title: Babe: Pig in the City

text: A few weeks after the events of the first film, Arthur Hoggett is injured in an accident while he and Babe attempt to fix the farm's well, leaving his wife Esme to tend the farm alone. Then threatened with eviction at the end of the month unless the mortgage is paid, Esme takes Babe to a sheepdog herding contest in hope of using the prize money to save the farm. At the city of Metropolis' airport, an overzealous sniffer dog falsely signals that Babe and Esme are carrying drugs, causing them to miss their flight and forcing a few days wait for the next flight home.


title: Babe: Pig in the City

text: At first unable to find a hotel that allows animals, Esme and Babe find accommodation at a hotel run by Miss Floom, who provides animals with a refuge much to the chagrin of her neighbours. There Babe is separated from Esme and meets a trio of chimpanzees—Bob, his wife Zootie and his little brother Easy—and Thelonius, a civilized Bornean orangutan who is a butler for the landlady's elderly uncle, Fugly. Babe is made part of their clown act, which he is reluctant to appear in until the apes insinuate that he will be paid. Meanwhile, Esme, believing Babe has escaped, goes looking for him but is arrested after an incident involving police officers and other bystanders while a gang of motorcycles attempted to mug her.


title: Babe: Pig in the City

text: The next morning, Fugly is taken to the hospital in a food coma, accompanied by his niece. Left to fend for themselves, the hotel's animal occupants soon become hungry and the chimps decide to steal food from a store, using Babe to distract a pair of guard dogs. Babe rescues one of the dogs when he falls into a canal, who pledges to act as bodyguard to Babe. Having flown all the way to Metropolis, Ferdinand the Duck finds Babe at the hotel, where Zootie gives birth to twins. The celebration is interrupted when several unfriendly animal control officers are summoned there by the Flooms' neighbour, Hortense, who dislikes animals.


title: Babe: Pig in the City

text: Most of the animals are removed except for Babe, Ferdinand, a capuchin monkey called Tug and a disabled Jack Russell terrier named Flealick. They infiltrate the animal control facility and rescue their wrongfully imprisoned friends. Released from custody, Esme returns to the hotel to find it in disarray and Miss Floom mourning her uncle. After confronting Hortense, they track down the animals to a charity dinner and retrieve them all. Floom sells the hotel and gives the proceeds to Esme to save the farm, where she and all the animals go to stay. Esme resumes her duties and Arthur recovers, and after finally fixing the farm's water pump, proudly smiles at Babe and says, "That'll do, Pig. That'll do."


title: Babe: Pig in the City

text: Christine Cavanaugh, who played Babe in the first film, was approached to reprise her role, but declined when contract negotiations fell through. Cavanaugh was eventually replaced by her "Rugrats" co-star E. G. Daily. The director of the successful first movie, Chris Noonan, had no involvement in "Babe: Pig in the City"; directorial duties were handled by George Miller and Noonan was reportedly not even invited to the premiere Australian screening.


title: Babe: Pig in the City

text: Prior to the film's theatrical release, it was originally rated PG by the MPAA. The TV spots for the film's theatrical release mentioned this rating, as did a promotional poster. By the time the film was released in theaters it had been re-rated as G due to the film being re-edited and submitted again for review.


title: Babe: Pig in the City

text: "Babe: Pig in the City" takes place in an imaginative, fantasy-like metropolis. The aesthetic is notably reminiscent of Oz. The city has numerous styles of architecture from around the world. It also has a variety of waterways, noticeable by the hotel at which Babe stays. The downtown area appears to be situated on an island not dissimilar to Manhattan Island. The Downtown Skyline features numerous landmarks such as the World Trade Center, the Sears Tower, the Chrysler Building, the Empire State Building, the IDS Center, the MetLife Building, the Sydney Opera House, the Hollywood sign, the Golden Gate Bridge, the Fernsehturm Berlin, Big Ben, St. Basil's Cathedral of Moscow's Red Square, the Statue of Liberty, the Eiffel Tower, the "Christ the Redeemer" statue, among others.


title: Babe: Pig in the City

text: "Babe: Pig in the City" opened on November 25, 1998, during Thanksgiving weekend, ranking in fifth place behind "A Bug's Life", "The Rugrats Movie", "Enemy of the State" and "The Waterboy". The film made $6.4 million during its opening weekend, combined with $8.5 million from its first five days of release.


title: Babe: Pig in the City

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has 65% approval rating based on 65 reviews, with a weighted average of 6.24/10. Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "B" on scale of A+ to F. On Metacritic the film carries a score of 68, based on 25 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Babe: Pig in the City

text: On release the film received poor reviews by most critics, receiving the lowest marks; most believed the sequel had lost the innocence of the original. Empire's Andrew Collins said, "Where Babe brought deep-rooted joy, the sequel brings fidgety depression" and awarded the film one star. Janet Maslin of The New York Times said, "It will work as a sequel only hard-core "Babe" fans willing to follow this four-legged hero (or heroine, as Babe obviously is in some scenes) anywhere. Had "Pig in the City" been made first, it by no means could have prompted a sequel of its own." American film critic Gene Siskel, on the other hand, named it as his choice for the best movie of 1998 over more adult-oriented films like "Saving Private Ryan", "Life Is Beautiful" and "Shakespeare in Love". Roger Ebert gave the film four out of four stars and said it was "more magical than the original "Babe"."


title: Babe: Pig in the City

text: In the decades since "Babe: Pig in the City" release, the movie has developed a cult following. Tom Waits expressed appreciation for the film during a 2010 interview with "Mojo Magazine". Radio personality/podcaster Jesse Thorn has also praised the film.


title: Babe: Pig in the City

text: Peter Gabriel's "That'll Do", written and composed by Randy Newman, was nominated for Best Original Song at the 71st Academy Awards.


title: Babe: Pig in the City

text: The musical score for "Babe: Pig in the City" was composed by Nigel Westlake, who previously wrote the music for "Babe." A soundtrack album was released on 24 November 1998 by Geffen Records featuring Westlake's score, music inspired to the movie...as well as sound clips taken from film. The soundtrack also includes source music such as "Chattanooga Choo Choo" by Glenn Miller and "That's Amore" by Dean Martin. Additional tracks include the Academy Award-nominated theme song "That'll Do" and a song sung by Elizabeth Daily, the voice of Babe.


title: Babe: Pig in the City

text: The film was released on VHS, DVD (in both widescreen and pan and scan formats), and laserdisc on 4 May 1999. On 22 May 2001, the film was released on DVD as a 2-pack with the original "Babe". On September 23, 2003, it was re-released on DVD as part of "The Complete Adventure Two-Movie Pig Pack" in its separate widescreen and pan and scan formats. On November 12, 2004, it was re-released onto DVD as part of a Family Double Feature, which includes "Babe" with the widescreen and the pan and scan versions of the film. On May 7, 2013, it was released on Blu-ray for the 15th Anniversary Edition of the film's release and re-released on Blu-ray by Fabulous Films Limited in UK on June 17, 2017.


title: Maldivian language

text: Maldivian, also known by its endonym Dhivehi or Divehi<ref name="ISO 639-2/RA"></ref><ref name="ISO 639-3/RA"></ref> ( ; "", ), is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the South Asian island country of Maldives and on Minicoy Island, Lakshadweep, union territory of India.


title: Maldivian language

text: The Maldivian language has notable dialects. The standard dialect is that of the capital city, Malé. The greatest dialectal variation is from the southern atolls Huvadu, Addu and Fuvahmulah of Maldives. Each of those atolls has its own dialect closely related to each other but very different from the northern atolls. The southern atoll dialects are so distinct that those only speaking northern dialects cannot understand them.


title: Maldivian language

text: The ethnic endonym for the language, "Divehi", is occasionally found in English as "Dhivehi" (spelled according to the locally used Malé Latin for romanisation of the Maldivian language), which is the official spelling as well as the common usage in the Maldives. Dhivehi is written in Thaana script.


title: Maldivian language

text: Dhivehi is a descendant of Elu Prakrit and is closely related to Sinhalese, but not mutually intelligible with it. Many languages have influenced the development of Dhivehi through the ages. They include Tamil, Arabic, French, Persian, Portuguese, Hindustani, and English. The English words "atoll" (a ring of coral islands or reefs) and "dhoni" (a vessel for inter-atoll navigation) are anglicised forms of the Maldivian words ' and '. Before the European expansion, it was the southernmost Indo-European language.


title: Maldivian language

text: The origin of the word "Divehi" is from older "divu"+"vesi", meaning "island dwelling". "Vesi" came from Sanskrit "vāsin" and later became "vehi. Divu" (from Sanskrit "dvīpa") later became the suffix -"dū," which is currently present in many names of Maldivian islands, such as Hanimādū, Mīdū, and Dāndū. (from Sanskrit "bhāṣā") means "language", so "" means "islanders' language".


title: Maldivian language

text: Wilhelm Geiger, a German linguist who undertook the first research on Maldivian linguistics in the early 20th century, also called the language "Divehi". An "h" was added to the name of the language— "Dhivehi"— in 1976, when the semi-official transliteration called Malé Latin was developed. Today the spelling with "Dh" has common and semi-official usage in the Maldives.


title: Maldivian language

text: Maldivian is an Indo-Aryan language closely related to the Sinhalese language of Sri Lanka. Maldivian represents the southernmost Indo-Aryan language. Maldivian and Sinhalese together constitute a subgroup within the modern Indo-Aryan languages, called Insular Indo-Aryan. However, they are not mutually intelligible.


title: Maldivian language

text: Maldivian and Sinhalese are descended from the Elu Prakrit of ancient and medieval Sri Lanka. These Prakrits were originally derived from Old Indo-Aryan vernaculars related to Vedic Sanskrit.


title: Maldivian language

text: Whereas formerly Maldivian was thought to be a descendant of Sinhalese, in 1969 Sinhalese philologist M. W. S. de Silva for the first time proposed that Maldivian and Sinhalese had branched off from a common mother language.


title: Maldivian language

text: The earliest official writings were on the " (copper-plate grants) of the 12th and 13th centuries. Earlier inscriptions on coral stone have also been found. The oldest inscription found to date is an inscription on a coral stone, which is estimated to be from around the 6th-8th centuries.


title: Maldivian language

text: Maldivian is an Indo-Aryan language of the Sinhalese-Maldivian subfamily. It developed in relative isolation from other languages until the 12th century. Since the 16th century, Maldivian has been written in a unique script called Thaana which is written from right to left, like those of Aramaic and Arabic (with which it shares several common diacritics for vowel sounds).


