's Indian Defence

text: The Four Pawns Attack continues with 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6 5.f4 0-0 6.Nf3. This is the most aggressive method for White, and was often seen in the 1920s. With their fifth move, White erects a massive centre at the price of falling behind in development. If Black can open the position, White may well find themselves overextended. From this 6...c5 is the main line.


title: King's Indian Defence

text: The Fianchetto Variation 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nf3 Bg7 4.g3 0-0 5.Bg2 d6 6.0-0, is named for White's development of light-squared bishop to g2, and is one of the most popular lines at the grandmaster level, Korchnoi once its most notable practitioner. This method of development is on completely different lines than other King's Indian variations. Here, Black's normal plan of attack can hardly succeed, as White's kingside is more solidly defended than in most KID variations. The most common responses are:


title: King's Indian Defence

text: Finally, White has other setups, such as Nf3 and h3 and Nge2 (with or without Bd3), but these are currently not as popular at the grandmaster level. 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6 5.Nge2 followed by 6.Ng3 is called the Hungarian Attack.


title: King's Indian Defence

text: One of the earliest examples: John Cochrane-Bonnerjee Mohishunder, Calcutta, India, 18511.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6 5.f4 O-O 6.Nf3 e5 7.fxe5 dxe5 8.Nxe5 c5 9.d5 Nxe4 10.Nxe4 Qh4+ 11.Nf2 Bxe5 12.g3 Qf6 13.Qe2 Bc3+ 14.Kd1 Bd4 15.Ne4 Qa6 16.Bh6 Rd8 17.Bg2 Nd7 18.Rf1 f5 19.Ng5 Ne5 20.Nf3 Nxf3 21.Bxf3 Bd7 22.Kc2 Re8 23.Qd3 f4 24.Rae1 Bf5 25.Be4 Rxe4 26.Rxe4 Bxe4 0-1


title: King's Indian Defence

text: One of the most famous King's Indian games was a by the late Ukrainian-American grandmaster Eduard Gufeld, who called it his "Mona Lisa":


title: Nat Love

text: Nat Love (sometimes spelled Nate Love) (pronounced "Nate", rhymes with "late") (June 14, 1854 – February 11, 1921) was an American cowboy and former slave in the period following the American Civil War. His exploits have made him one of the most famous heroes of the Old West.


title: Nat Love

text: Love was born into slavery on the plantation of Robert Love in Davidson County, Tennessee in June 1854. His father was a foreman enslaved on the plantation's fields, and his mother the manager of its kitchen. Love had two siblings: an older sister, Sally, and an older brother, Jordan. Despite slavery-era statutes that outlawed black literacy, he learned to read and write as a child with the help of his father, Sampson. When slavery ended, Love's parents stayed on the Love plantation as sharecroppers, attempting to raise tobacco and corn on about 20 acres, but Sampson died shortly after the second crop was planted. Afterward, Nat took a second job working on a local farm to help make ends meet. At about this time, he was noted as having a gift for breaking horses. After some time of working extra odd jobs in the area, he won a horse in a raffle on two occasions, which he then sold back to the owner for $50 each time. He used the money to leave town and, at the age of 16, headed West.


title: Nat Love

text: Love traveled to Dodge City, Kansas, where he found work as a cowboy with cattle drivers from the Duval Ranch (located on the Palo Duro River in the Texas Panhandle). According to his autobiography, Love fought cattle rustlers and endured inclement weather. He trained himself to become an expert marksman and cowboy, for which he earned from his co-workers the moniker "Red River Dick." In 1872, Love moved to Arizona, where he found work at the Gallinger Ranch located along the Gila River. He wrote in his autobiography that while working the cattle drives in Arizona he met Pat Garrett, Bat Masterson, Billy the Kid, and others.


title: Nat Love

text: After driving a herd of cattle to the rail head in Deadwood, Dakota Territory, he claimed to have entered a rodeo on the 4th of July in 1876, enticed by the $200 prize money. The only difficulty with this story is that Deadwood newspapers, which covered every event of the Fourth of July celebrations, make no mention of a rodeo that day. He claimed to have won the rope, throw, tie, bridle, saddle, and bronco riding contests. It was at this rodeo that he claims friends and fans gave him the nickname "Deadwood Dick," a reference to a literary character created by Edward Lytton Wheeler, a dime novelist of the day.


