title: White Zimbabweans

text: In 1960, television was introduced into the then Southern Rhodesia. It was the first such service in the region, as South Africa did not introduce television until 1976, due to the potential ideological conflicts that it posed. The Rhodesian Broadcasting Corporation (RBC) TV was a commercial service carrying advertising, although there was also a television licence fee. Television reception was confined mainly to the large cities, and the majority of television personalities and viewers were from the white minority. The RBC used the BBC as a model, in that a government department was not responsible for it, but instead, a board of governors (selected by Ian Smith) were. Popular television shows included "Kwizzkids", "Frankly Partridge" and "Music Time". Possibly the best-known Director of the RBC was Dr. Harvey Ward. Prior to the introduction of television, RBC had developed a successful radio network, which continued. By 1978, three top white executives had fled overseas, including Dr. Ward, of whom it was said "probably more than any other person, became identified with the right-wing bias on Rhodesia's radio and TV networks." The RBC was later succeeded by the Zimbabwe Rhodesia Corporation, and later in its present form as the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation. The character Horace Von Khute, from the British television series "Fonejacker" is a Rhodesian who works for the police in intercepting a Ugandan bank scammer.


title: White Zimbabweans

text: Until her departure in 2001, Georgina Godwin, the sister of author Peter Godwin, was a celebrity DJ for the corporation and a television personality; she was described by Britain's "The Guardian" newspaper as Zimbabwe's Sara Cox. She previously hosted a morning drive-time show and gossip column in Zimbabwe. More recently, she was involved in the London-based SW Radio Africa, a station with the purpose of broadcasting independently of Zimbabwean state interference. Godwin has conducted various interviews for the station with figures such as Desmond Tutu and Zanu-PF firebrand Jocelyn Chiwenga.


title: White Zimbabweans

text: In 2009, the documentary film "Mugabe and the White African" premiered at the London Film Festival to rave reviews. The film deals with a white Zimbabwean farming family working against Mugabe's draconian land reform policies.


title: White Zimbabweans

text: Before 1980, Rhodesian representation in international sporting events was almost exclusively white. Zimbabwean participation in some international sporting events continued to be white-dominated until well into the 1990s. For example, no Black player was selected for the Zimbabwean cricket team until 1995. Rally driver Conrad Rautenbach (son of Billy) won the FIA African Championship, scoring at the Dunlop Zimbabwe Challenge Rally in 2005 and 2006. An iconic event is the all-white Zimbabwean women's field hockey team, captained by Ann Grant (formerly Ann Fletcher) and winning gold medals at the Moscow Olympics in July 1980 (Ann Grant's brother, cricketer Duncan Fletcher, later became manager of the England cricket team).


title: White Zimbabweans

text: An exception to this trend during the 1960s and 1970s was in association football, where the national team was predominantly black, with the notable exceptions of the white forward Bobby Chalmers, who captained the team during its unsuccessful attempt to qualify for the 1970 World Cup, and goalkeeper Bruce Grobbelaar.


title: White Zimbabweans

text: A large number of Zimbabwe's most famous athletes are white. In tennis, the Black family of Cara, Byron and Wayne Black, and Kevin Ullyett, are notable doubles players. In the 1990s, Zimbabwe's largely white cricket team was a strong one, and included world class players such as Andy Flower, Grant Flower amongst others. Today, Zimbabwe's National Cricket Team still has several white players, including Brendan Taylor and Sean Williams. Furthermore, Zimbabwe's most successful recent Olympic athlete is swimmer Kirsty Coventry, who won three medals (including gold) at the 2004 Summer Olympics, and four medals (including gold) at the 2008 Summer Olympics. Famous white Zimbabwean golfers include Nick Price, Mark McNulty and Brendon de Jonge.


title: White Zimbabweans

text: Although she represented South Africa, Rhodesian-born Charlene Wittstock, who was brought up in Bulawayo before moving to South Africa at the age of ten, has achieved success as a swimmer. She has also become a celebrity figure, owing to her marriage to Prince Albert II Sovereign Prince of Monaco.


title: White Zimbabweans

text: Australian rugby union player David Pocock is also a well-known Zimbabwean, having emigrated to Australia in 2002.


title: White Zimbabweans

text: During the UDI era, Rhodesia developed a siege economy as the means of withstanding UN sanctions. The country operated a strict system of exchange and import controls, while major export items were channelled through state trade agencies (such as 'the Grain Marketing Board'). This approach was continued until around 1990, at which time International Monetary Fund and World Bank development funding was made conditional upon the adoption of economic liberalisation. In 1991, Zimbabwe adopted the ESAP (Economic Structural Adjustment Programme), which required privatisation, the removal of exchange and import controls, trade deregulation and the phasing out of export subsidies. Up until the time of independence, the economy relied mainly on the export of a narrow range of primary products, including tobacco, asbestos and gold. In the post-independence period, the world markets for all these products deteriorated, and it was hoped that the ESAP would facilitate diversification.


title: White Zimbabweans

text: ESAP and its successor ZIMPREST (Zimbabwe Programme for Economic and Social Transformation) caused considerable economic turbulence. Some sectors of the economy did benefit, but the immediate results included job losses, a rise in poverty, and a series of exchange rate crises. The associated economic downturn caused the budget deficit to rise, which put pressure on public services, and the means used to finance the budget deficit caused hyperinflation. These factors created a situation in which many bright and qualified Zimbabweans (both black and white) had to look abroad for work opportunities.


title: White Zimbabweans

text: Zimbabwean politics since 1990 have therefore been conducted against a background of economic difficulty, with the manufacturing sector (in particular) being 'hollowed out'. However, some parts of the economy continue to perform well: the Zimbabwe stock exchange and property market have experienced minor booms, while outsiders are coming to invest in both mining and land operations.


title: White Zimbabweans

text: In the period immediately after independence, some white political leaders (such as Ian Smith) sought to maintain the identity of white Zimbabweans as a separate group. In particular, they wished to maintain a separate "white roll", maintaining the election of 20 seats in parliament reserved for white people; this was abolished in 1987. Despite this, a number of white Zimbabweans embraced the political changes, and many even joined Zanu-PF in the 1980s and 1990s: for example, Timothy Stamps served as Minister of Health in the Zimbabwean government from 1986 to 2002.


title: White Zimbabweans

text: In the 2000s, an elite network of white businessmen and senior military officers became associated with a faction of ZANU-PF identified with Emmerson Mnangagwa, a former Security Minister and later Speaker of Parliament. Mnangagwa was described by reporters of the "Daily News" as "the richest politician in Zimbabwe". He is believed to have favoured the early retirement of President Mugabe, and a conciliatory approach towards the regime's domestic opponents; this line has displeased other elements in ZANU-PF. In June 2006, John Bredenkamp (a prominent former Mnangagwa associate) fled Zimbabwe in his private jet, after government investigations into the affairs of his Breco trading company were started. Bredenkamp returned to Zimbabwe in September 2006, after his passport was returned by court order.


title: White Zimbabweans

text: In July 2002, 92 prominent Zimbabweans were subject to EU "smart sanctions", intended to express disapproval of various Zimbabwe government policies. These persons were banned from the EU, and access to assets they own in the EU was frozen. Ninety-one of those on the blacklist were black, and one was white: Dr. Timothy Stamps.


title: White Zimbabweans

text: Many observers found the EU's treatment of Dr. Stamps to be curious, given that by July 2002 he was retired from active politics and a semi-invalid. In addition, Stamps was widely considered to be a highly dedicated doctor who had never been implicated in any form of wrongdoing. The same observers found it equally strange that the EU Commission did not include the wealthy white backers of Mugabe on the list.


title: White Zimbabweans

text: From around 1990 onwards, mainstream white opinion favoured opposition politics to that of Mugabe's ZANU party, who controlled the government. White Zimbabweans sought to vote for liberal economics, democracy and the rule of law. White people had lain low in the immediate post-independence period, but, in 1999 they recognised a common disquiet with the majority of people over ZANU excesses in government, and gave whites an opportunity to vote for an opposition, which initially grew out of the trade union movements who were enabling citizens to have a voice and vote with the majority of Zimbabweans.


title: White Zimbabweans

text: Roy Bennett, a white farmer forced off his coffee plantation after it was overrun by radical militants and then expropriated, won a strong victory in the Chimanimani constituency (adjoining the Mozambican border) in the 2000 general election. Bennett (a former Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe member) won his seat for the Movement for Democratic Change, and was one of four white MDC constituency MPs elected in 2000.


title: White Zimbabweans

text: Other white MPs elected in 2000 included David Coltart (a prominent human rights lawyer and founding legal secretary of the MDC) and Michael Auret (a civil rights activist of long standing, who had opposed white minority rule in the 1970s). Trudy Stevenson was a white American who had lived in Uganda until 1972, before fleeing from the regime of Idi Amin. Stevenson served as the MDC's Secretary for Policy and Research before being elected to Parliament. In July 2006, after attending a political meeting in the Harare suburb of Mabvuku, Stevenson was attacked, suffering panga wounds to the back of her neck and head. The MDC leadership immediately claimed that the attack was carried out by ZANU militants; however, while recovering in hospital, the MP for Harare North positively identified her assailants as members of a rival faction of the MDC. This incident illustrates the violent and faction-ridden nature of Zimbabwean politics. Zimbabwean politicians routinely accuse each other of murder, theft, electoral fraud, conspiracy and treason; it is often difficult to know the truth of such stories.


title: White Zimbabweans

text: One MDC spokesmen is Eddie Cross. Cross is a leading Zimbabwean business figure, and serves as the MDC's Economic Secretary and shadow finance minister. Although critical of the ZANU-PF government, Cross has been an advocate of the economic liberalisation that the government introduced.


title: White Zimbabweans

text: The 2000 general election was arguably the most significant event in post-independence Zimbabwean politics; it was the first seriously contested election in the country since 1962, and was fought out against a background of intractable economic, social and political problems. The ZANU ruling party had been in power for 20 years, and was widely considered to have run out of ideas. White people played a leading role in the campaign of the opposition MDC party, which almost won the election. Radical elements in the country perceived the MDC project to have been an attempt to restore a limited form of white minority rule, and this produced a violent backlash.


title: White Zimbabweans

text: From 2000, there was an increasing sense in the white Zimbabwean community that the rule of law has been selectively applied to crimes committed towards their own members.


