title: Paraceratherium

text: According to Lucas and Sobus, the type species "P. bugtiense" from the late Oligocene of Pakistan includes junior synonyms such as "B. osborni" and "P. zhajremensis". "P. transouralicum" from the late Oligocene of Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and northern China includes "B. grangeri" and "I. minus". In 2013, the American palaeontologist Donald Prothero suggested that "P. orgosensis" may be distinct enough to warrant its original genus name "Dzungariotherium", though its exact position requires evaluation. "P. prohorovi" from the late Oligocene of Kazakhstan may be too incomplete for its position to be resolved in relation to the other species; the same applies to proposed species such as "I. intermedium" and "P. tienshanensis", as well as the genus "Benaratherium". Though the genus name "Indricotherium" is now a junior synonym of "Paraceratherium", the subfamily name Indricotheriinae is still in use because genus name synonymy does not affect the names of higher level taxa that are derived from these. Members of the subfamily are therefore still commonly referred to as indricotheres.


title: Paraceratherium

text: In contrast to the revision by Lucas and Sobus, a 2003 paper by Chinese palaeontologist Jie Ye and colleagues suggested that "Indricotherium" and "Dzungariotherium" were valid genera, and that "P. prohorovi" did not belong in "Paraceratherium". They also recognised the validity of species such as "P. lipidus", "P. tienshanensis", and "P. sui". A 2004 paper by Deng and colleagues also recognised three distinct genera. Some western writers have similarly used names otherwise considered invalid since the 1989 revision, but without providing detailed analysis and justification. Deng and colleagues recognised six "Paraceratherium" species in 2021, including some that had previously been declared synonyms, "P. grangeri", "P. asiaticum", and "P. lepidum", while keeping "Indricotherium" and "Baluchitherium" as synonyms of the genus.


title: Paraceratherium

text: The superfamily Rhinocerotoidea, which includes modern rhinoceroses, can be traced back to the early Eoceneabout 50 million years agowith early precursors such as "Hyrachyus". Rhinocerotoidea contains three families; Amynodontidae, Rhinocerotidae ("true rhinoceroses"), and Hyracodontidae. The diversity within the rhinoceros group was much larger in prehistoric times; they ranged from dog-sized to the size of "Paraceratherium". There were long-legged, cursorial forms adapted for running and squat, semi aquatic forms. Most species did not have horns. Rhinoceros fossils are identified as such mainly by characteristics of their teeth, which is the part of the animals most likely to be preserved. The upper molars of most rhinoceroses have a pi-shaped (π) pattern on the crown, and each lower molar has paired L-shapes. Various skull features are also used for identification of fossil rhinoceroses.


title: Paraceratherium

text: The subfamily Indricotheriinae, to which "Paraceratherium" belongs, was first classified as part of the family Hyracodontidae by the American palaeontologist Leonard B. Radinsky in 1966. Previously, they had been regarded as a subfamily within Rhinocerotidea, or even a full family, Indricotheriidae. In a 1999 cladistic study of tapiromorphs, the American palaeontologist Luke Holbrook found indricotheres to be outside the hyracodontid clade, and wrote that they may not be a monophyletic (natural) grouping. Radinsky's scheme is the prevalent hypothesis today. The hyracodont family contains long-legged members adapted to running, such as "Hyracodon", and were distinguished by incisor characteristics. Indricotheres are distinguished from other hyracodonts by their larger size and the derived structure of their snouts, incisors and canines. The earliest known indricothere is the dog-sized "Forstercooperia" from the middle and late Eocene of western North America and Asia. The cow-sized "Juxia" is known from the middle Eocene; by the late Eocene the genus "Urtinotherium" of Asia had almost reached the size of "Paraceratherium". "Paraceratherium" itself lived in Eurasia during the Oligocene period, 23 to 34 million years ago. The genus is distinguished from other indricotheres by its large size, nasal incision that would have supported a muscular snout, and its down-turned premaxillae. It had also lost the second and third lower incisors, lower canines, and lower first premolars.


title: Paraceratherium

text: The cladogram below follows the 1989 analysis of Indricotheriinae by Lucas and Sobus, and shows the closest relatives of "Paraceratherium":


title: Paraceratherium

text: Lucas and colleagues had reached similar conclusions in a previous 1981 analysis of "Forstercooperia", wherein they still retained "Paraceratherium" and "Indricotherium" as separate genera. In 2016, the Chinese researchers Haibing Wang and colleagues used the name Paraceratheriidae for the family and Paraceratheriine for the subfamily, and placed them outside of Hyracodontidae. Deng and colleagues found in that their 2021 analysis confirmed previous studies, suggesting that "Juxia" evolved from a clade consisting of "Forstercooperia" and "Pappaceras" 40 million years ago, with the resulting stock evolving into "Urtinotherium" in the late Eocene and "Paraceratherium" in the Oligocene. These researchers did not find Hyracodontidae to form a natural group, and found Paraceratheriidae to be closer to Rhinocerotidae, unlike previous studies.


title: Paraceratherium

text: "Paraceratherium" is one of the largest known land mammals that have ever existed, but its precise size is unclear because of the lack of complete specimens. Its total body length was estimated as from front to back by Granger and Gregory in 1936, and by the Soviet palaeontologist Vera Gromova in 1959, but the former estimate is now considered exaggerated. The weight of "Paraceratherium" was similar to that of some extinct proboscideans, with the largest complete skeleton known belonging to the steppe mammoth ("Mammuthus trogontherii"). Despite its roughly equivalent mass, "Paraceratherium" might have been taller than any proboscidean. Its shoulder height was estimated as at the shoulders by Granger and Gregory, but by the American palaeontologist Gregory S. Paul in 1997. The neck was estimated at long by the palaeontologists Michael P. Taylor and Mathew J. Wedel in 2013.


title: Paraceratherium

text: Early estimates of are now considered exaggerated; it may have been in the range of at maximum, and as low as on average. Calculations have mainly been based on fossils of "P. transouralicum" because this species is known from the most complete remains. Estimates have been based on skull, teeth, and limb bone measurements, but the known bone elements are represented by individuals of different sizes, so all skeletal reconstructions are composite extrapolations, resulting in several weight ranges.


title: Paraceratherium

text: There are no indications of the colour and skin texture of the animal because no skin impressions or mummies are known. Most life restorations show the creature's skin as thick, folded, grey, and hairless, based on modern rhinoceroses. Because hair retains body heat, modern large mammals such as elephants and rhinoceroses are largely hairless. Prothero has proposed that, contrary to most depictions, "Paraceratherium" had large elephant-like ears that it used for thermoregulation. The ears of elephants enlarge the body's surface area and are filled with blood vessels, making the dissipation of excess heat easier. According to Prothero, this would have been true for "Paraceratherium", as indicated by the robust bones around the ear openings. The palaeontologists Pierre-Olivier Antoine and Darren Naish have expressed scepticism towards this idea.


title: Paraceratherium

text: Due to the fragmentary nature of known "Paraceratherium" fossils, the skeleton of the animal has been reconstructed in several different ways since its discovery. In 1923, Matthew supervised an artist to draw a reconstruction of the skeleton based on the even less complete "P. transouralicum" specimens known by then, using the proportions of a modern rhinoceros as a guide. The result was too squat and compact, and Osborn had a more slender version drawn later the same year. Some later life restorations have made the animal too slender, with little regard to the underlying skeleton. Gromova published a more complete skeletal reconstruction in 1959, based on the "P. transouralicum" skeleton from the Aral Formation, but this also lacked several neck vertebrae.


title: Paraceratherium

text: The largest skulls of "Paraceratherium" are around long, at the back of the skull, and wide across by the zygomatic arches. "Paraceratherium" had a long forehead, which was smooth and lacked the roughened area that serves as attachment point for the horns of other rhinoceroses. The bones above the nasal region are long and the nasal incision goes far into the skull. This indicates that "Paraceratherium" had a prehensile upper lip similar to that of the black rhinoceros and the Indian rhinoceros, or a short proboscis (trunk) as in tapirs. A distinguishing feature was that the nasal incision was retracted to the P2-P3 premolars.


title: Paraceratherium

text: The back of the skull was low and narrow, without the large lambdoid crests at the top and along the sagittal crest, which are otherwise found in horned and tusked animals that need strong muscles to push and fight. It also had a deep pit for the attachment of nuchal ligaments, which hold up the skull automatically. The occipital condyle was very wide and "Paraceratherium" appears to have had large, strong neck muscles, which allowed it to sweep its head strongly downwards while foraging from branches. The upper profile of the skull was arched, a distinguishing feature of the genus. One skull of "P. transouralicum" has a domed forehead, whereas others have flat foreheads, possibly because of sexual dimorphism. A brain endocast of "P. transouralicum" shows it was only 8 percent of the skull length, while the brain of the Indian rhinoceros is 17.7 percent of its skull length.


title: Paraceratherium

text: The species of "Paraceratherium" are mainly discernible through skull characteristics. "P. bugtiense" had features such as relatively slender maxillae and premaxillae, shallow skull roofs, mastoid-paroccipital processes that were relatively thin and placed back on the skull, a lambdoid crest, which extended less back, and an occipital condyle with a horizontal orientation, which it shared with "Dzungariotherium". "P. transouralicum" had robust maxillae and premaxillae, upturned zygomata, domed frontal bones, thick mastoid-paroccipital processes, a lambdoid crest that extended back, and occipital condyles with a vertical orientation. "P. huangheense" differed from "P. bugtiense" only in the anatomy of the rear portion of the jaw, as well as its larger size. "P. linxiaense" differed from the other species in that the nasal notch was deeper, with the bottom placed above the middle of molar M2, a proportionally higher occipital condyle compared to the occipital surface's height, short muzzle bones and diastema in front of the cheek teeth, and a high zygomatic arch with a prominent hind end, and a smaller upper incisor I1.


title: Paraceratherium

text: Unlike those of most primitive rhinoceroses, the front teeth of "Paraceratherium" were reduced to a single pair of incisors in either jaw, which were large and conical, and have been described as tusks. The upper incisors pointed downwards; the lower ones were shorter and pointed forwards. Among known rhinoceroses, this arrangement is unique to "Paraceratherium" and the related "Urtinotherium". The incisors may have been larger in males. The canine teeth otherwise found behind the incisors were lost. The incisors were separated from the row of cheek teeth by a large diastema (gap). This feature is found in mammals where the incisors and cheek teeth have different specialisations. The upper molars, except for the third upper molar that was V-shaped, had a pi-shaped (π) pattern and a reduced metastyle. The premolars only partially formed the pi pattern. Each molar was the size of a human fist; among mammals they were only exceeded in size by proboscideans, though they were small relative to the size of the skull. The lower cheek teeth were L-shaped, which is typical of rhinoceroses.


