title: Legal person

text: In some common law jurisdictions a distinction is drawn between "corporation aggregate" (such as a company, which is composed of a number of members) and a "corporation sole", which is a public office of legal personality separated from the individual holding the office (these entities have separate legal personality). Historically most corporations sole were ecclesiastical in nature (for example, the office of the Archbishop of Canterbury is a corporation sole), but a number of other public offices are now formed as corporations sole.


title: Legal person

text: The concept of juridical personality is not absolute. "Piercing the corporate veil" refers to looking at the individual natural persons acting as agents involved in a company action or decision; this may result in a legal decision in which the rights or duties of a corporation or public limited company are treated as the rights or liabilities of that corporation's members or directors.


title: Legal person

text: The concept of a juridical person is now central to Western law in both common-law and civil-law countries, but it is also found in virtually every other legal system.


title: Legal person

text: Not all organizations have legal personality. For example, the board of directors of a corporation, legislature, or governmental agency typically are not legal persons in that they have no ability to exercise legal rights independent of the corporation or political body which they are a part of.


title: Legal person

text: The concept of legal personhood for organizations of people is at least as old as Ancient Rome: a variety of collegial institutions enjoyed the benefit under Roman law.


title: Legal person

text: The doctrine has been attributed to Pope Innocent IV, who seems at least to have helped spread the idea of "persona ficta" as it is called in Latin. In canon law, the doctrine of "persona ficta" allowed monasteries to have a legal existence that was apart from the monks, simplifying the difficulty in balancing the need for such groups to have infrastructure though the monks took vows of personal poverty. Another effect of this was that, as a fictional person, a monastery could not be held guilty of delict due to not having a soul, helping to protect the organization from non-contractual obligations to surrounding communities. This effectively moved such liability to persons acting within the organization while protecting the structure itself, since persons were considered to have a soul and therefore capable of negligence and able to be excommunicated.


title: Legal person

text: In the common law tradition, only a person could possess legal rights. To allow them to function, the legal personality of a corporation was established to include five legal rights—the right to a common treasury or chest (including the right to own property), the right to a corporate seal (i.e., the right to make and sign contracts), the right to sue and be sued (to enforce contracts), the right to hire agents (employees) and the right to make by-laws (self-governance).


title: Legal person

text: Since the 19th century, legal personhood has been further construed to make it a citizen, resident, or domiciliary of a state (usually for purposes of personal jurisdiction). In "Louisville, C. & C.R. Co. v. Letson", 2 How. 497, 558, 11 L.Ed. 353 (1844), the U.S. Supreme Court held that for the purposes of the case at hand, a corporation is "capable of being treated as a citizen of [the State which created it], as much as a natural person." Ten years later, they reaffirmed the result of Letson, though on the somewhat different theory that "those who use the corporate name, and exercise the faculties conferred by it," should be presumed conclusively to be citizens of the corporation's State of incorporation. Marshall v. Baltimore & Ohio R. Co., 16 How. 314, 329, 14 L.Ed. 953 (1854). These concepts have been codified by statute, as U.S. jurisdictional statutes specifically address the domicile of corporations.


title: Legal person

text: Indian law defines two types of "legal person", the human beings as well as certain non-human entities which are given the same legal judicial personality as human beings. The non-human entities given the "legal person" status by the law ""have rights and co-relative duties; they can sue and be sued, can possess and transfer property"". Since these non-human entities are ""voiceless"" they are legally represented ""through guardians and representatives"" to claim their legal rights and to fulfill their legal duties and responsibilities. Specific non-human entities given the status of ""legal person"" include ""corporate personality, body politic, charitable unions etc,"" as well as trust estates, deities, temples, churches, mosques, hospitals, universities, colleges, banks, railways, municipalities, and gram panchayats (village councils), rivers, all animals and birds.


title: Legal person

text: In court cases regarding corporates, the shareholders are not responsible for the company's debts but the company itself being a "legal person" is liable to repay those debts or be sued for the non-repayment of debts.


title: Legal person

text: In court cases regarding animals, the animals have the status of ""legal person"" and humans have the legal duty to act as "loco parentis" towards animals welfare like a parent has towards the minor children. A court while deciding the ""Animal Welfare Board of India vs Nagaraja"" case in 2014 mandated that animals are also entitled to the fundamental right to freedom enshrined in the Article 21 of Constitution of India i.e. right to life, personal liberty and the right to die with dignity (passive euthanasia). In another case, a court in Uttarakhand state mandated that animals have the same rights as humans. In another case of cow-smuggling, the Punjab and Haryana High Court mandated that ""entire animal kingdom including avian and aquatic"" species has a ""distinct legal persona with corresponding rights, duties, and liabilities of a living person"" and humans are ""loco parentis"" while laying out the norms for animal welfare, veterinary treatment, fodder and shelter, e.g. animal drawn carriages must not have more than four humans, and load carrying animals must not be loaded beyond the specified limits and those limits must be halved when animals have to carry the load up a slope.


