text: "The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening" is an action-adventure game with a top-down perspective. Its story is set on Koholint Island, where Link, the player character, is stranded after his ship is caught up in a storm. After being rescued by a girl named Marin, Link embarks on a quest to collect the eight instruments of the Sirens and awaken Koholint's legendary Wind Fish in order to escape the island. Similar to other "Zelda" games, the player traverses an open world with dungeons scattered throughout, featuring puzzle-solving sections and boss fights, along with trading sidequests. In contrast to other top-down games in the series however, "Link's Awakening" allows the player to jump over obstacles and onto platforms, and also features side-scrolling platforming sections.


title: The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening (2019 video game)

text: The "Color Dungeon" from "", which features color-based action and puzzle gameplay, is included. In the "Link's Awakening" remake, Link's sword, shield, and upgrades are permanently equipped, allowing more items to be equipped to action buttons in comparison to the original game. Various minigames also received updates, such as realistic physics in the claw crane minigame. As players progress in the game, rooms from completed dungeons can be collected as pieces that the player can use to reassemble their own dungeons by visiting the non-player character Dampé at his shack. The player can then complete these dungeons in a time attack mode to earn rewards such as a life-replenishing fairy bottle, contributing to an increased replay value over the original game.


text: Players can also unlock "plus-effects", which can be added to customized dungeons to enhance their gameplay. The Link figurine from the "Link's Awakening" series of Amiibo offers a unique plus-effect, summoning Shadow Link to chase the player through the dungeon; defeating Shadow Link increases the value of rewards earned upon completing the dungeon. Other figurines from the "Zelda" series of Amiibo and "Zelda"-themed figurines from the "Super Smash Bros." series of Amiibo will unlock a random one of five special chambers in "Link's Awakening", which cannot otherwise be obtained in game.


text: "The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening" is a remake of the developed for the Game Boy. "Link's Awakening" had previously been remastered for the Game Boy Color in 1998 as "The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening DX". While the original game was presented in 2D graphics in an almost square ratio on the Game Boy, the remake is presented in 3D graphics and a widescreen ratio on the Nintendo Switch. Some sections of the game's dungeons do not fill the width of the screen though, as certain puzzles and boss fights were designed to work with the tile count of the game's original square ratio.


text: The game adopts a "retro-modern" art style distinct from other "Zelda" games, departing from the original game's ""-inspired art style while retaining its simplicity. The toy-like plasticine character designs also depart from the ""-inspired designs typical of many top-down "Zelda" games since the release of "". It features a tilt-shift effect that exaggerates the camera's perspective and depth of field. The effect was inspired by the appearance of the original game's "small [...] but very vast" world on the Game Boy's 66 millimeter screen; series producer Eiji Aonuma chose a diorama-like art style to help achieve this effect.


text: Dampé's shack, which houses the player's customized "Chamber Dungeons", replaced the Camera Shop from "Link's Awakening DX", which served as a Game Boy Printer hub. The Chamber dungeon came after Shigeru Miyamoto inquired with Aonuma if there was any way to implement "Super Mario Maker"-like gameplay into the "Zelda" series. Feeling that simply allowing players to create their own dungeon would be too difficult, Aonuma instead introduced Chamber Dungeons, by way of letting players rearrange dungeons as a way of achieving this goal – purposing it as a puzzle itself for players to solve.


text: While the original game and "DX" use simple sprite-based graphics for the cutscenes due to the limitations of the Game Boy and Game Boy Color, the remake features hand-drawn animated cutscenes, directed and storyboarded by Junichi Yamamoto. Oswald Katou handled the concept art, backgrounds, and color design.


text: "The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening" was announced via a trailer showcased during a Nintendo Direct presentation in February 2019, and was showcased with a demo at E3 2019 that June. The game is published by Nintendo, and was released on September 20, 2019, distributed digitally via the Nintendo eShop, and on physical game cards through third-party retailers. A "Dreamer Edition" of "Link's Awakening" included the physical version of the game packaged with a "Dreamer Art Book" featuring concept art. A "Limited Edition" exclusive to Europe included the physical version of the game encased in a Game Boy-themed SteelBook packaged with an expanded 120-page art book. A limited two-sided poster of the game was given out to those who pre-ordered at select retailers. A "Link's Awakening"-series Amiibo figurine of Link was released simultaneously with the game, replicating the character's design as he appears in "Link's Awakening". Aonuma described it as the first Amiibo figurine to faithfully replicate Link's in-game appearance.


text: "The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening" received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Most critics agreed that the main game needed little change, but that the quality of life updates were welcome. "Forbes"s review states that "Link's Awakening" is "an excellent remake of an already faultless Zelda game". While "USgamer" stated that the remake "improves most of the flaws" from the Game Boy version while maintaining what made it a classic in the first place, they did note that "slowdown issues pop up from time to time".


text: "Link's Awakening" launched at #1 on the UK, Japanese, and EMEAA physical all-format charts, becoming Grezzo's biggest debut and the fastest-selling Switch game of 2019. It sold 141,375 physical copies in Japan and 430,000 copies in Europe during its first three days on sale. , the game sold 250,947 physical copies in Japan. , the game has sold 5.49 million copies worldwide. The 2022 CESA Games White Papers revealed that the game had sold 6.08 million units, as of December 31, 2021.


title: Jeep Renegade

text: The Jeep Renegade is a subcompact crossover SUV produced by Stellantis under their Jeep marque. It was first shown to the public in March 2014 at the Geneva Motor Show and production started in late August of that year. , the Renegade is the smallest vehicle that is currently marketed by Jeep, slotting below the Compass. It is based on the FCA Small Wide 4×4 platform which is also shared with other FCA models, including from Fiat and Alfa Romeo brands.


title: Jeep Renegade

text: The Renegade came standard with front-wheel drive, with optional four-wheel drive systems Active Drive I and Active Drive Low, both of which are paired with Jeep's Selec-Terrain System.


title: Jeep Renegade

text: At one time it was believed that the Renegade would replace the Jeep Compass and Jeep Patriot in the Jeep lineup. The Patriot was discontinued after model year 2017, but the second generation Compass was launched in early 2017.


title: Jeep Renegade

text: The Renegade is the first Jeep product to be produced exclusively outside of North America and is sold in the North American, European, Brazilian, South African, Australian, Japanese and Chinese markets. The vehicle is built in Melfi, Italy with the designation "BU/520", alongside the related Fiat 500X; Goiana, Brazil with the designation "B1" (alongside Jeep Compass and Fiat Toro); and in Guangzhou, China codenamed "BQ".


title: Jeep Renegade

text: Standard Renegade models come with front-wheel drive, with four-wheel drive available on Sport, Latitude and Limited trims. In the US, the lineup consists of Sport, Latitude and Limited trims, all of which come with a choice of front- and four-wheel drive, as well as the Trailhawk trim, which is 4WD only.


title: Jeep Renegade

text: The Renegade has an available "My Sky" dual panel removable roof. The "My Sky" can be either retracted like a standard sunroof or removed completely for a more open-air experience, similar to that of the Jeep Wrangler.


title: Jeep Renegade

text: In North America, the Renegade is sold in Sport, Latitude, Altitude, Limited and Trailhawk trim levels:


title: Jeep Renegade

text: The base Sport model includes a 1.4L MultiAir Turbocharged Inline Four-Cylinder (I4) engine or a 2.4L multiair inline 4 engine, a six-speed manual transmission or 9 speed automatic transmission, sixteen-inch, black-finished steel wheels, a black-finished front grille, black side mirrors and door handles, the Uconnect 3.0 AM/FM stereo w/ USB, iPod, and 3.5-millimeter auxiliary audio input jacks and four speakers, a heater, dual air conditioning, cloth seating surfaces, a 3.5-inch monochromatic instrument cluster display screen, remote keyless entry with power door locks, and more. The Power and Air Group adds air conditioning and power windows. The Sound Group adds the Uconnect 5.0BT AM/FM stereo with USB, iPod, and 3.5-millimeter auxiliary audio input jacks with five-inch color touch-screen display, voice command, Uconnect hands-free Bluetooth phone and stereo wireless audio streaming, and six speakers.


title: Jeep Renegade

text: The mid-level Latitude model includes the Sport's standard equipment, plus seventeen-inch black-accented alloy wheels, exterior-colored side mirrors and door handles, the Uconnect 5.0BT AM/FM stereo w/ USB, iPod, and 3.5-millimeter auxiliary audio input jacks with five-inch color touch-screen display, voice command, Uconnect hands-free Bluetooth phone and stereo wireless audio streaming and six speakers, power windows, air conditioning, and more. The MySky removable "sunroof" roof panels, both manually-removable or power-retractable, are available on this model and higher-end models. In Europe, this is called Longitude.


title: Jeep Renegade

text: The top-of-the-line Limited model includes the Latitude's standard equipment, plus the 2.4L TigerShark Inline Four-Cylinder (I4) engine, a nine-speed automatic transmission, leather seating surfaces, a silver-finished front grille, chrome side mirrors and door handles, and more. The MySky removable "sunroof" panels, both manually-removable or power-retractable, are available on this model, the Latitude model, and higher-end models.


title: Jeep Renegade

text: The off road-ready Trailhawk model includes the Latitude's standard equipment, plus the 2.4L TigerShark Inline Four-Cylinder (I4) engine (2.0L Multijet II only for Europe), a nine-speed automatic transmission, red-finished front tow hooks, off-road suspension with underbody skid plates, a rugged interior, and more. The MySky removable "sunroof" panels, both manually-removable or power-retractable, are available on this model, the Latitude model, and higher-end models.


title: Jeep Renegade

text: TrailHawk models are "Trail Rated" and feature Jeep's Active Drive Low four-wheel drive system and a lift kit. It also features aluminum wheels, skid plates, and unique front and rear fascias compared to standard Renegade models. Like the Jeep Cherokee Trailhawk, the Renegade Trailhawk features red front and rear tow hooks, a red 'Trail Rated 4X4' badge on both front upper fenders, a black vinyl decal in the center of the hood, and alloy wheels with black-painted accents. The Trailhawk model emphasizes the Renegade's off-road capabilities, and is meant for the avid off-roader.