title: White Zimbabweans

text: The Independence constitution contained a provision requiring the Zimbabwean government to honour pension obligations due to former servants of the Rhodesian state. This obligation included payment in foreign currency to pensioners living outside Zimbabwe (almost all white). Pension payments were made until the 1990s, but they then became erratic and stopped altogether in 2003.


title: White Zimbabweans

text: White communities in African countries did not all follow the same path in the post-colonial period. In some post-colonial African countries such as Kenya, Namibia, and Botswana the white communities survived and actually increased in number. Other nations such as Zambia actively appealed to white African farmers, agricultural workers and industrialists to emigrate to the country to help develop the economy, a scheme some displaced white Zimbabweans have taken advantage of. In two particular cases, Algeria and Zimbabwe, the previously large European communities have shrunk. In both these last cases, the white communities had put up a fight against decolonisation, and many white people found it difficult to adjust to the realities of the world they found themselves in after independence by suddenly losing a higher economic and political status or being subjected to violence and threats from the new post-independent government. Many neutral observers feel that the failure of some newly independent African countries and their white minorities to come to terms with one another was to the mutual disadvantage of both parties; with some black Africans claiming that the higher positions whites in industries such as farming is a continued reminder of colonialism and disadvantage whereas the emigration or violent and forced expulsions of white Africans caused the economy and infrastructure to collapse and further impoverish the country. For example, expatriate white farmers and hoteliers from Zimbabwe have done much to revive agriculture and develop tourism in neighbouring Zambia.


title: White Zimbabweans

text: The white community was also the target of a degrading campaign by the Zimbabwean State media. Several state newspapers referred to white Zimbabweans as "Britain's Children" and "settlers and colonialists" even though many second and third generation white Zimbabweans have identified themselves as African first and foremost.


title: White Zimbabweans

text: In 2006, several residents (including British aristocrats) of the predominantly wealthy white Harare suburb of Borrowdale were evicted from their homes because of their proximity to Mugabe's new home in the area. In 2007, the exclusive suburb hit the headlines again when news emerged that 100 mainly white youths were arrested during a raid in the area's Glow night club, before being transported in two police buses and detained in the downtown central police station. According to eyewitnesses, several of the youths were attacked by Zimbabwean police. In 2008, "The Guardian" reported on the increasingly hostile situation that the urban white community were facing in Zimbabwe.


title: White Zimbabweans

text: In March 2008, Zimbabweans took part in the Parliamentary and Presidential elections. High-profile white Zimbabwean candidates in these elections included David Coltart for the Senate and Trudy Stevenson, Eddie Cross, and Ian Kay for the House of Assembly, with all of these candidates running for one of the Movement for Democratic Change factions (MDC-T) or (MDC-M). Coltart, Cross, and Kay were all elected, while Stevenson failed to take the Mount Pleasant seat in Harare for the Mutumbara faction of the MDC.


title: White Zimbabweans

text: The MDC won both the Parliamentary and Presidential elections. On 16 September 2008, the formation of a new "unity" government was agreed with MDC leader Morgan Tsvangirai as Prime Minister. Senator Roy Bennett was nominated to be Minister of Lands, Agriculture, and Resettlement, while Cross was nominated to be Minister of International Trade.


title: White Zimbabweans

text: In February 2009, "The Times" reported on the struggles the white community were facing, citing the struggle to afford food and the astronomical price of private healthcare, reporting that most white residents in Zimbabwe were financially dependent on relatives abroad.


title: White Zimbabweans

text: In the same month, the UK Government confirmed that it would assist elderly British citizens living in Zimbabwe to resettle in the United Kingdom. The repatriation plan would focus on Britons over seventy years of age, while younger Britons with medical or other problems would also be eligible.


title: White Zimbabweans

text: In February 2010, the international media reported that new government regulations stipulated that all white business owners must sign over a 51% majority share of their business to black Zimbabweans; a penalty for those who do not comply could result in imprisonment. The proposed law was later abandoned.


title: White Zimbabweans

text: In March 2010, a group of dispossessed white farmers were handed the ownership documents of a valuable property in Cape Town owned by the Zimbabwean government by a South African court. The South African court had earlier ruled that land grabs in Zimbabwe were unlawful, and that property owned by the Zimbabwean government (not protected by diplomatic immunity) could be seized as compensation for victims of the land grabs. It is anticipated that other assets, such as Air Zimbabwe jets in South Africa, also could be seized.


title: White Zimbabweans

text: The charity Zane ("Zimbabwe, a National Emergency") was established in 2002 to facilitate the repatriation of cash-strapped British passport holders resident in Zimbabwe. , it continued to support 1,800 white Zimbabweans, while also providing support to wider Zimbabwean society.


title: White Zimbabweans

text: In 2017, new President Emmerson Mnangagwa's inaugural speech promised to pay compensation to the white farmers whose land was seized during the land reform programme. Rob Smart became the first white farmer whose land was returned within a month after President Mnangagwa was sworn in to office; he returned to his farm in Manicaland province by military escort. During the World Economic Forum 2018 in Davos, Mnangagwa also stated that his new government believes thinking about racial lines in farming and land ownership is "outdated", and should be a "philosophy of the past."


title: Adventureland (film)

text: Adventureland is a 2009 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Greg Mottola, starring Jesse Eisenberg and Kristen Stewart and co-starring Ryan Reynolds, Kristen Wiig, Bill Hader, Martin Starr, and Margarita Levieva. Set in the summer of 1987, recent college grad James Brennan (Eisenberg) is making big plans to tour Europe and attend graduate school in pursuit of a career in journalism. However, financial problems force him to look for a summer job instead of traveling abroad, which places him at Adventureland, a run-down amusement park in western Pennsylvania and loosely based on the "Adventureland" local theme park in Farmingdale, New York. There he meets Emily Lewin (Stewart), a co-worker with whom he develops a quick rapport and relationship.


title: Adventureland (film)

text: Released on April 3, 2009, the film received positive reviews and earned $17.1 million worldwide at the box office. It was nominated for "Best Ensemble Cast Performance" at the 19th Annual Gotham Independent Film Awards.


title: Adventureland (film)

text: In 1987, James Brennan plans to have a summer vacation in Europe after graduating from Oberlin College. His parents inform him that their current finances will not permit them to support him and he will have to spend the summer working instead. James gets a job working the carnival games at Adventureland, a local amusement park in his hometown of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where his childhood friend Tommy Frigo works. Another games worker, Emily "Em" Lewin, saves James from being stabbed by a cheating customer and offers him a ride home that night.


title: Adventureland (film)

text: With her father and stepmother out of town, Em throws a party. At the party, Em and James discover they share a similar taste in music. Em persuades James to join her in her swimming pool, but an unfortunately timed erection humiliates him in front of everyone. After the party, Mike Connell, who is married and has been having an affair with Em, comes over and they have sex. As the love triangle between Mike, Em, and James continues to develop, other romances blossom between their coworkers at Adventureland. James also has a brief romance with rides worker Lisa P.


title: Adventureland (film)

text: Another of James' coworkers tells James that one night, he saw Em and Connell doing "pushups without any pants on" in the back of Connell's car. Frigo drives James to Connell's mother's house and they see Em leaving. James tells Lisa about the affair and asks her not to tell anyone, but she tells her friend Kelly and soon afterwards the news spreads throughout the park. Em quits and moves back to New York. James gets drunk, crashes his father's car into their neighbor's tree, and passes out. The next morning, James' prospective grad school roommate decides to go to Harvard Business School instead, leaving him with nowhere to live in New York.


title: Adventureland (film)

text: James heads to New York City and waits outside Em's apartment in the rain. When she arrives, she invites him in and they reconcile.


title: Adventureland (film)

text: "Adventureland" was filmed in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, from October 2007 to December 2007, or possibly until January 2008, with most scenes shot in Kennywood, a historic amusement park in nearby West Mifflin, Pennsylvania. The park was "heavily" altered to look run-down. The theme park from the film is based on the Farmingdale, New York amusement park Adventureland where Mottola once worked in the 1980s. The scenes of the family home were filmed in a neighborhood named Fox Ridge located in the town of McCandless, a suburb still within Allegheny County and approximately 12 miles north of the city of Pittsburgh. Other scenes were shot in Beaver County, Pennsylvania, and the airport area of Moon Township such as the Stardust Lounge.


title: Adventureland (film)

text: The story takes place during the summer, but since it was shot in the winter months in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, crews had to often hide snowfall. In some instances, during indoor takes, extras were paid to stand outside surrounding the windows and doors to block the snow falling behind the actors.


title: Adventureland (film)

text: The film premiered at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival and was theatrically released on April 3, 2009. The film was also screened at the 2009 Edinburgh International Film Festival.


title: Adventureland (film)

text: In its first week at the box office, "Adventureland" opened moderately wide in only 1,862 screens grossing $5.7 million ranking #6 at the box office. Despite opening up in fourteen more screens in its second week "Adventureland" only took in $3.4 million, falling to #9 at the box office. The film concluded its U.S. domestic run on May 28, 2009 with a gross of $16,044,025 and a total international gross of $17,164,377.


title: Adventureland (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 89% based on 218 reviews, with an average rating of 7.30/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Full of humor and nostalgia, "Adventureland" is a sweet, insightful coming-of-age comedy that will resonate with teens and adults alike." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 76 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Adventureland (film)

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and wrote: "What surprised me was how much I admired Kristen Stewart, who in 'Twilight,' was playing below her grade level. Here is an actress ready to do important things. Together, and with the others, they make 'Adventureland' more real and more touching than it may sound."


title: Adventureland (film)

text: "Variety"'s Todd McCarthy wrote: "A rather ordinary account of youthful summer misadventures that goes down easily thanks to a sparky cast, more than 40 pop tunes that anchor the action in the late '80s and characters who get high both on and off their jobs at a tacky amusement park."


title: Adventureland (film)

text: The film was nominated for a Gotham Independent Film Award for Best Ensemble Cast, scheduled in New York City on November 30, 2009.


title: Adventureland (film)

text: "Adventureland" was the winner of "High Times" magazine's 2009 Stoner Movie of the Year Award. Kristen Stewart also received "High Times" 2009 Stonette of the Year Award, due in part to her performance in the film.