title: Paraceratherium

text: No complete set of vertebrae and ribs of "Paraceratherium" has yet been found and the tail is completely unknown. The atlas and axis vertebrae of the neck were wider than in most modern rhinoceroses, with space for strong ligaments and muscles that would be needed to hold up the large head. The rest of the vertebrae were also very wide, and had large zygapophyses with much room for muscles, tendons, ligaments, and nerves, to support the head, neck, and spine. The neural spines were long and formed a long "hump" along the back, where neck muscles and nuchal ligaments for holding up the skull were attached. The ribs were similar to those of modern rhinoceroses, but the ribcage would have looked smaller in proportion to the long legs and large bodies, because modern rhinoceroses are comparatively short-limbed. The last vertebra of the lower back was fused to the sacrum, a feature found in advanced rhinoceroses. Like sauropod dinosaurs, "Paraceratherium" had pleurocoel-like openings (hollow parts of the bone) in their pre-sacral vertebrae, which probably helped to lighten the skeleton.


title: Paraceratherium

text: The limbs were large and robust to support the animal's large weight, and were in some ways similar to and convergent with those of elephants and sauropod dinosaurs with their likewise graviportal (heavy and slow moving) builds. Unlike such animals, which tend to lengthen the upper limb bones while shortening, fusing and compressing the lower limb, hand, and foot bones, "Paraceratherium" had short upper limb bones and long hand and foot bonesexcept for the disc-shaped phalangessimilar to the running rhinoceroses from which they descended. Some foot bones were almost long. The thigh bones typically measured , a size only exceeded by those of some elephants and dinosaurs. The thigh bones were pillar-like and much thicker and more robust than those of other rhinoceroses, and the three trochanters on the sides were much reduced, as this robustness diminished their importance. The limbs were held in a column-like posture instead of bent, as in smaller animals, which reduced the need for large limb muscles. The front limbs had three toes.


title: Paraceratherium

text: The British zoologist Robert M. Alexander suggested in 1988 that overheating may have been a serious problem in "Paraceratherium" due to its size. According to Prothero, the best living analogues for "Paraceratherium" may be large mammals such as elephants, rhinoceroses and hippopotamuses. To aid in thermoregulation, these animals cool down during the day by resting in the shade or by wallowing in water and mud. They also forage and move mainly at night. Because of its large size, "Paraceratherium" would not have been able to run and move quickly, but they would have been able to cross large distances, which would be necessary in an environment with a scarcity of food. They may therefore have had large home ranges and have been migratory. Prothero suggests that animals as big as indricotheres would need very large home ranges or territories of at least and that, because of a scarcity of resources, there would have been little room in Asia for many populations or a multitude of nearly identical species and genera. This principle is called competitive exclusion; it is used to explain how the black rhinoceros (a browser) and white rhinoceros (a grazer) exploit different niches in the same areas of Africa.


title: Paraceratherium

text: Most terrestrial predators in their habitat were no bigger than a modern wolf and were not a threat to "Paraceratherium". Adult individuals would be too large for any land predators to attack, but the young would have been vulnerable. Bite marks on bones from the Bugti beds indicate that even adults may have been preyed on by -long crocodiles, "Astorgosuchus". As in elephants, the gestation period of "Paraceratherium" may have been lengthy and individuals may have had long lifespans. "Paraceratherium" may have lived in small herds, perhaps consisting of females and their calves, which they protected from predators. It has been proposed that may be the maximum weight possible for land mammals, and "Paraceratherium" was close to this limit. The reasons mammals cannot reach the much larger size of sauropod dinosaurs are unknown. The reason may be ecological instead of biomechanical, and perhaps related to reproduction strategies. Movement, sound, and other behaviours seen in CGI documentaries such as "Walking With Beasts" are entirely conjectural.


title: Paraceratherium

text: The simple, low-crowned teeth indicate that "Paraceratherium" was a browser with a diet consisting of relatively soft leaves and shrubs. Later rhinoceroses were grazers, with high-crowned teeth because their diets contained grit that quickly wore down their teeth. Studies of mesowear on "Paraceratherium" teeth confirm the creatures had a diet of soft leaves; microwear studies have yet to be conducted. Isotope analysis shows that "Paraceratherium" fed chiefly on C3 plants, which are mainly leaves. Like its perissodactyl relatives, the horses, tapirs, and other rhinoceroses, "Paraceratherium" would have been a hindgut fermenter; it would extract relatively little nutrition from its food and would have to eat large volumes to survive. Like other large herbivores, "Paraceratherium" would have had a large digestive tract.


title: Paraceratherium

text: Granger and Gregory argued that the large incisors were used for defence or for loosening shrubs by moving the neck downwards, thereby acting as picks and levers. Tapirs use their proboscis to wrap around branches while stripping off bark with the front teeth; this ability would have been helpful to "Paraceratherium". Some Russian authors suggested that the tusks were probably used for breaking twigs, stripping bark and bending high branches and that, because species from the early Oligocene had larger tusks than later ones, they probably had a more bark than leaf based diet. Since the species involved are now known to have been contemporaneous, and the differences in tusks are now thought to be sexually dimorphic, the latter idea is not accepted today. Herds of "Paraceratherium" may have migrated while continuously foraging from tall trees, which smaller mammals could not reach. Osborn suggested that its mode of foraging would have been similar to that of the high-browsing giraffe and okapi, rather than to modern rhinoceroses, whose heads are carried close to the ground.


title: Paraceratherium

text: Remains assignable to "Paraceratherium" have been found in early to late Oligocene (34–23 million years ago) formations across Eurasia, in modern-day China, Mongolia, India, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Georgia, Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria, and the Balkans. Their distribution may be correlated with the palaeogeographic development of the Alpine-Himalayan mountain belt. The range of "Paraceratherium" finds implies that they inhabited a continuous landmass with a similar environment across it, but this is contradicted by palaeogeographic maps that show this area had various marine barriers, so the genus was successful in being widely distributed despite this. The fauna which coexisted with "Paraceratherium" included other rhinoceroses, artiodactyls, rodents, beardogs, weasels, hyaenodonts, nimravids and cats.


title: Paraceratherium

text: The habitat of "Paraceratherium" appears to have varied across its range, based on the types of geological formations it has been found in. The Hsanda Gol Formation of Mongolia represents an arid desert basin, and the environment is thought to have had few tall trees and limited brush cover, as the fauna consisted mainly of animals that fed from tree tops or close to the ground. A study of fossil pollen showed that much of China was woody shrubland, with plants such as saltbush, mormon tea ("Ephedra"), and nitre bush ("Nitraria"), all adapted to arid environments. Trees were rare, and concentrated near groundwater. The parts of China where "Paraceratherium" lived had dry lakes and abundant sand dunes, and the most common plant fossils are leaves of the desert-adapted "Palibinia". Trees in Mongolia and China included birch, elm, oaks, and other deciduous trees, while Siberia and Kazakhstan also had walnut trees. Dera Bugti in Pakistan had dry, temperate to subtropical forest.


title: Paraceratherium

text: Deng and colleagues speculated about the palaeobiogeography of "Paraceratherium" based on their phylogenetic analys in 2021. They found that "P. bugtiense" was the only species of the genus represented in the Oligocene of western Pakistan, while the genus was highly diversified across the Mongolian Plateau, northwestern China, and Kazakhstan north to the Tibetan Plateau. They hypothesised that "P, asiaticum" dispersed westward to Kazakhstan during the early Oligocene from the ancestral area of Mongolia, where the most primitive member of the genus, "P. grangeri", lived, and descendants may have continued to South Asia as "P. bugtiense", dispersing through the Tibetan region. "P. lepidum" existed in Xinjiang and Kazakhstan and "P. linxiaense" in Linxia during the late Oligocene, and it is possible that these sister species of "P. bugtiense" had been able to migrate back north to Central Asia during this time when that area had become tropical (it was arid during the early Oligocene). This implies the Tibetan region was not yet a high-elevation plateau that could act as a barrier, and large animals may therefore have been able to move freely along the eastern coast of the Tethys sea, and through lowlands in the area, some of which were possibly under in elevation at the time.


title: Paraceratherium

text: The reasons "Paraceratherium" became extinct after surviving for about 11 million years are unknown, but it is unlikely that there was a single cause. Theories include climate change, low reproduction rate, and invasion by gomphothere proboscideans from Africa in the late Oligocene (between 28 and 23 million years ago). Gomphotheres may have been able to considerably change the habitats they entered, in the same way that African elephants do today, by destroying trees and turning woodland into grassland. Once their food source became scarce and their numbers dwindled, "Paraceratherium" populations would have become more vulnerable to other threats. Large predators like "Hyainailurus" and "Amphicyon" also entered Asia from Africa during the early Miocene (between 23 and 16 million years ago); these may have preyed on "Paraceratherium" calves. Other herbivores also invaded Asia during this time.


title: C (musical note)

text: C or Do is the first note and semitone of the C major scale, the third note of the A minor scale (the relative minor of C major), and the fourth note (G, A, B, C) of the Guidonian hand, commonly pitched around 261.63 Hz. The actual frequency has depended on historical pitch standards, and for transposing instruments a distinction is made between written and sounding or concert pitch. It has enharmonic equivalents of B and D.


title: C (musical note)

text: In English the term "Do" is used interchangeably with C only by adherents of fixed Do solfège; in the movable Do system Do refers to the tonic of the prevailing key.


title: C (musical note)

text: Historically, concert pitch has varied. For an instrument in equal temperament tuned to the A440 pitch standard widely adopted in 1939, middle C has a frequency around 261.63 Hz (for other notes see piano key frequencies). Scientific pitch was originally proposed in 1713 by French physicist Joseph Sauveur and based on the numerically convenient frequency of 256 Hz for middle C, all C's being powers of two. After the A440 pitch standard was adopted by musicians, the Acoustical Society of America published new frequency tables for scientific use. A movement to restore the older A435 standard has used the banners "Verdi tuning", "philosophical pitch" or the easily confused scientific pitch.


title: C (musical note)

text: Middle" "C (the fourth C key from left on a standard 88-key piano keyboard) is designated C in scientific pitch notation, and c′ in Helmholtz pitch notation; it is note number 60 in MIDI notation.


title: C (musical note)

text: While the expression "Middle C" is generally clear across instruments and clefs, some musicians naturally use the term to refer to the C note in the middle of their specific instrument's range. C may be called "Low C" by someone playing a Western concert flute, which has a higher and narrower playing range than the piano, while C (523.251 Hz) would be Middle C. This technically inaccurate practice has led some pedagogues to encourage standardizing on C as the definitive Middle C in instructional materials across all instruments.