title: Jeep Renegade

text: The Jeep Selec-terrain traction control feature lets you choose any of the following modes in the 4X4 TrailHawk version: Auto, Snow, Sand, Mud or Rock.


title: Jeep Renegade

text: All models other than the base Sport model offer optional features such as passive entry with push-button start, a remote start system, the Uconnect 6.5AN stereo with AM/FM HD Radio, iPod/USB and 3.5-millimeter auxiliary audio input jacks, SIRIUS-XM Satellite Radio, voice command, Uconnect ACCESS and Apps with hands-free Bluetooth phone and stereo wireless audio streaming, GPS navigation by Garmin, a 6.5-inch touch-screen display, and steering wheel-mounted remote controls, nine premium amplified speakers with a subwoofer, power front bucket seats, the MySky retractable roof panel system (manually-removable or power-retractable), heated dual front bucket seats, and more.


title: Jeep Renegade

text: All Renegade models are powered by 3 or 4-cylinder engines, sourced both from Fiat and Chrysler depending on market.


title: Jeep Renegade

text: The Renegade offers either cloth or leather seating surfaces. It offers seating for four passengers, with a 50/50 split-folding rear bench seat, and a fold-flat front passenger's seat for more cargo capacity.


title: Jeep Renegade

text: In North America, it offers a standard Uconnect 5.0BT radio with an AM/FM radio, Sirius XM satellite radio, voice command, a Microsoft-derived touch screen interface, and iPod and USB inputs, as well as a 3.5-millimeter auxiliary audio input jack. Uconnect Phone will also be standard. A rearview backup camera will be optional. The optional radio will be the UConnect 6.0 radio, offering all the features of the UConnect 5.0BT radio, while adding a touch screen interface designed by BlackBerry (a smaller version of the UConnect 8.4A and 8.4AN radios), and navigation system capabilities by Garmin.


title: Jeep Renegade

text: In June 2018, the Renegade was updated with some slight aesthetic touches: the front and rear bumpers have been redesigned, new LED headlamps (their design is inspired by the ones used for the Wrangler) were adopted, and the front grille is larger.


title: Jeep Renegade

text: The infotainment system was upgraded with a new, more up-to-date processor and a more generous display that varies from 7" up to 8.4" in the navigator version. The displays are all multitouch and the customizable menus also offering the possibility to adjust the air conditioning. Android Auto and Apple CarPlay compatibility was introduced.


title: Jeep Renegade

text: The Latitude version now also has USB jack on the back of the armrest dedicated to passengers sitting in the rear seats.


title: Jeep Renegade

text: The European version introduced the new gasoline engines of the Global Small Engine (FireFly) family produced by FCA Poland Powertrain in Bielsko Biala (POLAND) in two versions: 1.0 L Turbo 3-cylinder 120 hp with direct injection, Multiair system and GPF filter, and 1.3 L Turbo Multiair with direct injection and GPF filter and . The 1.0 L is available with a 5-speed manual transmission and front-wheel drive, the 1.3 L with a 6-speed manual transmission, a 6-speed automatic double clutch or a 9-speed ZF automatic with front or 4-wheel drive. The diesel engines introduced the SCR system and are approved Euro6D-Temp.


title: Jeep Renegade

text: In September 2018 the facelifted Renegade was unveiled for the North American market (MY2019) which introduced the 1.3 L GSE Turbo Multiair engine with as a replacement for the 1.4 L Fire Turbo Multiair, while the 2.4 L Tigershark engine remains available. The North American model has the same changes applied to the European model.


title: Jeep Renegade

text: In October 2018, the updated version for the South American market produced by FCA of Goiana (Pernambuco) in Brazil was introduced and presents only aesthetic updates with the adoption for all versions of the Trailhawk bumpers; the front and rear headlamps remain those of the previous model. The engines for the South American market are the 1.8 L E.Torq Evo gasoline and the 2.0 L Multijet diesel.


title: Jeep Renegade

text: For 2022, all models receive a standard U Connect 4C 8.4-inch (8.4") touchscreen infotainment system, which includes SiriusXM Satellite Radio, SiriusXM Travel Link, and SiriusXM Guardian services, all with included trial subscriptions, as well as integrated GPS navigation and HD Radio. A new (RED) Edition, in partnership with Product Red, is also available. Based on the mid-level Latitude trim, the (RED) Edition adds nineteen-inch (19") tires and Granite Crystal-finished aluminum-alloy wheels, Colorado Red exterior badging, Ruby Red front and rear door speaker grille bezels and outer instrument panel bezels, Gloss Black transmission shifter and center console bezels, and Ruby Red accent stitching on the seats, steering wheel, center console lid, and transmission shifter boot. Available in Colorado Red, Alpine White, Black, and Sting-Gray, proceeds from all sales of the (RED) Edition will be donated to the Global Fund.


title: Jeep Renegade

text: For the base Sport trim, the Beige interior color option has been discontinued, and the Jeep Active Safety Group now comes as standard equipment on all Renegade models. Nineteen-inch (19") tires and diamond-cut aluminum-alloy wheels are now available on the Limited trim when equipped with the optional Sun, Sound, and Wheels Package, which adds a dual-pane power panoramic moonroof and a nine-speaker Alpine premium amplified surround-sound audio system with a subwoofer.


title: Jeep Renegade

text: For 2023, Jeep has unveiled a refreshed model of the Renegade for the Brazilian market. Featuring revised front-end styling and a revised 1.3L "Turbo-Flex" Turbocharged Inline Four-Cylinder (I4) gasoline engine known as the "T270", the new model is also expected to debut for the rest of the world for the 2023 model year.


title: Marni Nixon

text: Margaret Nixon McEathron (February 22, 1930 – July 24, 2016), known professionally as Marni Nixon, was an American soprano and ghost singer for featured actresses in musical films. She is now recognized as the singing voice of leading actresses on the soundtracks of several musicals, including Deborah Kerr in "The King and I", Natalie Wood in "West Side Story", and Audrey Hepburn in "My Fair Lady", although her roles were concealed from audiences when the films were released. Several of the songs she dubbed appeared on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs list.


title: Marni Nixon

text: Besides her voice work in films, Nixon's career included roles of her own in film, television, opera and musicals on Broadway and elsewhere throughout the United States, performances in concerts with major symphony orchestras, and recordings.


title: Marni Nixon

text: Born in Altadena, California, to Charles Nixon and Margaret Elsa (née Wittke) McEathron, Nixon was a child film actress who also played the violin and began singing at an early age in choruses, including performing solos with the Roger Wagner Chorale. She went on to study singing and opera with, among others, Vera Schwarz, Carl Ebert, Boris Goldovsky and Sarah Caldwell. In 1947, having adopted the stage name "Marni Nixon", she made her Hollywood Bowl solo debut in "Carmina Burana" with the Los Angeles Philharmonic under conductor Leopold Stokowski.


title: Marni Nixon

text: Nixon's career in film started in 1948 when she sang the voices of the angels heard by Ingrid Bergman in "Joan of Arc" (1948). The same year, she did her first dubbing work when she provided Margaret O'Brien's singing voice in 1948's "Big City" and then 1949's "The Secret Garden". She sang for Jeanne Crain in "Cheaper by the Dozen" (1950) and dubbed Marilyn Monroe's high notes in "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" in "Gentlemen Prefer Blondes" (1953). Also in 1953, she sang for Ida Lupino in "Jennifer". Nixon appeared on Broadway in 1954 in "The Girl in Pink Tights".


title: Marni Nixon

text: In 1956, she worked closely with Deborah Kerr to supply the star's singing voice for the film version of Rodgers and Hammerstein's "The King and I"; Kerr broke with Hollywood convention by publicly crediting Nixon's singing. In 1957 Nixon again worked with Kerr to dub her voice in "An Affair to Remember". That year, she also sang for Sophia Loren in "Boy on a Dolphin". In 1960, she dubbed Janet Leigh's voice in "Pepe" and had an on-screen chorus role in "Can-Can". In 1961's "West Side Story", the studio kept her work on the film (as the singing voice of Natalie Wood's Maria) a secret from Wood, and Nixon also dubbed Rita Moreno's singing in the film's "Tonight" quintet. She asked the film's producers for, but did not receive, direct royalties from her work on the film, but Leonard Bernstein contractually gave her 1/4 of one percent of his personal royalties from it. After a court case, she received royalties from sales of the soundtrack album and spoke out for the rights of ghost singers. In 1962, she also sang Wood's high notes in "Gypsy". For "My Fair Lady" in 1964, she again worked with the female lead of the film, Audrey Hepburn, to perform the songs of Hepburn's character Eliza. Because of her uncredited dubbing work in these films, "Time" magazine called her "The Ghostess with the Mostest". Nevertheless, the public did not know Nixon's face; she appeared on "To Tell the Truth" the same year, where two members of the panel were fooled.


title: Marni Nixon

text: Nixon made guest appearances with Leonard Bernstein's "Young People's Concerts", including in 1960, singing "Improvisation sur Mallarmé I" from "Pli selon pli" by Pierre Boulez, and on April 9, 1961, in a program entitled "Folk Music in the Concert Hall", singing three "Songs of the Auvergne" by Joseph Canteloube. Before "My Fair Lady" was released in theatres in 1964, Nixon played Eliza in a revival of the musical at New York City Center. Nixon's first onscreen appearance was as Sister Sophia in the 1965 film "The Sound of Music". In the DVD commentary to the film, director Robert Wise comments that audiences were finally able to see the woman whose voice they knew so well. In 1967, she was the singing voice of Princess Serena in a live action and animated version of "Jack and the Beanstalk" on NBC. Especially in the 1960s, but also earlier and later, Nixon made concert appearances, specializing in contemporary music as a soloist with the New York Philharmonic, and gave recitals at Carnegie Hall, Alice Tully Hall and Town Hall in New York City.


