title: Raye (singer)

text: A collaborative single, "Bed" with Joel Corry and David Guetta, was released on 26 February 2021. The song would peak at number three on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Raye's highest charting single as a lead artist on the chart. On 11 June 2021, Raye released the single "Call On Me", which was intended to serve as the lead single for her upcoming debut studio album. Raye co-wrote and co-produced the song "Let Them Know" by Mabel, which was released on 18 June 2021.


title: Raye (singer)

text: On 29 June 2021, Raye revealed that her record label, Polydor Records, had been withholding her debut album for several years. The statement received support from fellow artists including Charli XCX, MNEK and Rina Sawayama. Raye later went on a hiatus following the statements. On 19 July 2021, she announced via Instagram that she had parted ways with Polydor to work as an independent artist. Raye closed the year performing her Euphoric Sad Show headline UK tour.


title: Raye (singer)

text: On 30 June 2022, Raye released the single "Hard Out Here", her first release following the separation from Polydor Records. The second single, "Black Mascara", was released on 24 August 2022. A dual single release, "Escapism" featuring 070 Shake, and "The Thrill is Gone" was released on 12 October 2022. All singles would come together to form Raye's debut studio album, "My 21st Century Blues", which will be released on 3 February 2023. In support of the album, Raye embarked on a mini tour entitled The Story So Far, which will mark her first headlining shows in Europe and North America. This was followed by the My 21st Century Blues tour, which will commence in February 2023. By December 2022, following the track going viral on multiple streaming platforms, "Escapism" ascended into the top ten of the UK Singles Chart, later peaking at number two, marking Raye's highest charting single in the country. The song debuted at number 100 on the Billboard Hot 100, for the week of 17 December 2022, becoming both Raye's and 070 Shake's first charting single in the country.


title: The Legend of Heroes: Trails of Cold Steel

text: A Windows port was also released by Xseed in 2017, which included additional English voice acting. Another port for the PlayStation 4 was released in Japan in 2018, and worldwide the following year. A port for Nintendo Switch was released in Japan and Asia in 2021. A direct sequel, "", was released in 2014.


text: The gameplay of "Trails of Cold Steel" is similar to previous "Trails" games, being a traditional Japanese role-playing video game with turn-based battles. It adds free camera movement and fully 3D character models.


text: The game has a new battle system, designed for commands in fights to be selected at a faster rate. The system allows players to pair characters up with a "Link" system, which allows follow-up attacks and provide various other benefits. Links becomes a more useful asset to the player as the story progress and characters level up their "Link Levels" with other characters "Cold Steel" maintains the "AT" (Action Time) battle system, which displays ally versus enemy turns on a bar on the screen. The Orbment system from past games has been streamlined. "Trails of Cold Steel" inherits the "Master Quartz" system from "".


text: Players can transfer save data between the PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita, and PlayStation 4 versions using cross-save functionality.


text: The game is set in the Erebonian Empire and takes place after the "Trails in the Sky" trilogy and concurrently with "Trails from Zero" and "Trails to Azure".


text: The game's plot is centered around Rean Schwarzer and his fellow students of "Class VII" at Thors Military Academy, a newly formed class composed of both Erebonian nobility and commoners and the only class at the academy that does not segregate based on social class. The class consists of Alisa Reinford (daughter of the Chairman of an engineering company), Elliot Craig (the son of a famous commander from the Imperial army), Laura S. Arseid (the daughter of a renowned warrior and noble), Machias Regnitz (the son of the imperial governor), Jusis Albarea (the heir of one of the four great houses), Emma Millstein, Fie Claussell (former member of a jaeger group called Zephyr) and Gaius Worzel from the Nord Highlands, later joined by Crow Armbrust (a second year who joins Class VII for not attending enough classes for graduation) and Millium Orion (a member of Imperial army's Intelligence Division), instructed by Sara Valestein (a member of the Bracer Guild).


text: The story follows Class VII throughout the school year, focusing on their field studies that take them to various cities and areas across Erebonia. The primary purpose of doing so is for the class to witness first hand the reality of the Empire, as the power struggle between the aristocratic Nobles that command the Provincial Army, and the working class Reformists led by Chancellor Giliath Osborne threatens to lead to civil war. At the same time the students increasingly come into conflict with a terrorist group later known as the Imperial Liberation Front(with the Noble Alliance secretly backing them), led by the masked but charismatic leader known only as "C". They are also investigating their academy's old schoolhouse which mysteriously grows and changes its layout every month. At the bottom of the old schoolhouse, after overcoming the final trial, they discover a mech known as a Divine Knight called "Valimar".


text: During a speech by Chancellor Osborne regarding Crossbell's recent bid for independence from Erebonia and the neighboring Republic of Calvard, he is assassinated by "C", revealed to be Crow. The assassination starts a civil war between the Noble Faction/Provincial Armies and Reformists/Imperial Army. Trista, the town where Thors is located, is invaded by the Provincial Army and Imperial Liberation Front. During the attack, Valimar offers to form a covenant with Rean, making him an "Awakener", one who can summon and pilot a Divine Knight, which Rean accepts. Rean uses Valimar to force back the Provincial Army and Imperial Liberation Front, but Crow, revealed to have a Divine Knight of his own, Ordine, arrives in Trista and challenges Rean. Crow easily defeats Rean due to having more experience in piloting his Knight. Before Crow can deliver a killing blow, however, the rest of Class VII engages Crow to allow Rean to escape and recover. Rean tries to resist, but Valimar flies away, forcibly taking him away from the battle.


text: A new "Trails" game was in development for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita since the late 2012. It was developed using the PhyreEngine game engine.


text: The game was first released in Japan as "Sen no Kiseki" on September 26, 2013, for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita. In December, Falcom CEO and series producer Toshihiro Kondo said that while the player base was mostly in their 30s when the series was on PC, changing the character designs from "Trails from Zero" and on had an effect on targeting younger audiences, resulting in "Sen no Kiseki" player base being mostly in their late teens to early 20's.


text: A Chinese and Korean localization was released in June 2014 with assistance by Sony Computer Entertainment Japan Asia. An English localization by Xseed Games was released on December 22, 2015, for PS3 and Vita as "The Legend of Heroes: Trails of Cold Steel". It was published by Xseed in North America and in Europe by NIS America. A port for Windows was released worldwide on August 2, 2017; this release includes additional voice acting not seen in the original release.


text: A remastered version for the PlayStation 4, "The Legend of Heroes: Trails of Cold Steel I: Kai -Thors Military Academy 1204-", was released in Japan on March 8, 2018. It includes many features seen in the Windows release, such as support for 4K resolution and a "high speed skip" combat feature. The remastered PS4 version was released in North America on March 26, 2019 and in Europe on March 29. A port for the Nintendo Switch by Clouded Leopard Entertainment was released in Japan and Asia on July 8, 2021.


text: "The Legend of Heroes: Trails of Cold Steel" received "generally favorable" reviews according to review aggregator Metacritic. "Famitsu" gave the PS3 and PS Vita versions a score of 34/40. PlayStation LifeStyle said it is "a role-playing masterpiece with all the right stuff: Xseed's superior localization, which bypasses anime cliches in favor of real depth; an addictive set of life-sim mechanics, from bonding with the lovable cast to cooking a bevy of dishes; and a combat system that rewards customization and cooperation between party members". "Hardcore Gamer" said it "is hands down the best JRPG this year" and that if "this is what's in store for us with future "Legend of Heroes" titles, it's safe to say that the JRPG genre has a bright future ahead of it". Kimberley Wallace of "Game Informer" stated that, with "fun combat, interesting twists, and a cool social system, "Trails of Cold Steel" is one of my favorite recent RPGs". Adriaan den Ouden of RPGamer said it was his favorite RPG of 2015. "Multiplayer.it" said "Cold Steel" is "complex, deep and varied, and sports surprisingly realistic and mature storyline and setting" and an "unforgettable cast of characters". "Destructoid" said it "follows a lot of classic JRPG conventions" and "doesn't do a whole lot of things that haven't been done before" but concluded "the combat system still holds up, and the characters are charming enough to see the story through until the end". In a review of the English localization, RPGSite noted that there had not been English versions of the two prior titles "Zero no Kiseki" and "Ao no Kiseki", arguing that the gap made it more difficult for players of the English version to fully grasp the narrative.


text: At the Tokyo Game Show's Japan Game Awards 2013, the game was named as one of eleven titles within the Future Division winners.


text: During the first week after release in 2013, the PlayStation Vita version outsold the PlayStation 3 version, placing second place in the Media Create software sales charts with 81,622 copies sold, compared to the 67,718 copies sold for the PS3 version in fourth place. The game resulted in significant profits for Falcom, with 1.9 billion yen in net sales, and 700 million yen in operating profit.


title: Kashima Antlers

text: Since the J.League's creation and introduction of professional Japanese football in 1993, Kashima have proven themselves to be by far Japan's most successful football club in terms of trophies won, having won the J.League title a record eight times, the J.League Cup a record six times and the Emperor's Cup five times for an unprecedented nineteen major domestic titles. Kashima became Asian champions for the first and most recent time as they won the AFC Champions League in 2018.


title: Kashima Antlers

text: Kashima are also one of only two clubs to have competed in Japan's professional top-flight football every year since its inception (the other being Yokohama F. Marinos).


title: Kashima Antlers

text: The name 'Antlers' is derived from the city of Kashima (鹿嶋), which literally translates to 'Deer Island'. The club crest not only resembles deer antlers but it also reflects the image of rose thorn as it is the official flower of Ibaraki, the home prefecture of the club. Deer are amiable animals and are viewed in some religions as spiritual messengers. In fact, Kashima Shrine, one of the most famous shrines in Japan and located in close proximity to the club headquarters, have kept and raised deer for more than 1,300 years as spiritual symbol. Deer are affectionate animals but are also known for their courageous character as they battle each other head-to-head with lethal antlers.


title: Kashima Antlers

text: Founded in 1947 as Sumitomo Metal Industries Factory Football Club in Osaka and moved to Kashima, Ibaraki in 1975. It played in the semi-professional Japan Soccer League (JSL). They were promoted to the JSL's top flight in 1984, but never made much of an impact, going down in 1985/86, returning in 1986/87 and going down again in 1988/89. Its last standing in the JSL was 2nd in the Second Division for 1991/92.


title: Kashima Antlers

text: After the formation of the fully professional J.League, Sumitomo, like all other clubs, stripped the corporate brand from the club's name and reformed as the Kashima Antlers. Kashima was essentially promoted to the new top flight, as many JSL First Division clubs decided to relegate themselves being unprepared for professionalism. (Of the original 10 J.League founding member clubs, Kashima and Shimizu S-Pulse were newly promoted. Ironically, Kashima had defeated a forerunner of Shimizu's, Nippon Light Metal/Hagoromo Club, to earn its JSL Second Division place back in 1974).