title: Maldivian language

text: The foundation of the historical linguistic analysis of both Maldivian and Sinhalese was laid by Wilhelm Geiger (1856–1943). In Geiger's comparative study of Maldivian and Sinhalese, he assumes that Maldivian is a dialectal offspring of Sinhalese and therefore is a "daughter language" of Sinhalese. However, the material he collected was not sufficient to judge the "degree of relationship" of Maldivian and Sinhalese.


title: Maldivian language

text: Geiger concludes that Maldivian must have split from Sinhalese not earlier than the 10th century CE. However, there is nothing in the history of these islands or Sinhalese chronicles, even in legendary form, that alludes to a migration of Sinhalese people which would result in such a connection. Maldives is completely absent from the pre-12th century records of Sri Lanka.


title: Maldivian language

text: A rare Maliku Thaana primer written in the Maliku dialect, published by Lakshadweep's administration during the time of Rajiv Gandhi's rule, was reprinted by Spanish researcher Xavier Romero-Frias in 2003.


title: Maldivian language

text: There is a holiday, the "Dhivehi Language Day", which is celebrated in the Maldives on 14 April, the birthday of the writer Husain Salaahuddin.


title: Maldivian language

text: Maldivian is the official language of the Maldives and a semi-official language in the union territory of Lakshadweep, India.


title: Maldivian language

text: The Maldivian language has multiple dialects due to the wide distribution of the islands, causing differences in pronunciation and vocabulary to develop during the centuries. The most divergent dialects of the language are to be found in the southern atolls, namely Huvadhu, Fuvahmulah and Addu. The other variants show less difference to the official dialect, including the dialects spoken in a few islands in Kolhumadulu Atoll and the now obsolete dialect once spoken in Giraavaru, which are hardly recognised and known.


title: Maldivian language

text: The letter Ṇaviyani (ޱ), which represented the retroflex "n" sound common to many Indic languages (Gujarati, Hindi, etc.), was abolished from official documents in by Muhammad Amin in 1950. Ṇaviyani's former position in the Thaana alphabet, between the letters Gaafu and Seenu, is today occupied by the palatal nasal Ñaviyani (ޏ). It is still seen in reprints of traditional old books like the and official documents like the . It is also used by people of southern atolls when writing songs or poetry in their language variant.


title: Maldivian language

text: According to Sonja Fritz, "the dialects of Maldivian represent different diachronial stages in the development of the language. Especially in the field of morphology, the amount of archaic features steadily increase from the north to the south. Within the three southernmost atolls (of the Maldives), the dialect of the Addu islands which form the southern tip of the whole archipelago is characterized by the highest degree of archaicity".


title: Maldivian language

text: However, the Huvadhu Atoll dialect is characterized by the highest degree of archaicity. From Huvadhu Atoll the archaic features decrease toward the south and north.


title: Maldivian language

text: Fritz also adds that "the different classes of verb conjugation and nominal inflection are best preserved there, morphological simplifications and, as a consequence increasing from atoll to atoll towards north (in the Maldives)".


title: Maldivian language

text: Maldivian presents another aspect with which English speakers are not too familiar: diglossia, the distinction between what is spoken and what is written. Every language that has a written form has this distinction to a greater or lesser degree, but many Asian languages, including Maldivian exhibit major differences between the two varieties of language. Malé dialect and Maliku dialect are the only dialects commonly used in writing.


title: Maldivian language

text: Spoken Maldivian, for instance, has twenty-seven consonants. In contrast, written or literary Maldivian includes some Arabic sounds as well. Though these sounds are also used in speaking, their phonetics are not strictly observed. This results in pronunciation as close as possible to spoken Maldivian.


title: Maldivian language

text: Regarding syntax, it may be said that every sentence in written Maldivian ends with the addition of , which is never used to end a sentence in spoken Maldivian. In using a strict word order also has to be maintained, but in spoken Maldivian word order is not considered to be very rigid.


title: Maldivian language

text: One of the very important things one has to take into account in written Maldivian which is not so important in spoken Maldivian is the ‘sukun’ on the letters and . in general is a mark to indicate an abrupt stop on the sound of the letter on which it is placed. However, if it comes within the word, the following consonant is geminated; if it comes on a or at the end of a word, it signifies the glottal stop; if it comes on a , the sound is replaced by a y off-glide.


title: Maldivian language

text: The Maldivian language has had its own script since very ancient times, most likely over two millennia, when Maldivian Buddhist monks translated and copied the Buddhist scriptures.


title: Maldivian language

text: It used to be written in the earlier form (Evēla) of the Dhives Akuru ("Dhivehi/Maldivian letters") which are written from left to right. Dhives Akuru were used in all of the islands between the conversion to Islam and until the 18th century. These ancient Maldivian letters were also used in official correspondence with Addu Atoll until the early 20th century. Perhaps they were used in some isolated islands and rural communities until the 1960s, but the last remaining native user died in the 1990s. Today Maldivians rarely learn the Dhives Akuru alphabet, for Arabic is favoured as the second script.


title: Maldivian language

text: Maldivian is now written using a different script, called Taana or Thaana, written from right to left. This script is relatively recent.


title: Maldivian language

text: The literacy rate of the Maldives is very high (98%) compared to other South Asian countries. Since the 1960s English has become the medium of education in most schools although they still have Maldivian language classes, but Maldivian is still the language used for the overall administration.


title: Maldivian language

text: Maldivian uses mainly the Thaana script for writing. It is an alphabet, with obligatory vowels derived from the vowel diacritics of the Arabic abjad. It is a largely phonemic script: With a few minor exceptions, spelling can be predicted from pronunciation, and pronunciation from spelling.


title: Maldivian language

text: The origins of Thaana are unique among the world's alphabets: The first nine letters (h–v) are derived from the Arabic numerals, whereas the next nine (m–d) were the local Indic numerals. (See Hindu–Arabic numerals.) The remaining letters for loanwords (t–z) and Arabic transliteration are derived from phonetically similar native consonants by means of diacritics, with the exception of y (), which is derived from combining an () and a (). This means that Thaana is one of the few alphabets not derived graphically from the original Semitic alphabet – unless the Indic numerals were (see Brahmi numerals). The Thaana alphabet (, ...) does not follow the ancient order of the other Indic scripts (like or Tamil) or the order of the Arabic alphabet.


title: Maldivian language

text: Thaana, like Arabic, is written right to left. It indicates vowels with diacritic marks derived from Arabic. Each letter must carry either a vowel or a "sukun", which indicates "no vowel". The only exception to this rule is which, when written without a diacritic, indicates prenasalisation of a following stop.


title: Maldivian language

text: The vowels are written with diacritical signs called . There are five for short vowels (a, i, u, e, o), with the first three being identical to the Arabic vowel signs ( and ). Long vowels (aa, ee, oo, ey, oa) are denoted by doubled , except oa, which is a modification of the short .


title: Maldivian language

text: , that is, a word-initial vowel or the second part of a diphthong; when it carries a , it indicates gemination of the following consonant; and if + occurs at the end of a word, it indicates that the word ends in a glottal stop. Gemination of nasals, however, is indicated by + preceding the nasal to be geminated.


title: Maldivian language

text: Maldivian is also written in "Malé Latin" (most commonly used, such as when romanising place names). IAST transliteration is also sometimes used, and also the Devanāgarī script (almost never used in Maldives, but used in Minicoy)


title: Maldivian language

text: Towards the mid-1970s, during President Ibrahim Nasir's tenure, the Maldivian government introduced telex machines in the local administration. This was viewed as great progress, but the local Thaana script was deemed to be an obstacle because messages on the telex machines could only be written in the Latin script.


title: Maldivian language

text: Following this, in 1976 the government approved a new official Latin transliteration, Dhivehi Latin, which was quickly implemented by the administration. Booklets were printed and dispatched to all Atoll and Island Offices, as well as schools and merchant liners. This was seen by many as the effective demise of the Thaana script. Clarence Maloney, an American anthropologist who was in the Maldives at the time of the change, lamented the inconsistencies of the "Dhivehi Latin" which ignored all previous linguistic research on the Maldivian language done by H.C.P. Bell and Wilhelm Geiger. He wondered why the modern Standard Indic transliteration had not been considered. Standard Indic is a consistent script system that is well adapted to writing practically all languages of South Asia.


title: Maldivian language

text: The government reinstated the Thaana script shortly after President Maumoon took power in 1978. There was widespread relief in certain places, especially rural areas, where the introduction of Latin had been regarded with suspicion. However, the Latin transcription of 1976 continues to be widely used.


title: Maldivian language

text: The 412-page hard-back English–Maldivian dictionary, "A Maldivian Dictionary", written by Christopher Hanby Baillie Reynolds, was published on 22 July 2003 by Routledge and contains about 5000 individual entries.


title: Maldivian language

text: The sound system of Maldivian is similar to that of Dravidian languages. Like other modern Indo-Aryan languages the Maldivian phonemic inventory shows an opposition of long and short vowels, of dental and retroflex consonants, and of single and geminate consonants.


title: Maldivian language

text: Nouns in Maldivian inflect for definiteness, number and case. Definiteness may be one of "definite", "indefinite" or "unspecified". Number may be "singular" or "plural". Case may be one of "nominative", "dative", "ablative", "genitive", "locative", "instrumental" or "emphatic".


title: Maldivian language

text: The nominal system of Maldivian comprises nouns, pronouns, adjectives and numerals as parts of speech.


title: Maldivian language

text: Maldivian uses two numeral systems. Both of them are identical up to 30. After 30, however, one system places the unit numeral stem before the decade, for example, '31' ( "one and thirty") while the other combines the stem of the decade with the unit numeral, for example, '31' ("thirty + one"). The latter system also has numerals multiplied by ten for decades 70, 80 and 90. The decade '60' ("five twelves"), comes from a much older duodecimal, or dozen-based, system which has nearly disappeared.


title: Maldivian language

text: The Maldivian verbal system is characterised by a derivational relationship between active, causative and involitive/intransitive verb forms.


title: Maldivian language

text: The word order in Maldivian is not as rigid as in English, though changes in the order of words in a sentence may convey subtle differences in meaning. To ask for some fish in a market, one uses the following words: (to me) (fish) (sell), which may be put in any of the following orders without a change in meaning:


title: Maldivian language

text: Speakers of Maldivian use a great many loan words from many languages in their everyday conversation (see § Vocabulary). The extent to which loan words are used varies between speakers, depending on their contacts with that language. Thus, those who have had an English education will tend to use a larger number of English words, while an average speaker with little or no contact with English will tend to use just a few. Some of these adopted words have now become so much part of the Maldivian language that there seem to be no other words that could replace them.