title: C (musical note)

text: On the Grand Staff, Middle" "C is notated with a ledger line above the top line of the bass staff or below the bottom line of the treble staff. Alternatively, it is written on the centre line of a staff using the alto clef, or on the fourth line from the bottom, or the second line from the top, of staves using the tenor clef.


title: C (musical note)

text: In vocal music, the term "High C" (sometimes called "Top C") can refer to either the soprano's "C" (1046.502 Hz; "c"′′′ in Helmholtz notation) or the tenor's "C"; both are written as the C two ledger lines above the treble clef but the tenor voice sings an octave lower. The term "Low C" is sometimes used in vocal music to refer to "C" because this is considered the divide between true basses and bass-baritones: a "basso" can sing this note easily, whereas other male voices, including bass-baritones, typically cannot.


title: C (musical note)

text: "Tenor C" is an organ builder's term for "small C" or "C" (130.813 Hz), the note one octave below Middle C. In older stoplists it usually means that a rank was not yet full compass, omitting the bottom octave, until that octave was added later on.


title: C (musical note)

text: Note that for a classical piano and musical theory, the middle C is usually labelled as C; However, in the MIDI standard definition (like the one used in Apple's GarageBand), this middle C (261.626 Hz) is labelled C. In practice, a MIDI software can label middle C (261.626 Hz) as C–C, which can cause confusion, especially for beginners. The frequencies given in this table are based on the standard that A=440Hz and with equal temperament


title: 6teen

text: 6teen (originally titled The Mall) is a Canadian animated comedy television series originally produced by Nelvana, with the final two seasons being produced by Fresh TV. It began airing on November 7, 2004 until its final episode aired on February 11, 2010 on Teletoon. In the U.S., the series was first aired on Nickelodeon on December 18, 2005, and was removed from the schedule on May 13, 2006. The show was later aired on Cartoon Network (along with "Total Drama Island and Stoked)" on October 23, 2008 until June 21, 2010.


title: 6teen

text: With the first 78 episodes and both 45-minute-long specials produced by Nelvana, "6teen" ended with a total of four seasons of 93 22-minute-long episodes (including two one-hour specials).


title: 6teen

text: "6teen" is an animated comedy for older children, preteens, and teenagers. The plots take place almost entirely in a megaplex shopping mall known as the Galleria Mall. The Galleria Mall is a cross between the Toronto Eaton Centre and the West Edmonton Mall. The series follows the cast of six 16-year-old friends in everyday lives, including their first part-time jobs.


title: 6teen

text: "6teen" is focused on the common issues related to teenagers. The main characters are: Jude, Jen, Nikki, Jonesy, Caitlin, and Wyatt. They deal with first infatuations, first jobs, first bank accounts, and a sweet taste of freedom. Nikki finds herself stuck working at The Khaki Barn, a store where she would not shop herself, while Jen has found her dream job at a sporting goods store, but makes some mistakes. As a running gag, Jonesy manages to get fired from a new store in almost every episode with a few exceptions. Wyatt falls hopelessly in love with his older co-worker. Jude works at the Food on a stick. Caitlin endures the daily humiliation of working at the lowest store in the mall's hierarchy of cool – The Big Squeeze, a lemonade stand shaped like a giant lemon, where she's required to wear a hat shaped like a lemon as a part of her uniform.


title: 6teen

text: "6teen" is created and directed through the use of a 2D digital software package known as "Harmony", which was developed by the Toon Boom Animation studio in Montreal, Quebec.


title: 6teen

text: "6teen" (the original working title for the series being "The Mall") is scripted by a team of writers which includes the series' creators and directors Tom McGillis and Jennifer Pertsch, along with Sean Cullen ("The Sean Cullen Show"), and George Westerholm ("This Hour Has 22 Minutes"). On the subject of their work, McGillis explained,


title: 6teen

text: The series' main characters were designed by Brad Coombs and the music composed by Don Breithaupt and Anthony Vanderburgh. There are seven main cast members who voice "6teen". Brooke D'Orsay performs the voice of Caitlin, while Stacey DePass provides the voice of Nikki, Megan Fahlenbock voices Jen, Jess Gibbons voices Wyatt, Christian Potenza voices Jude, and Terry McGurrin voices Jonesy. Jamie Watson provides the voices of Coach Halder and Ron the Rent-a-Cop.


title: 6teen

text: In the final episode ("Bye Bye Nikki?"), it included an acoustic version of the theme music by Brian Melo.


title: 6teen

text: A special reunion PSA titled "Vote, Dude!" was released on September 12, 2018, with the original voice cast reprising their respective roles to raise awareness for voting in the 2018 US midterm elections, though no plans to bring back the show have been announced.


title: 6teen

text: Throughout the show's run, "6teen" has received critical acclaim. In the winter/spring of 2005, the program ranked among Teletoon's Top 10 for children ages ten years old and up in both English and French-language markets in Canada. It was also the only Canadian production to be nominated for a Pulcinella Award in 2005 under "TV Series for All Audiences". Furthermore, on June 2, 2007, "6teen" received an award from the Alliance for Children and Television for being the best of children's television to fall under the age group of nine to fourteen years old that year. Carole Bonneau, vice-president in charge of Teletoon's programming, has remarked about "6teen":


title: 6teen

text: In Canada, the show garners about 2.5 million viewers each episode. In the U.S., 6teen's ratings were around 1.8 million viewers each episode, and ratings held there and then even increased, making it one of Cartoon Network's top shows (October 2008September 2009). The highest rating 6teen received on Cartoon Network was 3.7 million viewers, on Thursday, June 11, 2009, immediately after the season premiere of "Total Drama Action". As time went on (starting in October 2009), 6teen began a slow drop in ratings. 6teen's final episode, which aired on June 21, 2010, received a total of 1.6 million viewers, which is lower than the past 6teen episodes.


title: 6teen

text: In 2009, the show won the Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Original Song (Main Title and Promo) for its theme song, "6teen", which was performed by Phil Naro.


title: 6teen

text: Because "6teen" was targeted towards a more mature audience (preteens and teenagers), in certain episodes were considered too risque or inappropriate by the U.S. channels such as Cartoon Network and Paramount's Nickelodeon. This led to 24 episodes being censored or removed in the U.S. With the Canadian legalization of same-sex marriage occurring around the time of the series' release, many episodes of "6teen" included references and innuendos to homosexuality, most of which were censored in the U.S. Other censorships and bans in the U.S. included a plot line that focused on shoplifting, and nude images that were modified from the series' original blur-out to a full black bar.


title: Victoria Rowell

text: Victoria Lynn Rowell (born May 10, 1959) is an American actress. She began her career as a ballet dancer and model before making her acting debut in the 1987 comedy film "Leonard Part 6". In 1990, Rowell joined the cast of the CBS daytime soap opera "The Young and the Restless" as Drucilla Winters, her signature and longest role on television, for which she was nominated for three Daytime Emmy Awards. She departed from the show in 2007. Rowell is also well known for her role as Dr. Amanda Bentley in the CBS medical crime drama "" (1993–2001). From 1993 to 2000, she appeared on both series simultaneously.


title: Victoria Rowell

text: Rowell has had a number of roles in feature films. She starred alongside Eddie Murphy in the 1992 comedy "The Distinguished Gentleman", and later had roles in films "Dumb and Dumber" (1994), "Barb Wire" (1996) and "Eve's Bayou" (1997). She is an 11-time NAACP Image Awards winner (for "The Young and the Restless").


title: Victoria Rowell

text: Vicki Lynn Rowell was born in Portland, Maine, on May 10, 1959. Her biological mother, Dorothy Rowell, was of English descent and a "Mayflower" descendant, and her birth father, whose surname was Wilson, was of Jamaican descent. Rowell knew very little about her father. Dorothy, who suffered from schizophrenia, took a taxi to a hospital to give birth to Rowell, leaving a son and two small daughters unsupervised. When she was 16 days old, Rowell, along with her two sisters, Sheree and Lori, were surrendered to child services.


title: Victoria Rowell

text: While living in Maine with foster parents Agatha C. and Robert Armstead, Rowell, then eight, began ballet lessons. She became a member of Sigma Gamma Rho sorority, an African-American Greek-lettered sorority. After dancing with the American Ballet Theater II and the Juilliard School of Music Dance Extension program with Antony Tudor, Rowell accepted guest-artist teaching posts in New England.


title: Victoria Rowell

text: In the 1980s, Rowell became an in-demand runway and catalog model. Rowell made her film debut in the 1987 comedy film "Leonard Part 6" opposite Bill Cosby and later had a recurring role on "The Cosby Show" In 1988, she also had the recurring role of Nella Franklin on the CBS daytime soap opera, "As the World Turns".


title: Victoria Rowell

text: In 1990, Rowell was cast as street urchin-turned-ballet dancer Drucilla Barber on the CBS daytime soap opera, "The Young and the Restless". Rowell became a fan favorite and was nominated for three Daytime Emmy Awards in 1996, 1997, and 1998. She won 11 NAACP Image Awards for her portrayal of Drucilla. Rowell's first run as Drucilla was from 1990 to 1998. She briefly returned in 2000, then returned on a regular basis from 2002 until early 2007. In 2007, Rowell became unhappy with the soap opera behind the scenes, labeling daytime television and "The Young and the Restless" as racist for not having enough African-American cast and crew. She also argued the directions of her storylines which were not heard, prompting her to leave. Within the storyline, Drucilla fell off a cliff and was presumed dead as her body was never found. Rowell has openly expressed pleasure in returning, and due to the character's strong appeal and popularity, viewers have begged the series to rehire her. However, CBS has stated that having Drucilla return is not the creative decision they are looking for, which has disappointed fans of the actress. In 2014, Rowell posted a series of tweets criticizing the show for not having enough African-Americans in decision-making positions. "Young & Restless on air for 40 years, loyally watched by their absolute competitive-edge audience (blacks) & not one black Exec producer?" – she tweeted. Her tweets coincided with the series' 41st anniversary.


title: Victoria Rowell

text: From 1993 to 2001, Rowell starred as Dr. Amanda Bentley in the CBS primetime series "Diagnosis: Murder", opposite Dick Van Dyke, replacing Cynthia Gibb from the original made-for-television movie. For much of Rowell's stint on "", she was working on that show and on "The Young and the Restless" simultaneously. One episode of "Diagnosis Murder" centered around murder on the set of "The Young and the Restless"; Rowell was featured as both Amanda and Drucilla in that episode. The series run from 1993 to 2001, producing 178 episodes and two television movies, aired after the series' cancellation. "Diagnosis: Murder" has also run in syndication as of 1997.