title: Kashima Antlers

text: Since the J.League's creation and introduction of professional Japanese football in 1993, Kashima have consistently been amongst the strongest clubs in the country, holding several distinctions and records. Led by former Brazilian star and Japanese national team coach Zico in the club's formative years, Kashima were the first club to win a J.League stage, claiming the 1st stage of the inaugural season in 1993. This laid a platform for continuous greatness and long after the Kashima icon had departed, in 2000 Kashima became the first J.League club to achieve the "treble", by winning all three major titles: J.League, J.League Cup, and Emperor's Cup in the same year.


title: Kashima Antlers

text: In recent times, by clinching the 2007 J.League title they became the first and only club in Japan to have won ten domestic titles in the professional era. In 2008 they became the first and only club to successfully defend the J.League title on two occasions. In 2009 they became the first and only club to win three consecutive J.League titles. With victories in back to back J.League Cups in 2011, 2012 and most recently followed by their 2015 victory, Kashima extended their unmatched record of major domestic titles in the professional era to seventeen.


title: Kashima Antlers

text: To this day, Kashima has maintained strong ties with the football community in Brazil, a fact borne out of Zico's past affiliation with the club. Kashima's Brazilian connection has manifested itself in both the club's player transfer and coaching policy resulting in only three non-Brazilian foreign players and predominantly Brazilian managers signing for Kashima since the inception of the J.League.


title: Kashima Antlers

text: The population of Kashima city is a mere 60,000 and for that reason club has also adopted the surrounding cities of Itako, Kamisu, Namegata and Hokota as its official hometowns, all in Ibaraki Prefecture. The combined population of five cities is 280,000. Antlers home games are played at Kashima Soccer Stadium, one of the 2002 FIFA World Cup venues with capacity of 40,000.


title: Kashima Antlers

text: In 2016, they became the first Asian club to reach the FIFA Club World Cup final following a 3–0 victory over South American champions Atlético Nacional. In the final, after a 2–2 draw against European champions Real Madrid after 90 minutes, they were beaten 4–2 after extra time.


title: Kashima Antlers

text: The following players have been selected by their country in the World Cup, while playing for Kashima Antlers:


title: Kashima Antlers

text: The following players have represented their country at the Summer Olympic Games whilst playing for Kashima Antlers:


title: Kashima Antlers

text: In the "Captain Tsubasa" manga series, two characters were players of Kashima Antlers. The Brazilian midfielders Luciano Leo (himself loosely based on Leonardo) and Pepe were colleagues of Flamengo's Carlos Santana and São Paulo FC's Tsubasa Ozora.


title: Under My Skin (Avril Lavigne album)

text: Under My Skin is the second studio album by Canadian singer-songwriter Avril Lavigne. It was released on May 19, 2004, by Arista Records and RCA Records. Lavigne wrote most of the album with singer-songwriter Chantal Kreviazuk, who invited her to a Malibu in-house recording studio shared by Kreviazuk and her husband Raine Maida, where Lavigne recorded many of the songs. The album was produced by Maida, Don Gilmore, and Butch Walker. It is Lavigne's final album to be released on Arista, as she departed the label after its release.


title: Under My Skin (Avril Lavigne album)

text: "Under My Skin" debuted at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart and on the US "Billboard" 200. It sold three million copies in the United States, ranking the album number 149 on the "Billboard" 200 decade-end chart. Because of the album's darker, heavier, more aggressive vibe reminiscent of post-grunge and more melodic rockier songs, it received generally positive reception from critics at the point of considering it as one of the classic albums that defined pop punk music in the early 00's, and also one of the works that anticipated the emotional intensity and theatrical aesthetics of emo pop music in the mainstream. On March 18, 2013, "Under My Skin" was re-released as a double-disc set paired with her debut studio album, "Let Go", which was released under Arista Records. To promote the album, Lavigne went on a promotional tour for malls in the United States and Canada. Furthermore, Lavigne embarked on a concert tour, entitled the Bonez Tour, starting on September 26, 2004, and ending one year later on September 26, 2005. The concert at the Budokan Stadium in Japan was filmed and released on a DVD only available in Japan, entitled "". "Under My Skin" had sold 10 million copies worldwide and is the fifth best selling album of the 21st century by a Canadian artist.


title: Under My Skin (Avril Lavigne album)

text: Critics described "Under My Skin" as post-grunge, alternative rock, and nu metal containing some gothic rock, grunge, folk rock, and hard rock influences.


title: Under My Skin (Avril Lavigne album)

text: Having no plans of working with producers or professional writers, Lavigne wrote much of the album with Canadian singer-songwriter Chantal Kreviazuk, with whom she had developed a friendship in the summer of 2003. Kreviazuk, whose husband Raine Maida's band Our Lady Peace opened for Lavigne's concert in Europe, introduced herself at an after-party for the SARS benefit concerts held in Toronto in June 2003. The following day, Lavigne and Kreviazuk ate lunch together, during which Lavigne shared how she wanted the development of the album to be. They wrote songs for almost three weeks at Maida's warehouse in Toronto. Kreviazuk invited Lavigne to continue working in a Malibu, California house she shared with Maida, which contained a recording studio. Many of the tracks on the album were recorded in Malibu.


title: Under My Skin (Avril Lavigne album)

text: Kreviazuk suggested Maida produce songs for the album, an ability Lavigne did not possess. Maida produced five songs, including "Fall to Pieces", which he co-wrote with Lavigne. Lavigne also invited two other producers: Don Gilmore, who produced three songs, two of which were written by Lavigne and Kreviazuk, and Butch Walker who also produced three songs in three days. Lavigne also co-wrote one track, "Nobody's Home", with Ben Moody, formerly of Evanescence, and the rest with her guitarist Evan Taubenfeld.


title: Under My Skin (Avril Lavigne album)

text: On her website, Lavigne states that she had learned a lot since her first record, "Let Go": "I was involved in every aspect of making this record. I'm very hands-on. I knew how I wanted the drums, the guitar tones, and the structures to be. I understand the whole process so much better this time because I've been through it. I'm really picky with my sound." Regarding the album's theme, Lavigne stated, "I've gone through so much, so that's what I talk about...Like boys, like dating or relationships".


title: Under My Skin (Avril Lavigne album)

text: "Under My Skin" was released on May 12, 2004, in Japan and later on May 25, 2004, in the United States and worldwide. Lavigne released four official singles from the album, and two promotional singles.


title: Under My Skin (Avril Lavigne album)

text: According to Metacritic, "Under My Skin" received an average rating of 65, reflecting a generally positive reception from critics.. David Browne of "Entertainment Weekly" suggested that in the album, "Lavigne has become even more, well, complicated", noting she "sounds more burdened". Browne adds, "As contrived as the results can be, there's no denying the level of craft at work." Sal Cinquemani of "Slant" magazine noted that Lavigne's sound was now much heavier and darker and compared her to Amy Lee of Evanescence, as did Browne. Carly Carioli of "Blender" magazine also agreed, stating "she has deepened and darkened her sound without sacrificing her platinum-plated melodies". Kelefa Sanneh of "Rolling Stone" praised Lavigne's vocals, "blankness is what makes her best songs so irresistible. Whether it's a fit of faux punk or a maudlin ballad, she sings it all absolutely straight". Musically the album's sound is compared to "that of crunching punk guitars playing mighty power chords, all mixed with the same flawless elan that has characterized pop-punk ever since Green Day dropped "Dookie"" says Tim O'Neil of "PopMatters". Andrew Strickland of Yahoo! Music agreed, "the girl can use those tiny lungs to great effect...she knows when to croon and when to yell".


title: Under My Skin (Avril Lavigne album)

text: On a more mixed note, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic wrote that the album is "a bit awkward, sometimes sounding tentative and unsure, sometimes clicking and surging on Avril's attitude and ambition." Erlewine compared Lavigne to Canadian singer-songwriter Alanis Morissette. Cinquemani cited Lavigne's lyrics as her "biggest weakness" and Strickland agreed, stating, "we have a maturing Ms Lavigne, distancing herself from the teen antics of her "Let Go" debut, but struggling to find any stories worth telling". Tim O'Neil of "PopMatters" stated "Lavigne's songwriting on the bulk of Under My Skin just seems rote" and goes on to call "Under My Skin" "a good, if slightly disappointing, follow-up". "The Guardian"s Alexis Petridis lambasted the album, calling it a "flesh-eating virus" and criticised the lyrics, stating "the music is so anodyne that you don't pay much attention to Lavigne's lyrics. This proves to be a small mercy". "Under My Skin" is included in an article about Petridis' worst reviewed albums of modern times.


title: Under My Skin (Avril Lavigne album)

text: "Under My Skin" debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200, selling 381,000 copies in its first week. This feat marked Lavigne's highest first-week sales of her career and also her first number-one album, It also topped the US Billboard Internet Albums chart. The album was certified double Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in November 2004; by January 2006 it was certified triple Platinum. The album was ranked at number 22 in the year-end chart of the "Billboard" 200 in 2004 and at number 68 in 2005. , "Under My Skin" has sold 3.2 million copies in the US.


title: Under My Skin (Avril Lavigne album)

text: In Canada, "Under My Skin" debuted at number one on the "Billboard" Canadian Albums chart with sales of 63,000 copies, and was certified 5× Platinum in Canada with 500,000 copies sold, In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number one on the UK Albums (OCC) with sales of 87,500 copies, and was certified 2× Platinum in the UK with sales of 600,000 copies sold. In Japan the album debuted at number one on the Japanese Albums (Oricon) chart with sales of 286,894 copies, and was certified Million in Japan with sales of 1 million copies sold making it the best selling album in the country by a female Canadian singer, and also number one in Australia, Spain, Mexico, Taiwan and Germany. In New Zealand the album debuted at number seven on the New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) and spent five months on the chart and was certified Gold in the country. On April 15, 2007, the album re-entered the UK Albums Chart at number 60. Worldwide, "Under My Skin" had sold 10 million copies.


title: Under My Skin (Avril Lavigne album)

text: To promote "Under My Skin", Lavigne went on the "Live and by Surprise Tour", a 21-city mall tour in the United States and Canada. The venue in each city wasn't announced until 48 hours before the show, which began on March 5, 2004, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the week "Don't Tell Me" was released to radio. Accompanied by her guitarist Evan Taubenfeld, Lavigne performed a short live acoustic version of five songs from the album. The set also included "Sk8er Boi" from "Let Go". Selections of this tour were released on the "Live Acoustic" EP, which was released exclusively in Target stores.


