title: Birgitte Hjort Sørensen

text: In 2010, she made her breakthrough by playing the idealistic journalist, Katrine Fønsmark, in the DR fictional political drama "Borgen" which charted the rise of Denmark's first female prime minister. In order to prepare for the role, she spent a summer training with television news teams and reporters. Sørensen received critical acclaim for playing a strong female protagonist on the show, and international recognition especially in the United Kingdom. For the show's third season, Sørensen received a nomination for the Robert Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role (Television). She also garnered her first nomination for the Robert Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for playing a criminal psychologist's secretary in the action film "Ved verdens ende" (2009) with Nikolaj Lie Kaas, and Nikolaj Coster-Waldau. In 2012, Sørensen portrayed painter Marie Krøyer in the biographical film "The Passion of Marie" which earned her second Best Actress nomination at the Robert Awards. The following year, she appeared as Virgilia in the play "Coriolanus" with Tom Hiddleston at Donmar Warehouse, London.


title: Birgitte Hjort Sørensen

text: In 2015, Sørensen appeared in the "Hardhome" episode of the HBO fantasy drama series "Game of Thrones" playing Karsi, a wildling chieftain. In the same year, she starred with Anna Kendrick in the musical comedy sequel "Pitch Perfect 2" as Kommissar, the leader of a rival German a cappella group. She was also nominated for the Bodil Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in "Someone You Love", in which she played a mother suffering with drug addiction.


title: Birgitte Hjort Sørensen

text: Sørensen played Andy Warhol's muse Ingrid in Martin Scorsese's HBO television series, "Vinyl" (2016). In the latter part of the same year, she made her Broadway debut in the play "Les Liaisons Dangereuses".


title: Birgitte Hjort Sørensen

text: She reprised her role as Katrine Fønsmark in "Borgen" in 2022 when the show returned for a fourth season on Netflix.


title: Birgitte Hjort Sørensen

text: She is in a relationship with television writer and producer Kristian Ladegaard Pedersen and they have two daughters.


title: Peter Maximoff

text: Peter Maximoff is a fictional character appearing in 20th Century Fox's "X-Men" film series, portrayed by Evan Peters and based on the Marvel Comics character Quicksilver, a mutant with the ability to move at superhuman speed. The character appeared in the films "" (2014), "" (2016), and "Dark Phoenix" (2019), and had a cameo appearance in "Deadpool 2" (2018).


title: Peter Maximoff

text: Quicksilver first appears as a comic book character in "X-Men" #4 (March 1964) and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist/co-writer Jack Kirby. The character initially appears as an antagonist to the X-Men, although before long he becomes a member of the Avengers and appears as a regular character in that title beginning with "Avengers" #16 in May 1965. He has made numerous other appearances in that title, and other related titles, sometimes as a member of the team, sometimes as an ally, and sometimes as an antagonist. In the early 1990s, an for Fox Kids was successful enough to impress 20th Century Fox, leading producer Lauren Shuler Donner to purchase the film rights for the comic book characters, including Quicksilver, in 1994.


title: Peter Maximoff

text: In May 2013, director Bryan Singer announced that Evan Peters had been cast as Quicksilver in the "X-Men" films. Peters played the character in the 2014 film "", and its 2016 sequel, "". In 2019, he reprised the role of Quicksilver in the sequel film "Dark Phoenix". Following The Walt Disney Company's purchase of 21st Century Fox, all X-Men-related characters were transferred back to Marvel Studios.


title: Peter Maximoff

text: In "X-Men: Days of Future Past" Maximoff is introduced as a mutant who can move, speak and think at supersonic speeds. Peters described Quicksilver as "very fast, he talks quick, he moves quick. Everything else is very slow compared to him, it's like he's always at the ATM waiting for the bastard in front of him to finish". Costume designer Louise Mingenbach, who drew heavily from 1970s styles for most of the clothing seen in the 1973 scenes, had Peters wear 1981-inspired clothing; this was Mingenbach's way of showing Quicksilver's irreverence for the exact time and place.


title: Peter Maximoff

text: In "X-Men: Apocalypse", the character takes on a much larger narrative role. Maximoff is revealed to be the son of Erik Lehnsherr / Magneto, who is unaware of this son. Peters stated of the film,


title: Peter Maximoff

text: Peters also makes a brief cameo appearance as Maximoff in the live-action film (2018), along with other team members from "Apocalypse".


title: Peter Maximoff

text: In "Dark Phoenix", Peters described the character as more mature and subdued in the film, being focused on using his abilities for good as a member of the X-Men.


title: Peter Maximoff

text: Maximoff and his two sisters were raised by his mother, with Maximoff never having met his father. As a teenager, he uses his super speed to steal things.


title: Peter Maximoff

text: In 1973, he is visited at his mother's home by a young Charles Xavier and Hank McCoy, along with a time-travelling Wolverine, who knows Maximoff from another point in time. They convince Maximoff to help them break Erik Lehnsherr out of his prison beneath the Pentagon. Maximoff does so by vibrating the glass roof of Lehnsherr's cell fast enough to shatter it, and when security guards confront them in a kitchen, Maximoff uses his super speed to disarm and disorient them before Lehnsherr can use his powers to harm the guards. Maximoff then parts with the other four before they board a plane for Paris.


title: Peter Maximoff

text: In 1983, Maximoff sees news reports of Lehnsherr, now wanted as an international criminal, surfacing in Germany. Maximoff goes to Xavier's school, arriving just after the powerful mutant En Sabah Nur and his Four Horsemen kidnap Xavier, and after Alex Summers's attempt to stop them triggers an explosion that could destroy the mansion. Sensing the danger, Maximoff uses his super-speed to evacuate the building but fails to save Alex, who disappears in the explosion. During a conversation with Mystique, Maximoff reveals that he has learned the Lehnsherr is his father, and had left his mother before Maximoff was born. In the climactic battle, Maximoff fights and briefly appears to have the upper hand against En Sabah Nur, until the villain is able to trap one of Maximoff's legs in the sand and break the other. En Sabah Nur summons Psylocke to kill Maximoff, but it turns out to be Mystique in disguise, who attacks En Sabah Nur, prompting the rest of the Four Horsemen to turn against him. Later, as the X-Men watch Lehnsherr and Jean Grey rebuild the mansion, a cast-wearing Maximoff tells Ororo Munroe that he has decided not to tell Lehnsherr yet that he is his son, but that he will remain at Xavier's school. Later still, a recovered Maximoff is shown preparing to train with other X-Men to take on future threats.


title: Peter Maximoff

text: In 1992, Maximoff accompanies several other X-Men on a mission to aid a damaged space shuttle, teleporting to the out-of-control vessel with Nightcrawler and using his super speed to rescue the astronauts on board. During the mission, however, Jean Grey is struck by an energy which amplifies her psychic powers but disturbs her emotional equilibrium. Later, when the X-Men confront a confused and distraught Jean Grey, Maximoff almost reaches her before she is able to knock him away with her powers, seriously injuring him. He recovers shortly afterwards.


title: Peter Maximoff

text: For "X-Men: Days of Future Past", Australia-based Rising Sun Pictures created a sequence considered by many reviewers the centerpiece of the film's effects, where Quicksilver uses his super speed in the Pentagon kitchen. Depicting how, to a speedster, actions in real time come down to a virtual standstill, objects float around in slow motion. After doing a LIDAR scan of the kitchen set, the digital recreation added many computer generated props—cooking gear, cutlery, vegetables and water released by a fire sprinkler system—rendered in near microscopic detail regarding placement and lighting, particularly because the footage had to work in 3D. To simulate Quicksilver running on the walls, Evan Peters and a stunt double were filmed in both the set being suspended by a harness and on a treadmill that stood in front of a chroma key green screen. Only Peters' legs were digitally replaced. Director Bryan Singer shot all of Quicksilver's scenes in 3,600 frames per second to demonstrate his super-speed. Despite the sequence only having 29 effects shots, it required nearly seven months of work from RSP's team of 70 artists. The sequence won two 2014 Visual Effects Society Awards, for Outstanding Effects Simulations in a Photoreal/Live Action Feature Motion Picture, and for Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Photoreal/Live Action Feature Motion Picture.


title: Peter Maximoff

text: Rising Sun Pictures also provided the effects for Quicksilver's time-stopping, quick motion effects in the mansion rescue scene in "X-Men: Apocalypse", which was also nominated for a Visual Effects Society Award.


title: Peter Maximoff

text: "Screen Rant" described the character as "one of the most beloved characters from the Fox "X-Men" movies", whose "super-speed was represented with unique and often humorous slow-motion sequences, resulting in Quicksilver becoming a fan-favorite amongst X-Men's repertoire of mutants". For his performance in "X-Men: Apocalypse", Peters was nominated in the 2016 Teen Choice Awards as a "Choice Scene Stealer". Critic Richard Roeper wrote of that film that the "signature scene" of the film is the one in which "Quicksilver (Evan Peters) uses his super-duper-duper-duper speed to save dozens of students, all to the tune of 'Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)' by the Eurythmics", describing the scene as "a beautiful, funny, exciting, altogether magical sequence — as entertaining as anything I've seen at the movies in a long time", and closing with the recommendation that "[y]ou owe it to yourself to see Quicksilver do his thing".


title: Peter Maximoff

text: The "X-Men" film series version is one of two live-action adaptations of the comic book character, the other appearing in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films "" (2014) and "" (2015), portrayed by Aaron Taylor-Johnson as Sokovian experimental subject Pietro Maximoff, who is the twin brother of Wanda Maximoff. In 2021, Peters appeared in the MCU television series "WandaVision" as Westview resident Ralph Bohner, who posed as Pietro under Agatha Harkness' control. This was a reference to Peters' role as Peter.


title: Teji Bachchan

text: Teji Harivansh Rai Srivastava Bachchan ("née" Tejwant Kaur Suri; 12 August 1914 21 December 2007) was an Indian social activist, the wife of Hindi poet Harivansh Rai Bachchan and mother of Bollywood actor Amitabh Bachchan.


title: Teji Bachchan

text: Teji was Born into a Punjabi Sikh Khatri family in Lyallpur, Punjab Province, British India (present-day Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan). After completing her education, she took a job teaching psychology at Khoob Chand Degree College, Lahore. She met Harivansh Srivastava, then a lecturer of English at Allahabad University, when he attended a college event in Lahore. The couple got married in Allahabad in 1941, and upon her wedding, Teji became a home maker. She remained a lover of the stage, and she would also sing at social gatherings if pressed. During his lifetime, Harivansh remained completely engrossed in his work, leaving his wife to handle all family matters. Even in social engagements, the poet willingly played a minor role to his sociable wife. The Bachchans had two sons: Amitabh Bachchan and Ajitabh Bachchan.


