title: Every Time I Die

text: On August 17, 2021, the band released the song "Post-Boredom" as a single for their album "Radical", which they also announced that day. The album was released on October 22, 2021, via Epitaph Records. "Radical" was ultimately the band's final album. The band also did a pop-up show in Buffalo on August 26, as well as a show for The Ghost Inside's east coast return show on August 28, where they debuted "Post-Boredom". On December 4, 2021, Keith Buckley announced that he would be taking a hiatus from the band for his mental health. The rest of the members initially released a statement that they would finish the last three concerts of a late 2021 tour without him, but the shows were canceled due to complications arising from COVID-19. The band ultimately reconvened to perform at TID The Season in December 2021.


title: Every Time I Die

text: In January 2022, days after canceling a UK tour, a joint statement from Jordan Buckley, Andy Williams, Stephen Micciche, and Clayton Holyoak confirmed the end of the band. Several articles surrounding the break up, including conflicting statements from the band have been reported.


title: Every Time I Die

text: The departing four members have insinuated that they would continue playing together in some capacity. Buckley, meanwhile, completed a six-date spoken word tour of the UK in February 2022 – titled "An Evening With Keith Buckley". The tour was hosted by radio DJ Matt Stocks.


title: Every Time I Die

text: Every Time I Die's style has been described as metalcore, hardcore punk and post-hardcore. They initially formed as a hardcore band but their music soon manifested strong influences from heavy metal and rock. They have been called "metalcore icons" and their 2003 album "Hot Damn!" a "total gamechanger" for the genre. AllMusic described their metalcore sound as mixing alternative metal, Southern metal and screamo. They have also experimented with mathcore and sludge metal at various points in their discography. They are strongly influenced by Southern rock; frontman Keith Buckley stated that "the grit of ... Southern rock bands is the one commonality that the band has. It's something we all appreciate and grew up on, in a sense; mainly because it was the type of music that made a coarse poetry out of nature." Just as the band's sound is chaotic, sharp and manifold, their lyrics are crafted to be strange, sarcastic, and sardonic.


title: Every Time I Die

text: Upon their 2022 breakup, many of the band's peers and contemporaries – including Underoath, Stray from the Path, Knocked Loose, Against Me and We Came As Romans – eulogized the band with reverence for their music, their close relationship with their fans and the support they offered to up-and-coming bands.


title: ABS-CBN Corporation

text: ABS-CBN Corporation is a Filipino media company based in Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines. It is the largest entertainment and media conglomerate in the Philippines. It is a subsidiary of Lopez Holdings Corporation which is owned by the López family ABS-CBN was formed by the merger of Alto Broadcasting System (ABS) and Chronicle Broadcasting Network (CBN).


title: ABS-CBN Corporation

text: ABS was founded in 1946 by American electronics engineer James Lindenberg as Bolinao Electronics Corporation (BEC). In 1952, BEC was renamed Alto Broadcasting System (ABS) with its corporate name, Alto Sales Corporation after Judge Antonio Quirino, brother of President Elpidio Quirino, purchased the company and later launched the first TV station in the country, DZAQ-TV on October 23, 1953. The company that would later be merged with ABS to form ABS-CBN was founded in 1956 as Chronicle Broadcasting Network, Inc. (CBN) by Eugenio Lopez Sr. and his brother Fernando Lopez, who was the sitting Vice President of the Philippines. A year later, the Lopezes acquired ABS. The ABS-CBN brand was first used on television in 1961. The company became known as ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation on February 1, 1967. The conglomerate started to adapt the ABS-CBN Corporation name on May 27, 2010 to reflect the company's diversification, although the ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation name is still used alternatively on some uses. The common shares of ABS-CBN were first traded on the Philippine Stock Exchange in July 1992 under the ticker symbol ABS.


title: ABS-CBN Corporation

text: The conglomerate mainly focus as a content company, which includes producing television programs, films and other entertainment contents and distributions.


title: ABS-CBN Corporation

text: The company was founded on June 13, 1946, as Bolinao Electronics Corporation (BEC). BEC was established by James Lindenberg, one of the founding fathers of Philippine television, an American electronics engineer who went into radio equipment assembly and radio broadcasting. At that time, the largest media company was Manila Broadcasting Company (MBC), with DZRH as the leading radio station. In 1949, James Lindenberg shifted Bolinao to radio broadcasting with DZBC and masterminded the introduction of television to the country in 1953.


title: ABS-CBN Corporation

text: In 1951, Lindenberg partnered with Antonio Quirino, brother of then-Philippine President Elpidio Quirino, in order to try their hand at television broadcasting. In 1952, BEC was renamed as Alto Broadcasting System or ABS (with Alto Sales Corporation as its corporate name). "Alto" was a contraction of Quirino's and his wife's first names, Tony and Aleli. Though they had little money and resources, ABS was able to put up its TV tower by July 1953 and import some 300 television sets. The initial test broadcasts began in September of the same year. The very first full-blown broadcast was on October 23, 1953, of a party in Tony Quirino's humble abode. The television station was known as DZAQ-TV.


title: ABS-CBN Corporation

text: On June 16, 1955, Republic Act No. 1343 signed by President Ramon Magsaysay granted the "Manila Chronicle" its broadcasting franchise, leading to the formation of the Chronicle Broadcasting Network.


title: ABS-CBN Corporation

text: The Chronicle Broadcasting Network (CBN) was founded on September 24, 1956 by Eugenio Lopez Sr. and the then-Philippine Vice President Fernando Lopez. The network initially focused only on radio broadcasting. It launched its very own TV station, DZXL-TV 9, on April 19 (or July), 1958. On February 24, 1957, Don Eugenio acquired ABS from Quirino and Lindenberg. A month later, Don Eugenio also acquired Monserrat Broadcasting System.


title: ABS-CBN Corporation

text: In 1958, the network's new headquarters at Dewey Boulevard were inaugurated, and all radio and television operations were consolidated into its two buildings – the radio stations at the Chronicle Building at Aduana Street, Intramuros, Manila and the TV operations at the brand new Dewey Boulevard building in Pasay, Rizal.


title: ABS-CBN Corporation

text: The ABS-CBN brand was first used in 1961. However, it was only on February 1, 1967, that the corporate name was changed to ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation. Before it was named ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation, the corporate name was Bolinao Electronics Corporation (BEC).


title: ABS-CBN Corporation

text: On November 3, 2020, the YouTube channels of ABS-CBN News and ANC 24/7 were terminated for several hours, allegedly due to a “violation of YouTube’s Terms of Service.” It is unclear what the violation was, however, it was later confirmed by YouTube that the channels were targeted by hackers instead. Both channels were reinstated on the same day, at around at 3:58 P.M (PHT).


title: ABS-CBN Corporation

text: ABS-CBN Corporation owns major of media and entertainment companies in the Philippines, and offers services and products such as television and radio broadcast, satellite and cable, broadcast syndication, telecommunications, publishing, content production and program and film distributor, television production, film production, new media and digital platforms, talent agencies, pay TV and broadband internet provider, consumer sales and merchandise, music label and recording, and theater. The group owns and operates Kapamilya Channel and ABS-CBN News Channel under ABS-CBN as well as the Teleradyo and MOR Entertainment digital radio networks. The Kapamilya Channel, in particular, is the largest contributor to the group's revenue mainly from selling airtime to advertisers. The remaining revenue is generated from block-timing with A2Z and TV5 as well as from consumer sales, mainly from ABS-CBN Global Ltd. and ABS-CBN International, which distributes international television channels such as TFC HD, ANC Global, Cinema One Global, Cine Mo! Global, Teleradyo Global and Myx Global and also from pay TV and broadband internet provider Sky Cable Corporation.


title: ABS-CBN Corporation

text: Other companies which operate under the ABS-CBN group are motion picture companies under ABS-CBN Film Productions, such as Star Cinema, Cinema One Originals, Cine Bro and Black Sheep Productions, television production companies ABS-CBN Entertainment, Dreamscape Entertainment, Star Creatives, RCD Narratives, JRB Creative Production and RGE Drama Unit under RSB Scripted Format, entertainment and film production Star Magic Studio (under Star Magic), online ticketing and streaming site KTX, they also operate music recording labels under ABS-CBN Music, such as Star Music and its subsidiaries, Tarsier Records, and MYX Global, publishing firm ABS-CBN Publishing and ABS-CBN Books, pay TV content provider and distributor Creative Programs, telecommunications company ABS-CBN Convergence which owned by the company with 68% co-owned with Globe Telecom, and talent agencies Star Magic, its divisions such as Star Hunt, Polaris, and Rise Artists Studio. They also operate the main entertainment and production division of ABS-CBN, Star Creatives Group. Among the pay TV networks and channels under the ABS-CBN group are ANC, Cinema One, Cine Mo!, Jeepney TV, Kapamilya Channel, Knowledge Channel, Metro Channel, Myx and TeleRadyo. In recent years, ABS-CBN has ventured and diversified in other businesses such as over-the-top platform iWant TFC, TFC IPTV and web-based channel Kapamilya Online Live. Both iWant TFC and Kapamilya Online Live are under ABS-CBN Digital Media, a new media and digital division under ABS-CBN which also handles news.ABS-CBN.com and ABS-CBN.com. ABS-CBN is also the principal owner of the ABS-CBN Philharmonic Orchestra. It also owns ABS-CBN Studios, Inc. which operates its production facilities nationwide, including the ABS-CBN Soundstage located in Bulacan and Regional production facilities. And the newly relaunched theater arm of ABS-CBN, Teatro Kapamilya. Aside from the ABS-CBN Soundstage, ABS-CBN also has other real estate properties for the company's operations.


title: Greg Louganis

text: Gregory Efthimios Louganis (; born January 29, 1960) is an American Olympic diver, LGBT activist, and author who won gold medals at the 1984 and 1988 Summer Olympics on the springboard and platform. He is the only man and the second diver in Olympic history to sweep the diving events in consecutive Olympic Games. He has been called both "the greatest American diver" and "probably the greatest diver in history".


title: Greg Louganis

text: Louganis was born in El Cajon, California, and is of Samoan and His teenage biological parents placed him for adoption when he was eight months old and he was raised in California by his adoptive parents, Frances and Peter Louganis. His adoptive father was of Greek descent. Louganis reconnected with his biological father, Fouvale Lutu, in 1984. Through the help of DNA tests and his half-siblings, he found his biological mother in 2017.