title: Maldivian language

text: There are different ways by which loan words are naturalised in Maldivian. This depends on whether the loan word refers to a person, a thing, or some kind of action.


title: Maldivian language

text: If the loan word refers to some kind of action, the Maldivian word (present), (present continuous), (present perfect), (past) or (future) is added after it, if it is done intentionally, and (present), (present continuous), (present perfect), (past) and (future) is added after it, if it happens to be unintentional or passive. For example, using "cancel":


title: Maldivian language

text: Inherent in the Maldivian language is a form of elaborate class distinction expressed through three levels: The highest level, the , formerly used to address members of the royal family, is now commonly used to show respect. People use the second level and third level in everyday life.


title: Maldivian language

text: After the arrival of Islam in South Asia, Persian and Arabic made a significant impact on Maldivian. It borrowed extensively from both languages, especially terms related to Islam and the judiciary. Some examples follow:


title: Maldivian language

text: Portuguese influence in the language can be seen from the period of Portuguese colonial power in the region:


title: Maldivian language

text: Maldivian has also borrowed words from Urdu, Hindi and more recently, English (in particular many scientific and technological terms).


title: Maldivian language

text: English words are also commonly used in the spoken language, for example "phone", "note", "radio", and "" ("shorts").


title: Maldivian language

text: The following is a sample text in Maldivian, Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (by the United Nations):


title: Maldivian language

text: Founded in 1984, the Mahal Unit Press at Minicoy prints texts in Maldivian, among other languages. The press also publishes the "Lakshadweep Times" in three languages on a regular basis: Maldivian, English and Malayalam. This unit is based in the main building, constructed in 1998. For the first time in the history of Lakshadweep, Maldivian was brought into the field of typography.


title: Maldivian language

text: Freely downloadable open-source Unicode typefaces featuring Thaana letters include FreeSerif and MPH 2B Damase.


title: Maldivian language

text: A variety of word processors are used to write Maldivian. Among them, the most popular is Microsoft Word.


title: Join, or Die

text: Join, or Die. is a political cartoon showing the disunity in the American colonies. Attributed to Benjamin Franklin, the original publication by "The Pennsylvania Gazette" on May 9, 1754, is the earliest known pictorial representation of colonial union produced by an American colonist in Colonial America.


title: Join, or Die

text: The cartoon is a woodcut showing a snake cut into eighths, with each segment labeled with the initials of one of the American colonies or regions. New England was represented as one segment, rather than the four colonies it was at that time. Delaware was not listed separately as it was part of Pennsylvania. Georgia, however, was omitted completely. Thus, it has eight segments of a snake rather than the traditional 13 colonies. The poster focused solely on the colonies that claimed shared identities as Americans. The cartoon appeared along with Franklin's editorial about the "disunited state" of the colonies and helped make his point about the importance of colonial unity. It later became a symbol of colonial freedom during the American Revolutionary War.


title: Join, or Die

text: The French and Indian War was a part of the Seven Years' War which pitted Great Britain alongside the Thirteen Colonies and their native allies against the French, New France and their native allies. Many American colonists wished to gain control over the lands west of the Appalachian Mountains and settle there (or make profits from speculating on new settlements). During the outbreak of the war, the American colonists were divided on whether or not to take the risk of actually fighting the French for control of the lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. The poster quickly became a symbol for the need of organized action against the threat posed by the French and their native allies during the conflict, as while many Americans were unwilling to participate in combat against the French, many more recognized that if the French colonies were not captured they would always pose a risk to the well-being and security of the Thirteen Colonies. Writer Philip Davidson stated that Franklin was a propagandist influential in seeing the potential in political cartoons to stir up public opinion in favor of a certain way of thinking. Franklin had proposed the Albany Plan and his cartoon suggested that such a union was necessary to avoid each colony being captured individually by the French. As Franklin wrote:


title: Join, or Die

text: Franklin's political cartoon took on a different meaning during the lead up to the American Revolution, especially around 1765–1766, during the Stamp Act Congress. American colonists protesting against the rule of the Crown used the cartoon in the "Constitutional Courant" to help persuade their fellow colonists to rise up. However, the Patriots, who associated the image with eternity, vigilance, and prudence, were not the only ones who saw a new interpretation of the cartoon. The Loyalists saw the cartoon with more biblical traditions, such as those of guile, deceit, and treachery. Franklin himself opposed the use of his cartoon at this time, but instead advocated a moderate political policy; in 1766, he published a new cartoon "MAGNA Britannia: her Colonies REDUCED", where he warned against the danger of Britain losing her American colonies by means of the image of a female figure (Britannia) with her limbs cut off. Because of Franklin's initial cartoon, however, the "Courant" was thought of in England as one of the most radical publications.


title: Join, or Die

text: The difference between the use of "Join or Die" in 1754 and 1765 is that Franklin had designed it to unite the colonies for 'management of Indian relations' and defense against France, but in 1765 American colonists used it to urge colonial unity in favor of resisting laws and edicts that were imposed upon them. Also during this time the phrase "join, or die" changed to "unite, or die," in some states such as New York and Pennsylvania.


title: Join, or Die

text: Soon after the publication of the cartoon during the Stamp Act Congress, variations were printed in New York, Massachusetts, and a couple of months later it had spread to Virginia and South Carolina. In some states, such as New York and Pennsylvania, the cartoon continued to be published week after week for over a year. On July 7, 1774 Paul Revere altered the cartoon to fit the masthead of the "Massachusetts Spy".


title: Join, or Die

text: The cartoon has been reprinted and redrawn widely throughout American history. Variants of the cartoon have different texts, and differently labeled segments, depending on the political bodies being appealed to. During the American Revolutionary War, the image became a potent symbol of the unity displayed by the American colonists and resistance to Parliament and the Crown. It returned to service, suitably redrawn, for both sides of the American Civil War, as both Union and Confederacy held differing views on the nature of the Federal government.


title: Type 83 destroyer

text: The Type 83 destroyer is a class of guided missile destroyers which is planned to enter service with the United Kingdom's Royal Navy in the late 2030s as a replacement for the current Type 45 destroyer.


title: Type 83 destroyer

text: The Royal Navy currently operates six Type 45 destroyers, also known as the "Daring" class, which first entered service in 2009 and are planned to leave service between 2035 and 2037. They are used principally for anti-air warfare (AAW) and are equipped with the Sea Viper air defence system to carry out this role. Sea Viper comprises the SAMPSON multi-function radar, a 48-cell Sylver Vertical Launching System (VLS) and Aster anti-air missiles. The ships have also been used outside of their specialist roles to carry out counter-piracy missions, counter-drug trafficking, maritime security patrols and humanitarian assistance.


title: Type 83 destroyer

text: The class was first unveiled in March 2021 with the publication of the British government's defence command paper, "Defence in a Competitive Age". The class was mentioned in the context of the government's 2030 shipbuilding strategy and planned long-term investments. According to "The National Interest", the "8X" designation may suggest the ship will be more in line with the size and role of the Type 82 destroyer, a large vessel which was sometimes described as a light cruiser and originally designed to escort the Royal Navy's last large fleet carriers, the cancelled CVA-01s. No design specifics have yet been confirmed publicly, but the ship is expected to enter the concept phase in early 2022.


title: Type 83 destroyer

text: In February 2022, the Ministry of Defence confirmed the ship would be designed to address the threat of hypersonic missiles.


title: Ligand

text: In coordination chemistry, a ligand is an ion or molecule (functional group) that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex. The bonding with the metal generally involves formal donation of one or more of the ligand's electron pairs, often through Lewis bases. The nature of metal–ligand bonding can range from covalent to ionic. Furthermore, the metal–ligand bond order can range from one to three. Ligands are viewed as Lewis bases, although rare cases are known to involve Lewis acidic "ligands".


title: Ligand

text: Metals and metalloids are bound to ligands in almost all circumstances, although gaseous "naked" metal ions can be generated in a high vacuum. Ligands in a complex dictate the reactivity of the central atom, including ligand substitution rates, the reactivity of the ligands themselves, and redox. Ligand selection requires critical consideration in many practical areas, including bioinorganic and medicinal chemistry, homogeneous catalysis, and environmental chemistry.


title: Ligand

text: Ligands are classified in many ways, including: charge, size (bulk), the identity of the coordinating atom(s), and the number of electrons donated to the metal (denticity or hapticity). The size of a ligand is indicated by its cone angle.


title: Ligand

text: The composition of coordination complexes have been known since the early 1800s, such as Prussian blue and copper vitriol. The key breakthrough occurred when Alfred Werner reconciled formulas and isomers. He showed, among other things, that the formulas of many cobalt(III) and chromium(III) compounds can be understood if the metal has six ligands in an octahedral geometry. The first to use the term "ligand" were Alfred Werner and Carl Somiesky, in relation to silicon chemistry. The theory allows one to understand the difference between coordinated and ionic chloride in the cobalt ammine chlorides and to explain many of the previously inexplicable isomers. He resolved the first coordination complex called hexol into optical isomers, overthrowing the theory that chirality was necessarily associated with carbon compounds.


title: Ligand

text: In general, ligands are viewed as electron donors and the metals as electron acceptors, i.e., respectively, Lewis bases and Lewis acids. This description has been semi-quantified in many ways, e.g. ECW model. Bonding is often described using the formalisms of molecular orbital theory.


title: Ligand

text: Ligands and metal ions can be ordered in many ways; one ranking system focuses on ligand 'hardness' (see also hard/soft acid/base theory). Metal ions preferentially bind certain ligands. In general, 'hard' metal ions prefer weak field ligands, whereas 'soft' metal ions prefer strong field ligands. According to the molecular orbital theory, the HOMO (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital) of the ligand should have an energy that overlaps with the LUMO (Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital) of the metal preferential. Metal ions bound to strong-field ligands follow the Aufbau principle, whereas complexes bound to weak-field ligands follow Hund's rule.


title: Ligand

text: Binding of the metal with the ligands results in a set of molecular orbitals, where the metal can be identified with a new HOMO and LUMO (the orbitals defining the properties and reactivity of the resulting complex) and a certain ordering of the 5 d-orbitals (which may be filled, or partially filled with electrons). In an octahedral environment, the 5 otherwise degenerate d-orbitals split in sets of 3 and 2 orbitals (for a more in-depth explanation, see crystal field theory):


title: Ligand

text: The energy difference between these 2 sets of d-orbitals is called the splitting parameter, Δ. The magnitude of Δ is determined by the field-strength of the ligand: strong field ligands, by definition, increase Δ more than weak field ligands. Ligands can now be sorted according to the magnitude of Δ (see the table below). This ordering of ligands is almost invariable for all metal ions and is called spectrochemical series.