title: Teji Bachchan

text: Teji played Lady Macbeth in her husband's Hindi adaptation of "Macbeth". They also played a cameo appearance in Yash Chopra's 1976 film, "Kabhi Kabhie".


title: Teji Bachchan

text: She was also appointed as one of the Directors of the Film Finance Corporation in 1973. The Film Finance Corporation of India (and its successor National Film Development Corporation of India), a Government of India undertaking's main objective was to finance the production of purposeful films of good quality with a view to improving the general standards of the medium.


title: Teji Bachchan

text: Bachchan was in the Lilavati Hospital for almost the whole of the year 2007 and she was shifted to the ICU in November 2007 after her condition became worse. She died at the age of 93 on 21 December 2007 after prolonged illness.


title: Edinburgh of the Seven Seas

text: Edinburgh of the Seven Seas is the main settlement of the island of Tristan da Cunha, in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, an overseas territory of the United Kingdom, in the South Atlantic Ocean. Locally, it is referred to as The Settlement or The Village.


title: Edinburgh of the Seven Seas

text: Edinburgh of the Seven Seas is regarded as the most remote permanent settlement on Earth, located over 1,500 miles (2400 kilometres) from the nearest human settlement, on Saint Helena.


title: Edinburgh of the Seven Seas

text: The settlement was founded on the island of Tristan da Cunha in 1816 by a Sergeant William Glass from Kelso, Scottish Borders after the UK annexed Tristan da Cunha. A military garrison was maintained on the islands as a guard against any French attempts to rescue Napoleon, who was imprisoned on Saint Helena. The military garrison remained until the end of World War II.


title: Edinburgh of the Seven Seas

text: It is named after Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, the second son of Queen Victoria, in honour of his visit to the island in 1867.


title: Edinburgh of the Seven Seas

text: Edinburgh of the Seven Seas is the only major settlement of Tristan da Cunha, and contains a small port, the Administrator's residence, and the post office. It was damaged in a volcanic eruption on the island in 1961, which forced the entire population to abandon the settlement and evacuate to Calshot, Hampshire in the UK. The eruption destroyed the settlement's crayfish factory.


title: Edinburgh of the Seven Seas

text: After the return of most of the islanders in 1963, the settlement was rebuilt. The harbour at Edinburgh was named Calshot Harbour, after their temporary home during the eruption.


title: Edinburgh of the Seven Seas

text: The archipelago has a wet oceanic climate under the Köppen system with mild temperatures, but consistent moderate to heavy rainfall and very limited sunshine, due to the persistent westerly winds. Under the Trewartha classification, Tristan da Cunha has a humid subtropical climate due to the lack of cold weather, and it has a mild oceanic climate ("Cfb") according to the Köppen climate classification, with an absence of extreme temperatures. The number of rainy days is comparable to the Aleutian Islands at a much higher latitude in the northern hemisphere, while sunshine hours are comparable to Juneau, Alaska, 20° farther from the equator. Frost is unknown below elevations of and summer temperatures are similarly mild, never reaching . Sandy Point on the east coast is reputed to be the warmest and driest place on the island, being in the lee of the prevailing winds.


title: Edinburgh of the Seven Seas

text: There is one road, the M1, which connects the town with Potato Patches (or "The Patches"), the primary agricultural area, and is used by the few private cars on the island. Paved paths provide walking access to buildings around town. A bus service called Potato Patches Flier (using a 24-seat Isuzu mini school bus from South Africa) is available to pensioners in town to travel to places around the island.


title: Edinburgh of the Seven Seas

text: All motor vehicles on the island have Tristan da Cunha plates consisting of letters TDC and 2 or 3 numbers.


title: Edinburgh of the Seven Seas

text: The town has a small harbour with berths accessible by small vessels only. The island has around 10 scheduled ship visits per year for tourists and island residents to travel to/from the island on multi-day trips from South Africa or Namibia.


title: Edinburgh of the Seven Seas

text: Graphic artist Rolf Weijburg produced an etch of Edinburgh of the Seven Seas and other places on the island of Tristan da Cunha.


title: Edinburgh of the Seven Seas

text: The island's local affairs are managed by the Island Council, a 14-member administration that meets six times a year and is elected every three years.


title: Edinburgh of the Seven Seas

text: The town is home to the island's emergency services, which comprise one ambulance (a Toyota Hilux operated by Camogli Hospital), one fire engine (a Land Rover Defender with a small ladder) and one police car (Land Rover Series).


title: Edinburgh of the Seven Seas

text: Most buildings in town are single story, with the largest being the factory and the tallest being St Joseph's Church.


title: Information technology in India

text: The information technology industry in India comprises information technology services, consulting, and outsourcing. The share of the IT-BPM sector in the GDP of India is 7.4% in FY 2022. The IT and BPM industries' revenue is estimated at $227 billion in FY 2022. The domestic revenue of the IT industry is estimated at $49 billion, and export revenue is estimated at $178 billion in FY 2022. The IT–BPM sector overall employs 5 million people as of March 2022.


title: Information technology in India

text: The Indian IT–BPM industry has the highest employee attrition rate. In recent years the industry has been witnessing skyrocketing resignations cutting across hierarchy. As a global outsourcing hub, the Indian IT industry benefits from lower cost of living and the consequent cheaper labour. As IT–BPM sector evolves, many are concerned that artificial intelligence (AI) will drive significant automation and destroy jobs in the coming years. The United States accounts for two-thirds of India's IT services exports. The Indian IT industry is notorious because a large number of IT professionals entering the industry with forged experience certificates. These fake documents are provided by consultancies that are mainly operating out of Hyderabad and Bangalore. In order to clear interviews, IT professionals often opt for proxy interviews, but most of the fake candidates are rejected during the interview round.


title: Information technology in India

text: India's IT Services industry was born in Mumbai in 1967 with the establishment of Tata Consultancy Services who in 1977 partnered with Burroughs which began India's export of IT industries.services. The first software export zone, SEEPZ – the precursor to the modern-day IT park – was established in Mumbai in 1973. More than 80 percent of the country's software exports were from SEEPZ in the 1980s.


title: Information technology in India

text: Regulated VSAT links became visible in 1994. Desai (2006) describes the steps taken to relax regulations on linking in 1991:


title: Information technology in India

text: A joint EU-India group of scholars was formed on 23 November 2001 to further promote joint research and development. On 25 June 2002, India and the European Union agreed to bilateral cooperation in the field of science and technology. From 2017, India holds an Associate Member State status at CERN, while a joint India-EU Software Education and Development Center will be located in Bangalore.


title: Information technology in India

text: In the contemporary world economy, India is the largest exporter of IT. The contribution of IT sector in India's GDP rose from 1.2% in 1998 to 10% in 2019. Exports dominate the Indian IT industry and constitute about 79% of the industry's total revenue. However, the domestic market is also significant, with robust revenue growth.


title: Information technology in India

text: The industry's share of total Indian exports (merchandise plus services) increased from less than 4% in FY1998 to about 25% in FY2012. The technologically-inclined services sector in India accounts for 40% of the country's GDP and 30% of export earnings as of 2006, while employing only 25% of its workforce, according to Sharma (2006). According to Gartner, the "Top Five Indian IT Services Providers" are Tata Consultancy Services, Infosys, Wipro, Tech Mahindra, and HCL Technologies.


title: Information technology in India

text: The IT and BPM industry's revenue is estimated at US$194 billion in FY 2021, an increase of 2.3% YoY. The domestic revenue of the IT industry is estimated at US$45 billion and export revenue is estimated at US$150 billion in FY 2021. The IT industry employed almost 2.8 million employees in FY 2021. The IT–BPM sector overall employs 4.5 million people as of March 2021.


title: Information technology in India

text: In 2022, companies within the sector faced significant employee attrition and intense competition in hirings. Indian IT revenues grow fastest in a decade to $227 billion in COVID-19 pandemic -hit FY22. The IT–BPM sector overall employs 5 million people as of March 2022. NASSCOM in its Strategic Review predicted that the IT industry can achieve the ambitious target of being a US$ 350 billion by FY26 growing at a rate of 11-14 per cent.


title: Information technology in India

text: Top IT services companies in India in 2022 by market capitalization. In September 2021, TCS recorded a market capitalisation of US$ 200 billion, making it the first Indian IT tech company to do so. On 24 August 2021, Infosys became the fourth Indian company to reach $100 billion in market capitalization.


title: Information technology in India

text: Bangalore is a global technology hub and is India's biggest tech hub. As of fiscal 2016–17, Bangalore accounted for 38% of total IT exports from India worth $45 billion, employing 10 lakh people directly and 30 lakh indirectly. The city is known as the "Silicon Valley of India". Notable tech parks are Electronic City, ITPL, Bagmane Tech Park, Embassy Golf Links, Manyata Tech Park, Global Village Tech Park, Embassy TechVillage. Apart from these IT companies are also located in several other parts of the city. Notable IT companies of the area include Infosys, Wipro, HCL Technologies, SAP Labs, Accenture, TCS, Oracle, IBM India, Sonata Software, Mindtree, and Intuit India.


title: Information technology in India

text: Bangalore is also known as the "startup capital of India"; the city is home to 44 percent of all Indian unicorn startup companies as of 2020.


title: Information technology in India

text: Hyderabad – known for the HITEC City or Cyberabad – is India's second largest information technology exporter and a major global IT hub, and the largest bioinformatics hub in India. Hyderabad has emerged as the second largest city in the country for software exports pipping competitors Chennai and Pune. Notable tech companies include Microsoft , Amazon, Google, Apple, Salesforce, Capgemini, Accenture, AMD, Deloitte, Intel, Tata Consultancy Services, HCL Technologies, Oracle Corporation, Qualcomm, Dell, Cognizant, Novartis, Pega, J.P Morgan, UBS. As of 2022, the IT exports from Hyderabad was ₹183,569 crore (US$23 billion), the city houses 1500 IT and ITES companies that provide 7,78,121 employment. Notable tech and pharma parks are Nanakramguda Financial District, HITEC City, Genome Valley, and Hyderabad Pharma City. The number of startups in Telangana had increased from 400 in 2016 to 2,000 in 2022. Hyderabad added two companies in unicorn startup list in first two months of 2022. Microsoft, Amazon, Google has their largest campus outside US in Hyderabad.