title: Adventureland (film)

text: Jesse Eisenberg was nominated for Favorite Male Breakthrough Performance at the Teen Choice Awards for his performance in both "Adventureland" and "Zombieland".


title: Adventureland (film)

text: A total of 41 songs were licensed for use in the film. The soundtrack includes 14 songs and was released on April 1, 2009 by Hollywood Records. The songs included are mostly from the 1980s, to fit with the setting of the film, with several tracks from the late 1960s and early 1970s, most notably by The Velvet Underground, Lou Reed, the New York Dolls and cult darlings Big Star. The '80s bands represent a cross section of alternative bands from the time including Hüsker Dü, The Jesus and Mary Chain, Nick Lowe, The Cure, The Replacements, and Crowded House.


title: Adventureland (film)

text: The film maintains a notable reverence for Lou Reed, who is idolized by the main character, featured on T-shirts and posters of other cast members and has likewise elevated the status of the playground mechanic stemming from a rumored jam session with the artist. Earlier versions of the script replaced Lou Reed with singer-songwriter Neil Young as the musician Ryan Reynolds's character had played with, and used Young's songs "Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere" and "Hey Hey, My My (Into The Black)" in key scenes.


title: Micrometer (device)

text: A micrometer, sometimes known as a micrometer screw gauge, is a device incorporating a calibrated screw widely used for accurate measurement of components in mechanical engineering and machining as well as most mechanical trades, along with other metrological instruments such as dial, vernier, and digital calipers. Micrometers are usually, but not always, in the form of calipers (opposing ends joined by a frame). The spindle is a very accurately machined screw and the object to be measured is placed between the spindle and the anvil. The spindle is moved by turning the ratchet knob or thimble until the object to be measured is lightly touched by both the spindle and the anvil.


title: Micrometer (device)

text: Micrometers are also used in telescopes or microscopes to measure the apparent diameter of celestial bodies or microscopic objects. The micrometer used with a telescope was invented about 1638 by William Gascoigne, an English astronomer.


title: Micrometer (device)

text: The word "micrometer" is a neoclassical coinage . The "Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary" says that English got it from French and that its first known appearance in English writing was in 1670. Neither the metre nor the micrometre (μm) nor the micrometer (device) as we know them today existed at that time. However, the people of that time did have much need for, and interest in, the ability to measure small things and small differences. The word was no doubt coined in reference to this endeavor, even if it did not refer specifically to its present-day senses.


title: Micrometer (device)

text: The first ever micrometric screw was invented by William Gascoigne in the 17th century, as an enhancement of the vernier; it was used in a telescope to measure angular distances between stars and the relative sizes of celestial objects.


title: Micrometer (device)

text: Henry Maudslay built a bench micrometer in the early 19th century that was jocularly nicknamed "the Lord Chancellor" among his staff because it was the final judge on measurement accuracy and precision in the firm's work. In 1844, details of Whitworth's workshop micrometer were published. This was described as having a strong frame of cast iron, the opposite ends of which were two highly finished steel cylinders, which traversed longitudinally by action of screws. The ends of the cylinders where they met was of hemispherical shape. One screw was fitted with a wheel graduated to measure to the ten thousandth of an inch. His object was "to furnish ordinary mechanics with an instrument which, while it afforded very accurate indications, was yet not very liable to be deranged by the rough handling of the workshop".


title: Micrometer (device)

text: The first documented development of handheld micrometer-screw calipers was by Jean Laurent Palmer of Paris in 1848; the device is therefore often called "palmer" in French, "tornillo de Palmer" ("Palmer screw") in Spanish, and "calibro Palmer" ("Palmer caliper") in Italian. (Those languages also use the "micrometer" cognates: "micromètre, micrómetro, micrometro".) The micrometer caliper was introduced to the mass market in anglophone countries by Brown & Sharpe in 1867, allowing the penetration of the instrument's use into the average machine shop. Brown & Sharpe were inspired by several earlier devices, one of them being Palmer's design. In 1888, Edward W. Morley added to the precision of micrometric measurements and proved their accuracy in a complex series of experiments.


title: Micrometer (device)

text: The culture of toolroom accuracy and precision, which started with interchangeability pioneers including Gribeauval, Tousard, North, Hall, Whitney, and Colt, and continued through leaders such as Maudslay, Palmer, Whitworth, Brown, Sharpe, Pratt, Whitney, Leland, and others, grew during the Machine Age to become an important part of combining applied science with technology. Beginning in the early 20th century, one could no longer truly master tool and die making, machine tool building, or engineering without some knowledge of the science of metrology, as well as the sciences of chemistry and physics (for metallurgy, kinematics/dynamics, and quality).


title: Micrometer (device)

text: Each type of micrometer caliper can be fitted with specialized anvils and spindle tips for particular measuring tasks. For example, the anvil may be shaped in the form of a segment of screw thread, in the form of a v-block, or in the form of a large disc.


title: Micrometer (device)

text: Micrometers use the screw to transform small distances (that are too small to measure directly) into large rotations of the screw that are big enough to read from a scale. The accuracy of a micrometer derives from the accuracy of the thread-forms that are central to the core of its design. In some cases it is a differential screw. The basic operating principles of a micrometer are as follows:


title: Micrometer (device)

text: For example, if the lead of a screw is 1 mm, but the major diameter (here, outer diameter) is 10 mm, then the circumference of the screw is 10π, or about 31.4 mm. Therefore, an axial movement of 1 mm is amplified (magnified) to a circumferential movement of 31.4 mm. This amplification allows a small difference in the sizes of two similar measured objects to correlate to a larger difference in the position of a micrometer's thimble. In some micrometers, even greater accuracy is obtained by using a differential screw adjuster to move the thimble in much smaller increments than a single thread would allow.


title: Micrometer (device)

text: In classic-style analog micrometers, the position of the thimble is read directly from scale markings on the thimble and sleeve (for names of parts see next section). A vernier scale is often included, which allows the position to be read to a fraction of the smallest scale mark. In digital micrometers, an electronic readout displays the length digitally on an LCD on the instrument. There also exist mechanical-digit versions, like the style of car odometers where .


title: Micrometer (device)

text: Micrometers are high precision instruments. Proper use of them requires not only understanding their operation itself but also the nature of the object and the dynamic between the instrument and the object as it is being measured. For simplicity's sake, in the figures and text below issues related to deformation or definition of the length being measured are assumed to be negligible unless otherwise stated.


title: Micrometer (device)

text: The spindle of a micrometer graduated for the Imperial and US customary measurement systems has 40 threads per inch, so that one turn moves the spindle axially 0.025 inch (1 ÷ 40 = 0.025), equal to the distance between adjacent graduations on the sleeve. The 25 graduations on the thimble allow the 0.025 inch to be further divided, so that turning the thimble through one division moves the spindle axially 0.001 inch (0.025 ÷ 25 = 0.001). Thus, the reading is given by the number of whole divisions that are visible on the scale of the sleeve, multiplied by 25 (the number of thousandths of an inch that each division represents), plus the number of that division on the thimble which coincides with the axial zero line on the sleeve. The result will be the diameter expressed in thousandths of an inch. As the numbers 1, 2, 3, etc., appear below every fourth sub-division on the sleeve, indicating hundreds of thousandths, the reading can easily be taken.


title: Micrometer (device)

text: Suppose the thimble were screwed out so that graduation 2, and three additional sub-divisions, were visible on the sleeve (as shown in the image), and that graduation 1 on the thimble coincided with the axial line on the sleeve. The reading would then be 0.2000 + 0.075 + 0.001, or 0.276 inch.


title: Micrometer (device)

text: The spindle of an ordinary metric micrometer has 2 threads per millimetre, and thus one complete revolution moves the spindle through a distance of 0.5 millimeter. The longitudinal line on the sleeve is graduated with 1 millimetre divisions and 0.5 millimetre subdivisions. The thimble has 50 graduations, each being 0.01 millimetre (one-hundredth of a millimetre). Thus, the reading is given by the number of millimetre divisions visible on the scale of the sleeve plus the division on the thimble which coincides with the axial line on the sleeve.


title: Micrometer (device)

text: As shown in the image, suppose that the thimble were screwed out so that graduation 5, and one additional 0.5 subdivision were visible on the sleeve. The reading from the axial line on the sleeve almost reaches graduation 28 on the thimble. The best estimate is 27.9 graduations. The reading then would be 5.00 (exact) + 0.5 (exact) + 0.279 (estimate) = 5.779 mm (estimate). As the last digit is an "estimated tenth", both 5.780 mm and 5.778 mm are also reasonably acceptable readings but the former cannot be written as 5.78 mm or, by the rules for significant figures, it is then taken to express ten times less precision than the instrument actually has! But note that the nature of the object being measured often requires one should round the result to fewer significant figures than which the instrument is capable.


title: Micrometer (device)

text: Some micrometers are provided with a vernier scale on the sleeve in addition to the regular graduations. These permit measurements within 0.001millimetre to be made on metric micrometers, or 0.0001 inches on inch-system micrometers.


title: Micrometer (device)

text: The additional digit of these micrometers is obtained by finding the line on the sleeve vernier scale which exactly coincides with one on the thimble. The number of this coinciding vernier line represents the additional digit.


title: Micrometer (device)

text: Thus, the reading for metric micrometers of this type is the number of whole millimeters (if any) and the number of hundredths of a millimeter, as with an ordinary micrometer, and the number of thousandths of a millimeter given by the coinciding vernier line on the sleeve vernier scale.


title: Micrometer (device)

text: For example, a measurement of 5.783millimetres would be obtained by reading 5.5millimetres on the sleeve, and then adding 0.28millimetre as determined by the thimble. The vernier would then be used to read the 0.003 (as shown in the image).


title: Micrometer (device)

text: Note: 0.01 millimeter = 0.000393 inch, and 0.002millimeter = 0.000078 inch (78 millionths) or alternatively, 0.0001 inch = 0.00254millimeters. Therefore, metric micrometers provide smaller measuring increments than comparable inch unit micrometers—the smallest graduation of an ordinary inch reading micrometer is 0.001 inch; the vernier type has graduations down to 0.0001 inch (0.00254 mm). When using either a metric or inch micrometer, without a vernier, smaller readings than those graduated may of course be obtained by visual interpolation between graduations.