title: Under My Skin (Avril Lavigne album)

text: To further promote the album, Lavigne embarked on a world concert tour during 2004 and 2005. The Bonez Tour visited North America, Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America. The 140-show tour began on September 26, 2004, and ended one year later on September 25, 2005. Opening acts for the concerts included Simple Plan and Butch Walker. At some shows, Lavigne covered songs such as "American Idiot" by Green Day and "All the Small Things" by Blink-182. The live performance at the Budokan Stadium was recorded on the DVD "", which was only made available in Japan.


title: Numismatics

text: Numismatics is the study or collection of currency, including coins, tokens, paper money, medals and related objects.


title: Numismatics

text: Specialists, known as numismatists, are often characterized as students or collectors of coins, but the discipline also includes the broader study of money and other means of payment used to resolve debts and exchange goods.


title: Numismatics

text: The earliest forms of money used by people are categorised by collectors as "Odd and Curious", but the use of other goods in barter exchange is excluded, even where used as a circulating currency (e.g., cigarettes or instant noodles in prison). As an example, the Kyrgyz people used horses as the principal currency unit, and gave small change in lambskins; the lambskins may be suitable for numismatic study, but the horses are not. Many objects have been used for centuries, such as cowry shells, precious metals, cocoa beans, large stones, and gems.


title: Numismatics

text: First attested in English 1829, the word "numismatics" comes from the adjective "numismatic", meaning "of coins". It was borrowed in 1792 from French "numismatiques", itself a derivation from Late Latin "numismatis", genitive of "numisma", a variant of "nomisma" meaning "coin". Nomisma is a latinisation of the Greek νόμισμα ("nomisma") which means "current coin/custom", which derives from νομίζειν ("nomizein"), "to hold or own as a custom or usage, to use customarily", in turn from νόμος ("nomos"), "usage, custom", ultimately from νέμειν ("nemein"), "to dispense, divide, assign, keep, hold".


title: Numismatics

text: Throughout its history, money itself has been made to be a scarce good, although it does not have to be. Many materials have been used to form money, from naturally scarce precious metals and cowry shells through cigarettes to entirely artificial money, called fiat money, such as banknotes. Many complementary currencies use time as a unit of measure, using mutual credit accounting that keeps the balance of money intact.


title: Numismatics

text: Modern money (and most ancient money too) is essentially a token – an abstraction. Paper currency is perhaps the most common type of physical money today. However, goods such as gold or silver retain many of the essential properties of money, such as volatility and limited supply. However, these goods are not controlled by one single authority.


title: Numismatics

text: Coin collecting may have possibly existed in ancient times. Caesar Augustus gave "coins of every device, including old pieces of the kings and foreign money" as Saturnalia gifts.


title: Numismatics

text: Petrarch, who wrote in a letter that he was often approached by vinediggers with old coins asking him to buy or to identify the ruler, is credited as the first Renaissance collector. Petrarch presented a collection of Roman coins to Emperor Charles IV in 1355.


title: Numismatics

text: The first book on coins was "De Asse et Partibus" (1514) by Guillaume Budé. During the early Renaissance ancient coins were collected by European royalty and nobility. Collectors of coins were Pope Boniface VIII, Emperor Maximilian of the Holy Roman Empire, Louis XIV of France, Ferdinand I, Elector Joachim II of Brandenburg who started the Berlin coin cabinet and Henry IV of France to name a few. Numismatics is called the "Hobby of Kings", due to its most esteemed founders.


title: Numismatics

text: Professional societies organised in the 19th century. The Royal Numismatic Society was founded in 1836 and immediately began publishing the journal that became the "Numismatic Chronicle". The American Numismatic Society was founded in 1858 and began publishing the "American Journal of Numismatics" in 1866.


title: Numismatics

text: In 1931 the British Academy launched the Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum publishing collections of Ancient Greek coinage. The first volume of Sylloge of Coins of the British Isles was published in 1958.


title: Numismatics

text: In the 20th century coins gained recognition as archaeological objects, scholars such as Guido Bruck of the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna realized their value in providing a temporal context and the difficulty that curators faced when identifying worn coins using classical literature. After World War II in Germany a project, "Fundmünzen der Antike" (Coin finds of the Classical Period) was launched, to register every coin found within Germany. This idea found successors in many countries.


title: Numismatics

text: In the United States, the US mint established a coin cabinet in 1838 when chief coiner Adam Eckfeldt donated his personal collection. William E. Du Bois' "Pledges of History..." (1846) describes the cabinet.


title: Numismatics

text: C. Wyllys Betts' "American colonial history illustrated by contemporary medals" (1894) set the groundwork for the study of American historical medals.


title: Numismatics

text: Helen Wang's "A short history of Chinese numismatics in European languages" (2012-2013) gives an outline history of Western countries' understanding of Chinese numismatics. Lyce Jankowski's "Les amis des monnaies" is an in-depth study of Chinese numismatics in China in the 19th century.


title: Numismatics

text: Modern numismatics is the study of the coins of the mid-17th century onward, the period of machine-struck coins. Their study serves more the need of collectors than historians and it is more often successfully pursued by amateur aficionados than by professional scholars. The focus of modern numismatics lies frequently in the research of production and use of money in historical contexts using mint or other records in order to determine the relative rarity of the coins they study. Varieties, mint-made errors, the results of progressive die wear, mintage figures and even the sociopolitical context of coin mintings are also matters of interest.


title: Numismatics

text: Exonumia (UK English: Paranumismatica) is the study of coin-like objects such as token coins and medals, and other items used in place of legal currency or for commemoration. This includes elongated coins, encased coins, souvenir medallions, tags, badges, counterstamped coins, wooden nickels, credit cards, and other similar items. It is related to numismatics proper (concerned with coins which have been legal tender), and many coin collectors are also exonumists.


title: Numismatics

text: It is believed that people have been collecting paper money for as long as it has been in use. However, people only started collecting paper money systematically in Germany in the 1920s, particularly the "Serienscheine" (Series notes) Notgeld. The turning point occurred in the 1970s, when notaphily was established as a separate area by collectors.


title: Numismatics

text: At the same time, some developed countries such as the United States, Germany and France began publishing their respective national catalogues of paper money, which represented major points of reference literature.


title: Numismatics

text: Scripophily is the study and collection of stocks and Bonds. It is an area of collecting due to both the inherent beauty of some historical documents as well as the interesting historical context of each document. Some stock certificates are excellent examples of engraving. Occasionally, an old stock document will be found that still has value as a stock in a successor company.


title: Numismatics

text: The example of the silver tetradrachm found in Byblos (ca 330-300 bc.) is indicative of Macedonian influence. Alexander's coin (To nomisma Alexandrou) is of the type of the head of beardless Heracles, with an aquiline nose on the right, represented with a headdress of lion's head and of an aetophore Zeus (holding an eagle) on the reverse, enthroned with a scepter in his left hand. The type of this tetradrachm has a very assertive Macedonian and Greek character. The choice of representations is symbolic : the reminder of his divine lineage and his heroic character. The representation of the Olympian god and the Greek hero also makes it possible to spread the Greco-Macedonian culture and in particular religious cults. The silver minting inaugurated by Alexander in -333 showed representations which, while privileging the Greco-Macedonian aspect of the divinites, did not appear to the Orientals as totally foreign (assimilated to the Baals deities).


title: Kristen Pfaff

text: Kristen Marie Pfaff (née Parco; May 26, 1967 – June 16, 1994) was an American musician, best known as the bassist for alternative rock band Hole from 1993 to 1994. Prior to Hole, Pfaff was the bassist and backing vocalist for Minneapolis-based band Janitor Joe. Pfaff returned to Janitor Joe for a short tour in the weeks before her death in June 1994 of a heroin overdose.


title: Kristen Pfaff

text: Pfaff was born to Janet Pfaff and her first husband, Mike Parco, in Buffalo, New York. Her birth father comes from a family of several highly successful musicians. Her parents divorced when she was a child, and her mother remarried to Norman Pfaff, who adopted Kristen and gave her his surname. She had two younger brothers, including Jason, a musician. She studied classical piano and cello.


title: Kristen Pfaff

text: After graduating from Catholic school Buffalo Academy of the Sacred Heart in 1985, Pfaff spent a short time in Europe and briefly attended Boston College before ultimately finishing at the University of Minnesota, majoring in Women's Studies. There, she also worked as a counselor for rape victims. She was a part of Restore of the Sexual Violence Program, which offered a crisis line, counseling services and training in self-defense programs. Pfaff also took part in the annual 24 Hour Rape Free Zone in 1990, and was quoted as saying the goal was "to draw attention to violence brought against women on campus and in the world". During this time, she participated in the college radio station, Radio K, and she can be heard doing this in a short clip available on Soundcloud.


title: Kristen Pfaff

text: While living in Minneapolis, Minnesota following her graduation, Pfaff taught herself to play bass guitar. Pfaff, guitarist/vocalist Joachim Breuer (formerly of Minneapolis band "The Bastards") and drummer Matt Entsminger formed the band Janitor Joe in 1991.


title: Kristen Pfaff

text: Later that year, they released the "Bullethead" single on picture disc, which was followed in 1993 with the "Boyfriend" 7-inch and Janitor Joe's debut album "Big Metal Birds". One Janitor Joe track, "Under The Knife", can also be found on an OXO records 4-track EP, released in 1993.


title: Kristen Pfaff

text: Janitor Joe were becoming a staple of the Minneapolis sound, influenced by the Pacific Northwest's early grunge sound and by the sharper, faster DC post-hardcore scene, as well as the stop-start distortion of the Butthole Surfers, Big Black and others on the Touch and Go label. Pfaff's playing style was central to Janitor Joe's relentless assault both live and on record, and she and Breuer both contributed songs to "Big Metal Birds": "Both operate within easy reach of the line separating punishment and reward - Pfaff's contributions (the surly "Boys in Blue") tend to be slightly more spacious, while Breuer's ("One Eye," for instance) stipulate that drummer Matt Entsminger maintain perpetual motion", wrote David Sprague of "Trouser Press".


title: Kristen Pfaff

text: The growing Minneapolis scene was beginning to attract music press attention in 1993. Amphetamine Reptile released a tour single, "Stinker", and Janitor Joe began to tour nationally. It was on one such tour in California that year that Pfaff was scouted by Eric Erlandson and Courtney Love of Hole, who were at the time looking for a new bassist. Love invited Pfaff to play with Hole; Pfaff declined and returned to Minneapolis, but Erlandson and Love continued to pursue her.