title: Ligand

text: For complexes with a tetrahedral surrounding, the d-orbitals again split into two sets, but this time in reverse order:


title: Ligand

text: The energy difference between these 2 sets of d-orbitals is now called Δ. The magnitude of Δ is smaller than for Δ, because in a tetrahedral complex only 4 ligands influence the d-orbitals, whereas in an octahedral complex the d-orbitals are influenced by 6 ligands. When the coordination number is neither octahedral nor tetrahedral, the splitting becomes correspondingly more complex. For the purposes of ranking ligands, however, the properties of the octahedral complexes and the resulting Δ has been of primary interest.


title: Ligand

text: The arrangement of the d-orbitals on the central atom (as determined by the 'strength' of the ligand), has a strong effect on virtually all the properties of the resulting complexes. E.g., the energy differences in the d-orbitals has a strong effect in the optical absorption spectra of metal complexes. It turns out that valence electrons occupying orbitals with significant 3 d-orbital character absorb in the 400–800 nm region of the spectrum (UV–visible range). The absorption of light (what we perceive as the color) by these electrons (that is, excitation of electrons from one orbital to another orbital under influence of light) can be correlated to the ground state of the metal complex, which reflects the bonding properties of the ligands. The relative change in (relative) energy of the d-orbitals as a function of the field-strength of the ligands is described in Tanabe–Sugano diagrams.


title: Ligand

text: In cases where the ligand has low energy LUMO, such orbitals also participate in the bonding. The metal–ligand bond can be further stabilised by a formal donation of electron density back to the ligand in a process known as "back-bonding." In this case a filled, central-atom-based orbital donates density into the LUMO of the (coordinated) ligand. Carbon monoxide is the preeminent example a ligand that engages metals via back-donation. Complementarily, ligands with low-energy filled orbitals of pi-symmetry can serve as pi-donor.


title: Ligand

text: Especially in the area of organometallic chemistry, ligands are classified as L and X (or combinations of the two). The classification scheme – the "CBC Method" for Covalent Bond Classification – was popularized by M.L.H. Green and "is based on the notion that there are three basic types [of ligands]... represented by the symbols L, X, and Z, which correspond respectively to 2-electron, 1-electron and 0-electron neutral ligands." Another type of ligand worthy of consideration is the LX ligand which as expected from the used conventional representation will donate three electrons if NVE (Number of Valence Electrons) required. Example is alkoxy ligands( which is regularly known as X ligand too). L ligands are derived from charge-neutral precursors and are represented by amines, phosphines, CO, N, and alkenes. X ligands typically are derived from anionic precursors such as chloride but includes ligands where salts of anion do not really exist such as hydride and alkyl. Thus, the complex IrCl(CO)(PPh) is classified as an MXL complex, since CO and the two PPh ligands are classified as Ls. The oxidative addition of H to IrCl(CO)(PPh) gives an 18e MLX product, IrClH(CO)(PPh). EDTA is classified as an LX ligand, as it features four anions and two neutral donor sites. Cp is classified as an LX ligand.


title: Ligand

text: Denticity (represented by "κ") refers to the number of times a ligand bonds to a metal through noncontiguous donor sites. Many ligands are capable of binding metal ions through multiple sites, usually because the ligands have lone pairs on more than one atom. Ligands that bind via more than one atom are often termed "chelating". A ligand that binds through two sites is classified as "bidentate", and three sites as "tridentate". The "bite angle" refers to the angle between the two bonds of a bidentate chelate. Chelating ligands are commonly formed by linking donor groups via organic linkers. A classic bidentate ligand is ethylenediamine, which is derived by the linking of two ammonia groups with an ethylene (−CHCH−) linker. A classic example of a polydentate ligand is the hexadentate chelating agent EDTA, which is able to bond through six sites, completely surrounding some metals. The number of times a polydentate ligand binds to a metal centre is symbolized by ""κ"", where "n" indicates the number of sites by which a ligand attaches to a metal. EDTA, when it is hexidentate, binds as a "κ"-ligand, the amines and the carboxylate oxygen atoms are not contiguous. In practice, the n value of a ligand is not indicated explicitly but rather assumed. The binding affinity of a chelating system depends on the chelating angle or bite angle.


title: Ligand

text: Complexes of polydentate ligands are called "chelate" complexes. They tend to be more stable than complexes derived from monodentate ligands. This enhanced stability, called the "chelate effect", is usually attributed to effects of entropy, which favors the displacement of many ligands by one polydentate ligand.


title: Ligand

text: Related to the chelate effect is the macrocyclic effect. A macrocyclic ligand is any large ligand that at least partially surrounds the central atom and bonds to it, leaving the central atom at the centre of a large ring. The more rigid and the higher its denticity, the more inert will be the macrocyclic complex. Heme is an example, in which the iron atom is at the centre of a porphyrin macrocycle, bound to four nitrogen atoms of the tetrapyrrole macrocycle. The very stable dimethylglyoximate complex of nickel is a synthetic macrocycle derived from dimethylglyoxime.


title: Ligand

text: Hapticity (represented by "η") refers to the number of "contiguous" atoms that comprise a donor site and attach to a metal center. Butadiene forms both "η" and "η" complexes depending on the number of carbon atoms that are bonded to the metal.


title: Ligand

text: Trans-spanning ligands are bidentate ligands that can span coordination positions on opposite sides of a coordination complex.


title: Ligand

text: Unlike polydentate ligands, ambidentate ligands can attach to the central atom in two places. A good example of this is thiocyanate, SCN, which can attach at either the sulfur atom or the nitrogen atom. Such compounds give rise to linkage isomerism. Polyfunctional ligands, see especially proteins, can bond to a metal center through different ligand atoms to form various isomers.


title: Ligand

text: A bridging ligand links two or more metal centers. Virtually all inorganic solids with simple formulas are coordination polymers, consisting of metal ion centres linked by bridging ligands. This group of materials includes all anhydrous binary metal ion halides and pseudohalides. Bridging ligands also persist in solution. Polyatomic ligands such as carbonate are ambidentate and thus are found to often bind to two or three metals simultaneously. Atoms that bridge metals are sometimes indicated with the prefix ""μ"". Most inorganic solids are polymers by virtue of the presence of multiple bridging ligands. Bridging ligands, capable of coordinating multiple metal ions, have been attracting considerable interest because of their potential use as building blocks for the fabrication of functional multimetallic assemblies.


title: Ligand

text: Binucleating ligands bind two metal ions. Usually binucleating ligands feature bridging ligands, such as phenoxide, pyrazolate, or pyrazine, as well as other donor groups that bind to only one of the two metal ions.


title: Ligand

text: Some ligands can bond to a metal center through the same atom but with a different number of lone pairs. The bond order of the metal ligand bond can be in part distinguished through the metal ligand bond angle (M−X−R). This bond angle is often referred to as being linear or bent with further discussion concerning the degree to which the angle is bent. For example, an imido ligand in the ionic form has three lone pairs. One lone pair is used as a sigma X donor, the other two lone pairs are available as L-type pi donors. If both lone pairs are used in pi bonds then the M−N−R geometry is linear. However, if one or both these lone pairs is nonbonding then the M−N−R bond is bent and the extent of the bend speaks to how much pi bonding there may be. "η"-Nitric oxide can coordinate to a metal center in linear or bent manner.


title: Ligand

text: A spectator ligand is a tightly coordinating polydentate ligand that does not participate in chemical reactions but removes active sites on a metal. Spectator ligands influence the reactivity of the metal center to which they are bound.


title: Ligand

text: Bulky ligands are used to control the steric properties of a metal center. They are used for many reasons, both practical and academic. On the practical side, they influence the selectivity of metal catalysts, e.g., in hydroformylation. Of academic interest, bulky ligands stabilize unusual coordination sites, e.g., reactive coligands or low coordination numbers. Often bulky ligands are employed to simulate the steric protection afforded by proteins to metal-containing active sites. Of course excessive steric bulk can prevent the coordination of certain ligands.


title: Ligand

text: Chiral ligands are useful for inducing asymmetry within the coordination sphere. Often the ligand is employed as an optically pure group. In some cases, such as secondary amines, the asymmetry arises upon coordination. Chiral ligands are used in homogeneous catalysis, such as asymmetric hydrogenation.


title: Ligand

text: Hemilabile ligands contain at least two electronically different coordinating groups and form complexes where one of these is easily displaced from the metal center while the other remains firmly bound, a behaviour which has been found to increase the reactivity of catalysts when compared to the use of more traditional ligands.


title: Ligand

text: Non-innocent ligands bond with metals in such a manner that the distribution of electron density between the metal center and ligand is unclear. Describing the bonding of non-innocent ligands often involves writing multiple resonance forms that have partial contributions to the overall state.


title: Ligand

text: Virtually every molecule and every ion can serve as a ligand for (or "coordinate to") metals. Monodentate ligands include virtually all anions and all simple Lewis bases. Thus, the halides and pseudohalides are important anionic ligands whereas ammonia, carbon monoxide, and water are particularly common charge-neutral ligands. Simple organic species are also very common, be they anionic (RO and ) or neutral (RO, RS, RNH, and RP). The steric properties of some ligands are evaluated in terms of their cone angles.


title: Ligand

text: Beyond the classical Lewis bases and anions, all unsaturated molecules are also ligands, utilizing their pi electrons in forming the coordinate bond. Also, metals can bind to the σ bonds in for example silanes, hydrocarbons, and dihydrogen (see also: Agostic interaction).


title: Ligand

text: In complexes of non-innocent ligands, the ligand is bonded to metals via conventional bonds, but the ligand is also redox-active.


title: Ligand

text: The entries in the table are sorted by field strength, binding through the stated atom (i.e. as a terminal ligand). The 'strength' of the ligand changes when the ligand binds in an alternative binding mode (e.g., when it bridges between metals) or when the conformation of the ligand gets distorted (e.g., a linear ligand that is forced through steric interactions to bind in a nonlinear fashion).


title: Ligand

text: A ligand exchange (also ligand substitution) is a type of chemical reaction in which a ligand in a compound is replaced by another. One type of pathway for substitution is the ligand dependent pathway. In organometallic chemistry this can take place via associative substitution or by dissociative substitution.


title: Ligand

text: BioLiP is a comprehensive ligand–protein interaction database, with the 3D structure of the ligand–protein interactions taken from the Protein Data Bank. MANORAA is a webserver for analyzing conserved and differential molecular interaction of the ligand in complex with protein structure homologs from the Protein Data Bank. It provides the linkage to protein targets such as its location in the biochemical pathways, SNPs and protein/RNA baseline expression in target organ.