title: Micrometer (device)

text: On most micrometers, a small pin spanner is used to turn the sleeve relative to the barrel, so that its zero line is repositioned relative to the markings on the thimble. There is usually a small hole in the sleeve to accept the spanner's pin. This calibration procedure will cancel a zero error: the problem that the micrometer reads nonzero when its jaws are closed.


title: Micrometer (device)

text: A standard one-inch micrometer has readout divisions of 0.001 inch and a rated accuracy of ±0.0001 inch ("one tenth", in machinist parlance).


title: Micrometer (device)

text: Both the measuring instrument and the object being measured should be at room temperature for an accurate measurement; dirt, abuse, and low operator skill are the main sources of error.


title: Micrometer (device)

text: The accuracy of micrometers is checked by using them to measure gauge blocks, rods, or similar standards whose lengths are precisely and accurately known. If the gauge block is known to be 0.75000±0.00005inch ("seven-fifty plus or minus fifty millionths", that is, "seven hundred fifty thou plus or minus half a tenth"), then the micrometer should measure it as 0.7500inch. If the micrometer measures 0.7503inch, then it is out of calibration. Cleanliness and low (but consistent) torque are especially important when calibrating—each tenth (that is, ten-thousandth of an inch), or hundredth of a millimetre, "counts"; each is important. A mere speck of dirt, or a mere bit too much squeeze, obscures the truth of whether the instrument can read correctly. The solution is simply conscientiousness—cleaning, patience, due care and attention, and repeated measurements (good repeatability assures the calibrator that their technique is working correctly).


title: Micrometer (device)

text: Calibration typically checks the error at 3 to 5 points along the range. Only one can be adjusted to zero. If the micrometer is in good condition, then they are all "so near to zero" that the instrument seems to read essentially "-on" all along its range; no noticeable error is seen at any locale. In contrast, on a worn-out micrometer (or one that was poorly made to begin with), one can "chase the error up and down the range", that is, "move" it up or down to any of various locales along the range, by adjusting the sleeve, but one cannot "eliminate" it from all locales at once.


title: Micrometer (device)

text: Calibration can also include the condition of the tips (flat and parallel), ratchet, and linearity of the scale. Flatness and parallelism are typically measured with a gauge called an optical flat, a disc of glass or plastic ground with extreme accuracy to have flat, parallel faces, which allows light bands to be counted when the micrometer's anvil and spindle are against it, revealing their amount of geometric inaccuracy.


title: Micrometer (device)

text: Commercial machine shops, especially those that do certain categories of work (military or commercial aerospace, nuclear power industry, medical, and others), are required by various standards organizations (such as ISO, ANSI, ASME, ASTM, SAE, AIA, the U.S. military, and others) to calibrate micrometers and other gauges on a schedule (often annually), to affix a label to each gauge that gives it an ID number and a calibration expiration date, to keep a record of all the gauges by ID number, and to specify in inspection reports which gauge was used for a particular measurement.


title: Micrometer (device)

text: Not all calibration is an affair for metrology labs. A micrometer can be calibrated on-site anytime, at least in the most basic and important way (if not comprehensively), by measuring a high-grade gauge block and adjusting to match. Even gauges that are calibrated annually and within their expiration timeframe should be checked this way every month or two if they are used daily. They usually will check out OK as needing no adjustment.


title: Micrometer (device)

text: The accuracy of the gauge blocks themselves is traceable through a chain of comparisons back to a master standard such as the international prototype of the meter. This bar of metal, like the , is maintained under controlled conditions at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures headquarters in France, which is one of the principal measurement standards laboratories of the world. These master standards have extreme-accuracy regional copies (kept in the national laboratories of various countries, such as NIST), and metrological equipment makes the chain of comparisons. Because the definition of the meter is now based on a light wavelength, the international prototype of the meter is not quite as indispensable as it once was. But such master gauges are still important for calibrating and certifying metrological equipment. Equipment described as "NIST traceable" means that its comparison against master gauges, and their comparison against others, can be traced back through a chain of documentation to equipment in the NIST labs. Maintaining this degree of traceability requires some expense, which is why NIST-traceable equipment is more expensive than non-NIST-traceable. But applications needing the highest degree of quality control mandate the cost.


title: Micrometer (device)

text: A micrometer that has been zeroed and tested and found to be off might be restored to accuracy by further adjustment. If the error originates from the parts of the micrometer being worn out of shape and size, then restoration of accuracy by this means is not possible; rather, repair (grinding, lapping, or replacing of parts) is required. For standard kinds of instruments, in practice it is easier and faster, and often no more expensive, to buy a new one rather than pursue refurbishment.


title: The Avengers (1998 film)

text: The Avengers is a 1998 American satirical spy action comedy film directed by Jeremiah Chechik, an adaptation of the 1961–1969 British television series of the same name. It stars Ralph Fiennes and Uma Thurman as secret agents John Steed and Emma Peel, and Sean Connery as Sir August de Wynter, a mad scientist bent on controlling the world's weather. Patrick Macnee, Steed in the original series, makes a vocal cameo as the voice of Invisible Jones.


title: The Avengers (1998 film)

text: The film was a box office bomb, only grossing $55 million against its $60 million budget, and was universally panned by critics, with some considering it one of the worst films ever made.


title: The Avengers (1998 film)

text: Secret agent John Steed and meteorologist Dr. Emma Peel are summoned to The Ministry. They meet the spymaster, codenamed Mother, who informs them that the Prospero project — an attempt to influence the weather — was apparently sabotaged by Peel. Dr. Peel claims she is innocent, but she is sent to work alongside Steed to find the real culprit. Mother's second-in-command, Father, claims that Peel suffers from a mental disease. The duo visits Sir August de Wynter, a former Ministry scientist. He takes an instant liking to Peel, as they both share a love of weather.


title: The Avengers (1998 film)

text: Steed and Emma follow a lead to Wonderland Weather, a business that artificially creates heat or rain with a special machine, where they discover two dead men in teddy bear suits. The members of a secret organization, led by de Wynter, all don teddy bear suits to disguise their identities. One of them, however, looks exactly like Peel. Steed arrives in time to save Peel, as the double jumps off a roof and disappears.


title: The Avengers (1998 film)

text: Steed and Emma go off to visit de Wynter at his mansion but are attacked by mechanical bees. An elderly Ministry agent, Alice, helps them to flee; nevertheless, de Wynter captures and hypnotizes Emma. When de Wynter is later distracted, Emma tries to escape but feels faint and finds herself trapped due to the mansion's ever-changing floor plan. Becoming desperate, she smashes her way through the wall where Steed then finds her unconscious and rescues her. Back at Steed's apartment, Emma wakes up and is given boots by Steed. However, Emma is arrested by Father, while Steed visits Invisible Jones, a man inside The Ministry, to investigate the meaning of a map found at Wonderland Weather.


title: The Avengers (1998 film)

text: After viewing photos of failed genetic experiments including cloning (revealing that the other Emma Peel is a clone), Steed determines Father is working alongside de Wynter. Father and the Emma clone gas Peel unconscious but are confronted by Mother, who they incapacitate. de Wynter, controlling the weather using Prospero, confronts the world leaders, boasting that he controls the weather and they will have to buy the weather from him at great expense. He gives them a midnight ultimatum.


title: The Avengers (1998 film)

text: Father and the clone take Peel to a hot air balloon, where she regains consciousness and escapes during a snowstorm. Father and the clone perish when the balloon collides with the Wonderland Weather sign. Once reunited, Steed and Peel share a kiss. Jones determines de Wynter is using the Prospero instruments on a secret island, and Peel and Steed travel there to stop him. Peel defuses the Prospero device just as a hurricane forms over London. Steed duels de Wynter and impales him with his own cane, causing de Wynter to be disintegrated by a powerful bolt of lightning. The duo escapes just as the base self-destructs, and rendezvous with Mother on the roof of a building.


title: The Avengers (1998 film)

text: Warner Bros., the film's distributor, refused to allow any early press screenings for movie reviewers. Such a decision is often made when a studio and/or distributor knows a film will not be received well and pre-release reviews would only be negative. The film was originally scheduled to open earlier in June 1998 but was pushed back until August, often referred to as the "dumping ground" for films that are not felt to be strong enough to open on the more lucrative holiday weekends in early summer. Mick LaSalle of the "San Francisco Chronicle" wrote: There's...some business involving a dead ringer for Emma going around causing trouble, and there's some mention of the word "cloning". Then all talk of that is dropped. Everything is dropped. After a slow opening, the 90-minute movie jolts into climax mode. What happened to the middle? Clearly, this wasn't just edited but gutted. No doubt they did us all a favor, but it doesn't help. Instead of just being a bad picture, the missing middle makes "The Avengers" a bad and weird and strangely off picture. One example: There's never a moment when Emma and Steed realize who the villain is. At first, they don't know. Next, they're in a titanic battle to the death. At one point, Emma is shackled and floating around in a hot-air balloon. I don't know how she got there. I must have blinked.


title: The Avengers (1998 film)

text: Due to internal wrangling at Warner Bros., the decision was made to vastly cut down the running time after test screenings, reducing the 115-minute film to 89 minutes, sacrificing much coherence and continuity in the process. Key scenes removed included the opening sequence in which Mrs. Peel's evil clone infiltrates and destroys the Prospero science installation; early trailers included the scene where she says the words "How now brown cow" in a false telephone box to gain admittance; these words are later used in the film when Steed and Peel use them to enter de Wynter's island fortress in another telephone box. The movie was originally scored by composer Michael Kamen, who included the original Avengers theme; however, he was unable to re-score the film after the radical editing, so was forced to drop out. The recut version of the film was scored by Joel McNeely. The original cut has yet to surface; Warner Bros. has no plans to release a director's cut or special edition in any form, despite the fact that director Jeremiah Chechik has offered to recut the film for free.


title: The Avengers (1998 film)

text: The rock band Radiohead recorded a version of their song "Man of War" for the "Avengers" soundtrack but abandoned it after a failed studio session.


title: The Avengers (1998 film)

text: The film ranked third in its opening weekend, with $10,305,957. It ultimately grossed $23,384,939 in the United States and Canada and $31.3 million internationally for a worldwide total of $54.7 million. (The-Numbers.com reported a lower international gross of $25.2 million.) With a $60 million budget, it was a box office flop.