title: Greg Louganis

text: He started taking dance, acrobatics and gymnastics classes at 18 months, after witnessing his sister's classes and attempting to join in. By the age of three, he was practicing daily and was competing and giving public performances. For the next few years, he regularly competed and performed at various places including nursing homes and the local naval base. As a child, he was diagnosed with asthma and allergies, so to help with the conditions, he was encouraged to continue the dance and gymnastics classes. He also took up trampolining, and at the age of nine began diving lessons after the family got a swimming pool. He attended Santa Ana High School in Santa Ana, Valhalla High School in El Cajon, and Mission Viejo High School in Mission Viejo.


title: Greg Louganis

text: In 1978, he subsequently attended the University of Miami, where he majored in drama and continued diving. In 1981, he transferred to the University of California, Irvine, where he graduated with a major in theatre and a minor in dance in 1983.


title: Greg Louganis

text: As a Junior Olympic competitor, Louganis caught the eye of Dr. Sammy Lee, two-time Olympic champion, who began coaching him. At sixteen, Louganis took part in the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, where he placed second in the tower event, behind Italian sport legend Klaus Dibiasi. Two years later, with Dibiasi retired, Louganis won his first world title in the same event with the help of coach Ron O'Brien.


title: Greg Louganis

text: Louganis was a favorite for two golds in the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, but an American boycott of the games prevented him from participating. He was one of 461 athletes to receive a Congressional Gold Medal years later. Louganis won two titles at the world championships in 1982, where he became the first diver in a major international meeting to get a perfect score of 10 from all seven judges. At the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, with record scores and leads over his opponents, Louganis won gold medals in both the springboard and tower diving events.


title: Greg Louganis

text: At the 1988 Seoul Olympics, he struck his head on the springboard during the preliminary rounds, leading to a concussion. He completed the preliminaries despite his injury. He then earned the highest single score of the qualifying round for his next dive and repeated the dive during the finals, earning the gold medal by a margin of 25 points. In the 10 m finals, he won the gold medal, performing a 3.4 difficulty dive in his last attempt, earning 86.70 points for a total of 638.61, surpassing silver medalist Xiong Ni by only 1.14 points. His comeback earned him the title of ABC's "Wide World of Sports" "Athlete of the Year" for 1988.


title: Greg Louganis

text: Six months before the 1988 Seoul Olympics, Louganis was diagnosed with HIV, and started antiretrovirals. After Louganis came out publicly as HIV-positive in 1995, people in and out of the international diving community began to question Louganis's decision not to disclose his HIV status at the time of his head injury during the 1988 Olympics, given that he had bled into a pool that others then dove into. Louganis has stated that, during the ordeal, he was "paralyzed with fear" that he would infect another competitor, or the doctor who treated him. Ultimately, no one else was infected. The incident posed no risk to others as any blood was fully diluted by the pool water, and according to John Ward, chief of HIV-AIDS surveillance at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "chlorine kills HIV". Since skin is an effective barrier to HIV, the only way the virus could enter would be through an open wound; "If the virus just touches the skin, it is unheard of for it to cause infection: the skin has no receptors to bind HIV," explained the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases' Dr. Anthony Fauci at the time.


title: Greg Louganis

text: Louganis got few endorsement deals following his 1984 and 1988 Olympic victories, his one major deal being Speedo, a partnership which lasted until 2007. Some of his fellow athletes blamed homophobia for his lack of deals, since he had been rumored to be gay even before he came out. Louganis has stated that he suspects that his sexuality played a part, although he feels that in part he was simply overshadowed in the public imagination by other American Olympians, most notably Mary Lou Retton.


title: Greg Louganis

text: In 2016, Louganis was pictured on boxes of Wheaties cereal, where prominent American athletes are famously featured, as part of a special "Legends" series that also included 1980s Olympians Janet Evans and Edwin Moses. This occurred approximately a year after a change.org petition was launched that requested that he be featured, although General Mills denied any influence from the petition.


title: Greg Louganis

text: In November 2010, Louganis began coaching divers of a wide range of ages and abilities in the SoCal Divers Club in Fullerton, California.


title: Greg Louganis

text: He was a mentor to the US diving team at the London 2012 Olympics and the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympics.


title: Greg Louganis

text: Louganis had been a theatre major in college, and in the late 1980s and 1990s, he appeared in a number of movies, including "Touch Me" in 1997.


title: Greg Louganis

text: In 1993, he played the role of Darius in an Off-Broadway production of the play "Jeffrey". In 1995, he starred for six weeks in the Off-Broadway production of Dan Butler's one man-show about gay life, "The Only Thing Worse You Could Have Told Me", taking over from Butler himself. In the play he portrayed 14 different characters.


title: Greg Louganis

text: In 2008, he appeared in the film "Watercolors," in the role of Coach Brown, a swimming instructor in a high school.


title: Greg Louganis

text: In 2012, he appeared in the ninth episode of the second season of IFC's comedy series "Portlandia", playing himself.


title: Greg Louganis

text: In September 2000, Louganis appeared on "Hollywood Squares" as a member of famous Olympic gold medalists "Dream Team," competing in a special week of the game show series broadcast as a tribute to the 2000 Summer Games. The episodes marked the first time that all these champions came together for this kind of television competition.


title: Greg Louganis

text: In 2013, Louganis was Dive Master in the celebrity diving show "Splash" on ABC, and a diving judge on "Celebrity Splash!" on Channel 7 in Australia.


title: Greg Louganis

text: In 1996, Louganis recounted his story in a best-selling autobiography, "Breaking the Surface", co-written with Eric Marcus. In the book, Louganis detailed a relationship of domestic abuse and rape as well as teenage depression, and how he began smoking and drinking at a young age. The book spent five weeks at number one on "The New York Times" Best Seller list.


title: Greg Louganis

text: In 1998, Louganis released a video diary called "Looking to the Light", which picked up where "Breaking the Surface" left off.


title: Greg Louganis

text: In 1999, Louganis co-wrote the book "For the Life of Your Dog: A Complete Guide to Having a Dog From Adoption and Birth Through Sickness and Health" with Betty Sicora Siino.


title: Greg Louganis

text: After retiring from diving, Louganis began to compete in dog agility competitions; he has said that being around the dogs gave him "a sense of security, company and unconditional love". His dogs have included Dr. Schivago; Captain Woof Blitzer; Nipper and son, Dobby, both champion Jack Russell terriers; Gryff (Gryffindor), a border collie; and Hedwig, a Hungarian Puli. Nipper was named for the RCA dog, while Gryff, Dobby and Hedwig were named for Harry Potter characters, as Louganis is a self-described "huge Harry Potter fan."


title: Greg Louganis

text: Louganis is a gay rights activist, as well as an HIV awareness advocate. He has worked frequently with the Human Rights Campaign to defend the civil liberties of the LGBT community and people diagnosed with HIV/AIDS.


title: Greg Louganis

text: In the October/November 2010 issue of "ABILITY" Magazine, Louganis stated that the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy was "absurd," "unconstitutional," and a "witch-hunt." He added that "gay men and women have been serving this country for years ... [it's] basically encouraging people who are serving our country to lie to each other."


title: Greg Louganis

text: Louganis is on the board of directors to the USA-based chapter of the charitable foundation of Princess Charlene of Monaco.


title: Greg Louganis

text: From 1983 to 1989, Louganis was in a romantic relationship with his manager, R. James "Jim" Babbitt. Louganis has described the relationship as abusive, saying that at one point in 1983, Babbitt raped him at knifepoint. Louganis also accused Babbitt of taking 80% of his earnings.


title: Greg Louganis

text: Six months before the 1988 Olympics, Louganis was diagnosed with HIV; he had contracted the virus from Babbitt. His doctor placed him on the antiretroviral drug AZT, which he took every four hours round-the-clock.


title: Greg Louganis

text: For his 33rd birthday in 1993, Louganis held a "final birthday party" for family and friends, as a way to say goodbye; he was in failing health and thought he would die of AIDS soon.


title: Greg Louganis

text: Louganis publicly came out as gay in a pre-taped announcement shown at the opening ceremony of the 1994 Gay Games, having been persuaded to do so by Gay Games organizers. Even before then, he led what has been described as "an openly gay life".


title: Greg Louganis

text: In 1995 he announced that he was HIV-positive, around the time of the release of his memoir, "Breaking the Surface". In a 1995 interview with Barbara Walters, Louganis spoke publicly for the first time about being gay and HIV-positive.


title: Greg Louganis

text: In June 2013 Louganis announced his engagement to his partner, paralegal Johnny Chaillot, in "People" magazine. The two were married on October 12, 2013. On June 18, 2021, Louganis announced on Instagram that he and Chaillot were ending their marriage.


title: Greg Louganis

text: Louganis's 1984 and 1988 Olympic victories were covered in Bud Greenspan's documentaries about the 1984 and 1988 Summer Olympics, both titled "16 Days of Glory".


title: Greg Louganis

text: Louganis's memoir "Breaking the Surface" was adapted as the 1997 USA Network TV movie "" with Mario Lopez playing the lead and Louganis narrating.


title: Greg Louganis

text: In the first episode of the TV series Jackass, Johnny Knoxville calls himself "Greg Pooganis" as he puts on swimming gear to prepare for his Poo Cocktail stunt.


title: Greg Louganis

text: In the third episode of season 3 of the TV series "", after Lois Lane, while in a trance, jumps out of a helicopter, Jimmy Olsen says to her "Lois you looked like Greg Louganis, whooshed right out the door."


title: Greg Louganis

text: In the 2005 film "The Longest Yard", the character Caretaker responds to the argument that Crewe is a "natural athlete", saying, "So is Greg Louganis, but I bet you he'd get his ass whupped out here."


title: Greg Louganis

text: Actor Michael Fassbender took Louganis's gait and mannerisms as inspiration for his portrayal of an advanced humanoid robot in the 2012 film "Prometheus", stating that "Louganis was my first inspiration. I figured that I'd sort of base my physicality roughly around him, and then it kind of went from there."


title: Greg Louganis

text: In the first episode of season 3 of the TV series "Castle", the medical examiner describes a victim who had fallen from a window as having done "a Greg Louganis out that window up there".


title: Greg Louganis

text: He was the subject of a short documentary, "Thicker than Water", which appeared on the ESPN.com website as part of their "30 for 30 Shorts" series on December 1, 2015. The documentary covered Louganis's ordeal, and ultimate triumph, at the 1988 Olympics.


title: How to Get Away with Murder (season 1)

text: The first season of the ABC American television drama series "How to Get Away with Murder" premiered on September 25, 2014, and concluded on February 26, 2015, with a total of 15 episodes. At the Television Critics Association Press Tour in July 2014, it was announced that "How to Get Away with Murder" would be a limited series, with only 15 or 16 episodes per season; the smaller episode count than most network series stems from a deal with series star Viola Davis. On May 7, 2015, the show was renewed by ABC for a second season.


