title: Gerald Levert

text: Levert was born to the O'Jays frontman Eddie Levert and his wife Martha in Canton, Ohio, on July 13, 1966. He grew up in Shaker Heights, Ohio, a suburb of Cleveland.


title: Gerald Levert

text: Due to his father's career, Levert would travel with the band regularly. While in high school, Levert's inclination towards music became apparent when he formed the trio LeVert, with his younger brother Sean Levert (September 28, 1968 – March 30, 2008) and friend Marc Gordon in 1983.


title: Gerald Levert

text: In 1991, Levert went solo with the albums, "Private Line", which went to number one on the R&B charts. The following year, Gerald and his father, Eddie Levert, hit number one on the R&B charts with the single, "Baby Hold On to Me". Levert recorded a string of albums throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, that contained the hit singles, "Thinkin' About It" (No. 12 Pop) which was released June 23, 1998, "Taking Everything" (No. 11 Pop), "Funny", "Mr. Too Damn Good to You", "U Got That Love", and a remake of R. Kelly's "I Believe I Can Fly", along with gospel singer Yolanda Adams. Levert also sang lead vocals in two songs on the 2002 film documentary "Standing in the Shadows of Motown" - the story of the Funk Brothers. Levert performed "Shotgun" and "Reach Out I'll Be There". Levert released his tenth album, "Voices", in 2005.


title: Gerald Levert

text: Levert wrote and produced songs for other artists such as Patti LaBelle, Barry White, Stephanie Mills, Anita Baker, Eugene Wilde, Teddy Pendergrass, James Ingram, Freddie Jackson, Chuckii Booker, the Rude Boys, New Edition, Men at Large and 1 of the Girls. During the release of "Groove On", Levert appeared in the group Black Men United for the hit single "U Will Know" for the film "Jason's Lyric", the movie's soundtrack. who was participated in the group and joining with Keith Sweat, Christopher Williams and Levert's former mentor Joe Little of the Rude Boys. In 1997, Levert teamed up again with fellow singers Keith Sweat and Johnny Gill, to form the supergroup, LSG. The trio released the album "Levert-Sweat-Gill" the same year, selling over two million copies; it was followed by "LSG2" in 2003.


title: Gerald Levert

text: In 1999, Levert sang the chorus on the Chris Rock spoken-word comedy piece, "No Sex (In the Champagne Room)". Levert performed a duet with Teena Marie on the latter's 2004 album "La Doña". Levert's last collaborations included Jim Brickman on the song "My Angel", for Brickman's 2006 album entitled "Escape" and on the song "Real S***" from rapper Styles P's album, "Time Is Money". Levert was posthumously featured again on former groupmates Keith Sweat's "Knew It All Along" and Johnny Gill from the singer's "Til the Morning" album, which was released two before days Levert's fifth anniversary of his death. Levert was also posthumously featured on Keith Sweat's track "Let's Go to Bed" from his 2016 studio album "Dress to Impress".


title: Gerald Levert

text: Levert began his acting career as Charles Young, his first appearance on "The Jamie Foxx Show" for 2 episodes with "Just Don't Do It", that aired on November 5, 1998 and Jamie disapproves of his mother (Jo Marie Payton) because she decided to marry him in the episode. In January 2001, Gerald appears again in the series finale "Always and Forever" when Jamie (Jamie Foxx) and Fancy (Garcelle Beauvais) got married and sang the opening ceremony at the wedding and joined by fellow singers Gladys Knight and Marilyn McCoo (without her husband Billy Davis, Jr.). On November 10, 2003 (exactly three years prior to his death), Levert's final acting role that aired during his life was when he appeared in an episode of "The Parkers", He played T's father in the episode and comes for a visit to start a new band


title: Gerald Levert

text: On November 10, 2006, Gerald Levert was found dead in his bed at his house in Cleveland, Ohio. Initial reports stated that Levert had died of an apparent heart attack, but the autopsy report conducted by the Cuyahoga County coroner's office concluded that Levert's death was caused by a fatal combination of prescription narcotics and over-the-counter drugs. The drugs in his bloodstream included the narcotic pain relievers Vicodin, Percocet, and Darvocet, along with anxiety medication Xanax and two over-the-counter antihistamines. The autopsy also revealed that Levert had pneumonia. The official cause of death was acute intoxication, and the death was ruled accidental. Gerald Levert was 40 years old. Following the disclosure of Gerald Levert's cause of death, a family spokesman stated that all the drugs found in Levert's bloodstream were prescribed to the singer. Levert was taking the pain medication because of chronic pain from a lingering shoulder problem and surgery in 2005 to repair a severed Achilles tendon.


title: Gerald Levert

text: Gerald Levert dated singer Miki Howard from 1985 to 1989. In 2003, Levert had a relationship with singer Kandi Burruss. They had no children together. Levert had three children: LeMicah, Camryn, and Carlysia.


title: Gerald Levert

text: Carlysia, an aspiring singer, appeared on the MTV series "My Super Sweet 16", with her father in 2005. His father is the third cousin of Cleveland Cavaliers basketball star, Caris LeVert.


title: Gerald Levert

text: Shortly before his death, Levert completed work on what would be his final album, "In My Songs". The album was released on February 13, 2007. In June 2007, a book Gerald was working to complete entitled, "I Got Your Back: A Father and Son Keep it Real About Love, Fatherhood, Family, and Friendship", was released. The book was initially planned as a tie-in for a Levert album of the same name. "I Got Your Back" explores Gerald and Eddie's father/son relationship, the necessity of male bonding, and importance of repairing fractured families. Levert was also working on a reality show in which he was losing weight along with 12 of his female fans, who were training with him at his palatial home.


title: Gerald Levert

text: On December 7, 2006, it was announced that Levert, along with Chaka Khan, Yolanda Adams and Carl Thomas were nominated for a Grammy in the category of Best R&B Performance by a Duo Or Group With Vocals for their collaboration on "Everyday (Family Reunion)", a song from the soundtrack of Tyler Perry's "Madea's Family Reunion". He was nominated again for the Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance for his single, "In My Songs". At the 50th annual Grammy Awards, it was announced that Levert had won the award for "In My Songs". Levert's brother and former founding "LeVert" member Sean Levert accepted in his late brother's behalf.


title: Gerald Levert

text: On August 17, 2013 in his hometown of Cleveland, Ohio Gerald Levert was inducted into the 2013 class of the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame along with the O'Jays.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W206)

text: The Mercedes-Benz W206 is the fifth generation of the Mercedes-Benz C-Class which is produced by Mercedes-Benz Group AG (formerly known as Daimler AG) since 2021. It replaces the W205 C-Class which has been produced since 2014. The fifth-generation C-Class is available in sedan (W206), station wagon/estate (S206), and long-wheelbase sedan (V206) body styles. The W206 C-Class is based on the Mercedes MRA II rear-wheel drive modular platform also used by the W223 S-Class.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W206)

text: All W206 C-Class models are equipped with four-cylinder engines that have an integrated starter generator (15 kW electric motor) and a 48-volt electrical system. Daimler does not offer the W206 with halogen headlamps.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W206)

text: The W206 has independent front and rear suspension. The front axle is a four-link axle, the rear axle is a multi-link axle. Rear axle steering with a steering angle of 2.5 degrees is available as a factory option; the turning circle is reduced by 0.4 m to 10.6 m with the rear axle steering option. The interior styling is related to the S-Class (W223). The C-Class also has a central LCD display with a screen diagonal of either or .


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W206)

text: The C-Class All-Terrain was released as the crossover-styled estate model. Bearing the X206 codename, it received external body cladding, a 40 mm increase in ride height, 4Matic AWD and additional drive modes.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W206)

text: The smallest available petrol engine is the 1.5 liter M264 engine offered in the C 180 model (rated power ), and in the C 200 model (rated power ). The C 300 model is powered by a 2.0 liter M254 petrol engine rated . The M254 is equipped with a twin-scroll "segmented" turbocharger featuring an overboost function that allows it to produce an additional 26 kW for up to 30 seconds as well as a 48V electric supercharger that provides assist at low engine speeds.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W206)

text: Daimler initially offers two Diesel models, the C 220d, and the C 300d. Both models are powered by the same 1992 cm OM654 engine, rated in the C 220d, and in the C 300 d. Compared with the preceding Diesel engine, the OM654 has a new crankshaft that increases the stroke to 94.3 millimeters, and water-cooled, variable turbine geometry turbocharger. In July 2021 the C 200d was introduced with a detuned version of the above engine, now producing of power and of torque.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W206)

text: Daimler has announced that it will be offering a plug-in hybrid model with a petrol engine, the C 300e as well as a plug-in hybrid model with a diesel engine, the C 300de. The "4MATIC" all-wheel drive system will be offered as a factory option on both the C 300e and the C 300de. The plug-in hybrid models are supposed to have an all-electric range of 100 kilometres.


title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W206)

text: As of late April 2022, a new AMG engine is offering C 43 4MATIC producing 2.0 liter turbocharged 4-cylinder engine + 48V electric motor with M139 engine, rated .


title: North American beaver

text: The North American beaver (Castor canadensis) is one of two extant beaver species, along with the Eurasian beaver ("Castor fiber"). It is native to North America and introduced in South America (Patagonia) and Europe (primarily Finland and Karelia). In Canada and the United States, the species is often referred to simply as "beaver", though this causes some confusion because another distantly related rodent, "Aplodontia rufa", is often called the "mountain beaver". Other vernacular names, including American beaver and Canadian beaver, distinguish this species from the other extant beaver species, "Castor fiber", which is native to Eurasia. The North American beaver is one of the official national wildlife of Canada symbols and is the official state mammal of Oregon and New York.


title: North American beaver

text: The first fossil records of beaver are 10 to 12 million years old in Germany, and they are thought to have migrated to North America across the Bering Strait. The oldest fossil record of beavers in North America are of two beaver teeth near Dayville, Oregon, and are 7 million years old.


title: North American beaver

text: At one time, 25 subspecies of beavers were identified in North America, with distinctions based primarily on slight morphological differences and geographical isolation at the time of discovery. However, modern techniques generally use genetics rather than morphology to distinguish between subspecies, and currently the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (which provides authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world) does not recognize any subspecies of "C. canadensis, "though a definitive genetic analysis has not been performed. Such an analysis would be complicated by the fact that substantial genetic mixing of populations has occurred because of the numerous reintroduction efforts intended to help the species recover following extirpation from many regions.