title: Kristen Pfaff

text: Pfaff, initially reluctant to leave Minneapolis and join Hole, reconsidered after advice from her father, Norman: "From a professional point of view, there was no decision", he later told "Seattle Weekly", "because they are already on Geffen Records and already have this huge following in England... if you're wanting to move up the ladder, that's the way to go", although Kristen's mother Janet was more reluctant for her daughter to leave Minneapolis and Janitor Joe in favor of Seattle and Hole. Following international critical acclaim for their first, independent album, "Pretty on the Inside", Hole had generated a great deal of major-label interest, eventually signing an eight-album deal with Geffen Records for a reported $3 million.


title: Kristen Pfaff

text: In 1993, Pfaff moved to Seattle, Washington, to work with the other members of Hole on "Live Through This", the major-label follow-up to "Pretty on the Inside". The band's new line-up – Love, Erlandson, Pfaff and Patty Schemel on drums – entered the studio in early 1993 to begin rehearsals. "That's when we took off," Eric Erlandson said of Pfaff joining. "All of a sudden, we became a real band."


title: Kristen Pfaff

text: Pfaff's time in Seattle was a creatively rich period, and she formed close friendships with Eric Erlandson and Kurt Cobain. While working on the platinum selling album "Live Through This", Pfaff and Erlandson dated, and stayed together for most of 1993, remaining close even after splitting up. All was not well, however; while living in Washington's 'heroin capital', Pfaff developed a problem with drug use. "Everybody was doing it. Everyone, everyone. All our friends were junkies. It was ridiculous. Everybody in this town did dope", said Love of this period in the Seattle music scene. By most accounts, Pfaff's own drug use was relatively moderate: "Kristen...dabbled in drugs before she was in our band, in Minneapolis, but it was very light", Erlandson told Craig Marks of "Spin". "She moved to Seattle and felt disconnected from everything, and she made friends, drug connections, which I told her not to do. The only way you can survive in this town is if you don't make those connections." After the critical acclaim of Hole's "Live Through This" album, Pfaff decided to move back to Minnesota, partly because of her drug problem and partly because of creative differences within Hole.


title: Kristen Pfaff

text: and left Hole later that spring, to tour with Janitor Joe. "She went on tour... and when she came back from that, she was clean", says Erlandson. In the wake of Cobain's death in April 1994, Pfaff decided to leave Hole, and return to Minneapolis permanently. After her tour with Janitor Joe, however, Pfaff made plans to return to Seattle in order to retrieve the rest of her belongings, making the trip to Seattle on June 14, 1994.


title: Kristen Pfaff

text: On June 16, 1994, at around 9:30 a.m., Pfaff was found dead in her Seattle apartment by Paul Erickson, a friend with whom she had planned to leave for Minneapolis that day. She was 27 years old. On the floor was a bag containing syringes and drug paraphernalia. Pfaff's death was attributed to "acute opiate intoxication". She died two months after Cobain, who was a close friend as well as the husband of Hole's frontwoman Courtney Love.


title: Kristen Pfaff

text: Her father, Norman Pfaff, described her as "bright, personable, wonderful...very, very talented, smart, and she always seemed to be in control of her circumstances. Last night she wasn't." In the book "Love & Death", released April 2004, Kristen Pfaff's mother, Janet Pfaff, states she has never accepted the official story regarding her daughter's death. Janet was interviewed by authors Wallace and Halperin in August 2003.


title: Kristen Pfaff

text: Eric Erlandson, the last person to see Pfaff alive before she overdosed on heroin, would later comment: "I admit, I made some stupid mistakes with some people, and people are dead because of my stupid mistakes. That's what I want to say. And I want to use that so that other people don't make the same mistakes that I made, and other people start understanding. I get emotional about this. We've all lost people."


title: Kristen Pfaff

text: After a period of mourning, Hole recruited bassist Melissa Auf der Maur and dedicated their first show of an extensive touring period to Pfaff. Hole's 1997 retrospective compilation "My Body, the Hand Grenade" is also dedicated to her.


title: Kristen Pfaff

text: On October 20, 1994, Janet Pfaff, Kristen's mother, accepted induction on her daughter's behalf into the Buffalo Music Hall of Fame. "I'm proud to accept this award for Kristen and I know she would be happy to receive it," Mrs. Pfaff said. "It's sad because Kristen wasn't here herself to enjoy the moment. You work so hard in the business to make it at the national level, and that's what Kristen did. I just wish she was here to enjoy it, and see how her hometown feels about her."


title: Kristen Pfaff

text: A local Minneapolis radio station, University of Minnesota's KUOM, has started a yearly $1,000 Memorial Scholarship in her name. The award is earmarked for "individuals active in the arts in the pursuit of their educational goals." Portions from the proceeds of Hole's album sales have gone to the Kristen Pfaff Memorial Fund.


title: Kristen Pfaff

text: A book focusing on Pfaff's life and her work as an activist, counsellor and musician is forthcoming from English author Guy Mankowski. ‘I Know How To Live: The Story Of Kristen Pfaff’ draws from Kristen's archive, and will have a foreword by Kristen Pfaff’s brother Jason.


title: Kristen Pfaff

text: In October 2022 Mankowski's TED (conference) talk, entitled 'Lived Through This: Kristen Pfaff's hidden archive and influence' was published online.


title: James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell

text: James Hepburn, 1st Duke of Orkney and 4th Earl of Bothwell ( – 14 April 1578), better known simply as Lord Bothwell, was a prominent Scottish nobleman. He was known for his marriage to Mary, Queen of Scots, as her third and final husband. He was accused of the murder of Mary's second husband, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, a charge of which he was acquitted. His marriage to Mary was controversial and divided the country; when he fled the growing rebellion to Norway, he was arrested and lived the rest of his life imprisoned in Denmark.


title: James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell

text: He was the son of Patrick Hepburn, 3rd Earl of Bothwell, and Agnes Sinclair (d. 1572), daughter of Henry Sinclair, 3rd Lord Sinclair, and was styled "The Master of Bothwell" from birth. He succeeded his father as Earl of Bothwell and Lord Hailes in 1556.


title: James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell

text: As Lord High Admiral of Scotland, Lord Bothwell visited Copenhagen around 1559. He fell in love with Anna Tronds, known in English as Anna Throndsen or Anna Rustung. She was a Norwegian noblewoman whose father, Kristoffer Trondson, a famous Norwegian admiral, was serving as Danish Royal Consul. After their engagement, or more likely marriage under Norwegian law, Anna left with Bothwell. In Flanders, he said he was out of money and asked Anna to sell all her possessions. She complied and visited her family in Denmark to ask for more money. Anna was unhappy and apparently given to complaining about Bothwell. His treatment of Anna played a part in his eventual downfall.


title: James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell

text: in February 1566, Bothwell married Lady Jean Gordon, daughter of the 4th Earl of Huntly and sister of Sir John Gordon and the 5th Earl of Huntly. They were divorced on 7 May 1567, citing his adultery with her servant Bessie Crawford. as cause. He married Mary, Queen of Scots, eight days later.


title: James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell

text: Lord Bothwell appears to have met Queen Mary when he visited the French Court in the autumn of 1560, after he left Anna Rustung in Flanders. He was kindly received by the Queen and her husband, King Francis II, and, as he himself put it: "The Queen recompensed me more liberally and honourably than I had deserved" — receiving 600 Crowns and the post and salary of gentleman of the French King's Chamber. He visited France again in the spring of 1561, and by 5 July was back in Paris for the third time — this time accompanied by the Bishop of Orkney and the Earl of Eglinton. By August, the widowed Queen was on her way back to Scotland in a French galley, some of the organisation having been dealt with by Bothwell in his naval capacity.


title: James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell

text: Bothwell supported Mary of Guise, queen dowager and regent of Scotland, against the Protestant Lords of the Congregation. Bothwell and 24 followers took 6000 crowns of English money destined to be used against Guise from the Laird of Ormiston on Halloween 1559 at an ambush near Haddington. In retaliation the Protestant leader, the Duke of Châtelherault, sent his son the Earl of Arran and the Master of Maxwell to seize Bothwell's home Crichton Castle and force the Earl, who was at Borthwick, to join them. Bothwell remained true to the Regent, though it was said in January he was "weary of his part". The English agent Thomas Randolph also hinted at this time of a scandal involving his sister Jean Hepburn.


title: James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell

text: After Protestant Lords gained power following Mary of Guise's death and the return to Scotland of Mary, Queen of Scots, Bothwell appears to have been not much more than a troublesome noble at court. His open quarrel with the Earl of Arran and the Hamiltons, who accused him of intriguing against the Crown, caused some degree of anguish to the Queen, and although the Earl of Arran was eventually declared mad, Bothwell was nevertheless imprisoned in Edinburgh Castle without trial in 1562. Later that year, while the Queen was in the Highlands, he escaped and went to Hermitage Castle.


title: James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell

text: The Queen and Bothwell were by now very close. When Bothwell married Lady Jean Gordon, daughter of The 4th Earl of Huntly, in February 1566, the Queen attended the wedding (the marriage lasted just over a year). In the following summer, upon hearing that he had been seriously wounded and was likely to die, she rode all the way through the hills and forests of the Borders to be with him at Hermitage Castle only a few weeks after giving birth to her son. However, historian Lady Antonia Fraser asserts that Queen Mary was already on her way to visit Bothwell on matters of state before she heard about his illness, and that therefore this visit is not evidence they were already lovers at the time of his accident. Author Alison Weir agrees, and in fact the records show that Mary waited a full six days after learning of his injuries before going to visit Bothwell. The story of her mad flight to his side was put about later by her enemies to discredit her.


title: James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell

text: In February 1567, Bothwell was one of those accused of having murdered the Queen's consort, Lord Darnley. Darnley's father, the Earl of Lennox, and other relatives agitated for vengeance and the Privy Council began proceedings against Bothwell on 12 April 1567. Sir William Drury reported to Sir William Cecil, Secretary of State to Elizabeth I of England, that the Queen was in continuous ill-health "for the most part either melancholy or sickly". On the appointed day Bothwell rode magnificently down the Canongate, with the Earl of Morton and William Maitland of Lethington flanking him, and his Hepburns trotting behind. The trial lasted from noon till seven in the evening. Bothwell was acquitted and it was widely rumoured that he would marry Mary.


title: James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell

text: The next Wednesday, the Queen rode to the Estates of Parliament, with Lord Bothwell carrying the Sceptre, where the proceedings of Bothwell's trial were officially declared to be just according to the law of the land. On Saturday 19 April 1567, eight bishops, nine earls, and seven Lords of Parliament put their signatures to what became known as the Ainslie Tavern Bond, a manifesto declaring that Mary should marry a native-born subject, and handed it to Bothwell.