title: The Avengers (1998 film)

text: "The Avengers" was near universally panned. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes shows a 5% score, based on 82 reviews, with an average rating of 2.93/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "A TV spinoff that lacks enough energy to spin, "The Avengers" is an ineptly written, woefully miscast disaster." Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 12 out of 100, based on 19 reviews, indicating "overwhelming dislike". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "D" on an A+ to F scale.


title: The Avengers (1998 film)

text: Fans disliked the film for its disrespect to the series (particularly the introduction of a romance between Steed and Peel — previously a carefully ambiguous subject). Newcomers were lost by all of the misfired attempts to capture the mood of the original. Rod Dreher in the "New York Post" called the film "a big fat gob of maximum crapulosity, the kind of shallow, stupid, big-budget cow pile that smells of Joel Schumacher", referencing the previous summer's likewise poorly received "Batman & Robin", also starring Thurman. David Bianculli stated: "This "Avengers" film is so horrendously, painfully, and thoroughly awful that it gives other cinematic clunkers like "Ishtar" and "Howard the Duck" a good name." Jay Boyer in the "Orlando Sentinel" said ""The Avengers" is, without a doubt, the worst movie of the summer". Reception in Britain was equally hostile. "The Birmingham Post" wrote ""The Avengers" is being slated by critics as the worst film ever made - such a turkey, says one, that the makers should have handed distribution to (mass turkey producer) Bernard Matthews". Alan Jones in "The Radio Times" said "the cult 1960s TV series gets royally shafted by Hollywood in this stunningly designed blockbuster that's stunningly awful in every other department... Terrible special effects and zero chemistry between Fiennes and Thurman make this notorious disaster a total waste of everyone's time and energy".


title: The Avengers (1998 film)

text: Several critics, ignoring the fact that the film was written by Englishman Don Macpherson, noted that the American production team fatally misunderstood the symbols of "Britishness" central to "The Avengers" series, such as the inclusion of an inexplicable gadget on the dashboard of Steed's Bentley, which appeared to dispense tea, with milk already added.


title: The Avengers (1998 film)

text: Commenting on the truncated released cut, "The New York Times"'s Janet Maslin noted: "At a pared-down, barely rational 90 minutes, "The Avengers" is short but not short enough". In 2003, "Total Film" magazine voted Fiennes and Thurman in "The Avengers" as "The Worst Movie Double Act Of All Time".


title: The Avengers (1998 film)

text: "The Avengers" was nominated for nine Razzies at the 19th Golden Raspberry Awards: Picture, Director, Screenplay, Supporting Actor (Connery), Actress (Thurman), Actor (Fiennes), Screen Couple (Fiennes and Thurman) and Original Song ("Storm"), winning only one for Worst Remake or Sequel.


title: The Avengers (1998 film)

text: The original script was used for the film's novelization (written by Julie Kaewert) and included all the material which was first shot and then removed from the film.


title: Joseph (2018 film)

text: Joseph is a 2018 Indian Malayalam-language crime thriller film directed by M. Padmakumar and written by Shahi Kabir. It stars Joju George, Dileesh Pothan, Irshad, Athmiya Rajan, Johny Antony, Sudhi Koppa, Malavika Menon, and Madhuri Braganza. The story, an investigation thriller, develops through the life of four retired policemen. Some scenes in movie (the double crime scene in beginning) is based on real life experience from the writer, Shahi Kabir. Joju won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Character Actor and also won Special Mention in the National Awards. The film was remade in Tamil as "Visithiran" (2022), in Telugu as "Sekhar" (2022), and in Kannada as "Ravi Bopanna" (2022). A Hindi remake is also being made with Sunny Deol in the lead.


title: Joseph (2018 film)

text: The movie starts with Peter(Dileesh Pothan) receiving a medal from the police. After the ceremony, while Peter and Joseph's(Joju George) friends are travelling the car the driver enquires the cause for receiving the medal. The story then shifts to Joseph, a retired policeman who has unique and sharp investigation skills. A lonely Joseph, who is separated from his wife Stella(Athmiya Rajan)..the latter who then marries Peter. He is then called by the SP of police to investigate a crime scene involving the murder of an old couple. He then reaches the crime scene and investigates. Upon questioning the people present at the crime scene it is revealed that a guy called Manu was the first one to witness the incident when he came to supply milk to their house and he was the one who informed the police. Joseph after questioning the members present at the crime scene resorts to going for a drink with one of the workers who was helping to remove the corpse away from the crime scene. They decide to go to Manu's house for booze. He then sends Manu to get a Pepsi for him. When Manu comes back he is shocked to find police in his house and Joseph declares Manu as the culprit. The police then arrest Manu and it is revealed that Joseph turns out to be actually reliable after he presented various findings to the SP of police. After a few days, Joseph is shocked to hear about the accident of his wife and rushes to the hospital to enquire about her condition. His friends find out that Joseph still has feelings for Stella. They enquire what was the reason for their separation. Joseph then reveals that a few years earlier(after Joseph's marriage and being the father of a girl) when he went to investigate a crime scene, while examining the corpse, he was shocked to find out that the corpse was of his ex-lover Lisamma(Madhuri Braganza) and this incident really haunted him to that extent that he was afraid to reveal this fact to his wife, which rendered him alcoholic and cut off the healthy rapport which he had with his wife. The scene then shifts to the present. After a while, Stella is declared brain dead and a request is made for donation of her organs by the doctor. But it is clear from the facts that Stella was murdered. Rest of the story deals with how he solves the mystery of Stella's murder.


title: Joseph (2018 film)

text: The songs were composed by Ranjin Raj and Bhagyaraj (Pandu Paadavarambathiloode), while the film score was composed by Anil Johnson


title: Joseph (2018 film)

text: The film was criticised by Indian Medical Association for depicting a plot which included murder of potential donors for the sake of organ transplantation scam, on the backdrop of reducing numbers of organ transplantation in Kerala during recent years mainly due to stricter laws.


title: Joseph (2018 film)

text: In an interview to The Hindu, the writer Shahi Kabir responded that he didn't intend to create a scare about Mrithasanjeevani [Kerala Network for Organ Sharing, a project of the State Government], but an attempt to prevent a crime. He narrowed on the topic after several discussions about organ donation in public platforms including social media.


title: Napoleon's penis

text: Napoleon's penis was allegedly amputated during an autopsy shortly after Napoleon's death in 1821. Since then it has passed through several owners, including A. S. W. Rosenbach, who exhibited it in New York City in 1927. It was purchased by John K. Lattimer in 1977, and is still held in his family, who keep it as a private item. It was described as similar to a "piece of leather or a shriveled eel".


title: Napoleon's penis

text: Napoleon was exiled to Saint Helena in the Atlantic Ocean after losing the Battle of Waterloo. He died on the isle on May 5, 1821. After his death, an autopsy was conducted and Francesco Antommarchi, the doctor conducting the autopsy, cut his penis off, along with several other body parts. It is unclear whether the cut was intentional or accidental; Antommarchi may have been bribed to cut it off by Napoleon's chaplain as revenge for Napoleon calling him "impotent".


title: Napoleon's penis

text: The penis passed into the possession of Napoleon's chaplain, who smuggled it out of St. Helena to his home on Corsica. It remained in the priest's family until 1916 when Maggs Bros Ltd, a bookselling company based in London, purchased it. In 1924 A. S. W. Rosenbach, a Philadelphia-based bookseller, purchased it.


title: Napoleon's penis

text: The penis went on display in 1927 at New York City's Museum of French Art. A reviewer present at the exhibition from "Time" described it as similar to a "maltreated strip of buckskin shoelace." Others present considered it to look like a "piece of leather or a shriveled eel". Rosenbach sold the item to a collector named Donald Hyde, whose wife gave it to John F. Fleming after Hyde's death. Fleming was a bookseller who had been close to Rosenbach. Another collector purchased it and attempted unsuccessfully to sell the penis at an auction through Christie's. After the auction, James Comyn was reading an affidavit about Eric LeVine, a collector of items relating to Napoleon, and instead of calling the item a "penis" euphemistically referred to it as a "certain part". A urologist and artifact collector named John K. Lattimer purchased the item in 1977 for $3,000 () and it is currently owned by his daughter. She has been offered at least $100,000 for it.


title: Napoleon's penis

text: The preserved penis was described by Judith Pascoe in "The New York Times" as "barely recognizable as a human body part" and its authenticity is unclear. A documentary that aired on Channel 4, "Dead Famous DNA", described it as "very small" and measured it to be . It is not known what size it was during Napoleon's lifetime. The item's current owner has allowed ten people to see it and it has never been recorded on camera.


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: Maksim "Maks" Aleksandrovich Chmerkovskiy ( ; born January 17, 1980) is a Ukrainian-American Latin–ballroom dance champion, choreographer, and instructor. He is widely known as one of the professional dancers on the American television series "Dancing with the Stars", on which he first appeared in season two. In his 17 seasons as a competing pro on the show, Chmerkovskiy made it to the final round five times, with two runner-up and two third-place finishes. On May 20, 2014, Chmerkovskiy, paired with Olympic ice dancer Meryl Davis, won his first "Dancing with the Stars" title. Chmerkovskiy has also starred in the Broadway productions of dance shows "Burn the Floor" and "Forever Tango".


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: Chmerkovskiy was born January 17, 1980, in Odesa, Ukrainian SSR to parents Aleksandr "Sasha" Chmerkovskiy and Larisa Chmerkovskaya. He has a younger brother, Valentin Chmerkovskiy (born 1986), who is also a professional dancer. His father is Jewish, and his mother is Christian, and he has described himself as Jewish.


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: He began dancing at age 4 when Chmerkovskiy's parents enrolled him in a school of aesthetic education. The aim of the school was to train children to become young gentlemen or ladies, and the education included manners and ballroom dance. He eventually began competing in ten-dance, which includes both ballroom and Latin dances. As a child Chmerkovskiy also participated in tennis, soccer, and swimming.


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: At age 13, he broke his right leg in a skiing accident and had a titanium rod put in to stabilize his leg. Doctors foresaw long-term difficulties and little possibility of a dancing career; however, he recovered and was dancing again six months later.


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: The challenges of immigration for Chmerkovskiy and his family included financial and language barriers. On his second day in the United States, Chmerkovskiy had a new pair of roller blades stolen. Moving to the United States also gave Chmerkovskiy the opportunity to rededicate himself to dance. At 15 he began working at a local Russian restaurant, dancing as entertainment. Working at the restaurant, Chmerkovskiy decided winning competitions as a dancer would be a way to argue for higher pay.