title: Marni Nixon

text: Nixon taught at the California Institute of the Arts in Santa Clarita from 1969 to 1971 and joined the faculty of the Music Academy of the West, Santa Barbara, in 1980, where she taught for many years. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, she hosted a children's television show in Seattle on KOMO-TV channel 4 called "Boomerang", winning four Emmy Awards as best actress, and made numerous other television appearances on variety shows and as a guest star in prime time series. Nixon's opera repertory included Zerbinetta in "Ariadne auf Naxos", Susanna in "The Marriage of Figaro", both Blonde and Konstanze in "Die Entführung aus dem Serail", Violetta in "La traviata", the title role in "La Périchole" and Philine in "Mignon". Her opera credits included performances at Los Angeles Opera, Seattle Opera, San Francisco Opera and the Tanglewood Music Festival among others. In addition to giving recitals, she appeared as an oratorio and concert soloist with the New York Philharmonic under Leonard Bernstein, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the Cleveland Orchestra, Toronto Symphony Orchestra, the London Symphony Orchestra and the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra among others.


title: Marni Nixon

text: Nixon also toured with Liberace and Victor Borge and later in her own cabaret shows. On stage, in 1984, she originated the role of Edna Off-Broadway in "Taking My Turn", composed by Gary William Friedman, receiving a nomination for a Drama Desk Award. She also originated the role of Sadie McKibben in "Opal" (1992), and she had a 1997 film role as Aunt Alice in "I Think I Do". Under her own name, beginning in the 1980s, Nixon recorded songs by Jerome Kern, George Gershwin and various classical composers. She was nominated for two Grammy Awards for Best Classical Performance, Vocal Soloist, one for her Schönberg album and one for her Copland album.


title: Marni Nixon

text: In the 1998 Disney film "Mulan", Nixon was the singing voice of "Grandmother Fa". She then returned to the stage, touring the United States as Fraulein Schneider in "Cabaret" in 1997–1998. She eventually sang on more than 50 soundtracks. In 1999, she originated the role of Mrs. Wilson in the premiere of "Ballymore", an opera by Richard Wargo at Skylight Opera Theatre in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, which was taped for PBS. In regional theatre and Off-Broadway, she played Nurse in "Romeo and Juliet" and appeared in productions of "The King and I" and "The Sound of Music". She also continued to teach voice and judge vocal competitions.


title: Marni Nixon

text: In 2000, after nearly a half century away, she returned to Broadway as Aunt Kate in "James Joyce's The Dead". In 2001, Nixon replaced Joan Roberts as Heidi Schiller in the Broadway revival of Stephen Sondheim's "Follies". She played Eunice Miller in "70, Girls, 70" in a 2002 production in Los Angeles. In 2003, she was again on Broadway as a replacement in role of Guido's mother in the revival of "Nine". Her autobiography, "I Could Have Sung All Night", was published in 2006. She performed in the 2008 North American Tour of Cameron Mackintosh's UK revival of "My Fair Lady" in the role of Mrs. Higgins. She then appeared as Frau Direktor Kirschner in the 2009 Encores! production of the musical "Music in the Air" at New York City Center.


title: Marni Nixon

text: In 1950, Nixon married the first of her three husbands, Ernest Gold, who composed the theme song to the movie "Exodus". They had three children, including singer and songwriter Andrew Gold. They divorced in 1969. She was married to Lajos "Fritz" Fenster from 1971 to 1975, and to woodwind player Albert Block from 1983 to his death in 2015.


title: Marni Nixon

text: Nixon survived breast cancer in 1985 and 2000 but died from the disease on July 24, 2016, in New York, aged 86.


title: Marni Nixon

text: On October 27, 2008, Nixon was presented with the Singer Symposium's Distinguished Artist Award in New York City. She was also an honorary member of Sigma Alpha Iota International Women's Music Fraternity.


title: Marni Nixon

text: In 2011, Nixon was the recipient of the George Peabody Award for Outstanding Contributions to American Music.


title: Good Samaritan law

text: Good Samaritan laws offer legal protection to people who give reasonable assistance to those who are, or whom they believe to be injured, ill, in peril, or otherwise incapacitated. The protection is intended to reduce bystanders' hesitation to assist, for fear of being sued or prosecuted for unintentional injury or wrongful death. An example of such a law in common-law areas of Canada: a Good Samaritan doctrine is a legal principle that prevents a rescuer who has voluntarily helped a victim in distress from being successfully sued for wrongdoing. Its purpose is to keep people from being reluctant to help a stranger in need for fear of legal repercussions should they make some mistake in treatment. By contrast, a duty to rescue law requires people to offer assistance and holds those who fail to do so liable.


title: Good Samaritan law

text: Good Samaritan laws may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, as do their interactions with various other legal principles, such as consent, parental rights and the right to refuse treatment. Most such laws do not apply to medical professionals' or career emergency responders' on-the-job conduct, but some extend protection to professional rescuers when they are acting in a volunteer capacity.


title: Good Samaritan law

text: The principles contained in Good Samaritan laws more typically operate in countries in which the foundation of the legal system is English common law, such as Australia. In many countries that use civil law as the foundation for their legal systems, the same legal effect is more typically achieved using a principle of duty to rescue.


title: Good Samaritan law

text: Good Samaritan laws take their name from a parable found in the Bible, attributed to Jesus, commonly referred to as the Parable of the Good Samaritan which is contained in Luke 10:29–37. It recounts the aid given by a traveller from the area known as Samaria to another traveller of a conflicting religious and ethnic background who had been beaten and robbed by bandits.


title: Good Samaritan law

text: Good Samaritan laws tend to differ by region, as each is crafted based on local interpretations of the providers protected, as well as the scope of care covered.


title: Good Samaritan law

text: Most Australian states and territories have some form of Good Samaritan protection. In general, these offer protection if care is made in good faith, and the "Good Samaritan" is not impaired by drugs or alcohol. Variations exist between states, from not applying if the "Good Samaritan" is the cause of the problem (New South Wales), to applying under all circumstances if the attempt is made in good faith (Victoria).


title: Good Samaritan law

text: The Belgian Good Samaritan Law imposes on anyone who is capable to aid a legal duty to help a person, who is in great danger, without putting himself or others in serious danger (article 422bis Criminal Code).


title: Good Samaritan law

text: In Canada, good Samaritan acts fall under provincial jurisdiction. Each province has its own act, such as Ontario's and British Columbia's respective Good Samaritan Acts, Alberta's Emergency Medical Aid Act, and Nova Scotia's Volunteer Services Act. Only in Quebec, a civil law jurisdiction, does a person have a general duty to respond, as detailed in the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms.


title: Good Samaritan law

text: An example of a typical Canadian law is provided here, from Ontario's Good Samaritan Act, 2001, section 2:


title: Good Samaritan law

text: There have been incidents in China, such as the "Peng Yu incident" in 2006, where good Samaritans who helped people injured in accidents were accused of having injured the victim themselves.


title: Good Samaritan law

text: In 2011, a toddler called Wang Yue was killed when she was run over by two vehicles. The entire incident was caught on a video, which shows eighteen people seeing the child but refusing to help. In a November 2011 survey, a majority, 71%, thought that the people who passed the child without helping were afraid of getting into trouble themselves. Following the event, "China Daily" reported that "at least 10 Party and government departments and organizations in Guangdong, including the province's commission on politics and law, the women's federation, the Academy of Social Sciences, and the Communist Youth League, have started discussions on punishing those who refuse to help people who clearly need it." Officials of Guangdong province, along with many lawyers and social workers, also held three days of meetings in the provincial capital of Guangzhou to discuss the case. It was reported that various lawmakers of the province were drafting a good Samaritan law, which would "penalize people who fail to help in a situation of this type and indemnify them from lawsuits if their efforts are in vain". Legal experts and the public debated the idea in preparation for discussions and a legislative push. On 1 August 2013, the nation's first good Samaritan law went into effect in Shenzhen. On 1 October 2017, China's national Good Samaritan law came into force, Clause 184 in Civil Law General Principles.


title: Good Samaritan law

text: The Finnish Rescue Act explicitly stipulates a duty to rescue as a "general duty to act" and "engage in rescue activities according to [one's] abilities". The Finnish Rescue Act thus includes a principle of proportionality which requires professionals to extend immediate aid further than laypersons.


title: Good Samaritan law

text: In Germany, failure to provide first aid to a person in need is punishable under § 323c of its criminal penal code. However, any help one provides cannot and will not be prosecuted even if it made the situation worse or did not fulfill specific first aid criteria. People are thus encouraged to help in any way possible, even if the attempt is not successful. Moreover, people providing first aid are covered by the German Statutory Accident Insurance in case they suffer injury, losses, or damages.


title: Good Samaritan law

text: There were around 480,000 road accidents in India in 2016, out of which 150,000 were killed. The Good Samaritan law gives legal protection to the good samaritans who help accidents victims with emergency medical care within the 'Golden Hour'. People are thus encouraged to help in any way possible, even if the attempt is not successful.


title: Good Samaritan law

text: The Civil Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act of 2011 introduced legislation specifically addressing the liability of citizen good Samaritans or volunteers in the Republic of Ireland, without introducing a duty to intervene. This act provides for exemption from liability for a person, or voluntary organization, for anything done while providing "assistance, advice or care" to a person who is injured, in serious risk or danger of becoming injured or developing an illness (or apparently so). There are exclusions for cases of "bad faith" or "gross negligence" on behalf of the carer, and incidents relating to the negligent use of motor vehicles. This Act only addresses situations where there is no duty of care owed by the good Samaritan or the volunteer.


title: Good Samaritan law

text: The pre-hospital emergency care council (PHECC) specifically addresses the good Samaritan section of the Civil Law Act of 2011 and states that "The use of skills and medications restricted to Registered Practitioners would be covered under the 'Good Samaritan' Act. This Act assumes that you had no intention to practice during this time and that you acted as a Good Samaritan, assisting until the Emergency Services arrive on scene and you can hand over."


