title: Coimbra

text: The western edge of Coimbra is covered by the "Reserva Natural do Paul de Arzila" ("Arzila Swamp Natural Reserve"), which is designated both as a "Special Protection Zone" () and "Special Conservation Zone" (), coincident with the civil parish of Arzila (sometimes referred to as the "Paul de Arzila" or "marsh of Arzila"). It is a wetland that has sheltered migratory birds, and supports other animal and plant species; this has included predominantly avian species, such as the: Eurasian reed warbler ("Acrocephalus scirpaceus"), sedge warbler ("Acrocephalus schoenobaenus"), melodious warbler ("Hippolais polyglotta"), willow warbler ("Phylloscopus trochilus"), little bittern ("Ixobrychus minutus"), great reed warbler ("Acrocephalus arundinaceus"), and the Savi's warbler ("Locustella luscinioides"). The 482 hectare area, under threat from industrial, residential and agricultural pollution, expansion of aquatic plants and eutrophication, has forced the governmental reorganization of land use in order to promote models of sustainability, and rural use that does not affect the migratory and aquatic bird populations.


title: Coimbra

text: The municipal government has also promoted the installation and maintenance of various parks, playgrounds, gardens and forests, including the development of the Botanical Garden of the University of Coimbra (considered the fifth oldest in the world), the "Mata Nacional do Choupal", the "Mata Nacional de Vale de Canas", "Jardim da Sereia" (also known as "Santa Cruz Garden"), "Penedo da Saudade", "Parque Manuel Braga", "Parque Verde do Mondego", "Choupalinho", and the 19th century Quinta das Lágrimas estate and gardens.


title: Coimbra

text: Complementing these natural spaces are the riverside parks and bathing areas that line the Mondego, including the river beaches of Palheiros do Zorro, in the parish of Torres do Mondego.


title: Coimbra

text: Coimbra has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: "Csb") in a transition to a hot-summer ("Csa") version of the interior of Central Portugal. In winter, temperatures range between at day and at night and can drop below occasionally (around 10 days a year), while summer temperatures range between at day and at night and can reach or more in hotter days. Coimbra has around 32 days a year with maximum temperatures above . The lowest and highest temperatures ever recorded in Coimbra were on 27 January 1976 and .


title: Coimbra

text: Despite being relatively distant from the coast, Coimbra also has a marked Atlantic influence due to the floodplain of the Mondego River which crosses the city, making both its winters and summers milder than they would otherwise be. This influence also makes cold waves less frequent and less intense, however, days with minimum negative temperatures and cold waves are still present occasionally. Topography is also an important factor to consider in regard to nighttime temperatures, the presence of cold air lakes, in topographically depressed areas at certain synoptic situations, can also lead to pronounced colder temperatures.


title: Coimbra

text: As of 2001, the municipality of Coimbra had a population of 148,443 inhabitants (covering an area of 319.4 km), reflecting a 6.8% increase relative to 1991 (139,052 residents), while the number of families increased 17.1% in the same period. This was mainly concentrated in the parish of Sé Nova, while the remaining administrative divisions accounted for a range of 78.54 to 5069.2 inhabitants per kilometre square. Seniors and youth (age 0 to 14 years) represent a minority of the population (16.5% and 31.1%); the 25 to 64 cohort accounts for 55% of the active population. While per 100 inhabitants, seniors actually comprise 21.6% of this population, the birth rate (9.3%) is superior the mortality rate in the communities of Coimbra, which is actually greater than other municipalities in the Baixo Mondego subregion.


title: Coimbra

text: The municipality of Coimbra has a resident population of 157,510 inhabitants, and seasonal population of approximately 200,000 residents. Between 1864 and 2001, the municipal population tripled (following the trend in the rest of the country when the nation's population doubled), while between 1991 and 2001 its population increased 6.75% (Portugal's population increased 4.08% in the same period). On average, over 43,000 people flow to Coimbra every day to study and work. About 460,000 inhabitants live in the Região de Coimbra, consisting of 19 municipalities comprising a territory of .


title: Coimbra

text: Internally, the network and location of public service/sector institutions (such as police stations, fire stations, public finance and notary services) have been located within of the resident population, while most tertiary shops and retail capture between 43.4% and 100% of the market. Mini-markets and corner shops cover 100% of the population; generally, the longest distance travelled between shops is (for pastry shops). Restaurants are usually within 74.2% of the population, and refreshment shops (such as bars and snack bars) routinely cover 100% of the market. Commerce and vestuary shops range from coverage of 43.4% (for glasses) to 91.4% (of clothing); the largest distance that resident population requires to travel is for electro-domestics and auto-mobile purchases. Repair services, which cover the largest part of the civil parishes, and specifically auto repair shops, cover 97.1% of the market. Public transport covers 90.3% of the parishes, with 93.5% of the population; 61.3% have taxi services (capturing 78.8% of the population); public buses serve 67.7% of the parishes (or 85% of the population); while rail services affect 35.5% of the parishes (serving 29.7% of the market); while unequipped parishes, on average, lie within of such services. Postal services are provided in 15 parishes (48.4%), corresponding to 77.9% of the population, while 98.6% receive home distribution. Similarly, public telephones have a 94.6% coverage of the population.


title: Coimbra

text: The wealth of the city rests mostly on the University of Coimbra with about 23,000 students – the city has a total of 35,000 higher education students considering the other higher education institutions based there – but also in shopping, technology and health sciences industry, administrative offices, financial services, law firms and specialised medical care. The city has many private clinics, medical offices and two large independent state hospital centres: the "H.U.C. – Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra", which is a university hospital, and the "C.H.C. – Centro Hospitalar de Coimbra", which includes a general hospital. Coimbra has also the regional branch of the national cancer hospital – the "I.P.O. – Instituto Português de Oncologia", as well as a military hospital. The Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal, the state-run forensic science institute of Portugal, is headquartered in Coimbra.


title: Coimbra

text: Notable companies based in the municipality of Coimbra include software companies Critical Software and Ciberbit which have their global headquarters in the city, mechanical and electronics engineering company Active Space Technologies, telemetry and Machine to Machine company ISA, Cimpor's cement factory in Souselas (CIMPOR Souselas), the pan-European service facility of Olympus Corporation, the pharmaceuticals companies Bluepharma and BASI, the iron foundry Fucoli-Somepal and several ceramics, food processing (Probar produces cold meat products and Dan Cake produces sponge cakes and swiss rolls), textiles, wine, civil and engineering construction, architecture, public works and housing construction firms. Handicraft industry is well represented by traditional tapestry and pottery manufacture, and the surroundings of the city have besides forestry, dynamic horticulture production, vineyards and livestock raising. The "Instituto Pedro Nunes" (Pedro Nunes Institute), a business incubator, dynamically hosts several start-ups which are usually dedicated to technology-related businesses and became independent spin-off companies headquartered across the whole region. There is a move by municipal authorities to bring in more innovation and high-technology businesses, through initiatives such as the Coimbra Innovation Park, with the objective of promoting innovation and companies that promote research and development (such as nanotechnology company Innovnano, a subsidiary of Companhia União Fabril).


title: Coimbra

text: Coimbra has a fresh produce open-air market on every 7th and 23rd days of the month at "Feira dos 7 e dos 23", and a large fresh produce market in downtown at "Mercado D. Pedro V". The "Baixa" (downtown) of Coimbra has many coffeehouses and bakeries, and features several specialty shops selling all kind of products in typical old-fashioned architectural surroundings. Large commercial facilities with car park, include a medium-sized shopping centre ("CoimbraShopping"); two larger shopping centres with hypermarket, restaurants, movie theaters and several shops with a selection of some of Portugal's and the world's most famous and stylish international brands include "Dolce Vita Coimbra" designed by the American planning and design firm, Suttle Mindlin and "Forum Coimbra"; and two retail parks found on the fringes of the city, offering an alternative to the busy city centre ("Retail Park Mondego" in Taveiro, and "Coimbra Retail Park" in Eiras). Dolce Vita Coimbra was the recipient of the 2006 MIPIM International Design Award; the 2006 ICSC International Design Award; and the 2006 ICSC European Design Award proving that Portugal and Coimbra offer both historical and thoroughly modern shopping experiences.


title: Coimbra

text: The two banks of Mondego River at Coimbra, are linked by three main bridges: the "Ponte do Açude", the "Ponte de Santa Clara" (which is the oldest) and "Ponte Rainha Santa", also known as "Ponte Europa". The "Ponte Pedonal de Pedro e Inês" is the most recently constructed bridge and the only footbridge in the city.


title: Coimbra

text: The city is internally connected by an extensive bus network, the SMTUC ("Serviços Municipalizados de Transportes Urbanos de Coimbra", Coimbra Municipality Urban Transport Services) and the Coimbra trolleybus system (the only such system in Portugal). In the past, the city also had a tram network (some are now parked inside a transportation museum). Taxicabs are also available, and are recognizable as cream or black and green (black car with green rooftop) taxis. The city is a hub for interregional bus services for all the country and abroad. A light-rail metro system, Metro Mondego, was proposed however the project was abandoned at the height of Portuguese financial crisis.


title: Coimbra

text: Coimbra has several rail stations. The principal station "Coimbra-B" is on the main line between Porto and Lisbon. In addition, the train-hotel Lusitania connects Coimbra and Madrid every night.


title: Coimbra

text: From this station, a small spur runs to "Coimbra-A", the main station in the city centre. A small regional rail line ("Linha da Lousã") also ran from "Coimbra Parque" at the south edge of the city centre. From Coimbra-Parque was possible to travel to Miranda do Corvo, Lousã and Serpins, among others. The line was closed for upgrading as part of the Metro Mondego project and was never reopened when the Metro Mondego project was abandoned, but there is local pressure for the line to be reopened. It is also possible to travel by train between Coimbra and Figueira da Foz ("Ramal de Alfarelos"), and Coimbra, Guarda and Vilar Formoso ("Linha da Beira Alta" [international]).