title: Legal person

text: In court cases regarding religious entities, the deity (deity or god is a supernatural being considered divine or sacred) is also a ""legal person"" who can engage in legal cases through ""trustees"" or ""managing board in charge of the temple"". Supreme Court of India (SC), while deciding Ayodhya case of Ram Janmabhoomi, decided in 2010 that the deity Rama in the specific temple was a "legal entity" entitled to be represented by their own lawyer appointed by the trustees acting on behalf of the deity. Similarly, in 2018 SC decided that the deity Ayyappan is a ""legal person"" with ""the right to privacy"" in the court case regarding the entry of women to Sabarimala shrine of Lord Ayyapan.


title: Legal person

text: Under the Indian law, the ""shebaitship"" is the property owned by the deity or idol as a "legal person". Humans appointed to act on behalf of deity are called the ""shebait"". A shebait acts as the guardian or custodian of deity to protect the right of deity and fulfill the legal duties of the deity. Shebait is similar to a trustee in case the deity or temple does have a legally registered trust or entity. Under the Hindu Law property gifted or offered as rituals or donations, etc absolutely belongs to the deity and not to the shebait. Case example are ""Profulla Chrone Requitte vs Satya Chorone Requitte, AIR 1979 SC 1682 (1686): (1979) 3 SCC 409: (1979) 3 SCR 431. (ii)"" and ""Shambhu Charan Shukla vs Thakur Ladli Radha Chandra Madan Gopalji Maharaj, AIR 1985 SC 905 (909): (1985) 2 SCC 524: (1985) 3 SCR 372"".


title: Legal person

text: India and New Zealand both recognised the legal rights of rivers in 2017. In court cases regarding natural entities, the Uttarakhand High Court, mandated that the river Ganges and Yamuna as well as all water bodies are ""living entities"" i.e. ""legal person"" and appointed three humans as trustees to protect the rights of rivers against the pollution caused by the humans, e.g. ""pilgrims's bathing rituals"".


title: Legal person

text: Section 28 of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 provides: "... the provisions of this Bill of Rights apply, so far as practicable, for the benefit of all legal persons as well as for the benefit of all natural persons."


title: Legal person

text: In part based on the principle that legal persons are simply natural persons and their organizations , and in part based on the history of statutory interpretation of the word "person", the US Supreme Court has repeatedly held that certain constitutional rights protect legal persons (such as corporations and other organizations). "Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad" is sometimes cited for this finding because the court reporter's comments included a statement the Chief Justice made before oral arguments began, telling the attorneys during pre-trial that "the court does not wish to hear argument on the question whether the provision in the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which forbids a State to deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws, applies to these corporations. We are all of the opinion that it does."


title: Legal person

text: Later opinions interpreted these pre-argument comments as part of the legal decision. As a result, because of the First Amendment, Congress may not make a law restricting the free speech of a corporation or a political action group or dictating the coverage of a local newspaper, and because of the Due Process Clause, a state government may not take the property of a corporation without using due process of law and providing just compensation. These protections apply to all legal entities, not just corporations.


title: Legal person

text: A prominent component of relevant case law is the Supreme Court decision "Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission", which ruled unconstitutional certain restrictions on corporate campaign spending during elections.


title: Legal person

text: In Act II, Scene 1 of Gilbert and Sullivan's 1889 opera, "The Gondoliers", Giuseppe Palmieri (who serves, jointly with his brother Marco, as King of Barataria) requests that he and his brother be also recognized individually so that they might each receive individual portions of food as they have "two independent appetites". He is, however, turned down by the Court (made up of fellow Gondolieri) because the joint rule "... is a legal person, and legal person are solemn things."


title: Cecil Kelley criticality accident

text: A criticality accident occurred on December 30, 1958, at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico, in the United States. It is one of 60 known criticality events that have occurred outside the controlled conditions of a nuclear reactor or test, though it was the third such event that took place in 1958 after events on June 16 at the Y-12 Plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and on October 15 at the Vinča Nuclear Institute in Vinča, Yugoslavia. The accident involved plutonium compounds dissolved in liquid chemical reagents; within 35 hours, it killed chemical operator Cecil Kelley by severe radiation poisoning.