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: As a dancer, Chmerkovskiy competed at the professional level in the International Latin category. With partner Elena Grinenko, whom Chmerkovskiy competed with from 2002 to 2005, Chmerkovskiy achieved the rank of 2nd in the United States and 7th in the world among professional international Latin couples.


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: At age 16, Chmerkovskiy and his father opened a youth-oriented competitive dance studio, Rising Stars Dance Academy, on the second floor of a building his father owned in Ridgewood, New Jersey. Chmerkovskiy said he chose New Jersey because there was a plethora of dance studios that he disliked already established in Brooklyn. The studio relocated a few times until it ended up in Saddle Brook, New Jersey. He said in 2011 of choosing a New Jersey location, "I didn't want to open a studio that would become just one of the studios in the area. I wanted to open my studio somewhere where there was nothing like it and where people would look at it with no preconceived notions."


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: In 2001, Chmerkovskiy had his first major success as an instructor when he helped his brother, Valentin, then 16, and Diana Olonetskaya, 15—became the first U.S. dance pair to win a world junior championship. Chmerkovskiy also taught dancers Serge Onik and Kiki Nyemchek, both of whom competed on "So You Think You Can Dance", finishing in the top fourteen in season 11 and fourth in season 14, respectively.


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: In addition to Rising Stars, Chmerkovskiy owns several social and competitive dance studios under the brand "Dance With Me." Most are in the New York metropolitan area.


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: Chmerkovskiy competed as a professional dancer on "Dancing with the Stars" for fifteen seasons. He was often referred to as "the bad boy of the ballroom."


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: Chmerkovskiy first appeared in the second season of the ABC series "Dancing with the Stars" partnered with actress Tia Carrere. The pair's most successful dance was their tango. They finished in sixth place. The following season, he and partner singer Willa Ford came in seventh place. Chmerkovskiy returned to "Dancing with the Stars" in March 2007 for Season 4, this time partnered with boxer Laila Ali. They made it to the finals and finished in third place. In Season 5 of "Dancing with the Stars", he was partnered with Melanie Brown and the couple received second place. Following the season 5 finale, Chmerkovskiy reportedly told "TV Guide Magazine" he would not be returning to the show, something he later told "People Magazine" he had announced his departure because of stress. Chmerkovskiy did not compete in Season 6, although he and former partner Melanie Brown made an appearance for the 100th episode.


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: He returned for the show's seventh season, this time paired with two-time Olympic volleyball gold medalist, Misty May-Treanor. Chmerkovskiy and May-Treanor were forced to withdraw from the competition in Week 3. During a practice for their jive, May-Treanor ruptured her Achilles tendon and required surgery. Her withdrawal gave them a finish in 10th place.


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: On February 9, 2009, "Good Morning America" announced that he would be paired with Denise Richards for the eighth season of "Dancing with the Stars". They were eliminated second in the competition, giving the pair a finish of 12th place. In the ninth season, he was paired with actress Debi Mazar, during which they were eliminated fourth. Halfway through season 9, Chmerkovskiy partnered Joanna Krupa for one week while Derek Hough was ill. Krupa and Chmerkovskiy danced an Argentine Tango and participated in the '70s themed group dance.


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: In season 10, Chmerkovskiy, returning for his eighth season, was partnered with Erin Andrews. Andrews and Chmerkovskiy's partnership was notable for their good rapport and Chmerkovskiy was protective of Andrews as she coped with threats. They ended up coming in third place during the two-hour finale on May 25, 2010.


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: For season 11, Chmerkovskiy partnered with singer and actress, Brandy. They made it to the semi-finals but were eliminated with a fourth-place finish. Their elimination was viewed as shocking because they were consistently among the highest scoring couples each week.


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: For Season 12, he was paired with actress Kirstie Alley. On week 3, his leg gave out causing her to fall heavily on him, earning 21 points (out of 30). The next week, Alley's shoe fell off during their routine. Judge Carrie Ann Inaba called Alley "The Queen of the Unexpected Mishap." In April the show aired a rehearsal outtake of Chmerkovskiy giving a monologue which resulted in him often being referred to as "sex on a stick."


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: For season 13, he was partnered with Hope Solo and they finished in fourth place. In Solo's book, "A Memoir of Hope", she wrote that Chmerkovskiy treated her roughly, once slapping her during a rehearsal. Solo's claims were never corroborated.


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: For season 14, he was partnered with actress Melissa Gilbert. In week 4, while performing the paso doble, Gilbert hit her head on the dance floor and suffered a mild concussion. She was rushed to the hospital and was unable to be at the results show the following night. The couple was called safe. Chmerkovskiy also suffered an injury, pulling a muscle in his shoulder. The couple was eliminated four weeks later, finishing in fifth place.


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: For season 15, an All-Stars season, Maksim returned to the dance floor with previous partner, Kirstie Alley. In week 1, they received the second-lowest score, 19. In week 3, Alley and Chmerkovskiy danced a Cha-Cha-Cha, they scored 17 . Alley and Chmerkovskiy earned 24. Alley and Chmerkovskiy were eliminated in week 8 alongside Gilles Marini and Peta Murgatroyd in a double elimination.


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: In February 2013, Chmerkovskiy announced his departure from "Dancing with the Stars" for Season 16. Chmerkovskiy returned on the fifth week of Season 16 for "Len's Side-By-Side Challenge", where he danced with Anna Trebunskaya in an Argentine Tango with brother Val and his partner Zendaya and in a Jive with Jacoby Jones and his partner Karina Smirnoff.


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: Prior to the full cast announcement, "US Weekly" reported Chmerkovskiy would return to "Dancing" for season 18 after a two-season break. Chmerkovskiy was paired with Olympic ice dancer Meryl Davis. They were announced the winners on May 20, 2014, marking Chmerkovskiy's first win. At the end of Season 18, they had the highest average of any dancers of the show with a 28.4 average, and were tied for the most perfect scores, earning a total of six.


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: On August 25, 2016, following the circulation of a reportedly new photo of Chmerkovskiy in costume for "DWTS", Chmerkovskiy confirmed his return to the show in an appearance on "Good Morning America". Season 23 was Chmerkovskiy's first as a competing pro since winning the competition in season 18. The full cast was officially announced on August 30, at which point ABC confirmed Chmerkovskiy was partnered with model Amber Rose. They were eliminated on week 6 of the competition, finishing in 9th place.


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: After his season 23 elimination, Chmerkovskiy said he did not plan to return for season 24. Nevertheless, in February 2017, Chmerkovskiy and his fiancée Peta Murgatroyd announced they both would return as professionals. He was partnered with actress Heather Morris. Chmerkovskiy however, missed 4 weeks of competition due to an injury. Morris and Chmerkovskiy were eliminated on week 6 after receiving a perfect 40 and finished in 8th place. Chmerkovskiy returned for season 25, and was paired with television personality Vanessa Lachey. They were eliminated on week 7 of the competition, in a double elimination and finished in seventh place. On April 5, 2018, Chmerkovskiy announced in an interview that he was officially done as a DWTS pro.


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: For season 17, he was a guest judge during the semifinals in Week 10. Chmerkovskiy returned to the ballroom as a guest judge during Week 5 of Season 21. Chmerkovskiy again returned to the judge's desk in Week 5 of Season 22, switch-up week. Chmerkovskiy's fiancée, Peta Murgatroyd, was among the competing pros that week. She won that season with model Nyle DiMarco.


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: His professional work includes choreographing for the Wynn Las Vegas's water-based show "Le Rêve". By 2008, Chmerkovskiy's contribution to Le Rêve included choreographing three numbers: "Tango", "Paso Doble" and "Piece Montèe". In 2014 Chmerkovskiy returned to Le Rêve to choreograph for a new scene as part of a $3 million upgrade to the production.


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: Chmerkovskiy choreographed and performed in the Dancing with the Stars Tour 2008-2009 winter tour. The tour kicked off on December 17, 2008, and was scheduled to stop in 34 cities.


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: In the summer of 2014, Chmerkovskiy appeared in multiple performances of the touring dance show "Ballroom with a Twist."


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: Chmerkovskiy was a dancer in the Broadway production "Burn the Floor" when it opened on July 25, 2009. Chmerkovskiy was partnered with Karina Smirnoff for the first three weeks of the show's Broadway run before both left to return to "Dancing with the Stars". The pair learned their choreography for the production in just two days. Chmerkovskiy returned to "Burn the Floor" in November 2009 through January 2010, this time he partnered with Kym Johnson.


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: From July 9 to August 18, 2013, he starred in "Forever Tango", a Broadway musical, dancing and performing onstage with former dance colleague Karina Smirnoff.


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: 2014 was also the year when Chmerkovskiy started performing in "Sway: A Dance Trilogy" in Westbury, New York. Chmerkovskiy credits his father Sasha with the idea for Sway. Sway is a live ballroom dance show starring Maksim, his brother Valentin, and Tony Dovolani. The show also features other professional dancers from Dancing with the Stars, So You think You Can Dance, and dance instructors from Chmerkovskiy's Dance with Me studios. A few celebrities from Dancing with the Stars have appeared in the production as well. Sway is primarily broken into three distinct sections: a smooth, 40's nightclub inspired section featuring Dovolani, an urban and hip-hop influenced section featuring Val, and finally a more Latin and Miami oriented section featuring Maksim.


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: On February 12, 2016, Maksim announced plans for a 45 city live tour with his younger brother, Valentin. The tour, titled "Maks & Val Live On Tour: Our Way", began on June 15, 2016. The show is autobiographical and tells the story of the brothers' lives through dance.


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: In addition to his choreography on "Dancing with the Stars" and "La Reve", Chmerkovskiy has worked as a choreographer on other projects. Chmerkovskiy choreographed a commercial for Propel water. Chmerkovskiy provided choreography for Zendaya's music video for the song "Neverland" from Broadway's "Finding Neverland".


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: Chmerkovskiy is one of the creators and directors of Dance Team USA, a nonprofit educational and charitable organization dedicated to recruiting, supporting, and training future DanceSport participants.