title: Information technology in India

text: , Chennai is India's third-largest exporter of information technology (IT) after Bangalore and Hyderabad and business process outsourcing (BPO) services. TIDEL Park in Chennai was billed as Asia's largest IT park when it was built. Notable tech parks are International Tech Park, DLF Cybercity SEZ, Mahindra World City, SIPCOT IT Park, Olympia Tech Park, One Indiabulls Park, L&T Estancia IT SEZ, Ramanujan IT City and Chennai one SEZ. City has an expressway called as IT expressways and a preferred location for IT industries. Major software companies such as Tata Consultancy Services, Infosys, Zoho, Capgemini, Amazon, Mindtree, Cognizant, Accenture, UST Global, Sify, BirlaSoft, HCL Technologies and Comcast have their offices set up here, with some of them making Chennai their largest base.


title: Information technology in India

text: The Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park in Hinjawadi is a ₹60,000 crore (US$8.9 billion) project by the Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC). The IT Park encompasses an area of about and is home to over 800 IT companies of all sizes. Besides Hinjawadi, IT companies are also located at Magarpatta, Kharadi, Kalyani Nagar,


title: Information technology in India

text: Yerawada, Aundh and several other parts of the city. Major IT companies like TCS, Wipro, Infosys, Cognizant, IBM, Accenture, Tech Mahindra, Cybage, Zensar Technologies, Amdocs, Capgemini, Quick heal, Amazon, FIS (Company), HCL Technologies, Barclays, Credit Suisse, UBS, Netcracker Technology, Persistent Systems,KPIT. Harbinger Knowledge Products have offices in Pune. As of 2019, the IT sector employs more than 500,000 people.


title: Information technology in India

text: Delhi NCR is one of the major IT hub in India. Cities in NCR like Gurgaon and Noida have several companies that serves the local and global markets who take help from these IT hubs. Major software companies like Microsoft, Oracle Corporation and Adobe Systems have their presence in Noida.


title: Information technology in India

text: Kolkata is one of the major IT hub in India. As of 2020, The IT sector employs more than 200,000 people directly.


title: Information technology in India

text: Major software companies such as Tata Consultancy Services, Capgemini, Wipro, Ericsson, Mindtree, Cognizant, Accenture, ITC Infotech, RS Software, IBM have their offices set up here, with TCS making Kolkata their largest base.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: The Vickers Wellington was a British twin-engined, long-range medium bomber. It was designed during the mid-1930s at Brooklands in Weybridge, Surrey. Led by Vickers-Armstrongs' chief designer Rex Pierson; a key feature of the aircraft is its geodetic airframe fuselage structure, which was principally designed by Barnes Wallis. Development had been started in response to Air Ministry Specification B.9/32, issued in the middle of 1932, for a bomber for the Royal Air Force.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: This specification called for a twin-engined day bomber capable of delivering higher performance than any previous design. Other aircraft developed to the same specification include the Armstrong Whitworth Whitley and the Handley Page Hampden. During the development process, performance requirements such as for the tare weight changed substantially, and the engine used was not the one originally intended.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: The Wellington was used as a night bomber in the early years of the Second World War, performing as one of the principal bombers used by Bomber Command. During 1943, it started to be superseded as a bomber by the larger four-engined "heavies" such as the Avro Lancaster. The Wellington continued to serve throughout the war in other duties, particularly as an anti-submarine aircraft.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: It holds the distinction of having been the only British bomber that was produced for the duration of the war, and of having been produced in a greater quantity than any other British-built bomber. The Wellington remained as first-line equipment when the war ended, although it had been increasingly relegated to secondary roles. The Wellington was one of two bombers named after Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, the other being the Vickers Wellesley.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: A larger heavy bomber aircraft designed to Specification B.1/35, the Vickers Warwick, was developed in parallel with the Wellington; the two aircraft shared around 85% of their structural components. Many elements of the Wellington were also re-used in a civil derivative, the Vickers VC.1 Viking.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: In October 1932, the British Air Ministry invited Vickers to tender for the recently issued Specification B.9/32, which sought a twin-engine medium daylight bomber. In response, Vickers conducted a design study, led by Chief Designer Rex Pierson. Early on, Vickers' chief structures designer Barnes Wallis proposed the use of a geodetic airframe, inspired by his previous work on airships and the single-engined Wellesley light bomber. During structural testing performed at the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough, the proposed structure demonstrated not only the required strength factor of six, but reached 11 without any sign of failure, proving the geodetic airframe to possess a strength far in excess of normal levels. This strength allowed for the structure design to be further developed to reduce the size of individual members and adopt simplified standard sections of lighter construction.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: Vickers studied and compared the performance of various air- and liquid-cooled engines to power the bomber, including the Bristol Pegasus IS2, Pegasus IIS2, and Armstrong Siddeley Tiger radials, and the Rolls-Royce Goshawk I inline. The Pegasus was selected as the engine for air-cooled versions of the bomber, while the Goshawk engine was chosen for the liquid-cooled engine variant. On 28 February 1933, two versions of the aircraft, one with each of the selected powerplants, were submitted to the tender. In September 1933, the Air Ministry issued a pilot contract for the Goshawk-powered version. In August 1934, Vickers proposed to use either the Pegasus or the sleeve-valve Bristol Perseus engines instead of the evaporative-cooled Goshawk, which promised improvements in speed, climb rate, ceiling, and single-engine flight capabilities without any major increase in all-up weight; the Air Ministry accepted the proposed changes.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: Other refinements of the design had also been implemented and approved, such as the adoption of variable-pitch propellers, and the use of Vickers-produced gun turrets in the nose and tail positions. By December 1936, the specification had been revised to include front, rear, and midship wind-protected turret mountings. Other specification changes included modified bomb undershields and the inclusion of spring-loaded bomb bay doors. The proposal had also been developed further, a mid-wing arrangement was adopted instead of a shoulder-mounted wing for greater pilot visibility during formation flight and improved aerodynamic performance, as well as a substantially increased overall weight of the aircraft. Design studies were also conducted on behalf of the Air Ministry into the adoption of the Rolls-Royce Merlin engine.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: In spite of a traditional preference of the establishment to strictly adhere to the restrictive tare weight for the aircraft established in the tender, both Pierson and Wallis firmly believed that their design should adopt the most powerful engine available. Perhaps in response to pressure from Vickers, the Air Ministry overlooked, if not openly accepted, the removal of the tare weight restriction, as between the submission of the tender in 1933 and the flight of the first prototype in 1936, the tare weight eventually rose from to . The prescribed bomb load and range requirements were routinely revised upwards by the Air Ministry; by November 1935, figures within the Ministry were interested in the possibility of operating the aircraft at an all-up weight of , which aviation author C.F. Andrews described as "a very high figure for a medium bomber of those days".


title: Vickers Wellington

text: During the development phase of the aircraft, "the political and military climate of Europe was changing rapidly. The threats of the dictators of Germany and Italy began to exert pressure on the British Government to make a reappraisal of the strength of its armed forces, especially that of the Royal Air Force". By 1936, the need for a high priority to be placed on the creation of a large bomber force, which would form the spearhead of British offensive power, had been recognised; accordingly, a new command organisation within the RAF, Bomber Command, was formed that year to deliver upon this requirement.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: In early 1936, an initial prototype, "K4049", which was originally designated as a "Type 271", was assembled. The prototype could accommodate a payload of nine 250lb or 500lb bombs, and both nose and tail gun positions were fitted with hand-operated turrets with a gun in eachl; provision for a third retractable gun in a dorsal position was made. It had provision for a crew of four, along with a fifth position for special duties.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: On 5 June 1936, the name "Crecy" was chosen for the type, and it was publicly displayed as such. On 15 August 1936, the aircraft was accepted for production. On 8 September 1936, the name "Wellington" was adopted for the type; it fitted with Air Ministry nomenclature of naming bombers after towns and followed the Vickers Wellesley in referring to the Napoleonic War general Arthur Wellesley, the Duke of Wellington. On 12 December 1936, a corresponding works order was issued for the Wellington.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: On 15 June 1936, "K4049" conducted its maiden flight from Brooklands. Vickers chief test pilot Joseph Summers flew "K4049" on its first flight, accompanied by Wallis and Trevor Westbrook. The aircraft soon came to be widely regarded as being an advanced design for its era and proved to have considerable merit during its flight trials. On 19 April 1937, "K4049" was destroyed by an accident during a service test flight by Maurice Hare. The cause was the failure of the elevator's horn balance due to excessive slipstream exposure, leading to the aircraft inverting and rapidly descending into terrain. It was destroyed in the crash, which also resulted in the death of the navigator, Smurthwaite. The horn balances were later deleted from the design and were not on production aircraft.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: Refinement of the Wellington's design was influenced by the issuing of Specifications B.3/34 and B.1/35, the latter of which had led to the parallel development of a larger bomber aircraft, the Vickers Warwick. According to Andrews, the Wellington was practically redesigned to form the first production model of the aircraft, during which many features associated with the Warwick were added, such as a deepened fuselage, a lengthened nose, a reshaped elevator and an increased crew complement for four to five members. Other changes made included the adoption of a retractable tailwheel and constant-speed propellers; the Air Ministry also requested the adoption of a Nash & Thompson-design ventral turret in place of the Vickers design.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: On 23 December 1937, the first production "Wellington Mk I", "L4212", conducted its first flight, followed by an intensive flight programme. Flight trials with "L4212" confirmed the aerodynamic stability initially encountered by "K4049", but also revealed the aircraft to be nose-heavy during dives, which was attributed to the redesigned elevator. Modifications, including the linking of the flaps and the elevator trim tabs, were tested on "L4212" and resolved the problem.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: In August 1936, an initial order for 180 "Wellington Mk I" aircraft, powered by a pair of 1,050 hp (780 kW) Bristol Pegasus radial engines, was received by Vickers; it had been placed so rapidly that the order occurred prior to the first meeting intended to decide the details of the production aircraft.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: In October 1937, another order for a further 100 Wellington Mk Is, produced by the Gloster Aircraft Company, was issued; it was followed by an order for 100 Wellington Mk II aircraft with Rolls-Royce Merlin X V12 engines. Yet another order was placed for 64 Wellingtons produced by Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft. With this flurry of order and production having been assured by the end of 1937, Vickers set about simplifying the manufacturing process of the aircraft and announced a target of building one Wellington per day.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: The geodetic design took longer to build than comparable aircraft using the more conventional monocoque approach, leading to some criticism of the Wellington. In addition it was difficult to cut holes in the fuselage for access or equipment fixtures; to aid manufacturing, the Leigh light was deployed through the mounting for the absent FN9 ventral turret.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: In the late 1930s, Vickers built Wellingtons at a rate of one per day at Weybridge and 50 a month at Broughton in North Wales. Many of the employees on the production lines were only semi-skilled and new to aircraft construction. Peak wartime production in 1942 saw monthly rates of 70 at Weybridge, 130 at Broughton and 102 at Blackpool. Shadow factories were set up to produce parts for the Wellington all over the British Isles.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: In October 1943, as a propaganda and morale-boosting exercise, workers at Broughton gave up their weekend to build Wellington number LN514 rushed by the clock. The bomber was assembled in 23 hours 50 minutes, and took off after 24 hours 48 minutes, beating the record of 48 hours set by a factory in California. Each Wellington was usually built within 60 hours. It was filmed for the Ministry of Information for a newsreel "Worker's Week-End", and was broadcast in both Britain and America. It was the first time in aviation history that an aircraft manufacturer anywhere in the world had attempted such a feat with a metal aircraft of this scale.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: A total of 180 Wellington Mk I aircraft were built; 150 for the RAF and 30 for the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) (which were transferred to the RAF on the outbreak of war and used by 75 Squadron). In October 1938, the Mk I entered service with 9 Squadron. The Wellington was initially outnumbered by the Handley Page Hampden (also ordered by the Ministry to B.9/32) and the Armstrong Whitworth Whitley (to B.34/3 for a 'night' bomber) but outlasted both rival aircraft in service. The Wellington went on to be built in 16 variants and two post-war training conversions. The number of Wellingtons built totalled 11,462 of all versions, a greater quantity produced than any other British bomber. On 13 October 1945, the last Wellington to be produced rolled out.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: The Wellington Mk I was quickly superseded by improved variants. Improvements to the turrets and the strengthening of the undercarriage quickly resulted in the "Wellington Mk IA". According to Andrews, the IA model bore more similarities to the later "Wellington Mk II" than to its Mk I predecessor. Due to armament difficulties encountered that left the Wellington with weaker than intended defences, the "Wellington Mk IB" was proposed for trials but appears to have been unbuilt. Further development of various aspects of the aircraft, such as the hydraulics and electrical systems, along with a revision of the ventral turret gun, led to the "Wellington Mk IC".