title: North American beaver

text: The most widespread (formerly recognized) subspecies, which perhaps are now best thought of as populations with some distinct physical characteristics, are "C. c. acadicus" (New England beaver), "C. c. canadensis" (Canadian beaver), "C. c. carolinensis" (Carolina beaver), and "C. c. missouriensis" (Missouri River beaver). The Canadian beaver originally inhabited almost all of the forested area of Canada, and because of its more valued fur, was often selected for reintroductions elsewhere. The Carolina beaver is found in the southeastern United States; the Missouri River beaver, as its name suggests, is found in the Missouri River and its tributaries; and "C. c. acadicus" is found throughout the New England area in the northeastern United States.


title: North American beaver

text: The beaver is the largest rodent in North America and competes with its Eurasian counterpart, the European beaver, for being the second-largest in the world, both following the South American capybara. The European species is slightly larger on average but the American has a larger known maximum size. Adults usually weigh from , with being typical. In New York, the average weight of adult male beavers was , while non-native females in Finland averaged . However, adults of both sexes averaged in Ohio. The species seems to conform to Bergmann's rule, as northern animals appear to be larger. In the Northwest Territory, adults weighed a median of . The American beaver is slightly smaller in average body mass than the Eurasian species. The head-and-body length of adult North American beavers is , with the tail adding a further . Very old individuals can exceptionally exceed normal sizes, weighing more than or even as much as (higher than the maximum known for the Eurasian beaver).


title: North American beaver

text: Like the capybara, the beaver is semiaquatic. The beaver has many traits suited to this lifestyle. It has a large, flat, paddle-shaped tail and large, webbed hind feet. The unwebbed front paws are smaller, with claws. The forepaws are highly dextrous, and are used both for digging, and to fold individual leaves into their mouth and to rotate small, pencil-sized stems as they gnaw off bark. The eyes are covered by a nictitating membrane which allows the beaver to see under water. The nostrils and ears are sealed while submerged. Their lips can be closed behind their front teeth so that they can continue to gnaw underwater. A thick layer of fat under its skin insulates the beaver from its coldwater environment.


title: North American beaver

text: The beaver's fur consists of long, coarse outer hairs and short, fine inner hairs (see Double coat). The fur has a range of colors, but usually is dark brown. Scent glands near the genitals secrete an oily substance known as castoreum, which the beaver uses to waterproof its fur. There is also another set of oil glands producing unique chemical identifiers in the form of waxy esters and fatty acids. The lush, workable fur was made into a number of products, most notably hats. Demand for furs for hats drove beavers nearly to the point of extinction, and the North American species was saved principally by a sudden change in style.


title: North American beaver

text: The beaver possesses continuously (or constantly) growing incisors, and is a hindgut fermenter whose cecum, populated by symbiotic bacteria, helps to digest plant-based material. These traits are not unique to beavers, and are in fact present among all rodents. Nonetheless, the beaver is remarkably specialized for the efficient digestion of its lignocellulose-heavy diet.


title: North American beaver

text: Brain anatomy of the beaver is not particularly specialized for its semiaquatic life history. The brain masses of a beaver weighing 11.7 and 17 kg are 41 and 45 g respectively. "C. canadensis" has an encephalization quotient of 0.9 compared to other rodents; this is intermediate between similar terrestrial rodents and arboreal squirrels, and higher than similar aquatic terrestrial rodents, the muskrats and nutria. The cerebrum is well developed, and the neocortex comparatively large. Larger areas of the beaver's somatosensory cortex are dedicated to the processing of stimuli from the lips and the hands, more so than the tail and whiskers, which play a relatively minor role. The visual area of the brain is smaller than the gray squirrel.


title: North American beaver

text: Before their near-extirpation by trapping in North America, beavers were practically ubiquitous and lived from south of the arctic tundra to the deserts of northern Mexico, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans. They are widely distributed in boreal and temperate ecoregions, where populations are rebounding from historic over-exploitation. Recently, beaver have been observed colonizing arctic tundra, likely as a result of climate-induced increases in riparian shrubs.


title: North American beaver

text: Physician naturalist Edgar Alexander Mearns' 1907 report of beaver on the Sonora River may be the earliest report on the southernmost range of this North American aquatic mammal. However, beavers have also been reported both historically and contemporarily in Mexico on the Colorado River, Bavispe River, and San Bernardino River in the Mexican states of Sonora and Chihuahua.


title: North American beaver

text: Beavers are active mainly at night. They are excellent swimmers and may remain submerged up to 15 minutes. More vulnerable on land, they tend to remain in the water as much as possible. They use their flat, scaly tail both to signal danger by slapping the surface of the water and as a location for fat storage.


title: North American beaver

text: They construct their homes, or "lodges", out of sticks, twigs, rocks, and mud in lakes, streams, and tidal river deltas. These lodges may be surrounded by water, or touching land, including burrows dug into river banks. Beavers are well known for building dams across streams and constructing their lodges in the artificial ponds which form. When building in a pond, the beavers first make a pile of sticks and then eat out one or more underwater entrances and two platforms above the water surface inside the pile. The first is used for drying off. Towards winter, the lodge is often plastered with mud which, when it freezes, has the consistency of concrete. A small air hole is left in the top of the lodge.


title: North American beaver

text: The purpose of the dam is to create deepwater refugia enabling the beaver to escape from predators. When deep water is already present in lakes, rivers, or larger streams, the beaver may dwell in a bank burrow and bank lodge with an underwater entrance. The beaver dam is constructed using branches from trees the beavers cut down, as well as rocks, grass, and mud. Where naturally-occurring woody material is limiting, beavers may build their dams largely of rocks. The inner bark, twigs, shoots, and leaves of such trees are also an important part of the beaver's diet. The trees are cut down using their strong incisor teeth. Their front paws are used for digging and carrying and placing materials. The sound of running water dictates when and where a beaver builds its dam. Besides providing a safe home for the beaver, beaver ponds also provide habitat for waterfowl, fish, and other aquatic animals. Their dams help reduce soil erosion and can help reduce flooding. However, beaver dams are not permanent and depend on the beavers' continued presence for their maintenance. Beavers generally concentrate on building and repairing dams in the fall in preparation for the coming winter. In northern areas, they often do not repair breaches in the dam made by otters, and sometimes breach the dam themselves and lower the water level in the pond to create more breathing space under the ice or get easier access to trees below the dam. In a 1988 study in Alberta, Canada, no beavers repaired "sites of water loss" during the winter. Of 178 sites of water loss, beavers repaired 78 when water was opened, and did not repair 68. The rest were partially repaired.


title: North American beaver

text: Beavers are best known for their dam-building. They maintain their pond-habitat by reacting quickly to the sound of running water, and damming it up with tree branches and mud. Early ecologists believed that this dam-building was an amazing feat of architectural planning, indicative of the beaver's high intellect. This theory was tested when a recording of running water was played in a field near a beaver pond. Although it was on dry land, the beaver covered the tape player with branches and mud. The largest beaver dam is in length—more than half a mile long—and was discovered via satellite imagery in 2007. It is located on the southern edge of Wood Buffalo National Park in northern Alberta and is more than twice the width of the Hoover Dam which spans .


title: North American beaver

text: Normally, the purpose of the dam is to provide water around their lodges that is deep enough that it does not freeze solid in winter. The dams also flood areas of surrounding forest, giving the beaver safe access to an important food supply, which is the leaves, buds, and inner bark of growing trees. In colder climates where their pond freezes over, beavers also build a food cache from this food resource. To form the cache, beavers collect food in late fall in the form of tree branches, storing them under water (usually by sticking the sharp chewed base of the branches into the mud on the pond bottom), where they can be accessed through the winter. Often, the pile of food branches projects above the pond and collects snow. This insulates the water below it and keeps the pond open at that location. The frozen combination of branches and ice is known as a cap, sealing the food cache. Beavers often maintain an underwater entrance to their dam, and they can access their food cache from their lodge by swimming under the ice. In warmer climes, a winter food store is less common.


title: North American beaver

text: Muskrats have been thought to steal food from beaver lodges, but seemingly cooperative relationships exist, with beavers allowing muskrats to reside in their lodge if they gather fresh reeds.


title: North American beaver

text: Another component to the beaver's habitat is the canal. Canals are used to float logs to a pond, and dams may also be used to maintain the water levels in these canals. Several land trails can extend from the canals. Despite being widespread in some beaver-inhabited areas, beaver canals and their environmental effects are much less studied than beaver dams. Beaver primarily develop canals to increase accessibility of river resources, facilitate transport of acquired resources, and to decrease the risk of predation. Beaver canals can be over 0.5 km in length. Beavers build canals by pushing through soil and vegetation using their forelimbs.


title: North American beaver

text: It has been hypothesized that beavers' canals are not only transportation routes to extend foraging, but also an extension of their "central place" around the lodge and/or food cache. A 2012 study of beavers' mark on the landscape found that cut stumps were negatively related to distance from beaver canals, but not to the central body of water. This finding suggested that beavers may consider the canals to be part of their "central place" as far as foraging activity is concerned.


title: North American beaver

text: Communication is highly developed in beaver, including scent marking, vocalization, and tail slapping. Beaver deposit castoreum on piles of debris and mud called scent mounds, which are usually placed on or near lodges, dams, and trails less than a meter from water. Over 100 of such mounds can be constructed within one territory. Beaver colonies with close neighbors constructed more "scent mounds" than did isolated colonies, and the number of scent mounds at each active lodge is correlated with the distance to the nearest occupied lodge.


title: North American beaver

text: Although seven vocal sounds have been described for beaver, most zoologists recognize only three: a whine, hiss, and growl. Vocalizations and tail slapping may be used to beg for food, signal to family members to warn of predators, or to drive away or elicit a response from predators.


title: North American beaver

text: Beavers usually mate for life, forming familial colonies. Beaver "kits" are born precocious and with a developed coat. The young beaver "kits" typically remain with their parents up to two years. Kits express some adult behaviors, but require a long period in the family to develop their dam construction skills, and other abilities required for independent life.


title: North American beaver

text: Beavers are herbivorous generalists with sophisticated foraging preferences. Beavers consume a mix of herbaceous and woody plants, which varies considerably in both composition and species diversity by region and season. They prefer aspen and other poplars, but also take birch, maple, willow, alder, black cherry, red oak, beech, ash, hornbeam, and occasionally pine and spruce. They also eat cattails, water lilies, and other aquatic vegetation, especially in the early spring. Contrary to widespread belief, they do not eat fish.