title: Victoria Rowell

text: In 1990s, Rowell co-starred in several films. She had the role of Eddie Murphy's character's love interest in the 1992 comedy film, "The Distinguished Gentleman". In 1994, she played FBI agent Beth Jordan in comedy film "Dumb and Dumber". She co-starred opposite Mario Van Peebles in the science-fiction crime film "Full Eclipse" (1993), and had a major role in the box office failure action film "Barb Wire" (1996) with Pamela Anderson. In 1997 she appeared in the critically acclaimed drama film, "Eve's Bayou". In the 2000s, she appeared in the number of small films, such as "Motives" and "A Perfect Fit". In 2006, she co-starred as Samuel L. Jackson's character wife in "Home of the Brave". She also had the recurring roles on "Single Ladies" and "".


title: Victoria Rowell

text: In spring 2009, Rowell signed a six-figure deal with Atria Books for a book about the world of daytime TV. She released her memoirs called "The Women Who Raised Me: A Memoir" in 2008. She later released "Secrets of a Soap Opera Diva: A Novel" (2010) "The Young and the Ruthless: Back in the Bubbles" (2013).


title: Victoria Rowell

text: In February 2015, Rowell filed a lawsuit against CBS, Sony Pictures Television, Bell Dramatic Serial Company, and Bell-Phillip Television Production Inc, alleging racial discrimination and retaliation. In the suit, Rowell alleges that since 2010 she had made several attempts to be re-employed at "The Young and the Restless" or employed at sister soap, "The Bold and the Beautiful", but was repeatedly denied due to her outspokenness regarding the lack of diversity both in front of and behind the cameras at CBS. The same day the suit was filed, CBS released a statement saying that Rowell left the cast of her own initiative, the suit was without merit, and they would vigorously defend the case. In June 2015, Rowell's legal team filed a declaration in furtherance of the lawsuit. In the declaration, Rowell alleges that she was the target of racially motivated attacks on the set of "The Young and the Restless", at the hands of former co-stars, Michelle Stafford, Melody Thomas Scott, and Peter Bergman. In November 2015, the judge presiding over the case dismissed the suit without prejudice. Rowell's legal team resubmitted an amended claim that included an allegation against Corday Productions and Sony Pictures Television. Alleging that she pursued a role on the Sony and Corday produced NBC soap "Days of Our Lives", but was removed from the audition list. In June 2016, the judge again dismissed the previous claims against CBS and Bell-Phillip Television Production Inc., allowing Rowell to continue the suit against Corday Productions and Sony Pictures Television. In February 2017, it was reported the case had been settled.


title: Victoria Rowell

text: In September 2018, in the wake of Les Moonves' resignation as the chairman and CEO of CBS due to sexual misconduct allegations, Rowell took to her Twitter account to directly accuse Moonves of hindering her career. Partially quoting Moonves' statement denying the accusations that he attempted to damage the careers of certain women, she tweeted: "And I have never used my position to hinder the advancement or careers of women," Moonves responded. #LIAR. Your loafer heel has been on my neck for over 11 years all because I cited a lack of substantive of diversity at CBS behind the camera #MeToo #RetaliationIsIllegal #Bully


title: Victoria Rowell

text: Rowell's first marriage was to Tom Fahey in 1989. They had a daughter, Maya, and divorced the following year. Rowell had a long-term relationship with musician Wynton Marsalis; and they had a son, Jasper. In May 2008, Rowell announced her engagement to Radcliffe Bailey, an Atlanta artist, at her annual High Tea at Noon fundraiser. Victoria and Radcliffe married on June 27, 2009, in Dublin, New Hampshire. On January 2, 2014, Bailey filed for divorce from Rowell.


title: Victoria Rowell

text: In 1990, Rowell founded the ""Rowell Foster Children Positive Plan,"" which gives emotional support and financial aid to foster children, especially to those who aspire to become actors and dancers – the road Rowell took. In 2004, she was a special guest on the talk show "Dr. Phil", in which she gave an emancipated foster child a chance at a job with Sony, dental care, and a scholarship from her foundation.


title: Victoria Rowell

text: In May 2006, Rowell was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters by the University of Southern Maine in recognition of her work for the benefit of foster children. In 2007, Rowell published a memoir of her life that focused on her time in foster care. Entitled "The Women Who Raised Me", Rowell discusses all of the foster mothers who cared for her and for her sisters. She also pays tribute to the women in a documentary film, "The Mentor," that she participated in. Rowell says that she began writing the book when "Y&R" turned down her offer to write for the show. She began a national book tour in April 2007.


title: Victoria Rowell

text: In March 2008, Rowell was the first recipient of the Gift of Adoption Celebration of Adoption Award, an award given to individuals or groups who are helping to unite children with adoptive families.


title: Victoria Rowell

text: In March 2012, Rowell's book, "Tag, Toss & Run: 40 Classic Lawn Games", co-authored with environmental activist Paul Tukey, was released.


title: Cris Carter

text: Graduel Christopher Darin Carter (born November 25, 1965) is an American former football wide receiver who played in the National Football League (NFL) for the Philadelphia Eagles (1987–1989), the Minnesota Vikings (1990–2001) and the Miami Dolphins (2002). He is widely regarded as one of the greatest wide receivers of all time.


title: Cris Carter

text: Carter played college football at the Ohio State University and was drafted by the Eagles in the fourth round of the 1987 NFL supplemental draft. While in Philadelphia, head coach Buddy Ryan helped to coin one of ESPN's Chris Berman's famous quotes about Carter: "All he does is catch touchdowns." He was let go by Ryan in 1989, however, due to off-the-field issues. Carter was signed by the Vikings and turned his life and career around, becoming a two-time first-team and one-time second-team All-Pro and playing in eight consecutive Pro Bowls. When he left the Vikings after 2001, he held most of the team career receiving records. He briefly played for the Dolphins in 2002 before retiring.


title: Cris Carter

text: Since retiring from the NFL, Carter has worked on HBO's "Inside the NFL," ESPN's "Sunday NFL Countdown" and "Monday Night Countdown", and online at Yahoo Sports. He also works as an assistant coach at St. Thomas Aquinas High School, where his son played wide receiver. In 2017, Carter began co-hosting "First Things First" with Nick Wright on FS1. He was terminated from the show following a suspension and investigation in 2019. Carter resides in Boca Raton, Florida. He is the brother of former NBA player and coach Butch Carter.


title: Cris Carter

text: After six years, and five finalist selections, Carter was voted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame on February 2, 2013.


title: Cris Carter

text: Carter was born in Troy, Ohio. For elementary school he went to Heywood Elementary in Troy, Ohio. He spent his early childhood there before moving to Middletown, Ohio, with his mother, three brothers, and two sisters. They lived in a small four-bedroom apartment. He attended Middletown High School and starred in both football and basketball.


title: Cris Carter

text: Named after his grandfather, Graduel, Carter dropped his birth name and unofficially changed his name to Cris after wide receiver Cris Collinsworth, stating that he would never be famous with the name Graduel. According to Carter on ESPN Radio's "Mike & Mike" (on September 15, 2014), he dropped the name during 7th grade, and his name is still listed as Christopher on official documents, including his driver's license.


title: Cris Carter

text: Carter was heavily recruited out of high school for both basketball and football. He accepted the offer to attend Ohio State University from Buckeyes head coach Earle Bruce. Carter became a consensus All-America selection after his junior season, Ohio State's first All American at wide receiver.


title: Cris Carter

text: Carter had intended to play both football and basketball at Ohio State, but decided to focus on football after making an immediate impact his freshman year. That year, he set a Rose Bowl record with nine receptions for 172 yards. In his junior season, he caught 69 passes for 1,127 yards and 11 touchdowns.


title: Cris Carter

text: Carter was known for great hands, running precise routes, and for acrobatic leaps. He had remarkable body control and footwork when making catches near the sidelines. At the Citrus Bowl at the end of the 1985 season, Carter caught a ball that quarterback Jim Karsatos was intending to throw away. Karsatos has claimed that catch by Carter was the greatest in the history of college football: "When I finally saw it on film, he was tiptoeing the sidelines and he jumped up and caught the ball left-handed by the point of the football at least a yard out of bounds. Then he somehow levitated back in bounds to get both his feet in bounds. I swear to this day he actually levitated to get back in bounds. When I saw it on film, it just blew me away."


title: Cris Carter

text: Prior to Carter's senior season, he secretly signed with notorious sports agent Norby Walters. When the contract was discovered, Carter was ruled ineligible. The absence of Carter in the 1987 offense contributed to a disappointing 6–4–1 season and the firing of Coach Bruce. Missing this season also cost him a chance at evening his personal record against Michigan; Carter finished 1–2, his lone taste of victory in the series being his freshman year.


title: Cris Carter

text: Despite losing his senior year, Carter left Ohio State holding the school record for receptions (168), gaining 2,725 yards and 27 touchdowns from them. In 2000, he was selected as a member of the Ohio State Football All-Century Team. In 2003, he was inducted into the Ohio State Varsity O Hall of Fame.


title: Cris Carter

text: A 4th round pick by the Philadelphia Eagles in the 1987 supplemental draft, Carter saw limited action during his rookie season catching just 5 passes for 84 yards and 2 touchdowns. His first professional catch was a 22-yard touchdown vs. the St. Louis Cardinals.


title: Cris Carter

text: Carter got more involved in the Eagles offense in 1988 catching 39 passes for 761 yards and tying for the team lead with 6 scoring receptions. In 1989, he became the teams' primary red zone receiver, leading the Eagles with 11 touchdown catches (3rd in the NFC) while hauling in 45 passes for 605 yards.


title: Cris Carter

text: Shortly after, Carter had a falling out with coach Buddy Ryan and was a surprise cut following the pre-season. Carter later admitted that Ryan released him because of alcohol and drug abuse, including large amounts of ecstasy, cocaine and marijuana, and credits his former coach with helping him turn his life around as a result.


title: Cris Carter

text: The Minnesota Vikings claimed the troubled wide receiver off waivers on September 4, 1990, for only $100. Stuck behind Hassan Jones and resident star receiver, Anthony Carter (no relation), Carter didn't see very many passes come his way during his first season in Minnesota. He did gain a measure of revenge against his former team, however, catching six passes for 151 yards, including a 78-yard touchdown, in a "Monday Night" contest at Philadelphia on October 15. Carter finished the 1990 campaign with 27 receptions for 413 yards and 3 touchdowns.