title: Coimbra

text: A regional aerodrome is in Cernache ("Aeródromo Municipal Bissaya Barreto") (CBP) [PCO], southwest of the centre. With a runway and flight information service until sunset, this regional airport has all the fundamental facilities for private flights.


title: Coimbra

text: The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Coimbra, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 35 min. 2.4% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 12 min, and 16.8% of riders wait for over 20 min on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 2 km, and 0% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.


title: Coimbra

text: Coimbra has been called "A cidade dos estudantes" (The city of the students) or "Lusa-Atenas" (Lusitan-Athens), mainly because it is the site of the oldest and one of the largest universities in Portugal – the University of Coimbra, a public university whose origins can be traced back to the 13th century. Nowadays, it has students from 70 different nationalities; almost 10% of its students are foreigners, making it Portugal's most international university.


title: Coimbra

text: Coimbra is also the place where the oldest and biggest university students' union of Portugal was founded – the "Associação Académica de Coimbra" (Academic Association of Coimbra), established in 1887.


title: Coimbra

text: As well, there are some other schools and institutes of higher education in the city: the "Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra", a public polytechnic institute; the "Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Coimbra", a public nursing school; and some private higher education institutions such as the "Instituto Superior Miguel Torga"; the "Instituto Superior Bissaya Barreto"; the "Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama" and finally, the "Escola Universitária das Artes de Coimbra", an art school.


title: Coimbra

text: A large number of higher education students from all of Portugal chose Coimbra's higher learning institutions to study, due to the wide availability of degrees offered in different fields, the student-friendly environment of the city, and the prestige of many of its learning institutions allied to the ancient tradition of Coimbra as the historical capital of higher studies in Portugal.


title: Coimbra

text: The city has also a large number of public and private basic and secondary schools, among these some of the best-ranked in the country, like "Escola Secundária Infanta D. Maria" (public), "Escola Secundária José Falcão" (public), "Escola EB2/3 Martim de Freitas" (public), "Colégio Rainha Santa Isabel" (private) and "Colégio de São Teotónio" (private), as well as several kindergartens and nurseries. There is also the Coimbra Hotel and Tourism School.


title: Coimbra

text: Coimbra celebrates its municipal holiday on 4 July, in honour of Queen Elizabeth of Portugal (spouse of the King Denis); a religious and civic celebration that celebrated the life of the former Queen, that includes a fireworks display following the night-time march of the penitents.


title: Coimbra

text: The "Fado de Coimbra" is a highly stylised genre of "fado" music originated in Coimbra. Among its most notable and historical adherents are guitarist Carlos Paredes and singer Zeca Afonso, while the "Orfeon Académico de Coimbra" (the oldest and most famous academic choir in Portugal) and the "Associação Académica de Coimbra" are important organizations that promote the culture and stylings of this subgenre of music. In addition, Coimbra has a contemporary music, boasting several live music venues, and some of the most popular clubs and music festivals in Portugal. Moreover, the"Conservatório de Música de Coimbra", musical departments of the Associação Académica de Coimbra and the music programmes of the Faculty of Letters are noted by many of top music schools in the country.


title: Coimbra

text: The "Orfeon Académico de Coimbra" is an autonomous organization of the students' union "Associação Académica de Coimbra", established in 1880 by a law student of the University of Coimbra (UC), and the "fado" section of UC's "Associação Académica de Coimbra" itself, are important organizations in Coimbra fado promotion and preservation.


title: Coimbra

text: According to tradition, to applaud fado in Lisbon one would clap his hands, while in Coimbra cough as if clearing the throat is the typical way.


title: Coimbra

text: Coimbra is also known for its university students' festivals. Two are held every year. The first one, "Latada" or "Festa das Latas" ("The Tin Can Parade") is a homecoming parade that occurs at the beginning of the academic year, and is a welcome to the new university students ("Caloiros").


title: Coimbra

text: The "Festa das Latas" goes back to the 19th century when the Coimbra students felt the need to express their joy at finishing the school year in as loud a way as possible, using everything at their disposal that would make noise, namely tin cans. The highlight of this festival, which now takes place at the beginning of the academic year (November) is the special parade known as the "Latada". After marching through the streets of the city the new students are "baptised" in the Mondego River thus entering into the Coimbra academic fraternity. The students from the penultimate year, normally the 3rd year's students, are awarded their "Grelos" (a small ribbon). The "Grelo" is a small, woollen ribbon with the colour (s) of the student's faculty that is attached to a student's briefcase. Previous to this, at the morning the students must have visited the Dom Pedro V market where they must get a turnip to sustain the "Caloiros" during the day's festivities. Besides the tin cans they have tied to their legs, the new students wear all kinds of costumes made up according to the creativity and imagination of their "godmothers" or "godfathers" who are older students. They also carry placards with ironic criticisms alluding to certain teachers, the educational system, national events and leaders.


title: Coimbra

text: The second one, "Queima das Fitas" ("The Burning of the Ribbons"), takes place at the end of the second semester (usually in the beginning of May) and it is one of the biggest student parties in all Europe. It lasts for eight days, one for each University of Coimbra's Faculty: "Letras" (Humanities), "Direito" (Law), "Medicina" (Medicine), "Ciências e Tecnologia" (Sciences and Technology), "Farmácia" (Pharmacy), "Economia" (Economics), "Psicologia e Ciências da Educação" (Psychology and Education Sciences) and "Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física" (Sports Sciences and Physical Education).


title: Coimbra

text: Although being University of Coimbra's festivals, other higher education students of Coimbra such as the polytechnic's students or private institution's students, are invited every year by the University of Coimbra students who manage and organise this events, to participate in the "Tin Can Parade" and also in the "Burning of the Ribbons". The academic festivities are opened to the entire city community and attract a large number of national and international tourists as well.


title: Coimbra

text: Coimbra has a lively music scene that caters for most tastes with many festivals and events beyond the academic festivals, the traditional Coimbra fado genre and Artur Paredes, Adriano Correia de Oliveira and Zeca Afonso's musical heritage. It boasts several live music venues, and some of the most popular club nights and music festivals in Portugal. Moreover, the Conservatório de Música de Coimbra, the music-related departments of the Associação Académica de Coimbra and the music programmes of the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Coimbra are regularly cited among the top music schools in the country. Modern bands and artists with some degree of recognition in the Portuguese music scene include André Sardet, The Legendary Tigerman, JP Simões (from Belle Chase Hotel and Quinteto Tati) and Os Quatro e Meia. Lux Records, a Portuguese independent record label founded by Rui Ferreira in 1996, is based in Coimbra and has produced the works of many noteworthy music artists and bands of the city since then, including Belle Chase Hotel and The Legendary Tigerman.


title: Coimbra

text: The Centro region is the third-largest regional media market in Portugal. The Portuguese public radio and television broadcaster "Rádio e Televisão de Portugal" has regional offices and studios in Coimbra. The "Diário de Coimbra" and the "Diário As Beiras" are the two major newspapers based in Coimbra. The students' union of the University of Coimbra has also notable media like the "Rádio Universidade de Coimbra" radio station and "A Cabra" newspaper.


title: Coimbra

text: There is a wide variety of accommodation available, ranging from the camping-park or one of the many inexpensive hostels to the charming downtown hotels and international chain hotels.


title: Coimbra

text: Coimbra has many attractive and pleasant green spaces such as parks, playgrounds, gardens and forests. The most famous park in the city is probably the Botanical Garden of the University of Coimbra, the fifth oldest in the world. The "Portugal dos Pequenitos" park is an educational theme park built during the Estado Novo. Its buildings are scale copies of Portuguese architectural landmarks and were completed in the 1950s.


title: Coimbra

text: The city's green areas also include the "Mata Nacional do Choupal", the "Mata Nacional de Vale de Canas", "Jardim da Sereia" (also known as Jardim de Santa Cruz), "Penedo da Saudade", "Parque Manuel Braga", "Parque Verde do Mondego" and "Choupalinho". Quinta das Lágrimas, a 19th-century palace and estate, which was transformed into a hotel and golf resort, contains also a large park. Also noteworthy is the "Paul de Arzila", a natural reserve occupying an area in Coimbra municipality (in Arzila), and in the neighbouring municipalities of Condeixa-a-Nova and Montemor-o-Velho.


title: Coimbra

text: Not far away from the urban centre, close to the city itself, and fully set in the municipality of Coimbra, there are plenty of mountain and river landscapes. These include the river beach of Palheiros do Zorro in the parish of Torres do Mondego and the Rebolim river beach even closer to the city downtown. One of Europe's tallest trees, "Karri Knight", can be found in the municipality of Coimbra in Vale de Canas. It is an "Eucalyptus diversicolor" of 73 meters height and of 5.71 meters girth.


title: Coimbra

text: Coimbra is home to a large multisports club, the University of Coimbra's students' union "Associação Académica de Coimbra" (known simply as Académica), which is involved in a wide array of sports, such as rugby, volleyball, handball, rink hockey, basketball, association football, baseball, tennis, swimming, rowing, among many others. It also has a professional football club that currently plays in the Liga 3, the third-highest division of the Portuguese football league system, at the "Estádio Cidade de Coimbra". Another sports club with tradition in the city is the "Clube de Futebol União de Coimbra", which football team plays in the Campeonato de Portugal.