title: North American beaver

text: Beavers select food based on taste, coarse physical shape, and odor. Beavers feed on wood, bark, cambium, branches, twigs, roots, buds, leaves, stems, sprouts, and in some cases, the sap and storax of pine and sweetgum.


title: North American beaver

text: When herbaceous plants are actively growing, they make up much of the beaver's diet. In the winter, beavers switch to woody plants and the food they have stored over the winter. The protein to calorie ratio of a beaver's diet is 40 mg/calorie in summer and 8 mg/calorie for the rest of the year. In northern latitudes, the water lilies "Nymphaea" and "Nuphar" are the most important herbaceous component. The rhizomes are stored in the food cache and remain actively growing.


title: North American beaver

text: Willow is an important protein source and is likely to be available for the longest period of time in a beaver's habitat especially in the far north. When available, aspen and poplar are preferred over willow. Conifers are also cut or gnawed by beavers, and used for food and/or building material.


title: North American beaver

text: Beavers do not necessarily use the same trees as construction material and as food. Inedible material is more likely to be used as the cap of a beaver family's food cache, the upper part which is frozen in the ice, while the cache itself is composed of edible, high quality branches, which remain unfrozen and accessible.


title: North American beaver

text: The beaver's gut microbiome is complex and specialized for a wood-heavy diet, sharing a number of similarities with other mammalian herbivores. However the microbial community in the beaver shows less taxonomic diversity than the "typical" mammalian gut. The major OTUs are Bacteroidota and Bacillota.


title: North American beaver

text: Common natural predators include coyotes, wolves, and mountain lions. American black bears may also prey on beavers if the opportunity arises, often by smashing their paws into the beavers' lodges. Perhaps due to differing habitat preferences, grizzly bears were not known to hunt beavers in Denali National Park, Alaska. Less significant predators include wolverines, which may attack a rare beaver of up to adult size, and Canada lynx, bobcats, and foxes (predators of kits or very sick or injured animals, rather than full-grown beavers due to their increasingly smaller size). American alligators, which only minimally co-exist in the wild with beavers, also seldom threaten them. Both golden eagles ("Aquila chrysaetos") and bald eagles ("Haliaeetus leucocephalus") may on occasion prey on a beaver, most likely only small kits. Despite repeated claims, no evidence shows that North American river otters are typically predators of beavers but anecdotally may take a rare beaver kit.


title: North American beaver

text: North American beavers have one litter per year, coming into estrus for only 12 to 24 hours, between late December and May but peaking in January. Unlike most other rodents, beaver pairs are monogamous, staying together for multiple breeding seasons. Gestation averages 128 days and they have a range of three to six kits per litter (usually 4-5). Most beavers do not reproduce until they are three years of age, but about 20% of two-year-old females reproduce.


title: North American beaver

text: Although North American beavers are superficially similar to the European beaver ("Castor fiber"), several important differences exist between the two species. North American beavers tend to be slightly smaller, with smaller, more rounded heads; shorter, wider muzzles; thicker, longer, and darker underfur; wider, more oval-shaped tails; and longer shin bones, allowing them a greater range of bipedal locomotion than the European species. North American beavers have shorter nasal bones than their European relatives, with the widest point being at the middle of the snout for the former, and in the tip for the latter. The nasal opening for the North American species is square, unlike that of the European species, which is triangular. The foramen magnum is triangular in the North American beaver, and rounded in the European. The anal glands of the North American beaver are smaller and thick-walled with a small internal volume compared to that of the European species. Finally, the guard hairs of the North American beaver have a shorter hollow medulla at their tips. Fur color is also different. Overall, 50% of North American beavers have pale brown fur, 25% are reddish brown, 20% are brown, and 6% are blackish, while in European beavers, 66% have pale brown or beige fur, 20% are reddish brown, nearly 8% are brown, and only 4% have blackish coats.


title: North American beaver

text: The two species are not genetically compatible. North American beavers have 40 chromosomes, while European beavers have 48. Also, more than 27 attempts were made in Russia to hybridize the two species, with one breeding between a male North American beaver and a female European resulting in one stillborn kit. These factors make interspecific breeding unlikely in areas where the two species' ranges overlap.


title: North American beaver

text: The beaver was trapped out and almost extirpated in North America because its fur and castoreum were highly sought after. The beaver furs were used to make clothing and beaver hats. In the United States, extensive trapping began in the early 17th century, with more than 10,000 beaver per year taken for the fur trade in Connecticut and Massachusetts between 1620 and 1630. From 1630 to 1640, around 80,000 beavers were taken annually from the Hudson River and western New York. From 1670 onwards, the Hudson's Bay Company sent two or three trading ships into the bay every year to take furs to England from Canada. Archaeological and historical evidence suggests that beaver ponds created "moth-hole like" habitats in the deciduous forest that dominated eastern North America. This nonforest habitat attracted both Native American and early colonial hunters to the abundant fish, waterfowl, and large game attracted to the riparian clearings created by these aquatic mammals. The first colonial farmers were also attracted to the fertile, flat bottomlands created by the accumulated silt and organic matter in beaver ponds.


title: North American beaver

text: As eastern beaver populations were depleted, English, French, and American trappers pushed west. Much of the westward expansion and exploration of North America was driven by the quest for this animal's fur. Before the 1849 California Gold Rush, an earlier, 19th-century California Fur Rush drove the earliest American settlement in that state. During the roughly 30 years (1806–1838) of the era of the mountain man, the West from Missouri to California and from Canada to Mexico was thoroughly explored and the beaver was brought to the brink of extinction.


title: North American beaver

text: With protection in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the current beaver population has rebounded to an estimated 10 to 15 million; this is a fraction of the originally estimated 100 to 200 million North American beavers before the days of the fur trade.


title: North American beaver

text: These animals are considered pests in parts of their range because their dams can cause flooding, or because their habit of felling trees can pose danger to people, as in Charlotte, North Carolina's Park Road Park. Because they are persistent in repairing damage to the dam, they were historically relocated or exterminated. Nonlethal methods of containing beaver-related flooding have been developed. One such flow device has been used by both the Canadian and U.S. governments, called "beaver deceivers" or levelers, invented and pioneered by wildlife biologist Skip Lisle.


title: North American beaver

text: The beaver is a keystone species, increasing biodiversity in its territory through creation of ponds and wetlands. As wetlands are formed and riparian habitats enlarged, aquatic plants colonize newly available watery habitat. Insect, invertebrate, fish, mammal, and bird diversities are also expanded. Effects of beaver recolonization on native and non-native species in streams where they have been historically absent, particularly dryland streams, is not well-researched.


title: North American beaver

text: In the 1940s, beavers were brought to Tierra del Fuego in southern Chile and Argentina for commercial fur production and introduced near Fagnano Lake. Although the fur enterprise failed, 25 mating pairs of beavers were released into the wild. Having no natural predators in their new environment, they quickly spread throughout the main island, and to other islands in the archipelago, reaching a number of 100,000 individuals within just 50 years. Although they have been considered an invasive species, it has been more recently shown that the beaver have some beneficial ecological effects on native fish and should not be considered wholly detrimental. Although the dominant Lenga beech ("Nothofagus pumilio") forest can regenerate from stumps, most of the newly created beaver wetlands are being colonized by the rarer native Antarctic beech ("Nothofagus antarctica"). It is not known whether the shrubbier Antarctic beech will be succeeded by the originally dominant and larger Lengo beech, however, and the beaver wetlands are readily colonized by non-native plant species. In contrast, areas with introduced beaver were associated with increased populations of the native catadromous puye fish ("Galaxias maculatus"). Furthermore, the beavers did not seem to have a highly beneficial impact on the exotic brook trout ("Salvelinus fontinalis") and rainbow trout ("Oncorhynchus mykiss") which have negative impacts on native stream fishes in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, Chile. They have also been found to cross saltwater to islands northward; and reached the Chilean mainland in the 1990s. On balance, because of their landscape-wide modifications to the Fuegian environment and because biologists want to preserve the unique biota of the region, most favor their removal.


title: North American beaver

text: North American beavers were released in Finland in 1937, before it was realized that they formed a separate species; following this, 7 beavers expanded to a population of 12,000 within 64 years. Eurasian beavers had earlier been extirpated from the region, so the release was intended as a reintroduction project. By 1999, it was estimated that 90% of beavers in Finland were the American species. However, the species is not always considered invasive, as in Europe it has a similar keystone effect to European beavers, which have not recolonized the area. The beaver population has been controlled by issuing hunting licenses. A report in 2010 concluded that while the current population of American beavers was not problematic, as the species has larger litters than European beavers and builds somewhat larger dams, it could become a problem if its range continues expanding into Russia, but this does not seem to be taking place.


title: North American beaver

text: In Europe, significant invasive populations of Canadian beaver are only present in Finland and Karelia, as the boundary between species has somewhat stabilized, but smaller occurrences have been detected elsewhere. Ephemeral populations of "C. canadensis" in Germany and Poland were found from the 1950s to 1970s. Zoo escapes in 2006 created a small population of invasive "C. canadensis" in Luxembourg, Rhineland-Palatinate and Belgium. American beavers have not been detected in Sweden, Norway, or Denmark.


title: North American beaver

text: Beaver meat is similar tasting to lean beef, but care must be taken to prevent contamination from the animal's strong castor (musk) gland. It is usually slow-cooked in a broth, and was a valuable food source to Native Americans. Early French Canadian Catholics considered beaver to be "four-legged fish" that could be eaten at Lent.


title: North American beaver

text: As one of the national symbols of Canada, the North American beaver is depicted on the Canadian nickel. This beaver was also featured on the first Canadian postage stamp, the Three Penny Beaver, which is considered the first postage stamp to show an animal instead of a head of state. It is also the state animal of Oregon and New York of the United States, and a common school emblem for engineering schools, including the California Institute of Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the University of Alberta as well as the mascot for Oregon State University, Babson College, and the City College of New York. A beaver is featured prominently on the stamp and seal issued to Professional Engineers and Geoscientists by APEGA. It also appears on the back on the state flag of Oregon. The beaver also appears in the coats of arms of the Hudson's Bay Company, University of Toronto, Wilfrid Laurier University, and the London School of Economics.