title: How to Get Away with Murder (season 1)

text: For its first season, the series received numerous accolades. The show was honored as a Television Program of the Year by the American Film Institute. It was also named Outstanding Drama Series at the Image Awards and the GLAAD Awards. For her performance, Davis won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series, the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance in a Drama Series, and the Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series. Davis received nominations from the Golden Globe Awards for Best Actress in a Television Series, the Critics' Choice Awards for Best Actress in a Drama Series, and the Television Critics Association for Individual Achievement in Drama.


title: How to Get Away with Murder (season 1)

text: Annalise Keating, law professor and criminal defense attorney at Middleton University, selects five students to intern at her firm—Wes Gibbins, Connor Walsh, Michaela Pratt, Asher Millstone, and Laurel Castillo—alongside her employees Frank Delfino and Bonnie Winterbottom, an associate lawyer. Season one explores two murders through flashbacks: Lila Stangard, mistress of Annalise's husband Sam Keating and a student at Middleton, and Sam Keating at the hands of Annalise's interns.


title: How to Get Away with Murder (season 1)

text: The first nine episodes alternate between flashforwards and the present day, to show the progression of events leading to the murder of Sam, who Annalise believes murdered Lila, and the disposal of his body by Wes, Connor, Michaela, and Laurel. The final six episodes explore Annalise's attempt to help her interns cover up Sam's murder and implicate Sam in Lila's death, as well as the events leading to Lila's death.


title: How to Get Away with Murder (season 1)

text: On August 19, 2013, ABC bought the original concept from Shondaland Productions, produced by Shonda Rhimes and Betsy Beers. The script for the pilot episode was written by "Grey's Anatomy" supervising producer Peter Nowalk. ABC ordered the pilot on December 19, 2013. It was directed by Michael Offer. On May 8, 2014, ABC picked up the pilot to series for the 2014–15 television season. At the Television Critics Association Press Tour in July 2014, it was announced that "How to Get Away with Murder" would be a limited series with only 15 or 16 episodes per season. The smaller episode count is the result of a deal for series star Viola Davis. On October 9, 2014, ABC picked up the series for a full season of 15 episodes.


title: How to Get Away with Murder (season 1)

text: The pilot episode was filmed in Los Angeles, California, at the University of Southern California, and in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, at Bryn Mawr College; and in Collegeville, Pennsylvania, at Ursinus College.


title: How to Get Away with Murder (season 1)

text: The first season had ten roles receiving star billing. Viola Davis plays the protagonist of the series, Professor Annalise Keating, a high-profile defense attorney, teaching a class at Middleton University. Billy Brown plays Annalise's lover, Detective Nate Lahey, who tries to prove Sam's involvement in Lila Stangard's murder and becomes the main suspect in Sam's murder. There are five students who work at Annalise's law firm: Wes Gibbins, portrayed by Alfred Enoch, a student recently accepted off the wait list who later has a relationship with Rebecca; Connor Walsh, portrayed by Jack Falahee, a student who is ruthless and viewed as somewhat narcissistic by his peers; Michaela Pratt, portrayed by Aja Naomi King, an ambitious student who wants to become as successful as Annalise; Asher Millstone, portrayed by Matt McGorry, who comes from a privileged background and becomes affectionate towards Bonnie in the latter half of the season; and Laurel Castillo, portrayed by Karla Souza, an idealistic student who later has a relationship with Frank. Katie Findlay portrays Rebecca Sutter, Wes' mysterious neighbor (and later, girlfriend) who becomes a suspect in the murder of Lila Stangard. Charlie Weber plays Frank Delfino, an employee of Annalise's firm who is not a lawyer but handles special duties requiring discretion. Liza Weil plays Bonnie Winterbottom, an associate attorney in Annalise's firm.


title: How to Get Away with Murder (season 1)

text: Other recurring roles in the first season were Tom Verica who played Professor Sam Keating, Annalise's husband who had an affair with Lila Stangard and was later murdered by Wes. Megan West portrayed Lila Stangard, a sorority girl who was murdered by Frank on Sam's orders after he found out she was pregnant. Conrad Ricamora played Oliver Hampton, an IT specialist with whom Connor forms a romantic relationship. Alysia Reiner played Wendy Parks, a prosecutor who goes up against Annalise. Lenny Platt portrayed Griffin O'Reilly, a star quarterback and boyfriend of the murdered Lila Stangard. Elliot Knight played Michaela's fiancé, Aiden Walker, and Lynn Whitfield played his mother and Michaela's future mother-in-law, Mary Walker. Marcia Gay Harden played Dr. Hannah Keating, a psychologist and Sam's sister, who becomes suspicious of Annalise after Sam goes missing. Cicely Tyson portrayed Ophelia Harkness, Annalise's mother.


title: How to Get Away with Murder (season 1)

text: On January 21, 2014, Matt McGorry was the first to be announced as a regular cast member, playing a law student. On February 25, 2014, it was announced that Shonda Rhimes had cast Viola Davis in the show's leading role of Professor Annalise Keating. Throughout February and March 2014, other roles were announced as cast: Aja Naomi King, Jack Falahee, Alfred Enoch and Karla Souza as law students; Katie Findlay as a drug-dealing student; Charlie Weber as a law associate to Professor Keating; Billy Brown as Professor Keating's extramarital love interest; veteran actor and producer Tom Verica as Professor Keating's husband; and Liza Weil as one of the professor's two associates.


title: How to Get Away with Murder (season 1)

text: On August 11, 2014, it was announced that "Orange is the New Black" alum Alysia Reiner was cast as a prosecutor who would be going up against Annalise. On November 4, 2014, it was announced that Oscar winner Marcia Gay Harden was cast in the second half of the first season for a secret recurring role. On December 15, 2014, it was announced that Oscar nominee and Emmy winner Cicely Tyson would appear in an episode in the second half of the season.


title: How to Get Away with Murder (season 1)

text: The first season of "How to Get Away with Murder" received positive reviews, with most praising Viola Davis' performance. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a rating of 85%, based on 57 reviews, with an average rating of 6.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""How to Get Away with Murder" isn't conceptually original, but it delivers thrills with melodramatic twists and a captivating lead." Metacritic gave season one of the show a score of 68 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: How to Get Away with Murder (season 1)

text: Mary McNamara from "Los Angeles Times" wrote about Viola Davis' performance: "...all eyes are on Davis, Tony winner and Oscar nominee. Magnetic and intimidating, Davis creates an implacable surface beneath which shimmers all manner of fleet and startled emotions. Desire and fear, certainty, self-doubt and resolve are conjured in an instant with the angle of a glance, the lowering of an eyelid and then released as if they were never there." "Entertainment Weekly"s Melissa Maerz described Davis' performance as "powerfully layered." David Hinckle, from "New York Daily News", said that the series does not serve up enough fun unlike Rhimes' other shows, "Grey's Anatomy" and "Scandal". Frazier Moore, "Associated Press", wrote that the show "promises to be twisty, wicked, dark and fun. And it stars Viola Davis, who brings life to a character of endless calculations and mystery."


title: How to Get Away with Murder (season 1)

text: The series premiere had more than 14million viewers on live broadcast, and over 20million with DVR. The first episode set a record for DVR playback viewers with 6million, surpassing the January 27, 2014, record of 5.6million set by the pilot of "The Blacklist".


title: Preppy

text: Preppy (also spelled preppie) or prep (all abbreviations of the word "preparatory") is a subculture in the United States associated with the alumni of old private Northeastern college preparatory schools. The terms are used to denote a person seen as characteristic of a student or alumnus of these schools. Characteristics of preps in the past include a particular subcultural speech, vocabulary, dress, mannerisms and etiquette, reflective of an upper-class, old money upbringing.


title: Preppy

text: The term "preppy" derives from the private, university-preparatory schools ("prep schools") that some American upper class and upper middle class children attend. The term "preppy" is commonly associated with the Ivy League and broader group of oldest universities in the Northeast as well as the prep schools which brought students to them, since traditionally a primary goal in attending a prep school was admittance into one of these institutions. Preppy fashion derives from the fashions of these old Northeastern schools in the early to mid-twentieth century.


title: Preppy

text: Lisa Birnbach's 1980 book "Official Preppy Handbook" was written to poke fun at the rich lives of privileged Ivy League and socially elite liberal arts college students. It portrays the preppy social group as well-connected, and although exclusive, courteous to other social groups without fostering serious relationships with them. Being educated and well-connected is associated with an upper-class socioeconomic status that emphasizes higher education and high-income professional success.


title: Preppy

text: For men, preppy fashion has its roots in, and substantially overlaps with, the "Ivy" style of dress, which originated circa 1912 and had become widespread by the late 1950s. The "Ivy" style took its name from Ivy League universities where it originated. J. Press represented the quintessential purveyor of Ivy League style. In the mid-twentieth century, J. Press and Brooks Brothers both had stores on Ivy League school campuses, including Harvard, Princeton, Columbia, and Yale.


title: Preppy

text: Ivy Style was inspired by leisure activities commonly enjoyed by the upper-classes in the United Kingdom and northeastern United States (such as polo, sailing, hunting, fencing, crew rowing, lacrosse, golf, tennis, rugby, squash and swimming) and adapted the sportswear associated with these activities as everyday wear. As such, it incorporated aspects of traditional British country clothing (tweed sport coat, brogue shoes, etc.). Distinctly preppy fashions then emerged as a still-more-casual, youthful interpretation of Ivy League style (rugby shirt, boat shoes, etc.). Thus, the sportswear, casual lifestyle apparel and outdoor gear offered by retailers such as L. L. Bean in the Northeast (with its eponymous "Bean Boots") and Eddie Bauer in the Pacific Northwest came to form an important component of preppy style. Both outfitters, along with Vermont-based Orvis, were featured in "The Official Preppy Handbook". The mostly tongue-in-cheek guide published in 1980 described L. L. Bean as "nothing less than Prep mecca." Their catalog was said to be "the biggest seller of the rugged New England Prep look."


title: Preppy

text: By the 1980s, mass marketing of brands such as Ralph Lauren, Lacoste, Daniel Cremieux, and Izod brought a resurgence of Ivy and preppy styles and moved them into the mainstream.


title: Preppy

text: For women, preppy-influenced fashions emerged in the 1960s, a trend led by designers such as Perry Ellis and Lilly Pulitzer, influenced by designers such as Oleg Cassini, and popularized by female students at the Seven Sisters Colleges, sister institutions to the Ivy League. These classic ensembles of the 1960s and 1970s include tailored skirt suits, low heels, wrap dresses, shift dresses, silk or cotton blouses, and jewelry with a refined style. Such clothing often includes elements drawn from typical preppy styles, such as nautical stripes, pastel colours, or equestrian details.