title: Coimbra

text: The "Estádio Cidade de Coimbra" (30,000 seats), which was a site of 2004 European Football Championship and includes olympic swimming pools ("Piscinas Municipais"), as well as a multiuse sports facility ("Pavilhão Multiusos de Coimbra"), located both near the stadium; the "Estádio Municipal Sérgio Conceição"; and the "Estádio Universitário de Coimbra", an extensive sports complex of the university on Mondego's left bank, are the main athletics and sports venues in Coimbra. The "Pavilhão Jorge Anjinho" sports arena (headquarters of "Associação Académica de Coimbra"), "Pavilhão dos Olivais", and "Pavilhão do C.F. União de Coimbra", are other places where some of the most important indoor sports clashes involving teams of Coimbra are played.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: The Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (simply University of Munich or LMU; ) is a public research university in Munich, Germany. It is Germany's sixth-oldest university in continuous operation.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: Originally established in Ingolstadt in 1472 by Duke Ludwig IX of Bavaria-Landshut, the university was moved in 1800 to Landshut by King Maximilian I of Bavaria when the city was threatened by the French, before being relocated to its present-day location in Munich in 1826 by King Ludwig I of Bavaria. In 1802, the university was officially named Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität by King Maximilian I of Bavaria in honor of himself and Ludwig IX.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: LMU is currently the second-largest university in Germany in terms of student population; in the 2018/19 winter semester, the university had a total of 51,606 matriculated students. Of these, 9,424 were freshmen while international students totalled 8,875 or approximately 17% of the student population. As for operating budget, the university records in 2018 a total of 734,9 million euros in funding without the university hospital; with the university hospital, the university has a total funding amounting to approximately 1.94 billion euros.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: As of 2020, the University of Munich is associated with 43 Nobel laureates. Among these were Wilhelm Röntgen, Max Planck, Werner Heisenberg, Otto Hahn and Thomas Mann.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: Notable alumni, faculty and researchers include Pope Benedict XVI, Rudolf Peierls, Josef Mengele, Richard Strauss, Walter Benjamin, Joseph Campbell, Muhammad Iqbal, Marie Stopes, Wolfgang Pauli, Bertolt Brecht, Max Horkheimer, Karl Loewenstein, Carl Schmitt, Gustav Radbruch, Ernst Cassirer, Ernst Bloch and Konrad Adenauer. LMU has recently been conferred the title of "University of Excellence" under the German Universities Excellence Initiative, and is a member of U15 as well as the LERU. In university rankings, the university is consistently placed among the best universities in Germany.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: The university was founded with papal approval in 1472 as the University of Ingolstadt (foundation right of Louis IX the Rich), with faculties of philosophy, medicine, jurisprudence and theology. Its first rector was Christopher Mendel of Steinfels, who later became bishop of Chiemsee.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: In the period of German humanism, the university's academics included names such as Conrad Celtes and Petrus Apianus. The theologian Johann Eck also taught at the university. From 1549 to 1773, the university was influenced by the Jesuits and became one of the centres of the Counter-Reformation. The Jesuit Petrus Canisius served as rector of the university.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: At the end of the 18th century, the university was influenced by the Enlightenment, which led to a stronger emphasis on natural science.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: In 1800, the Prince-Elector Maximilian IV Joseph (the later Maximilian I, King of Bavaria) moved the university to Landshut, due to French aggression that threatened Ingolstadt during the Napoleonic Wars. In 1802, the university was renamed the Ludwig Maximilian University in honour of its two founders, Louis IX, Duke of Bavaria and Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria. The Minister of Education, Maximilian von Montgelas, initiated a number of reforms that sought to modernize the rather conservative and Jesuit-influenced university. In 1826, it was moved to Munich, the capital of the Kingdom of Bavaria. The university was situated in the Old Academy until a new building in the Ludwigstraße was completed. The locals were somewhat critical of the number of Protestant professors Maximilian and later Ludwig I invited to Munich. They were dubbed the "Nordlichter" (northern lights) and especially physician Johann Nepomuk von Ringseis was quite angry about them.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: In the second half of the 19th century, the university rose to great prominence in the European scientific community, attracting many of the world's leading scientists. It was also a period of great expansion. From 1903, women were allowed to study at Bavarian universities, and by 1918, the female proportion of students at LMU had reached 18%. In 1918, Adele Hartmann became the first woman in Germany to earn the Habilitation (higher doctorate), at LMU.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: During the Weimar Republic, the university continued to be one of the world's leading universities, with professors such as Wilhelm Röntgen, Wilhelm Wien, Richard Willstätter, Arnold Sommerfeld and Ferdinand Sauerbruch.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: During the Third Reich, academic freedom was severely curtailed. In 1943 the White Rose group of anti-Nazi students conducted their campaign of opposition to the National Socialists at this university. The university stripped the nazi-opposition fighter Kurt Huber of his position and his doctorate at the time of his arrest.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: The university has continued to be one of the leading universities of West Germany during the Cold War and in the post-reunification era. In the late 1960s, the university was the scene of protests by radical students.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: Today, the University of Munich is part of 24 Collaborative Research Centers funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and is host university of 13 of them. It also hosts 12 DFG Research Training Groups and three international doctorate programs as part of the Elite Network of Bavaria, an educational policy concept of Bavaria for the promotion of gifted pupils and students in the higher education sector. It attracts an additional 120 million euros per year in outside funding and is intensively involved in national and international funding initiatives.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: LMU Munich has a wide range of degree programs, with 150 subjects available in numerous combinations. 15% of the 45,000 students who attend the university come from abroad.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: In 2005, Germany's state and federal governments launched the German Universities Excellence Initiative, a contest among its universities. With a total of 1.9 billion euros, 75 percent of which comes from the federal state, its architects aim to strategically promote top-level research and scholarship. The money is given to more than 30 research universities in Germany.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: The initiative will fund three project-oriented areas: graduate schools to promote the next generation of scholars, clusters of excellence to promote cutting-edge research and "future concepts" for the project-based expansion of academic excellence at universities as a whole. In order to qualify for this third area, a university had to have at least one internationally recognized academic center of excellence and a new graduate school.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: After the first round of selections, LMU Munich was invited to submit applications for all three funding lines: It entered the competition with proposals for two graduate schools and four clusters of excellence.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: On Friday 13 October 2006, a blue-ribbon panel announced the results of the Germany-wide Excellence Initiative for promoting top university research and education. The panel, composed of the German Research Foundation and the German Science Council, has decided that LMU Munich will receive funding for all three areas covered by the Initiative: one graduate school, three "excellence clusters" and general funding for the university's "future concept".


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: In January 2012, scientists at the Ludwig Maximilian University published details of the most sensitive listening device known so far. This has led to the college being inducted into the Guinness book of world records.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: In September 2018, the Munich public prosecutor's office investigated against a vice president of the university on suspicion of unfaithfulness. The vice president should have claimed "excessive travel expenses". In the following year, veterinary students reported that the LMU violated animal welfare. According to them, the LMU keeps pigs in tight grid boxes, so that some animals showed scratches, bumps and respiratory diseases from lying down. Students who report these circumstances told that they been threatened with the deregistration of the university. In the beginning of 2020, the LMU locked around 80 students in a room who wanted to discuss under the topic "Climate Burns, University Burns" why universities are doing research for companies that are harmful to the climate.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: LMU's institutes and research centers are spread throughout Munich, with several buildings located in the suburbs of Oberschleissheim and Garching as well as Maisach and Bad Tölz. The university's main buildings are grouped around Geschwister-Scholl-Platz and Professor-Huber-Platz on Ludwigstrasse, extending into side streets such as Akademiestraße, Schellingstraße, and Veterinärstraße. Other large campuses and institutes are located in Großhadern (Klinikum Großhadern), Martinsried (chemistry and biotechnology campus), the Ludwigsvorstadt (Klinikum Innenstadt) and in the Lehel (Institut am Englischen Garten), across from the main buildings, through the Englischer Garten.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: The university's main building is situated in Geschwister-Scholl-Platz and the university's main campus is served by the Munich subway's Universität station.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: The große Aula is located in the university main building at Ludwigstraße in Munich. The Aula was constructed as part of the main building by Friedrich von Gärtner and completed in 1840. The hall is situated in the first floor and extends to the second floor.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: The Aula was not destroyed during World War II and, thus, is one of few usable pre war venues in Munich. The Aula was used for the first performances of concerts after the war. Furthermore, it was venue for the constituent assembly of the state of Bavaria, where the current Bavarian constitution was enacted.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: Despite the Bologna Process which saw the demise of most traditional academic-degree courses such as the "Diplom" and "Magister Artium" in favour of the more internationally known Bachelors and Masters system, the University of Munich continues to offer more than 100 areas of study with numerous combinations of majors and minors.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: In line with the university's internationalisation as a popular destination for tertiary studies, an increasing number of courses mainly at the graduate and post-graduate levels are also available in English to cater to international students who may have little or no background in the German language. Some notable subject areas which currently offer programmes in English include various fields of psychology, physics as well as business and management.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: The university consists of 18 faculties which oversee various departments and institutes. The official numbering of the faculties and the missing numbers 06 and 14 are the result of breakups and mergers of faculties in the past. The Faculty of Forestry Operations with number 06 has been integrated into the Technical University of Munich in 1999 and faculty number 14 has been merged with faculty number 13.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: In addition to its 18 faculties, the University of Munich also maintains numerous research centres involved in numerous cross-faculty and transdisciplinary projects to complement its various academic programmes. Some of these research centres were a result of cooperation between the university and renowned external partners from academia and industry; the Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society, for example, was established through a joint initiative between LMU Munich and the Deutsches Museum, while the Parmenides Center for the Study of Thinking resulted from the collaboration between the Parmenides Foundation and LMU Munich's Human Science Center.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: Universities in Bavaria do not charge tuition fees. Instead, a semester fee and a mandatory off-hours public transportation semester ticket (for the Munich Transport and Tariff Association, MVV) have to be paid. A full network pass is optionally available. This mixed model is the result of several years of negotiations to allow students to get an affordable semester ticket despite the high costs of regular tickets in Munich. The current package was accepted by an overwhelming majority of 86.3% of students across all Munich universities in 2012 and introduced in the 2013 winter term.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: The LMU and the Technical University of Munich have come together to work on "One Munich Strategy Forum", with a €2.5 million fund from the state of Bavaria.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: The Munich International Summer University (MISU at LMU) is the Summer University by the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), which takes place annually in Munich and depending on the course also involves stays at different European cities. MISU at LMU Munich invites international students to attend short-term programs at the LMU Munich in order to progress academically even in winter or summer breaks at their home university. MISU hereby offers two course formats: On the one hand German Language classes are held at different times over the year. On the other hand, MISU offers 16 subject-specific Summer Schools and Winter Schools covering a wide range of academic fields. Around 1000 students from nearly 90 countries joined MISU short-term programs in 2019.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: Germany has a long tradition of hosting summer programs for international students. The LMU Munich organised its Summer University for the first time in 1927. Labelled as "Sommerkurse für Ausländer" ("Summer Courses for Foreigners") the Summer University ran annually until 1934 and primarily consisted of German Language courses for international students. After a longer intermittence period, LMU's Summer University resumed as "Internationaler Münchner Sommer" ("International Summer in Munich"). Since then the number of courses has increased and the range of subject-specific Summer Schools was extended to further academic disciplines. From 2008 onwards LMU's Summer University operates under the name Munich International Summer University (MISU).