title: North American beaver

text: Busy beaver is a term in theoretical computer science which refers to a terminating program of a given size that produces the most output possible.


title: North American beaver

text: Much of the early economy of New Netherland was based on the beaver fur trade. As such, the seal of New Netherland featured the beaver; likewise, the coats of arms of Albany, New York and New York City included the beaver.


title: Zacatecas

text: Zacatecas (), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Zacatecas (), is one of the 31 states of Mexico. It is divided into 58 municipalities and its capital city is Zacatecas.


title: Zacatecas

text: Zacatecas is located in North-Central Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Durango to the northwest, Coahuila to the north, Nayarit to the west, San Luis Potosí and Nuevo León to the east, and Jalisco, Guanajuato and Aguascalientes to the south. The state is best known for its rich deposits of silver and other minerals, its colonial architecture and its importance during the Mexican Revolution. Its main economic activities are mining, agriculture and tourism.


title: Zacatecas

text: Zacatecas is located in the center-north of Mexico, and covers an area of 75,284 km, the tenth-largest state in the country. It borders the states of Nayarit, Jalisco, Aguascalientes, San Luis Potosí, Coahuila and Durango and is divided into 58 municipalities and 4,882 towns, cities and other communities.


title: Zacatecas

text: The state has an average altitude of 2230 meters above sea level, with the capital at 2,496 masl. The state has three main geographical regions, the Sierra Madre Occidental in the west, the Mexican Plateau and the Sierra Madre Oriental. Most of it is in the Sierra Madre Occidental with highly rugged peaks of over 2,500 meters above sea level. The mountains of the southeast and northeast are lower but there are large valleys such as the Juchipila and Tlaltenango. Most of the territory has only small mesas and other areas of flat land. In the center of the state there is a small mountain chain called the Sierra de Fresnillo, from which much of the state's mineral wealth comes. In the extreme northwest there is another important mountain chain called the Sierra de Sombrerete, marked by a mountain called Sombreretillo, which is an important source of mineral wealth. Near this chain is another called the Sierra de Órganos.


title: Zacatecas

text: No major rivers run through the state and most of the waterways run only during the rainy season. The state is part of two water basins. The southeast of the state belongs to the Lerma River basin, which eventually empties in the Pacific Ocean. Rivers belonging to this basin include the San Pedro, Juchipila, Jerez and Tlaltenango. The other basin is smaller and endorheic, and does not empty into any ocean. The state has eighty dams with a total capacity of 595,337 million cubic meters. The largest of these are the Leobardo Reynoso in Fresnillo, Miguel Aleman in Tepechitlan and El Chique in Tabasco. Much of the state's water is underground divided into twenty hydraulic zones. These are accessed by over 5,800 wells, mostly for agricultural use.


title: Zacatecas

text: Most of the territory has a cool, dry climate, although areas in the south have more moisture, with most rain falling between June and September. The driest and coldest areas are in the northeast, known as the Salado because of its saltwater lakes. 75% of the state is arid or semi-arid. 14% is arable and 79% is suitable for the grazing of livestock.


title: Zacatecas

text: The average annual temperature is 16C with most of the state being temperate. The coldest months are from November to January, with frost not uncommon. The warmest month is June. The state gets an average rainfall of 400mm per year mostly in the summer, with the warmest and wettest part of the state is along the Sierra Madre Occidental.


title: Zacatecas

text: Ecosystems vary depending on relief, soil and temperature, leading to a wide variety of vegetation, including forests, scrub and grasslands. Arid areas are dominated by various species of cactus. In the far south there are deciduous trees that lose their leaves in winter and spring. Statewide the most common trees are mesquite, ironwood and palo verde (Parkinsonia). In the highest altitude, near the Jalisco border, there are mixed forests of pine and holm oak, with the latter dominating along the border with Durango and some along the border with San Luis Potosí. One interesting tree that occurs in Zacatecas is the elephant tree ("Bursera microphylla").


title: Zacatecas

text: In the sierras there are many wild boar, white-tailed deer and hares; in the valleys and plains it is common to find coyote, badgers, quails and ducks. The extreme northern part of the state is the southern fringe of the Chihuahuan Desert and as such is rich and diverse in biology. This desert is home to a large amount of cacti and is one of the most ecologically diverse deserts on earth.


title: Zacatecas

text: The state name derives from the name of its capital, Zacatecas. This word is derived from Nahuatl and means "where there is abundant zacate (grass)". The state seal depicts the Cerro de la Bufa, a landmark of the capital, surrounded by the weapons of the original inhabitants. Above is the motto "Work conquers all."


title: Zacatecas

text: Before the arrival of the Spanish, dominant ethnic groups included the Caxcans, Zacatecos, and Guachichils, with a probable rivalry between the Guachichils and the Caxcans. The history of these peoples is unclear and it is not known when the first settlements were founded in the region. Between the fourth and tenth centuries in the Christian era, several large settlements developed such as Altavista, Chalchihuites and La Quemada, considered to be part of Greater Mesoamerica. Areas in the north of the state, without major settlements, were part of what is called Aridoamerica, where inhabitants lived off hunting and gathering. The first of the major population centers emerged along the Suchil, Graceros and Guadiana Rivers. The archaeological sites of today are all ceremonial centers and/or observatories in the center of metropolises.


title: Zacatecas

text: The first Spanish settlement in the state's current borders was in what is now Nochistlan in 1531, the original Guadalajara. This settlement was later moved to its current location in Jalisco because of water supply problems and indigenous attacks. The capital was founded by Juan de Tolosa with the support of Cristobal de Oñate and Pedro Almendez Chirinos in 1546, after the discovery of one of the world's richest silver veins.


title: Zacatecas

text: However, shortly afterwards most Spanish attention turned back south because of indigenous uprisings. The area remained dangerous for Spanish settlement because of the fierce opposition of the native peoples. In 1541, an indigenous leader named Tenamextle, also known as Francisco Tenamaztle and Diego the Aztec, rebelled, capturing and executing Spanish leader Miguel de Ibarra. The Spanish defeated the Caxcans during the Mixtón War in the 1540s. Tenamextle escaped the battle and continued to organize rebellions against the Spanish. However, the Spanish continued to push into Zacatecas because of its silver wealth, making it a province of New Galicia. Although able to establish mining towns, convoys transporting the metal were regularly attacked.


title: Zacatecas

text: Much of the state's colonial history to the present has been related to its mineral production, especially of silver. The first boom was from the Conquest to the mid 17th century. The riches drew settlers from the south, and in 1586, Phillip II gave the city the name of Noble and Loyal City of Nuestra Señora de los Zacatecas. In 1588, he authorized its coat of arms. Most of the state was evangelized by the Franciscans, who founded a hospice in the city in 1558 and by 1567 had built a large monastery. They officially took possession of its religious functions in 1603. Later other orders arrived, founding monasteries; but they did not evangelize the indigenous.


title: Zacatecas

text: The next boom was in the early 18th century, with the state producing one-fifth of the world's silver. These riches supported the establishment of new settlements along with the building of elegant churches and mansions as the area became one of the most important of New Spain.


title: Zacatecas

text: During the Mexican War of Independence, Miguel Hidalgo's troops marched through Zacatecas twice, once when they were attacking royalist troops and later when fleeing them. The war ended in 1821 and Zacatecas formally became a state in 1824, with the city of Zacatecas as its capital. Zacatecas continued to grow.


title: Zacatecas

text: The state's history during the rest of the 19th century was tumultuous, as it was in the rest of the country. From Independence until the 1860s, Liberal and Conservative elements occupied the capital at one time or another, until Liberal leader Jesús González Ortega seized control of the state permanently in 1859. This leader's decrees against Conservative sympathizers drove many Catholic priests out of the state. In 1861, French troops occupied Zacatecas but only for two years before being driven out. For the rest of the century, the state was mostly controlled by local strongmen, such as González Ortega, Trinidad García de la Cadena and Genero Codina. The fighting depressed silver production until near the end of the century, but it recovered enough to account for sixty percent of the state's export revenue.


title: Zacatecas

text: At the end of the century, technological innovations such as the telegraph, telephone, electricity and rail lines connected the state with the rest of Mexico. Trains provided direct links to Ciudad Juárez, Aguascalientes and Chihuahua, which led to emigration out of the state, primarily to the United States in the 20th century.


title: Zacatecas

text: Zacatecas was again a battleground with the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution in the early 20th century. One of the largest and most decisive battles of this conflict took place outside the capital and is called the Toma de Zacatecas (Taking of Zacatecas). This battle pitted the troops of Francisco Villa against those of Victoriano Huerta, resulting in the deaths of 7,000 soldiers and the wounding of 5,000. Civilian casualties were not recorded. The battle led to the naming of the city as a "Ciudad Heroica" (Heroic City).


title: Zacatecas

text: As of 2020, the state had a population of 1,622,138. Forty-one percent of the population lives in rural areas, with a population density of 18.13 per square kilometer. Fifty-nine percent of the population lives in urban areas such as Fresnillo (pop. 213,139), Guadalupe (159,991), Zacatecas (138,176), Pinos, and Sombrerete. 94% of the population is Roman Catholic. In the year 2008, Zacatecas had the smallest indigenous population percentage-wise in Mexico: 0.3%. Only the state of Aguascalientes has a smaller number of indigenous people. Only four in 1,000 speak an indigenous language, compared to the national average of 60/1000. Indigenous languages spoken in the state include Huichol (1000 speakers), Nahuatl (500), Tepehuan (just under 500) and Tlapanec (about 400).


title: Zacatecas

text: The population of Zacatecas has more than tripled in a century; in 1900 its population was 462,190. Since 1990, the state's population has grown by at least 1.3% per year. Average life expectancy is slightly above the national average at 74.1 years for men and 78.5 for women. Principal causes of death are heart problems, malignant tumors and diabetes.


title: Zacatecas

text: The average number of years of schooling is 7.9 (second year of middle school), below the national average of 8.6. 5.9% have had no schooling at all and 66.8% have finished primary school. Only 12.3% have finished university level studies. 6% are illiterate.


title: Zacatecas

text: Of those who leave the state permanently, most go to Aguascalientes, Jalisco and other northern states. Those who come to live in the state arrive from Jalisco, Aguascalientes and nearby northern states. It is estimated that half of the people from Zacatecas do not reside in the state. Mexico's National Population Council estimates that 600,000 natives of Zacatecas now live in the United States, a figure that is equivalent to 40 percent of the state's resident population of 1.5 million.