title: Preppy

text: "The Official Preppy Handbook" points to daughters "borrowing the clothes her mother wore in Prep school. Before long, they share a charge account at The Talbots." The handbook also stated that "Behind the red door on every Talbots catalog cover is the best selection of women's Prep fashions anywhere." And that "the clothes here are a rare combination of Preppy, tasteful, and sophisticated."


title: Preppy

text: Though traditional interest in the preppy style generally fell in the 1990s, some of the newer outfitters such as Ralph Lauren, J. Crew, Tommy Hilfiger, Vineyard Vines, Gant, and Elizabeth McKay are often perceived as having preppy styles, with designers such as Marc Jacobs and Luella Bartley adding the preppy style into their clothes in the 1990s.


title: Zeroth law of thermodynamics

text: The zeroth law of thermodynamics is one of the four principal laws of thermodynamics. It provides an independent definition of temperature without reference to entropy, which is defined in the second law. The law was established by Ralph H. Fowler in the 1930s, long after the first, second, and third laws were widely recognized.


title: Zeroth law of thermodynamics

text: The zeroth law states that if two thermodynamic systems are in thermal equilibrium with each other, and also separately in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then the three systems are in thermal equilibrium with each other.


title: Zeroth law of thermodynamics

text: Two systems are said to be in thermal equilibrium if they are linked by a wall permeable only to heat, and they do not change over time.


title: Zeroth law of thermodynamics

text: Another formulation by Maxwell is "All heat is of the same kind". Another statement of the law is "All diathermal walls are equivalent".


title: Zeroth law of thermodynamics

text: The zeroth law is important for the mathematical formulation of thermodynamics. Mathematically, it makes the relation of thermal equilibrium between systems an equivalence relation, which can represent equality of some quantity associated with each system. A quantity that is the same for two systems, if they can be placed in thermal equilibrium with each other, is a scale of temperature. The zeroth law is needed for the existence of such scales. The condition justifies the use of practical thermometers.


title: Zeroth law of thermodynamics

text: A thermodynamic system is by definition in its own state of internal thermodynamic equilibrium, that is to say, there is no change in its observable state (i.e. macrostate) over time and no flows occur in it. One precise statement of the zeroth law is that the relation of thermal equilibrium is an equivalence relation on pairs of thermodynamic systems. In other words, the set of all systems each in its own state of internal thermodynamic equilibrium may be divided into subsets in which every system belongs to one and only one subset, and is in thermal equilibrium with every other member of that subset, and is not in thermal equilibrium with a member of any other subset. This means that a unique "tag" can be assigned to every system, and if the "tags" of two systems are the same, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other, and if different, they are not. This property is used to justify the use of empirical temperature as a tagging system. Empirical temperature provides further relations of thermally equilibrated systems, such as order and continuity with regard to "hotness" or "coldness", but these are not implied by the standard statement of the zeroth law.


title: Zeroth law of thermodynamics

text: If it is defined that a thermodynamic system is in thermal equilibrium with itself (i.e., thermal equilibrium is reflexive), then the zeroth law may be stated as follows:


title: Zeroth law of thermodynamics

text: "If a body "C", be in thermal equilibrium with two other bodies, "A" and "B", then "A" and "B" are in thermal equilibrium with one another."


title: Zeroth law of thermodynamics

text: This statement asserts that thermal equilibrium is a left-Euclidean relation between thermodynamic systems. If we also define that every thermodynamic system is in thermal equilibrium with itself, then thermal equilibrium is also a reflexive relation. Binary relations that are both reflexive and Euclidean are equivalence relations. Thus, again implicitly assuming reflexivity, the zeroth law is therefore often expressed as a right-Euclidean statement:


title: Zeroth law of thermodynamics

text: "If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other."


title: Zeroth law of thermodynamics

text: One consequence of an equivalence relationship is that the equilibrium relationship is symmetric: If "A" is in thermal equilibrium with "B", then "B" is in thermal equilibrium with "A". Thus we may say that two systems are in thermal equilibrium with each other, or that they are in mutual equilibrium. Another consequence of equivalence is that thermal equilibrium is a transitive relationship and is occasionally expressed as such:


title: Zeroth law of thermodynamics

text: "If "A" is in thermal equilibrium with "B" and if "B" is in thermal equilibrium with "C", then "A" is in thermal equilibrium with "C" ".


title: Zeroth law of thermodynamics

text: A reflexive, transitive relationship does not guarantee an equivalence relationship. For the above statement to be true, "both" reflexivity "and" symmetry must be implicitly assumed.


title: Zeroth law of thermodynamics

text: It is the Euclidean relationships which apply directly to thermometry. An ideal thermometer is a thermometer which does not measurably change the state of the system it is measuring. Assuming that the unchanging reading of an ideal thermometer is a valid tagging system for the equivalence classes of a set of equilibrated thermodynamic systems, then the systems are in thermal equilibrium, if a thermometer gives the same reading for each system. If the system are thermally connected, no subsequent change in the state of either one can occur. If the readings are different, then thermally connecting the two systems causes a change in the states of both systems. The zeroth law provides no information regarding this final reading.


title: Zeroth law of thermodynamics

text: Nowadays, there are two nearly separate concepts of temperature, the thermodynamic concept, and that of the kinetic theory of gases and other materials.


title: Zeroth law of thermodynamics

text: The zeroth law belongs to the thermodynamic concept, but this is no longer the primary international definition of temperature. The current primary international definition of temperature is in terms of the kinetic energy of freely moving microscopic particles such as molecules, related to temperature through the Boltzmann constant formula_1. The present article is about the thermodynamic concept, not about the kinetic theory concept.


title: Zeroth law of thermodynamics

text: The zeroth law establishes thermal equilibrium as an equivalence relationship. An equivalence relationship on a set (such as the set of all systems each in its own state of internal thermodynamic equilibrium) divides that set into a collection of distinct subsets ("disjoint subsets") where any member of the set is a member of one and only one such subset. In the case of the zeroth law, these subsets consist of systems which are in mutual equilibrium. This partitioning allows any member of the subset to be uniquely "tagged" with a label identifying the subset to which it belongs. Although the labeling may be quite arbitrary, temperature is just such a labeling process which uses the real number system for tagging. The zeroth law justifies the use of suitable thermodynamic systems as thermometers to provide such a labeling, which yield any number of possible empirical temperature scales, and justifies the use of the second law of thermodynamics to provide an absolute, or thermodynamic temperature scale. Such temperature scales bring additional continuity and ordering (i.e., "hot" and "cold") properties to the concept of temperature.


title: Zeroth law of thermodynamics

text: In the space of thermodynamic parameters, zones of constant temperature form a surface, that provides a natural order of nearby surfaces. One may therefore construct a global temperature function that provides a continuous ordering of states. The dimensionality of a surface of constant temperature is one less than the number of thermodynamic parameters, thus, for an ideal gas described with three thermodynamic parameters "P", "V" and "N", it is a two-dimensional surface.


title: Zeroth law of thermodynamics

text: For example, if two systems of ideal gases are in joint thermodynamic equilibrium across an immovable diathermal wall, then = where "P" is the pressure in the "i"th system, "V" is the volume, and "N" is the amount (in moles, or simply the number of atoms) of gas.


title: Zeroth law of thermodynamics

text: The surface = constant defines surfaces of equal thermodynamic temperature, and one may label defining "T" so that = "RT", where "R" is some constant. These systems can now be used as a thermometer to calibrate other systems. Such systems are known as "ideal gas thermometers".


title: Zeroth law of thermodynamics

text: In a sense, focused on in the zeroth law, there is only one kind of diathermal wall or one kind of heat, as expressed by Maxwell's dictum that "All heat is of the same kind". But in another sense, heat is transferred in different ranks, as expressed by Sommerfeld's dictum "Thermodynamics investigates the conditions that govern the transformation of heat into work. It teaches us to recognize temperature as the measure of the work-value of heat. Heat of higher temperature is richer, is capable of doing more work. Work may be regarded as heat of an infinitely high temperature, as unconditionally available heat." This is why temperature is the particular variable indicated by the zeroth law's statement of equivalence.


title: Zeroth law of thermodynamics

text: In Carathéodory's (1909) theory, it is postulated that there exist walls "permeable only to heat", though heat is not explicitly defined in that paper. This postulate is a physical postulate of existence. It does not say that there is only one kind of heat. This paper of Carathéodory states as proviso 4 of its account of such walls: "Whenever each of the systems "S" and "S" is made to reach equilibrium with a third system "S" under identical conditions, systems "S" and "S" are in mutual equilibrium".


title: Zeroth law of thermodynamics

text: It is the function of this statement in the paper, not there labeled as the zeroth law, to provide not only for the existence of transfer of energy other than by work or transfer of matter, but further to provide that such transfer is unique in the sense that there is only one kind of such wall, and one kind of such transfer. This is signaled in the postulate of this paper of Carathéodory that precisely one non-deformation variable is needed to complete the specification of a thermodynamic state, beyond the necessary deformation variables, which are not restricted in number. It is therefore not exactly clear what Carathéodory means when in the introduction of this paper he writes


title: Zeroth law of thermodynamics

text: It is possible to develop the whole theory without assuming the existence of heat, that is of a quantity that is of a different nature from the normal mechanical quantities.


title: Zeroth law of thermodynamics

text: It is the opinion of Lieb and Yngvason (1999) that the derivation from statistical mechanics of the law of entropy increase is a goal that has so far eluded the deepest thinkers. Thus the idea remains open to consideration that the existence of heat and temperature are needed as coherent primitive concepts for thermodynamics, as expressed, for example, by Maxwell and Planck. On the other hand, Planck (1926) clarified how the second law can be stated without reference to heat or temperature, by referring to the irreversible and universal nature of friction in natural thermodynamic processes.


title: Zeroth law of thermodynamics

text: Writing long before the term "zeroth law" was coined, in 1871 Maxwell discussed at some length ideas which he summarized by the words "All heat is of the same kind". Modern theorists sometimes express this idea by postulating the existence of a unique one-dimensional "hotness manifold", into which every proper temperature scale has a monotonic mapping. This may be expressed by the statement that there is only one kind of temperature, regardless of the variety of scales in which it is expressed. Another modern expression of this idea is that "All diathermal walls are equivalent". This might also be expressed by saying that there is precisely one kind of non-mechanical, non-matter-transferring contact equilibrium between thermodynamic systems.


title: Zeroth law of thermodynamics

text: According to Sommerfeld, Fowler coined the term "zeroth law of thermodynamics" while discussing the 1935 text by Meghnad Saha and B.N. Srivastava.