title: James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell

text: On 24 April, while Mary was on the road from Linlithgow Palace to Edinburgh, Bothwell suddenly appeared with 800 men. He assured her that danger awaited her in Edinburgh, and told her that he proposed to take her to his castle at Dunbar, out of harm's way. She agreed to accompany him and arrived at Dunbar at midnight. There, Mary was taken prisoner by Bothwell and allegedly raped by him to secure marriage to her and the crown (though whether she was his accomplice or his unwilling victim remains a controversial issue). On 12 May the Queen created him Duke of Orkney and Marquess of Fife, and on 15 May they were married in the Great Hall at Holyrood, according to Protestant rites officiated by Adam Bothwell, Bishop of Orkney. Mary gave her new husband a fur lined night-gown.


title: James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell

text: The marriage divided the country into two camps, and on 16 June, the Lords opposed to Mary and the Duke of Orkney (as Bothwell had newly become) signed a Bond denouncing them. A showdown between the two opposing sides followed at Carberry Hill on 15 June, from which Bothwell fled, after one final embrace, never to be seen again by Mary. In December that year, Bothwell's titles and estates were forfeited by Act of Parliament.


title: James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell

text: After fleeing the confrontation at Carberry Hill, Bothwell went to Huntly Castle and Spynie Palace. He took ship from Aberdeen to Shetland. He was pursued by William Kirkcaldy of Grange and William Murray of Tullibardine, who sailed into Bressay Sound near Lerwick. Four of Bothwell's ships in the Sound set sail north to Unst, where Bothwell was negotiating with German captains to hire more ships. Kirkcaldy's flagship, the "Lion", chased one of Bothwell's ships, and both ships were damaged on a submerged rock. Bothwell sent his treasure ship to Scalloway, and fought a three-hour-long sea battle off the Port of Unst, where the mast of one of Bothwell's ships was shot away. Subsequently, a storm forced him to sail towards Norway.


title: James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell

text: Bothwell may have hoped to reach Denmark and raise an army with the support of Frederick II of Denmark to put Mary back on the throne. He was caught off the coast of Norway (then in a union with Denmark) at Høyevarde lighthouse in Karmsundet without proper papers, and was escorted to the port of Bergen. This was the native home of Anna Throndsen. Anna raised a complaint against Bothwell, which was enforced by her powerful family; her cousin Erik Rosenkrantz, a high-level official in Norway, remanded Bothwell to the Bergenhus Fortress while Anna sued him for abandonment and return of her dowry. Anna may have had a soft spot for Bothwell, as he persuaded her to take custody of his ship, as compensation. Bothwell would have been released, but King Frederick heard that the Scottish government was seeking Bothwell for the murder of Darnley, and decided to take him into custody in Denmark.


title: James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell

text: The Earl was sent to Copenhagen, where the Danish monarch, Frederik II, deliberated on his fate. The Earl was sent across Øresund to the fortress and prison Malmøhus Castle. but as news from both England and Scotland arrived, the King eventually understood that Mary never again would become Queen of the Scots. Without Mary, the King considered him insignificant.


title: James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell

text: He was imprisoned at Dragsholm Castle, west of Copenhagen. He was held in what were said to be appalling conditions. He died in April 1578. He was buried in a vault at Fårevejle church near the castle.


title: James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell

text: A pillar to which he was chained for the last ten years of his life can still be seen, with a circular groove in the floor around the pillar.


title: James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell

text: In 1858 the body was exhumed and declared to be that of Bothwell. It was in a dried condition and was thereafter referred to as "Bothwell's mummy". His extended family tried to get his body sent back to Scotland, but their request has not been granted. The identity of the body has never been conclusively proven.


title: James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell

text: A body referred to as "Bothwell's mummy" materialised in 1976 in the Edinburgh Wax Museum on the Royal Mile, as the only non-wax exhibit. The guide book claimed it was brought to Scotland in 1858.


title: Phoenix Television

text: Phoenix Television is a majority state-owned television network that offers Mandarin and Cantonese-language channels that serve mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and other markets with substantial Chinese-language viewers. It is operated by Phoenix Satellite Television Holdings Ltd, a television broadcaster with headquarters in Mainland China and Hong Kong. It is also registered in Cayman Islands.


title: Phoenix Television

text: The CEO and founder of Phoenix TV, Liu Changle (), was an officer and political instructor in the People's Liberation Army in its 40th Group Army. He later became a journalist for the Chinese Communist Party-controlled China National Radio after the Cultural Revolution and remains well-connected to the Party's leadership. Liu is a standing member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.


title: Phoenix Television

text: Phoenix Television calls itself a Hong Kong media outlet but holds a non-domestic television programme services license in Hong Kong. Most of the company's customers and non-current assets come from Mainland China. , a company wholly owned by the Chinese government, is its largest shareholder. Freedom House describes Phoenix Television as pro-Beijing. BBC has described the outlet as "sometimes more liberal than its mainland counterparts".


title: Phoenix Television

text: The company's head offices are located in Shenzhen, Guangdong and Tai Po, Hong Kong and it also has correspondent offices in Beijing and Shanghai. The Shenzhen office is said to produce half its TV output.


title: Phoenix Television

text: What eventually became Phoenix Television started as a joint venture between STAR TV in Hong Kong, one private company in China, and China Central Television.


title: Phoenix Television

text: Phoenix Chinese Channel was launched on 31 March 1996. It replaced Star Chinese Channel in Hong Kong and Mainland China; Star Chinese Channel remained available to the viewers in Taiwan and some parts of Mainland China.


title: Phoenix Television

text: Phoenix Chinese Channel, Phoenix Movies Channel and Phoenix InfoNews Channel are broadcast via cable in Hong Kong and via satellite to Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Mainland China and other regions globally.


title: Phoenix Television

text: The Phoenix InfoNews Channel was established on 1 January 2001. It was the first Chinese-language channel to cover news from the regions of Greater China, including mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong. It offers 24-hour financial news, stock market information and global news headlines, supported by expert comment and analysis.


title: Phoenix Television

text: In January 2003, the Chinese State Administration of Radio, Films and Television (SARFT) granted landing rights () to Phoenix InfoNews Channel.


title: Phoenix Television

text: The Phoenix CNE channel broadcasts in Europe, while the Phoenix North America Chinese Channel goes out in the Americas. In 2005, a California-based broadcast and engineering director for the channel, Tai Wang Mak, was arrested for conspiring with his brother, Chi Mak, to act as an intelligence agent for China. A 10-year prison sentence was announced in 2008.


title: Phoenix Television

text: On 28 March 2011, Phoenix Television launched Phoenix Hong Kong Channel, broadcasting exclusively in Cantonese.


title: Phoenix Television

text: On 31 March 2011, Phoenix InfoNews Channel was announced as a Peabody Award winner for its "Report on a New Generation of Migrant Workers in China."


title: Phoenix Television

text: In 2011, Phoenix New Media formed a partnership with the BBC to offer the British broadcaster's programming on Phoenix's digital media platforms. This was followed by a similar partnership with the National Film Board of Canada in 2012, under which 130 NFB animated shorts and documentary films would be offered digitally in China.


title: Phoenix Television

text: In October 2013, the 12.15% of shares in Phoenix Television held by 21st Century Fox (through Star) were sold to TPG Capital for HK$1.66 billion (about US$213 million). This and the 2014 sale of Star China Media marked 21st Century Fox's exit from the Mandarin entertainment television market in mainland China.


title: Phoenix Television

text: In February 2016, Phoenix Television broadcast forced confessions of kidnapped Hong Kong booksellers.


title: Phoenix Television

text: In April 2020, Senator Ted Cruz announced that he would introduce legislation to mandate that the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) revoke the broadcast license of a radio station, XEWW-AM, linked to Phoenix Television, which he claimed to have used radio towers in Mexico to skirt U.S. prohibitions against foreign propaganda dissemination. In June 2020, the FCC ordered XEWW-AM to cease broadcasting.


title: Phoenix Television

text: The Taiwanese government designated Phoenix as a Chinese government-funded company in April 2022, and required the company to end operations in Taiwan.


title: Phoenix Television

text: During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, a Phoenix TV reporter was one of the only foreign journalists to embed with the Russian military.


title: Phoenix Television

text: At launch, Star TV and a private sector company in China each owned 45% of the company, and state broadcaster China Central Television owned the remaining 10%.


title: Phoenix Television

text: The original News Corporation's (and subsequently 21st Century Fox's) shares in Phoenix Television held through Star were gradually reduced over the years. Finally, 21st Century Fox sold its shares to TPG Capital in October 2013.


title: Phoenix Television

text: In April 2021, Liu sold most of his shares to state-owned publisher Bauhinia Culture and Shun Tak Holdings.


title: Phoenix Television

text: Liu Changle (), CEO and founder of Phoenix TV, was a journalist for the Chinese Communist Party-controlled China National Radio after the Cultural Revolution and had become one of China's richest men by the 1990s, being well-connected to the Beijing leadership.


title: Phoenix Television

text: Shuang Liu () became COO of Phoenix TV on 17 February 2014. He continues to be the CEO of Phoenix New Media Ltd (NYSE: FENG), a new media company in China.


title: Phoenix Television

text: Former director of Phoenix TV news Chung Pong testified under oath that Phoenix TV news’ programing was "subject to the dictates of the leadership of the Central Communist Propaganda Department, Central Communist Overseas Propaganda Office, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs."


title: Hasee Toh Phasee

text: Hasee Toh Phasee (If she smiles, she is trapped) is a 2014 Indian Hindi-language romantic comedy-drama film directed by Vinil Mathew and produced by Karan Johar and Anurag Kashyap. The film features Parineeti Chopra and Sidharth Malhotra in lead roles. It released on 7 February 2014 and earned crore worldwide, thus emerging as a commercial success at the box office.


title: Hasee Toh Phasee

text: It received positive reviews from critics, with praise for its story, music, humor, cinematography and cast performances, with particular praise directed towards Chopra's performance.


title: Hasee Toh Phasee

text: At the 60th Filmfare Awards, "Hasee Toh Phasee" received 3 nominations, including Best Lyricist (Amitabh Bhattacharya for "Zehnaseeb") and Best Male Playback Singer (Shekhar Ravjiani for "Zehnaseeb).


title: Hasee Toh Phasee

text: Nikhil is a struggling businessman who thinks he loves Karishma, an actress. Nikhil is characterized as a person who believes that once committed to a girl, there should be no straying. Nikhil asks Karishma's father to help him with ₹50 million (US$700,000) before marriage to earn a contract. But Karishma and her father insult him as he often renders money shamelessly. Thus putting him in a position to prove himself without them lending the amount.