title: Cecil Kelley criticality accident

text: Cecil Kelley was a 38-year-old chemical operator with 11 years of experience; he had spent more than half of this time at the Los Alamos lab, where one of his duties was to operate a large, 1000-liter capacity, stainless-steel mixing tank. The tank contained residual plutonium-239—a mostly man-made element existing in trace amounts in nature—from other experiments and applications, along with various organic solvents and acids in an aqueous solution for the purpose of recovery and reuse. In pure form and under normal temperature and pressure conditions, plutonium is a solid, silvery metal. It tarnishes quickly when exposed to air and readily dissolves in concentrated hydrochloric, hydroiodic, and perchloric acids, as well as others. On the day of the accident, the mixing tank was supposed to contain a "lean" concentration of dissolved plutonium (≤0.1 g of plutonium per liter of solution) in a bath of highly corrosive nitric acid and a caustic, stabilized, aqueous, organic emulsion. The concentration of plutonium in the mixing tank was nearly 200 times higher than Kelley anticipated, however, as a result of at least two improper transfers of plutonium waste to the tank from undetermined sources. Additionally, the plutonium was distributed unevenly, with the upper layer of solution containing especially high concentrations, amounting to a total of over 3 kg of plutonium, dangerously close to criticality. When Kelley switched on the mixer, a vortex began to form. The denser aqueous layer within the tank was forced outward and upward forming a "bowl", and the less dense, plutonium-rich layer was drawn toward the vessel's center.


title: Cecil Kelley criticality accident

text: Among other ideal characteristics, the optimal shape for any fissile substance to become supercritical is the shape of least surface area, a sphere. Although the plutonium-rich solution was not spherical, the vortex made it thicker in the center, and this, along with the corresponding increase in density and the neutron reflectivity of the aqueous layer surrounding it, caused the dissolved plutonium to reach and cross the criticality threshold in approximately one second: neutrons within the mixture began to bombard the nuclei of the solution's plutonium atoms with sufficient frequency to cause these atoms to break apart and release other neutrons in a sustained nuclear chain reaction lasting only 200 microseconds but releasing a huge burst of neutrons and gamma radiation. Such an uncontrolled release of nuclear energy is often referred to as an excursion. Within 3 seconds, the layers in the mixture had become dispersed, and no further excursions were possible.


title: Cecil Kelley criticality accident

text: Kelley had been standing on a ladder looking at the contents of the mixing tank through a viewing window when the excursion event occurred. Two other technicians working within the laboratory witnessed a bright flash of blue light followed by the sound of a thud. The power burst either caused Kelley to collapse or knocked him off the ladder, and he had fallen to the ground. He arose disoriented, and apparently switched the mixer off and then back on again before running out of the building. The other technicians found him there in the snow in a state of ataxia (uncoordinated muscle movement) and repeating the phrase, "I'm burning up! I'm burning up!"


title: Cecil Kelley criticality accident

text: Because the possibility of an excursion taking place in a mixing tank had been considered to be virtually non-existent, the technicians decided that Kelley must have somehow been exposed to either alpha radiation, the acid bath, or both, and one of them took him to a chemical shower while the other switched off the mixer. Additional staff members arrived at the scene within minutes to find Kelley virtually unconscious. The bright pink color of his face indicated erythema (redness of the skin) brought on by cutaneous radiation syndrome.


title: Cecil Kelley criticality accident

text: Any accident at Los Alamos involving a radioactive substance requires an immediate investigation by a team of radiation monitoring staff. Even before Kelley was taken to an emergency room, these staff members began an examination of the mixing room with radiation detectors capable of assessing the alpha radiation emitted by escaped plutonium. Alpha activity would have been widespread if any of the plutonium mixture had escaped from the tank, but none was found. Eighteen minutes later, the team began searching for gamma radiation, and were surprised to find intense gamma radiation near the mixing tank, on the order of tens of rads per hour. Such intense gamma radiation could only be produced by significant amounts of fission product; this, combined with the otherwise inexplicable flash of light reported by the other two technicians, was sufficient to confirm that a criticality accident had occurred.


title: Cecil Kelley criticality accident

text: For the first hour and forty minutes following the accident, Kelley had been incoherent, and had gone through waves of intense vomiting and retching. He then stabilized, was once again able to converse normally, and was able to have his pulse taken and his blood drawn. The blood sample indicated that Kelley had been exposed to approximately 9 Gy from fast neutrons and 27 Gy from gamma rays, for a total of 36 Gy. For an adult human, exposure to 2 Gy from an unfocused radiation source such as an excursion will cause radiation sickness but is not considered definitely lethal; 2.4–3.4 Gy is the median lethal dose; a dose of 5 Gy almost always kills. Kelley had received more than seven times the adult human lethal dose. Although the medical staff in the emergency room took steps to ease his pain with pethidine and morphine, previous research on radiation exposure in animals indicated Kelley's death was inevitable. Within six hours his lymphocytes were all but gone. A bone biopsy performed 24 hours after the incident produced bone marrow that was watery and contained no red blood cells. Numerous blood transfusions had no lasting helpful effect: Only 35 hours after his initial exposure and after a final bout of intense restlessness, agitation, sweating, becoming ashen-skinned, and having an irregular pulse, Kelley would die of heart failure.