title: Zeroth law of thermodynamics

text: They write on page 1 that "every physical quantity must be measurable in numerical terms". They presume that temperature is a physical quantity and then deduce the statement "If a body is in temperature equilibrium with two bodies and , then and themselves are in temperature equilibrium with each other". Then they italicize a self-standing paragraph, as if to state their basic postulate:


title: Zeroth law of thermodynamics

text: "Any of the physical properties of which change with the application of heat may be observed and utilised for the measurement of temperature."


title: Zeroth law of thermodynamics

text: There are very many statements of these same physical ideas in the physics literature long before this text, in very similar language. What was new here was just the label "zeroth law of thermodynamics".


title: Zeroth law of thermodynamics

text: ... we introduce the postulate: "If two assemblies are each in thermal equilibrium with a third assembly, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other."


title: Zeroth law of thermodynamics

text: ... it may be shown to follow that the condition for thermal equilibrium between several assemblies is the equality of a certain single-valued function of the thermodynamic states of the assemblies, which may be called the temperature , any one of the assemblies being used as a "thermometer" reading the temperature on a suitable scale. This postulate of the ""Existence of temperature"" could with advantage be known as "the zeroth law of thermodynamics".


title: Zeroth law of thermodynamics

text: The first sentence of this present article is a version of this statement. It is not explicitly evident in the existence statement of Fowler and Guggenheim that temperature refers to a unique attribute of a state of a system, such as is expressed in the idea of the hotness manifold. Also their statement refers explicitly to statistical mechanical assemblies, not explicitly to macroscopic thermodynamically defined systems.


title: Nuclear Gandhi

text: Nuclear Gandhi is an Internet meme and urban legend relating to the 1991 video game "Civilization", in which there was reportedly a bug that would eventually force the pacifist leader Mahatma Gandhi to become extremely aggressive and make heavy use of nuclear weapons.


title: Nuclear Gandhi

text: The bug was first noted in 2012, two years after the release of "Civilization V". In 2020, the series' creator, Sid Meier, contradicted the urban legend, saying there was never a bug like that in the original game. Nuclear Gandhi is one of the most recognizable video game glitches, has been used as an example of integer overflow in computer science, and was included as an Easter egg in other games in the "Civilization" series.


title: Nuclear Gandhi

text: According to the legend, each leader's game AI in "Civilization" had a parameter that described their aggression on a scale from 1 to 10, with 1 being least aggressive and 10 most aggressive. Other sources say the scale went from 1 to 12. Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi was the only leader in the game with the lowest possible aggression rating of 1 and, as a result, was only able to wage defensive wars. Once the AI changed its government form to democracy, which was preferred by peaceful nations such as India, its aggression level decreased by 2. In the case of Gandhi, this would lead to an aggression level of −1.


title: Nuclear Gandhi

text: However, the aggression level was stored as an 8-bit unsigned integer variable that could only store values in the range from 0 to 255 (or ). The negative value would therefore result in an integer overflow (specifically an integer underflow), with the value being stored as 255 and Gandhi becoming about 25 times more aggressive than the most aggressive leaders in the game. In "Civilization"'s technology tree, nuclear weapons are generally unlocked only after democracy, so Gandhi's aggression level would have already spiked by the time India became nuclear-capable. This led to India suddenly attacking other civilizations with nuclear missiles. The bug was supposedly fixed in later versions of the game, but the developers liked it so much they decided to re-implement it in successive games as an Easter egg and joke. According to other sources, the bug first appeared in "Civilization II".


title: Nuclear Gandhi

text: In reality, according to the "Civilization II" lead game designer Brian Reynolds, there were only three possible aggression levels in "Civilization", and even though Gandhi's AI had the lowest possible aggression level, he shared it with one third of all leaders. Additionally, based on his memories of "Civilization"'s source code, Reynolds stated that there was no unsigned variable in this section of code and that leaders could not act more aggressively than the most aggressive leaders of the game. A leader with an aggression level of 255 would act the same way as a leader with an aggression level of 3. According to Sid Meier, since all integer variables are signed by default in both C and C++ (the programming languages of "Civilization" and "Civilization II" respectively), overflow would not have occurred if Gandhi's aggression were set to –1; moreover, the government form doesn't affect AI aggressiveness at all, so Gandhi's aggression level remained the same throughout the game. During wars, India could use nuclear weapons just like any other civilization, but Gandhi would not use nuclear weapons more often than Abraham Lincoln or any other peaceful leaders. One possible origin of the legend could be India's tendency to discover nuclear technology before most of its opponents because of the peaceful scientific nature of this civilization.


title: Nuclear Gandhi

text: Through "Civilization IV", a popular misconception held that Gandhi was "still" programmed with a tendency to use nuclear weapons as an Easter egg, but no such behavior was purposely added to the games by Firaxis. The first such intentional inclusion of Nuclear Gandhi was in "Civilization V". "Civilization V" lead game designer Jon Shafer set Gandhi's "Build Nuke" and "Use Nuke" parameters to the highest possible value, 12. Shafer said that he did this as a joke: "it's fun to imagine that an Indian politician promoting Satyagraha may have a desire to nuke his neighbors". Following the game's release in 2010, players noticed Gandhi's incongruous behavior; it was addressed in "The Escapist" magazine's comic "Critical Miss". Players nicknamed "Civilization V"s Gandhi "Thermonuclear," "The destroyer of worlds," and "Kurchatov."


title: Nuclear Gandhi

text: Gandhi is actually one of the most peaceful leaders in "Civilization V", but his artificial intelligence parameters that control building and using of nuclear weapons have the value of 12, which is the highest of any leader. The next three leaders have a value of 8, and most leaders have a value between 4 and 6. To bring more diversity to the gameplay, at the start of each game, "Civilization V" adjusts these parameters by adding a random value between −2 and +2 to each of these two values; in the case of Gandhi, this means the "Build Nuke" and "Use Nuke" parameters will never go lower than the maximum rating: 10 out of 10.


title: Nuclear Gandhi

text: "Civilization VI" introduced a secret agenda mechanic that regulates the artificial intelligence behavior. Each leader has two agendas: the first is constant and based on each leader's personal history, and the second one (as well as a third one in "") is chosen randomly at the start of each game. Gandhi's fixed goal is "Peacekeeper": Gandhi is much less likely to start wars, and disdains civilizations that do, as well as appreciating those that do the opposite. However, he has a fixed 70% probability of getting "Nuke Happy" as his secondary agenda, which causes him to focus on building nukes, appreciate civilizations that do, and disdain civilizations that do not.


title: Nuclear Gandhi

text: In early 2012, 21 years after the original "Civilization" was released, a TV Tropes user named Tunafish claimed that a bug existed in "Civilization" that caused Gandhi to be much more aggressive. Tunafish did not provide any proof. In November, the same information was added to Wikia. According to Sid Meier, over the next two years, the story spread across the Internet, and each time someone doubted it, a link to a wiki was used as a proof.


title: Nuclear Gandhi

text: In 2014, the story gained publicity after a reposted "Critical Miss" comic caused a discussion in the comment section on Reddit over why Gandhi was made that aggressive. Ten days later, the video game news website "Kotaku" posted the article "Why Gandhi Is Such An Asshole In Civilization", which prompted other news websites and blogs to republish the information. Because of interest in mass media and the blogosphere, many series fans discovered this story, and "Nuclear Gandhi" became a common video game Internet meme and a joke. Moreover, due to the Mandela effect, many people remembered that they were particularly annoyed by India in the first games of "Civilization" series. Information about "Nuclear Gandhi" was later added to "Know Your Meme", which stated that the bug first appeared in "Civilization II".


title: Nuclear Gandhi

text: On June 18, 2019, Firaxis marketing manager Kevin Schultz posted a tweet stating that he is going offline for two weeks due to a business trip to China, and offered to reflect on the question, "What if the widely shared and reposted story about Gandhi's love for nukes in the original "Civilization" being caused by a bug is totally false?" This prompted ex-"Eurogamer" columnist Chris Bratt to start a journalistic investigation.


title: Nuclear Gandhi

text: Bratt contacted 2K's PR department and asked for an interview with a Firaxis representative, but his request was denied. Bratt then contacted ex-Firaxis game designer Bruce Shelley, who stated that he did not remember whether the glitch existed, since the development of "Civilization" was 30 years ago: "I vaguely remember an issue with Gandhi, but the guy you would have to speak with is Sid [Meier]." The next person Bratt contacted was lead "Civilization II" game designer Brian Reynolds, who replied: "Although it's been ~20 years since I've seen the Civ 1 code, I can still tell you with 99.99% certainty the Gandhi bug is completely apocryphal." Bratt contacted 2K and Sid Meier once again, but did not receive a direct refutation. Meier stated that he did not know the correct answer, but he thinks that the urban legend is a good thing: "given the limited technology of the time, the original Civ was in many ways a game that took place mainly in players' imaginations", so "I'd be reluctant to limit what that player can imagine by introducing too many of my thoughts". Bratt posted a YouTube video with his investigation's findings.


title: Nuclear Gandhi

text: Later, in an "Ars Technica" interview, Sid Meier stated that the story about the Gandhi software bug was fabricated. On September 8, 2020, Sid Meier's autobiography, "Sid Meier’s Memoir!: A Life in Computer Games", was released, containing a detailed background of the urban legend's formation.


title: Nuclear Gandhi

text: Despite its non-existence, "Nuclear Gandhi" is one of the most recognizable bugs in the history of video games. It has spawned a large number of Internet memes, and has been used as an example of integer overflow in computer science courses at Harvard University, among others.


title: Sweetheart (2019 film)

text: Sweetheart is a 2019 American survival horror film directed by J. D. Dillard, written by Dillard, Alex Theurer and Alex Hyner, and starring Kiersey Clemons, Emory Cohen, Hanna Mangan-Lawrence and Andrew Crawford. It was produced by Jason Blum, Dillard, Theurer, Hyner and Bill Karesh. The movie tells the story of a castaway who washes up on an island and must survive there while being stalked by a humanoid sea monster.


title: Sweetheart (2019 film)

text: "Sweetheart" had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 28, 2019. It was released by Universal Pictures on October 22, 2019, on streaming services and on demand.


title: Sweetheart (2019 film)

text: After their boat sinks during a storm, Jennifer Remming washes ashore a small, tropical island and then finds her friend Brad who dies from his wounds shortly after. While exploring the island, Jenn discovers the belongings and graves of a family that once lived there. She later buries Brad's corpse in the sand, but she discovers the grave uncovered and a trail of blood leading to the ocean the following morning.