title: Symbol of Chaos

text: The Symbol of Chaos originates from Michael Moorcock's "Eternal Champion" stories and its dichotomy of Law and Chaos. In them, the Symbol of Chaos comprises eight arrows in a radial pattern. In contrast, the symbol of Law is a single upright arrow. It is also called the Arms of Chaos, the Arrows of Chaos, the Chaos Star, the Chaos Cross, the Star of Discord, the Chaosphere (when depicted as a three-dimensional sphere), the Symbol of Eight, or the Octaris.


title: Symbol of Chaos

text: The symbol has been adopted in role-playing games such as "Warhammer" and "Dungeons & Dragons", as well as modern occult traditions, where it represents chaos magick, and also as a part of punk rock subculture and branches of modern anarchism.


title: Symbol of Chaos

text: Moorcock has stated that he conceived this symbol while writing the first Elric of Melniboné stories in the early 1960s. It was subsequently adopted into the pop-cultural mainstream, turning up in such places as modern occult traditions and role-playing games.


title: Symbol of Chaos

text: There are a number of traditional symbols that have the same geometrical pattern as Moorcock's symbol of Chaos, such as any of various eight-pointed stars, the Star of Ishtar, the Indian Dharmachakra and the Wheel of the Year, but none of these were symbols of chaos and their limbs are not arrows.


title: Symbol of Chaos

text: The Eight of Wands in Aleister Crowley's Thoth tarot deck features prominently an eight-pointed star with arrows at the ends. Crowley described the card as representing "energy" scattering at "high velocity" that had managed to create the depicted eight-pointed figure.


title: Symbol of Chaos

text: An even-more-chaotic asymmetrical representation was by Walter Simonson in the "Michael Moorcock's Multiverse" comic (and subsequent graphic novel: ).


title: Symbol of Chaos

text: The symbol's first appearance in a commercial role-playing game (RPG) was in TSR's Dungeons & Dragons supplement, "Deities & Demigods" which included the gods, monsters, and heroes from Moorcock's Elric books as one of 17 mythological and fictional "pantheons". Copyright problems led to its omission from later editions.


title: Symbol of Chaos

text: It then turned up quite naturally in Chaosium's "Stormbringer" RPG (one edition of which was published as "Elric!"). The 1987 edition of "Stormbringer" was published jointly by Chaosium in the U.S. and Games Workshop (GW) in the UK.


title: Symbol of Chaos

text: Moorcock's eight-arrow symbol of Chaos was subsequently used by Games Workshop and used as a frequent graphic element in their own "Warhammer" and "Warhammer 40,000" games and the related miniature figures, representing the forces of Chaos. The Games Workshop version of the symbol often incorporates a ring into its design, similar to the eight-spoked dharmachakra.


title: Symbol of Chaos

text: Star of Chaos appears as the penultimate boss of Gradius Gaiden, in the passage between one of the last bosses (Big Ducker) and Final Boss


title: Symbol of Chaos

text: It further appears in "Doom Engine" games "Heretic" and "", appearing as a symbol on teleporters and on an item known as a Chaos Device.


title: Symbol of Chaos

text: In Warcraft II, the Orc side's target mouse cursor has the form of chaos symbol. The symbol also appears in several artworks, which can be seen in game's manual and during mission briefings.


title: Symbol of Chaos

text: The symbol also appears in the background during a dialogue scene in "", an expansion to "Witcher 3", located in the home of a professor attempting to ward off a malevolent demonic entity that plays a key role in the expansion's plot.


title: Symbol of Chaos

text: In the mobile game Dragon City, one of the Ancient World elements is a white Symbol of Chaos on a (bottom to top) red-orange-white gradient backround.


title: Symbol of Chaos

text: According to Anton Shekhovtsov, Aleksandr Dugin has used the symbol to represent his idea of Neo-Eurasianism, and it can be seen on the logo of his Eurasia Party and on the cover of his book "Foundations of Geopolitics."


title: Symbol of Chaos

text: Polish street punk band The Analogs used symbol of Chaos for their logo on released in 1996 Audio cassette Oi! Młodzież and since then continued use of symbol occasionally.


title: Symbol of Chaos

text: Nowadays, the Chaos Star in its original form has been adopted by multiple Eastern European and North and Latin American activist groups affiliated to post-left anarchy, insurrectionary anarchism and nihilist anarchism. The symbol likely came into modern anarchism movements from punk artwork and zines fulfilling the need for a unified symbol similar to the Conspiracy of Fire Nuclei logo but more universal. A contributing factor to its adoption may be that its originator Moorcock himself identifies as an anarchist.


title: Symbol of Chaos

text: Meshuggah, a progressive band uses this symbol for their 1998 album Chaosphere, calling to the chaotic recording section they had due to the pressure from their label.


title: Symbol of Chaos

text: Anarchist publisher AK Press released a novel After the Revolution featuring the Chaos star on the cover.


title: A Fall from Grace

text: A Fall from Grace is a 2020 American thriller film produced, written, and directed by Tyler Perry and his first to be released by Netflix. The film follows a woman who finds a dangerous new love and the novice attorney who defends her in a sensational court case. This was the final film of actor Cicely Tyson before her death in January 2021.


title: A Fall from Grace

text: Jasmine Bryant (Bresha Webb) is a public defender who constantly takes plea deals in small town Virginia. Her husband Jordan (Matthew Law) is a police officer who is discouraged after witnessing an older woman he attempted to save complete a suicide attempt.


title: A Fall from Grace

text: Jasmine is assigned by her boss Rory (Tyler Perry) to defend Grace Waters (Crystal Fox), a woman accused of murdering her husband Shannon DeLong (Mehcad Brooks). Grace insists that she is guilty and will agree to a plea deal if she goes to a prison close by her son Malcolm (Walter Fauntleroy). Jasmine is troubled by case details, including Shannon's missing body. Rory is not pleased that Jasmine wants to represent the suspect because the department does not have the budget for a trial, and he expects the media frenzy will disrupt their lives.


title: A Fall from Grace

text: Grace’s best friend Sarah Miller (Phylicia Rashad) tells Jasmine that Grace was feeling sad after her divorce, and she pushed her to get out and meet someone new. She ended up marrying Shannon. After researching the case some more, Jasmine and her colleagues Tilsa (Angela Marie Rigsby) and Donnie (Donovan Christie, Jr.) believe Grace is innocent. Grace tells Jasmine that she met Shannon at a gallery exhibit of his work. He charmed Grace and they married three months later. Grace says that Shannon soon became cruel and secretive. After he got her passwords and secretly stole from her accounts, he mortgaged her house with forged documents. Eventually, the bank fired Grace. The last night, Grace walked in on Shannon and another woman having sex in the marriage bed. Later the couple argued; she beat him with a baseball bat and pushed him down the stairs to the basement. Grace drove away, calling Sarah from the country to confess the killing. Sarah tells Jasmine that when she went to Grace's house, she saw her son Malcolm leaving the house. Because Shannon's body is missing, Sarah believes that Malcolm helped Grace dispose of it.


title: A Fall from Grace

text: At the trial, Jasmine fails to cast doubt on prosecution evidence. at proving Grace's innocence. Calling Sarah as a witness backfires because phone records show numerous phone calls between the women on the night of the murder, and Sarah finally admits on the stand that Grace confessed to killing Shannon to her. Grace is found guilty by the jury. As she is being led away, Grace sees Sarah in the gallery, comforting a sobbing Malcolm. Grace notices that Sarah is wearing a pendant identical to one that Shannon had that was supposedly one-of-a-kind. In her cell, Grace thinks back to the times that Sarah was involved in her relationship with Shannnon, and screams to the guards that she needs to call her lawyer.


title: A Fall from Grace

text: Feeling defeated, Jasmine stops by Sarah's house (a residence for old ladies) and notices an elderly woman named Alice (Cicely Tyson) trying to escape from the house. Alice wants to leave the house and reveals that other women have died there, including Shane Fieldman (Jordan's victim from the beginning of the film). When Jasmine discovers there are numerous elderly women locked up in the basement, she is kidnapped. Jordan discovers Sarah's criminal history and searches for his wife. Shannon turns out to be alive and is revealed to be Sarah's son. Jordan knocks on the door and asks Sarah if Jasmine is there and she denies it. When Jordan calls her, he hears her phone ringing from inside the house, so he bursts in, tussles with Sarah, handcuffs her, and then looks for Jasmine as Sarah escapes. Jordan and Shannon fight as Jasmine tries to break free. Shannon is shot and is presumably killed.


title: A Fall from Grace

text: As the police rescue the elderly women, it is revealed that Sarah and Shannon are really mother and son criminals Betty and Maurice Mills, who have been kidnapping elderly women for their social security information and conning middle aged women out of their life savings for over 25 years with Grace being one of those middle aged women. Grace gets one more hearing and this time, Jasmine succeeds at defending Grace by presenting new evidence that Grace was victimized by Betty and Maurice's scheme to steal her life savings, and another piece of evidence that reveals that Betty and Maurice are wanted in several states for stealing from other numerous women, which is enough for the judge to grant Grace her freedom. While everyone celebrates Grace's freedom, Rory congratulates Jasmine for uncovering such a crazy scheme. Meanwhile, Betty is on the run from the police and has just been hired to take care of an elderly woman in a nursing home.


title: A Fall from Grace

text: "A Fall from Grace" was released in the United States by Netflix on January 17, 2020. The film was watched by 26 million during its first week.


title: A Fall from Grace

text: "A Fall from Grace" received largely negative reviews. The film holds an approval rating of on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on reviews with an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, "Drama for drama's sake does not a great movie make, but boy is it fun to watch "A Fall From Grace" unravel." On Metacritic, the film holds a rating of 34 out of 100, based on seven critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".


title: A Fall from Grace

text: Many on social media have criticized the glaring errors in the film in the forms of seeing boom microphones, continuity errors, and extras staring directly into the camera and "miming" actions, possibly attributed to the very limited production schedule. Sometime after the film's release, the movie went through further edits and alternate cuts to fix these problems. There were little to no announcements regarding these changes. The line "Ashtray, bitch!", has become something of an internet meme due to its forceful, yet unintentionally funny delivery. Tyler Perry claimed that the line was not in the script and something he had added on the spot stating, "that was my father doing stupid stuff".


title: Joe Lynn Turner

text: Joe Lynn Turner (born Joseph Arthur Mark Linquito, August 2, 1951) is an American singer known for his work in the hard rock bands Rainbow, Yngwie J. Malmsteen and Deep Purple.