title: Good Samaritan law

text: In Israel, the law requires anyone to assist a person in danger or at the very least call for help. People who help in good faith are not liable for damages. Helpers are eligible for compensation for damages caused to them during their assistance.


title: Good Samaritan law

text: In Romania, the health reform passed in 2006 states that persons without medical training offering basic first aid voluntarily at the indications of a medical dispatch office or from own knowledge of first aid maneuvers, acting in good will to preserve the life or health of another person cannot be held responsible under penal or civil law.


title: Good Samaritan law

text: In the common law of England and Wales there is no criminal liability for failing to act in the event of another person being in danger; however, there are exceptions to this rule. In instances where there has been an assumption of responsibility by the bystander, a dangerous situation was created by them, or there is a contractual or statutory duty to act, criminal liability would be imposed on the bystander for their failure to take action.


title: Good Samaritan law

text: The courts are reluctant to penalize people attempting rescue. The Social Action, Responsibility and Heroism Act 2015 helps protect 'good Samaritans' when considering a claim of negligence or a breach of duty.


title: Good Samaritan law

text: All fifty states and the District of Columbia have some type of Good Samaritan law. The details of good Samaritan laws/acts vary by jurisdiction, including who is protected from liability and under what circumstances.


title: Good Samaritan law

text: The 1998 Aviation Medical Assistance Act also provided coverage for "Good Samaritans" while in flight (Section 5b).


title: Good Samaritan law

text: Good Samaritan laws often sharing different combinations or interpretations of the similar features, which vary by region.


title: Good Samaritan law

text: In some jurisdictions, unless a caretaker relationship (such as a parent-child or doctor-patient relationship) exists prior to the illness or injury, or the "Good Samaritan" is responsible for the existence of the illness or injury, no person is required to give aid of any sort to a victim. Good Samaritan statutes in the states of Minnesota, Vermont and Rhode Island do require a person at the scene of an emergency to provide reasonable assistance to a person in need. This assistance may be to call 9-1-1. Violation of the duty-to-assist subdivision is a petty misdemeanour in Minnesota and may warrant a fine of up to $100 in Vermont. At least five other states, including California and Nevada, have seriously considered adding duty-to-assist subdivisions to their Good Samaritan statutes. New York's law provides immunity for those who assist in an emergency. The public policy behind the law is:


title: Good Samaritan law

text: Good Samaritan provisions are not universal in application. The legal principle of imminent peril may also apply. In the absence of imminent peril, the actions of a rescuer may be perceived by the courts to be reckless and not worthy of protection. To illustrate, a motor vehicle collision occurs, but there is no fire, no immediate life threat from injuries, and no danger of a second collision. If someone, with good intentions, causes injury by pulling the victim from the wreckage, a court may rule that Good Samaritan laws do not apply because the victim was not in imminent peril and hold the actions of the rescuer to be unnecessary and reckless.


title: Good Samaritan law

text: Only first aid provided without the intention of reward or financial compensation is covered. Medical professionals are typically not protected by Good Samaritan laws when performing first aid in connection with their employment. Some states make specific provisions for trained medical professionals acting as volunteers and for members of volunteer rescue squads acting without expectation of remuneration. In Texas, a physician who voluntarily assisted in the delivery of an infant, and who proved that he had "no expectation of remuneration", had no liability for the infant's injuries due to allegedly ordinary negligence; there was "uncontroverted testimony that neither he nor any doctor in Travis County would have charged a fee to [the mother] or any other person under the circumstances of this case". It was significant that the doctor was not an employee of the attending physician, but was only visiting the hospital and had responded to a "Dr. Stork" page, and had not asked or expected to be paid.


title: Good Samaritan law

text: If a responder begins rendering aid, he must not leave the scene until it is necessary to call for needed medical assistance, a rescuer of equal or higher ability takes over, or continuing to give aid is unsafe. This can be as simple as a lack of adequate protection against potential diseases, such as vinyl, latex, or nitrile gloves to protect against blood-borne pathogens. A responder is never legally compelled to take risks to aid another person. The responder is not legally liable for any harm to the person assisted, as long as the responder acted rationally, in good faith, and in accordance with their level of training.


title: Good Samaritan law

text: The responder must obtain the consent of the patient, or of the legal guardian of a patient who is a minor, unless this is not possible; failing to do so may attract a charge of assault or battery.


title: Good Samaritan law

text: Consent may be implied if an unattended patient is unconscious, delusional, intoxicated, or deemed mentally unfit to make decisions regarding his or her safety, or if the responder has a reasonable belief that this was so; courts tend to be very forgiving in adjudicating this, under the legal fiction that "peril invites rescue" (as in the rescue doctrine). The test in most jurisdictions is that of the "average, reasonable person". To illustrate, would the average, reasonable person in any of the states described above consent to receiving assistance in these circumstances is able to make a decision?


title: Good Samaritan law

text: Consent may also be implied if the legal parent or guardian is not immediately reachable and the patient is not considered an adult.


title: Good Samaritan law

text: If the victim is a minor, consent must come from a parent or guardian. However, if the legal parent or guardian is absent, unconscious, delusional, or intoxicated, consent is implied. A responder is not required to withhold life-saving treatment (e.g., CPR or the Heimlich maneuver) from a minor if the parent or guardian will not consent. The parent or guardian is then considered neglecting the minor, and consent for treatment is implied by default because neglect has been committed. Special circumstances may exist if child abuse is suspected (the courts will usually give immunity to those first responders who report what they reasonably consider to be evidence of child abuse or neglect, similar to that given to those who have an actual duty to report such abuse, such as teachers or counsellors).


title: Good Samaritan law

text: In some jurisdictions, Good Samaritan laws only protect those who have completed basic first aid training and are certified by health organizations, such as the American Heart Association, or American Red Cross, provided that they have acted within the scope of their training. In these jurisdictions, a person who is neither trained in first aid nor certified, and who performs first aid incorrectly, can be held legally liable for errors made. In other jurisdictions any rescuer is protected from liability so long as the responder acted rationally. In Florida, paramedics, EMTs, and emergency medical responders (first responders) are required by law to act under the Duty to Act law, which requires them to stop and give aid that falls within their practice.


title: Good Samaritan law

text: Good Samaritan laws may be confused with the duty to rescue, as described above. U.S. and Canadian approaches to this issue differ. Under the common law, Good Samaritan laws provide a defense against torts arising from the attempted rescue. Such laws do not constitute a duty to rescue, such as exists in some civil law countries, and in the common law under certain circumstances. However, the duty to rescue where it exists may itself imply a shield from liability; for example, under the German law of "Unterlassene Hilfeleistung" (an offense not to provide first aid when necessary), a citizen is obliged to provide first aid when necessary and is immune from prosecution if assistance given in good faith turns out to be harmful. In Canada, all provinces with the exception of Quebec operate on the basis of English Common Law. Quebec operates a civil law system, based in part on the Napoleonic Code, and the principle of duty to rescue does apply. Similarly, in France anyone who fails to render assistance to a person in danger will be found liable before French courts (civil and criminal liability). The penalty for this offence in criminal courts is imprisonment and a fine (under article 223–6 of the Criminal Code) while in civil courts judges will order payment of pecuniary compensation to the victims.


title: Good Samaritan law

text: To illustrate a variation in the concept of duty to rescue, in the Canadian province of Ontario, the Occupational Health and Safety Act provides all workers with the right to refuse to perform unsafe work. There are, however, specific exceptions to this right. When the "life, health or safety of another person is at risk", then specific groups, including "police officers, firefighters, or employees of a hospital, clinic or other type of medical worker (including EMS)" are specifically excluded from the right to refuse unsafe work.


title: The Funniest Joke in the World

text: "The Funniest Joke in the World" (also "Joke Warfare" and "Killer Joke") is a Monty Python comedy sketch revolving around a joke that is so funny that anyone who reads or hears it promptly dies from laughter. Ernest Scribbler (Michael Palin), a British "manufacturer of jokes", writes the joke on a piece of paper only to die laughing. His mother (Eric Idle) also immediately dies laughing after reading it, as do the first constables on the scene. Eventually the joke is contained, weaponized, and deployed against Germany during World War II.


title: The Funniest Joke in the World

text: The sketch appeared in the first episode of the television show "Monty Python's Flying Circus" ("Whither Canada"), first shown on 5 October 1969. It later appeared in altered forms in several later Python works. The German translation of the joke in the sketch is made of various meaningless, German-sounding nonce words, and so it does not have an English translation.


title: The Funniest Joke in the World

text: The sketch is framed in a documentary style and opens with Ernest Scribbler (Michael Palin), a British "writer of jokes", creating and writing the funniest joke in the world on a piece of paper, only to die laughing. His mother (Eric Idle) finds the joke, thinks it is a suicide note, reads it and also immediately dies laughing. Aware of the deadly nature of the joke, a brave Scotland Yard inspector (Graham Chapman) attempts to retrieve the joke, aided by the playing of very sombre music on gramophone records and the chanting of laments by fellow policemen to create a depressing atmosphere. The inspector leaves the house with the joke in hand, but also dies from laughter.


title: The Funniest Joke in the World

text: The British Army are soon eager to determine "the military potential of the Killer Joke". They test the joke on a rifleman (Terry Jones), who laughs and falls dead on the range. After confirming its “devastating effectiveness at a range of up to 50 yards”, they then translate it into German, with each translator working on only one word of the joke for their own safety (one translator saw two words of the joke and had to be hospitalised for several weeks). The German "translation" (in reality mostly just nonsense words) is used for the first time on 8 July 1944 in the Ardennes, causing German soldiers to fall down dead from laughter:


title: The Funniest Joke in the World

text: The German version is described as being "over 80,000 times as powerful as Britain's great pre-war joke" (at this point a newsreel of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain waving his "piece of paper" appears on screen). The joke is then used in open warfare, with Tommies running through an open field amid artillery fire while shouting the joke at the Germans, who die laughing in response. Afterward, a German field hospital is shown with bandaged German soldiers on stretchers, convulsing with laughter, presumably having heard some parts of the joke. In a subsequent scene, a British officer from the Joke Brigade (Palin) has been taken prisoner and is being interrogated by Gestapo officers. The British officer uses the joke to escape as his German captors die laughing, with one German officer (Cleese) insisting that the joke isn't funny. He then cracks up and utters a Woody Woodpecker-style laugh, before expiring.