title: Vickers Wellington

text: In January 1938, design work on what would become the "Wellington Mk II" formally commenced. The principal change on this model was the adoption of the Merlin engine in place of the Pegasus XVIII; other modifications included hydraulic and oxygen system revisions along with the installation of cabin heating and an astrodome. On 3 March 1939, "L4250", the prototype Mk II, performed its maiden flight; this had been delayed due to production delays of its Merlin X engines. Stability and balance problems were encountered during flight tests of the prototype, resulting in further changes such as the enlargement of the tailplane. By late 1939, the Mk II was capable of delivering superior performance to the Mk IC, such as higher cruising and top speeds, increased all-up weight or alternatively greater range and a raised ceiling.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: The Vickers Wellington was a twin-engined long-range medium bomber, initially powered by a pair of Bristol Pegasus radial engines, which drove a pair of de Havilland two-pitch propellers. Various engines and propeller combinations were used on variants of the aircraft, which included models of the Bristol Hercules and the Rolls-Royce Merlin engines. Recognisable characteristics of the Wellington include the high aspect ratio of its tapered wing, the depth of its fuselage and the use of a tall single fin on its tail unit, which reportedly aided in recognition of the type.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: The Wellington typically had a crew of five, the bomb-aimer being locatedin the aircraft's nose. The Wellington could be fitted with dual flight controls, and specialised dual-control conversion sets were developed for the purpose of performing training upon the type. The cockpit also contained provisions for heating and de-icing equipment, which was introduced on later models of the Wellington. The Wellington Mk I had a maximum offensive bomb load of , more than one-fifth of the aircraft's all-up weight. Additional munitions and an expanded bombing capacity were changes in many of the wartime variants of the Wellington, including the carrying of larger bombs.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: Defensive armament comprised the forward and tail turret gun positions, along with a retractable revolving ventral turret. Due to the high cruising speeds of the Wellington, it had been realised that fully enclosed turrets, as opposed to semi-enclosed or exposed turrets, would be necessary; the turrets were also power-operated to traverse with the speed and manoeuvrability necessary to keep up with the new generations of opposing fighter aircraft. Due to the specialised nature of increasingly advanced turrets, these were treated as ancillary equipment, being designed and supplied independently and replacing Vickers' own turrets developed for the aircraft. The turrets initially used a Nash & Thompson control unit, while each position was equipped with a pair of .303 in (7.7 mm) Browning machine guns. On many Wellington variants, the Vickers-built ventral turret of the Mk I was replaced by a Nash & Thompson-built counterpart as standard.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: A novelty of the Wellington was its geodetic construction, devised by aircraft designer and inventor Barnes Wallis. The fuselage was built from 1,650 elements, consisting of duralumin W-beams which formed into a metal framework. Wooden battens were screwed to the beams and were covered with Irish linen; the linen, treated with layers of dope, formed the outer skin of the aircraft. The construction proved to be compatible with significant adaptations and alterations including greater all-up weight, larger bombs, tropicalisation and long-range fuel tanks.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: The metal lattice gave the structure considerable strength, with any stringer able to support a portion of load from the opposite side of the aircraft. Damaged or destroyed beams on one side could still leave the aircraft structure viable; as a result, Wellingtons with huge areas of framework missing were often able to return when other types would not have survived, leading to stories of the aircraft's "invulnerability". The effect was enhanced by the fabric skin occasionally burning off leaving the naked frames exposed. A further advantage of the geodetic construction of the wings was its enabling of a unique method for housing the fuel, with each wing containing three fuel tanks within the unobstructed space provided between the front and rear spars outboard of the engines.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: On 3 September 1939, the eve of the outbreak of the Second World War, No. 3 Group Bomber Command comprised eight squadrons (No. 9, No. 37, No. 37 No. 38, No. 99, No. 115 and No. 149 Squadrons), with two reserve squadrons (No. 214 and No. 215 squadrons), that were equipped with a mixture of Wellington Mk I and Mk IA aircraft.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: On 4 September 1939, less than 24 hours after the commencement of hostilities, a total of 14 Wellingtons of No. 9 and No. 149 Squadrons, alongside a number of Bristol Blenheim aircraft, performed the first RAF bombing raid of the war, against German shipping at Brunsbüttel. The bombing of the harbour had not been permitted by Chamberlain's War Cabinet for fear of injuring civilians. The effectiveness of the raid was diminished by poor weather and high amounts of anti-aircraft fire. A pair of Wellingtons became the first aircraft to be lost on the Western Front.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: On 3 December 1939, 24 Wellingtons of No. 38, No. 115 and No. 147 Squadrons attacked the German fleet moored at Heligoland. The bombing commenced from high altitude and, while results of the bombing itself proved negligible, the ability of a formation of Wellingtons to penetrate strongly defended hostile airspace was validated. On 14 December 1939, 12 Wellingtons of No. 99 Squadron conducted a low-level raid upon German shipping at the Schillig Roads and Wilhelmshaven. Encountering enemy fire from warships, flak, and "Luftwaffe" aircraft, the Wellington formation lost five aircraft, along with another that crashed near its base, while only one enemy fighter was shot down.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: On 18 December 1939, 24 Wellingtons of No. 9, No. 37 and No. 149 Squadrons participated in the Battle of the Heligoland Bight against the German fleet and naval bases in both the Schillig Roads and Wilhelmshaven. The Wellingtons were unable to drop their bombs as all vessels were in harbour, thus restrictions on endangering civilians prevented their engagement. Having been alerted by radar, "Luftwaffe" fighter aircraft intercepted the incoming bombers near to Heligoland and attacked the formation for much of the way home. Twelve of the bombers were destroyed and a further three were badly damaged. The Wellingtons shot down four aircraft.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: The action at Heligoland highlighted the Wellington's vulnerability to attacking fighters, possessing neither self-sealing fuel tanks nor sufficient defensive armament. The nose and tail turrets protected against attacks from the front and rear, the Wellington had no defences against attacks from the beam and above, as it had not been believed that such attacks were possible owing to the high speed of aircraft involved. Unescorted day bombing was abandoned and Bomber Command decided to use the Wellington force to attack German communications and industrial targets instead.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: The Wellington was converted for night operations; on 25 August 1940, the type participated in the first night raid on Berlin. During the First 1,000 bomber raid, on Cologne on 30 May 1942, 599 out of 1,046 RAF aircraft dispatched were Wellingtons; of these, 101 were flown by Polish aircrew. During operations under Bomber Command, Wellingtons flew 47,409 operations, dropped 41,823 tons (37,941 tonnes) of bombs and lost 1,332 aircraft in action.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: In one incident, a German Messerschmitt Bf 110 night-fighter attacked a Wellington returning from an attack on Münster, causing a fire at the rear of the starboard engine. The second pilot, Sergeant James Allen Ward (RNZAF) climbed out of the fuselage, kicked holes in the doped fabric of the wing for foot and hand holds to reach the starboard engine and smothered the burning upper wing covering. He and the aircraft returned home safely and Ward was awarded the Victoria Cross.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: The Wellington was also adopted by RAF Coastal Command, in which it contributed to the Battle of the Atlantic. It was used for anti-submarine operations; on 6 July 1942, a Wellington sank its first enemy vessel. Specialised variants, fitted with a diameter metal hoop, were used for exploding German magnetic mines by generating a powerful magnetic field as it passed over them. In 1944, Wellingtons of Coastal Command were sent to Greece and performed various support duties during the British intervention in the Greek Civil War. A few Wellingtons were operated by the Hellenic Air Force.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: While the Wellington was superseded in the European Theatre, it remained in operational service for much of the war in the Middle East and in 1942, Wellingtons based in India became the RAF's first long-range bomber operating in the Far East. It was particularly effective with the South African Air Force in North Africa. The Wellington also served in anti-submarine duties with 26 Squadron SAAF based in Takoradi, Gold Coast (now Ghana).