title: Hasee Toh Phasee

text: Then Nikhil meets Meeta, Karishma's younger sister, whom he had a brief encounter with seven years ago. Meeta, an IITian in Chemical Engineering and PhD., is a super-intelligent geek with unusual habits and tics, who ran away seven years ago to China after stealing money from her father for her project because her father didn't give her the money, as he was brainwashed by his elder brother saying she is a drug addict and was asking money to buy drugs, leading to his heart attack on the day of Karishma's elder sisters wedding. Now, just a week before Nikhil and Karishma's wedding, Meeta has turned up to meet her father, but Karishma is scared that her sister's sudden appearance might ruin their wedding as previously. Hence, Karishma assigns Nikhil to keep Meeta away from her father.


title: Hasee Toh Phasee

text: Meeta has returned, intending to steal again, but her involvement with Nikhil during the next seven days diverts her attention. During these seven days, with many personal and social activities, Nikhil and Meeta fall in love, but Nikhil backs off as he doesn't want to betray Karishma. He learns that for her research, Meeta has taken a hefty loan of ₹100 million (US$1.4 million) from a Chinese investor by forging her father's signature. The deadline for payback is over, and an extension of three days was given, during which she has to steal money from her father's account to save him from the investor's goons. Nikhil helps Meeta to hack her father's account but advises her to apologize to her family. Meeta reunites with her family, and Nikhil realizes he is marrying the wrong girl.


title: Hasee Toh Phasee

text: Meeta cannot gather the courage to steal her father's money and tells her father the truth. Her father forgives her and provides her with the money and also tells her father that she thinks Karishma and Nikhil doesn't loves each other instead Nikhil loves her. Nikhil later tells Meeta on the phone that he should have gone with her to Goa when she asked him to come with her seven years ago. Meeta tells him that it is not too late for them to run away.When Nikhil comes to Meeta's and sees Karishma happy and joyful with her sibling, he returns home, realizing the complications and thus he cannot hurt Karishma. Nikhil scolds Meeta for being selfish and only thinking of her benefit and tells her to go away from here. Mr. Adlani calls Nikhil showing his interest in Nikhil's idea.


title: Hasee Toh Phasee

text: On the wedding day, Meeta leaves her house without informing anyone, leaving her mobile phone in Karishma's room. Nikhil tries to call her and sends many texts, which go unanswered. On reaching the mandap, Meeta's father informs him that she has left for China. Karishma finds Meeta's phone in her room, reads the messages, and realizes she has lost Nikhil. During the wedding, she asks Nikhil to leave, and her father supports her decision. Meeta cries at the airport and tries to end her life but gives up and goes back to the wedding. She and Nikhil reunite and express their love for each other, sealing it with a kiss.


title: Hasee Toh Phasee

text: The movie ends with Nikhil and Meeta at the airport, scheduled to travel to Germany. Meeta tells him that there is another problem waiting for them.


title: Hasee Toh Phasee

text: Karan Johar's production house Dharma Productions financed this film along with Phantom Productions, which is run by four filmmakers - Anurag Kashyap, Vikramaditya Motwane, Vikas Bahl and Madhu Mantena.


title: Hasee Toh Phasee

text: Anurag Kashyap, who is very excited about this project, said, "The story works with fresh faces, but requires a high level of chemistry and maturity in the performances. After spending months shortlisting various actors, we finalised Sidharth and Parineeti." Reportedly, Adah Sharma is playing the second female lead in the movie and the sister of the film's female protagonist. To capture the seven-year period covered in the film, Vinil Matthew wanted Parineeti Chopra to have different hairstyles.


title: Hasee Toh Phasee

text: Filming began on 18 April 2013. On talking about the director Vinil Mathew, Sidharth Malhotra, who would be cast as a middle class working man in the film, said, "It didn't feel like the first day of shoot because he is so sorted and knows exactly what he wants. He made us rehearse a lot during a two-month workshop before shooting began". In an Interview Sidharth says, he plays a character who is stressed out, lost and sentimental. He meets a girl who is a bit cracked. Actress Parineeti Chopra reported that her character was a quite difficult one. It is the first collaboration for both the protagonists with each other, but however, none complained and instead, both were praising each other to be energetic and tireless. The fact that actress Adah Sharma was also involved in the cast as one of the lead characters was supposed to be kept a secret as the producers wanted to make an official announcement about it. But it was later revealed as Adah was seen shooting for the film at the Bandra Bandstand Promenade.


title: Hasee Toh Phasee

text: Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy were initially signed on as composers for the film. But eventually they opted out, and songs featured in the film were composed by Vishal–Shekhar, while the lyrics are written by Amitabh Bhattacharya and Kumaar. The first single "Drama Queen", sung by Shreya Ghoshal and Vishal Dadlani, was launched on 23 December 2013. The song "Zehnaseeb", sung by Chinmayi along with Shekhar Ravjiani, was launched on 3 January 2014. There are six original tracks and a remix track in the album. The complete soundtrack album was released on 6 January 2014. The remix version of "Drama Queen" was later uploaded as a single on the official YouTube channel of Dharma Productions. A Gujarati rap song was entirely written and composed by Khamosh Shah, which is there in the film but not on the soundtrack. The "Punjabi Wedding Song" was choreographed by Karishma Chavan.


title: Hasee Toh Phasee

text: The film received positive reviews, with particular praise directed towards the lead cast performances. Meena Iyer of "The Times of India" gave it 3.5/5 stars, stating, ""Hasee Toh Phasee" is for the romantics who like their martinis stirred not shaken. This romantic comedy mirrors the quirks in human nature subtly and provides humour in everyday situations; in the family and amongst friends. If you're looking to rediscover the magic of goofy love around Valentines, give "HTP" a shot."


title: Hasee Toh Phasee

text: Taran Adarsh of "Bollywood Hungama" gave it 3.5/5 stars and said, ""Hasee Toh Phasee" dares to be distinctive. This one's *not* merely about opposites falling in love. This one's a quirky love tale involving two individuals, shades different from the mundane stuff on matters of heart".


title: Hasee Toh Phasee

text: Sukanya Verma of "Rediff" gave the movie with same ratings and wrote, ""Hasee Toh Phasee" is that rare film that allows you to know the two people you're investing in. And the closer you get, the more they win you over. Parineeti sinks her teeth into this misunderstood kook without a trace of self-consciousness or exaggeration. If that's not magical enough, what "Hasee Toh Phasee "celebrates certainly is. That the only high you need is life, love and smiles."


title: Hasee Toh Phasee

text: Mohar Basu of "Koimoi" gave it 3/5 stars and wrote, "The film is both pleasantly surprising and utterly baffling in equal amounts. "Hasee Toh Phasee" will definitely win your heart for the symbiotically arranged, pitch perfect chemistry of Parineeti Chopra and Sidharth Malhotra. It was passionate and compelling, almost to make me wish that they were a real life couple and that alone becomes the winning shot."


title: Hasee Toh Phasee

text: A review from "India Today" rated it with 3/5 stars, stating, ""Hasee Toh Phasee" is a refreshing, much-needed entry in the contemporary romcom genre, which has lately seen a series of uninspiring films. It's largely to do with the presence of an unseen pairing with great chemistry - Parineeti Chopra and Sidharth Malhotra - and Mathew and writer Harshvardhan Kulkarni's perky take on love."


title: Hasee Toh Phasee

text: Tushar Joshi of "Daily News and Analysis" gave the movie with 3/5 stars, writing, "The lead pair of Chopra and Malhotra make "Hasee Toh Phasee" enjoyable and believable. This odd pairing works only because these two actors take an effort to play their characters with utmost sincerity. Watch it if you want to see a different take on modern day romance. "Hasee Toh Phasee" is worth a watch for a solid act put together by its lead pair.".


title: Hasee Toh Phasee

text: According to "Box Office India", "Hasee Toh Phasee" had a reasonable start in major metros in most parts of the country. Hasee Toh Phasee grossed around on its first day. The movie showed a 35% growth on Saturday, earning about . The weekend collections (according to Box Office India) were approximately , while trade analyst Taran Adarsh claimed it to be . The movie grossed a decent in the first week. In the second week, the movie's screen count fell due to the release of Yash Raj Films' "Gunday". However, it still grossed a figure of , taking the 10-day total to .


title: Naja

text: Naja is a genus of venomous elapid snakes commonly known as cobras (or "true cobras"). Members of the genus "Naja" are the most widespread and the most widely recognized as "true" cobras. Various species occur in regions throughout Africa, Southwest Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Several other elapid species are also called "cobras", such as the king cobra ("Ophiophagus hannah") and the rinkhals ("Hemachatus haemachatus"), but neither are true cobras, in that they do not belong to the genus "Naja", but instead each belong to monotypic genera "Hemachatus" (the rinkhals) and "Ophiophagus" (the king cobra/hamadryad).


title: Naja

text: Until recently, the genus "Naja" had 20 to 22 species, but it has undergone several taxonomic revisions in recent years, so sources vary greatly. Wide support exists, though, for a 2009 revision that synonymised the genera "Boulengerina" and "Paranaja" with "Naja". According to that revision, the genus "Naja" now includes 38 species.


title: Naja

text: The origin of this genus name is from the Sanskrit "nāga" (with a hard "g") meaning "snake". Some hold that the Sanskrit word is cognate with English "snake", Germanic: "*snēk-a-", Proto-IE: "*(s)nēg-o-", but this is unlikely. Mayrhofer calls this etymology ""unglaubhaft" ", "not credible", and suggests a more plausible etymology connecting it with Sanskrit "nagna," "hairless, naked".


title: Naja

text: "Naja" species vary in length and most are relatively slender-bodied snakes. Most species are capable of attaining lengths of . Maximum lengths for some of the larger species of cobras are around , with the forest cobra arguably being the longest species. All have a characteristic ability to raise the front quarters of their bodies off the ground and flatten their necks to appear larger to a potential predator. Fang structure is variable, all species except the Indian cobra ("Naja naja") and Caspian cobra ("Naja oxiana") have some degree of adaptation to spitting.


title: Naja

text: All species in the genus "Naja" are capable of delivering a fatal bite to a human. Most species have strongly neurotoxic venom, which attacks the nervous system, causing paralysis, but many also have cytotoxic features which cause swelling and necrosis, and have a significant anticoagulant effect. Some also have cardiotoxic components to their venom.


title: Naja

text: Several "Naja" species, referred to as spitting cobras, have a specialized venom delivery mechanism, in which their front fangs, instead of ejecting venom downward through an elongate discharge orifice (similar to a hypodermic needle), have a shortened, rounded opening in the front surface, which ejects the venom forward, out of the mouth. While typically referred to as "spitting", the action is more like squirting. The range and accuracy with which they can shoot their venom varies from species to species, but it is used primarily as a defense mechanism. The venom has little or no effect on unbroken skin, but if it enters the eyes, it can cause a severe burning sensation and temporary or even permanent blindness if not washed out immediately and thoroughly.