title: Nat Love

text: In October 1877, Nat Love writes that he was captured by a band of Pima Indians while rounding up stray cattle near the Gila River in Arizona. Although he claimed to have received over 14 bullet wounds in his career (with 'several' received in his fight with the Native Americans while trying to avoid capture), Love wrote that his life was spared because the Indians respected his heritage, a large portion of the band themselves being of mixed blood. He almost married the chief's daughter. The band of Native Americans nursed him back to health, wishing to adopt him into the tribe. Eventually, Love writes, he stole a pony and escaped into West Texas.


title: Nat Love

text: Love decided he needed to leave the cowboy life. He married a woman named Alice in 1889 and settled down, initially in Denver, taking a job in 1890 as a Pullman porter, which involved overseeing sleeping cars on the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad. While working for the railroad, he and his family resided in several western states, before finally moving to southern California.


title: Nat Love

text: In 1907, Love published his autobiography entitled "Life and Adventures of Nat Love, Better Known in the Cattle Country as 'Deadwood Dick,' by Himself", which greatly enhanced his legacy. Love spent the latter part of his life as a courier and guard for a Los Angeles securities company. He died there in 1921, at the age of 66.


title: Nat Love

text: Joe R. Lansdale used Love in the novellas "Nine Hide and Horns", which was published in the anthology "Subterranean Online" (2009) and "Soldierin", which was published in the anthology "Warriors" (2010), in the novella "Black Hat Jack" (2014) and the novel "Paradise Sky" (2015).


title: Nat Love

text: In 2012, a graphic novel was published about Nat Love, "Best Shot in the West", by Patricia and Fredrick McKissack (script) and Randy DuBurke (drawings).


title: Nat Love

text: In 2018, the Italian publishing house Sergio Bonelli Editore adapted the stories of Lansdale to comic series "Deadwood Dick", with scripts by Michele Masiero, Maurizio Colombo, and Mauro Boselli and art by Corrado Mastantuono, Pasquale Frisenda, and Stefano Andreucci.


title: Nat Love

text: In 2022, the Denver Art Museum displayed "Nat Love, A Cowboy's Life" a comic adaptation of his autobiography, written and drawn by R. Alan Brooks and colored by Lonnie MF Allen.


title: Nat Love

text: In the television film, "The Cherokee Kid" (1996), Nat Love is portrayed by Ernie Hudson. In "They Die by Dawn" (2013), Love is portrayed by Michael K. Williams.


title: Right to die

text: The right to die is a concept based on the opinion that human beings are entitled to end their life or undergo voluntary euthanasia. Possession of this right is often understood that a person with a terminal illness, incurable pain, or without the will to continue living, should be allowed to end their own life, use assisted suicide, or to decline life-prolonging treatment. The question of who, if anyone, may be empowered to make this decision is often subject of debate.


title: Right to die

text: Religious views on suicide vary from the Hindu and Jain practices of non-violent suicide through fasting (Prayopavesa and "Santhara", respectively) to considering it a grave sin, as in Catholicism.


title: Right to die

text: The preservation and value of life have led to many medical advancements when it comes to treating patients. New devices and the development of palliative care have allowed humans to live longer than before. Prior to these medical advancements and care, the lifespans of those who were unconscious, minimally unconscious, and in a vegetative state were short as they were unable to receive assistance with basic needs such as breathing and feeding. The advancement of medical technology raises the question about the quality of life of patients who are no longer conscious. For example, the right to self-determination questions the definition of quality and sanctity of life—if one had the right to live, then the right to die must follow suit. There are questions in ethics as to whether or not a right to die can coexist with a right to life. If it is argued that the right to life is inalienable, then it cannot be surrendered and therefore may be incompatible with a right to die. A second debate exists within bioethics over whether the right to die is universal, only applies under certain circumstances (such as terminal illness), or if it exists at all. It is also stated that 'right to live' is not synonymous to 'obligation to live.' From that point of view, the right to live can coexist with the right to die.