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: In 2009, he participated in the ABC sport show called "The Superstars" and was paired with Freestyle Skier Kristi Leskinen. They won the competition. Chmerkovskiy also appeared as himself in a 2011 episode of the short-lived CW reality show "H8R". He appeared as an actor on a 2012 episode of the TV Land series "The Exes". Chmerkovskiy appeared on three episodes of "General Hospital" in March 2013 playing the role of Anton Ivanov, who dances with Kelly Monaco's character Sam Morgan during the Nurses' Ball. In 2016, Chmerkovskiy and his brother, Valentin, both made cameo appearances in the Netflix series "Fuller House", a sequel of the sitcom "Full House".


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: In 2021, Chmerkovskiy competed on "The Masked Singer" spin-off "The Masked Dancer" as "Sloth" and finished in second place.


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: In 2011, Chmerkovskiy starred as "The Bachelor" in the Ukrainian version of the dating reality series. He later told a Ukrainian newspaper that he regretted doing the show, saying, "This kind of project is not for me." The show made Chmerkovskiy the second most searched person on Google in Ukraine for 2011, behind only Steve Jobs. As of 2012, he hosted the Ukrainian version of the game show "The Cube".


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: Chmerkovskiy has also appeared as a judge on "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa," India's version of "Dancing with the Stars". Chmerkovskiy has starred as a judge on the Ukrainian version of Dancing with the stars, “Tantsi z zirkamy”, in 2021.


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: Chmerkovskiy is a Russian speaker, but understands the Ukrainian language. Chmerkovskiy did not speak English when he moved to the United States. He says he learned English from reading street signs in Brooklyn. Chmerkovskiy lives primarily in Fort Lee, New Jersey.


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: He was engaged to fellow DWTS pro and Ukrainian Karina Smirnoff for nine months in 2009. In 2012, Chmerkovskiy began dating another DWTS pro, Peta Murgatroyd, but the relationship ended in 2013 after 10 months. Chmerkovskiy and Murgatroyd reunited in October 2014. Chmerkovskiy and Murgatroyd became engaged on December 5, 2015, when he proposed while onstage for a performance of "Sway: A Dance Trilogy" in Miami, Florida. Chmerkovskiy and Murgatroyd's son Shai Aleksander was born January 4, 2017 and they were married in a contemporary ceremony in Long Island, New York on July 8, 2017.


title: Maksim Chmerkovskiy

text: In March 2022, Chmerkovskiy confirmed that he had fled from Ukraine to Poland, due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. He also documented scenes from the invasion on social media and joined the movement "#StandWithUkraine".


title: Patrick Peterson

text: Patrick De'mon Peterson Jr. (born July 11, 1990) is an American football cornerback for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at LSU, where he won the Chuck Bednarik Award as the best defensive player in the country and the Jim Thorpe Award as the best defensive back.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: Peterson was selected fifth overall by the Arizona Cardinals in the first round of the 2011 NFL Draft. Peterson was named to the Pro Bowl in each of his first eight seasons in the NFL. In 2021, he signed with the Vikings as a free agent after 10 seasons with Arizona.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: Peterson was born in Pompano Beach, Florida on July 11, 1990. He attended Blanche Ely High School, where he played running back and defensive back. As a junior, he recorded 11 total touchdowns on offense, while recording seven interceptions and 54 tackles on defense. He returned three kick-offs for touchdowns and added 10 rushes for 213 yards. As a senior, Peterson compiled 733 yards rushing and 11 touchdowns (9 rushings, one kick return, and one punt return). Defensively, he had 21 tackles and five interceptions. Besides numerous All-American team selections, Peterson was named Defensive Player of the Year by "USA Today" and played in the 2008 U.S. Army All-American Bowl.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: He was also on the school's track & field team, where he ran the 100 meters in 10.92 seconds and the 200 meters in 22.24 seconds. He was also a member of the 4 × 100 m relay (41.41 s) squad.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: A consensus five-star prospect by all major recruiting services, Peterson was rated as the nation's fifth-best overall player by Rivals.com and No. 8 by "ESPN". Before his senior season, he verbally committed to play for the University of Miami, but continued to look at other schools. By November 2007, Peterson had reopened his recruiting process and acknowledged interest in Georgia, USC, Florida, and LSU. He later dropped Georgia and USC from his list and added Florida State, but eventually announced his decision to attend LSU at the U.S. Army All-American Bowl.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: Peterson attended Louisiana State University, where he played for coach Les Miles's LSU Tigers football team from 2008 to 2010.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: One of the most decorated high school players to ever attend LSU, Peterson played 13 games as a true freshman. On November 8, against SEC West rival Alabama, he had his first collegiate interception. He started the final four games of season, including the Chick-fil-A Bowl win over Georgia Tech. Peterson finished the season with 41 tackles, one interception, and three pass breakups, while also adding a forced fumble and a quarterback hurry.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: In his sophomore season, Peterson emerged as one of the top defensive backs in the Southeastern Conference. On September 26, against Mississippi State, he had a 37-yard interception return for a touchdown. In a game against standout wide receiver A. J. Green of Georgia, Peterson was able to hold Green to just four catches.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: By mid-season, Peterson tied for fourth in the league with seven passes defended, and was named the SEC's "Most Improved Player" by ESPN's Chris Low.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: Another highly anticipated match-up occurred when Peterson went against Julio Jones of Alabama. Peterson's LSU Tigers were ranked ninth in the country and traveled to face Nick Saban and the #1 ranked Crimson Tide. The Tigers were down by six points late in the fourth quarter when Peterson stepped in front of a pass from quarterback Greg McElroy to Julio Jones for what seemed like an interception. Multiple CBS camera angles showed that Peterson was able to get at least one foot in bounds. However, even after review, the SEC officiating crew called the pass incomplete, saying that Peterson was not able to get any foot in bounds. Alabama would go on to kick a field goal on that drive and won 24–15. The missed interception call quickly became infamous and was debated by many media outlets.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: Peterson finished 2009 with 52 tackles. His 43 solo tackles were second on the team behind linebacker Kelvin Sheppard. Peterson returned an interception for a touchdown against Mississippi State, and he returned a blocked field goal against Ole Miss for a touchdown. He was also named a 2009 Second-Team All-American by "The Sporting News", a 2009 First-Team All-SEC performer by ESPN, and a 2009 Second-Team All-SEC performer by the AP.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: Peterson was named to the preseason watch lists for the Nagurski Award, the Thorpe Award, the Ronnie Lott Award, the Walter Camp Award, and the Chuck Bednarik Award. It was announced during the summer of 2010 that Peterson would begin returning punts and kickoffs due to his size, speed, and athleticism. With this added dimension to his game, and his dominance as a cornerback, Peterson began being mentioned as a dark horse for the 2010 Heisman Trophy award, presented to the best college football player every year.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: Peterson began his junior season against North Carolina in the 2010 Chick-fil-A Kickoff Game. The Tigers won 30–24 and Peterson was terrific. In his debut as a returner, Peterson had a school-record 257 yards returning punts and kickoffs, 244 yards coming in the first half. He returned a punt 87 yards for a touchdown and consistently gave the Tiger's offense good field position. His 257-yard performance ranks second all-time in the SEC behind Mississippi State's Nick Turner and his 266-yard performance. Peterson was named Special Teams Player of the Week for his performance. He was also named the Lott IMPACT Player of the Week.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: Peterson had two punt returns against Vanderbilt for eight yards in week two as the Tigers rolled past the Commodores. He also returned two kickoffs for 51 yards, to go along with one tackle.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: In week three of the 2010 season, the 2–0 Tigers hosted 1–1 Mississippi State for LSU's first home game of the year. The Tiger defense suffocated Mississippi State's offense and Peterson strengthened his campaign with two acrobatic interceptions for LSU. He also returned one kickoff 39 yards and one punt 2 yards to go along with four solo tackles.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: Peterson entertained the home crowd again in week four against Top-25 foe West Virginia. With the game tied 0–0 early in the first quarter, West Virginia went to attempt a mid-range field goal and Peterson was able to leap from behind the line of scrimmage and block the kick. The Tiger defense forced West Virginia to punt later in the half. Peterson fielded the punt on his own 40-yard line and raced 60-yards up the middle of the field for a touchdown and a 17–0 LSU lead. Peterson struck the Heisman pose in the North end zone of Tiger Stadium, drawing a 15-yard unsportsmanlike conduct penalty. Peterson was almost single-handedly responsible for 10 points in the game that ended with LSU winning 20–14. The national sports media began comparing Peterson to Woodson, who actually had worse statistics than Peterson through his first four games during his Heisman winning season. Peterson was again named SEC Special Teams Player of the Week. He also recorded 1 solo tackle.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: Week five saw the LSU Tigers take on the Tennessee Volunteers. Peterson and the LSU defense limited Tennessee to 217 yards of offense and the Tigers won 16–14. Peterson recorded 1 solo tackle and 3 assisted tackles. He had 3 punt returns for 30 yards and 3 kickoff returns for 64 yards. The LSU Tigers improved to 5–0 and 3–0 in the SEC with the victory over the Volunteers.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: Peterson's efforts helped the Tigers to a No. 12 ranking in the Associated Press Top 25 as well as a #9 ranking in the USA Today Coaches Poll Top 25. Through week 5 of the 2010 season, he was 3rd in Division I-A in punt return average at 23.6 yards per attempt (12 for 283), 1st in punt return touchdowns with 2, and 22nd in kickoff return average at 28.2 yards per attempt. Peterson was also tied for 30th in the country with two interceptions. He was in the top five of most straw polls regarding the 2010 Heisman Trophy. In an effort to jumpstart the struggling offense for the Tigers, Peterson practiced as a wide receiver and a running back on offense.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: On October 9, against the Florida Gators, Peterson had four kick returns for 106 net yards, one punt return, and one total tackle in the 33–29 victory. In the next game, against the McNeese State Cowboys, he had two kick returns for 63 net yards and two punt returns for 34 net yards, to go along with one tackle. In the following game, against Auburn, he had four kick returns for 99 net yards, two punt returns for 18 net yards, and three total tackles. On November 6, against Alabama, he had two kick returns for 45 net yards, two punt returns for 22 net yards, eight total tackles, and three passes defended in the 24–21 victory. The next week, against Louisiana–Monroe, he had three punt returns for 31 net yards, one total tackle, and an interception that was returned 85 yards. In the following game, against Ole Miss, he had four kick returns for 121 net yards, three punt returns for 30 net yards, four total tackles, and one interception. On November 27, against Arkansas, he had four kick returns for 163 net yards, three total tackles, and one pass defensed. In his final collegiate game, the Cotton Bowl against Texas A&M, he had three kick returns for 81 net yards to go along with six total tackles.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: Following the season, he was a first-team All-SEC selection and was recognized as a unanimous first-team All-American. His 934 kickoff return yards and 29.1 yards per return average both ranked second in the SEC, while his 418 punt return yards and 16.1 yards per return average each ranked first.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: Coming out of LSU in 2011, Peterson was a projected first-round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was a consensus top-five pick and was thought to be the best player in the draft by multiple analysts. Peterson attended the NFL combine and completed all of the required combine drills. On March 14, 2011, he participated at LSU's pro day and opted to stand on his combined numbers and only perform positional drills for scouts and team representatives. Pittsburgh Steelers' head coach Mike Tomlin, Carolina Panthers' head coach Ron Rivera, and New Orleans Saints head coach Sean Payton were among the team representatives that attended LSU's pro day to scout Peterson, Kelvin Sheppard, Drake Nevis, Joseph Barksdale, Stevan Ridley, Lazarius Levingston, Terrence Toliver, and multiple others. He was ranked the top cornerback prospect in the draft by NFL analyst Mike Mayock, NFLDraftScout.com, Foxsports analyst Brian Billick, and "Sports Illustrated".