title: Vickers Wellington

text: In late 1944, a radar-equipped Wellington XIV from 407 Sqn. RCAF was modified for use by the RAF's Fighter Interception Unit as what would now be described as an airborne early warning and control aircraft. It operated at an altitude of over the North Sea to control a de Havilland Mosquito and a Bristol Beaufighter fighter intercepting Heinkel He 111 bombers flying from Dutch airbases and carrying out airborne launches of the V-1 flying bomb. The FIU operators on the Wellington would search for the He 111 aircraft climbing to launch altitude, then direct the Beaufighter to the bomber, while the Mosquito would attempt to intercept the V-1 if launched.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: The Wellington is listed in the appendix to the novel "KG 200" as one flown by the German secret operations unit KG 200, which also tested, evaluated and sometimes clandestinely operated captured enemy aircraft during the Second World War.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: A total number of 11,461 aircraft is most often quoted There is some question over several individual aircraft, so the actual total may be a few either side of this figure. In combination, the Wellingtons and 846 Warwicks represent over 75% of the total number of aircraft built by the Vickers-Armstrong company.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: There are two complete surviving Vickers Wellingtons preserved in the United Kingdom. Some other substantial parts also survive.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: On 15 September 2016, after having its outer wings removed the day before, N2980 was towed from the Bellman hangar in which it was restored and where it had been displayed for nearly 30 years. This move was the first time that 'R' for 'Robert' had moved on its undercarriage since its last flight in 1940. The aircraft was exhibited in a temporary building while the Bellman hangar was relocated and restored until taken off display and moved back into the latter building on 25 July 2017. The aeroplane is the centre-piece of the 'Brooklands Aircraft Factory' exhibition about the aircraft industry at Brooklands, which was formally opened on 13 November 2017.


title: Vickers Wellington

text: This aircraft made the last flight of a Wellington, from Aston Down to Wisley, in January 1955. The RAF Museum later refitted the front gun turret in keeping with its original build as a B.X (wartime mark numbers used Roman numerals, Arabic numerals were adopted postwar). In Autumn 2010, this aircraft was taken to the RAF Museum's site at Cosford for restoration.


title: Stielhandgranate

text: Stielhandgranate is the German term for "stick hand grenade" (translation: "shaft hand grenade") and generally refers to a prominent series of World War I and World War II-era German stick grenade designs, distinguished by their long wooden handles, pull cord arming and cylindrical warheads. The first models were introduced by the Imperial German Army during World War I and the final design was introduced during World War II by the German Wehrmacht.


title: Stielhandgranate

text: The distinctive appearance of the stielhandgranate-family has led to them being called "potato mashers" in British Army slang, and they remain one of the most easily recognized infantry weapons of the 20th century.


title: Stielhandgranate

text: Germany entered World War I with a single grenade type: a heavy ball-shaped fragmentation grenade ("Kugelhandgranate") for use only by pioneers in attacking fortifications. It was too heavy for regular battlefield use by untrained troops and not suitable for mass production. This left Germany without a standard-issue grenade and improvised designs similar to those of the British were used until a proper grenade could be supplied.


title: Stielhandgranate

text: Germany introduced the "stick grenade" in 1915, the second year of the conflict. Aside from its unusual appearance, the "Stielhandgranate" used a friction igniter system. This had been used in other German grenades, but was uncommon internationally.


title: Stielhandgranate

text: During World War I, the "Stielhandgranate", under the name M1915 (Model 1915), competed technologically with the British standard-issue Mills bomb series. The first Mills bomb – the grenade  5 Mk. 1 – was introduced the same year as the German Model 1915, but due to manufacturing delays it was not widely distributed into general service until 1916. Thus, there was a small period of time where German troops had large supplies of new Model 1915 grenades, while their British opponents only had a small number.


title: Stielhandgranate

text: As World War I progressed, the Model 1915 "Stielhandgranate" was improved with various changes. These variants received designations such as the Model 1916 and the Model 1917.


title: Stielhandgranate

text: In 1915, industries of the German Empire designed and began production of the original "Stielhandgranate", appropriately named "Model 1915" (M15). It utilized a priming system, unlike the percussion cap pin used in most grenades of the period. The easily recognizable "potato masher" shape is a result of a number of different styles and choices of the design. The grenade mounted a charge head within a sheet-steel cylinder atop a long hollow-wooden handle. Internally, the explosive – initially ammonal but later approximately of trinitrotoluene filling – was connected to a detonator, and a pull cord ran from the detonator down the length of the hollow handle, emerging from the base. To use it, a soldier would simply pull the string downwards, dragging a rough steel rod through the igniter within the fuse. The rod's abrasive contact would cause sparks and a flame to light from within, setting the fuse burning. This fuse took approximately four and a half seconds to reach the detonator before exploding.


title: Stielhandgranate

text: The British War Office reported average thrown distance of a Mills bomb as when standing, when crouched and lying prone. One issue that hand grenades of the time had was unpredictable rolling after landing. The "Stielhandgranate" did not suffer nearly as much. Instead of rolling straight down a hill or across rough terrain, it would instead roll from side to side. However, the larger size and the irregular overall shape meant that fewer grenades could be carried. It also took longer to prime the grenade than Allied counterparts such as the Mills bomb.


title: Stielhandgranate

text: The "Stielhandgranate" primarily relied on a concussion blast effect, its thin metal container creating little fragmentation compared with many grenades of the time, such as the Mills bomb and the French F1 grenade, the later World War II American Mk 2 grenade, and the Russian (later Soviet) F1 grenade. Fragmentation grenades produced shrapnel which could wound enemy infantry over a large area, which made these types very useful in open areas such as fields, the blasted expanse of no man's land, beaches, spacious trenches, and wide city streets.


title: Stielhandgranate

text: Concussion grenades, however, were primarily designed to stun opponents at close quarters with the blast of their explosive charge, thereby reducing resistance for the immediately following-up infantry assault closing with its target with rifles and bayonets. The "Stielhandgranate" was extremely effective and reliable in clearing enclosed areas, such as buildings, fortifications, and the fighting compartments of enemy tanks, although performance in wide open areas was less than satisfactory. The blast effect went only a limited distance before dying out, while pieces from an equivalent fragmentation grenade could fly hundreds of metres (it was not unrealistic to expect that metal shrapnel could create friendly fire casualties, especially in open areas).


title: Stielhandgranate

text: The pull cord which activated the M15 grenade's fuse protruded from the base and could get caught in debris or clutter on the battlefields of World War I, causing the fuse to be ignited, and the grenade to explode on the belt of an unaware infantryman. This resulted in the introduction of the Model 1916 (M16).


title: Stielhandgranate

text: Functionally identical to the M15, the M16 changed the pull cord to improve safety. A small porcelain ball was placed at the base of the grenade, attached directly to the pull cord. This prevented the string from being exposed. The small bead was partially enveloped in the wooden handle, meaning that some force was needed to pluck it out. Operation was nearly identical, except that a soldier no longer needed to pull the string itself.


title: Stielhandgranate

text: Another development of the "Stielhandgranate" was implemented during the later stages of World War I, affecting the priming system. The base of the "Stielhandgranate's" handle was slightly redesigned, and a metal cover cap was introduced. This cap concealed the porcelain bead and pull cord, allowing it to simply rest freely inside of the handle. The operator pulled the cap off and then pulled the cord as with the M16.


title: Stielhandgranate

text: With the German Empire's defeat at the conclusion of World War I, the collapse of industrial capability and military strength of Germany left many projects and ideas forgotten for years. When the newly created Weimar Republic progressively began to repair both the physical and economic devastation, a slow rebuilding of the armed forces was allowed under the limitations set by the allies.


title: Stielhandgranate

text: The Weimar Republic revived the "Stielhandgranate", and created a new version in 1924, the "Model 1924" (M24). While retaining the same explosive and fuse, the main distinction between the M24 and the original M15 is a slightly shorter charge head and the removal of a belt carry clip. At the same time the wooden handle was lengthened. The intent of these design alterations was simply for mobility; German soldiers could easily (and often did) tuck the grenade in behind their uniform's belt, held tight and secure. Being slightly lighter, and smaller in thickness, this improved overall use.


title: Stielhandgranate

text: The M24 was the standard hand grenade of the German "Wehrmacht" during World War II. Adapting to the rapidly changing field of modern warfare, German soldiers would carry the M24 directly in front, allowing quick and easy access. However, in the later years of the war it was often advised to carry them in a different manner, as it was very likely any sort of explosion or heat could light the fuse from the grenade on the belt, resulting in unnecessary casualties.


title: Stielhandgranate

text: The Model 24 "Stielhandgranate" was stored in specially designed crates during transport, which could carry up to 15 individual grenades. As a safety precaution, units of the "Wehrmacht" were advised to only insert the actual fuse assemblies when about to go into combat. Later in the war, however, many soldiers of the "Wehrmacht" would always have their weapons ready, due to the fierceness seen in the Soviet Red Army in the east and the progressive advance of the Allies on the Western Front. A reminder was stenciled on each explosive charge: "Vor Gebrauch Sprengkapsel einsetzen" ("Before use insert detonator").


title: Stielhandgranate

text: The Model 1924 was rather ineffective by itself at damaging or disabling an enemy armored vehicle or destroying fortifications. It also lacked the shrapnel effect of most other grenades of the time. To overcome these faults, various German industries during World War II produced a number of variants that widened the utility and capability of the M24.


title: Stielhandgranate

text: During numerous operations of the invasion of the Soviet Union, the "Heer" found that under freezing conditions the M24's fuse could fail to ignite. In response, a variant with a cold-resistant explosive was developed and supplied to most units deployed on the eastern front (especially into present-day Russia). During production, the metal charge head was marked with a letter "K", for German word "Kalt" (English: cold).


title: Stielhandgranate

text: The "Wehrmacht" lacked a proper smoke grenade to allow infantry to cover advances or retreats, or for assaulting a position. A smoke version of the M24, the "Nebelhandgranate 39" (English: Fog hand grenade 39), was produced It had a remodeled fuse mechanism and a smoke charge instead of explosive; the smoke emitted from small vents in the underside of the charge head. To make it readily distinguishable from an M4 it had large markings on the head and a white band on the handle. Later, the handle was textured so they could be told apart by touch.


title: Stielhandgranate

text: Like most of the forces that took part in World War II, the Wehrmacht produced inert (not able to explode) practise versions of the standard-issue grenade, designed to aid recruits on how to properly throw and operate the weapon during training. An exercise version called "Übungs-Stielhandgranate 24" (English: Exercise-Stick hand granade 24) was introduced that was characterized by its bright red warhead with big perforated holes going throughout. The Übungs-Stielhandgranate 24 could be outfitted with an exercise charge and fuze with pull cord that made a bang and puff of smoke to indicate explosion when used.