title: Right to die

text: A court in the American state of Montana for example, has found that the right to die only applies to those with life-threatening medical conditions. Physician-assisted suicide advocate Ludwig Minelli, euthanasia expert Sean W. Asher, and bioethics professor Jacob M. Appel, in contrast, argue that "all" competent people have a right to end their own lives. Appel has suggested that the right to die is a test for the overall freedom of a given society. A professor in social work, Alexandre Baril, proposed to create an ethic of responsibility "based on a harm-reduction, non-coercive approach to suicide. [He] suggest that assisted suicide should be an option for suicidal people." He argued that the voice of suicidal people is viewed as illegitimate and that there are 'injunctions to live and to futurity' where suicidal subjects are oppressed and silenced. Baril suggests the word suicidism to describe the "[...] oppressive system (stemming from non-suicidal perspectives) functioning at the normative, discursive, medical, legal, social, political, economic, and epistemic levels in which suicidal people experience multiple forms of injustice and violence [...]" He suggests creating safer spaces and listening to suicidal people without forcing the 'will to live' upon them.


title: Right to die

text: The 1991 Patient Self-Determination Act passed by the US Congress at the request of the financial arm of Medicare does permit elderly Medicare/Medicaid patients (and by implication, all "terminal" patients) to prepare an advance directive in which they elect or choose to refuse life-extending and/or life-saving treatments as a means of shortening their lives and thus suffering unto certain death. Under US law (1991 PSDA), the treatment refused in an advance directive does not have to be proved to be "medically futile" under some existing due-process procedure developed under state laws, such as TADA in Texas.


title: Right to die

text: As of 2022, some forms of voluntary euthanasia are legal in Australia, Canada, Colombia, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands,New Zealand, Spain and Switzerland.


title: Right to die

text: As euthanasia is a health issue, under the Australian constitution this falls to state and territory governments to legislate and manage.


title: Right to die

text: Euthanasia was legal within the Northern Territory during parts of 1996–1997 as a result of the territory parliament passing Rights of the Terminally Ill Act 1995. As a territory and not a state, the federal government under Prime Minister John Howard amended the Northern Territory (Self-Government) Act 1978 (amongst others) to ensure that territories of Australia are no longer able to legislate on euthanasia.However, it was repealed in December 2022. The federal government is not able to legislate restrictions on health issues for the six Australian states in the same manner.


title: Right to die

text: On 29 November 2017, the Victorian Government passed the Voluntary Assisted Dying Act 2017 (Victoria), legalising physician-assisted suicide. The laws came into effect on 19 June 2019 and feature 68 safeguards designed to protect the vulnerable. As of February 2020, Victoria is the only Australian state with legalised assisted death, though it will soon be available in Western Australia following the passing of the "Voluntary Assisted Dying Act 2019".


title: Right to die

text: Voluntary assisted dying schemes have been in effect in the following states; Victoria since 19 June 2019, Western Australia since 1 July 2021, and Tasmania since 23 October 2022. South Australia approved legislation in June 2021 that goes into effect on 31 January 2023. Queensland passed legislation in September 2021 that goes into effect on 1 January 2023. New South Wales became the final state to pass legislation for assisted dying in May 2022, which will go into effect on 28 November 2023. Voluntary euthanasia and assisted suicide was outlawed in all territories of Australia under federal law enacted in 1997, but this was repealed in December 2022.


title: Right to die

text: As of August 2011 a British Columbia Supreme Court judge had been requested to speed up a right-to die lawsuit so that Gloria Taylor could have a doctor assist her in dying by suicide. She had Lou Gehrig's disease. She died of an infection in 2012.


title: Right to die

text: A British Columbia civil liberties lawsuit is representing six plaintiffs and challenges the laws that make it a criminal offence to assist seriously and incurably ill individuals to die with dignity.


title: Right to die

text: On 6 February 2015 the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that denying the right to assisted suicide is unconstitutional. The court's ruling limits physician-assisted suicides to "a competent adult person who clearly consents to the termination of life and has a grievous and irremediable medical condition, including an illness, disease or disability, that causes enduring suffering that is intolerable to the individual in the circumstances of his or her condition." The ruling was suspended for 12 months to allow the Canadian parliament to draft a new, constitutional law to replace the existing one.


title: Right to die

text: The court decision includes a requirement that there must be stringent limits that are "scrupulously monitored." This will require the death certificate to be completed by an independent medical examiner, not the treating physician, to ensure the accuracy of reporting the cause of death.


title: Right to die

text: The Canadian Medical Association (CMA) reported that not all doctors were willing assist in patient's death due to legal complications and went against what a physician stood for. Many physicians stated that they should have a voice when it comes to helping a patient end their life. However, the belief in late 2015 was that no physician would be forced to do so but the CMA was offering educational sessions to members as to the process that would be used.