title: Cecil Kelley criticality accident

text: An investigation into the circumstances of the accident never resulted in a public explanation of how the mixing tank became filled with such a high concentration of plutonium; initially, the blame was placed on Kelley himself.


title: Cecil Kelley criticality accident

text: Robert L. Nance, a colleague of Kelley, was the chemist assigned to recover the remaining plutonium in the tank. This task revealed to him that the solvent in the tank was not as potent as expected (possibly broken down by extended exposure to radiation), so there may have been a build up to a higher concentration for that reason. The report prepared by Nance was not approved to be published.


title: Cecil Kelley criticality accident

text: Although Kelley had neither ingested nor inhaled any plutonium during the accident, he, like many laboratory technicians at Los Alamos, had been exposed to minute particles of airborne plutonium over the course of several years. An event such as this was therefore considered an "experiment of opportunity." Careful records were kept of every moment of Kelley's life from accident through death and onto the autopsy table. His organs were kept for pathological examination and their plutonium levels analyzed. The results of these tissue analyses were considered fundamental to understanding what would happen to a population during a nuclear attack and impossible to obtain any other way. Although the bone marrow biopsy of Kelley's sternum was performed under the premise that the physicians wished to determine if he were a candidate for a bone marrow transplant, Kelley's death was inevitable, and an actual transplant was not seriously considered.


title: Cecil Kelley criticality accident

text: Kelley's death left a widow, Doris Kelley, and two children, then aged eight years and 18 months. Doris Kelley did not receive notification while he was still alive that her husband had been irradiated, and only learned of his death from the laboratory authority when representatives visited her at her home shortly afterward. Assuring her verbally that they would provide her with financial compensation for her husband's death, they convinced her not to file any lawsuits against the laboratory. Despite such assurances, the only compensation Doris Kelley received was a lifetime-level position working for the lab itself at near-poverty levels, until she had to retire for health reasons.


title: Cecil Kelley criticality accident

text: In 1996, Doris Kelley and her daughter, Katie Kelley-Mareau, filed a lawsuit against Clarence Lushbaugh, the pathologist who performed the autopsy on Cecil Kelley. The case alleged the misconduct of doctors, the hospital, and the administration of Los Alamos in removing organs from the deceased without consent from next-of-kin over a span of many years (1958–1980). Kelley's autopsy was the first instance of this type of post-mortem analysis, but there were many more performed by Lushbaugh and others in later years at Los Alamos. During a deposition for the case, Lushbaugh, when asked who gave him the authority to take of organs and tissue from Kelley's body, said, "God gave me permission." The class action suit was settled by the defendants for about $9.5 million in 2002 and an additional $800,000 in 2007. None of the defendants admitted any wrongdoing.


title: Characteristic function (probability theory)

text: In probability theory and statistics, the characteristic function of any real-valued random variable completely defines its probability distribution. If a random variable admits a probability density function, then the characteristic function is the Fourier transform of the probability density function. Thus it provides an alternative route to analytical results compared with working directly with probability density functions or cumulative distribution functions. There are particularly simple results for the characteristic functions of distributions defined by the weighted sums of random variables.


text: In addition to univariate distributions, characteristic functions can be defined for vector- or matrix-valued random variables, and can also be extended to more generic cases.


text: The characteristic function always exists when treated as a function of a real-valued argument, unlike the moment-generating function. There are relations between the behavior of the characteristic function of a distribution and properties of the distribution, such as the existence of moments and the existence of a density function.


text: The characteristic function provides an alternative way for describing a random variable. Similar to the cumulative distribution function,


text: (where 1 is the indicator function — it is equal to 1 when , and zero otherwise), which completely determines the behavior and properties of the probability distribution of the random variable "X". The characteristic function,


text: also completely determines the behavior and properties of the probability distribution of the random variable "X". The two approaches are equivalent in the sense that knowing one of the functions it is always possible to find the other, yet they provide different insights for understanding the features of the random variable. Moreover, in particular cases, there can be differences in whether these functions can be represented as expressions involving simple standard functions.