title: The Funniest Joke in the World

text: The Germans attempt counter-jokes, but each attempt is found unsuccessful, with unamused Gestapo officers executing the hapless scientists as a consequence. For example, a film is shown of Adolf Hitler supposedly saying, "My dog has no nose", then a German soldier asking "How does he smell?", with Hitler replying, "Awful!". Eventually their best "V-joke" (in reference to the V-1 flying bomb) is attempted on a radio broadcast to British households: "Der ver zwei peanuts, valking down der Straße, und von vas assaulted...peanut. Ohohohoho!" Although the joke is followed triumphantly by the German anthem "Deutschland über alles", the attack is ineffective.


title: The Funniest Joke in the World

text: The British joke is said to have been laid to rest when "peace broke out" at the end of the war, and countries agree to a joke warfare ban at the Geneva Convention. In 1950, the last copy of the joke is sealed under a monument in the Berkshire countryside, bearing the inscription "To the Unknown Joke". Thus, the English version of the joke is never revealed to the audience.


title: The Funniest Joke in the World

text: The footage of Adolf Hitler is taken from Leni Riefenstahl's film "Triumph of the Will". The section (about 34 minutes into the film) where Konstantin Hierl presents the Reichsarbeitsdienst to Hitler is the source of the speech used for the joke. The first clip shows Hitler saying ' ("In particular, no one will live in Germany anymore [without working for their country]"), subtitled "My dog has no nose". The crowd (led by Hitler Youth leader Baldur von Schirach) saying: "How does he smell?" is from a scene just before Hitler's speech; the original German is ', "We are the Reich's young men!" The punchline of the joke "Awful" is the next shot that shows Hitler's face. The original words are "", from "[The whole nation will go through] your school".


title: The Funniest Joke in the World

text: Jim Carrey is a fan of Monty Python. He described how Ernest Scribbler, played by Michael Palin, laughing himself to death in the sketch, had a huge effect on his early years.


title: The Funniest Joke in the World

text: The sketch was later remade in a shorter version for the film "And Now for Something Completely Different". It is also available on the CD-ROM video game version of the film "Monty Python's The Meaning of Life".


title: Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In

text: "Medley: Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In (The Flesh Failures)" (commonly called "Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In", "The Age of Aquarius" or "Let the Sunshine In") is a medley of two songs written for the 1967 musical "Hair" by James Rado and Gerome Ragni (lyrics), and Galt MacDermot (music), released as a single by American R&B group the 5th Dimension. The song spent six weeks at number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 pop singles chart in the spring of 1969 and was eventually certified platinum in the US by the RIAA. Instrumental backing was written by Bill Holman and provided by session musicians commonly known as the Wrecking Crew. The actual recording was novel at the time, being recorded in two cities, Los Angeles and Las Vegas, and being mixed down to a final version later.


title: Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In

text: The recording was led by veteran American producer and engineer Bones Howe, who had previously worked with the 5th Dimension as well as the Mamas & the Papas and Elvis Presley. As Howe tells it, the recording can be traced to an incident in which 5th Dimension lead singer Billy Davis Jr. left his wallet in a New York City cab; the man who found the wallet was involved in the production of "Hair" and invited the group to see the show: "After they'd seen it I received a phone call in which they were all talking over one another, saying 'We've got to cut this song "Aquarius". It's


title: Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In

text: the best thing ever.'" Howe was skeptical ("This isn't a complete song. It's an introduction."), but after seeing the show on stage got the idea to create a medley with another musical moment from the show, a few bars from the song "The Flesh Failures" that consist of the repeated words "let the sunshine in." Although the two song fragments are in different keys and tempos, Howe resolved to "jam them together like two trains."


title: Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In

text: The instrumental track was set to tape at Wally Heider's Studio 3 in Hollywood by the Wrecking Crew members including Hal Blaine on drums, Joe Osborn on bass, Larry Knechtel on keyboards, Tommy Tedesco and Dennis Budimir on guitars and Tony Terran on trumpet. It also featured strings, winds, and brass instrumentations. However, the vocals were recorded separately in Las Vegas, where the 5th Dimension was performing at the time, using only two microphones for the five singers. Davis' solo during "Let the Sunshine In" was improvised during the session; songwriter Jimmy Webb, who happened into the studio during the recording, remarked to Howe, "My God, that's a number one record."


title: Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In

text: Among the counterpoint phrases sung by Davis are: "Oh, let it shine", "Open up your heart", "You got to feel it" and "I want you to sing along with the 5th Dimension".


title: Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In

text: This song was one of the most popular songs of 1969 worldwide, and in the United States it reached the number one position on both the "Billboard" Hot 100 (for six weeks in April and May) and the "Billboard" Easy Listening chart. It also reached the top of the sales charts in Canada and elsewhere. "Billboard" ranked it as the No. 2 Hot 100 single for 1969, although "Aquarius (Let the Sunshine In)" would go on to outsell the No. 1 Hot 100 single for 1969, "Sugar Sugar" by The Archies, and consistently ranks several positions above it in the all-time chart.


title: Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In

text: The recording won both the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Group for the Grammy Awards of 1970, after being published on the album "The Age of Aquarius" by the 5th Dimension, and also being released as a seven-inch vinyl single record.


title: Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In

text: The lyrics of this song were based on the astrological belief that the world would soon be entering the "Age of Aquarius", an age of love, light, and humanity, unlike the current "Age of Pisces". The exact circumstances for the change are "When the moon is in the seventh house, and Jupiter aligns with Mars." This change was presumed to occur at the end of the 20th century; however, astrologers differ widely as to precisely when.


title: Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In

text: Astrologer Neil Spencer denounced the lyrics as "astrological gibberish", noting that Jupiter forms an astrological aspect with Mars several times a year and the moon is in the 7th House for two hours every day. These lines are considered by many to be merely poetic license, though some people take them literally.


title: Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In

text: The American Film Institute's 100 Years...100 Songs list, published in 2004, ranked "Medley: Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In (The Flesh Failures)" as number 33.


title: Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In

text: In 1970, "Let The Sunshine In" was used in an Ad Council PSA for the National Urban Coalition; the commercial promoted racial harmony using a large all-star choir including cameos by Ray Charles, Peggy Cass, Johnny Carson, Will Geer and Leonard Nimoy.


title: Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In

text: The song is the opening scene soundtrack of the movie "Bird On A Wire" which music is composed by Hans Zimmer and starring Mel Gibson.


title: Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In

text: "Let the Sunshine In" has been adopted by soccer fans in Argentina and popularized in Uruguay's "Soy Celeste" to proclaim their support.


title: Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In

text: Charles Schulz referred to "the age of aquariums" in his "Peanuts" comic strip (see GoComics archive - 1970MAY11).


title: Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In

text: The song appears as part of the "Forrest Gump" soundtrack along with other songs from the 1994 film. The song is featured when Forrest is playing ping-pong with spectators watching meanwhile on TV (with no one watching) Neil Armstrong is stepping on to the moon for the first time with his "one small step" speech.


title: Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In

text: The song also appeared in episode 3 ("Harmony of the Worlds") of Carl Sagan's "" during a sequence debunking the practice of astrology.


title: Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In

text: In episode 16, season 3 of "The Simpsons" ("Bart the Lover"), "Age of Aquarius" is played during a yo-yo demonstration at a school assembly.


title: Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In

text: The song appeared at the end of 1995 Serbian movie Treća Sreća when the son of main character is mobilized for war.


title: Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In

text: They Might Be Giants make reference to "Age of Aquarius" in the song "Cage and Aquarium", taken from the album "Lincoln".


title: Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In

text: A sample of the song as it appears in the film "Hair" carries the main loop of the Boards of Canada song of the same name, appearing on their debut LP.


title: Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In

text: The beginning of the song is heard during a flashback at the start of episode 2 of "American Horror Story" Season 1: "Murder House".


title: Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In

text: In November 2017, Don Caron published the satirical "The Age That Will Bury Us" on his Parody Project YouTube channel.


title: Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In

text: In season 16, episode 16 of "Family Guy" ("Family Guy Through the Years"), Peter sings a parody of "Let the Sunshine in", called "Let my Son Die", after he switches places with Chris, who is going to Vietnam, then changes his mind.


title: Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In

text: The song appears twice in "" when the Bears are disguised as hippies, then later actual hippies are stopped at a checkpoint.


title: Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In

text: In season 33, episode 5 of "The Simpsons" ("Lisa's Belly"), Patty and Selma sing a parody of "Aquarius".


title: Sandy West

text: Sandy West (July 10, 1959 – October 21, 2006) was an American musician, singer, songwriter and drummer. She was one of the founding members of the Runaways, the first teenage all-girl hard rock band to record and achieve widespread commercial success in the 1970s.


title: Sandy West

text: Sandy (born Sandy Pesavento) was born in Long Beach, California. When she was 9 years old, her grandfather bought her a drum kit, and being an avid fan of rock and roll acts of the 1960s and 1970s, she began practicing rock music immediately and regularly. In 4th, 5th, and 6th grade, she was the drummer in the Prisk Elementary School orchestra. She proved to have a natural talent and quickly became a proficient drummer. By the age of 13, she was the only girl in local bands who played at teenage parties. Attended Edison High school in Huntington Beach California with actor Willie Aames, playing drums in school bands as Sandy Pesavento, one of those bands was Witchcraft that featured Jimmy "Trash" Decker that later went on to form the punk band The Crowd in 1977. At 15, she met Joan Jett and producer Kim Fowley co-created and formed the Runaways.