title: Cris Carter

text: In 1991, Carter stepped forward as Minnesota's top pass catcher. He led the team with 72 receptions, 962 yards, and 5 touchdown catches. The winds of change were blowing in Minnesota; after a second straight disappointing season head coach Jerry Burns retired. Stanford head coach Dennis Green was named as his replacement on January 10, 1992, and began a house cleaning process. "The New Sheriff in Town" released stalwarts like RB Herschel Walker and QB Wade Wilson and traded DT Keith Millard to the Seattle Seahawks.


title: Cris Carter

text: The Vikings returned to NFL prominence in 1992, posting an 11–5 record and capturing their first NFC Central Division title since 1989. With Rich Gannon and Sean Salisbury alternating at QB, Carter remained the team's primary aerial weapon—leading the team with 53 receptions, 681 yards, and 6 touchdowns despite missing the final four games of the season with a broken collar bone. The Vikings season ended in disappointment, however, as the defending Super Bowl champions Washington Redskins upended them 24–7 in the Wild Card round.


title: Cris Carter

text: In 1993, veteran QB Jim McMahon acted as the team's primary signal-caller and Carter had a breakout season. He posted career highs in receptions, 86, and yards, 1,071, while catching 9 touchdowns — all team highs, and appeared in his first Pro Bowl. The Vikings finished the season 9–7, good enough for a playoff berth, but fell 17–10 to the New York Giants in the Wild Card round.


title: Cris Carter

text: Veteran quarterback Warren Moon was acquired before the 1994 season and immediately developed a rapport with Carter. The veteran helped Carter set the NFL single-season record for receptions with 122 (the record was broken in 1995 by Detroit's Herman Moore). Carter also led the team with 1256 yards and 7 receiving touchdowns, which earned him First-team All Pro honors. Moon and Carter carried the team to a 10–6 record and the NFC Central title, but couldn't stop the Vikings from a third straight first-round playoff exit — a 35–18 home loss to the Chicago Bears.


title: Cris Carter

text: Carter teamed up with Moon in 1995 to post his finest statistical season. He caught 122 passes for a career-high 1,371 yards and led the NFL with 17 touchdown receptions. Carter received Second-team All Pro honors for his efforts. The Vikings, however, finished 8–8 and missed the playoffs for the first time under Green.


title: Cris Carter

text: Midway through the 1996 season Brad Johnson took over at QB for the Vikings. Carter didn't miss a beat, catching 96 passes for 1,163 yards and 10 touchdowns. The Vikings returned to the playoffs with a 9–7 record, but were routed by the Dallas Cowboys 40–15 in the Wild Card round. Carter appeared in his fourth straight Pro Bowl following the season.


title: Cris Carter

text: Carter continued to be the focal point of the Vikings' offense in 1997. He was named to his fifth consecutive Pro Bowl, leading the NFL with 13 touchdown receptions while pacing the team with 89 catches and 1069 yards. Even though he had more impressive seasons statistically, 1997 may have been Carter's finest hour, as week after week he dazzled with one spectacular catch after another. With Randall Cunningham at QB (he replaced the injured Johnson late in the season) the Vikings finally broke through in the playoffs, defeating the Giants 23–22 in a last-minute miracle comeback. The playoff success was fleeting, however, as the team fell to the San Francisco 49ers 38–22 the following week.


title: Cris Carter

text: In 1998 the Vikings drafted Marshall wide receiver Randy Moss with 21st pick in the first round. Suddenly, the Vikings possessed the NFL's most dangerous weapon. They cruised through the regular season, posting a 15–1 record while scoring a then-league record 556 points. Carter, who made the Pro Bowl for the fifth time, caught 78 passes for 1,011 yards and 12 touchdowns. Led by Moss, Carter, and Miller Lite Player of the Year Randall Cunningham, the Vikings entered the playoffs as heavy favorites to reach the Super Bowl. They easily defeated the Arizona Cardinals 41–21 in the Divisional Round, advancing to the NFC Championship Game for the first time since 1987. The Vikings entered that game as 13 and a half point favorites over the Atlanta Falcons, but lost in overtime 30–27 to become the biggest favorite to ever lose a home playoff game. Carter later said losing that game was the lone regret of his time in Minnesota, and that he didn't even know if he wanted to play anymore afterwards.


title: Cris Carter

text: The following year, Carter had his finest individual season since 1995— the First-team All Pro caught 90 passes for 1241 yards and an NFL-best 13 touchdowns. The Vikings easily defeated the Dallas Cowboys 27–10 in the Wild Card round and headed to St. Louis to face the NFL's new hottest offense. Minnesota led the eventual Super Bowl champions 17–14 at the half, but a second-half flurry led to a 49–37 Rams win.


title: Cris Carter

text: Carter finished the decade of the '90s with 835 receptions, second only to Jerry Rice's 860, and was named to the NFL's All Decade team.


title: Cris Carter

text: In 2000, led by Daunte Culpepper, the Vikings won the NFC Central division, and Carter finished the season with 96 receptions, 1274 yards, 9 touchdowns, and an eighth Pro Bowl. On November 30, Carter became only the second player in NFL history to reach the 1,000 reception plateau when he caught a 4-yard touchdown pass against Detroit.


title: Cris Carter

text: In 2001, the Vikings floundered with a record of 5–11, their first losing season since 1990. Carter's production dipped to its lowest point since 1992 (mostly because of QB Spergon Wynn's ineffectiveness in the last three games) — 73 catches, 871 yards, 6 touchdowns — and his streak of eight straight Pro Bowls came to an end. Following the season, the longest-tenured Viking exercised an out clause in his contract that ended his career in Minnesota.


title: Cris Carter

text: Cris Carter left the Vikings as their all-time leader in, among other things, receptions (1,004), receiving yards (12,383), and touchdowns (110).


title: Cris Carter

text: Carter spent the spring of 2002 looking for a team. Although he talked with the Rams, Browns, and Dolphins, he was unable to complete a deal and joined HBO's "Inside the NFL" team as an analyst on May 21. He served in that capacity until October 21 when the Miami Dolphins lured the veteran back onto the playing field to bolster their injury-riddled receiving corps.


title: Cris Carter

text: The Boca Raton resident started in his first game as a Dolphin at Lambeau Field in Week 9. Carter showed signs of rust, catching just three passes for 31 yards and fumbling once. During the week that followed, he checked into the hospital with a kidney ailment and was sidelined for the next four weeks.


title: Cris Carter

text: Carter returned in Week 14, but struggled to get back into the Dolphins receiver rotation. In Week 15, however, he caught a one-handed touchdown pass as the Dolphins beat the Raiders 23–17. The following week against the Vikings, however, he made a key drop in the end zone that cost Miami a touchdown. The Dolphins wound up losing that game and then lost to the Patriots the following week, missing the playoffs. Even though he put up respectable numbers for the number of games that he played, he retired after the season.


title: Cris Carter

text: At the time of his retirement, Carter's 1,101 career receptions and 130 touchdowns as a receiver placed him second in NFL history behind Jerry Rice, although his reception total has since been surpassed by Marvin Harrison, and his touchdown receptions by Randy Moss and Terrell Owens. Carter is one of 14 players in NFL history with 1,000 or more receptions. He was named to the NFL 1990s All-Decade Team. Carter was one of 15 finalists for the Pro Football Hall of Fame class of 2008, but was not elected in a surprise to some commentators. Carter was once again excluded in 2009 and again in 2010 as receivers Jerry Rice and Tim Brown became eligible for the first time, though Brown did not make it. Additionally, Andre Reed was another possible candidate that diminished Carter's chance for enshrinement in 2010. In 2011, he also did not make it despite not having a single wide receiver in the class.


title: Cris Carter

text: On February 2, 2013, Carter was announced as an inductee into the Hall of Fame Class of 2013 along with Bill Parcells, Larry Allen, Jonathan Ogden, Warren Sapp, Curley Culp, and Dave Robinson.


title: Cris Carter

text: Carter was one of the hosts of HBO's "Inside the NFL" and also was an NFL Analyst for Yahoo Sports and ESPN. He is also a faculty member and assistant coach at St. Thomas Aquinas High School, where his son played wide receiver in 2008. He is the owner of Cris Carter's FAST Program, a sports training center in South Florida and is an ordained minister. He also appeared in the 2005 sports video game NFL Street 2 as a wide receiver for the NFL Gridiron Legends team along with former teammate, safety Joey Browner, and a few other historical NFL legends.


title: Cris Carter

text: Carter was a speaker at the 2008 NFL rookie symposium and again at the 2009 NFL Rookie Symposium. He also spoke at the 2014 NFL rookie symposium, where he encouraged players to get a fall guy they can trust to take the blame if they get in trouble. The comments were revealed in 2015 in an "ESPN The Magazine" story about Chris Borland. The NFL took the video of the speech down from its website and released a statement saying in part: "The comment was not representative of the message of the symposium or any other league program...The comment was not repeated in the 2014 AFC session or this year's symposium." Carter apologized on Twitter, saying he realized it was bad advice, and everyone should take responsibility for their own actions. ESPN also released a statement saying Carter's comments do not reflect the company's views.


title: Cris Carter

text: Carter was chosen to be a coach for a team in the 2015 Pro Bowl, along with former Dallas Cowboys wide receiver Michael Irvin.


title: Cris Carter

text: In December 2016, Carter was hired by Fox Sports as a football analyst. In May 2017, his role was expanded as it was announced that Carter would co-host a morning show, "First Things First", on Fox Sports 1 with radio personality Nick Wright and moderator Jenna Wolfe. The show premiered on September 5, 2017. His tenure ended in November 2019 following a suspension.


title: Cris Carter

text: Carter is a Christian and has two children. His daughter, Monterae works in philanthropy. His son, Duron Carter, played wide receiver at Ohio State in 2009 and Coffeyville Community College in 2010. Professionally, he played for the Montreal Alouettes, a Canadian Football League (CFL) team, in 2013-2014 and 2016, spending 2015 on the practice squad of the Indianapolis Colts of the NFL. In Montreal, Duron was described as being a terrible teammate among the players on the Alouettes team. In 2017, he signed on with the Saskatchewan Roughriders, also in the CFL, where he served primarily as a receiver and occasionally played cornerback. Duron was released by the Roughriders in August 2018, in the midst of the 2018 CFL season. He subsequently signed on with the Toronto Argonauts a few weeks later, and now currently plays for the B.C Lions. Cris is the younger brother of ex-NBA player and coach Butch Carter.


title: Jackass Number Two

text: Jackass Number Two is a 2006 American reality slapstick comedy film directed by Jeff Tremaine. It is the sequel to "" (2002), both based upon the MTV series "Jackass". Like its predecessor and the original television show, the film is a compilation of stunts, pranks and skits, starring the regular "Jackass" cast of Johnny Knoxville, Bam Margera, Ryan Dunn, Wee Man, Dave England, Chris Pontius, Steve-O, Preston Lacy, and Ehren McGhehey.