title: Naja

text: A recent study showed that all three spitting cobra lineages have evolved higher pain-inducing activity through increased phospholipase A2 levels, which potentiate the algesic action of the cytotoxins present in most cobra venoms. The timing of the origin of spitting in African and Asian "Naja" corresponds to the separation of the human and chimpanzee evolutionary lineages in Africa and the arrival of "Homo erectus" in Asia. The authors therefore hypothesise that the arrival of bipedal, tool-using primates may have triggered the evolution of spitting in cobras.


title: Naja

text: The Caspian cobra ("N. oxiana") of Central Asia is the most venomous "Naja" species. According to a 2019 study by "Kazemi-Lomedasht et al", the murine via intravenous injection (IV) value for "Naja oxiana" (Iranian specimens) was estimated to be 0.14 mg/kg (0.067-0.21 mg/kg) more potent than the sympatric Pakistani "Naja naja karachiensis" and "Naja naja indusi" found in far north and northwest India and adjacent Pakistani border areas (0.22 mg/kg), the Thai "Naja kaouthia" (0.2 mg/kg), and "Naja philippinensis" at 0.18 mg/kg (0.11-0.3 mg/kg). Latifi (1984) listed a subcutaneous value of 0.2 mg/kg (0.16-0.47 mg/kg) for "N. oxiana". The crude venom of "N. oxiana" produced the lowest known lethal dose (LCLo) of 0.005 mg/kg, the lowest among all cobra species ever recorded, derived from an individual case of envenomation by intracerebroventricular injection. The Banded water cobra's was estimated to be 0.17 mg/kg via IV according to Christensen (1968). The Philippine cobra ("N. philippinensis") has an average murine of 0.18 mg/kg IV ("Tan et al, 2019"). Minton (1974) reported 0.14 mg/kg IV for the Philippine cobra. The Samar cobra ("Naja samarensis"), another cobra species endemic to the southern islands of the Philippines, is reported to have a of 0.2 mg/kg, similar in potency to the Monocled cobras ("Naja kaouthia") found only in Thailand and eastern Cambodia, which also have a of 0.2 mg/kg. The Spectacled cobras that are sympatric with "N. oxiana", in Pakistan and far northwest India, also have a high potency of 0.22 mg/kg.


title: Naja

text: Other highly venomous species are the 'forest cobras' and/or 'water cobras' ("Boulengerina" subgenus) are also highly venomous. The murine intraperitoneal of "Naja annulata" and "Naja christyi" venoms were 0.143 mg/kg (range of 0.131 mg/kg to 0.156 mg/kg) and 0.120 mg/kg, respectively. Christensen (1968) also listed an IV of 0.17 mg/kg for "N. annulata". The Chinese cobra ("N. atra") is also highly venomous. Minton (1974) listed a value of 0.3 mg/kg intravenous (IV), while Lee and Tseng list a value of 0.67 mg/kg subcutaneous injection (SC). The of the Cape cobra ("N. nivea") according to Minton, 1974 was 0.35 mg/kg (IV) and 0.4 mg/kg (SC). The Senegalese cobra ("N. senegalensis") has a murine of 0.39 mg/kg (Tan et al, 2021) via IV. The Egyptian cobra ("N. haje") of Ugandan locality had an IV of 0.43 mg/kg (0.35–0.52 mg/kg).


title: Naja

text: The "Naja" species are a medically important group of snakes due to the number of bites and fatalities they cause across their geographical range. They range throughout Africa (including some parts of the Sahara where "Naja haje" can be found), Southwest Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia. Roughly 30% of bites by some cobra species are dry bites, thus do not cause envenomation (a dry bite is a bite by a venomous snake which does not inject venom). Brown (1973) noted that cobras with a higher rates of 'sham strikes' tend to be more venomous, while those with a less toxic venom tend to envenomate more frequently when attempting to bite. This can vary even between specimens of the same species. This is unlike related elapids, such as those species belonging to Dendroaspis (mambas) and Bungarus (kraits), with mambas tending to almost always envenomate and kraits tending to envenomate more often than they attempt 'sham strikes.


title: Naja

text: Many factors influence the differences in cases of fatality among different species within the same genus. Among cobras, the cases of fatal outcome of bites in both treated and untreated victims can be quite large. For example, mortality rates among untreated cases of envenomation by the cobras as a whole group ranges from 6.5–10% for "N kaouthia". to about 80% for "N. oxiana". Mortality rate for "Naja atra" is between 15 and 20%, 5–10% for "N. nigricollis", 50% for "N. nivea", 20–25% for "N. naja", In cases where victims of cobra bites are medically treated using normal treatment protocol for elapid type envenomation, differences in prognosis depend on the cobra species involved. The vast majority of envenomated patients treated make quick and complete recoveries, while other envenomated patients who receive similar treatment result in fatalities. The most important factors in the difference of mortality rates among victims envenomated by cobras is the severity of the bite and which cobra species caused the envenomation. The Caspian cobra ("N. oxiana") and the Philippine cobra ("N. philippinensis") are the two cobra species with the most toxic venom based on studies on mice. Both species cause prominent neurotoxicity and progression of life-threatening symptoms following envenomation. Death has been reported in as little as 30 minutes in cases of envenomation by both species. "N. philippinensis" purely neurotoxic venom causes prominent neurotoxicity with minimal local tissue damage and pain and patients respond very well to antivenom therapy if treatment is administered rapidly after envenomation. Envenomation caused by "N. oxiana" is much more complicated. In addition to prominent neurotoxicity, very potent cytotoxic and cardiotoxic components are in this species' venom. Local effects are marked and manifest in all cases of envenomation: severe pain, severe swelling, bruising, blistering, and tissue necrosis. Renal damage and cardiotoxicity are also clinical manifestations of envenomation caused by "N. oxiana", though they are rare and secondary. The untreated mortality rate among those envenomed by "N. oxiana" approaches 80%, the highest among all species within the genus "Naja". Antivenom is not as effective for envenomation by this species as it is for other Asian cobras within the same region, like the Indian cobra ("N. naja") and due to the dangerous toxicity of this species' venom, massive amounts of antivenom are often required for patients. As a result, a monovalent antivenom serum is being developed by the Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute in Iran. Response to treatment with antivenom is generally poor among patients, so mechanical ventilation and endotracheal intubation is required. As a result, mortality among those treated for "N. oxiana" envenomation is still relatively high (up to 30%) compared to all other species of cobra (<1%).


title: Naja

text: The genus contains several species complexes of closely related and often similar-looking species, some of them only recently described or defined. Several recent taxonomic studies have revealed species not included in the current listing in ITIS:


title: Naja

text: Two recent molecular phylogenetic studies have also supported the incorporation of the species previously assigned to the genera "Boulengerina" and "Paranaja" into "Naja", as both are closely related to the forest cobra ("Naja melanoleuca"). In the most comprehensive phylogenetic study to date, 5 putative new species were initially identified, of which 3 have since been named.


title: Naja

text: The controversial amateur herpetologist Raymond Hoser proposed the genus "Spracklandus" for the African spitting cobras. Wallach et al. suggested that this name was not published according to the Code and suggested instead the recognition of four subgenera within "Naja": "Naja" for the Asiatic cobras, "Boulengerina" for the African forest, water and burrowing cobras, "Uraeus" for the Egyptian and Cape cobra group and "Afronaja" for the African spitting cobras. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature issued an opinion that it “finds no basis under the provisions of the Code for regarding the name "Spracklandus" as unavailable”.


title: Naja

text: Asiatic cobras are believed to further be split into two groups of southeastern Asian cobras ("N. siamensis, N. sumatrana, N. philippinensis, N. samarensis, N. sputatrix," and "N. mandalayensis") and western and northern Asian cobras ("N. oxiana, N. kaouthia, N. sagittifera," and "N. atra") with "Naja naja" serving as a basal lineage to all species.


title: Newton-metre

text: The newton-metre (also newton metre or newton meter; symbol N⋅m or N m) is the unit of torque (also called ) in the International System of Units (SI). One newton-metre is equal to the torque resulting from a force of one newton applied perpendicularly to the end of a moment arm that is one metre long. The nonstandard notation "Nm" occurs in some fields.


title: Newton-metre

text: The unit is also used less commonly as a unit of work, or energy, in which case it is equivalent to the more common and standard SI unit of energy, the joule. In this usage the metre term represents the distance travelled or displacement in the direction of the force, and not the perpendicular distance from a fulcrum as it does when used to express torque. This usage is generally discouraged, since it can lead to confusion as to whether a given quantity expressed in newton-metres is a torque or a quantity of energy. However, since torque represents energy transferred or expended per angle of revolution, one newton-metre of torque is equivalent to one joule per radian.


title: Newton-metre

text: Newton-metres and joules are dimensionally equivalent in the sense that they have the same expression in SI base units,


title: Newton-metre

text: but are distinguished to avoid misunderstandings when a torque is mistaken for an energy or vice versa. Similar examples of dimensionally equivalent units include Pa versus J/m, Bq versus Hz, and ohm versus ohm per square.


title: Pilonidal disease

text: Pilonidal disease is a type of skin infection which typically occurs as a cyst between the cheeks of the buttocks and often at the upper end. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, and redness. There may also be drainage of fluid, but rarely a fever.


title: Pilonidal disease

text: Risk factors include obesity, family history, prolonged sitting, greater amounts of hair, and not enough exercise. The underlying mechanism is believed to involve a mechanical process. The lesions may contain hair and skin debris. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and examination.


title: Pilonidal disease

text: If there is infection, treatment is generally by incision and drainage just off the midline. Shaving the area and laser hair removal may prevent recurrence. More extensive surgery may be required if the disease recurs. Antibiotics are usually not needed. Without treatment the condition may remain long term.


title: Pilonidal disease

text: About 3 per 10,000 people per year are affected, and it occurs more often in males than females. Young adults are most commonly affected. The term "pilonidal" means "nest of hair". The condition was first described in 1833.


title: Pilonidal disease

text: Pilonidal cysts are itchy and often very painful, and typically occur between the ages of 15 and 35. Although usually found near the coccyx, the condition can also affect the navel, armpit, the cheek, or the genital region, though these locations are much rarer.


title: Pilonidal disease

text: Pilonidal sinus (PNS): is a sinus tract, or small channel, that may originate from the source of infection and open to the surface of the skin. Material from the cyst drains through the pilonidal sinus. A pilonidal cyst is usually painful, but with draining the patient might not feel pain.