title: Joe Lynn Turner

text: During his career, Turner fronted and played guitar with pop rock band Fandango in the late 1970s; and in the early 1980s, he became a member of Rainbow, fronting the band and writing songs with guitarist, Ritchie Blackmore and bassist, and producer, Roger Glover. After Rainbow had disbanded in March 1984, he pursued a solo career, released one album, Rescue You, and sang backing vocals for Billy Joel, Cher, and Michael Bolton along with radio and television jingles. He also collaborated with songwriters Desmond Child and Jack Ponti. Turner had a short-lived association with neoclassical metal guitarist Yngwie Malmsteen and then Deep Purple. From the mid-1990s, he resumed his solo career, releasing an additional nine studio and two live recordings. He continued to perform session work, and collaborated with the groups Mother's Army and Hughes Turner Project and Sunstorm, the latter of which released five albums with Turner. In 2016, Turner released "The Sessions" via Cleopatra Records.


title: Joe Lynn Turner

text: Turner was born in Hackensack, New Jersey, on August 2, 1951, and became interested in music in the 1960s. Growing up in an Italian-American home, he was influenced by singers such as Frank Sinatra and Enrico Caruso. In high school, he formed the band Ezra, performing original material and cover songs. He played the accordion as a child and learned the guitar in his early teens. He was once influenced primarily by such artists as Led Zeppelin, Jimi Hendrix and Free.


title: Joe Lynn Turner

text: In 1977, Turner joined the rock band Fandango, who signed with RCA Records. Turner sang and played guitar on the band's four albums. Fandango toured with numerous artists including The Allman Brothers Band, The Marshall Tucker Band, The Beach Boys and Billy Joel.


title: Joe Lynn Turner

text: After Fandango split, he received a phone call from British guitarist Ritchie Blackmore. This resulted in an audition and Turner was immediately enlisted in Rainbow. The band, while popular in Europe and Japan, had not reached the same level of success in the US. Turner contributed a pop influence to the band, and Rainbow became successful in the US. Several tracks from albums with Turner reached the Top 20 on rock radio charts in the early to mid-1980s. "Stone Cold" became Rainbow's first Top 40 hit and the band's videos were played on heavy rotation on MTV. Turner recorded three studio albums with Rainbow: "Difficult to Cure", "Straight Between the Eyes", and "Bent Out of Shape", which featured the single, "Street of Dreams". Rainbow disbanded in 1984.


title: Joe Lynn Turner

text: In 1985, after the break-up of Rainbow, Turner released a solo album, "Rescue You", produced by Roy Thomas Baker, known for his work with Queen and The Cars. He co-wrote most of the songs with keyboardist Al Greenwood (Foreigner). The first single, "Endlessly," received extensive airplay on radio and MTV. Tours with Night Ranger and Pat Benatar and an acting role in the TV movie "Blue Deville" followed.


title: Joe Lynn Turner

text: In 1987, Turner also supplied backing vocals to the Michael Bolton album, "The Hunger". He appeared on the tracks, "Hot Love" and "Gina".


title: Joe Lynn Turner

text: That same year (1987), he joined Yngwie Malmsteen's Rising Force and recorded the album "Odyssey". The brief tour that followed the release of the album included a concert in Leningrad, which was recorded and then released as "" (1989). Later that year he left the band.


title: Joe Lynn Turner

text: Turner was asked to join both Bad Company and Foreigner, but opted to join Deep Purple. Turner recorded one album, "Slaves and Masters" (1990). The album peaked at No. 87 on the Billboard Charts, and a relatively successful tour followed in 1991, but Turner left the band in late 1992. He has also put out three albums for the progressive rock band Mother's Army, featuring Jeff Watson, Bob Daisley, and Carmine Appice.


title: Joe Lynn Turner

text: After his stints with Rising Force and Deep Purple, Turner spent the mid-1990s through 2008, working on his solo career. It was during that time, Turner released an additional nine studio albums and two live albums, to go along with his 1985 offering, "Rescue You".


title: Joe Lynn Turner

text: He also worked with Brazen Abbot, led by Bulgarian guitarist Nikolo Kotzev. Contributing songs he wrote or co-wrote with producer, Bob Held, Turner sang those songs on four studio albums including, "Eye of the Storm" (1996); "Bad Religion" (1997); "Guilty As Sin" (2003); and "My Resurrection" (2005). In 2001, Turner took part in the role of "The Narrator" in the rock opera, Nikolo Kotzev's "Nostradamus". Turner also fronted the band for a majority of their live performances in Bulgaria. As a result, Turner appears on the 2005 documentary style/live performance DVD release entitled, "A Decade of Brazen Abbot", as well as the 2015 studio/live compilation release of "20 Years of Brazen Abbot".


title: Joe Lynn Turner

text: In 2000, Turner first approached former Trapeze and Deep Purple bassist, Glenn Hughes to perform some live dates in Japan in support of Turner's sixth solo album, Holy Man. In 2001, the pair formed Hughes Turner Project. The collaboration resulted in two studio albums (HTP and HTP2) and a live album ("Live in Tokyo") between 2001 and 2003. In 2005, Hughes and Turner collaborated once more on the Russian studio project Michael Men Project's album "Made in Moscow".


title: Joe Lynn Turner

text: The May 11, 2000 PBS show "Between the Lions", featured his vocal on the song "Clobbered" in the season 1, episode 29 episode entitled "Giants and Cubs." Another song, "Very Loud, Very Big, Very Metal", was also featured.


title: Joe Lynn Turner

text: On August 4, 2006, Turner gave a special performance of Rainbow songs with the New Japan Philharmonic at the Metropolitan Art Space in Tokyo, Japan. Later that same year in September 2006, Turner released the first album for Frontiers Records AOR project Sunstorm, with bassist Dennis Ward of German rock band Pink Cream 69 under the title, Sunstorm featuring Joe Lynn Turner. Subsequent albums were released under the name, Sunstorm.


title: Joe Lynn Turner

text: In 2007, Turner also appeared as a headliner with AC/DC frontman Brian Johnson on the Classic Rock Cares charity tour, which was organized by longtime friend Steve Luongo, who was the drummer/producer of The John Entwistle Band.


title: Joe Lynn Turner

text: In 2008, Turner formed Over the Rainbow, a tribute band composed of former Rainbow musicians, including drummer Bobby Rondinelli, bassist Greg Smith, keyboardist Paul Morris and Ritchie Blackmore's eldest son, Jürgen on guitar.


title: Joe Lynn Turner

text: He was also a member of the touring band Big Noize from 2008 to 2012. The band featured Turner alongside guitarist Carlos Cavazo, bassist Phil Soussan, and drummer Vinny Appice. In the fall of 2008, the band traveled to Iraq and Kuwait to entertain Multi National Forces. Drummer, Simon Wright, replaced Appice temporarily due to other touring commitments.


title: Joe Lynn Turner

text: In the summer of 2012, he and the Legends Voice of Rock did a gig at the Golden Times Festival in Degerfors, Sweden.


title: Joe Lynn Turner

text: In 2013, he sang a few songs in a guest role on the Avantasia album "The Mystery of Time", released in March.


title: Joe Lynn Turner

text: March and April 2013 saw Turner perform as a special guest artist for the Las Vegas show "Raiding the Rock Vault" at the LVH Hotel and Casino.


title: Joe Lynn Turner

text: in 2014 a band he was in: Rated X, released their self-titled debut through Frontiers. The band was led by Carmine Appice of Vanilla Fudge, The Firm bassist Tony Franklin, and guitarist Karl Cochran.


title: Joe Lynn Turner

text: In February 2015, Turner was a guest singer, alongside the winner Slavin Slavchev, in the final of the third season of "X Factor Bulgaria". They sang together "Street of Dreams".


title: Joe Lynn Turner

text: Turner was extensively interviewed for the 2016 book, "The Other Side of Rainbow", by author Greg Prato, and is also featured on the book's cover.


title: Joe Lynn Turner

text: In recent years, Turner has received recognition and distinguished awards from around the world. In 2015 he was named Cultural Ambassador to Bulgaria. That same year, he accepted the Legends of Rock Award in Italy, and the Peacemaker Award in Crimea for the promotion of peace and outstanding contribution to World Art. And in 2016,he received the Man of the Golden Voice Award in Peru.


title: Joe Lynn Turner

text: In August 2022, Turner released "Belly of the Beast", the first single and title track off the new studio album. In the press release, he also went public with having been diagnosed with alopecia totalis at the age of just 3 and having to wear a wig since age 14 in order to hide his lack of hair.


title: São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport

text: São Paulo/Guarulhos – Governor André Franco Montoro International Airport is the primary international airport serving São Paulo. It is popularly known locally as either "Cumbica Airport", after the district where it is located and the Brazilian Air Force base that exists at the airport complex, or Guarulhos Airport, after the municipality of Guarulhos, in the São Paulo metropolitan area, where it is located. Since November 28, 2001, the airport has been named after André Franco Montoro (1916–1999), former Governor of São Paulo state. The airport was rebranded as GRU Airport in 2012.


text: The airport was the busiest in Brazil in terms of transported passengers, aircraft operations, and cargo handled in 2012, placing it as the second busiest airport in Latin America by passenger traffic (36,596,326 in 2016) after Mexico City International Airport. Guarulhos has slot restrictions, operating with a maximum of 45 operations/hour and being one of the five airports with such restrictions in Brazil (the others are São Paulo-Congonhas, Brasília, Belo Horizonte-Pampulha and Rio de Janeiro-Santos Dumont).


text: Since 2012, the airport has been operated by a consortium composed of Invepar S/A, Airports Company South Africa, and Infraero.


text: On June 6, 1967, in response to the growth of air traffic in Brazil, the Brazilian military government initiated studies concerning the renovation of the airport infrastructure in Brazil. As part of the conclusions of these studies, because of their location, strategic importance, and security issues, new passenger facilities would be constructed in the areas of Galeão Air Force Base in Rio de Janeiro and in São Paulo.


text: In relation to São Paulo, the initial planning of the airport involved three runways and four passenger terminals. However, the first phase of the construction comprising two runways and two terminals started only on August 11, 1980. The airport was officially inaugurated on January 20, 1985. Quickly Guarulhos became the city's primary airport, supplanting São Paulo–Congonhas Airport.


text: In 1989 the runways were extended and the terminals renovated, enlarged, and had their capacity increased from 7.5 million to 8.25 million passengers/year. The whole complex covered , of which is urbanised area.