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: A central aim of MISU is to boost the interntationality of the LMU Munich in terms of research and teaching. Compared to semester-based student exchange programs, short-term programs such as Summer Schools have the advantage for international students to receive a very intensive and concise insight into the research areas and campus at the LMU Munich. MISU hereby has the objective to combine excellent academic education with extra-curricular activities. Participants are thus not only supervised intensively by established researchers on selected topics but are also introduced to the history, culture and politics of Munich, Bavaria and Germany. Moreover, the Summer University allows the LMU Munich to intensify cooperation with international partner universities. MISU's short-term programs therefore strengthen the LMU's international visibility as one of the highest ranked universities in Europe. Having attended MISU courses, students might consider pursuing a postgraduate study or a doctoral degree at the LMU Munich in the future. Participants who fulfilled all course requirements are awarded with graded certificates and ECTS credits in line with the European Credit Transfer System.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: MISU's summer academies are subject-specific courses that either introduce students to new topics or upgrade students' knowledge on research areas in academic fields of interest. The summer academies are designed and organized in close cooperation with LMU's faculties and researchers. Most of the summer academies are open for students of different academic backgrounds and levels. Interdisciplinary seminars bring the advantage that students may exchange information beyond their respective academic fields and may hence learn from each other about new perspectives. The number of participants per course is limited in order to ensure intensive supervision and student interactions in class. Most of the summer academies do not only take place in Munich but also provide for academic and culturally motivated stays in other European cities. The following academic disciplines are covered by MISU summer academies.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: MISU's German Language Courses are open for students all over the world. Courses are geared towards the aim to teach the German language in its academic, social and cultural context in order to ensure that students advance their language skills while also improving their knowledge on Germany. Therefore, MISU offers Language courses for all levels – basic, intermediate and advanced – at different times of the year. The Federal Republic of Germany offers scholarships for these purposes through the Deutsche Akademische Austauschdienst (DAAD).


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: The alumni of Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich played a major role in the development of quantum mechanics. Max Planck, the founder of quantum theory and Nobel laureate in Physics in 1918, was an alumnus of the university. Founders of quantum mechanics such as Werner Heisenberg, Wolfgang Pauli, and others were associated with the university.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: Most recently, to honor the Nobel laureate in Chemistry Gerhard Ertl, who worked as a professor at the University of Munich from 1973 to 1986, the building of the Physical Chemistry was named after him.


title: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: Pakistani philosopher and poet Sir Muhammad Iqbal, regarded as the "Poet of the East" and "The Thinker of Pakistan", earned his PhD degree from the Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich in 1908. Working under the guidance of Friedrich Hommel, Iqbal published his doctoral thesis in 1908, entitled "The Development of Metaphysics in Persia".


title: Viki (streaming service)

text: Rakuten Viki is an American video streaming website. It streams videos similar to other services, but also allows users to subtitle content available in 200 languages as well as provides original programming. Headquartered in San Mateo, California, it has offices in Singapore, Tokyo, Japan, and Seoul, South Korea.


title: Viki (streaming service)

text: The name Viki is a portmanteau of the words video and Wiki, drawing on the latter company's use of volunteers for content management. The company won the Crunchie award for best international start-up company in January 2011.


title: Viki (streaming service)

text: Viki was founded in 2007 by Razmig Hovaghimian, Changseong Ho and Jiwon Moon. Funding for the company originally came from Neoteny Labs, a Singapore start-up fund headed by Joichi Ito, and from the co-founder of LinkedIn, Reid Hoffman.


title: Viki (streaming service)

text: The company moved to Singapore in 2008 to take advantage of government backing and the city-state’s role as a pan-Asian hub. In December 2010, Viki exited the beta phase of its software and made its services available to the general public. It was purchased by Rakuten in 2013.


title: Viki (streaming service)

text: In September 2011, Viki debuted a new iPhone app called Viki On-The-Go, allowing users to watch content on their smartphones. The company also partnered with Samsung Southeast Asia that year to develop an Android app. Viki.com drew 14 million unique views in August 2011. Viki raised $20 million from Greylock Partners, Andreessen Horowitz, and BBC Worldwide in October of that year.


title: Viki (streaming service)

text: In May 2012, Viki announced deals with Warner Music Group, SEED Music Group of Taiwan, and LOEN Entertainment of South Korea, bringing thousands of music videos to the site. In that same month, BBC Worldwide announced an extension of its relationship with Viki, including a deal to work with the company on advertising.


title: Viki (streaming service)

text: In July 2012, Viki inked a non-exclusive deal with the Chinese social network Renren, in which Viki would provide a video site for the social network called VikiZone. The deal includes only a portion of the Viki catalog and is offered for free.


title: Viki (streaming service)

text: In the year following its acquisition by Rakuten, Viki went from about 22 million monthly active users with 10 million on mobile to 35 million monthly active users and 25 million mobile users.


title: Viki (streaming service)

text: The company has a list of partners for sourcing original content, including BBC Worldwide. The company has also signed distribution deals for its original content with Hulu, Netflix, Yahoo!, MSN, NBC, and A&E, as well as TVB in Hong Kong, SBS in South Korea, Fuji TV in Japan and Amedia in Russia.


title: Viki (streaming service)

text: Viki streams premium licensed content in a similar way that Hulu does in U.S. markets. The site then puts the content on one of its channels, and the content can be subtitled by community volunteers. Community members can subtitle their favorite videos in their preferred languages, under a Creative Commons license using Viki's subtitling technology, enabling individuals to collaborate globally, in dozens of languages at once. The subtitling software developed for the company allows many volunteers to translate a video concurrently in up to 160 languages. Viki also syndicates its shows with fan-generated subtitles to partners such as Hulu, Netflix, and Yahoo!, and receives fees and revenue from those distributors. Of the approximately 200 language subtitles available on the site, roughly 50 of these are vulnerable or endangered languages.


title: New-age music

text: New-age is a genre of music intended to create artistic inspiration, relaxation, and optimism. It is used by listeners for yoga, massage, meditation, and reading as a method of stress management to bring about a state of ecstasy rather than trance, or to create a peaceful atmosphere in homes or other environments. It is sometimes associated with environmentalism and New Age spirituality; however, most of its artists have nothing to do with "New age spirituality", and some even reject the term.


title: New-age music

text: New-age music includes both acoustic forms, featuring instruments such as flutes, piano, acoustic guitar and a wide variety of non-Western acoustic instruments, and electronic forms, frequently relying on sustained synth pads or long sequencer-based runs. Vocal arrangements were initially rare in the genre, but as it has evolved, vocals have become more common, especially those featuring Native American-, Sanskrit-, or Tibetan-influenced chants, or lyrics based on mythology such as Celtic legends.


title: New-age music

text: There is no exact definition of new-age music. An article in "Billboard" magazine in 1987 commented that "New Age music may be the most startling successful non-defined music ever to hit the public consciousness". Many consider it to be an umbrella term for marketing rather than a musical category, and to be part of a complex cultural trend.


title: New-age music

text: New-age music was influenced by a wide range of artists from a variety of genres. Tony Scott's "Music for Zen Meditation" (1964) is considered to be the first new-age recording. Paul Horn (beginning with 1968's "Inside") was one of the important predecessors. Irv Teibel's "Environments" series (1969–79) featured natural soundscapes, tintinnabulation, and "Om" chants and were some of the first publicly available psychoacoustic recordings. Steven Halpern's 1975 "Spectrum Suite" was a key work that began the new-age music movement.


title: New-age music

text: New-age music is defined more by the use and effect or feeling it produces rather than the instruments and genre used in its creation; it may be acoustic, electronic, or a mixture of both. New-age artists range from solo or ensemble performances using classical-music instruments ranging from the piano, acoustic guitar, flute, or harp to electronic musical instruments, or from Eastern instruments such as the sitar, tabla and tamboura. There is also a significant overlap of sectors of new-age music with ambient, classical, jazz, electronica, world, chillout, pop, and space music, among others.


title: New-age music

text: Stephen Hill, founder of "Hearts of Space", considers that "many of the artists are very sincerely and fully committed to New Age ideas and ways of life". Some composers like Kitarō consider their music to be part of their spiritual growth, as well as expressing values and shaping the culture. Douglas Groothuis stated that rejection of all music labeled as "new age" would be to fall prey to a taboo mentality, as most of the music belongs to the "progressive" side of new-age music, where composers necessarily do not always have a New Age worldview.


title: New-age music

text: However, it is often noted that "new-age music" is a mere popular designation that successfully sells records. J. Gordon Melton argued that it does not refer to a specific genre of music, but to music used for therapeutic or other new-age purposes. Kay Gardner considered the label "new age" an inauthentic commercial intention of so-called new-age music, saying "a lot of new age music is schlock", and how due to record sales, everyone with a home studio put in sounds of crickets, oceans or rivers as a guarantee of sales. What started as ambient mood music related with new-age activity became a term for a musical conglomeration of jazz, folk, rock, ethnic, classical, and electronica, among other styles, with the former, markedly different musical and theoretical movement.