title: Sweetheart (2019 film)

text: The next day while retrieving her newly surfaced luggage while swimming, Jenn finds an ominous hole in the ocean's floor. That night, Jenn fails to flag down an airplane using a flare gun and encounters a giant humanoid sea monster. For the next four nights, Jenn manages to hide from the sea monster. As Jenn prepares for the fourth night, the corpse of another mutual friend Zack washes ashore mutilated and bisected. Jenn later uses his body as bait, seeing the sea monster clearly for the first time. For her fifth attempt, Jenn sleeps in a makeshift hammock in the trees to watch the monster arrive. When the monster notices the hammock, he starts to touch it and it slowly drops, Jenn stabs the creature with a sharpened stick and narrowly escapes.


title: Sweetheart (2019 film)

text: The next day, Jenn is reunited with her boyfriend Lucas Griffin and friend Mia Reed after the two wash ashore in a life raft. Jenn warns Lucas and Mia about the creature, but they dismiss her claims. Jenn later discovers Lucas' pocketknife bloodied. Jenn tries to convince them to get in the lifeboat and escape before dark, but Lucas snaps at her and refuses to go. Jenn makes a desperate attempt to flee without the two, but they chase her and throw her out of the life raft. During the escape attempt, Mia knocks Jenn out with a boat paddle after Jenn kicks her in the head. Later, Jenn regains consciousness to find herself tied up. Mia reveals Jenn's past of fabricated lies while Jenn tries to convince her of the danger. Lucas returns and refuses to release Jenn. After Mia leaves, he hints that he participated in Zack's demise. Before Jenn can ask what happened to their friend, Mia is attacked by the sea monster. Lucas leaves Jenn tied up to fight it himself, but he fails to save Mia who is dragged into the water. Jenn breaks free of her bindings and rescues Lucas.


title: Sweetheart (2019 film)

text: The next morning, Lucas and Jenn attempt to escape in the life raft. Jenn discovers the inside is covered in blood, presumably belonging to Zack. As the two begin to head west, the sea monster attacks the raft, eventually ripping through the base and grabs Jenn. As Jenn is being dragged down to the black hole, she remembers Lucas' penknife and stabs the monster. It releases her and swims back up to the raft to drag Lucas to his death.


title: Sweetheart (2019 film)

text: Now alone, Jenn decides to confront the monster. Before setting up a trap for the monster, she chronicles her experiences with the monster in her journal in hopes of aiding any castaways who might wash up on the island after her if she fails. That night, she lures the monster into a circle of wood and grass which she sets fire to. She battles the monster with a series of sharpened branches and bones from the graves of a family the monster killed. Both severely injured, the monster chases Jenn to the shoreline but collapses from its wounds. Jenn decapitates the corpse and limps away to the raft, carrying the severed head as proof of what happened on the island.


title: Sweetheart (2019 film)

text: On February 2, 2017, Blumhouse Productions announced that Kiersey Clemons would star in the film, and J. D. Dillard would co-write, produce and direct. On May 9, 2017, it was announced that Hanna Mangan-Lawrence, Emory Cohen, and Benedict Samuel would co-star.


title: Sweetheart (2019 film)

text: Dillard said the idea for the movie came to him while he was in Virginia Beach, Virginia, "just standing and looking out at the water with some friends, trying to think of the scariest possible thing that could happen. And [I decided] that would be if a creature were to stand up and look at me. The idea came from that shot, basically. We kind of went backward from there. Also, a lot of "Sweetheart" came from my own frustration about how much backstory there is in a lot of genre stories. Almost as an exercise I wanted to see what it would be like to take all of that away and revert back to let the camera and our sound design and our actors do all the work."


title: Sweetheart (2019 film)

text: The title of "Sweetheart", ambiguous and uncharacteristic of a horror movie, came about "as we got deeper into the script", said Dillard. "[I]t just seemed way more fun to hang the title on this term for Kiersey's character. Also, it's a lot harder to figure out what [the movie is] about." He told "Fangoria" that he wanted to avoid the film being pigeonholed as a genre movie when it premiered at the Sundance Film Festival. "[M]ost people didn't know it's a creature movie. In fact, no one knew it was a creature movie. 'It's a movie called "Sweetheart" and this girl is on an island and there's weird stuff here. What is that about?'"


title: Sweetheart (2019 film)

text: Clemons said the story was a political allegory with a racial empowerment theme: "At the time, we were really reacting to the [2016] election, and the fear of this monster <nowiki>[</nowiki>Donald Trump<nowiki>]</nowiki> being in office. We wanted [the film's creature] to be this big white translucent figure, because normally scary things are dark – we wanted to do the complete opposite of that. ... There's a lot of low-key political themes in it." She said Dillard, who is African-American, "wrote it visually imagining one of his sisters. This was inspired by them, and for them. He wouldn't have made it without a Black woman being the lead role. It also plays into those themes of Black female hysteria and people not believing Black women or people of color when we say that we're in danger, or that something is violent to us."


title: Sweetheart (2019 film)

text: The movie was shot in less than one month on a small, private island in the South Pacific, within the Mamanuca Islands of Fiji. Dillard said, "We lived on the main island and commuted half an hour every day to a much smaller island called Bounty Island [also known as Kadavulailai]. Basically, we just rented the entire island and the bungalows [served as] trailers and production offices."


title: Sweetheart (2019 film)

text: The creature, whom the crew nicknamed Charlie, was played by Andrew Crawford, an Australian ballet dancer who had previously been the Xenomorph in "". Dillard wanted a new creature performer, "someone whose movement vocabulary wasn't, 'I've played 1000 creatures.' ... [P]art of what we were trying to wrap our head around was to go back to an instinctual level, working with someone who just comes from a different world." Crawford "suffered in that role. The costume weighs north of 180 pounds all in. It's hot. We're in Fiji. Charlie's head itself was very unwieldy in its weight. So it's not just a creative gig; it's like an endurance gig and a psychological gig. And what we really have to do there is ... listen to him and listen to his support team. If [they say Crawford can only do] one more take, it's one more take. You can't abuse that. ... [Y]ou don't want anybody hurt or passing out. The other very peculiar fear we dealt with: that suit is made of foam latex and if you were to ever actually fall in the water it basically doubles, if not triples, in its weight because of all the water it absorbs. So he could easily drown in the suit."


title: Sweetheart (2019 film)

text: "Sweetheart" had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 28, 2019. It was released on October 22, 2019, by Universal Pictures, to streaming services and on demand.


title: Sweetheart (2019 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 93% based on 41 reviews, with an average rating of 7.00/10. The site's critics consensus reads: "Carried by Kiersey Clemons' performance, "Sweetheart" balances smart subtext and social commentary against effective genre thrills."


title: Sweetheart (2019 film)

text: Todd Gilchrist of "TheWrap" wrote: "Director and co-writer J.D. Dillard delivers a smart, streamlined thriller that skillfully integrates a careful whisper of social commentary into a story that also unfolds masterfully as a straightforward genre workout." David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave it a B- and wrote: "What this potent micro-dose of a movie lacks in showmanship, it makes up for in purity and resourcefulness and a rugged performance from Kiersey Clemons". John DeFore of "The Hollywood Reporter" wrote of the film: "A cracking little one-hander (mostly) that rations glimpses of its well-designed beastie expertly, the picture will please genre fans who don't mind long stretches with no dialogue." Refinery29 highlighted the lead's mostly singlehanded acting: "With almost no dialogue, Clemons delivers a startling, charismatic performance. Jenn has very little backstory, but we get a real sense of her personality just from watching her walk around this idyllic setting or run from the nightmare it turns into."


title: Sweetheart (2019 film)

text: In a negative review, a writer for "Variety" said of the movie: "Not quite original or stylish enough to be memorable."


title: Funny or Die

text: Funny or Die is a comedy video website and film/television production company owned by Henry R. Muñoz III that was founded by Will Ferrell, Adam McKay, Mark Kvamme, and Chris Henchy in 2007. The website contained exclusive material from a regular staff of in-house writers, producers and directors, and occasionally from a number of famous contributors including Judd Apatow, James Franco and Norm Macdonald. The associated production company continues to make TV shows including truTV's "Billy on the Street", Comedy Central's "@midnight" and Zach Galifianakis' web series "Between Two Ferns".


title: Funny or Die

text: Many videos on the site featured well-known actors (examples include Nina Dobrev, Steve Carell, Charlie Sheen, Ryan Gosling, Patrick Stewart, Daniel Radcliffe, Sophia Bush, Mila Kunis, AnnaSophia Robb, Hilary Duff, Adam West, James Van Der Beek, Jim Carrey, Ariel Winter and Selena Gomez). Michael Kvamme, an aspiring young comedian who is also the son of Mark Kvamme, the venture capitalist who funded Funny or Die, came up with a concept for a new kind of comedy site, and the site was developed by Randy Adams. After the site was funded by his father, Michael Kvamme wrote a screenplay for Will Ferrell and founded Global eSports Resources in partnership with the Saudi Arabian Federation of Electronic and Intellectual Sports.


title: Funny or Die

text: Funny or Die launched on April 12, 2007 with the site's first video, "The Landlord". "The Landlord" has received over 84 million views and features Ferrell confronted by a swearing, beer-drinking two-year-old landlord. In June 2007, they received venture capital funding from Sequoia Capital, and in June 2008, they announced a partnership with HBO. On August 3, 2016, Funny or Die shut down one of its California offices, reducing its headcount by 30% to 95 employees, with the announcement coming just two months after the new CEO, Mike Farah, took office.


title: Funny or Die

text: Henry R. Muñoz III bought Funny or Die for an undisclosed amount. The acquisition was announced in "Variety" on May 12, 2021. Muñoz purchased Funny or Die from the company's former stakeholders, which included AMC Networks, WarnerMedia and Sequoia Capital.


title: Funny or Die

text: Unlike other viral video sites, members of Funny or Die are encouraged to vote on videos which they view, with the options of "Funny" or "Die". The video then gets a score of the total percentage of people who voted the video "Funny". If the video receives an 80% or greater "Funny" rating after 100,000 views, it gets an "Immortal" ranking. If the video receives a 20% or less "Funny" rating after 1,000 views, it is relegated to the Crypt section of the site.


title: Funny or Die

text: The Funny or Die staff can also select a rating of "Chosen One", which disables voting for a video, merely saying "Chosen One" instead.


title: Funny or Die

text: "Between Two Ferns with Zach Galifianakis" is an Emmy Award-winning comedy series featured on Funny or Die. Galifianakis interviews various celebrities on a low budget set, decorated by a pair of potted ferns. The series often involves interruptions for product promotions and musical guests. The Lonely Island's "Spring Break Anthem" music video was embedded into an episode with James Franco and featured actor Edward Norton.


title: Funny or Die

text: Galifianakis has interviewed the likes of Brad Pitt, Justin Bieber, Jennifer Lawrence, Samuel L. Jackson, Richard Branson, and President Barack Obama. Galifianakis interviewed President Barack Obama during the launch of the United States health insurance exchange website. The video was released on March 11, 2014 and garnered over 32 million views.