text: Construction of Terminal 3, capable of handling 12 million passengers per year, had been planned since 2001 but due to a myriad of political and economic problems, the actual construction didn't begin until 2011.


text: In 2010, the airport served more than 26.8 million passengers, an increase of 24% over 2009 and passenger volumes were 31% in excess of its capacity rated at 20.5 million per year at its present configuration.


text: In order to relieve the acute overcrowding at Terminals 1 and 2, Infraero announced on May 17, 2011 that the former cargo terminals of defunct airlines VASP and Transbrasil, later used by Federal Agencies, would undergo renovations and adaptations for use as domestic passenger terminals with remote boarding. This new terminal was initially called Terminal 4 (T4). The first phase of the renovations, comprising the former VASP terminal, opened on February 8, 2012, and the second phase, comprising the former Transbrasil terminal, was opened in June 2013. Contrary to what had been announced before, the new terminal will be permanent. Webjet was the first airline to use the new facility. The new terminal, in its first phase, increased the capacity of the airport in 5.5 million passengers/year and, in the second phase to 8 million passengers/year. In total, Guarulhos would then be able to handle 28.5 million passengers/year.


text: Following a decision made on April 26, 2011 by the Federal Government for private companies being granted concessions to explore some Infraero airports, on February 6, 2012, the administration of the airport was conceded, for 20 years, to the Consortium Invepar-ACSA composed by the Brazilian Invepar, an Investments and Funds Society (90%) and the South African ACSA – Airports Company South Africa (10%). Infraero, the state-run organisation, will remain with 49% of the shares of the company incorporated for the administration.


text: On December 2, 2015, the airport's terminals were renumbered. Former Terminal 4 was renumbered Terminal 1; former terminals 1 and 2, which were wings of a single building, became the new Terminal 2. Terminal 3 kept its numbering. The new numbering reflects the order by which terminals are reached when one arrives at the airport by the access road, and is expected to be less confusing in the long term. Check-in counters and gates were also renumbered, with the first digit being now the new terminal number.


text: On October 28, 2015, the National Civil Aviation Agency of Brazil (Anac) authorised Airbus A380 operations at Guarulhos Airport, effective four days later. The authorisation was granted after extensive works were conducted on the runways and taxiways (including widening runway 09L/27R to 60 metres) and special taxiing procedures were established. On November 14, 2015, Emirates operated a one-time special flight with the A380 on its Dubai-São Paulo route to commemorate its eight years of operations in Brazil.


text: On March 26, 2017, Emirates started daily A380 service from Dubai to São Paulo, replacing the Boeing 777-300ER previously used on that route – coincidentally, on the same day that the other UAE airline, Etihad, ended its services to São Paulo.


text: GRU has two parallel runways. Runway 10R/28L is long and wide, while runway 10L/28R is long and wide, after being widened in 2015 to better receive the Airbus A380. The field elevation at the airport is above mean sea level. Runway 10R/28L is mostly used for landings and runway 10L/28R for takeoffs. There are high-speed exit taxiways on both runways that allow for traffic to depart the runway at higher speed to allow better efficiency for landing and takeoff traffic. As of 2014, there was an average of 650 takeoff and landing operations per day at the airport.


text: The airport has three passenger terminals, numbered 1, 2, and 3, according to their order along the airport access road when arriving from the city.


text: The airport also has a large air cargo terminal with a built area of and is capable of handling any type of cargo, including refrigerated and hazardous shipments.


text: There are two navigational aids that GRU traffic uses. The Bonsucesso very high frequency omnidirectional range with distance measuring equipment (VOR-DME) is located to the east of GRU.


text: In 2009 Infraero unveiled a R$ 1,489.5 million (US$784.7 USD million; €549.8 EUR million) investment plan to upgrade Guarulhos International Airport, focusing on preparations for the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the Summer Olympics in 2016. The investment was supposed to be used as follows:


text: Central to this investment plan was Terminal 3, which is projected to add 12 million passenger capacity to the 17 million of the existing two terminals. Plans for a third runway were decided to be "technically impracticable" and were cancelled in January 2008.


text: However, the former concessionary, Infraero, experienced many legal and bureaucratic difficulties, which prevented most (if any) of these improvements from being completed on schedule. As of April 2013, the new concessionary unveiled a new expansion project, which included the new Terminal 3 (with a different design than the one proposed by Infraero), the widening of the main runway in order to enable operations by the large Airbus A380 and Boeing 747-8, operated by Emirates and Lufthansa respectively, and several other improvements in the existing terminals and parking area.


text: Terminal 3 is open and all Star Alliance airlines are in, as well as many other overseas carriers. International flights by LATAM also use the facility.


text: A train service development and construction has also been planned, however never concluded and cancelled. This included an Airport Express Line linking the airport to downtown São Paulo and a Rio–São Paulo high-speed rail connecting Guarulhos to Rio de Janeiro-Galeão and Campinas-Viracopos airports.


text: Since March 2017 American Airlines invested US$ 100 million on a maintenance hangar at Guarulhos Airport, building together with the LATAM Hangar of R$ 130 million. The American Airlines one is capable of performing line maintenance on two wide-body aircraft at the same time, of the types commonly used by the U.S. company on routes between São Paulo and the United States and the LATAM one is capable of performing line maintenance of one wide-body aircraft. It could also be used by other companies as storage for parts. The same conditions applies to the LATAM maintenance center.


text: The airport has its own highway system: Rodovia Hélio Smidt Highway which connects the airport to Presidente Dutra Highway or Ayrton Senna Highway. Residents of Guarulhos can access the road via Monteiro Lobato Avenue. Taxi stands are located outside each of the two terminals on the Arrivals level; inside there are car rental agency representatives.


text: Bus transportation is available through the Airport Bus Service, an executive bus line, administered by EMTU and operated by . This service provides transportation connecting Guarulhos to Congonhas airport; to Tietê Bus Terminal; to Palmeiras-Barra Funda Intermodal Terminal, to Faria Lima Ave; To Republica Square (Praça da República); To Berrini Ave., Itaim Bibi district; and to the circuit of hotels along Paulista Avenue and Rua Augusta. The ride takes about one hour, depending on traffic. At the airport, tickets can be purchased at the counter located outside the lounge of the Terminal 1, Wing B's arrivals level.


text: Pássaro Marron/EMTU, a syndicate of the Internorte Consortium, offers two regular bus lines, 257 and 299, connecting Tatuapé subway station (Line 3-Red) with Guarulhos Airport every 30 minutes. At Tatuapé, both buses can be picked up on a platform of that multimodal station's North side bus terminal. At the airport, the stop for both buses is at the Arrivals level road connecting the wings of Terminal 2.


text: Gol Airlines and LATAM offer for their passengers free bus transfers between Guarulhos and Congonhas airports at regular times.


text: Viação Cometa offers daily departures to and from the airport and the cities of Santos, Sorocaba, São Vicente, and Praia Grande. Lirabus operates daily buses between the airport and Campinas. Pássaro Marron offers bus services to São José dos Campos with departures every two hours. Viação Transdutra connects the airport with the city of Arujá.


text: Line 13-Jade of the São Paulo commuter rail system, operated by CPTM, connects with the airport through Aeroporto-Guarulhos Station. This line started its operations experimentally on March 31, 2018. The line was opened initially on a trial phase and operates only on Saturdays and Sundays from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m., with trains every 30 minutes to the suburban station of Engenheiro Goulart in eastern São Paulo city, from where a further connection with CPTM's line 12 and at least another one by subway will be necessary to reach downtown and the main business areas. Service will be expanded in May 2018 to seven days a week, but still only from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. Full service from 4 a.m. to midnight is expected in late June 2018.


text: Additionally, since December 2020 there's the Airport Express service, from Luz station to Aeroporto-Guarulhos, departing from each termini station every hour. It attends only one station towards Aeroporto-Guarulhos (Guarulhos-CECAP station), and 2 stations towards Luz (Guarulhos-CECAP and Brás).


text: Aeroporto-Guarulhos station is opposite to Terminal 1, which is Guarulhos Airport's smallest and least busy, and not linked to the other terminals except by a shuttle bus. The GRU Airport company reportedly vetoed a station closer to much busier Terminals 2 and 3 because it intended to build a shopping mall at the proposed location. The excessive number of complicated train changes through crowded commuter rail and subway lines, and the added inconvenience of the shuttle bus from Terminal 1 for most passengers, especially carrying luggage, has attracted criticism to the São Paulo state government, responsible for São Paulo's subway and commuter rail systems, which has been accused of flawed planning and overindulgence with the airport's private concessionaire.


text: To solve this situation, Governor João Doria and State Secretary of Metropolitan Transports Alexandre Baldy proposed a people mover to connect the CPTM station directly to the airport, estimated to be opened in May 2021. However, many delays prevented the construction of the line, which should be owned and fully operated by GRU Airport. In November 2020, the Brazilian federal government, through the Ministry of Infrastructure, authorized the construction of the people mover, which should cost R$ 175 million (approximately US$ 47.7 million in 2019).


text: In December 2020 it was announced that Brazilian firm Aerom, which owns the Aeromovel technology, had been selected to install the system. Construction was due to begin in January 2021 with completing in 2022. In June 2021 it was announced that the project had 'advanced' but a schedule for construction had not been finalised.


title: Daucus carota

text: Daucus carota, whose common names include wild carrot, European wild carrot, bird's nest, bishop's lace, and Queen Anne's lace (North America), is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae. It is native to temperate regions of the Old World and was naturalized in the New World.


title: Daucus carota

text: The wild carrot is a herbaceous, somewhat variable biennial plant that grows between tall, and is roughly hairy, with a stiff, solid stem. The leaves are tripinnate, finely divided and lacy, and overall triangular in shape. The leaves are long, bristly and alternate in a pinnate pattern that separates into thin segments. The flowers are small and dull white, clustered in flat, dense umbels. The umbels are terminal and about wide. They may be pink in bud and may have a reddish or purple flower in the centre of the umbel. The lower bracts are three-forked or pinnate, which distinguishes the plant from other white-flowered umbellifers. As the seeds develop, the umbel curls up at the edges, becomes more congested, and develops a concave surface. The fruits are small, dry, bumpy, oval and flattened, with short styles and hooked spines, as well as protective hairs surrounding it. The fruit has two mericarps, or bicarpellate. The endosperm of the fruit grows before the embryo. The dried umbels detach from the plant, becoming tumbleweeds. The function of the tiny red flower, coloured by anthocyanin, is to attract insects. The flowers bloom from May to September.