title: New-age music

text: Under the umbrella term, some consider Mike Oldfield's 1973 progressive rock album "Tubular Bells" one of the first albums to be referred to under the genre description of new-age. Others consider music by Greek composer Vangelis and general modern jazz-rock fusion as exemplifing the progressive side of new-age music. Other artists included are Jean-Michel Jarre (even though his electronic excursions predate the term), Andreas Vollenweider, George Winston, Mark Isham, Michael Hedges, Shadowfax, Mannheim Steamroller, Kitarō, Yanni, Enya, Clannad, Era and Enigma.


title: New-age music

text: However, many musicians and composers dismiss the labeling of their music as "new age". When the Grammy Award for Best New Age Album was first created in 1987, its first winner, Andreas Vollenweider, said, "I don't have any intention to label my music... It's ridiculous to give a name to anything that is timeless". Peter Bryant, music director of WHYY-FM (90.9) and host of a new-age program, noted that "I don't care for the term... New-age has a negative connotation... In the circles I come in contact with, people working in music, 'new-age' is almost an insult", that it refers to "very vapid, dreamy kinds of dull music... with no substance or form or interest", and that the term has "stuck".


title: New-age music

text: Harold Budd said, "When I hear the term 'new-age' I reach for my revolver... I don't think of myself as making music that is only supposed to be in the background. It's embarrassing to inadvertently be associated with something that you know in your guts is vacuous." Vangelis considers it to be a style that "gave the opportunity for untalented people to make very boring music". Yanni stated that "I don't want to relax the audience; I want to engage them in the music, get them interested", and that "New age implies a more subdued, more relaxed music than what I do. My music can be very rhythmic, very energetic, even very ethnic." David Van Tieghem, George Winston and Kitarō also rejected the label of new-age artist. David Lanz said that he "finally figured out that the main reason people don't like the term new age is because it's the only musical category that isn't a musical term". Andreas Vollenweider noted that "we have sold millions of records worldwide before the category new age was actually a category", and shared the concern that "the stores are having this problem with categorization".


title: New-age music

text: Ron Goldstein, president of Private Music, agreed with such a standpoint, and explained that "Windham Hill was the hub of this whole thing. Because of that association, new-age has come to be perceived as this West Coast thing". However, Windham Hill's managing director Sam Sutherland argued that even the label's founders William Ackerman and Anne Robinson "shied away from using any idiomatic or generic term at all. It's always seemed a little synthetic", and they stopped making any kind of deliberate protests to the use of the term simply because it was inappropriate. Both Goldstein and Sutherland concluded that the tag helped move merchandise, and that new-age music would be absorbed into the general body of pop music within a few years after 1987.


title: New-age music

text: "The New York Times" music critic Jon Pareles noted that "new-age music" absorbed other styles in more softer form, but those same, well-defined styles do not need the new-age category, and that "new-age music" resembles other music because it is aimed as a marketing niche—to be a "formula show" designated for urban "ultra-consumers" as status accessory; he also said the Andean, Asian and African traditional music influences evoke the sense of "cosmopolitanism", while nature in the album artwork and sound evoke the "connection to unspoiled landscapes".


title: New-age music

text: The borders of this umbrella genre are not well-defined, but music retail stores will include artists in the "new-age" category even if they belong to different genre, and those artists themselves use different names for their style of music.


title: New-age music

text: Kay Gardner called the original new-age music "healing music" or "women's spirituality". Paul Winter, considered a new-age music pioneer, also dismissed the term, preferring "earth music".


title: New-age music

text: The term "instrumental music" or "contemporary instrumental" can include artists who do not use electronic instruments, such as solo pianist David Lanz. Similarly, pianists such as Yanni and Bradley Joseph use this term as well, although they use keyboards to incorporate layered orchestral textures into their compositions. Yanni has distinguished the music genre from the spiritual movement bearing the same name. The term "contemporary instrumental music" was also suggested by Andreas Vollenweider, while "adult alternative" by Gary L. Chappell, which was the term by which "Billboard" called the new-age and world-music album charts.


title: New-age music

text: The concept arose with the involvement of professional musicians in the New-Age movement. Initially, it was of no interest to the musical industry, so the musicians and related staff founded their own small independent recording businesses. Sales reached significant numbers in unusual outlets such as bookstores, gift stores, health-food stores and boutiques, as well as by direct mail. With the demand of a large market, the major recording companies began promoting new-age music in the 1980s.


title: New-age music

text: New-age music was influenced by a wide range of artists from a variety of genres—for example, folk-instrumentalists John Fahey and Leo Kottke, minimalists Terry Riley, Steve Reich, La Monte Young, and Philip Glass, classical avant-garde Daniel Kobialka, synthesizer performers Brian Eno and Pink Floyd, and jazz artists Keith Jarrett, Weather Report, Mahavishnu Orchestra, Paul Horn (beginning with 1968's "Inside"), Paul Winter (beginning in the mid-1960s with the Paul Winter Consort) and Pat Metheny.


title: New-age music

text: Tony Scott's "Music for Zen Meditation" (1964) is considered to be the first new-age recording, but initially it was popular mostly in California, and was not sold nationally until the 1980s. Another school of meditation music arose among the followers of Rajneesh; Deuter recorded "D" (1971) and "Aum" (1972), which mixed acoustic and electronic instruments with sounds of the sea. Kay Gardner's song "Lunamuse" (1974) and first recording "Mooncircles" (1975), which were a synthesis of music, sexuality and Wiccan spirituality, were "new-age music before it got to be new-age music". Her "A Rainbow Path" (1984) embraced Halpern's theory of healing music from that time with women's spirituality, and she became one of the most popular new-age sacred-music artists. Mike Orme of "Stylus Magazine" writes that many key Berlin school musicians helped popularise new-age.


title: New-age music

text: The 1972 Italian progressive group Celeste was the first to have created a new rock in the New Age style.


title: New-age music

text: Paul Winter's "Missa Gaia/Earth Mass" (1982) is described as "a masterpiece of New Age ecological consciousness that celebrates the sacredness of land, sky, and sea". His work on the East Coast is considered to be one of the most important musical expressions of new-age spirituality. On the West Coast, musicians concentrated more on music for healing and meditation. The most notable early work was Steven Halpern's "Spectrum Suite" (1975), the musical purpose of which was described as to "resonate specific areas of the body... it quiets the mind and body", and whose title relates "to the seven tones of the musical scale and the seven colors of the rainbow to the seven etheric energy sources (chakras) in our bodies". In the 1970s his music work, and the theoretical book "Tuning the Human Instrument" (1979), pioneered the contemporary practice of musical healing in the United States.


title: New-age music

text: In 1976 the record label Windham Hill Records was founded, with an initial $300 investment, and would gross over $26 million annually ten years later. Over the years many record labels were formed that embraced or rejected the new-age designation, such as Narada Productions, Private Music, Music West, Lifestyle, Audion, Sonic Atmospheres, Living Music, Terra (Vanguard Records), Novus Records (which mainly recorded jazz music), FM (CBS Masterworks) and Cinema (Capitol Records).


title: New-age music

text: Between the intentional extremes of the U.S.' coasts are some of the most successful new-age artists, like George Winston and R. Carlos Nakai. Winston's million-selling "December" (1982), released by Windham Hill Records, was highly popular. Most of Nakai's work, with his first release "Changes" in 1983, consists of improvised songs in native North American style. During the 1990s, his music became virtual anthems for new-age spirituality.


title: New-age music

text: In 1981, Tower Records in Mountain View, California added a "new age" bin. By 1985, independent and chain record retail stores were adding sections for new age, and major labels began showing interest in the genre, both through acquisition of some existing new-age labels such as Paul Winter's Living Music and through signing of so-called "new-age" artists such as Japanese electronic composer Kitarō and American crossover jazz musician Pat Metheny, both signed by Geffen Records. Most of the major record labels accepted new age artists by the beginning of the next year. In the late 1980s the umbrella genre was the fastest-growing genre with significant radio broadcast. It was seen as an attractive business due to low recording costs.


title: New-age music

text: From 1982 to 1989, working on his own and with Lura Jane Geiger, Adam Geiger, a New Age composer/keyboardist, produced and sold a series of cassette tapes of New Age music on the LuraMedia recording label.


title: New-age music

text: Stephen Hill founded the new-age radio show "Hearts of Space" in 1973. In 1983, it was picked up by NPR for syndication to 230 affiliates nationally, and a year later Hill started a record label, Hearts of Space Records. On Valentine's Day in 1987, the former Los Angeles rock radio station KMET changed to a full-time new-age music format with new call letters KTWV, branded as "The Wave". During The Wave's new-age period, management told the station employees to refer to The Wave as a "mood service" rather than a "radio station". DJs stopped announcing the titles of the songs, and instead, to maintain an uninterrupted mood, listeners could call a 1–800 phone number to find out what song was playing. News breaks were also re-branded and referred to as "wave breaks". Other new-age-specialty radio programs included Forest's "Musical Starstreams" and John Diliberto's "Echoes". Most major cable television networks have channels that play music without visuals, including channels for New age, such as the "Soundscapes" channel on Music Choice. The two satellite radio companies Sirius Satellite Radio & XM Satellite Radio each had their own channels that played new-age music. Sirius—Spa (Sirius XM) (73), XM—Audio Visions (77). When the two merged in November 2008 and became SiriusXM, the Spa name was retained for the music channel with the majority of Audio Vision's music library being used.


title: New-age music

text: In 1987 was formed the Grammy Award for Best New Age Album, while in 1988 the "Billboard"'s New Age weekly charts. In 1989 Suzanne Doucet produced and held the first international New-Age Music Conference in Los Angeles. By 1989, there were over 150 small independent record labels releasing new-age music, while new-age and adult-alternative programs were carried on hundreds of commercial and college radio stations in the U.S., and over 40 distributors were selling new-age music through mail-order catalogs.