title: Stielhandgranate

text: The M24 lacked effectiveness against hard targets such as tanks and buildings. A common solution was an improvised "bundle charge", officially known as "Geballte Ladung" (English: "concentrated charge"). The heads of a number of M24 grenades – their handles and fuses removed – would be strapped around a complete grenade, usually with simple rope, cloth, or metal wire, a solution initially invented during World War I using M15, M16 and M17 grenades. These "bundle charges" could be crafted with up to six additional heads around the complete grenade, the most common styles being the addition of four or six M24 heads.


title: Stielhandgranate

text: As a result of this cost-effective and reliable solution, the standard infantryman of the "Wehrmacht" could quickly improvise a grenade with up to seven times the explosive power. However, the added weight made it more difficult to throw, and the increased size meant that it was not practical to carry with one hand and that far fewer could be carried. These factors meant that infantry squads, if faced with an armored enemy, would have to close to a reduced range if they wanted to use the bundle charges. During the early years of World War II, there was little in terms of truly effective German handheld weaponry designed to fight hard targets such as armored vehicles and structures, and even later in the war this style of bundle grenade remained useful to the common "Heer" infantryman.


title: Stielhandgranate

text: A different version of improvised weapon using M24 grenades was the "Gestreckte Ladung" (English: Elongated Charge), a type of bangalore torpedo made out of a number of M24 grenades – their handles and fuses removed and replaced with detonators – mounted to a long stick or plank behind one another with a complete grenade at one end to initiate the explosion.


title: Stielhandgranate

text: Separate from Nazi Germany, the "Stielhandgranate 24" was used globally during World War II. A number of nations either directly acquired or purchased stockpiles of the grenade, or created similar versions with very slight adjustments.


title: Stielhandgranate

text: China started using the M24 stielhandgranate as a result of the German involvement in the modernization of the Chinese Army during the Sino-German cooperation 1926–1941. During this period the Chinese army would adopt German uniforms and equipment, such as the "Stielhandgranate 24".


title: Stielhandgranate

text: During the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), the Chinese designed and produced a grenade based on the Model 1924 which was used by the National Revolutionary Army. Such grenades were the main type of grenade used by Chinese forces during the whole war. The M24 inspired clone was a simple design and was mass-produced in large numbers, not only in arsenals (primarily in the 1st, 11th, 21st, 24th, 25th and 30th), but also by hand with the help of civilians. Hundreds of thousands of grenades were produced each month. There were some variations in the design, but most followed the same basic pattern: A wooden handle with a round or cylindrical warhead and a slow burning fuse. The charge was a mixture of TNT and potassium nitride, and they were generally somewhat weaker than their German counterpart. In 1939, a new design with a smaller handle and much more compressed explosive load began trials. The resulting model was lighter and more powerful and the ordnance office decreed it to be the new standard type in all arsenals.


title: Stielhandgranate

text: Just like German troops, Chinese soldiers often bundled grenades together to blast open fortifications, vehicles and the like. Another tactic was to tie a grenade to a long bamboo stick, for example to stick up over a wall or into a window.


title: Stielhandgranate

text: After World War II, the People's Liberation Army standardized a variant of the grenade, designated "Type 67". It became the standard grenade for the PLA and was also supplied in huge numbers to the Viet Cong and the People's Army of Vietnam during the Vietnam War.


title: Stielhandgranate

text: In 1938, the Imperial Japanese Army copied the Chinese "Stielhandgranate 24" and produced them at a Japanese factory in Manchuria (then Japanese Manchukuo). These were designated the "Type 98". Unlike both the original German M24 and its Chinese counterpart, the Type 98 was a fragmentation grenade. The charge, however, was weak and only contained of picric acid (more powerful but less safe than TNT). The weapon had a pull ring attached to the igniting cord, and the fuse delay was 4 to 5 seconds (varying from grenade to grenade). Like the Chinese grenades, it was a crude copy of the Model 1924 and a number of issues plagued its effectiveness.


title: Stielhandgranate

text: To catch up in the arms race leading to WWII, Sweden managed to purchase a large amount of German produced M24s in 1939, adopting it as the "spränghandgranat m/39" (abbr. "shgr m/39"), meaning: "burst hand grenade m/39". Later shipments included wartime changes to the grenades, such as a metal pull cord and sheaper explosives such as nitrolite, leading to four designs in use eventually: "m/39", "m/39A", "m/39B" and "m/39C". These would remain in use until expanded during the Cold War.


title: Stielhandgranate

text: Along the M24s, the exercise "Übungs-Stielhandgranate 24" variant was also purchased, being adopted as the "övningshandgranat m/39" (abbr. "övnhgr m/39"), meaning: "exercise hand grenade m/39". They were painted according to Swedish color code with a blue stripe to indicate exercise charge. German ones were painted red. Later on the övnhgr m/39s were modified to use more modern exercise charges, receiving suffix letters per upgrade, eventually resulting in the "övnhgr m/39C".


title: Stielhandgranate

text: Sweden also produced an indigenous design similar to the M24, featuring a pull cord through the handle for arming the time-fuze, but also differing in a great number of areas, such as having a full metal tube for the handle, a more rounded warhead, and other quality of life additions to the overall design. It was designated "spränghandgranat m/43".


title: Stielhandgranate

text: As the war progressed and the Wehrmacht began to lose strength and momentum against the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany began implementing measures to ensure the safety and reliability of its weapons. The "Wehrmacht" needed to minimize the risk of injury or death caused by faults of its military equipment, munitions, and weapons.


title: Stielhandgranate

text: Germany's industrial capabilities decreased as the war progressed. As a result, the production of munitions, equipment, and weaponry had to become easier and more cost-efficient. Some of these, like the "Maschinengewehr" 42, were more than a success on the level of resources, but many were only simpler and less-expensive versions of an existing item. The Model 1924 grenade was technically "succeeded" by the Model 1943 (M43). This was a copy with a few expensive parts removed or replaced for easier production – and because of this, the original remained in service with "Wehrmacht" infantry right to the end of the war.


title: Stielhandgranate

text: The only significant alterations in the M43's design was the inclusion of a self-contained detonator, meaning that the fuse and the explosive were directly linked. The M43 also utilized an entirely different fuse assembly, very similar to that of the Model 39 grenade, another German hand grenade of the time. This meant the stick no longer needed to be hollowed out for a pull cord as in the M24, minimizing the amount of woodworking required to manufacture each grenade.


title: Shiso

text: Perilla frutescens var. crispa, also known by its Japanese name shiso, is a cultigen of "Perilla frutescens", a herb in the mint family "Lamiaceae". It is native to the mountainous regions of China and India, but is now found worldwide. The plant occurs in several forms, as defined by the characteristics of their leaves, including red, green, bicolor, and ruffled. Shiso is perennial and may be cultivated as an annual in temperate climates. Different parts of the plant are used in East Asian and Southeast Asian cuisine.


title: Shiso

text: The herb is known in Chinese as "zǐsū" ( "purple perilla"), which is the origin of the Japanese name "shiso" () and the Vietnamese name "". It is also called "huíhuísū" ( "Muslim perilla") in Chinese. In Korean, it is known as "soyeop" ().


title: Shiso

text: In English, it is sometimes called the "beefsteak plant", because purple-leaf varieties resemble the blood-red color of meat. Other common names include "perilla mint", "Chinese basil", and "wild basil". The alias "wild coleus" or "summer coleus" probably describe ornamental varieties. Red-leaf varieties are sometimes called "purple mint". In the Ozarks, it is called "rattlesnake weed", because the sound the dried stalks make when disturbed along a footpath is similar to a rattlesnake's rattle. The Japanese name "shiso" became part of the English lexicon in the 1990s, owing to the growing popularity of sushi.


title: Shiso

text: The plant is sometimes referred to by its genus name, "Perilla", but this is ambiguous as perilla could also refer to a different cultigen ("Perilla frutescens" var. "frutescens"). To avoid confusion, "Perilla frutescens" var. "frutescens" is called "egoma" ("perilla sesame") in Japan and "deulkkae" ("wild sesame") in Korea.


title: Shiso

text: When red-leaf shiso was introduced into the West in the 1850s, it was given the scientific name "Perilla nankinensis", after the city of Nanking. This name is now less common than "Perilla frutescens".


title: Shiso

text: It is suggested that the native origins of the plant are mountainous regions of India and China, although other sources point to Southeast Asia.


title: Shiso

text: "Perilla frutescens" was cultivated in ancient China. One of the early mentions comes from the "Supplementary Records of Renowned Physicians" ( "Míng Yī Bié Lù"), written around 500 AD, where it is listed as "su" (), and some of its uses are described. The plant was introduced into Japan around the eighth to ninth centuries.


title: Shiso

text: Red shiso became available to gardening enthusiasts in England around 1855. By 1862, the English were reporting overuse of this plant, and proposing "Coleus vershaeffeltii" or "Amaranthus melancholicus" var. "ruber" made available by J.G. Veitch as an alternative. It was introduced later in the United States, perhaps in the 1860s. Today, it is considered a weed or invasive species.


title: Shiso

text: Shiso grows to tall. It has broad ovate leaves with pointy ends and serrated margins, arranged oppositely with long leafstalks. Shiso seeds are about 1mm in size, and are smaller and harder compared to other perilla varieties. Seeds weigh about 1.5 g per 1000 seeds.


title: Shiso

text: Several forms of shiso exist. They are defined by the color and morphology of the leaves, though coloring is also found on the stalk and flower buds. Redness in shiso is caused by shisonin, an anthocyanin pigment found in perilla. Ruffled red shiso was the first form examined by Western botanists, and Carl Peter Thunberg named it "P. crispa" (meaning "wavy" or "curly"). That Latin name "crispa" was later retained when shiso was reclassified as a cultigen.


title: Shiso

text: Cultivated shiso is eaten in many East Asian and Southeast Asian countries. Wild, weedy shiso are not suitable for eating, as they do not have the characteristic shiso fragrance, and are high in perilla ketone, which is potentially toxic.


title: Shiso

text: "Shiso" (紫蘇) is extensively used in Japanese cuisine. Red, green, and bicolor varieties are used for different purposes.


title: Shiso

text: Red shiso is called "akajiso" (赤紫蘇). It is used in the making of "umeboshi" (pickled plums) to give the plums a red color. The leaves turns bright red when steeped in "umezu", the vinegary brine that results as a byproduct of pickling plums. It can also be combined with "umezu" to make certain types of sushi. In the summer, it is used to make a sweet, red juice. In Kyoto, red shiso and its seeds are used to make "shibazuke", a type of fermented eggplant.