title: Funny or Die

text: Funny or Die's "Billy on the Street" is a half-hour comedy game show hosted by Billy Eichner. The show's producers include Anna Wenger, Mike Farah and Billy Eichner. Billy on the Street premiered on Fuse TV on December 18, 2011. On October 8, 2015 the show began airing on tru TV. Eichner quizzes people on the streets of New York on pop culture in exchange for cash and prizes. Many episodes feature a special guest and celebrities Lindsay Lohan, Anne Hathaway, Neil Patrick Harris, and Olivia Wilde have made appearances on the show.


title: Funny or Die

text: In 2013, Eichner received a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Game Show Host. The series wrapped its third season on May 14, 2014.


title: Funny or Die

text: "Drunk History" is a comedy series on Comedy Central that was released on Funny or Die in December 2007. The show originated as a web series created by Derek Waters and Jeremy Konner. The show features a drunken narrator who attempts to recount an event from American history. The actors are played by celebrity guest stars who lip-sync the narrator's dialogue.


title: Funny or Die

text: Due to their general drunkenness the narrators are unable to accurately discuss the historical events and oftentimes make up and embellish aspects of the story. Guests include Jack Black, Michael Cera, Bill Hader, Nick Offerman, Winona Ryder, Chris Parnell, Kristen Wiig, Luke Wilson, and Jason Schwartzman.


title: Funny or Die

text: "Gay of Thrones" is a comedy web series hosted by Jonathan Van Ness in which he and a guest recap the most recent episode of "Game of Thrones" in Van Ness' hair salon. Its first episode, recapping the first two episodes of season 3 of "Game of Thrones", was released in April 2013 and has covered each episode from then until the finale in May 2019. Guests have included Alfie Allen, Tiffany Haddish, Kumail Nanjiani and Lena Headey.


title: Funny or Die

text: "@midnight" is a late night comedy panel show hosted by Chris Hardwick and produced by Funny or Die. The show debuted on Comedy Central on October 21, 2013. The show features three guest comedians that respond to different social media postings and pop culture references of the day including responses to actual tweets on Twitter, Craigslist ad postings and comments on Reddit.


title: Funny or Die

text: @Midnight used social media as a platform to engage with their fans. The show created hashtags including #HashtagWars and #SpookyCelebs that were used by fans to submit their own responses to the game on Twitter.


title: Funny or Die

text: "The Spoils of Babylon" is a comedy miniseries that aired on January 9, 2014 on IFC. The show was created and written by former "Saturday Night Live" writers Matt Piedmont and Andrew Steele. Piedmont also directed the series. The series stars Will Ferrell, Kristen Wiig, Tobey Maguire, Jessica Alba, Haley Joel Osment, Tim Robbins, Michael Sheen, Carey Mulligan and Val Kilmer.


title: Funny or Die

text: Ferrell plays Eric Jonrosh, a fictional author whose novel is being adapted for TV. The Spoils of Babylon novel follows a wealthy oil tycoon's family, the Morehouses. Robbins plays Jonas Morehouse, the patriarch of the family. Wiig and Maguire play Cynthia and her adopted brother Devon.


title: Funny or Die

text: IFC and Funny Or Die adapted Jonrosh's first novel, "The Spoils Before Dying" into another miniseries, which aired on July 8, 2015.


title: Funny or Die

text: "Throwing Shade" is a podcast hosted by Erin Gibson and Bryan Safi, that addresses topics such as mainstream pop culture, women's rights and gay rights. In 2011 Gibson and Safi created the Throwing Shade podcast after InfoMania was cancelled and in 2013 Funny or Die began filming the podcast on a set, and airing the recordings of the podcast on its website.


title: Funny or Die

text: The podcast occasionally has famous guests including Cheyenne Jackson and Dustin Lance Black. Throwing Shade won a Podcast Award for Best GLBT Podcast in both 2012 and 2013.


title: Funny or Die

text: "Tween Fest" is an eight-episode Funny or Die series starring John Michael Higgins, Joey King, Drew Tarver, Arden Cho, and Lou Wilson that follows a two-weekend outdoor festival in the middle of the desert where all the acts are internet stars. The show launched on August 3, 2016 on the streaming service go90. "Tween Fest" was created by Nick Ciarelli and Brad Evans, was directed by Scott Gairdner, and features Jane Lynch, Tim Meadows, Chris Parnell, David Koechner, Dave (Gruber) Allen, Josh Fadem and more in supporting and guest-starring roles.


title: Funny or Die

text: On November 23, 2013, HBO presented a special in association with Funny Or Die titled, "Sarah Silverman: We Are Miracles" featuring stand-up by comedian Sarah Silverman. During her hour-long set, Silverman made jokes about rape, religion, and her personal insecurities.


title: Funny or Die

text: The special received a 2014 Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Variety Special and Silverman's writing earned her an Emmy win for Outstanding Writing For a Variety Special. Record label Sub Pop, went on to release the special on vinyl, CD, and through digital download.


title: Funny or Die

text: Funny Or Die produced a special featuring comedian Jerrod Carmichael for HBO which aired on October 4, 2014. During the 70 minute special, Carmichael covers topics including poverty and wealth, controversial artists, female empowerment, and crime and race.


title: Funny or Die

text: "Jerrod Carmichael: Love At The Store," was directed by Spike Lee and was filmed at The Comedy Store in Los Angeles. Carmichael chose the location because it was the first venue he performed in back in 2008.


title: Funny or Die

text: Funny Or Die produced a comedy special for HBO featuring comedian Tig Notaro. "" premiered on HBO on August 22, 2015. Notaro promoted the special by walking the streets of Los Angeles to bring awareness to a giant billboard of her face.


title: Funny or Die

text: During the HBO special Notaro talks about her breast cancer diagnosis, her break up with her girlfriend and the death of her mother. Notaro performs the final third of her set topless to expose the scars of her mastectomy to the audience.


title: Funny or Die

text: In June 2008, HBO and Funny Or Die announced that HBO had purchased a stake of less than 10% in Funny Or Die. With this, Funny Or Die will be responsible for developing at least 10 half-hour episodes for HBO, and the companies may organize future comedy tours together. Regarding the agreement, Will Ferrell said, "I don't want to overstate the importance of this deal, but this is the missing link moment where TV and Internet finally merge. It will change the way we as human beings perceive and interact with reality. Okay, I overstated it. But it is an exciting deal."


title: Funny or Die

text: In August 2008, Funny Or Die hired Andrew Steele, a twelve-year veteran of "Saturday Night Live", and one of three head writers in recent years, to oversee content production and development for the site and for the HBO partnership.


title: Funny or Die

text: In February 2008, Funny or Die launched "Will Ferrell's Funny Or Die Comedy Tour Presented by 'Semi-Pro'", in conjunction with the promotion of the movie "Semi-Pro". The tour featured Ferrell, members of the FOD Team and comedians Zach Galifianakis, Demetri Martin, Nick Swardson and Andrea Savage. Adam McKay and Will Arnett served as tour announcers. The eight-city tour hit college campuses in Kansas, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, North Carolina and New York. The tour ran February 4–24, 2008.


title: Funny or Die

text: In June 2013 Funny Or Die announced the Oddball Comedy & Curiosity Festival comedy tour partnered with Live Nation The tour was headlined by Dave Chappelle and Flight of the Conchords. The lineup also included Al Madrigal, Kristen Schaal, Brody Stevens, Demetri Martin, John Mulaney, Jim Jefferies, and Hannibal Buress. The tour ran August 23 – September 22, 2013.


title: Funny or Die

text: In 2014, Funny Or Die continued the Oddball Festival, touring 20 cities across the U.S. from August 8 – September 21. The tour featured comedians Louis C.K., Sarah Silverman, Aziz Ansari, Chris Hardwick, Amy Schumer, and Jim Gaffigan.


title: Funny or Die

text: The 2015 lineup included Amy Schumer, Aziz Ansari, Anthony Jeselnik, Ashley Barnhill, Bridget Everett, Dave Attell, Donnell Rawlings, Jak Knight, Jay Pharoah, Jeff Ross, Jim Norton, John Mulaney, Katherine Ryan, Mark Normand, Michael Che, Nick Kroll, Nick Thune, Nikki Glaser, Rachel Feinstein, Rory Scovel, Sebastian Maniscalco, Steve Rannazzisi, T.J. Miller, Tim Minchin, Todd Barry, and Tony Hinchcliffe. The tour ran August 28 – October 18, 2015.


title: Funny or Die

text: Funny Or Die curated a comedy lineup for the 2015 Treasure Island music festival in San Francisco, CA. The Funny Or Die Blah Blah Blah tent featured comedy acts from Tim Heidecker, Jerrod Carmichael, Jonah Ray, Chris Gethard, Jon Dore, Lauren Lapkus, Brian Safi & Erin Gibson, Kate Berlant & John Early, Guy Branum, Michelle Wolf, Max Silvestri, Barry Rothbart, and Jermaine Fowler.


title: Funny or Die

text: Although ostensibly independent of organized politics, site creators Ferrell and McKay are supporters of the Democratic Party and have personal politics that "tend to lean a little left." In addition to their well known March 2014 foray in support of the Affordable Care Act, the previous year Funny Or Die launched a campaign for the legal defense of Shezanne Cassim, a Minnesota resident who was jailed in Abu Dhabi for allegedly endangering national security by posting a parody video to YouTube. Comedians Patton Oswalt and Tony Hale were subsequently made part of Funny Or Die's effort to raise funds and awareness to "Free Shez." Originally sentenced to a year in prison, in the face of growing public pressure Cassim was released in January 2014 after serving 9 months of his sentence.


title: Funny or Die

text: Funny Or Die has also been responsible for creation of parody videos lampooning California's 2008 traditional marriage initiative, Proposition 8, and taking a pot shot at the National Rifle Association with a video featuring comedian Jim Carrey. The site also worked with television star Alyssa Milano to "leak" a purported sex tape of the actress which was in fact an awareness-raising video on the bloody Syrian Civil War. In July 2013, shortly after the National Security Agency's PRISM surveillance program was first publicized, Sasha Grey starred in a Funny or Die "Sexy NSA Commercial".


title: Funny or Die

text: On March 11, 2014, Zach Galifianakis interviewed Barack Obama on his show "Between Two Ferns with Zach Galifianakis" on the website. During the interview, they asked people to sign up for healthcare on the Healthcare.gov site as part of the Affordable Care Act. By the next day, 11 million viewers had watched the video, and more than 890,000 people viewed the website during just that morning.