title: Sandy West

text: Driven by her ambition to play professionally, she sought out fellow musicians and other industry contacts in southern California with the idea of forming an all-woman rock band. In 1975, she met producer Kim Fowley, who gave her the phone number of another young musician in the area, guitarist Joan Jett. Joan and Sandy met shortly thereafter. The women subsequently played for Fowley, who agreed to help them find other female musicians to round out the band, most notably Lita Ford and Cherie Currie.


title: Sandy West

text: After four years of recording and touring the world, the Runaways disbanded in April 1979. West made varied attempts to continue her career as a professional musician, playing with other acts in southern California, releasing a solo ep, "The Beat is Back", and forming the Sandy West Band. None of these ventures produced significant income, so West was forced to spend most of her post-Runaways years working outside music. West later claimed that ex-Runaways' manager/producer Kim Fowley had not paid the members of the band what they were entitled to. "I owe him my introduction to the music business but he's also the reason I'm broke now," West said.


title: Sandy West

text: West appeared in "", a documentary about the Runaways produced and directed by the band's former bassist Victory Tischler-Blue, providing some of the more poignant interview segments, describing the things she had to do post-Runaways for money. She worked mostly in construction, and spent a small amount of time as a bartender and a veterinary assistant. In other parts of the Edgeplay interviews, she alludes to having engaged in criminal activity in order to make ends meet (e.g., she describes how she had to break someone's arm for money they owed). West spent time in jail on multiple occasions following her career in the Runaways, which she alluded to in "Edgeplay".


title: Sandy West

text: West died on October 21, 2006 at the age of 47 from lung cancer diagnosed a year before. West was never married and had no children.


title: Sandy West

text: Sandy West was portrayed by actress Stella Maeve in the 2010 film "The Runaways". The film also featured Kristen Stewart, Dakota Fanning and Scout Taylor-Compton, who portrayed Joan Jett, Cherie Currie and Lita Ford, respectively. During the audio commentary during the DVD extras, Joan Jett dedicated the film to her.


title: Joseph Marcell

text: Joseph Marcell (born 18 August 1948) is a British actor and comedian. He is best known for his role as Geoffrey Butler, the butler on the NBC sitcom "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" from September 1990 until the show ended in May 1996.


title: Joseph Marcell

text: Born in Saint Lucia, he moved to the United Kingdom, when he was 9 years old and grew up in Peckham, South London. Marcell currently lives in Banstead, Surrey.


title: Joseph Marcell

text: Marcell grew up in Peckham, South East London. As a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company, he appeared in productions of "Othello" and "A Midsummer Night's Dream". He has also appeared in feature films and on television in Britain. He serves on the board of the Shakespeare's Globe Theatre in London where he featured in a nationwide production of Shakespeare's "Much Ado About Nothing" and "King Lear".


title: Joseph Marcell

text: He played Gonzalo in Shakespeare’s play "The Tempest" at Sam Wanamaker Playhouse in May 2016. He also played Solly Two Kings in the play by August Wilson, "Gem of the Ocean" at the Tricycle Theatre, in London, in January 2016. Marcell began rehearsals as Titus Andronicus, in July 2017, for the "La Grande Shakespeare Company", in La Grande, Oregon.


title: Pecorino

text: Pecorino cheeses are hard Italian cheeses made from sheep's milk. The name "" derives from "pecora" which means sheep in Italian.


title: Pecorino

text: Of the six main varieties of pecorino, all of which have Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) status under European Union law, pecorino romano is probably the best known outside Italy, especially in the United States, which has been an important export market for the cheese since the 19th century. Most pecorino is produced on the island of Sardinia, though its production is also allowed in Lazio and in the Tuscan provinces of Grosseto and Siena. Ancient Roman authors wrote about this cheese and its production technique.


title: Pecorino

text: The other five mature PDO cheeses are the pecorino sardo from Sardinia ("casu berbeghinu" in Sardinian language); pecorino toscano, whose production was already attested by Pliny the Elder in his "Natural History"; pecorino siciliano (or "picurinu sicilianu" in Sicilian) from Sicily; pecorino di Filiano from Basilicata; and pecorino crotonese from Province of Crotone in Calabria. Another well-known pecorino is the one that was produced in Abruzzo, the pecorino di Atri.


title: Pecorino

text: All come in a variety of styles depending on how long they have been aged. The more matured cheeses, referred to as "stagionato" ("seasoned" or "aged"), are harder but still crumbly in texture and have decidedly buttery and nutty flavours. The other two types, "semi-stagionato" and "fresco", have a softer texture and milder cream and milk tastes.


title: Pecorino

text: A variant from Southern Italy is pecorino pepato (literally, "peppered Pecorino"), to which black peppercorns are added. Today many other additions are made, for example walnuts, rocket, or tiny pieces of white or black truffle.


title: Pecorino

text: In Sardinia, the larvae of the cheese fly are intentionally introduced into pecorino sardo to produce a local delicacy called casu martzu, which means "rotten cheese". As it is illegal, casu marzu is primarily sold through the black market.


title: Pecorino

text: Meals may be finished with a good pecorino stagionato, served with pears and walnuts or drizzled with strong chestnut honey. Pecorino is also often used to finish pasta dishes, and used to be the natural choice for most Italian regions from Umbria down to Sicily, rather than the more expensive Parmigiano-Reggiano. It is still preferred today for the pasta dishes of Rome and Lazio, for example pasta dressed with sugo all'amatriciana, cacio e pepe, and pasta alla Gricia.


title: Cecilia Bowes-Lyon, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne

text: Cecilia Nina Bowes-Lyon, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne (' Cavendish-Bentinck; 11 September 1862 – 23 June 1938) was the mother of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, and maternal grandmother and godmother of Queen Elizabeth II.


text: She was born in Belgravia, Westminster, the eldest daughter of the Rev. Charles Cavendish-Bentinck (grandson of British Prime Minister William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland) and his wife, Louisa (née Burnaby).


text: On 16 July 1881, she married Claude Bowes-Lyon, Lord Glamis, at St Peter's Church, Petersham, Surrey, and they had ten children. Claude inherited his father's title of Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne in 1904, whereupon Cecilia became Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne.


text: The Strathmore estates included two grand houses and their surroundings: Glamis Castle and St Paul's Walden Bury. Cecilia was a gregarious and accomplished hostess who played the piano exceptionally well. Her houses were run with meticulous care and a practical approach, and she was responsible for designing the Italian Garden at Glamis. She was deeply religious, a keen gardener and embroiderer, and preferred a quiet family life.


text: During World War I, Glamis Castle served as a convalescent hospital for the wounded, in which she took an active part until she developed cancer and was forced into invalidity. In October 1921 she underwent a hysterectomy, and by May 1922 was in recovery. In January 1923 she celebrated the engagement of her youngest daughter, Elizabeth, to the King's son, Prince Albert, Duke of York, later George VI. When asked by pressmen for a photograph during the Edward VIII abdication crisis, she reportedly said, "I shouldn't waste a photograph on me." At the coronation of their son-in-law and daughter, the Earl and the Countess were seated in the royal box, along with the immediate royal family.


text: Lady Strathmore suffered a heart attack in April 1938 during the wedding of her granddaughter, Anne Bowes-Lyon (later Princess of Denmark), to Viscount Anson. She died 8 weeks later at 38 Cumberland Mansions, Bryanston Street, in London, at the age of 75. Lady Strathmore outlived four of her ten children. She was buried on 27 June 1938 at Glamis Castle.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: The COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea is part of an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a novel infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). North Korea confirmed its first case on 8 May 2022.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: North Korea is a secretive and diplomatically isolated country in East Asia. Its weak healthcare system and impoverished population led to concerns over the country's vulnerability to an outbreak, though its cold chain vaccination program had proven capable in prior pandemics. With a totalitarian political system, little information on the pandemic's impacts on North Korea has been available to international observers.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: In January 2020, the North Korean government began taking extensive measures to protect itself from the initial COVID-19 epidemic, including the establishment of quarantine facilities, and strict travel restrictions. In March and April 2020, the "Asia Times" and "38 North" reported that these measures seemed largely successful.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: Before May 2022, the government of North Korea had not reported any confirmed cases of COVID-19, although some foreign analysts believed that the virus had spread there by March 2020. "Daily NK", a South Korean dissident-run news website, said that about 180 soldiers had possibly died from COVID-19 symptoms in January and February 2020. In July 2020, a single suspected case in Kaesong prompted a three-week lockdown.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: By 2021, there were increasing reports that the isolation imposed to avoid the pandemic was having a major impact on the economy. The country declined several international offers of COVID-19 vaccines, making it one of the few countries not to begin a vaccination programme. North Korea began administering its first vaccine doses in June 2022.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: In May 2022, the Korean Central News Agency reported that an unspecified number of people in the capital Pyongyang tested positive for the virus, and announced the country's first confirmed deaths. Authorities announced over 1 million North Koreans were suffering from "fever". Kim Jong-un declared a national emergency and a country-wide lockdown.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: While NK News asserts that "fever" is used as a substitute for COVID-19 cases, the South Korean National Intelligence Service stated that the total included cases of waterborne diseases, such as measles and typhoid.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: North Korea borders China and South Korea, two countries with early outbreaks. China is one of North Korea's closest allies, most important trading partner, and a source of tourists. The Chinese-North Korean border is porous, in contrast to the heavily militarized border between North and South Korea. However, suspected COVID-19 cases in the two Chinese provinces bordering North Korea (Liaoning and Jilin) have been low.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: Diplomatically and economically isolated, North Korea is an impoverished country with a weak healthcare system and is subject to sanctions, rendering it vulnerable in the event of an outbreak. In March 2020, there was concern that the country's widespread malnutrition could exacerbate the spread of COVID-19. In April, North Korean public health official Pak Myong-su said that if the disease spread in North Korea, "a serious disaster could not be avoided". The North Korean government is secretive, and the North Korean media is tightly controlled, making it difficult for observers to determine what is going on in the country.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: Historically, North Korea has restricted travel in the face of epidemics abroad, such as SARS in 2003 and the West African Ebola virus epidemic in 2014. It eradicated measles in 2018, having a very efficient vaccination program managed by the Central Hygiene and Anti-Epidemic Institute, and the Hygiene and Anti-Epidemic Station, assisted by UNICEF and the World Health Organization (WHO). Given the supply of COVID-19 vaccines, the program could vaccinate the entire population with a first dose within weeks.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: North Korea's government is totalitarian and maintains strict control over the country and its society, which experts anticipated could help in enforcing disease control measures such as social distancing. The country has a high number of doctors for its per capita GDP, though they are less skilled and equipped than their counterparts in the Western world and in South Korea. North Korea also has a "somewhat better standard of sanitation" than other countries of the same economic level (e.g. Botswana or Laos).