title: Zacatecas

text: As in the past, the state's dominant sector is mining, accounting for 13% of the state's GDP and .9% of the entire country's. The state is rich in mineral wealth include lead, zinc and copper with small quantities of gold and silver, along with non-metal mineral deposits such as kaolinite, wollastonite, fluorite and barite. The state has fifteen mining districts of which the most important are Fresnillo, Zacatecas, Concepción del Oro, Sombrerete and Chalchihuites, along with Nora de Angeles more recently. Zacatecas accounts for 21% of the country's gold production and 53.2% of its silver. Two of the largest silver mines in the world currently are operated in Zacatecas: former Peñoles subsidiary Fresnillo's Mina Proaño (also known as the Fresnillo Silver Mine), and the Peñasquito Polymetallic Mine. Zacatecas silver mostly accounts for Mexico's status as the world's largest producer of silver, accounting for 17% of the world's output.


title: Zacatecas

text: Zacatecas's economy used to be almost completely centered on mining but has since diversified into cattle raising, agriculture, communications, food processing, tourism and transportation. Zacatecas is Mexico's main producer of beans, chili peppers, guavas and nopal, along with significant grain, sugar cane, grape and peach crops. It is also a major producer of rum, pulque and mezcal and even produces red wine. These activities account for just over ten percent of the state's GDP.


title: Zacatecas

text: Manufacturing accounts for over twelve percent of the state's GDP and has attracted most of the state's foreign investment. Traditional handcrafts include weaving in Villa Garcia, saddles and jewelry in Jerez as well as furniture, leatherworking, miniatures, macramé, ironwork and pottery in various locations.


title: Zacatecas

text: Tourism includes the capital along with the designation of "Pueblos Mágicos" such as Jerez, Teul de Gonzalez Ortega and Sombrerete, along with the shrine of the Santo Niño de Atocha, which is visited by thousands every year. It also includes archeological sites such as Alta Vista and La Quemada along with thermal springs such as Paraíso Caxcan.


title: Zacatecas

text: Newspapers of Zacatecas include: "El Sol de Zacatecas", "La Jornada Zacatecas", and "Zacatecas en Imagen."


title: Zacatecas

text: Most of the state's festivities are in honor of local patron saints and many of the secular festivals have links to religious ones. Such festivals often focus on recitals of traditional dances such as the Mexicapan. Many of these are derived from waltzes and polkas because of the state's mining history. The Mexican Revolution took a toll on the state's local musical traditions, but one that has survived is the Tamborazo, especially in Jerez.


title: Zacatecas

text: In the state capital, September 8 is dedicated to the Virgen del Patrocinio on the Cerro de la Bufa, with various cultural and artistic events such as bullfighting, concerts, horse racing and culinary demonstrations. The last week of August is dedicated to the Morismas de Bracho, a theatrical production of the struggle between Moors and Christians.


title: Zacatecas

text: It hosts the International Folklore Festival in August, featuring dance and costumes from around the world. It is held during Holy Week, and features music, food, street performances, dancing and parties.


title: Zacatecas

text: Other major festivals include the Festival Cultural Zacatecas, the Feria Nacional de Zacatecas and the Internacional Festival de Teatro de Calle, Feria de Primavera de Jerez, the Feria del Libro, and the Cabalgata Turistica Revolucionaria.


title: Zacatecas

text: Traditional favorite foods include gorditas and panecillos, both made from corn and can be sweet or savory, depending on the filling. Wheat breads include panochas and semitas. Condoches are gorditas made with fresh corn cooked in corn husks. Gorditas de cuajada are representative of food on ranches. Meat is most typically prepared as part of a stew to which vegetables such as corn, chickpeas, squash, rice and more are added. One well-known meat preparation is asado de boda, which is pork in a sauce made with mild red chili peppers. Traditional beverages include pulque, aguamiel, aguardiente and mezcal as well as a purely local beverage called colonche, made by fermenting a cactus fruit.


title: Zacatecas

text: Altavista is located 229 km northwest of the city of Zacatecas. It was a ceremonial center, part of the Chalchihuite culture, active between 200 and 1000 CE. It is named after a local ranch, and was explored for the first time at the beginning of the 20th century by Manuel Gamio. Its main building is called the Labyrinth.


title: Zacatecas

text: La Quemada is located fifty km south of the city of Zacatecas, the state's largest pre Hispanic settlement. It developed between 500 and 900 CE and covered an area of over 70,000m2 at its height. Its name, which means "the burnt" comes from evidence that the city was burned and abandoned. Who occupied the city is not known, with speculation relating to Teotihuacan, the Purépecha and the Toltecs.


title: Zacatecas

text: El Teúl is on a large hill overlooking the modern town of Teúl de González Ortega (municipality). The name comes from Nahuatl and means "of the gods." It was a ceremonial center, with residences located north of it. The site is noted for its pit burials as well as the oldest copper smelting facility in Mesoamerica . It was inhabited from 200 CE to 1531, when the Spanish destroyed it. It is one of several religious and population centers created by the Caxcans, who were semi nomadic, along with others in Tlaltenango, Juchipila and Teocaltiche.


title: Little Lord Fauntleroy

text: Little Lord Fauntleroy is a novel by Frances Hodgson Burnett. It was published as a serial in "St. Nicholas Magazine" from November 1885 to October 1886, then as a book by Scribner's (the publisher of "St. Nicholas") in 1886. The illustrations by Reginald B. Birch set fashion trends and the novel set a precedent in copyright law when Burnett won a lawsuit in 1888 against E. V. Seebohm over the rights to theatrical adaptations of the work.


title: Little Lord Fauntleroy

text: The titular surname "Fauntleroy" is an Anglo-French term ultimately derived from "Le enfant le roy" ("child of the king"), evoking the image of being pampered and spoiled. More proximally, it is from a Middle English variant "faunt" from "enfaunt", meaning child or infant. It is attested as a real surname since the 13th Century.


title: Little Lord Fauntleroy

text: In a shabby New York City side street in the mid-1880s, young Cedric Errol lives with his mother (known to him as "Dearest") in genteel poverty after the death of his father, Captain Cedric Errol. One day, they are visited by an English lawyer named Havisham with a message from young Cedric's grandfather, the Earl of Dorincourt, a millionaire who despises the United States and was very disappointed when his youngest son married an American woman. With the deaths of his father's elder brothers, Cedric has now inherited the title Lord Fauntleroy and is the heir to the earldom and a vast estate. Cedric's grandfather wants him to live in England and be educated as an English aristocrat. He offers his son's widow a house and guaranteed income, but he refuses to have anything to do with her, even after she declines his money.


title: Little Lord Fauntleroy

text: However, the Earl is impressed by the appearance and intelligence of his American grandson and is charmed by his innocent nature. Cedric believes his grandfather to be an honorable man and benefactor, and the Earl cannot disappoint him. The Earl therefore becomes a benefactor to his tenants, to their delight, though he takes care to let them know that their benefactor is the child, Lord Fauntleroy.


title: Little Lord Fauntleroy

text: Meanwhile, back in New York, a homeless bootblack named Dick Tipton tells Cedric's old friend Mr. Hobbs, a New York City grocer, that a few years prior, after the death of his parents, Dick's older brother Benjamin married an awful woman who got rid of their only child together after he was born and then left. Benjamin moved to California to open a cattle ranch while Dick ended up in the streets. At the same time, a neglected pretender to Cedric's inheritance appears in England, the pretender's mother claiming that he is the offspring of the Earl's eldest son, Bevis. The claim is investigated by Dick and Benjamin, who come to England and recognize the woman as Benjamin's former wife. She flees, and the Tipton brothers and the pretender, Benjamin's son, do not see her again. Afterward, Benjamin goes back to his cattle ranch in California where he happily raises his son by himself. The Earl is reconciled to his American daughter-in-law, realizing that she is far superior to the impostor.


title: Little Lord Fauntleroy

text: The Earl planned to teach his grandson how to be an aristocrat. Instead, Cedric teaches his grandfather that an aristocrat should practice compassion towards those dependent on him. The Earl becomes the man Cedric always innocently believed him to be. Cedric is happily reunited with his mother and with Mr. Hobbs, who decides to stay to help look after Cedric.


title: Little Lord Fauntleroy

text: The Fauntleroy suit (see also Buster Brown suit), so well described by Burnett and realised in Reginald Birch's detailed pen-and-ink drawings, created a fad for formal dress for American middle-class children:


title: Little Lord Fauntleroy

text: The Fauntleroy suit appeared in Europe as well but nowhere was it as popular as in America. The classic Fauntleroy suit was a velvet cut-away jacket and matching knee pants, worn with a fancy blouse and a large lace or ruffled collar. These suits appeared right after the publication of Burnett's story (1885) and were a major fashion for boys until after the turn of the 20th century. Many boys who did not wear an actual Fauntleroy suit wore suits with Fauntleroy elements, such as a fancy blouse or floppy bow. Only a minority of boys wore ringlet curls with these suits, but the photographic record confirms that many boys did.


title: Little Lord Fauntleroy

text: It was most popular for boys about 3–8 years of age, but some older boys wore them as well. It has been speculated that the popularity of the style encouraged many mothers to breech their boys earlier than before, and it was a factor in the decline of the fashion for dressing small boys in dresses and other skirted garments. Clothing that Burnett popularised was modelled on the costumes which she tailored herself for her two sons, Vivian and Lionel.


title: Little Lord Fauntleroy

text: Polly Hovarth writes that "Little Lord Fauntleroy" "was the "Harry Potter" of his time and Frances Hodgson Burnett was as celebrated for creating him as J. K. Rowling is for Potter". During the serialisation in "St. Nicholas" magazine, readers looked forward to new installments. The fashions in the book became popular with velvet Lord Fauntleroy suits being sold, as well as other Fauntleroy merchandise such as velvet collars, playing cards, and chocolates. During a period when sentimental fiction was the norm, and in the United States the "rags to riches" story popular, "Little Lord Fauntleroy" was a hit.