title: Jackass Number Two

text: Produced by MTV Films, Dickhouse Productions and Lynch Siderow Productions, and distributed by Paramount Pictures, the film premiered in theaters on September 22, 2006, received generally positive reviews from critics and grossed $84.6 million worldwide against a production budget of $11.5 million.


title: Jackass Number Two

text: Unused material of the film was released as a separate movie titled "Jackass 2.5" online on December 19, 2007, and on DVD on December 26, 2007. It was followed by another sequel, "Jackass 3D" (2010).


title: Jackass Number Two

text: A compilation of various stunts, pranks and skits, the film opens by introducing the primary cast members while bulls chase them in a suburban neighborhood.


title: Jackass Number Two

text: The most notable stunts include; Johnny Knoxville sitting on a big red rocket which gets launched into the air, Bam Margera being stuck in a trailer with a cobra, Chris Pontius' penis dressed as a mouse while a snake attempts to bite it, Steve-O getting his cheek pierced by a fish hook and getting thrown into the shark infested Gulf of Mexico, Ryan Dunn being launched into a garage door while riding a shopping cart, Dave England riding a giant firehose that launches him into a patch of mud, Wee Man getting zapped by an electric stool upon believing that cards are being thrown at him, Ehren McGhehey attempting the loop while riding a pocketbike, and Preston Lacy disguising himself as Bam's father to spoon with Bam's mother in bed.


title: Jackass Number Two

text: The final bit is a prank orchestrated by the cast on Ehren McGhehey in which he dresses up as a terrorist along with cinematographer Dimitry Elyashkevich, and take a taxi to the airport and convince the driver that they are going to blow up a plane. In reality, the driver is swapped with director Jay Chandrasekhar, who becomes violent with Ehren when he attempts to initiate the prank. The taxi pulls into a lot where a panicked Ehren is forced into the trunk and Jay drives around the lot in circles. When the car comes to a stop, Ehren is relieved to discover that it is a prank and was not in serious danger. However, it is also revealed to Ehren that the beard that was put on him as part of the bit was made up of pubic hair by a majority of the cast and crew, one of whom happened to have crabs, after which Ehren gets angry and dry heaves.


title: Jackass Number Two

text: The movie concludes with Johnny Knoxville putting his hand in a bear trap, before transitioning into a performance by the main cast in a Busby Berkeley-style movie musical production number set to the "La Cage aux Folles" song "The Best of Times", where the guys sing and dance while performing more stunts. After a wrecking ball hits Knoxville, Rip Taylor appears to end the movie much like in the predecessor.


title: Jackass Number Two

text: Stunts including "Jackass" and "Viva La Bam" regular Don Vito were also filmed and shown in previews. However, due to the scandal surrounding his arrest just prior to the film's release and the nature of the charges against him, all the scenes involving Don Vito were cut.


title: Jackass Number Two

text: Notable exceptions are Raab Himself, who was battling alcoholism and drug addiction at the time, and Rake Yohn, who did however appear in the film's sequel "Jackass 2.5". They both were recurring cast members in the "Jackass" TV show and in the first "Jackass" movie. Ryan Dunn approached Raab to appear in the movie, however, he declined the offer.


title: Jackass Number Two

text: Shooting began on January 30, 2006, and ended on June 23, 2006. The "Jackass" cast refused to divulge where they were filming, out of fear of fans interfering with the filming process. However, they have filmed in India, Australia, England, Moscow and Argentina. A few insights were leaked prior to the movie's release by Steve-O and Bam Margera via Radio Bam and Loveline. Other shootings were Bull Shoals, Arkansas; Key West, Florida; Los Angeles, California; Miami, Florida; New Orleans, Louisiana; New York City, New York; and West Chester, Pennsylvania. Even after completing enough footage for "Number Two", Knoxville encouraged everyone to stay together and film more stunts (most of these stunts ultimately released with "2.5"), willing to even put himself at further risk of injury simply because he didn't want to part with the group so soon.


title: Jackass Number Two

text: The stunt "How to Milk a Horse" was originally shot for "Wildboyz", but was saved for future use. "The idea to drink the horse semen was not actually planned but was "in the back of everyone's mind." To agree to do the stunt, Chris Pontius asked director Jeff Tremaine for a full day off of work, but discouraged doing so since Pontius had missed work the day before. Additionally on screen Chris Pontius stated to Jeff Tremaine "This is going to make up for something bad I'm going to do in the future." This deal was verbally agreed upon and sealed with a handshake; it was also noted that said deal was videotaped for the camera.


title: Jackass Number Two

text: Deleted scenes that were also filmed but weren't in the final film and "Jackass 2.5" include, "The Lamborghini Tooth Pull" with Don Vito (which would later be performed in "Jackass 3D", however, it would be performed by Ehren McGhehey rather than Don Vito); "The Human Newton's Cradle" where Preston Lacy, Bam Margera, Phil Margera, Don Vito, and Brandon DiCamillo were the "spheres" for a life size Newton's cradle; "Meatball Sling Shot" where Bam slingshots a meatball in Vito's face (which was also performed by Phil Margera in "Jackass 2.5"); "SWAT Team Wake Up" where a SWAT Team wakes Johnny Knoxville up by blowing the door to his motel room up; "Wee Baby" where Wee Man is dressed as a baby and put in a box in an attempt to get shipped out through the mail; "Unicycle Hellride" where Steve-O rides a unicycle over hot coals; "Balloon Flight" where Bam has balloons tied to him which causes him to float in the sky, he then uses a pellet gun to shoot the balloons with to slowly descend into a lake; and "Ignited Farts", where Bam, Steve-O, Ryan Dunn, Chris Pontius, and Dave England would get in a bathtub and try to ignite their farts underwater, ending with Dave defecating by accident. Although they were deleted, some of the deleted scenes are briefly shown in the credits and/or the making of "Jackass Number Two" and "Jackass 2.5". A short clip of the tooth pull scene appeared in the trailer for "Jackass Number Two", a photo of the human Newton's cradle was released, and the entire "Ignited Farts" sequence was once available on the Jackass World website, but has since disappeared following the websites closure. A slightly longer clip of the scene was included in the fourth film, "Jackass Forever".


title: Jackass Number Two

text: The film had 4 different screenings for fans of Jackass and MySpace users, which was a part of MySpace's "Black Carpet" screening. The screenings took place a few days before the movie was released (possibly August). Some of the screenings also had surprise visits by cast and crew. For example, the Pennsylvania screening had director Jeff Tremaine and cast members Johnny Knoxville and Bam Margera.


title: Jackass Number Two

text: On June 15, 2006, Yahoo! released the first official teaser for the movie. The stunts in the trailer included Knoxville riding a "rocket bike" off a ramp and a blindfolded Knoxville being rammed by a yak.


title: Jackass Number Two

text: The film was released on DVD on December 26, 2006, in its R-rated version in and widescreen, and in widescreen in the unrated version.


title: Jackass Number Two

text: "Jackass Number Two" opened on September 22, 2006, in 3,900 screens at 3,059 theaters. It debuted at number one on its opening weekend with a total gross of $29 million. On its first day in theaters "Jackass Number Two" matched its $11.5 million production budget. The film grossed an additional $14 million in its second week. Overall the film made $84.6 million worldwide, nearly $5 million more than the original.


title: Jackass Number Two

text: Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 64% approval rating from 103 critic reviews; the average rating is 6.00/10. The general consensus reads: "Better than any sequel to the movie of a television show has a right to be, "Jackass Number Two" dares you not to laugh." On Metacritic, the film has a rating of 66 out of 100 based on 23 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Jackass Number Two

text: "The New York Times" awarded "Jackass Number Two" a Critic's Pick, writing, "Debased, infantile and reckless in the extreme, this compendium of body bravado and malfunction makes for some of the most fearless, liberated and cathartic comedy in modern movies." On "Ebert & Roeper", Richard Roeper and guest critic Fred Willard gave "Jackass Number Two " a "Two Thumbs Up" rating.


title: Jackass Number Two

text: The soundtrack was released on September 26, 2006, by Bulletproof Records. The soundtrack features songs that were featured in the movie, and various audio clips from the movie. Among the new songs included in the soundtrack are "Gettin' Fucked Up" – a collaboration between rap group Three Six Mafia (who themselves briefly appear in the film) and Josey Scott, lead singer of heavy metal band Saliva – and "Backass" – a collaboration between electroclash musician Peaches and Karen O, lead singer of the indie rock trio Yeah Yeah Yeahs.


title: Jackass Number Two

text: The Rated and Unrated DVD versions of the movie were released on December 26, 2006. The rated version includes the 96 minute theatrical release, with bonus features, and the unrated includes extended scenes that were shortened in the original movie. Both DVDs feature commentary by the cast (except Bam Margera), director Jeff Tremaine and cinematographer Dimitry Elyashkevich. The DVD also included 16 deleted scenes removed from the theatrical release, more than 20 additional scenes, 9 TV spots, 8 promotional spots including trailer, gag reel, the uncensored version of "Karazy" by Chris Pontius and a promotional commercial for the 2006 VMAs. "The Making of Jackass" featurette is also featured on the DVD.


title: Jackass Number Two

text: "Jackass 2.5" was a home media version with additional footage (in this case, both intentionally for 2.5 and footage they were unable to include for "Number Two"). It was released to the Internet at Blockbuster.com and Hulu as a free screening on December 19–31, 2007, and to DVD on December 26, 2007. It includes special features such as: the making of "Jackass 2.5", the making of "", deleted scenes, photo gallery, and additional footage.


title: Jackass Number Two

text: The most notable bits include: Johnny Knoxville getting a prostate exam at a clinic in Russia; Bam Margera holding down a kite with anal beads; toy airplanes attacking Preston Lacy while he is painted as King Kong; Dave England and Ehren McGhehey boxing with dizziness after getting spun on office chairs; Wee Man bullfighting against a calf; a snapping turtle biting Chris Pontius on the nose; Steve-O drinking beer off Shridhar Chillal's nails; Ryan Dunn getting a golf ball teed off of him, and the "Jackass" team going through an obstacle course with alligators, pigs and paintball shots.


title: Jackass Number Two

text: Paramount Pictures and MTV Films greenlit a third "Jackass", which was shot in 3D. Filming began in January 2010 and it was released on October 15, 2010.