title: Right to die

text: On 17 June 2016, legislation passed both houses of the Parliament of Canada and received Royal Assent to allow euthanasia within Canada.


title: Right to die

text: The euthanizing agents of choice for animals and pets are the barbiturates Pentobarbital (known popularly for their abuse potential as "Yellow Jackets") in combination with the phenol hypnotic propofol: with new regulations regarding the previous synthetic-opioid euthanizing agent T-61 as illegal or inhumane, with or without the previous use of Ketamine (S-Isomer) to relieve the symptoms of intense anxiety caused by T-61 alone. Given the mixed mechanism of actions of both propofol and nembutal, this is arguably one, if not the absolute most comfortable way of dying for mammals.


title: Right to die

text: On 20 May 1997, the Constitutional Court of Colombia decriminalised piety homicide, for terminally ill patients, stating that "the medical author cannot be held responsible for the assisted suicide of a terminally ill patient" and urged Congress to regulate euthanasia "in the shortest time possible".


title: Right to die

text: On 15 December 2014, the Constitutional Court had given the Ministry of Health and Social Protection 30 days to publish guidelines for the healthcare sector to use in order to guarantee terminally ill patients, with the wish to undergo euthanasia, their right to a dignified death.


title: Right to die

text: In February 2020, the Federal Constitutional Court ruled that the right to personal identity in German constitutional law encompasses a right to self-determined death, which in turn contains a right to suicide. Notably, this right is not limited to terminally ill patients, instead finding its limits within the requirement for the choice to be autonomous. The ruling has sparked controversy, with opponents arguing that the ruling may enable peer pressure into assisted suicide.


title: Right to die

text: Since 2018, the Supreme Court of India has legalized passive euthanasia in India during a case involving Aruna Shanbaug under strict conditions, namely that the patient's consent (or relatives) is needed, and that the patient must be terminally ill or vegetative state.


title: Right to die

text: The Netherlands legalized voluntary euthanasia in 2002. Under current Dutch law, euthanasia and assisted suicide can only be performed by doctors, and that is only legal in cases of ""hopeless and unbearable"" suffering. In practice this means that it is limited to those with serious and incurable medical conditions (including mental illness) and in considerable suffering like pain, hypoxia or exhaustion. Helping somebody to die by suicide without meeting the qualifications of the current Dutch euthanasia law is illegal. These criteria concern the patient's request, the patient's suffering (unbearable), the infaust prognosis (hopeless), the information provided to the patient, the absence of reasonable alternatives, consultation of another physician and the applied method of ending life.


title: Right to die

text: Euthanasia is legal in New Zealand. In 2015, lawyer with cancer Lecretia Seales brought a case ("Seales v Attorney-General") to the High Court to challenge New Zealand law for her right to die with the assistance of her GP, asking for a declaration that her GP would not risk conviction. However legislation to legalize euthanasia for terminally ill patients was voted upon in the 2020 general election and was voted in favour of legalisation. The End Of Life Choice Bill took effect on 7 November 2021.


title: Right to die

text: Peru legally forbids euthanasia. In 2020, a legal challenge to the law was launched by Ana Estrada, aimed at decriminalizing the practice.


title: Right to die

text: The term "right to die" has been interpreted in many ways, including issues of suicide, passive euthanasia, active euthanasia, assisted suicide, and physician-assisted suicide.


title: Right to die

text: In the United States, public support for the right to die by physician assisted suicide has increased over time. In a 2005 survey, the Pew Research Center found that 70% of participants say that there are circumstances in which a patient should be allowed to die; however, only 46% of participants approved of laws permitting doctors to assist patients in ending their lives. In May 2018, a Gallup poll report announced that 72% of responders said that doctors should legally be allowed to help terminally ill patients die. However, framing effects of using language such as "suicide" rather than "ending one's life" have the potential to lower approval rates by 10-15%.


title: Right to die

text: A 2014 survey of physicians revealed that 54% of respondents agreed that physician assisted suicide should be allowed. In a rigorous survey of physicians in 1996, less than 20% of physicians reported that they received requests from patients to be euthanized, and less than 5% complied. In 2020, the Oregon Death with Dignity Act data summary revealed that the number of prescriptions for lethal doses of medications increased by 25% since 2019, and have been steadily increasing since 1998. Of patients who received these prescriptions, 66% eventually died from ingesting the medications.