title: Little Lord Fauntleroy

text: Edith Nesbit included in her own children's book "The Enchanted Castle" (1907) a rather unflattering reference:


title: Little Lord Fauntleroy

text: Gerald could always make himself look interesting at a moment's notice (...) by opening his grey eyes rather wide, allowing the corners of his mouth to droop, and assuming a gentle, pleading expression, resembling that of the late little Lord Fauntleroy who must, by the way, be quite old now, and an awful prig.


title: Little Lord Fauntleroy

text: In 1888, after discovering her novel had been plagiarized for the stage, Burnett successfully sued and then wrote her own theatrical adaptation of "Little Lord Fauntleroy". It opened on 14 May, at Terry's Theatre in London, and was presented in the English provinces, France, Boston and New York City.


title: Little Lord Fauntleroy

text: The Broadway production of Burnett's play opened on 10 December 1888, at the Broadway Theatre, New York City. The original cast follows:


title: Little Lord Fauntleroy

text: Touring versions of the play were common in the late 19th and early 20th century. A 1906 version cast 11 year old Buster Keaton in the role of Lord Fauntleroy.


title: Little Lord Fauntleroy

text: In 1994, an Australian open-air/site specific theatre production of "Little Lord Fauntleroy", adapted by Julia Britton and directed by Robert Chuter, was presented in the historical gardens of the National Trust of Australia (Victoria) property Rippon Lea.


title: WCW World Heavyweight Championship

text: The WCW World Heavyweight Championship was a professional wrestling world heavyweight championship originally used in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and later, the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE). It was the original world title of the World Championship Wrestling promotion, spun off from the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. It existed in WCW from 1991 to 2001.


title: WCW World Heavyweight Championship

text: Following the acquisition of WCW by the WWF in March 2001, it became one of two world titles in the WWF, with its name being immediately abbreviated to the WCW Championship and finally, the World Championship in November. It continued to complement the then-WWF Championship until the following month, when both titles were unified to create the Undisputed WWF Championship. The Undisputed title retained the lineage of the WWF Championship, and the World Championship was retired.


title: WCW World Heavyweight Championship

text: Ric Flair was the first holder of the WCW World Heavyweight Championship, with Chris Jericho being the last. The title was the second of five to be represented by the historic Big Gold Belt, first introduced in 1986.


title: WCW World Heavyweight Championship

text: In November 1988, Turner Broadcasting purchased Jim Crockett Promotions, which had promoted under the name "NWA World Championship Wrestling". While the promotion remained a member of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), the use of the NWA name was gradually reduced on televised programming, in favor of the name "World Championship Wrestling", or "WCW". On January 11, 1991, Ric Flair defeated Sting to win the NWA World Heavyweight Championship and was recognized as the WCW World Heavyweight Champion. The new championship was not initially represented by its own title belt, and WCW continued to use the NWA World Heavyweight Championship title belt. Because of this, WCW regularly claimed the NWA World Heavyweight Championship lineage for its own championship.


title: WCW World Heavyweight Championship

text: On July 1, 1991, a creative disagreement with WCW Executive Vice President Jim Herd led to Flair leaving WCW for Vince McMahon's World Wrestling Federation. When Herd refused to return Flair's $25,000 deposit (that was left with the NWA), Flair kept the "Big Gold Belt" that had represented the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. A new belt was ordered, but was not ready in time for The Great American Bash on July 14. WCW was forced to use a belt owned by Dusty Rhodes from the defunct Championship Wrestling from Florida with a gold-colored plate tacked on with the words "WCW World Heavyweight Champion", which was awarded to Lex Luger after he defeated Barry Windham in a cage match for the vacant championship. The new belt appeared shortly after the event.


title: WCW World Heavyweight Championship

text: In 1992, the Big Gold Belt was used for the revived NWA World Heavyweight Championship, a co-promotional gimmick between WCW and New Japan Pro-Wrestling. Masahiro Chono won the G1 Climax in 1992 defeating Rick Rude in the finals while also having a broken neck in the process. Then in 1993 On January 4, The Great Muta won the NWA World Heavyweight title defeating Masahiro Chono, but eventually dropped it to Barry Windham at SuperBrawl III. Then at the "WCW Disney tapings", it was revealed that WCW had been changing titles around without the NWA agreeing on it, making it a breach of contract. In September 1993, WCW left the NWA for good over a dispute regarding the other NWA members demanding that NWA world champion be available for booking, and due to the use of the NWA World Heavyweight Championship on syndicated programming recorded months in advance. By fall 1993, Rick Rude was appearing at the "Disney tapings" as the NWA World Heavyweight Champion, despite the fact that in regards to the storyline, Flair, who had returned to WCW and regained the NWA title, was still champion. After leaving the NWA, WCW kept the Big Gold Belt, and it was renamed the WCW International World Heavyweight Championship.


title: WCW World Heavyweight Championship

text: At Starrcade in December 1993, Flair won the WCW World Heavyweight Championship, by defeating Vader. WCW decided to unify the WCW World Heavyweight Championship (represented by the new belt) and International Championship (represented by the "Big Gold Belt"), by having Flair wrestle Sting in June 1994. Flair won and unified the WCW World Heavyweight Championship with the WCW International World Heavyweight Championship. The unified championship retained the lineage of the WCW World Heavyweight Championship, while the International Championship was retired. The belt design used from mid-1991 to mid-1994 to represent the WCW World Heavyweight Championship was dropped in favor of keeping the "Big Gold Belt", which had originally represented the title when it was established in January 1991.


title: WCW World Heavyweight Championship

text: During Hollywood Hogan's runs as champion in 1996–1997 and again in 1998–1999 (ie from his second to his fifth reign as champion), as part of the New World Order (nWo) storyline, the title was spray painted each time with the "nWo" initials in black and often announced during Hogan's title defenses as the nWo/WCW World Heavyweight Championship, while referred to by nWo members only as the nWo World Heavyweight Championship. Similarly, red paint was used for the nWo Wolfpack.


title: WCW World Heavyweight Championship

text: In March 2001, the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) purchased the assets of World Championship Wrestling. Soon after, "The Invasion" took place and four of WCW's championships were defended on WWF programming including the WCW World Heavyweight Championship, which became known as the "WCW Championship". The WWF carried over the title, along with the United States Heavyweight Championship, Cruiserweight Championship, and the WCW Tag Team Championship.


title: WCW World Heavyweight Championship

text: After the "Invasion" concluded at Survivor Series in 2001, the title was rebranded as the "World Championship". The title was then unified with the WWF Championship at Vengeance, where Chris Jericho defeated The Rock and Stone Cold Steve Austin to win the World Championship and the WWF Championship respectively to become Undisputed WWF Championship. As a result, Jericho was the last WCW/World Champion, and he became the first Undisputed WWF Champion. The Big Gold belt itself would be used in tandem with the WWF Championship belt to represent the WWF Championship until a single belt was presented to then champion Triple H by Ric Flair in April 2002.


title: WCW World Heavyweight Championship

text: In WCW, Flair was recognized as an eight-time champion but WWE only recognizes 6, counting his first reign as one of his 8 NWA title reigns and ignoring a title vacancy that occurred in 1994 and instead viewing that as one continuous reign.


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: The Hyderabad Metro is a rapid transit system, serving the city of Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It is the second longest operational metro network in India after the Delhi Metro (285 stations) with 57 stations and the lines are arranged in a secant model. It is funded by a public–private partnership (PPP), with the state government holding a minority equity stake. A special purpose vehicle company, L&T Metro Rail Hyderabad Ltd (L&TMRHL), was established by the construction company L&T to develop the Hyderabad metro rail project. Hyderabad Metro is the world's largest elevated Metro Rail system based on DBFOT basis (Design, Built, Finance, Operate and Transfer).


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: A stretch from Miyapur to Nagole, with 24 stations, was inaugurated on 28 November 2017 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. This was the longest rapid transit metro line opened in one go in India. It is estimated to cost . As of February 2020, about 490,000 people use the Metro per day. Trains are crowded during the morning and evening rush hours. A ladies only coach was introduced on all the trains from 7 May 2018. Post-COVID, 450,000 average daily passengers were travelling on Hyderabad Metro by December 2022.


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: Metro Rail Project was approved by Union government, in 2003. As Hyderabad continued to grow, the Multi-Modal Transport System (MMTS) had insufficient capacity for public transport, and the Union Ministry of Urban Development approved construction of the Hyderabad Metro Rail Project, directing the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation to conduct a survey of the proposed lines and to submit a Detailed Project Report (DPR). To meet rising public transport needs and mitigate growing road traffic in the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad, the state government and the South Central Railway jointly launched the MMTS in August 2003. The initial plan was for the Metro to connect with the existing MMTS to provide commuters with alternate modes of transport. Simultaneously, the proposals for taking up the construction of MMTS Phase II were also taken forward.


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: In 2007, N. V. S. Reddy was appointed Managing Director of Hyderabad Metro Rail Limited, and the same year, Central Government approved financial assistance of 1639 crore under a Viability Gap Funding (VGF) scheme. The option of an underground metro system in Hyderabad was ruled out by L&T due to the presence of hard rocks, boulders and the topography of the soil in Hyderabad. Hyderabad Metro initially began under the Andhra Pradesh Municipal Tramways (Construction, Operation and Maintenance) Act, 2008 and later on, it came under the Central Metro Act which permitted revision of fares. On 26 March 2018, the Government of Telangana announced that it would set up an SPV "Hyderabad Airport Metro Limited (HAML)", jointly promoted by HMRL and HMDA, to extend the Blue line from Raidurg to Rajiv Gandhi International Airport, Shamshabad, under Phase II after the completion of Phase I in 2020.


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: The bidding process was completed by July 2008 and awarded to Maytas, which failed to achieve financial closure for the project as per schedule by March 2009.


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: The State government cancelled the contract and called for a fresh rebidding for the project. In the July 2010 rebidding process, Larsen & Toubro (L&T) emerged as the lowest bidder for the project. L&T came forward to take up the work for about as viability gap funding as against the sanctioned . The Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy government proactively pursued the project, but it was delayed due to separate state agitation and later due to the apprehensions of the new government.


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: The mascot of Hyderabad Metro Rail is "Niz". It was derived from the word Nizam, who ruled the princely state of Hyderabad.


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: Currently, the Hyderabad Metro has 56 stations. Phase I of the Hyderabad metro has 64 stations; they have escalators and elevators to reach the stations, announcement boards and electronic display systems. The stations also have service roads underneath them to for other public transportation systems to drop-off and pick-up passengers. The signboards of Hyderabad Metro are displayed in Telugu, English, Hindi and Urdu at metro stations.