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: North Korea was one of the first countries to close borders due to COVID-19. Starting from 23 January 2020, North Korea banned foreign tourists, and all flights in and out of the country were halted. The authorities also started placing patients with suspected COVID, including those with slight, flu-like symptoms, in quarantine for two weeks in Sinuiju. On 30 January, the state news agency of North Korea, the Korean Central News Agency (KCNA), declared a "state emergency", and reported the establishment of anti-epidemic headquarters around the country. Though many parts of the border were closed, the bridge between Dandong and Sinuiju remained open and allowed supplies to be delivered. In late February, the North Korean government said that it would keep the border closed until a cure was found.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: On 2 February, KCNA reported that all the people who had entered the country after 13 January were placed under "medical supervision". South Korean media outlet "Daily NK" reported that five suspected COVID-19 patients in Sinuiju, on the Chinese border, had died on 7 February. The same day, "The Korea Times" reported that a North Korean female living in the capital Pyongyang was infected. Although there was no confirmation by North Korean authorities of the claims, the country implemented further strict measures to combat the spread of the virus. Schools were closed starting on 20 February. On 29 February, Supreme Leader Kim Jong-un called for stronger measures to be taken to prevent COVID-19 from spreading within North Korea.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: In early February, the North Korean government took severe measures to block the spread of COVID-19. "Rodong Sinmun", the Workers' Party of Korea newspaper, reported that the customs officials at the port of Nampo were performing disinfection activities, including placing imported goods in quarantine. All international flights and railway services were suspended in early February, and connections by sea and road were largely closed over the following weeks. In February, wearing face masks was obligatory, and visiting public places such as restaurants was forbidden. Ski resorts and spas were closed, and military parades, marathons, and other public events were cancelled. Schools were closed throughout the country; university students in Pyongyang from elsewhere in the country were confined to their dormitories.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: Although South Korean media reported the epidemic had spread to North Korea, the WHO said there were no indications of cases there. On 18 February, "Rodong Sinmun", the official newspaper of North Korea's ruling party, quoted a public health official reiterating that there had been "no confirmed case of the new coronavirus so far". The WHO prioritised aid for North Korea, including the shipment of protective equipment and supplies.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: The "Daily NK" reported information from an informant inside North Korea's military on 9 March, stating that 180 soldiers had died in January and February from complications of "high fevers stemming from pneumonia, tuberculosis, asthma or colds", while about 3,700 soldiers were under quarantine.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: North Korean citizens returning from other countries were subjected to a 40-day isolation period, plus a subsequent 30-day "medical observation" period. According to North Korean media, nearly 7,000 North Koreans had been subjected to these rules as of 1 March.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: On 14 March, North Korea state media reported that there were still no confirmed cases in its territory.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: Kim Jong-un ordered the construction of new hospitals in the country on 18 March. North Korean state media also reported the prior day that groundbreaking on the new Pyongyang General Hospital was underway. Kim told a newspaper linked to the ruling Workers' Party of Korea that the construction of new hospitals was being done for general improvement of the nation's healthcare system, without mentioning COVID-19.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: On 20 March, North Korean media reported that excepting three foreigners, more than 2,590 people had been released from quarantine in North Pyongan and South Pyongan provinces.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: Outside organizations provided aid to fight the virus: the Russian government provided test kits; the WHO announced plans to send supplies despite the lack of confirmed cases; and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, U.S. State Department, and South Korean government all indicated willingness to help. The U.S. government worked with the United Nations to make exceptions to sanctions, though the organizations were also criticized for slowing down the process for providing aid. Doctors Without Borders said in late March that supplies of diagnostic equipment and personal protective equipment were stranded on the Chinese border.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: On 26 March, "The New York Times" reported that satellite imagery shared by the Royal United Services Institute showed that the illicit trafficking of coal and other goods had stopped, with the commercial vessels idling in their North Korean home ports. After shutting its border, North Korea's official exports to China were worth $610,000 in March 2020, down 96% from the previous year.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: According to the North Korean government, 10,000 people had been quarantined by the end of March. From 12 February, the 14-day quarantine on all foreigners (including their local staff) was extended to 30 days. Diplomats and other foreigners were evacuated to Vladivostok in March. By 27 March, according to North Korean media, there were only two foreigners in quarantine, and 2,280 North Koreans were under "medical observation" in areas such as South Phyongan province, North Phyongan province, Ryanggang province, and the city of Rason.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: The North Korean military fired five test missiles on two occasions in early March 2020, possibly as "an effort to ensure the country remains on the agenda for other nations amid the virus outbreak". More missile tests followed in late March, along with an announcement that the Supreme People's Assembly would meet in early April. Foreign observers said the government was trying to show confidence in their handling of the virus. The South Korean military called the missile tests "extremely inappropriate" in light of the pandemic.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: In February and March, U.S. officials observed a decrease in military activity in North Korea, which they believed to be a sign that there were COVID-19 cases in the country. General Robert B. Abrams observed that the North Korean military had "been on lockdown for about 30 days", and "didn't fly an airplane for 24 days".


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: In mid-March, Kim Jong-un sent a letter to South Korean president Moon Jae-in as a show of support amidst the outbreak in South Korea. US President Donald Trump wrote a letter to Kim Jong-un to express his willingness to work with him on dealing with COVID-19. North Korean state media also reported on the severity of the outbreak in other countries.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: On 31 March, the "Asia Times" reported that North Korea's measures against the pandemic seemed largely successful.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: On 1 April, North Korean public health official Pak Myong-su stated that North Korea had no cases of the virus. Edwin Salvador, the WHO's representative in North Korea, reported that as of 2 April, 709 people had been tested, with no confirmed cases, and 509 people were in quarantine. On 23 April, it was reported that the country had conducted 740 COVID-19 tests, and all of them came back negative. The same day, "Daily NK" reported that a defecting North Korean who was shot by a Chinese border guard while attempting to cross the Tumen River into China tested positive for the virus, and was under quarantine in a Chinese hospital.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: On 11 April, Kim Jong-un presided over a meeting of the Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea. The meeting adopted a joint resolution by the Central Committee, State Affairs Commission, and the Cabinet, "on more thoroughly taking national measures for protecting the life and safety of our people from the worldwide epidemic disease". The resolution called to take strict national countermeasures to thoroughly check the inroads of the virus due to the steady spread of the epidemic.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: From mid to late April, restrictions on foreigners travelling in Pyongyang were relaxed, Nampo harbour was reopened to container ships, and the 14th Supreme People's Assembly with hundreds of delegates was held without the wearing of face masks. On 23 April, US analyst website 38 North reported that North Korea's early and extensive response appeared to be successful in containing the virus.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: The British Embassy in Pyongyang was closed temporarily from 27 May and all diplomatic staff left the country. According to a statement from the British Foreign Office, this was due to restrictions on entry to the country, making it a challenge to rotate staff and sustain the operation of the Embassy.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: On 19 June, an update to the WHO from the Ministry of Public Health affirmed that all the educational institutions in the country were now open.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: The underground network that assists defectors in escaping North Korea was reported as being almost unable to operate amidst the strict controls implemented to stop the virus, and defection attempts were largely suspended. Defection rates had been declining already, probably due to increased security under the administrations of Kim Jong-un in North Korea and Xi Jinping in China. Between the start of April and end of June 2020, only 12 North Korean defectors entered South Korea, compared with 320 during the same period in 2019.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: On 1 July, a WHO official said a ban on public gatherings remained, and people were required to wear masks in public. KCNA and "Rodong Sinmun" released images from a meeting on 2 July with Kim Jong-un and dozens of officials, none of whom were shown wearing masks. According to Dr. Edwin Salvador, the WHO's representative in North Korea, 922 people in the country were tested for COVID-19 and all had tested negative.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: On 25 July, Kim Jong-un attended an emergency meeting after a suspected COVID-19 case was reported in the city of Kaesong. Kim declared a state of emergency and imposed a lockdown on the city. The suspected case was reported to be an individual who had defected to South Korea three years earlier, before swimming back to North Korea in July (a rare case of "re-defection"). According to a South Korean senior health official, the individual was neither registered as a COVID-19 patient, nor classified as someone who came in contact with other patients. Two close contacts of the defector in South Korea tested negative for the virus. On 5 August, Salvador said the returning defector was tested but the "results were inconclusive". On 14 August, the three week lockdown in Kaesong and nearby areas was lifted by Kim Jong-un, after "the scientific verification and guarantee by a professional anti-epidemic organisation".