title: Funny or Die

text: On February 16, 2015, the First Lady of the United States, Michelle Obama, teamed up with Billy Eichner and Big Bird to promote her health initiative called 'Eat Brighter!' In the episode the trio join together at a grocery store in Washington D.C. to play a game titled "Ariana Grande or Eating a Carrot?"


title: Funny or Die

text: Michelle Obama made an appearance in a Funny Or Die movie trailer for "Snakpocalypse" which was featured on September 2, 2014. The trailer described the events that led to the elimination of a teenage population due to poor food choices offered at their high school. Michelle Obama's Let's Move! campaign supports healthy eating in youth and adults and she appears in the video crunching on a carrot.


title: Funny or Die

text: Mary Poppins Quits with Kristen Bell was featured on Funny Or Die on July 23, 2014. In the video Mary Poppins played by Kristen Bell sings about increasing minimum wage in order to meet living wage standards.


title: Funny or Die

text: Modern Office with Christina Hendricks was published on August 6, 2014. Christina Hendricks who plays fictional character Joan Harris on AMC's Mad Men gets a new job in a modern office. Hendricks transports her character from the 1960s into a modern office environment. The video insinuates that modern office environments maintain antiquated policies regarding women's roles in the workplace.


title: Funny or Die

text: "Funny or Die launched a campaign for the legal defense of Shezanne Cassim, a Minnesota resident who was jailed in Abu Dhabi for allegedly endangering national security by posting a parody video to YouTube. Comedians Patton Oswalt and Tony Hale were subsequently made part of Funny Or Die's effort to raise funds and awareness to "Free Shez." Originally sentenced to a year in prison, in the face of growing public pressure Cassim was released in January 2014 after serving 9 months of his sentence.


title: Funny or Die

text: In March 2013, Funny Or Die created the video, "Cold Dead Hand" starring Jim Carrey as both a country singer and former NRA president, Charles Heston.


title: Funny or Die

text: In the video, Carrey is joined by singers portraying Mahatma Gandhi, Abraham Lincoln, and John Lennon, all of whom were assassinated by gunmen, as they perform on "Hee Haw", the 1970s CBS variety show.


title: Funny or Die

text: On March 2, 2014, two promotional videos were released on a YouTube channel supposedly controlled by HUVr Tech, a company claiming to have invented a hoverboard much like those in the "Back to the Future" film trilogy. The videos included demonstrations of the board by celebrities such as Tony Hawk and Moby. Two days later the project was revealed to be a hoax perpetrated by Funny Or Die, after the video's costume designer posted the experience on her online resume.


title: End of Roman rule in Britain

text: The end of Roman rule in Britain was the transition from Roman Britain to post-Roman Britain. Roman rule ended in different parts of Britain at different times, and under different circumstances.


title: End of Roman rule in Britain

text: In 383, the usurper Magnus Maximus withdrew troops from northern and western Britain, probably leaving local warlords in charge. Around 410, the Romano-British expelled the magistrates of the usurper Constantine III. He had previously stripped the Roman garrison from Britain and taken it to Gaul in response to the Crossing of the Rhine in late 406, leaving the island a victim to barbarian attacks. Roman Emperor Honorius replied to a request for assistance with the "Rescript of Honorius", telling the Roman cities to see to their own defence, a tacit acceptance of temporary British self-government. Honorius was fighting a large-scale war in Italy against the Visigoths under their leader Alaric, with Rome itself under siege. No forces could be spared to protect distant Britain. Though it is likely that Honorius expected to regain control over the provinces soon, by the mid-6th century Procopius recognised that Roman control of Britannia was entirely lost.


title: End of Roman rule in Britain

text: By the early 5th century, the Roman Empire could no longer defend itself against either internal rebellion or the external threat posed by Germanic tribes expanding in Western Europe. This situation and its consequences governed the eventual permanent detachment of Britain from the rest of the Empire. After a period of local self-rule the Anglo-Saxons came to southern England in the 440s.


title: End of Roman rule in Britain

text: In the late 4th century, the Empire was controlled by members of a dynasty that included the Emperor Theodosius I. This family retained political power within itself and formed alliances by intermarriage with other dynasties, at the same time engaging in internecine power struggles and fighting off outside contenders (called "usurpers") attempting to replace the ruling dynasty with one of their own. These internal machinations drained the Empire of both military and civilian resources. Many thousands of soldiers were lost in battling attempted coups by figures such as Firmus, Magnus Maximus and Eugenius.


title: End of Roman rule in Britain

text: The Empire's historical relationship with Germanic tribes was sometimes hostile, at other times cooperative, but ultimately fatal, as it was unable to prevent those tribes from assuming a dominant role in the relationship. By the early 5th century, as a result of severe losses and depleted tax income, the Western Roman Empire's military forces were dominated by Germanic troops, and Romanised Germans played a significant role in the empire's internal politics. Various Germanic and other tribes beyond the frontiers were able to take advantage of the Empire's weakened state, both to expand into Roman territory and, in some cases, to move their entire populations into lands once considered exclusively Roman, culminating in various successful migrations from 406 onwards. The crossing of the Rhine caused intense fear in Britannia, prone as it was to being cut off from the Empire by raids on the primary communications route from Italy, to Trier to the Channel coast. In the event, this was much more than just another raid.


title: End of Roman rule in Britain

text: In 383, the Roman general then assigned to Britain, Magnus Maximus, launched his successful bid for imperial power, crossing to Gaul with his troops. He killed the Western Roman Emperor Gratian and ruled Gaul and Britain as Caesar (i.e., as a "sub-emperor" under Theodosius I). 383 is the last date for any evidence of a Roman presence in the north and west of Britain, perhaps excepting troop assignments at the tower on Holyhead Mountain in Anglesey and at western coastal posts such as Lancaster. These outposts may have lasted into the 390s, but they were a very minor presence, intended primarily to stop attacks and settlement by groups from Ireland.


title: End of Roman rule in Britain

text: Coins dated later than 383 have been excavated along Hadrian's Wall, suggesting that troops were not stripped from it, as once thought or, if they were, they were quickly returned as soon as Maximus had won his victory in Gaul. In the "De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae", written c. 540, Gildas attributed an exodus of troops and senior administrators from Britain to Maximus, saying that he left not only with all of its troops, but also with all of its armed bands, governors, and the flower of its youth, never to return.


title: End of Roman rule in Britain

text: Raids by Saxons, Picts, and the Scoti of Ireland had been ongoing in the late 4th century, but these increased in the years after 383. There were also large-scale permanent Irish settlements made along the coasts of Wales under circumstances that remain unclear. Maximus campaigned in Britain against both the Picts and Scoti, with historians differing on whether this was in the year 382 or 384 (i.e., whether the campaign was before or after he became Caesar). Welsh legend relates that before launching his usurpation, Maximus made preparations for an altered governmental and defence framework for the beleaguered provinces. Figures such as Coel Hen were said to be placed into key positions to protect the island in Maximus's absence. As such claims were designed to buttress Welsh genealogy and land claims, they should be viewed with some scepticism.


title: End of Roman rule in Britain

text: In 388, Maximus led his army across the Alps into Italy in an attempt to claim the purple. The effort failed when he was defeated in Pannonia at the Battle of the Save (in modern Croatia) and at the Battle of Poetovio (at Ptuj in modern Slovenia). He was then executed by Theodosius.


title: End of Roman rule in Britain

text: With Maximus's death, Britain came back under the rule of Emperor Theodosius I until 392, when the usurper Eugenius made a bid for imperial power in the Western Roman Empire until 394 when he was defeated and killed by Theodosius. When Theodosius died in 395, his 10-year-old son Honorius succeeded him as Western Roman Emperor. The real power behind the throne, however, was Stilicho, the son-in-law of Theodosius' brother and the father-in-law of Honorius.


title: End of Roman rule in Britain

text: Britain was suffering raids by the Scoti, Saxons, and Picts and, sometime between 396 and 398, Stilicho allegedly ordered a campaign against the Picts, likely a naval campaign intended to end their seaborne raids on the east coast of Britain. He may also have ordered campaigns against the Scoti and Saxons at the same time, but either way this would be the last Roman campaign in Britain of which there is any record.


title: End of Roman rule in Britain

text: In 401 or 402 Stilicho faced wars with the Visigothic king Alaric and the Ostrogothic king Radagaisus. Needing military manpower, he stripped Hadrian's Wall of troops for the final time. The year 402 is the last date of any Roman coinage found in large numbers in Britain, suggesting either that Stilicho also stripped the remaining troops from Britain, or that the Empire could no longer afford to pay the troops who were still there. Meanwhile, the Picts, Saxons and Scoti continued their raids, which may have increased in scope. In 405, for example, Niall of the Nine Hostages is described as having raided along the southern coast of Britain.


title: End of Roman rule in Britain

text: On the last day of December 406 (or, perhaps, 405), the Alans, Vandals, and Suebi living east of Gaul crossed the Rhine, possibly when it was frozen over, and began widespread devastation.


title: End of Roman rule in Britain

text: As there was no effective Roman response, the remaining Roman military in Britain feared that a Germanic crossing of the Channel into Britain was next, and dispensed with imperial authority – an action perhaps made easier by the high probability that the troops had not been paid for some time. Their intent was to choose a commander who would lead them in securing their future but their first two choices, Marcus and Gratian, did not meet their expectations and were killed. Their third choice was the soldier Constantine III.


title: End of Roman rule in Britain

text: In 407, Constantine took charge of the remaining troops in Britain, led them across the Channel into Gaul, rallied support there, and attempted to set himself up as Western Roman Emperor. Honorius' loyalist forces south of the Alps were preoccupied with fending off the Visigoths and were unable to put down the rebellion swiftly, giving Constantine the opportunity to extend his new empire to include Hispania.


title: End of Roman rule in Britain

text: In 409, Constantine's control of his empire fell apart. Part of his military forces were in Hispania, making them unavailable for action in Gaul, and some of those in Gaul were swayed against him by loyalist Roman generals. The Germans living west of the Rhine River rose against him, perhaps encouraged by Roman loyalists, and those living east of the river crossed into Gaul. Britain, now without any troops for protection and having suffered particularly severe Saxon raids in 408 and 409, viewed the situation in Gaul with renewed alarm. Perhaps feeling they had no hope of relief under Constantine, both the Romano-Britons and some of the Gauls expelled Constantine's magistrates in 409 or 410. The Byzantine historian Zosimus (fl. 490s – 510s) directly blamed Constantine for the expulsion, saying that he had allowed the Saxons to raid, and that the Britons and Gauls were reduced to such straits that they revolted from the Roman Empire, 'rejected Roman law, reverted to their native customs, and armed themselves to ensure their own safety'.