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: In May 2018, L&T Metro Rail signed a contract with Powergrid Corporation of India to install electric vehicle charging facilities at all metro stations beginning with Miyapur and Dr. B R Ambedkar Balanagar stations. L&THMRL has set up free wifi access units for commuters at Miyapur, Ameerpet and Nagole metro stations, in association with ACT Fibernet, as part of a pilot project. Metro Rail Phase II expansion plan is for about 85 km. In April 2019, K. T. Rama Rao said that of metro rail was planned for Hyderabad, with metro along entire Outer Ring Road. All metro corridors are scheduled to terminate at Shamshabad, near Rajiv Gandhi International Airport, as planned in Hyderabad Metro Rail Phase-II. In August 2019, KT Rama Rao said that state cabinet has approved the Hyderabad Metro Airport Express Link from Raidurg to the airport.


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: Phase I of the project includes 3 lines covering a distance of around . The metro rail line between Nagole and Secunderabad was originally scheduled open by December 2015; it was partly opened on 29 November 2017 and the entire 67 km phase 1 completed in 2020 . Earlier in 2010, All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen suggested an alternate route for metro in the old city through Purana pul, Muslimjung, Bahadurpura, Zoo Park, Tadbun junction, Kalapathar, Misrigunj and Shamsheergunj to Falaknuma. However, this route was not accepted. The eastern parts of the old city have access to the metro via the Malakpet metro station. A -long green line in the old city will pass through Dar-ul-Shifa, Salar Jung Museum, Charminar, Shah-Ali-Banda , Shamsheer Gunj , Jungametta and ends at Falaknuma. In June 2022, Hyderabad Metro Rail started a fresh survey of the Old City route from MGBS for underground utilities. The survey is through the Lidar, Global Positioning System and Inertial measurement unit and the plan is to build the elevated line alongside Musi river and centre of the road.


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: Note: Stage 4/2 MGBS–Falaknuma section (5.36 km) is also part of the initial phase I, but has been rumored that the state government might take up this section instead of L&T, but will be completed along with the phase I work. The Stage 3/2 HITEC City–Raidurg section (1.3 km) of Corridor III was not initial part of phase I, it was later on added by the newly elected state government. This section is opened on 29 November 2019.


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: The Government is planning second phase of metro rail extending further. The construction of Phase II will be taken up solely by the state government, instead of public–private partnership (PPP) mode in Phase I. Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) was entrusted to give a detailed project report (DPR) for Phase II. Metro Rail Phase II expansion plan is for about 63 km, which includes providing link to Shamshabad RGI Airport. In February 2020, Hyderabad Metro MD NVS Reddy said that three corridors are considered for phase 2. The DPR has been submitted to state government.


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: In November 2022, Telangana government asked the Central Government to sanction the metro rail Phase-II, to be jointly owned by Telangana and the Centre (on the lines of MMTS) with external financial assistance. Telangana government proposed metro rail connectivity for about 26 km from BHEL to Lakdikapul with 23 stations and extension of other stretch from Nagole to LB Nagar covering a distance of about 5 kms with 4 stations. BHEL-Lakdikapul metro rail corridor is expected to pass through Miyapur, Raidurg, Khajaguda Junction, Mehdipatnam, Tolichowki and Masab tank areas. Telanagana Government has asked Central Government to sanction for metro works in the upcoming union budget for 2023-24. For implementing the project, detailed project reports (DPRs) have already been prepared by the state government with the help of Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC). The reports have been sent to the Centre. Also the Hyderabad airport metro limited and HMDA will build an elevated Hyderabad Bus Rapid Transit System between Kokapet neopolis and KPHB Colony metro station covering 20kms


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: On 26 March 2018, a special purpose vehicle company, Hyderabad Airport Metro Limited (HAML), was established by Government of Telangana to develop the Hyderabad Airport Metro Express. HMRL Managing Director N.V.S. Reddy (Venkatsatyanarayan Reddy Nallamilli) is also Managing Director of HAML, which is jointly promoted by HMRL and HMDA. In August 2019, TRS Working President, Minister for Municipal Administration & Urban Development, Industries and IT&C K. T. Rama Rao said that the work on Hyderabad Metro Airport Express from Raheja Mindspace to Shamshabad RGI Airport will start soon. The alignment to Shamshabad RGI Airport from the Raidurg metro station will be through new Khajaguda Link Road (Beside CARE Hospitals).


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: The 31-km Airport Express Metro Corridor is proposed to have 27-km elevated, 1 km on ground and a 2.5-km underground section to connect to the airport terminal. The airport route will have 9 elevated stations and one underground station. From Raidurg Metro terminal station, it will pass through Khajaguda Junction, touching Outer Ring Road at Nanakramguda junction, traverse along ORR to Shamshabad Airport through the existing dedicated Metro Rail Right-of-Way. Chief Minister of Telangana K. Chandrashekar Rao laid the foundation stone for Hyderabad Metro Airport Express on 9 December 2022. It will be built at an approximate cost of .


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: Since the first version of the plans, the three corridors mostly remained the same, but minor changes were introduced. These include the lack of stop at Lalaguda, or a stop at Lakdikapul instead of Secretariat. Also, the lines have been marked with several different combination of color. Ameerpet- LB Nagar metro stretch opened on 24 September 2018. HiTec City to Raidurg, 1.5-kilometre stretch on Corridor Three - Nagole to Raidurg, is opened on 29 November 2019, as it involves construction of 49 pillars and the Raidurg terminal station.


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: The Hyderabad metro is a Public–private partnership project, the total cost of this transport systems is 3.07 billion which is shared by both Larsen & Toubro (90%)


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: Government of Telangana (10%). In July 2022, L&T Metro Rail Hyderabad Limited came up with a unique concept of ‘Office Bubbles’ wherein it will offer remote, co-working spaces as part of its Transit-oriented development (ToD). The L&T Hyderabad Metro organisation is offering 1,750 sq. ft. space with two units each in 49 Metro stations across the three corridors and another 5,000-30,000 sq. ft. in eight other Metro stations. Focusing on IT companies, Office Bubbles concept offers Spoke–hub distribution paradigm.


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: In Hyderabad Metro, 40 per cent of the retail space was sold even before the metro stations were built to generate non-fare revenue. L&TMRHL built real- estate projects like Next Galleria malls in Panjagutta, Irrum Manzil, Hitech City and Musarambagh with skywalks, for generating non-fare revenues under Transit-oriented development (TOD). In 2019, Hyderabad Metro started a semi-naming policy of metro stations, awarded through an open e-tendering process, to generate non-fare revenues.


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: Hyderabad Metro currently has 2 operational depots. Miyapur and Uppal depot land is 100 acres each. The proposed Falaknuma depot will be constructed in 17 acres.


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: The Metro has opened to overwhelming response, with over 200,000 people using it on Day 1. On the first Sunday of operations, the Metro was used by 240,000 people. As of 2020, the daily ridership is about 490,000. Although there was hiccups in the beginning of operations in 2017 with meager ridership of 100,000 per day, opening the new lines to LB Nagar and Hi-Tech city in 2018–19, ridership has surged and reached milestones from 2 to 4 lakhs in very short duration.


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: Trains are initially being operated at a frequency of 3 minutes in very peak hours and every 5 minutes in peak hours (between Miyapur-LB Nagar) and 4 minutes in peak hours (between Hi-Tec City/ Ameerpet-Nagole), though maximum achievable frequency is every 90 seconds. Similarly, three-car trains are being used currently, though it is planned to use six-car trains in the future.


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: In December 2017, Hyderabad Metro Rail launched its mobile app, TSavaari. Hyderabad Metro timings are available on T-Savari app. Ola Cabs and Uber tied up its services with app.


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: In May 2022, Hyderabad Metro Managing Director N.V.S. Reddy ruled out possibility of attaching one single or double coach to three-coach train sets. Each three-coach train can take between 900-1,000 passengers per trip and the project has been envisaged in such a manner that another three-coach set rake can be attached to make them into six-coach trains with the stations/depots too already planned for the increased length of the trains. L&T Metro Rail has been using 53 train sets of three coaches each with four three-coach sets under repair or maintenance undertaken using special software based on Internet of Things. Hyderabad Metro Rail crossed 100 million cumulative ridership milestone in just 671 days.


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: In order to enhance first and last mile connectivity of Hyderabad Metro Rail, Svida Mobility Pvt Ltd, an urban mobility services startup signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the L&T Metro Rail Hyderabad Limited (L&TMRHL) with plans to scale up their feeder vehicle services. Svida offers services via a robust AI-enabled tech platform, which provides the booking of feeder vehicles. Svida Mobility Pvt Ltd is L&TMRHL authorised feeder service provider since 2019. The first and last mile connectivity routes, across seven metro stations - Raidurg, Parade ground, Mettuguda, LB Nagar, Uppal, KPHB and Miyapur- use e-Autos and Tata wingers. On 21 April 2022, Hyderabad metro launched its electric auto services in collaboration with AI-enabled ride-hailing mobility platform MetroRide. The services were launched at two metro stations - Parade Grounds and Raidurg Stations.


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: The initial official estimated cost of the 72 km long Metro project stood at . The State Government decided to bear 10% of it, while L&T was to bear the remaining 90% of the cost. The construction work which was supposed to commence on 3 March 2011 commenced in 2012. In March 2012, the cost of the project was revised upwards to . This has been further revised upwards to (as of November 2017).


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: The 71.3 km standard-gauge network will feature ballastless track throughout and will be electrified at 25 kV AC 50 Hz. An operations control centre and depot are constructed at Uppal. At some places, a flyover, underpass and metro has been constructed at the same place, as part of Strategic road development plan (SRDP).


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: At the end of 2012, L&T Metro Rail awarded Thales a 7.4 billion ($US 134m) contract to provide CBTC and integrated telecommunications and supervision systems on all three lines. Thales Group supplied its SelTrac Communications-based train control (CBTC) technology, and trains initially run in automatic train operation mode with minimum headways of 90 seconds, although the system will support eventual migration to unattended train operation (UTO).