title: Bevacizumab

text: Bevacizumab, sold under the brand name Avastin among others, is a medication used to treat a number of types of cancers and a specific eye disease. For cancer, it is given by slow injection into a vein (intravenous) and used for colon cancer, lung cancer, glioblastoma, and renal-cell carcinoma. In many of these diseases it is used as a first-line therapy. For age-related macular degeneration it is given by injection into the eye (intravitreal).


title: Bevacizumab

text: Common side effects when used for cancer include nose bleeds, headache, high blood pressure, and rash. Other severe side effects include gastrointestinal perforation, bleeding, allergic reactions, blood clots, and an increased risk of infection. When used for eye disease side effects can include vision loss and retinal detachment. Bevacizumab is a monoclonal antibody that functions as an angiogenesis inhibitor. It works by slowing the growth of new blood vessels by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), in other words anti–VEGF therapy.


title: Bevacizumab

text: Bevacizumab was approved for medical use in the United States in 2004. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is listed for its use in treating eye disease.


title: Bevacizumab

text: Bevacizumab was approved in the United States in February 2004, for use in metastatic colorectal cancer when used with standard chemotherapy treatment (as first-line treatment). In June 2006, it was approved with 5-fluorouracil-based therapy for second-line metastatic colorectal cancer.


title: Bevacizumab

text: It was approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in January 2005, for use in colorectal cancer.


title: Bevacizumab

text: Bevacizumab has also been examined as an add on to other chemotherapy drugs in people with non-metastatic colon cancer. The data from two large randomized studies showed no benefit in preventing the cancer from returning and a potential to cause harm in this setting.


title: Bevacizumab

text: In the EU, bevacizumab in combination with fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy is indicated for treatment of adults with metastatic carcinoma of the colon or rectum.


title: Bevacizumab

text: In 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved bevacizumab for use in first-line advanced nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer in combination with carboplatin/paclitaxel chemotherapy. The approval was based on the pivotal study E4599 (conducted by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group), which demonstrated a two-month improvement in overall survival in patients treated with bevacizumab (Sandler, et al. NEJM 2004). A preplanned analysis of histology in E4599 demonstrated a four-month median survival benefit with bevacizumab for people with adenocarcinoma (Sandler, et al. JTO 2010); adenocarcinoma represents approximately 85% of all non-squamous cell carcinomas of the lung.


title: Bevacizumab

text: A subsequent European clinical trial, AVAiL, was first reported in 2009 and confirmed the significant improvement in progression-free survival shown in E4599 (Reck, et al. Ann. Oncol. 2010). An overall survival benefit was not demonstrated in patients treated with bevacizumab; however, this may be due to the more limited use of bevacizumab as maintenance treatment in AVAiL versus E4599 (this differential effect is also apparent in the European vs US trials of bevacizumab in colorectal cancer: Tyagi and Grothey, Clin Colorectal Cancer, 2006). As an anti-angiogenic agent, there is no mechanistic rationale for stopping bevacizumab before disease progression. Stated another way, the survival benefits achieved with bevacizumab can only be expected when used in accordance with the clinical evidence: continued until disease progression or treatment-limiting side effects.


title: Bevacizumab

text: Another large European-based clinical trial with bevacizumab in lung cancer, AVAPERL, was reported in October 2011 (Barlesi, et al. ECCM 2011). First-line patients were treated with bevacizumab plus cisplatin/pemetrexed for four cycles, and then randomized to receive maintenance treatment with either bevacizumab/pemetrexed or bevacizumab alone until disease progression. Maintenance treatment with bevacizumab/pemetrexed demonstrated a 50% reduction in risk of progression vs bevacizumab alone (median PFS: 10.2 vs 6.6 months). Maintenance treatment with bevacizumab/pemetrexed did not confer a significant increase in overall survival vs bevacizumab alone on follow up analysis.


title: Bevacizumab

text: The National Comprehensive Cancer Network recommends bevacizumab as standard first-line treatment in combination with any platinum-based chemotherapy, followed by maintenance bevacizumab until disease progression. Higher doses are usually given with carboplatin-based chemotherapy, whereas the lower dose is usually given with cisplatin-based chemotherapy.


title: Bevacizumab

text: In the EU, bevacizumab, in addition to platinum-based chemotherapy, is indicated for first-line treatment of adults with unresectable advanced, metastatic or recurrent non-small cell lung cancer other than predominantly squamous cell histology. Bevacizumab, in combination with erlotinib, is indicated for first-line treatment of adults with unresectable advanced, metastatic or recurrent non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) activating mutations.


title: Bevacizumab

text: In December 2010, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) notified its intention to remove the breast cancer indication from bevacizumab, saying that it had not been shown to be safe and effective in breast cancer patients. The combined data from four different clinical trials showed that bevacizumab neither prolonged overall survival nor slowed disease progression sufficiently to outweigh the risk it presents to patients. This only prevented Genentech from marketing bevacizumab for breast cancer. Doctors are free to prescribe bevacizumab off label, although insurance companies are less likely to approve off-label treatments. In June 2011, an FDA panel unanimously rejected an appeal by Roche. A panel of cancer experts ruled for a second time that Avastin should no longer be used in breast cancer patients, clearing the way for the U.S. government to remove its endorsement from the drug. The June 2011 meeting of the FDA's oncologic drug advisory committee was the last step in an appeal by the drug's maker. The committee concluded that breast cancer clinical studies of patients taking Avastin have shown no advantage in survival rates, no improvement in quality of life, and significant side effects.


title: Bevacizumab

text: On 11 October 2011, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced that the agency was revoking the agency's approval of the breast cancer indication for bevacizumab after concluding that the drug had not been shown to be safe and effective for that use.


title: Bevacizumab

text: In the EU, bevacizumab in combination with paclitaxel is indicated for first-line treatment of adults with metastatic breast cancer. Bevacizumab in combination with capecitabine is indicated for first-line treatment of adults with metastatic breast cancer in whom treatment with other chemotherapy options including taxanes or anthracyclines is not considered appropriate.


title: Bevacizumab

text: In certain renal (kidney) cancers, bevacizumab improves the progression free survival time but not survival time. In 2009, the FDA approved bevacizumab for use in metastatic renal cell cancer (a form of kidney cancer). following earlier reports of activity EU approval was granted in 2007.


title: Bevacizumab

text: In the EU, bevacizumab in combination with interferon alfa-2a is indicated for first-line treatment of adults with advanced and/or metastatic renal cell cancer.


title: Bevacizumab

text: Bevacizumab slows tumor growth but does not affect overall survival in people with glioblastoma multiforme. The FDA granted accelerated approval for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma multiforme in May 2009. A 2018 Cochrane review deemed there to not be good evidence for its use in recurrences either.


title: Bevacizumab

text: Many diseases of the eye, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy, damage the retina and cause blindness when blood vessels around the retina grow abnormally and leak fluid, causing the layers of the retina to separate. This abnormal growth is caused by VEGF, so bevacizumab has been successfully used to inhibit VEGF and slow this growth.


title: Bevacizumab

text: Bevacizumab has been used by ophthalmologists in an off-label use as an intravitreal agent in the treatment of proliferative (neovascular) eye diseases, particularly for choroidal neovascular membrane (CNV) in AMD. The injection of 1.25–2.5 mg of bevacizumab into the vitreous cavity has been performed without significant intraocular toxicity. Many retina specialists have noted impressive results in the setting of CNV, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, neovascular glaucoma, diabetic macular edema, retinopathy of prematurity and macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusions.


title: Bevacizumab

text: Several reviews concluded that similar results concerning effects and safety were obtained using either bevacizumab or ranibizumab.


title: Bevacizumab

text: In 2018, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved bevacizumab in combination with chemotherapy for stage III or IV of ovarian cancer after initial surgical operation, followed by single-agent bevacizumab. The approval was based on a study of the addition of bevacizumab to carboplatin and paclitaxel. Progression-free survival was increased to 18 months from 13 months.


title: Bevacizumab

text: In the EU, bevacizumab, in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel is indicated for the front-line treatment of adults with advanced (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stages IIIB, IIIC and IV) epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer. Bevacizumab, in combination with carboplatin and gemcitabine or in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel, is indicated for treatment of adults with first recurrence of platinum-sensitive epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer who have not received prior therapy with bevacizumab or other VEGF inhibitors or VEGF receptor-targeted agents.


title: Bevacizumab

text: In May 2020, the Food and Drug Administration expanded the indication of olaparib to include its combination with bevacizumab for first-line maintenance treatment of adults with advanced epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer who are in complete or partial response to first-line platinum-based chemotherapy and whose cancer is associated with homologous recombination deficiency positive status defined by either a deleterious or suspected deleterious BRCA mutation, and/or genomic instability.


title: Bevacizumab

text: In the EU, bevacizumab, in combination with paclitaxel and cisplatin or, alternatively, paclitaxel and topotecan in people who cannot receive platinum therapy, is indicated for the treatment of adults with persistent, recurrent, or metastatic carcinoma of the cervix.


title: Bevacizumab

text: Bevacizumab is usually given intravenously every 14 days. In colon cancer, it is given in combination with the chemotherapy drug 5-FU (5-fluorouracil), leucovorin, and oxaliplatin or irinotecan. For treatment of eye diseases it is injected intravitreously.


title: Bevacizumab

text: Dr Philip Rosenfeld developed off-label use of bevacizumab for age-related macular degeneration. Bevacizumab and ranibizumab have been shown to demonstrate equivalent effects on visual acuity in multiple large randomized comparative clinical trials conducted by US and European ophthalmologists.


title: Bevacizumab

text: Bevacizumab inhibits the growth of blood vessels, which is part of the body's normal healing and maintenance. The body grows new blood vessels in wound healing, and as collateral circulation around blocked or atherosclerotic blood vessels. One concern is that bevacizumab will interfere with these normal processes, and worsen conditions like coronary artery disease or peripheral artery disease.


title: Bevacizumab

text: The main side effects are hypertension and heightened risk of bleeding. Bowel perforation has been reported. Fatigue and infection are also common.


title: Bevacizumab

text: In advanced lung cancer, less than half of patients qualify for treatment. Nasal septum perforation and renal thrombotic microangiopathy have been reported. In December 2010, the FDA warned of the risk of developing perforations in the body, including in the nose, stomach, and intestines.


title: Bevacizumab

text: In 2013, Hoffmann-La Roche announced that the drug was associated with 52 cases of necrotizing fasciitis from 1997 to 2012, of which 17 patients died. About 2/3 of cases involved patients with colorectal cancer, or patients with gastrointestinal perforations or fistulas.


title: Bevacizumab

text: These effects are largely avoided in ophthalmological use since the drug is introduced directly into the eye thus minimizing any effects on the rest of the body.