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: According to South Korean intelligence, in August a North Korean official was executed for violating COVID-19 restrictions by bringing goods to Sinuiju from across the Chinese border. South Korean intelligence officials also said that the North Korean government had locked down Pyongyang, and had refused to accept 110,000 tons of rice from China for fear of letting the virus into the country.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: Expatriates in North Korea became concerned about getting treatment for COVID-19, since the North Korean medical system was limited, and it was difficult to seek treatment in China due to travel restrictions.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: According to NK News, on 22 September, the crew of a North Korean patrol boat killed a South Korean fisheries officer whom they encountered off their coast, and then torched his flotation device in compliance with COVID-19 emergency orders. Kim apologized to South Korea for the incident. In October, North Korean media said that the world was looking at North Korea with envy because of its virus-free status, but at the same time warned against complacency. In the same month, there was a spike in people tested and quarantined, possibly related to celebrations on 10 October.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: In November 2020, "Daily NK" reported that there had been a spike of residents in quarantine facilities with COVID-19 symptoms, and that at least 80,000 non-military residents had been quarantined in total by then, although the country continued to maintain that it did not have any confirmed cases. A source to the "Daily NK" reported that some residents were suspecting a government cover-up, and that doctors were being ordered to not discuss COVID-19 as to not "damage the image" of Kim Jong-un.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: By January 2021, North Korea's borders had been closed for one year. According to South Korean analysis, trade between North Korea and China had fallen by 76%.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: In March, North Korea decided not to participate in the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo due to concerns over potential exposure to COVID-19. As a result, the Olympic Committee of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea was suspended by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) through the end of 2022, thus prohibiting the country from participating in the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: In April 2021, Russian diplomats in Pyongyang said that North Korea had "total restrictions that are unprecedented in their severity", as well as severe shortages. According to the diplomatic mission, many foreign diplomats had left the country, leaving less than 290 foreigners in North Korea, including only nine ambassadors and four chargés d'affaires. Later that month, Kim Jong-un said North Korea was facing its "worst-ever situation" in reference to the economic downturn due to COVID-19; he called for the party to wage another Arduous March to fight the severe economic difficulties.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: However, the translation as "worst-ever situation" has been disputed by some analysts as an exaggeration, with the original speech (극난한) translatable as simply a very hard, or difficult situation. The translation as "worst-ever" had also been previously used in the 8th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea to refer to the past five years, yet the economy is in nowhere near as much difficulty as in the 1990s. Similarly, in the North Korean context, "Arduous March" does not directly refer to economic hardship, but a firm resolve to carry out tasks of the party.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: In June 2021, Kim Jong-un called a meeting to sack several officials over a "severe" COVID-19 breach and warned of a great crisis caused by the pandemic in the country. Despite this, the recently demoted Pak Jong-chon was promoted up to secretary of the Party Central Committee, and rejoined the Politburo as a full member.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: American activist Tim A. Peters said that there were signs of "enormous stress on the North Korean population" due to the pandemic and associated restrictions, and that he suspected COVID-19 was spreading within the country despite the lack of confirmed cases.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: In July 2021, North Korea rejected shipments of around two million doses of the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine, citing concerns over potential side effects. The same month, Russia also offered to supply the country with its own Sputnik V vaccine on multiple occasions. In September 2021, the country rejected three million doses of the Chinese CoronaVac vaccine which were offered to it under the COVAX programme, asking that the doses be reallocated to other nations.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: On 27 August, the WHO reported that 37,291 people with flu-like symptoms had so far been tested for COVID-19 in the country, with all testing negative.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: In October 2021, it was reported by "NK News" that money coupons were becoming widespread in North Korea, due to COVID-19 controls reportedly causing cash printing issues. It was also noted that early signs of inflation were present in North Korea.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: In January 2022, the first freight trains between North Korea and China resumed after a two-year hold. Uiju Air Base was converted to a cargo decontamination facility for containers brought in by freight trains. A South Korean–based humanitarian organisation, the Inter-Korean Economic Cooperation Research Center (, IKECRC), received a UN sanctions exemption to send 20 thermal imaging cameras to North Phyongan province for detection of fever symptoms, while the WHO was granted 18 more months to deliver shipments for stalled projects.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: On 12 May 2022, the North Korean government declared a "severe national emergency", after samples from an unspecified number of people tested positive for COVID-19. This marked the first time that North Korea had publicly acknowledged the existence of COVID-19 cases in the country. The Korean Central News Agency stated that Supreme Leader Kim Jong-un had called an emergency meeting of the Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea after learning of the samples, which were sourced from residents of Pyongyang and had symptoms "consistent with" the Omicron variant. The Politburo recommended the implementation of a "maximum" emergency quarantine, to include nationwide lockdowns, border restrictions, and restrictions on group sizes in workplaces. During the politburo meeting, the previous anti-pandemic strategy was criticised. "NK News" reported that the entire country had been placed under a lockdown two days prior, though farmers in border regions close to South Korea were seen still tending the fields. It was later reported by state media that at least one North Korean died after testing positive, and that 187,800 people are now under quarantine due to "fever".


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: On 13 May, Kim Jong-un held a meeting at the State Emergency Epidemic Prevention Headquarters, where he called for further anti-pandemic work, lockdowns, and isolation of people with suspected cases. The effort to stop the spread was declared to be a supreme task of the party. The "fever" was noted to have started spreading since late April 2022, with Pyongyang being the centre of the spread. In line with the politburo decision, various enterprises continued to operate normally while organising emergency quarantine procedures. Various major projects, such as the 10,000 residential flats project, were to continue as before. Also, on 13 May, North Korean state media reported 6 deaths and 350,000 cases of fevers.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: On 14 May, an additional 174,440 cases of fever were reported, with 81,430 recoveries and 21 deaths. During the politburo conference, Kim Jong-un stated that the current situation was equal to the turmoil from the founding of the country, but the situation could be overcome with strong governance over the situation. According to the report, cases of the virus spreading between different regions had reduced. Emergency drug distribution was also ordered to commence in accordance with the anti-pandemic plan.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: On 17 May, it was reported that during the 24-hour period from 15 to 16 May, 269,510 cases of fever were recorded in the country, 170,460 people were cured, and 6 more died. The total officially reported number of cases reached 1,483,060. Out of these, 819,090 recovered from the illness, 663,910 were receiving treatment, and 56 died. While case numbers continued to rise in the provincial regions, case numbers began to fall in Pyongyang. According to KCTV, out of the 50 deaths reported up to 17 May, 25 were due to inappropriate usage of medicine.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: On 19 May, 262,270 cases of fever were reported, with one death. Regional treatment centres had also been set up, with large increases in the number of infected in the South Pyongan and South Hamgyong provinces.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: On 20 May, 168 confirmed cases of COVID-19 were reported, with cases of reported fever nearing 2 million, according to NK News.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: On 3 June, NK News reported that GAVI had received information that North Korea had started its vaccination rollout with Chinese vaccines, with an anonymous source telling Radio Free Asia that the first doses were being administered to soldiers working in the construction sector. From around June, vehicles had started reappearing in satellite imagery in Pyongyang, which suggested that the lockdown was at least being partially lifted in Pyongyang, with a source alleging that restrictions were relaxed to allow for a few hours of outdoor time every day from late May, though provincial cities appeared to be still locked down.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: On August 5, 2022, the country reported that it has not seen a fever case for seven consecutive days, and that everyone with a fever case had recovered. On August 8, plans were announced to convene the Supreme People's Assembly in September, moving its members out of isolation. A separate review meeting to discuss a "change in direction" in pandemic response was also announced.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: On August 11, Kim Jong-un's sister, Kim Yo-jong, stated that her brother had a fever, implying that he had COVID-19 at one point. She also blamed South Korea for the COVID-19 outbreak in the country, claiming that it sent contaminated anti-Pyongyang leaflets to spread the disease.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: North Korean media reports indicate that the population have resumed regular activity. On August 25, several sources told NK News that North Korea could possibly allow foreigners into North Korea for the first time since 2020, likely after the 20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party later in 2022.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea

text: In September, however, Kim Jong-un flagged the first rollout of vaccines in November and warned that COVID-19 could reappear in the winter months. The mass vaccination program started in the border areas in late September, making North Korea the last country in the world other than Eritrea to have a mass vaccination program against COVID-19.


title: Romantic poetry

text: Romantic poetry is the poetry of the Romantic era, an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century. It involved a reaction against prevailing Enlightenment ideas of the 18th century, and lasted approximately from 1800 to 1850. Romantic poets rebelled against the style of poetry from the eighteenth century which were based around epics, odes, satires, elegies, epistles and songs.


title: Romantic poetry

text: In early-19th-century England, the poet William Wordsworth defined his and Samuel Taylor Coleridge's innovative poetry in his Preface to "Lyrical Ballads" (1798):


title: Romantic poetry

text: I have said before that poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin in emotion recollected in tranquility: the emotion is contemplated till, by a species of reaction, the tranquility gradually disappears, and an emotion, kindred to that which was before the subject of contemplation, is gradually produced, and does itself actually exist in the mind.


title: Romantic poetry

text: The poems of "Lyrical Ballads" intentionally re-imagined the way poetry should sound: "By fitting to metrical arrangement a selection of the real language of men," Wordsworth and his English contemporaries, such as Coleridge, John Keats, Percy Shelley, Lord Byron and William Blake, wrote poetry that was meant to boil up from serious, contemplative reflection over the interaction of humans with their environment. Although many stress the notion of spontaneity in Romantic poetry, the movement was still greatly concerned with the difficulty of composition and of translating these emotions into poetic form. Indeed, Coleridge, in his essay "On Poesy or Art," sees art as “the mediatress between, and reconciler of nature and man”. Such an attitude reflects what might be called the dominant theme of English Romantic poetry: the filtering of natural emotion through the human mind in order to create meaning.


title: Romantic poetry

text: The Sublime is considered one of the most important concepts in Romantic poetry. In literature, it refers to use of language and description that excites thoughts and emotions beyond ordinary experience. Although it is often associated with grandeur, the sublime may also refer to the grotesque or other extraordinary experiences that "take us beyond ourselves.”


title: Romantic poetry

text: The literary concept of the sublime became important in the eighteenth century. It is associated with the 1757 treatise by Edmund Burke, though it has earlier roots. The idea of the sublime was taken up by Immanuel Kant and the Romantic poets including especially William Wordsworth.


title: Romantic poetry

text: Another characteristic of romantic poetry is power and passion. The writer feels the poem when they write it. They try to imagine in it. And also they use strong words to show power.