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: On 12 September 2012, Larsen and Toubro Metro Rail Hyderabad Ltd (LTMRHL) announced that it has awarded tender for supply of rolling stock to Hyundai Rotem. The tender is for 57 trains consisting of 171 cars which will be delivered in phases at least 9 months before the commencement of each stage. On 2 October 2013, LTMRHL unveiled its train car for Hyderabad Metro. A model coach which is half the size of the actual coach, was on public display at Necklace Road on the banks of Hussain Sagar in the heart of Hyderabad. The trains will be 3.2m wide and 4m high. There will be 4 doors on each side of each coach.


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: On 10 April 2014, the first metro train for HMR rolled out of Hyundai Rotem factory at Changwon in South Korea and reached Hyderabad in May 2014. On 31 December 2014, Hyderabad Metro Rail successfully conducted a training run in Automatic Train Operation (ATO) mode for the first time between Nagole and Mettuguda.


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: The L&T Hyderabad project has an automated ticketing system with features such as contactless smart card based ticketing, slim automatic gates, payment by cash and credit/debit card, passenger operated ticket vending machine and provision of common ticketing system. It also have a provision of NFC-based technology to enable usage of mobile phones as fare media and high performance machine to avoid long queues. Hyderabad Metro Rail smart card acts as a virtual wallet that facilitates seamless travel. A smart card can be purchased from a ticketing office at any Hyderabad Metro station or through TSavaari App. A smart card can be recharged for a minimum amount of 50 and maximum amount of 3000. The smart card can be recharged through TSavaari App, HMR Passenger website (www.ltmetro.com), or Paytm App. There is 10% discount on all trips made through smart card. In December 2019, Hyderabad Metro started cashless QR (Quick Response) code payment option for e-tickets through MakeMyTrip and Goibibo. In October 2022, Hyderabad Metro became the first Metro rail in the country to launch an end-to-end fully digital payment-enabled Metro ticket booking through the WhatsApp e-ticketing facility.


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: Samsung Data Systems India, a subsidiary of South Korean firm Samsung, has been awarded the automatic fare collection system package for the L&T metro rail project. The package involves design, manufacture, supply, installation, testing and commissioning of the system. Official ticket prices were announced on 25 November 2017. The base fare is 10 for up to 2 km.


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: The HMR project was showcased as one of the top 100 strategic global infrastructure projects at the Global Infrastructure Leadership Forum held in New York during February–March 2013.


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: L&T Metro Rail Hyderabad Limited (LTMRHL) was conferred the SAP ACE Award 2015 in the 'Strategic HR and Talent Management' category.


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: In 2018 the Rasoolpura, Paradise and Prakash Nagar Metro stations were awarded the Indian Green Building Council's (IGBC) Green MRTS Platinum Award.


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: Hyderabad Metro was adjudged as the Best Urban Mass Transit Project by the Government of India in November 2018.


title: Hyderabad Metro

text: In October 2022, three metro stations of Hyderabad Metro- Durgam Cheruvu , Punjagutta and LB Nagar were awarded Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) Green MRTS Certification with the highest platinum rating under elevated stations category. With this, Hyderabad Metro Rail has 23 metro stations certified with the IGBC Platinum rating.


title: Escape Plan 2: Hades

text: Escape Plan 2: Hades is a 2018 American direct-to-video prison action thriller film directed by Steven C. Miller. It is the sequel to the 2013 film "Escape Plan", and the second installment in the "Escape Plan" film series. It stars Sylvester Stallone and Curtis "50 Cent" Jackson reprising their roles from the first film, with Dave Bautista, Huang Xiaoming, Jaime King, Jesse Metcalfe, Titus Welliver, and Wes Chatham joining the cast. "Escape Plan 2: Hades" was released straight-to-DVD in the United States but received theatrical releases in such countries as Russia on June 28, 2018, and in China on June 29, 2018. The film received negative reviews from critics; it grossed $17.6 million in some theaters and $4.2 million in domestic home market against a production budget of $20 million.


title: Escape Plan 2: Hades

text: Ray Breslin continues to operate his security company to some success, with senior members Hush and Abigail and newcomers Shu Ren, Jasper Kimbral, and Luke Graves as field operators. During a hostage rescue mission in Chechnya, Kimbral, trusting his computer algorithms, deviates from the mission objectives. This results in one of the hostages being shot, later dying of her wounds; Breslin fires Kimbral as a result.


title: Escape Plan 2: Hades

text: A year later, Shu is contacted by his family to protect his cousin Yusheng Ma. Soon to announce groundbreaking satellite communications technology from his telecommunications company, Yusheng has been targeted by a rival company, Ruscho. After attending a party in Bangkok, Shu defends Yusheng from masked men, but both are stunned with tasers and kidnapped.


title: Escape Plan 2: Hades

text: Later, Shu finds himself imprisoned in an unknown arena, where inmates are forced to fight. Shu is forced to brawl another prisoner and wins, and encounters fellow inmate Kimbral, who explains the prison is called HADES, where he has been held for several months. Luke, Hush, Abigail, and Breslin attempt to locate Shu after his and Yusheng's disappearance.


title: Escape Plan 2: Hades

text: Drawing on Breslin's training to formulate an escape plan, Shu meets the warden Gregor Faust, who calls himself the "Zookeeper", and learns that Faust wants Yusheng's communications patents in exchange for their release. Yusheng tells Shu that he buried the technology for fear it could be used to hijack any nuclear launch system in the world, and they resolve to escape.


title: Escape Plan 2: Hades

text: Breslin determines that HADES is funded by the same mysterious organization who funded the Tomb, and seeks help from an old contact, Trent DeRosa. While following a lead on Shu's disappearance, Luke is caught and transferred to HADES.


title: Escape Plan 2: Hades

text: Shu befriends the prison cook and learns that the prison layout changes every night. Kimbral reveals that another inmate, a hacker known as Count Zero, knows the layout. Shu earns his trust and Count Zero gives him the information, but in doing so reveals his identity. The following day, Shu, Luke, and Kimbral are brought in for questioning and forced to watch as Count Zero is presumably executed. Kimbral reveals that he actually runs HADES; in the year since being dismissed from Breslin's team, he designed and built HADES to prove his algorithms work and that his prison is literally inescapable, since it is not operated by human guards but rather by an automatic system.


title: Escape Plan 2: Hades

text: Breslin and DeRosa find clues revealing Kimbral's connection to HADES. Knowing Kimbral is out for revenge, Breslin allows himself to be captured and sent to HADES. Using a hidden communication device in his tooth, Breslin stays in contact with Hush while attempting to breach the prison's defenses from the inside. Breslin, Shu, and Luke formulate a new plan while enlisting the help of Yusheng, the cook, Count Zero's friends, and other inmates. They manage to disable the prison's security cameras and, with Hush's help, temporarily shut down Galileo, the prison's automated defense system. They break into the medical center and attempt to gain control of the prison's systems and get to the control room. The Zookeeper responds with an armed force, and in the ensuing shootout, several inmates are killed and the group becomes separated. DeRosa, following his own leads, locates the prison from the outside.


title: Escape Plan 2: Hades

text: Yusheng overrides the prison's power systems, alerting DeRosa to the prison's entrance and allowing him to break in. Searching for an exit, Shu kills the Zookeeper in a knife fight as Luke and DeRosa converge on the control room. Breslin faces off with Kimbral in hand-to-hand combat while DeRosa rescues Luke from the prison guards. Breslin defeats Kimbral and together with DeRosa disables Galileo for good. Shu and Yusheng find an exit and are safely extracted by Abigail and Hush. Breslin is contacted by the group behind HADES, and vows to track them down and expose them.


title: Escape Plan 2: Hades

text: Development was first announced in October 2016, with Sylvester Stallone returning to star. It was announced in February 2017 that Steven C. Miller would helm the film, and that there was potential for Arnold Schwarzenegger to reprise his role from the first. Chinese film production company Leomus Pictures was set as a co-financer for the film. In March 2017, Dave Bautista, Jaime King and 50 Cent were added to the cast, with the additions of Jesse Metcalfe, Pete Wentz and Wes Chatham later in the month.


title: Escape Plan 2: Hades

text: By March 22, filming had begun in Atlanta, Georgia, with Stallone sharing a video from the set and revealing the title as "Escape Plan 2: Hades", as well as announcing a third film was in development. Tyron Woodley was revealed as part of the cast in April.


title: Escape Plan 2: Hades

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The site's critical consensus simply reads: "Do not enter."


title: Escape Plan 2: Hades

text: David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a "D−" and wrote: ""Hades" might boast some decent star power, but there isn't a celebrity in the world who could save this bargain bin nonsense from feeling like a bootlegged ripoff of its own franchise. Not even Arnold Schwarzenegger, who faced off against Stallone in the first one, could have rescued this from abject boredom."


title: Escape Plan 2: Hades

text: Kenneth Seward Jr of "IGN" gave "Escape Plan 2: Hades" 4.8 out of 10 and said that "[the film] fails to recapture what made the previous film a decent watch".


title: Escape Plan 2: Hades

text: A third film entered the early stages of development even before Escape Plan 2 wrapped filming. Stallone was again signed on to reprise his role as Ray Breslin. Dave Bautista also signed on to reprise his role in "" and filming began in September 2017. Escape Plan: The Extractors had a smaller production budget, but received more positive reviews compared to the second film.


title: Così fan tutte

text: Although it is commonly held that was written and composed at the suggestion of the Emperor Joseph II, recent research does not support this idea. There is evidence that Mozart's contemporary Antonio Salieri tried to set the libretto but left it unfinished. In 1994, John Rice uncovered two terzetti by Salieri in the Austrian National Library.


title: Così fan tutte

text: The short title, "Così fan tutte", literally means "So do they all", using the feminine plural ("tutte") to indicate women. It is usually translated into English as "Women are like that". The words are sung by the three men in act 2, scene 3, just before the finale; this melodic phrase is also quoted in the overture to the opera. Da Ponte had used the line "Così fan tutte le belle" earlier in "Le nozze di Figaro" (in act 1, scene 7).


title: Così fan tutte

text: The first performance of Mozart's setting took place at the Burgtheater in Vienna on 26 January 1790. It was given only five times before the run was stopped by the death of the Emperor Joseph II and the resulting period of court mourning. It was performed twice in June 1790 with the composer conducting the second performance, and again in July (twice) and August (once). After that it was not performed in Vienna during Mozart's lifetime. The first British performance was in May 1811 at the King's Theatre, London. "Così fan tutte" was not performed in the United States until 1922, when it was given at the Metropolitan Opera.