title: Daucus carota

text: Similar in appearance to the deadly poison hemlock, "D.carota" is distinguished by a mix of tripinnate leaves, fine hairs on its solid green stems and on its leaves, a root that smells like carrots, and occasionally a single dark red flower in the center of the umbel. Hemlock is also different in tending to have purple mottling on its stems, which also lack the hairiness of the plain green Queen Anne's lace (wild carrot) stems. Both plants have been spread into North America by European settlers and are now common wildflowers there.


title: Daucus carota

text: The function of the central dark florets of "D. carota" has been subject to debate since Charles Darwin speculated that they are a vestigial trait. It has been suggested that they have the adaptive function of mimicking insects, thus either discouraging herbivory, or attracting pollinators by indicating the presence of food or opportunities for mating. One study in Portugal found that the dark florets contributed to visitation by the varied carpet beetle, "Anthrenus verbasci", and that higher numbers of dark florets correlated with increased visitation, whereas inflorescences without dark florets had fewer visits. Replacing the dark florets with one or more freeze-killed "A. verbasci," who are similar to the florets in size and shape produced similar results to those observations of inflorescences with intact florets.


title: Daucus carota

text: The carrot was first officially described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1753 work "Species Plantarum". In 2016, an international team sequenced the full genome of "Daucus carota".


title: Daucus carota

text: Both domestic and wild carrot are from the same species, "Daucus carota" L. There are several subspecies of "D. carota" that have evolved to different climates and atmospheres. Two examples of these subspecies are specifically from the Netherlands. "D. carota" subsp. "sativus" has roots that can be a wide range of colors. It has a thicker root and sweeter taste. The whorl of barbs above the spine on the vallecular ridges of the mericarp of "D. carota" subsp. "sativus" mature very well. "D. carota" subsp. "carota" has white roots that do not vary in color and, unlike "D. carota" subsp. "sativus", has a thin root, bitter taste and are not edible. The middle umbellet of "D. carota" subsp. "carota" is not well developed (unlike in "D. carota" subsp. "sativus") and the color of the flower can vary from red to deep purple.


title: Daucus carota

text: Native to temperate regions of Europe and southwest Asia, the plant was spread to North America and Australia.


title: Daucus carota

text: The plant is commonly found along roadsides and in unused fields. It thrives best in sun to partial shade.


title: Daucus carota

text: Skin contact with the foliage of "Daucus carota", especially wet foliage, can cause skin irritation in some people. It may also have a mild effect on horses.


title: Daucus carota

text: The compound falcarinol is naturally found in "Daucus carota" for protection against fungal diseases. Lab tests show the compound to be toxic to mice and the water flea "Daphnia magna." Normal consumption of carrots has no toxic effect in humans.


title: Daucus carota

text: Like the cultivated carrot, the "D. carota" root is edible while young, but it quickly becomes too woody to consume. The flowers are sometimes battered and fried. The leaves and seeds are also edible.


title: Daucus carota

text: "D. carota" bears a close resemblance to poison hemlock, and the leaves of the wild carrot may cause phytophotodermatitis, so caution should also be used when handling the plant. The seeds and flowers have been used as a method of contraception and an abortifacient for centuries. If used as a dyestuff, the flowers give a creamy, off-white color.


title: Daucus carota

text: "D. carota", when freshly cut, will draw or change color depending on the color of the water in which it is held. This effect is only visible on the "head" or flower of the plant. Carnations also exhibit this effect. This occurrence is a popular science demonstration in grade school.


title: Daucus carota

text: This beneficial weed can be used as a companion plant to crops. Like most members of the umbellifer family, it attracts wasps to its small flowers in its native land; however, where it has been introduced, it attracts very few wasps. In northeast Wisconsin, when introduced with blueberries it did succeed in attracting butterflies and wasps. This species is also documented to boost tomato plant production when kept nearby, and it can provide a microclimate of cooler, moister air for lettuce, when intercropped with it. However, the states of Iowa, Michigan, and Washington have listed it as a noxious weed, and it is considered a serious pest in pastures. It persists in the soil seed bank for two to five years.


title: Daucus carota

text: Several different factors can cause the root of a carrot to have abnormal metabolites (notably 6-methoxymellin) that can cause a bitter taste in the roots. For example, carrots have a bitterer taste when grown in the presence of apples. Also, ethylene can easily produce stress, causing a bitter taste.


title: Daucus carota

text: "Daucus carota" was introduced and naturalized in North America, where it is often known as Queen Anne's lace. Both Anne, Queen of Great Britain, and her great-grandmother, Anne of Denmark, are taken to be the Queen Anne for whom the plant is named. It is so called because the flower resembles lace, prominent in fine clothing of the day; the red flower in the center is said to represent a droplet of blood where Queen Anne pricked herself with a needle when she was making the lace.


title: Daucus carota

text: The history of "Daucus carota" and its cultivation in different parts of the world can be traced back through historical texts and artwork. Paintings from the 16th and 17th century, for example, that are of maids in a market or farmers' most recent crops can provide information on carrots' history. Studying such paintings shows that yellow or red roots were cultivated in Turkey, North Africa, and Spain. Orange roots were cultivated in 17th century Netherlands.


title: Daucus carota

text: is the title and subject of a poem by William Carlos Williams published in the 1921 collection titled "Sour Grapes."


title: Dassault Systèmes

text: Dassault Systèmes SE () (abbreviated 3DS) is a French software corporation which develops software for 3D product design, simulation, manufacturing and other 3D related products.


title: Dassault Systèmes

text: Founded in 1981, it is headquartered in Vélizy-Villacoublay, France, and has around 20,000 employees in 140 countries.


title: Dassault Systèmes

text: Dassault Systèmes (3DS) grew out of the aerospace industry’s search for more sophisticated drafting tools to streamline the development process and aid in the increasing complexity of aviation design. Dassault Systemes spun out in 1981 (as part of Dassault Group.) to develop and market Dassault's 3D surface design software CATI, later renamed CATIA. That same year, 3DS signed a sales and marketing agreement with IBM, allowing IBM to resell the CATIA CAD software.


title: Dassault Systèmes

text: In the 1990s, 3DS’ software was used to develop seven out of every ten new airplanes and four out of every ten new cars worldwide. Major players in the aviation and automotive industries, including Honda, Mercedes-Benz, BMW and Boeing, were able to design and mock-up their products in CATIA rather than using CAD programs and physical prototypes. The Boeing 777, the Falcon 2000 business jet, and the Rafale jet fighter were designed using CATIA.


title: Dassault Systèmes

text: In 1997, following success in launching their initial public offering (IPO), the company acquired SolidWorks and Deneb Robotics, which later became part of the DELMIA brand, and additional software to build toward product lifecycle management (PLM). The SolidWorks acquisition strengthened 3DS’ 2D drafting capacity and provided entry into the Microsoft market, while other acquisitions added digital manufacturing software to the product lineup. These acquisitions paved the way for 3DS to introduce a total manufacturing system with their subsidiary brand, DELMIA, in 1998. The new offering enabled the access of data across the spectrum of manufacturing processes, while remaining independent of the CAD environment.


title: Dassault Systèmes

text: By the end of 1998, the CAD software industry vendors were devising strategies to become internet-enabled. The main focus was to enable viewing of 3D models in web browsers and building interfaces to product data management (PDM) systems. 3DS was one of the leaders in enabling these functions for their users. The company benefited from their experience integrating CAD software across networks for the Boeing 777 project, and had already made moves toward internet-enabled CAD software in 1996 with CATIA Conferencing Groupware; which enabled review and annotation of models using the internet. The introduction of ENOVIA further marked their industry-leading place by providing internet-enabled PDM and 3D product lifecycle management. 3DS’ acquisitions continued into 1999, when two CAD software vendors were purchased: Matra Datavision and Smart Solutions. Also in 1999, 3DS released CATIA Version 5, which was the first version to be fully implemented in the Microsoft Windows environment.


title: Dassault Systèmes

text: As the demand for digital and virtual experiences increased in 2000, 3DS launched DELMIA, which provides digital manufacturing tools to drive innovation and efficiency through virtual planning, simulating, and modeling of production processes.


title: Dassault Systèmes

text: The mid-2000s heralded a series of acquisitions for 3DS to improve their product offerings and expand their market reach, and 3DS launched new software and tools. In 2005, 3DS sought to improve the quality of 3D interactions and simulations. First they acquired Abaqus, a US-based company specializing in software that allows engineers to simulate and observe the performance of components in products.


title: Dassault Systèmes

text: Then they acquired Virtools, a comprehensive software solution that enables companies to give life to 3D by creating applications with rich game-like 3D interactivity. The following year, the company extended its market reach into high-tech, consumer products, and medical devices through the acquisition of MatrixOne, which would be linked with ENOVIA. In 2007, subsidiary brand 3DVIA was launched to create a social network and content community for 3D artists and modelers.


title: Dassault Systèmes

text: CATIA under the 3DEXPERIENCE platform enables users to go beyond physical product definition to model any product in the context of its real-life behavior. Systems, architects, engineers, designers and all contributors collaborate on fit, form, function, and customer experience.


title: Dassault Systèmes

text: Before 2000, the company focused on 3D design software with CATIA and SolidWorks. Over the next decade, new brands were launched: ENOVIA for product data management and collaboration, DELMIA for manufacturing and global operations, and Simulia for realistic simulation.


title: Dassault Systèmes

text: The company later added EXALEAD (for information intelligence and search), NETVIBES (for business analytics), 3DEXCITE (for marketing), GEOVIA (for modeling the planet), BIOVIA (for modeling the biosphere), and MEDIDATA (for managing clinical trials).


title: Dassault Systèmes

text: In 2012 the company launched the 3DEXPERIENCE platform to connect its various software applications and enable global interoperability and cross-functional collaboration. To expand their capabilities and industries served through the 3DEXPERIENCE platform, 3DS completed a number of acquisitions, including:


title: Dassault Systèmes

text: As the world turns its attention to building a sustainable economy, 3DS launched its life cycle assessment solution embedded in the 3DEXPERIENCE platform. It covers the entire value chain, the cloud-based solution integrates the ecoinvent database on the impacts of more than 18,000


title: Dassault Systèmes

text: industrial and agricultural processes, into virtual design, product development, manufacturing, engineering, operations and logistics.


title: Dassault Systèmes

text: 3DS has 20,000 employees across 140 countries: 39% are based in Europe; 30% in Asia-Oceania; and 31% in the Americas. Geographic headquarters are located in Paris (Vélizy-Villacoublay, France), Tokyo, Japan and Boston (Waltham, Massachusetts). As of December 31, 2019, approximately 39% of employees worked in R&D.