title: New-age music

text: In the 1990s many small labels of new-age style music emerged in Japan, but for this kind of instrumental music the terms "relaxing" or "healing" music were more popular. Enigma's Sadeness (Part I) became an international hit, reaching number one in 24 countries including UK, also number five on the US Billboard Hot 100, selling over 5 million worldwide. At the time Holland was the home of two leading European new-age labels—Oreade and Narada Media. Oreade reported that in 1997 the latest trend was "angelic" music, while Narada Media predicted that the genre would develop in the direction of world music (with Celtic, Irish and African influences). In 1995 some "new-age" composers like Kitarō, Suzanne Ciani and Patrick O'Hearn moved from major to independent record labels due to lack of promotion, diminishing sales or limited freedom of creativity.


title: New-age music

text: In 2001 Windham Hill celebrated its 25th anniversary, Narada and Higher Octave Music continued to move into world and ethno-techno music, and Hearts of Space Records were bought by Valley Entertainment. Enya's "Only Time" peaked at #10 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, while the album "A Day Without Rain" at #2 on the Billboard 200, being the number one new-age artist of the year.


title: Dan Peek

text: Daniel Milton Peek () was an American musician best known as a member of the folk rock band America from 1970 to 1977, together with Gerry Beckley and Dewey Bunnell. He has been called a "pioneer in contemporary Christian music".


title: Dan Peek

text: Peek was born in Panama City, Florida, on November 1, 1950, while his father was in the U.S. Air Force.


title: Dan Peek

text: Beginning in 1963, Peek was educated at London Central Elementary High School at Bushey Hall in North London. For the 1965–66 school year, Peek attended San Angelo Central High School after his family relocated from Pakistan earlier that year. He moved again to England in 1968 with his family when his father was assigned to a base in London. It is there that he met Bunnell and Beckley at London Central High School.


title: Dan Peek

text: In 1973 he married Catherine Maberry (d. March 11, 2021), with whom he would write a number of songs, including "Lonely People".


title: Dan Peek

text: When Peek was a young boy, he suffered from rheumatoid arthritis and had to be hospitalized for weeks away from the family home; his parents could only visit occasionally. Peek remembered this experience when, about a year before he died, he decided to dispose of five of his vintage guitars. Because the Ronald McDonald Houses exist to provide housing for families of hospitalized children close to hospitals around the United States and the world, Peek donated these five guitars to the San Diego house, which were subsequently sold to a collector, resulting in a $50,000 donation ().


title: Dan Peek

text: After a brief stint at Old Dominion University in Virginia during 1969, Peek returned from the U.S. back to London. Soon afterwards, the three former London Central High School classmates Peek, Beckley, and Bunnell began making music together. Known for singing the high harmonies, Dan Peek contributed lead and backing vocals, guitars, bass, keyboards, and harmonica to their recordings during his tenure in the band. As a member of America, Peek wrote or co-wrote four Top 100 singles: "Don't Cross the River" (No. 35), "Lonely People" (No. 5), "Woman Tonight" (No. 44), and "Today's the Day" (No. 23), all of which he also sang lead on. "Lonely People" and "Today's the Day" also hit No. 1 on the "Billboard" AC charts.


title: Dan Peek

text: Peek abused alcohol and other drugs during his time touring with the band and elected to leave shortly after America's February 1977 release of the "Harbor" album, disenchanted with the travel, recreational drug use and female groupies. In 2004, he released an autobiography about that era entitled "An American Band: The America Story" which was very difficult for him to write because of the bad memories it brought up.


title: Dan Peek

text: Years of life on the road with America had taken a toll on him. He renounced drugs and alcohol, renewed his Christian faith, and began to seek a different artistic direction than Beckley or Bunnell. He went on to sign with Pat Boone's Lamb & Lion Records and found renewed success as a pioneering artist in the emerging Christian pop music genre.


title: Dan Peek

text: Peek's debut solo album, "All Things Are Possible", was released in 1979. Chris Christian co-wrote, produced, and contributed acoustic guitar and backing vocals on the album. The title track reached the "Billboard" charts, making the Top 10 in the A/C "Billboard" chart and number 1 in the Christian charts, becoming one of the earliest contemporary Christian music crossover hits. Another song on the album, "Love Was Just Another Word", was recorded in Los Angeles and written by Chris Christian and Steve Kipner. Gerry Beckley and Dewey Bunnell contributed the background vocals. This was the last time the three original members of America recorded together. At the 22nd Grammy Awards, the album was nominated, losing in the Contemporary Gospel category to The Imperials album "Heed the Call".


title: Dan Peek

text: Peek waited five years before releasing a second solo album, 1984's "Doer of the Word", which hit number 2 in the Christian charts. Gerry Beckley contributed background vocals, which were recorded at Chris Christian's studio in Los Angeles while Peek was there. 1986 saw the release of his "Electrovoice" album, again to the CCM market, which included a remake of "Lonely People", featuring a very similar lead vocal treatment and overall arrangement to the original America version. He changed some of the song's lyrics to reflect his Christian faith; for example, the lines "And ride that highway in the sky" and "You never know until you try" became "And give your heart to Jesus Christ".


title: Dan Peek

text: Peek spent much of the 1990s in semi-retirement, occasionally recording music at his home in Bodden Town, Grand Cayman Island. He released several solo projects and collaborated with Ken Marvin and Brian Gentry as "Peace" on three albums. In the years before his death, Peek released music via his website. His last musical collaboration was performing lead vocal on a track on the 2011 album "Steps on the Water" by Etcetera.


title: Dan Peek

text: He published "An American Band", an autobiography based on America's most successful period, and his own spiritual journey.


title: Dan Peek

text: Peek died in his sleep of uremic pericarditis on July 24, 2011, at the age of 60 at his home in Farmington, Missouri. He was interred in Farmington's Zolman Cemetery.


title: Egg foo young

text: Egg foo young (, also spelled egg fooyung, egg foo yong, egg foo yung, or egg fu yung) is an omelette dish found in Chinese Indonesian, British Chinese, and Chinese American cuisine.


title: Egg foo young

text: The name comes from the Cantonese language. Egg foo young is derived from fu yung egg slices, a mainland Chinese recipe from Guangdong.


title: Egg foo young

text: The dish originates in the southern Chinese coastal province of Guangdong, which was known as Canton. Most versions which are found today are a Cantonese hybrid both in the United States and Asia.


title: Egg foo young

text: Literally meaning "Hibiscus egg", this dish is prepared with beaten eggs and most often made with various vegetables such as bean sprouts, bamboo shoots, sliced cabbage, spring onions, mushrooms, and water chestnuts. When meat is used as an ingredient, a choice of roast pork, shrimp, chicken, beef, or lobster may be offered.


title: Egg foo young

text: In Chinese Indonesian cuisine, it is known as "fu yung hai" (, literally "Hibiscus crab"), sometimes spelled "pu yung hai". The omelette is usually made from the mixture of vegetables such as carrots, bean sprouts, and cabbages, mixed with meats such as crab meat, shrimp, or minced chicken. The dish is often served in sweet and sour sauce with peas.


title: Egg foo young

text: In Western countries, the dish usually appears as a well-folded omelette with the non-egg ingredients embedded in the egg mixture. In America, it may be covered in or served with sauce or gravy. Chinese chefs in the United States, at least as early as the 1930s, created a pancake filled with eggs, vegetables, and meat or seafood. In a U.S. regional variation, many American-Chinese restaurants in St. Louis, Missouri, serve what is called a St. Paul sandwich, which is an egg foo young patty served with mayonnaise, dill pickle, and sometimes lettuce and tomato between two slices of white bread.


title: Egg foo young

text: In the Netherlands, which has a local variation on the Chinese Indonesian cuisine, it is known as "Foe yong hai", and is usually served with a sweet tomato sauce.


title: Egg foo young

text: Strictly, according to "hai" in the name, it should contain crab, but it is often served without this ingredient.


title: Egg foo young

text: In Japanese Chinese cuisine, the dish "kani-tama" (かに玉 or 蟹玉) is similar, using crab meat instead of ham or other meats. Egg foo yung or kani-tama on plain rice draped with thick savory sauce is called "Tenshin-han" (天津飯, "Tianjin rice"), even though no such dish is known in the actual Chinese city of Tianjin.


title: Egg foo young

text: Certain incarnations of the Korean-Chinese dish "jjajang bokkeumbap" (짜장 볶음밥) are similar; in essence the dish consists of "jjajang" (a dark brown-black bean and meat sauce) and fried rice, with an optional fried egg or egg-foo-young-like omelet atop the rice.


title: Egg foo young

text: In Malay cuisine, it is similar to "telur bungkus", which literally means "wrapped egg" (the wrap usually contains chicken or beef, onions, mushrooms, vegetables, and gravy, wrapped inside the egg).


title: Egg foo young

text: In Chinese Thai cuisine, this dish is called "Khai Chiao Yat Sai" (), which literally means "stuffed fried egg". The common recipe uses minced pork and shredded spring onion.


title: What3words

text: what3words is a proprietary geocode system designed to identify any location with a resolution of about . It is owned by What3words Limited, based in London, England. The system encodes geographic coordinates into three permanently fixed dictionary words. For example, the front door of 10 Downing Street in London is identified by .


title: What3words

text: What3words differs from most location encoding systems in that it uses words rather than strings of numbers or letters, and the pattern of this mapping is not obvious; the algorithm mapping locations to words is protected by copyright.


title: What3words

text: The company has a website, apps for iOS and Android, and an API for bidirectional conversion between what3words addresses and latitude/longitude coordinates.


title: What3words

text: Founded by Chris Sheldrick, Jack Waley-Cohen, Mohan Ganesalingam and Michael Dent, what3words was launched in July 2013. Sheldrick and Ganesalingam conceived the idea when Sheldrick, working as an event organizer, struggled to get bands and equipment to music venues using inadequate address information. Sheldrick tried using GPS coordinates to locate the venues, but decided that words were better than numbers after a one-digit error led him to the wrong location. He credits a mathematician friend for the idea of dividing the world into squares, and the linguist Jack Waley-Cohen with using memorable words. The company was incorporated in March 2013 and a patent application for the core technology filed in April 2013. In November 2013, What3words raised $500,000 of seed funding.