title: Shiso

text: Red leaves are dried and pulverized into flakes, then mixed with salt to make a seasoning called "yukari". The word "yukari" is an ancient term for the color purple, and was first used by Mishima Foods Co. to describe their shiso product, though the word is now used to refer to shiso salt in general. Red shiso leaf flakes are a common ingredient in "furikake" seasonings, meant to be sprinkled over rice or mixed into "onigiri" (rice balls).


title: Shiso

text: Green shiso is called "aojiso" (青紫蘇) or "ōba" (大葉 "big leaf"). It is used to garnish noodle dishes like "hiyamugi" or "sōmen", meat dishes like sashimi, "tataki" and "namerō", and tofu dishes like "hiyayakko". Whitebait ("shirasu") sashimi is often garnished with green shiso. Whole leaves are also used as receptacles to hold wasabi, or "tsuma" (garnishes). Leaves can also be battered on one side and fried to make tempura, and are served with other fried items. Chopped leaves are used to flavor any number of fillings or batter to be cooked, for use in warm dishes. In Japan, pasta is sometimes topped with dried or freshly chopped shiso leaves, which is often combined with raw "tarako" (pollock roe). Originally, green shiso was used in place of basil, and has even been used in pizza toppings. In the summer of 2009, Pepsi Japan released a seasonal flavored beverage, the green colored Pepsi Shiso.


title: Shiso

text: Shiso seed pods (fruits) are called "shiso no mi", and are salted and preserved like a spice. They can be combined with fine slivers of daikon (radish) to make a simple salad. Oil pressed from the seeds was once used for deep-frying.


title: Shiso

text: Shiso sprouts, buds and cotyledons are all called "mejiso" (芽紫蘇), and used as garnish. Red sprouts are called "murame", and green sprouts are called "aome". Although not often served in restaurants, "mejiso" are used as microgreens.


title: Shiso

text: Shiso flowers are called "hojiso" (穂紫蘇), and used as garnish for sashimi. They are intended to be scraped off the stalk with chopsticks, and added as flavoring to the soy sauce dip. The flowers can also be pickled.


title: Shiso

text: In Korea, shiso is called "soyeop" () or "chajogi" (). It is less popular than the related cultigen, "P. frutescens" ("deulkkae"). "Soyeop" is commonly seen as a wild plant, and the leaves are occasionally used as a "ssam" vegetable. Red leaves are sometimes pickled in soy sauce or soybean paste as a "jangajji", or deep-fried as "bugak" with a thin coat of rice-flour batter.


title: Shiso

text: In Laos, red shiso leaves are called "pak maengda" (ຜັກແມງດາ). They are used to add fragrance to "khao poon" (ເຂົ້າປຸ້ນ), a rice vermicelli dish that is similar to the Vietnamese "bún".


title: Shiso

text: In Vietnam, shiso is called "tía tô". Compared to Japanese shiso, it has slightly smaller leaves but a much stronger aromatic flavor. Vietnamese "tía tô" are often bicolored, with leaves that are red on the backside.


title: Shiso

text: "Tía tô" leaves are used in Vietnamese cuisine for salads, soups, or stir-fried dishes. The strong flavors are perfect for cooking seafoods such as shrimp and fish dishes. They are eaten as a garnish with "" (rice vermicelli). Leaves are also pickled.


title: Shiso

text: Shiso's distinctive flavor comes from perillaldehyde, which is found only in low concentrations in other perilla varieties, including "Perilla frutescens". The oxime of perillaldehyde, perillartine, is about 2,000 times sweeter than sucrose. However, perillartine has a bitter aftertaste and is not soluble in water, and is only used in Japan as an artificial sweetener to sweeten tobacco.


title: Shiso

text: Wild shiso is rich in perilla ketone, which is a potent lung toxin to some livestock. When consumed by cattle and horses, it causes pulmonary edema, leading to a condition sometimes called perilla mint toxicosis. Effects on humans remain to be studied.


title: Shiso

text: The plant produces the natural product perilloxin, which is built around a 3-benzoxepin moiety. Like aspirin, perilloxin inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase with an IC of 23.2 μM.


title: Shiso

text: Other chemotypes include eschscholzia ketone, perillene, and the phenylpropanoids myristicin, dillapiole, elemicin, citral, and a type rich in rosefuran.


title: Shiso

text: Shiso contains only about 25.2–25.7% lipid, but still contains a comparable 60% ratio of ALA. Aromatic essential oils present are limonene, caryophyllene, and farnesene.


title: Shiso

text: Bactericidal and preservative effects of shiso, due to the presence of terpenes such as perilla alcohol, have been noted.


title: Shiso

text: In temperate climates, the plant is self-sowing, but the seeds are not viable after long storage, and germination rates are low after a year.


title: Shiso

text: The bar graph shows the trend in total production of shiso in Japan, as given by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries


title: Shiso

text: The biggest producer of shiso for the food market is Aichi Prefecture, boasting 3,852 tons, or 37.0% of national production (2008 data). Data for greenhouse production, which is a better indicator of crop yield, gives 3,528 tons for Aichi Prefecture, or 56% share of national production. The difference in percentage is an indicator that in Aichi, the leaves are 90% greenhouse produced, whereas nationwide the ratio is 60:40 in favor of indoors over open fields. In Aichi Prefecture, the city of Toyohashi produces the most shiso in Japan. They are followed in ranking by Namegata, Ibaraki.


title: Shiso

text: There seems to be a growth spurt for shiso crops grown for industrial use. The data shows the following trend for crops targeted for oil and perfumery.


title: Shiso

text: Green shiso was not industrially grown until the 1960s. Production volume remained negligible until 1976. Several accounts exist regarding the beginnings of shiso production.


title: Shiso

text: According to one anecdote, in 1961, a food co-operative from Shizuoka specializing in "tsuma" (garnishes) began shipping green shiso to the Osaka market, where it grew so popular the name "ōba" (大葉 "big leaf") became the trade name for bunches of picked green leaves.


title: Shiso

text: Another account places the start of green shiso production origin in the city of Toyohashi, the foremost "ōba" producer in the country. It claims that the Toyohashi Greenhouse Horticultural Agricultural Cooperative experimented with planting green shiso around 1955, and started merchandising the leaves as "ōba" around 1962. In 1963 they organized "cooperative sorting and sales" of the crop, and achieved year-round production around 1970.


title: Shiso

text: In the 1970s refrigerated storage and transport became available, bringing fresh produce and seafood to areas away from farms or seaports. Foods like sashimi became daily fare, and so too did sashimi garnishes like green shiso.


title: Shiso

text: The word "ōba" was originally a trade name and was not listed in the popular dictionary "Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten" as "green shiso" until its 5th edition (1997).


title: BrewDog

text: BrewDog is a multinational brewery and pub chain based in Ellon, Scotland. With production of over 800,000 hectoliters, BrewDog claims to be the "#1 Craft Brewer in Europe". It was founded in 2007 by James Watt and Martin Dickie, who together own 46% of the company.


title: BrewDog

text: The company has been involved in a number of controversies. These have focused on its treatment of employees, use of unethical business practices, and hypocrisy in regards to its anti-establishment branding.


title: BrewDog

text: BrewDog was founded in Fraserburgh in 2007 by James Watt and Martin Dickie. Dickie had previously worked at Thornbridge Brewery, where he helped develop Jaipur.


title: BrewDog

text: In 2009, BrewDog purchased its first bar, in nearby Aberdeen. At the end of 2018, the company and its franchisees operated 78 bars worldwide.


title: BrewDog

text: In 2011, BrewDog was described as "one of the prime movers" behind the campaign which changed the law in 2011 to allow new beer measures in Britain.


title: BrewDog

text: 2011 also saw the company offered crowdfunding shares totalling £2 million, the equivalent of 8% of the capital of the company. The shares were sold at £23.75 and accompanied several benefits such as discounts in its bars and online purchase of its beers, and the opportunity to attend its annual shareholders' meeting.


title: BrewDog

text: The main brewing moved from Fraserburgh to nearby Ellon in 2012. In 2014, the company ended operations in Fraserburgh. In January 2013, BrewDog opened its new brewery at a cost of £7.8 million just outside of Ellon. The brewery is designed to minimise carbon emissions with the use of treatment plants, Biogas technology and since 2021, an anaerobic digestion plant. In 2016, the Ellon distillery was expanded at a cost of £5 million including the addition of a new 300 hectoliter (HL) brew house.


title: BrewDog

text: In March 2015, BrewDog was awarded £1.5m in Regional Selective Assistance. That same month, the company announced plans to increase its workforce by 130.


title: BrewDog

text: In February 2016, BrewDog open-sourced its beer recipes to the public, making them a form of Free Beer.


title: BrewDog

text: Private equity firm TSG Consumer Partners acquired a 22% stake in the company for approximately £213 million in April 2017.


title: BrewDog

text: In February 2018, BrewDog announced that it plans to build a $30 million brewery and tap room on an greenfield site in the Metroplex complex at Murarrie, in Brisbane, Australia. In November 2019, the company announced that it would be expanding its footprint in the United States with a new distillery.


title: BrewDog

text: In December 2019 BrewDog opened its first bar in Ireland, at the Capital Dock development in the upmarket Grand Canal Dock area of Dublin.


title: BrewDog

text: In February 2021, BrewDog launched a new visual identity, which was designed by the London and New York based creative studio Made Thought.


title: BrewDog

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic, BrewDog shifted its distillery production towards making free hand sanitiser for local hospitals and charities.


title: BrewDog

text: BrewDog's provocative marketing has been a key aspect of its business, and has gained it substantial international coverage.


title: BrewDog

text: In 2008, BrewDog was accused of aggressive marketing by UK drinks industry watchdog the Portman Group and risked having its products withdrawn from British shops. BrewDog denied these allegations and countered that Portman was impeding the development of smaller brewing companies. In December 2008, after an eight-month long dispute and a preliminary adjudication, which had ruled against the company, BrewDog was cleared of all breaches of Portman's code of practice and permitted to continue marketing its products without making any changes to the packaging. In response, BrewDog introduced Speedball, a reference to a drug cocktail, saying "...we thought we would give them something worth banning us for...". Speedball was promptly banned by Portman before being renamed as Dogma. BrewDog has produced progressively stronger beers and has claimed to have made the 'strongest beer ever brewed' more than once.


title: BrewDog

text: In 2009, its Tokyo* brew, with 18.2% alcohol by volume (ABV) caused controversy when Portman criticised the availability of a beer of that strength in 330 ml bottles with traditional crown caps. BrewDog also launched a beer called Tactical Nuclear Penguin, with 32% ABV, which was claimed to be the strongest beer ever made.