title: Bevacizumab

text: Neurological adverse events include reversible posterior encephalopathy syndrome. Ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes are also possible.


title: Bevacizumab

text: Protein in the urine occurs in approximately 20% of people. This does not require permanent discontinuation of the drug. Nonetheless, the presence of nephrotic syndrome necessitates permanent discontinuation of bevacizumab.


title: Bevacizumab

text: Bevacizumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody that blocks angiogenesis by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A). VEGF-A is a growth factor protein that stimulates angiogenesis in a variety of diseases, especially in cancer. Bevacizumab is the first available angiogenesis inhibitor in the United States.


title: Bevacizumab

text: Bevacizumab was originally derived from a mouse monoclonal antibody generated from mice immunized with the 165-residue form of recombinant human vascular endothelial growth factor. It was humanized by retaining the binding region and replacing the rest with a human full light chain and a human truncated IgG1 heavy chain, with some other substitutions. The resulting plasmid was transfected into Chinese hamster ovary cells which are grown in industrial fermentation systems.


title: Bevacizumab

text: Bevacizumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody and in 2004, it became the first clinically used angiogenesis inhibitor. Its development was based on the discovery of human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a protein that stimulated blood vessel growth, in the laboratory of Genentech scientist Napoleone Ferrara. Ferrara later demonstrated that antibodies against VEGF inhibit tumor growth in mice. His work validated the hypothesis of Judah Folkman, proposed in 1971, that stopping angiogenesis might be useful in controlling cancer growth.


title: Bevacizumab

text: It received its first approval in the United States in 2004, for combination use with standard chemotherapy for metastatic colon cancer. It has since been approved for use in certain lung cancers, renal cancers, ovarian cancers, and glioblastoma multiforme of the brain.


title: Bevacizumab

text: In 2008, bevacizumab was approved for breast cancer by the FDA, but the approval was revoked on 18 November 2011 because, although there was evidence that it slowed progression of metastatic breast cancer, there was no evidence that it extended life or improved quality of life, and it caused adverse effects including severe high blood pressure and hemorrhaging.


title: Bevacizumab

text: In 2008, the FDA gave bevacizumab provisional approval for metastatic breast cancer, subject to further studies. The FDA's advisory panel had recommended against approval. In July 2010, after new studies failed to show a significant benefit, the FDA's advisory panel recommended against the indication for advanced breast cancer. Genentech requested a hearing, which was granted in June 2011. The FDA ruled to withdraw the breast cancer indication in November 2011. FDA approval is required for Genentech to market a drug for that indication. Doctors may sometimes prescribe it for that indication, although insurance companies are less likely to pay for it.


title: Bevacizumab

text: The drug remains approved for breast cancer use in other countries, including Australia. It has been funded by the English NHS Cancer Drugs Fund, but in January 2015 it was proposed to remove it from the approved list.


title: Bevacizumab

text: In 2015, there was a fierce debate in the UK and other European countries concerning the choice of prescribing bevacizumab or ranibizumab (Lucentis) for wet AMD. In the UK, part of the tension was between on the one hand, both the European Medicines Agency and the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency which had approved Lucentis but not Avastin for wet AMD, and their interest in ensuring that doctors to do not use medicines off-label when there are other, approved medications for the same indication, and on the other hand, NICE in the UK, which sets treatment guidelines, and has been unable so far to appraise Avastin as a first-line treatment, in order to save money for the National Health Service. Novartis and Roche (which respectively have marketing rights and ownership rights for Avastin) had not conducted clinical trials to get approval for Avastin for wet AMD and had no intention of doing so. Further, both companies lobbied against treatment guidelines that would make Avastin a first-line treatment, and when government-funded studies comparing the two drugs were published, they published papers emphasizing the risks of using Avastin for wet AMD.


title: Bevacizumab

text: On 28 March 2007, the European Commission approved bevacizumab in combination with paclitaxel for the first-line treatment of metastatic breast cancer.


title: Bevacizumab

text: In 2008, the FDA approved bevacizumab for use in breast cancer. A panel of outside advisers voted 5 to 4 against approval, but their recommendations were overruled. The panel expressed concern that data from the clinical trial did not show any increase in quality of life or prolonging of life for patients—two important benchmarks for late-stage cancer treatments. The clinical trial did show that bevacizumab reduced tumor volumes and showed an increase in progression free survival time. It was based on this data that the FDA chose to overrule the recommendation of the panel of advisers. This decision was lauded by patient advocacy groups and some oncologists. Other oncologists felt that granting approval for late-stage cancer therapies that did not prolong or increase the quality of life for patients would give license to pharmaceutical companies to ignore these important benchmarks when developing new late-stage cancer therapies.


title: Bevacizumab

text: In 2010, before the FDA announcement, The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) updated the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines for Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for Breast Cancer to affirm the recommendation regarding the use of bevacizumab in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.


title: Bevacizumab

text: In 2011, the US Food and Drug Administration removed bevacizumab indication for metastatic breast cancer after concluding that the drug has not been shown to be safe and effective. The specific indication that was withdrawn was for the use of bevacizumab in metastatic breast cancer, with paclitaxel for the treatment of people who have not received chemotherapy for metastatic HER2-negative breast cancer.


title: Bevacizumab

text: On Tuesday, 14 February 2012, Roche and its U.S. biotech unit Genentech announced that counterfeit Avastin had been distributed in the United States. The investigation is ongoing, but differences in the outer packaging make identification of the bogus drugs simple for medical providers. Roche analyzed three bogus vials of Avastin and found they contained salt, starch, citrate, isopropanol, propanediol, t-butanol, benzoic acid, di-fluorinated benzene ring, acetone and phthalate moiety, but no active ingredients of the cancer drug. According to Roche, the levels of the chemicals were not consistent; whether the chemicals were at harmful concentrations could not therefore be determined. The counterfeit Avastin has been traced back to Egypt, and it entered legitimate supply chains via Europe to the United States.


title: Bevacizumab

text: In July 2014, two pharming companies, PlantForm and PharmaPraxis, announced plans to commercialize a biosimilar version of bevacizumab made using a tobacco expression system in collaboration with the Fraunhofer Center for Molecular Biology.


title: Bevacizumab

text: In September 2017, the US FDA approved Amgen's biosimilar (generic name bevacizumab-awwb, product name Mvasi) for six cancer indications.


title: Bevacizumab

text: In February 2019, Zirabev was approved for use in the European Union. Zirabev was approved for medical use in the United States in June 2019, and in Australia in November 2019.


title: Bevacizumab

text: On 28 January 2021, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Alymsys, intended for the treatment of carcinoma of the colon or rectum, breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell cancer, epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer, and carcinoma of the cervix. Alymsys was approved for medical use in the European Union in March 2021.


title: Bevacizumab

text: Abevmy was approved for medical use in the European Union in April 2021, and in Australia in September 2021.


title: Bevacizumab

text: A study released in April 2009, found that bevacizumab is not effective at preventing recurrences of non-metastatic colon cancer following surgery.


title: Bevacizumab

text: Bevacizumab has been tested in ovarian cancer where it has shown improvement in progression-free survival but not in overall survival. and glioblastoma multiforme where it failed to improve overall survival.


title: Bevacizumab

text: Bevacizumab has been investigated as a possible treatment of pancreatic cancer, as an addition to chemotherapy, but studies have shown no improvement in survival. It may also cause higher rates of high blood pressure, bleeding in the stomach and intestine, and intestinal perforations.


title: Bevacizumab

text: The drug has also undergone trials as an addition to established chemotherapy protocols and surgery in the treatment of pediatric osteosarcoma, and other sarcomas, such as leiomyosarcoma.


title: Bevacizumab

text: Bevacizumab has been studied as a treatment for cancers that grow from the nerve connecting the ear and the brain.


title: Thomas Dekker (actor)

text: Thomas Alexander Dekker (born December 28, 1987) is an American actor, musician, singer, director and producer. He is known for his roles as in "", Adam Conant on "The Secret Circle", and Zach on "Heroes".


title: Thomas Dekker (actor)

text: Dekker did the voice of Littlefoot in "The Land Before Time V-IX" (singing voice in "") and as Fievel Mousekewitz in "" and "". He played Jesse Braun in the 2010 remake of "A Nightmare on Elm Street", and Smith in Gregg Araki's film "Kaboom". Dekker starred as Gregory Valentine in the TV show "Backstrom".


title: Thomas Dekker (actor)

text: Dekker was born in Las Vegas, Nevada. His mother, Hilary (née Williams), is a concert pianist, acting coach, actor, and singer from Wales, and his late father, David John Ellis Dekker, was an American artist, set designer, opera singer, and actor of English and Dutch ancestry. His maternal grandfather was Alun Williams, a radio broadcaster for the British Broadcasting Corporation. As a child, he and his parents moved all over the world, including his mother's native United Kingdom and Canada.


title: Thomas Dekker (actor)

text: Starting his acting career at age six, Dekker was first seen in the soap "The Young and the Restless". He then appeared in "Star Trek Generations," two episodes of "" and the film "Village of the Damned" (1995). Dekker also appeared as a child actor on "Seinfeld" (season 5, episode 16, 1994) and as Bobby (season 7, episode 4, 1995). In 1997, he became a regular on the Disney Channel show "" which is based on the movie of the same name where he played Nick Szalinski for three years. After the show ended in 2000, he went on to appear in "Run of the House", "Fillmore!", "", "House", "Boston Public", "Reba" and "7th Heaven". He appeared in films such as "Campus Confidential" and "". Dekker has won three Young Artist Awards for his work in "The Land Before Time" films and one for his guest appearance on "Boston Public". In 2001, he played the part of young Donny Osmond in the film "Inside the Osmonds".


title: Thomas Dekker (actor)

text: In 2006, Dekker landed a recurring role on "Heroes" playing the character of Zach (Claire Bennet's best friend). He played Zach for eleven episodes before leaving "Heroes" to take a starring role in Fox's new show "" as , starring opposite Lena Headey and Summer Glau. That show debuted January 13, 2008 and was canceled on May 18, 2009. Dekker also played the lead character Nate Palmer in the web-based science fiction series "IQ-145".


title: Thomas Dekker (actor)

text: In 2009, Dekker appeared in "From Within" (filmed in 2007), "My Sister's Keeper", a drama in which he starred with Cameron Diaz, Alec Baldwin, Abigail Breslin and "Medium" star Sofia Vassilieva, and "Laid to Rest" alongside Lena Headey. In 2010, Dekker starred in the remake of "A Nightmare on Elm Street", released on April 30, 2010. His character's name was Jesse Braun, loosely based on the character Rod Lane in the original. That same year he also had a role in "All About Evil", an indie horror film.