title: What3words

text: In January 2018, Mercedes-Benz bought approximately 10% of the company and announced support for What3words in future versions of the Mercedes-Benz User Experience infotainment and navigation system.


title: What3words

text: In 2018, the company had a turnover of £274,000 and lost £11M. In the year ending December 2019, the company lost £14.5M and had reported assets of £24.7M. By January 2020, the company had reached 100 employees and raised over £50M from investors. In the year ending December 2020, the company lost £16.09M. In the year ending December 2021, the company lost £43.29M.


title: What3words

text: In March 2021, it was announced that ITV plc had invested £2 million in What3words as the first investment in its media-for-equity scheme.


title: What3words

text: What3words originally sold "OneWord" addresses, which were stored in a database for a yearly fee, but this offering was discontinued as the company switched to a business-to-business model.


title: What3words

text: The Mercedes A-Class, launched in May 2018, became the first vehicle in the world with What3words on board.


title: What3words

text: Since 2019, What3words has seen adoption by emergency services, who can use it for free and frequently promote the app on social media. As of September 2021, more than 85 per cent of British emergency services teams use What3words, including the Metropolitan Police and London Fire Brigade. Support has also been added to the Australian Government's Triple Zero Emergency Plus App.


title: What3words

text: What3words divides the world into a grid of 57 trillion squares, each of which has a three-word address. The company says they do their best to remove homophones and spelling variations; however, at least 32 pairs of English near-homophones still remain.


title: What3words

text: Wordlists are available in 50 languages, each of which uses a list of 25,000 words (except for English, which uses 40,000 to cover sea as well as land). Translations are not direct, as direct translations to some languages could produce more than three words. Rather, territories are localised "considering linguistic sensitivities and nuances". Densely populated areas have strings of short words to aid more frequent usage; while less populated areas, such as the North Atlantic, use more complex words.


title: What3words

text: In a 2019 blog, open standards advocate and technology expert Terence Eden questioned the cultural neutrality of using words rather than the numbers generated by map coordinates. "Numbers are (mostly) culturally neutral." he said, "Words are not. Is mile.crazy.shade a respectful name for a war memorial? How about tribes.hurt.stumpy for a temple?"


title: What3words

text: What3words state that similar addresses are spaced as far apart as possible to avoid confusion, and that similarly sounding codes have a 1 in 2.5 million chance of pointing to locations near each other.


title: What3words

text: However, security researcher Andrew Tierney calculates that 75% of What3words addresses contain plural words that also exist in singular form (or the reverse). Co-founder and CEO Sheldrick responded that "Whilst the overwhelming proportion of similar-sounding three-word combinations will be so far apart that an error is obvious, there will still be cases where similar sounding word combinations are nearby."


title: What3words

text: Further analysis by Tierney shows that in the London area, around 1 in 24 addresses will be confusable with another London address.


title: What3words

text: In September 2022, the Department of Culture, Media and Sport used What3words to direct mourners to the end of the queue to view the Queen lying in state in London. Of the first five codes published, four led to the wrong place, including a suburb of London some 15 miles from the real end of the queue. Officials later moved to an automated system to generate the identifiers, as they realised having people involved in the process resulted in typos.


title: What3words

text: According to Rory Sutherland from the advertising agency Ogilvy in a 2014 op-ed piece for "The Spectator", the system's advantages are memorability, accuracy, and non-ambiguity in speech.


title: What3words

text: Supporters of open standards criticise the What3words system for being controlled by a private business and the software for being patented and not freely usable.


title: What3words

text: The company has pursued an assertive policy of issuing copyright claims against individuals and organisations that have hosted or published files of the What3words algorithm or reverse-engineered code that replicates the service's functionality, such as the free and open source implementation WhatFreeWords. The whatfreewords.org website was subsequently taken down following a Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) take-down notice issued by What3words. This has extended to removing comments on social media which refer to unauthorised versions. In late April 2021, a security researcher was subjected to the threat of a lawsuit from What3words, stating that linking to the open source reimplementation "WhatFreeWords" violates the company's copyright. "The letter also demanded that he disclose to the [company's lawyers] the identity of the person or people with whom he had shared a copy of the software, agree that he would not make any further copies of the software and to delete any copies of the software he had in his possession."


title: What3words

text: The site has been parodied by others who have created services including What3Emojis using emojis, What3Birds using British birds, What3fucks using swear words, Four King Maps also using swear words (covering only the British Isles), and What3Numbers using OpenStreetMap tile identifiers.


title: Floyd–Warshall algorithm

text: In computer science, the Floyd–Warshall algorithm (also known as Floyd's algorithm, the Roy–Warshall algorithm, the Roy–Floyd algorithm, or the WFI algorithm) is an algorithm for finding shortest paths in a directed weighted graph with positive or negative edge weights (but with no negative cycles). A single execution of the algorithm will find the lengths (summed weights) of shortest paths between all pairs of vertices. Although it does not return details of the paths themselves, it is possible to reconstruct the paths with simple modifications to the algorithm. Versions of the algorithm can also be used for finding the transitive closure of a relation formula_1, or (in connection with the Schulze voting system) widest paths between all pairs of vertices in a weighted graph.


title: Floyd–Warshall algorithm

text: The Floyd–Warshall algorithm is an example of dynamic programming, and was published in its currently recognized form by Robert Floyd in 1962. However, it is essentially the same as algorithms previously published by Bernard Roy in 1959 and also by Stephen Warshall in 1962 for finding the transitive closure of a graph, and is closely related to Kleene's algorithm (published in 1956) for converting a deterministic finite automaton into a regular expression. The modern formulation of the algorithm as three nested for-loops was first described by Peter Ingerman, also in 1962.


title: Floyd–Warshall algorithm

text: The Floyd–Warshall algorithm compares all possible paths through the graph between each pair of vertices. It is able to do this with formula_2 comparisons in a graph, even though there may be up to formula_3 edges in the graph, and every combination of edges is tested. It does so by incrementally improving an estimate on the shortest path between two vertices, until the estimate is optimal.


title: Floyd–Warshall algorithm

text: Consider a graph formula_4 with vertices formula_5 numbered 1 through formula_6. Further consider a function formula_7 that returns the shortest possible path (if one exists) from formula_8 to formula_9 using vertices only from the set formula_10 as intermediate points along the way. Now, given this function, our goal is to find the shortest path from each formula_8 to each formula_9 using "any" vertex in formula_13.


title: Floyd–Warshall algorithm

text: We know that the best path from formula_8 to formula_9 that only uses vertices formula_25 through formula_26 is defined by formula_27, and it is clear that if there was a better path from formula_8 to formula_15 to formula_9, then the length of this path would be the concatenation of the shortest path from formula_8 to formula_15 (only using intermediate vertices in formula_16) and the shortest path from formula_15 to formula_9 (only using intermediate vertices in formula_16).


title: Floyd–Warshall algorithm

text: If formula_37 is the weight of the edge between vertices formula_8 and formula_9, we can define formula_7 in terms of the following recursive formula: the base case is


title: Floyd–Warshall algorithm

text: This formula is the heart of the Floyd–Warshall algorithm. The algorithm works by first computing formula_7 for all formula_46 pairs for formula_47, then formula_48, and so on. This process continues until formula_49, and we have found the shortest path for all formula_46 pairs using any intermediate vertices. Pseudocode for this basic version follows:


title: Floyd–Warshall algorithm

text: Prior to the first recursion of the outer loop, labeled above, the only known paths correspond to the single edges in the graph. At , paths that go through the vertex 1 are found: in particular, the path [2,1,3] is found, replacing the path [2,3] which has fewer edges but is longer (in terms of weight). At , paths going through the vertices {1,2} are found. The red and blue boxes show how the path [4,2,1,3] is assembled from the two known paths [4,2] and [2,1,3] encountered in previous iterations, with 2 in the intersection. The path [4,2,3] is not considered, because [2,1,3] is the shortest path encountered so far from 2 to 3. At , paths going through the vertices {1,2,3} are found. Finally, at , all shortest paths are found.


title: Floyd–Warshall algorithm

text: A negative cycle is a cycle whose edges sum to a negative value. There is no shortest path between any pair of vertices formula_8, formula_9 which form part of a negative cycle, because path-lengths from formula_8 to formula_9 can be arbitrarily small (negative). For numerically meaningful output, the Floyd–Warshall algorithm assumes that there are no negative cycles. Nevertheless, if there are negative cycles, the Floyd–Warshall algorithm can be used to detect them. The intuition is as follows:


title: Floyd–Warshall algorithm

text: Hence, to detect negative cycles using the Floyd–Warshall algorithm, one can inspect the diagonal of the path matrix, and the presence of a negative number indicates that the graph contains at least one negative cycle. During the execution of the algorithm, if there is a negative cycle, exponentially large numbers can appear, as large as formula_62, where formula_63 is the largest absolute value of a negative edge in the graph. To avoid overflow/underflow problems one should check for negative numbers on the diagonal of the path matrix within the inner for loop of the algorithm. Obviously, in an undirected graph a negative edge creates a negative cycle (i.e., a closed walk) involving its incident vertices. Considering all edges of the above example graph as undirected, e.g. the vertex sequence 4 – 2 – 4 is a cycle with weight sum −2.


title: Floyd–Warshall algorithm

text: The Floyd–Warshall algorithm typically only provides the lengths of the paths between all pairs of vertices. With simple modifications, it is possible to create a method to reconstruct the actual path between any two endpoint vertices. While one may be inclined to store the actual path from each vertex to each other vertex, this is not necessary, and in fact, is very costly in terms of memory. Instead, the shortest-path tree can be calculated for each node in formula_64 time using formula_65 memory to store each tree which allows us to efficiently reconstruct a path from any two connected vertices.