title: BrewDog

text: In 2010, BrewDog announced Sink The Bismarck, an apparent 41% ABV to reclaim the world's strongest beer title from German brewery Schorschbräu, which had produced a 40% ABV version of its Schorschbock. Also in 2010, BrewDog produced a 55% ABV freeze-distilled beer called The End of History, with the bottles packaged in small stuffed animals, priced at £500 and £700 each. Only 12 bottles were produced; 11 for retail sale, with the other one going to video blog BeerTapTV. BrewDog claimed that this set new records not only for alcoholic strength in a beer, but also for price. Advocates for Animals called the gimmick "perverse".


title: BrewDog

text: The title “strongest beer of the world” was then reclaimed by Georg Tscheuschner from Schorschbräu, whose Schorschbock 57 had an ABV of 57.5%. The title for world's strongest beer has since been claimed again by Brewmeister's Snake Venom at a reputed 67.5%, although independent testing has yet to be published to confirm the ABV.


title: BrewDog

text: In 2014, Portman claimed BrewDog was in breach of Portman's Code of Practice "for encouraging both anti-social behaviour and rapid drinking" through the labelling of the Dead Pony Club IPA, which it claimed placed "undue emphasis on the strength and intoxicating effect of the alcohol in the product."


title: BrewDog

text: In September 2015, an advert branded as transphobic caused a petition against BrewDog of 7000 people.


title: BrewDog

text: In March 2017, BrewDog threatened legal action against an independent pub based in Birmingham called Lone Wolf, a trademark owned by BrewDog. A day later, after the story was reported in "The Guardian", BrewDog director Watt tweeted that the company had no issue with the bar using the name, despite it having already rebranded as The Wolf. However, Brewdog released a statement at a later date saying "Hands up, we made a mistake in how we acted", blaming "trigger happy lawyers". The next day, further controversy arose over an alleged previous threat of legal action from BrewDog against a bar calling itself Draft Punk. BrewDog's Watt later released a blog statement citing the allegation as inaccurate, calling it an example of "opportunistic lies combined with inaccurate journalism", noting that BrewDog does also own a trademark on the word punk related to beer.


title: BrewDog

text: In March 2018, BrewDog produced Pink IPA, a limited edition bottling of Punk IPA brought out to coincide with International Women's Day and intended to highlight the gender pay gap. The launch of Pink IPA was met with criticism of the beer's marketing campaign. On the day following the launch of Pink IPA, BrewDog published an article responding to the criticisms and emphasising the intended satirical nature of the product. Later that year, the Portman Group ruled that the labelling for Pink IPA breached Portman's Code of Conduct, upholding complaints from members of the public that the phrase "Beer for Girls", used on the packaging, was likely to appeal to under-18s. In a statement responding to the ruling, BrewDog dismissed the Portman Group's findings, saying "We're as bothered about this Portman Group ruling as we are any other – that is, not at all." In 2020, BrewDog CEO Watt placed Pink IPA at the top of a list of his "Biggest Mistakes", acknowledging that "Despite the good intentions, our execution was terrible. ... The backlash was justified."


title: BrewDog

text: In May 2019, BrewDog was accused of stealing marketing concepts from public relations firm Manifest London, and from job applicants using fake interviews and other deceptive practices.


title: BrewDog

text: In June 2021, a group of over 100 former BrewDog employees published an open letter criticising the firm's business practices and the treatment of its employees. The letter cited a "culture of fear" and claimed the company was "built on a cult of personality", with founder and CEO Watt singled out for particular criticism.


title: BrewDog

text: Also in June 2021, BrewDog came under investigation by the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) concerning the company's claim that ten 24 carat solid gold beer cans, randomly hidden in cases of beer, were worth £15,000. Some winners had their cans independently valued, uncovering that their cans were not solid gold as advertised and were indeed gold-plated brass, valued at the lower price of £500.


title: BrewDog

text: In July 2021, a BrewDog advert was banned by the ASA for 'misleading claims'. An Instagram post for its Clean & Press Hard Seltzer stated, "Due to advertising regulations we cannot claim this drink is healthy," but continued with a reference to a low calorie claim. The ASA challenged the nutritional benefits of the drink claimed in the advert.


title: BrewDog

text: In January 2022, an episode of BBC One investigative series "Disclosure" interviewed "former employees who say they found it a miserable and uncomfortable experience," and "some loyal customers [who] now say they regret investing their savings in BrewDog." "The Guardian" later revealed that Watt had hired private investigators to obtain information on people he believed were propagating a smear campaign against him.


title: BrewDog

text: In November 2022, BrewDog's announced an "anti-sponsorship" of the 2022 FIFA World Cup, criticising Qatar for their mistreatment of migrant workers and criminalisation of homosexuality. The company also stated that profits raised from the sale of Lost Lager during the duration of the tournament would be donated to help fight human rights abuses. The Unite union accused BrewDog of hypocrisy, highlighting the company's own controversies regarding its treatment of employees. It was also pointed out by multiple news outlets that despite this stance, BrewDog was still planning to show the event in their bars and that their beer was still being sold in Qatar.


title: BrewDog

text: James Watt and Martin Dickie had a show in 2013 on American television channel Esquire Network which lasted three seasons. After the channel closed, BrewDog launched BrewDog Network, which features a selection of original content.


title: BrewDog

text: Paradox Grain won a gold medal at the 2008 World Beer Cup in the Wood and Barrel-aged Strong Beer Category.


title: BrewDog

text: BrewDog won the Tenon Entrepreneur of the Year Award for demonstrating exceptional vision and leadership at the 2008 National Business Awards for Scotland.


title: BrewDog

text: The Physics won World's Best Strong Pale Ale (Sub Category Winner) and Rip Tide won World's Best Imperial Stout (Style Trophy Winner) at the 2007 World Beer Awards, an annual competition organised by "Beers of the World" magazine.


title: BrewDog

text: In 2012, BrewDog revealed that Diageo had threatened to withdraw funding from BII Scotland's annual awards if BrewDog won the Best Bar Operator award. Diageo later apologised to BrewDog for what it called a "serious misjudgement by Diageo staff".


title: BrewDog

text: In 2018, BrewDog achieved a two-star accreditation from Best Companies. In 2019, it achieved the lower one-star accreditation, with a BCI score of 666.2.


title: Martin Scorsese and Robert De Niro

text: American director Martin Scorsese and American actor Robert De Niro have made nine feature films and one short film together since 1973. Many of them are often ranked among the greatest films of all time.


title: Martin Scorsese and Robert De Niro

text: In 1967, Scorsese made his first feature-length film, the black and white "I Call First", which was later retitled "Who's That Knocking at My Door", with fledgling actor Harvey Keitel. The film was intended to be the first of Scorsese's semi-autobiographical "J. R. trilogy," which also would have included his later film, "Mean Streets". Scorsese had impressed many with the film and made friends with Francis Ford Coppola, Brian De Palma, George Lucas, Steven Spielberg, and Robert Zemeckis, known as the influential "movie brats" of the 1970s.


title: Martin Scorsese and Robert De Niro

text: It was De Palma who introduced Scorsese to the young actor Robert De Niro. De Niro had known De Palma for several years previously, and his first film role in collaboration with De Palma materialized in 1963 at the age of 20, when he appeared in "The Wedding Party". However, the film was not released until 1969. The two reunited for the 1968 film "Greetings", which was De Niro's official film debut.


title: Martin Scorsese and Robert De Niro

text: In 1973, De Niro had been praised for his role in "Bang the Drum Slowly" while Scorsese had been working as an editor on the movie "Woodstock". The same year, Scorsese and De Niro collaborated for the first time on the gangster film "Mean Streets". Scorsese had been taught that entertaining films can be shot with little money by Roger Corman, who had helped prepare Scorsese for the difficulties of making "Mean Streets".


title: Martin Scorsese and Robert De Niro

text: The film, about a small-time gangster living in Little Italy, was a success and in 1997 was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". It was also listed in a BBC poll as the 93rd best American film.


title: Martin Scorsese and Robert De Niro

text: Hugely popular, the film was directed by Scorsese and starred De Niro. It caused controversy, but still had a huge cultural impact. The line "You talkin' to me?", spoken by De Niro's character Travis Bickle, has become one of the most famous lines in film history. Scorsese makes a credited cameo in this film as a passenger of Bickle's who plans to kill his wife.


title: Martin Scorsese and Robert De Niro

text: In 1977, De Niro starred in Scorsese's "New York, New York", a musical-drama film. It was a musical tribute, featuring new songs by John Kander and Fred Ebb as well as standards, to Scorsese's home town of New York City, and starred De Niro and Liza Minnelli as a pair of musicians and lovers. During filming, the married Scorsese became romantically involved with Minnelli and began heavily using cocaine and other hard narcotics. At the time Andy Warhol wrote in his diary that Minnelli and Scorsese showed up at the door of a famous fashion designer demanding: "Give me every drug you've got".


title: Martin Scorsese and Robert De Niro

text: Made after "Taxi Driver", the film was a box-office failure. Its budget was $14 million, a large figure at the time, but it grossed only $13 million at the box-office and its disappointing reception and his breakup with Minnelli drove Scorsese into depression and further into drug abuse.


title: Martin Scorsese and Robert De Niro

text: In 1980, Scorsese made "Raging Bull", a film starring De Niro as emotionally self-destructive boxer Jake LaMotta. The film follows LaMotta's journey through life as the violence and temper that leads him to the top in the ring destroys his life outside it. De Niro won an Oscar for his role and Scorsese was nominated as best director; the film collected six other Oscar nominations as well.


title: Martin Scorsese and Robert De Niro

text: The film has been considered one of the greatest films of all time, and was chosen as the best sports film ever by the American Film Institute.


title: Martin Scorsese and Robert De Niro

text: In 1982, Scorsese and De Niro made their first film to feature several comedic elements, while still being connected with the crime genre. The film follows aspiring comic Rupert Pupkin (De Niro), who wants to achieve success in showbiz, by resorting to stalking his idol, a late night talk show host who craves privacy. The film won a BAFTA for Best Original Screenplay, and was nominated for four other BAFTAs, including Best Direction for Scorsese and Best Actor for De Niro.


title: Martin Scorsese and Robert De Niro

text: The film was generally praised by critics but did not perform well in the United States. Scorsese suggested the film "...maybe wasn't so well received because it gave off an aura of something that people didn't want to look at or know."