title: Patrick Peterson

text: The Arizona Cardinals selected Peterson in the first round (fifth overall) of the 2011 NFL Draft. He was the first cornerback selected.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: On July 30, 2011, the Arizona Cardinals signed Peterson to a fully guaranteed four-year, $18.42 million contract that included a signing bonus of $11.90 million.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: Head coach Ken Whisenhunt named Peterson the starting cornerback, alongside Greg Toler, to begin his rookie season. He started the Arizona Cardinals' season-opener against the Carolina Panthers and scored his first career touchdown after returning a punt for an 89-yards in the fourth quarter to win the game 28-21. Peterson also recorded five solo tackles during the game. The following week, he recorded a season-high eight combined tackles as the Cardinals lost 21-22 to the Washington Redskins. On September 25, 2011, Peterson made one tackle, defended a pass, and made his first career interception, picking off a pass from Seattle Seahawks' quarterback Tarvaris Jackson during a 10-13 loss.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: On November 6, 2011, during the overtime period, Peterson fielded a punt at the one-yard line, evaded several would-be tacklers, and returned it for the 99-yard touchdown in a 19-13 victory over the St. Louis Rams. He also intercepted a flea-flicker pass from Sam Bradford intended for Brandon Lloyd and recorded three tackles and three pass deflections. He earned his first NFC Special Teams Player of the Week nomination. In Week 14, he led the Cardinals with five solo tackles and made the first sack of his career on San Francisco 49ers' quarterback Alex Smith during 21-19 victory for the Cardinals.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: He tied the single-season record for punt return touchdowns with his fourth, accomplishing the feat against the St. Louis Rams on November 27. He became the only player in NFL history with four punt-return touchdowns of at least 80 yards in a single season. He earned NFC Special Teams Player of the Week for the second time for his performance against the Rams. He finished his rookie season with a sack, 64 combined tackles (59 solo), two interceptions, 13 passes defended, and two fumble recoveries in 16 games and 16 starts. He also produced a rookie record 699 return yards (the second highest total in NFL history) for four touchdowns on 44 punt returns.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: Peterson was selected as a kick returner to the 2012 Pro Bowl and was the only rookie to be selected to the 2011 All-Pro First Team. He was ranked #55 by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2012.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: Peterson returned as the starting cornerback, opposite William Gay, to begin the season. On September 16, 2012, Peterson had one carry for 17-yards, three combined tackles, a pass deflection, and intercepted Tom Brady in a 20-18 victory over the New England Patriots. On December 16, 2012, he recorded a season-high seven combined tackles and intercepted Detroit Lions' quarterback Matt Stafford in a 38-10 victory.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: Peterson started all 16 games making 55 tackles with seven interceptions, 17 passes defended, and an NFL-leading five fumble recoveries. He also had 51 punt returns producing 426 return yards, three receptions for 11 receiving yards, and two carries for 13 rushing yards. On December 26, 2012, it was announced that Peterson was voted to the 2013 Pro Bowl as a cornerback. He was ranked #33 by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2013.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: The Arizona Cardinals' new head coach Bruce Arians named Peterson the starting cornerback, opposite Jerraud Powers, to begin the season.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: On September 15, 2013, Peterson caught one pass for 17-yards, threw a 17-yard pass to Kerry Taylor, and recorded four solo tackles during a 25-21 win against the Detroit Lions. This made him the first defender to catch and complete a pass in the same game since the 1970 merger. On September 29, he recorded two solo tackles and intercepted two passes from Tampa Bay Buccaneers' quarterback Mike Glennon during a 13-10 victory. It was the first game of Peterson's career with multiple interceptions. He earned NFC Defensive Player of the Week honors for his game against Tampa Bay. In Week 14, Peterson collected a season-high seven combined tackles in a 37-34 victory over the Tennessee Titans. Although the Cardinals finished with a 10-6 record in their first year under Bruce Arians, they finished third in their division and did not qualify for a playoff berth.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: Peterson started all 16 games in 2013 and made 42 combined tackles (40 solo), three interceptions, 13 pass deflections, and two fumble recoveries. He also returned 33 punts for 198 return yards, had one kickoff return attempt for 18-yards, made six catches for 54 receiving yards, and had four carries for 21-yards. He was selected for the 2014 Pro Bowl as a cornerback, marking the third of his career. He was named a First Team All-Pro for the second time in his career. He was ranked #22 by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2014.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: On July 29, 2014, the Arizona Cardinals signed Peterson to a five-year, $70 million contract extension with $48 million guaranteed and a $15.3 million signing bonus.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: He began the season as the Arizona Cardinals' starting cornerback, opposite Antonio Cromartie, and no longer had to handle return duties due to the arrival of Ted Ginn Jr. On November 9, 2014, he made two solo tackles and intercepted two passes from St. Louis Rams' quarterback Austin Davis during a 31-14 victory. He returned one interception for a 30-yard touchdown, marking the first defensive touchdown of his career. He earned NFC Defensive Player of the Week for his performance against the Rams. On December 7, Peterson recorded a season-high eight combined tackles and sacked Kansas City Chiefs' quarterback Alex Smith in a 17-14 victory. He finished the season with 50 combined tackles (43 solo), eight pass deflections, three interceptions, a forced fumble, and three fumble recoveries in 16 games and 16 starts. He was selected to the 2015 Pro Bowl as a cornerback, marking his fourth straight appearance.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: The Arizona Cardinals finished with an 11-5 record in 2014 and qualified for a playoff berth. On January 3, 2015, Peterson played in his first career postseason game and recorded two combined tackles during a 16-27 loss to the Carolina Panthers in the NFC .


title: Patrick Peterson

text: Shortly after the 2014 NFL season, Peterson announced that he had been diagnosed with diabetes. He stated that this affected his performance in the 2014 season, that he had the disease under control, and was ready for the 2015 season. He was ranked #19 by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2015.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: Peterson was named the starting cornerback and had full-time punt return duties after the departure of Ted Ginn Jr.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: On September 20, 2015, he recorded three solo tackles and intercepted Jay Cutler during a 48-23 win over the Chicago Bears. In Week 5, he collected four combined tackles and intercepted a pass off Matthew Stafford, as the Arizona Cardinals defeated the Detroit Lions 42-17. The following game, he earned a season-high five solo tackles as the Cardinals were defeated by the Pittsburgh Steelers 13-25. Although he started all 16 games, Peterson finished with a career low 35 combined tackles (35 solo), eight pass deflections, and made two interceptions.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: The Arizona Cardinals won the NFC West with a 13-3 record, receiving a playoff berth and a first round bye as the NFC's second seed. After defeating the Green Bay Packers 26-20 in the , in which Peterson had a 100-yard pick-six off Aaron Rodgers negated due to a defensive holding penalty, the Cardinals went on the face the Carolina Panthers in the . Peterson recorded five combined tackles and returned an interception off Cam Newton for 70 yards, as the Cardinals lost 49–15.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: He was selected to the 2016 Pro Bowl as a cornerback, marking his fifth straight, and was voted first-team All-Pro for the third time. He was also ranked 18th best player by his fellow NFL players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: Peterson began the season as the starting cornerback, opposite Marcus Cooper, with full-time punt return duties being taken over by John Brown with Peterson returning sparingly throughout the season.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: On September 18, 2016, Peterson recorded four combined tackles and intercepted Jameis Winston during a 40-7 victory over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. In Week 3, Peterson recorded four combined tackles and intercepted Tyrod Taylor, catching the ball with one hand during an 18-33 loss to the Buffalo Bills. On December 24, 2016, he collected a season-high six combined tackles in a 34-31 victory over the Seattle Seahawks. He recorded 51 combined tackles (45 solo), six passes deflected, and three interceptions in 16 games and 16 starts. On December 20, 2016, for the sixth consecutive year, Peterson was selected to be in the 2017 Pro Bowl, along with teammates Larry Fitzgerald and David Johnson. He was also ranked 19th by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017 as the highest ranked cornerback.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: Peterson remained as the Cardinals' "de facto" starting cornerback with Justin Bethel after Marcus Cooper departed in free agency. In a Week 11 game against the Houston Texans, Peterson got his first interception of the season, a one handed grab off Tom Savage. On December 19, 2017, Peterson was named to his seventh straight Pro Bowl. Overall, he finished the 2017 season with 13 punt returns for 88 net yards, 34 total tackles, one fumble recovery, eight passes defensed, and one interception. He was ranked 23rd by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2018.


title: Patrick Peterson

text: In Week 1 against the Washington Redskins, Peterson had one tackle and sacked Alex Smith once as the Cardinals lost 24-6. In Week 2 against the Los Angeles Rams, Peterson made eight tackles and intercepted Jared Goff as the Cardinals lost 34-0. In Week 7 against the Denver Broncos, Peterson made six tackles and intercepted Case Keenum as the Cardinals lost 45-10. He finished the season with 54 tackles, five pass deflections, and two interceptions, on his way to his eighth straight Pro Bowl. He was ranked 46th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2019.