title: Floyd–Warshall algorithm

text: formula_77 and compute the sequence of formula_69 matrices formula_79, formula_80, formula_81, formula_82, the total number of operations used is


title: Floyd–Warshall algorithm

text: The Floyd–Warshall algorithm is a good choice for computing paths between all pairs of vertices in dense graphs, in which most or all pairs of vertices are connected by edges. For sparse graphs with non-negative edge weights, lower asymptotic complexity can be obtained by running Dijkstra's algorithm from each possible starting vertex, since the worst-case running time of repeated Dijkstra (formula_85 using Fibonacci heaps) is smaller than the formula_86 running time of the Floyd–Warshall algorithm when formula_87 is significantly smaller than formula_88. For sparse graphs with negative edges but no negative cycles, Johnson's algorithm can be used, with the same asymptotic running time as the repeated Dijkstra approach.


title: Floyd–Warshall algorithm

text: There are also known algorithms using fast matrix multiplication to speed up all-pairs shortest path computation in dense graphs, but these typically make extra assumptions on the edge weights (such as requiring them to be small integers). In addition, because of the high constant factors in their running time, they would only provide a speedup over the Floyd–Warshall algorithm for very large graphs.


title: Joy Davidman

text: Helen Joy Davidman (18 April 1915 – 13 July 1960) was an American poet and writer. Often referred to as a child prodigy, she earned a master's degree from Columbia University in English literature at age twenty in 1935. For her book of poems, "Letter to a Comrade", she won the Yale Series of Younger Poets Competition in 1938 and the Russell Loines Award for Poetry in 1939. She was the author of several books, including two novels.


title: Joy Davidman

text: While an atheist and after becoming a member of the American Communist Party, she met and married her first husband and father of her two sons, William Lindsay Gresham, in 1942. After a troubled marriage, and following her conversion to Christianity, they divorced and she left America to travel to England with her sons.


title: Joy Davidman

text: Davidman published her best-known work, "Smoke on the Mountain: An Interpretation of the Ten Commandments," in 1954 with a preface by C. S. Lewis. Lewis influenced her work and conversion and became her second husband after her permanent relocation to England in 1956. She died from metastatic carcinoma involving the bones in 1960.


title: Joy Davidman

text: The relationship that developed between Davidman and Lewis has been featured in a television BBC film, a stage play, and a theatrical film named "Shadowlands". Lewis published "A Grief Observed" under a pseudonym in 1961, from notebooks he kept after his wife's death revealing his immense grief and a period of questioning God.


title: Joy Davidman

text: Helen Joy Davidman was born on 18 April 1915 into a secular middle-class Jewish family in New York City, of Polish-Jewish and Ukrainian-Jewish descent. Her parents, Joseph Davidman and Jeanette Spivack (married 1909), arrived in America in the late 19th century. Davidman grew up in the Bronx with her younger brother, Howard, and with both parents employed, even during the Great Depression. She was provided with a good education, piano lessons and family vacation trips. Davidman wrote in 1951: "I was a well-brought-up, right-thinking child of materialism... I was an atheist and the daughter of an atheist".


title: Joy Davidman

text: Davidman was a child prodigy, who scored above 150 on IQ testing, with exceptional critical, analytical and musical skills. She read H. G. Wells's "The Outline of History" at the age of eight and was able to play a score of Chopin on the piano after having read it once and not looking at it again. At an early age, she read George MacDonald's children's books and his adult fantasy book, "Phantastes". She wrote about the influence of these stories: "They developed in me a lifelong taste for fantasy, which led me years later to C. S. Lewis, who in turn led me to religion." A sickly child, suffering from a crooked spine, scarlet fever and anemia throughout her school years, and attending classes with much older classmates, she later referred to herself at this time as being "bookish, over-precocious and arrogant".


title: Joy Davidman

text: After finishing high school at Evander Childs High School at fourteen years old, she read books at home until she entered Hunter College in the Bronx at the age of fifteen, earning a BA degree at nineteen. In 1935, she received a master's degree in English literature from Columbia University in three semesters, while also teaching at Roosevelt High School. In 1936, after several of Davidman's poems were published in "Poetry", editor Harriet Monroe asked her to work for the magazine as reader and editor. Davidman resigned her teaching position to work full-time in writing and editing.


title: Joy Davidman

text: During the Great Depression, several incidents, including witnessing the suicide of a hungry orphan jumping off a roof at Hunter College, are said to have caused her to question the fairness of capitalism and the American economic system. She joined the American Communist Party in 1938.


title: Joy Davidman

text: For her collection of poems, "Letter to a Comrade", she won the Yale Series of Younger Poets Competition in 1938. She was chosen by Stephen Vincent Benét, who commended Davidman for her "varied command of forms and a bold power." In 1939, she won the Russell Loines Award for Poetry for this same book of poems. Although much of her work during this period reflected her politics as a member of the American Communist Party, this volume of poetry was much more than implied by the title, and contained forty-five poems written in traditional and free verse that were related to serious topics of the time such as the Spanish Civil War, the inequalities of class structure and male-female relationship issues. Davidman's style in these poems showed an influence by Walt Whitman's "Leaves of Grass".


title: Joy Davidman

text: She was employed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1939 for a six-month stay in Hollywood writing movie scripts. She wrote at least four, but they were not used and she returned to New York City to work for "The New Masses", where she wrote a controversial movie column, reviewing Hollywood movies in a manner described as "merciless in her criticisms." Her acclaimed first novel, "Anya" was published in 1940. Between 1941 and 1943, she was employed as a book reviewer and poetry editor for "The New Masses" with publications in many of the issues.


title: Joy Davidman

text: She married her first husband, author William Lindsay Gresham, on 24 August 1942 after becoming acquainted with him through their mutual interest in communism. They had two sons, David Lindsay Gresham (born 27 March 1944) and Douglas Howard Gresham (born 10 November 1945). Bill Gresham had become disillusioned with the Communist Party while volunteering in Spain during the Spanish Civil War to fight fascism and influenced Davidman to leave the party after the birth of their sons. During the marriage, Gresham wrote his most famous work "Nightmare Alley" in 1946, while Davidman did freelance work and cared for the house and children.


title: Joy Davidman

text: The marriage was marked by difficulties that included financial problems, as well as her husband's alcoholism and infidelities. Gresham sometimes had drunken outbursts, once smashing his guitar on a chair. Davidman wrote that her husband had telephoned her one day in spring 1946 telling her that he was having a nervous breakdown and did not know when he would return home. Afterwards, she suffered from a defeated emotional state. She had an experience that she described as: "for the first time my pride was forced to admit that I was not, after all, 'the master of my fate'... All my defenses – all the walls of arrogance and cocksureness and self-love behind which I had hid from God – went down momentarily – and God came in." When Gresham did return home, the couple began to look to religion for answers. Davidman at first studied Judaism, but decided to study all religions and concluded that "the Redeemer who had made himself known, whose personality I would have recognized among ten thousand—He was Jesus." Through their religious studies, the couple, in particular, began to read and be influenced by the books of C.S. Lewis.


title: Joy Davidman

text: When Gresham received a large sum for the movie rights to "Nightmare Alley", the family moved to an old mansion with acreage in the New York countryside, where Davidman began to write her second novel, "Weeping Bay" and Gresham also started his second novel, "Limbo Tower". In 1948, they became members of the Pleasant Plains Presbyterian Church. Gresham had at first similar Christian convictions as Joy, but soon rejected them; he continued to have extramarital affairs and developed an interest in tarot cards and the "I Ching". Both experimented with L. Ron Hubbard's theories of Dianetics and "audited" each other and friends. The couple became estranged, even though they continued to live together. After an introduction by a fellow American writer, Chad Walsh, Davidman began a correspondence with C. S. Lewis in 1950.


title: Joy Davidman

text: Davidman first met Lewis in August 1952 when she made a trip to the United Kingdom. She planned to finish her book on the Ten Commandments, which showed influences of Lewis's style of apologetics. After several lunch meetings and walks accompanying Lewis and Davidman, Lewis's brother, Warren Lewis, wrote in his diary that "a rapid friendship" had developed between his younger brother and Davidman, whom he described as "a Christian convert of Jewish race, medium height, good figure, horn rimmed specs, quite extraordinarily uninhibited." She spent Christmas and a fortnight at The Kilns with the brothers. Though Davidman was deeply in love with Lewis, there was no reciprocation on his side.


title: Joy Davidman

text: She returned home in January 1953, having received a letter from Gresham that he and her cousin were having an affair and he wanted a divorce. Her cousin Renée Rodriguez had moved into the Gresham home and was keeping house for the family while she was away. Davidman intended to try to save the marriage, but she agreed to a divorce after a violent encounter with Gresham, who had resumed drinking. He married Rodriguez when the divorce became final in August 1954.


title: Joy Davidman

text: Confessing to be a "complete Anglomaniac", Davidman returned to England with her sons in November 1953. Cynthia Haven speculates that the activities of HUAC might have been a factor in her decision to emigrate and not return, given her political affiliations in the past. Davidman found a flat in London and enrolled David and Douglas at Dane Court Preparatory School, but she soon ran into financial difficulties when Gresham stopped sending money for support. Lewis paid the school fees and found Davidman and her sons a house in Oxford close to The Kilns. Lewis originally regarded her only as an agreeable intellectual companion and personal friend. Warren Lewis wrote: "For Jack the attraction was at first undoubtedly intellectual. Joy was the only woman whom he had met... who had a brain which matched his own in suppleness, in width of interest, and in analytical grasp, and above all in humour and a sense of fun."


title: Joy Davidman

text: She was my daughter and my mother, my pupil and my teacher, my subject and my sovereign; and always, holding all these in solution, my trusty comrade, friend, shipmate, fellow-soldier. My mistress; but at the same time all that any man friend (and I have good ones) has ever been to me. Perhaps more. – C. S. Lewis


title: Joy Davidman

text: Lewis began to ask for Davidman's opinion and criticism when he was writing and she served as the inspiration for Orual, the central character in "Till We Have Faces" (1956). Other works that she influenced or helped with include "Reflections on the Psalms" (1958) and "The Four Loves" (1960). Davidman's book "Smoke on the Mountain: An Interpretation of the Ten Commandments" was published in 1955 in England with a preface by C. S. Lewis. It sold 3,000 copies, double that of US sales.