title: Pilonidal disease

text: One proposed cause of pilonidal cysts is ingrown hair, although hairs found in pilonidal sinus tracts may originate from the head. Excessive sitting is thought to predispose people to the condition, as sitting increases pressure on the coccygeal region. Trauma is not believed to cause a pilonidal cyst; however, such an event may result in inflammation of an existing cyst; there are cases where this can occur months after a localized injury to the area. Pilonidal cysts may be caused by a congenital pilonidal dimple. Excessive sweating can also contribute to the formation of a pilonidal cyst: moisture can fill a stretched hair follicle, which helps create a low-oxygen environment that promotes the growth of anaerobic bacteria, often found in pilonidal cysts. The presence of bacteria and low oxygen levels hamper wound healing and exacerbate a forming pilonidal cyst.


title: Pilonidal disease

text: A pilonidal cyst can resemble a dermoid cyst, a kind of teratoma (germ cell tumor). In particular, a pilonidal cyst in the gluteal cleft can resemble a sacrococcygeal teratoma. Correct diagnosis is important because all teratomas require consultation with an oncologist and complete surgical excision, if possible without any spillage.


title: Pilonidal disease

text: If there is infection, treatment is generally by incision and drainage just off the midline. Following five simple rules has been known to prevent recurring inflammations for some people and avoid the surgery: 1. Avoiding chairs and car seats that put pressure on coccyx; 2. Being of average weight, preferably with low BMI; 3. Keeping the area clean; 4. Keeping the area dry by wearing exclusively cotton garments; 5. Keeping the area completely hair free, for example by regularly using an IPL hair removal device.


title: Pilonidal disease

text: The evidence for elective treatment of pilonidal sinus disease is poor. The most commonly performed surgery is for the pilonidal sinus complex to be surgically excised with the wound often left open to heal. Post-surgical wound packing may be necessary, and packing typically must be replaced daily for 4 to 8 weeks. In some cases, two years may be required for complete granulation to occur. Sometimes the cyst is resolved via surgical marsupialization.


title: Pilonidal disease

text: Surgeons can also excise the sinus and repair with a reconstructive flap technique, such as a "cleft lift" procedure or Z-plasty, usually done under general anesthetic. This approach is especially useful for complicated or recurring pilonidal disease, leaves little scar tissue and flattens the region between the buttocks, reducing the risk of recurrence. This approach typically results in a more rapid recovery than the traditional surgery, however there are fewer surgeons trained in the cleft lift procedure and it consequently may not be as accessible to patients, depending on their location. Meta-analysis shows recurrence rates were lower in open healing than with primary closure (RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.87), at the expense of healing time. Pilonidal cysts can recur, and do so more frequently if the surgical wound is sutured in the midline, as opposed to away from the midline, which obliterates the natal cleft and removes the focus of shearing stress. An incision lateral to the intergluteal cleft is therefore preferred, especially given the poor healing of midline incisions in this region. Minimally invasive techniques with no wound and rapid return to full activities have been reported but await double blind randomised trials.


title: Pilonidal disease

text: Another technique is to treat pilonidal sinus with fibrin glue. This technique is of unclear benefit as of 2017 due to insufficient research. The evidence for any treatment is of low quality, and care must be taken not to over interpret any study in this field.


title: Pilonidal disease

text: In some cases wounds are left open after surgery to heal naturally instead of being closed with stitches. There are a lot of different dressings and topical agents (creams or lotions) that are available for helping these open wounds to heal. A 2022 systematic review brought together evidence from 11 studies that compared dressings and topical agents for treating open wounds after surgical treatment for pilonidal sinus of the buttocks. The authors concluded that: platelet rich plasma may help wounds to heal quicker compared to sterile gauze; Lietofax skin repair cream may help wounds to heal by 30 days compared to iodine (which helps to reduce bacteria in the wound); but it is not clear whether hydrogel dressings (designed to keep the wound moist) reduce the time it takes wounds to heal compared with cleaning the wound with iodine.


title: Pilonidal disease

text: Pilonidal means nest of hair and is derived from the Latin words for hair ("pilus") and nest ("nidus"). The condition was first described by Herbert Mayo in 1833. R.M. Hodges was the first to use the phrase pilonidal cyst to describe the condition in 1880.


title: Pilonidal disease

text: The condition was widespread in the United States Army during World War II. The condition was termed "Jeep seat" or "Jeep riders' disease", because a large portion of people who were being hospitalized for it rode in Jeeps, and prolonged rides in the bumpy vehicles were believed to have caused the condition due to irritation and pressure on the coccyx.


title: Jack Fisk

text: As a production designer, he is known for his collaborations with Terrence Malick, designing all of his first eight films including "Badlands" (1973), "Days of Heaven" (1978), "The Thin Red Line" (1998), and "The Tree of Life" (2011). His other credits include "Phantom of the Paradise" (1974), "Carrie" (1976), "Eraserhead" (1977), "Heart Beat" (1980), "The Straight Story" (1999), "Mulholland Drive" (2001), "Water for Elephants" (2011), and "The Master" (2012). He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Production Design for "There Will Be Blood" (2007) and "The Revenant" (2015).


title: Jack Fisk

text: Fisk made his directorial debut with "Raggedy Man" (1981) and went on to direct the films "Violets Are Blue" (1986), "" (1990), "Final Verdict" (1991), and two episodes of the television series "On the Air" (1992).


title: Jack Fisk

text: Fisk was art director on Brian De Palma's "Carrie" (1976), in which his wife, Sissy Spacek, played the title role. He frequently collaborates with directors Terrence Malick and David Lynch (whom he has known since childhood). His production design and art director credits include all of Malick's first eight feature films and Lynch's "The Straight Story" (1999) and "Mulholland Drive" (2001). He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Art Direction for Paul Thomas Anderson's "There Will Be Blood". He received his second Academy Award nomination for the film "The Revenant" at the 88th Academy Awards.


title: Jack Fisk

text: Fisk appeared in Lynch's "Eraserhead" (1977) as the Man in the Planet, and the film's credits give "special thanks" to him and to Sissy Spacek (who reputedly held the slates between takes).


title: Jack Fisk

text: Fisk met his wife, Spacek, while working on Terrence Malick's 1973 film "Badlands, "where she portrayed the aloof and distant version of Caril Ann Fugate. They married on April 12, 1974. They have two daughters, Schuyler Fisk (born 1982), also an actress, and Madison Fisk (born 1988), a painter.


title: The Martian Chronicles

text: The Martian Chronicles is a science fiction fix-up novel, published in 1950, by American writer Ray Bradbury that chronicles the exploration and settlement of Mars, the home of indigenous Martians, by Americans leaving a troubled Earth that is eventually devastated by nuclear war.


title: The Martian Chronicles

text: The book projects American society immediately after World War II into a technologically advanced future where the amplification of humanity's potentials to create and destroy have both miraculous and devastating consequences.


title: The Martian Chronicles

text: Events in the chronicle include the apocalyptic destruction of both Martian and human civilizations, both instigated by humans, though there are no stories with settings at the catastrophes. The outcomes of many stories raise concerns about the values and direction of America of the time by addressing militarism, science, technology, and war time prosperity that could result in a global nuclear war (e.g., "There Will Come Soft Rains" and ""); depopulation that might be considered genocide (e.g., "", "" and ""); racial oppression and exploitation (e.g., ""); ahistoricism, philistinism, and hostility towards religion (e.g., ""); and censorship and conformity (e.g., ""), among others. On Bradbury's award of a Pulitzer Prize Special Citation in 2007, the book was recognized as one of his "masterworks that readers carry with them over a lifetime."


title: The Martian Chronicles

text: "The Martian Chronicles" is a fix-up novel consisting of previously-published short stories along with new short bridge narratives in the form of interstitial vignettes, intercalary chapters, or expository narratives. The previously-published stories were revised for consistency of the overall story line and refinement.


title: The Martian Chronicles

text: "The Martian Chronicles" may at first appear to be a planned short story cycle; however, Bradbury did not specifically write "The Martian Chronicles" as a singular work – rather, its creation as a novel was suggested to Bradbury by a publisher's editor years after most of the stories had already appeared in many different publications (see Publication history and original publication notes under Contents). In responding to the suggestion, the 29-year-old Bradbury was shocked by the idea that he had already written a novel and remembers saying: "Oh, my God... I read "Winesburg, Ohio" by Sherwood Anderson when I was 24 and I said to myself, 'Oh God, wouldn't it be wonderful if someday I could write a book as good as this but put it on the planet Mars.'". (See the Influences section on literary influences affecting the works's structure.)


title: The Martian Chronicles

text: "The Martian Chronicles" is written as a chronicle, each story presented as a chapter within an overall chronological ordering of the plot. Overall, the chronicle can be viewed as three extended episodes or parts, punctuated by two apocalyptic events. Events in the original edition of the book ranged from 1999 to 2026. As 1999 approached in real life, the dates in the book were advanced by thirty-one years in the 1997 edition. The summary that follows includes the dates of both editions.


title: The Martian Chronicles

text: The creation of "The Martian Chronicles" by weaving together previous works was suggested to the author by New York City representatives of Doubleday & Company in 1949 after Norman Corwin recommended Bradbury travel to the city to be "'discovered'". The work was subsequently published in hardbound form by Doubleday in the United States in 1950. Publication of the book was concurrent with the publication of Bradbury's short story, "There Will Come Soft Rains" that appeared in "Collier's" magazine. The short story appears as a chapter in the novel, though with some differences. The novel has been reprinted numerous times by many different publishers since 1950.


title: The Martian Chronicles

text: The Spanish language version of "The Martian Chronicles", "", was published in Argentina concurrently with the U.S. first edition, and included of all the chapters contained in the U.S. edition. The edition included a foreword by Jorge Luis Borges.


title: The Martian Chronicles

text: The book was published in the United Kingdom under the title "The Silver Locusts" (1951), with slightly different contents. In some editions the story "The Fire Balloons" was added, and the story "Usher II" was removed to make room for it.


title: The Martian Chronicles

text: The book was published in 1963 as part of the Time Reading Program with an introduction by Fred Hoyle.


title: The Martian Chronicles

text: As 1999 approached, the fictional future written into the first edition was in jeopardy, so the work was revised and a 1997 edition was published to advance all of the dates by 31 years (with the plot running from 2030 to 2057 instead of 1999 to 2026). The 1997 edition added "" and "", and omitted "", a story considered less topical in 1997 than 1950.


title: The Martian Chronicles

text: In 2009, the Subterranean Press and PS Publishing published "The Martian Chronicles: The Complete Edition "that included the 1997 edition of the work and additional stories under the title "The Other Martian Tales". (See "The Other Martian Tales" section of this article.)