text: If a random variable admits a density function, then the characteristic function is its Fourier dual, in the sense that each of them is a Fourier transform of the other. If a random variable has a moment-generating function formula_3, then the domain of the characteristic function can be extended to the complex plane, and


text: Note however that the characteristic function of a distribution always exists, even when the probability density function or moment-generating function do not.


text: The characteristic function approach is particularly useful in analysis of linear combinations of independent random variables: a classical proof of the Central Limit Theorem uses characteristic functions and Lévy's continuity theorem. Another important application is to the theory of the decomposability of random variables.


text: For a scalar random variable "X" the characteristic function is defined as the expected value of "e", where "i" is the imaginary unit, and is the argument of the characteristic function:


text: Here "F" is the cumulative distribution function of "X", and the integral is of the Riemann–Stieltjes kind. If a random variable "X" has a probability density function "f", then the characteristic function is its Fourier transform with sign reversal in the complex exponential. "Q"("p") is the inverse cumulative distribution function of "X" also called the quantile function of "X".


text: This convention for the constants appearing in the definition of the characteristic function differs from the usual convention for the Fourier transform. For example, some authors define , which is essentially a change of parameter. Other notation may be encountered in the literature: formula_6 as the characteristic function for a probability measure "p", or formula_7 as the characteristic function corresponding to a density "f".


text: The notion of characteristic functions generalizes to multivariate random variables and more complicated random elements. The argument of the characteristic function will always belong to the continuous dual of the space where the random variable "X" takes its values. For common cases such definitions are listed below:


text: The bijection stated above between probability distributions and characteristic functions is "sequentially continuous". That is, whenever a sequence of distribution functions "F"("x") converges (weakly) to some distribution "F"("x"), the corresponding sequence of characteristic functions φ("t") will also converge, and the limit φ("t") will correspond to the characteristic function of law "F". More formally, this is stated as


text: There is a one-to-one correspondence between cumulative distribution functions and characteristic functions, so it is possible to find one of these functions if we know the other. The formula in the definition of characteristic function allows us to compute "φ" when we know the distribution function "F" (or density "f"). If, on the other hand, we know the characteristic function "φ" and want to find the corresponding distribution function, then one of the following inversion theorems can be used.


text: Theorem. If the characteristic function "φ" of a random variable "X" is integrable, then "F" is absolutely continuous, and therefore "X" has a probability density function. In the univariate case (i.e. when "X" is scalar-valued) the density function is given by


text: The pdf is the Radon–Nikodym derivative of the distribution "μ" with respect to the Lebesgue measure "λ":


text: Theorem (Lévy). If "φ" is characteristic function of distribution function "F", two points "a" < "b" are such that is a continuity set of "μ" (in the univariate case this condition is equivalent to continuity of "F" at points "a" and "b"), then


text: The integral may be not Lebesgue-integrable; for example, when "X" is the discrete random variable that is always 0, it becomes the Dirichlet integral.


text: It is well known that any non-decreasing càdlàg function "F" with limits "F"(−∞) = 0, "F"(+∞) = 1 corresponds to a cumulative distribution function of some random variable. There is also interest in finding similar simple criteria for when a given function "φ" could be the characteristic function of some random variable. The central result here is Bochner’s theorem, although its usefulness is limited because the main condition of the theorem, non-negative definiteness, is very hard to verify. Other theorems also exist, such as Khinchine’s, Mathias’s, or Cramér’s, although their application is just as difficult. Pólya’s theorem, on the other hand, provides a very simple convexity condition which is sufficient but not necessary. Characteristic functions which satisfy this condition are called Pólya-type.


text: Bochner’s theorem. An arbitrary function "φ" : R → C is the characteristic function of some random variable if and only if "φ" is positive definite, continuous at the origin, and if "φ"(0) = 1.


text: Khinchine’s criterion. A complex-valued, absolutely continuous function "φ", with "φ"(0) = 1, is a characteristic function if and only if it admits the representation


text: Mathias’ theorem. A real-valued, even, continuous, absolutely integrable function "φ", with "φ"(0) = 1, is a characteristic function if and only if


text: Pólya’s theorem. If formula_69 is a real-valued, even, continuous function which satisfies the conditions


text: then "φ"("t") is the characteristic function of an absolutely continuous distribution symmetric about 0.


text: Because of the continuity theorem, characteristic functions are used in the most frequently seen proof of the central limit theorem. The main technique involved in making calculations with a characteristic function is recognizing the function as the characteristic function of a particular distribution.


text: Characteristic functions are particularly useful for dealing with linear functions of independent random variables. For example, if is a sequence of independent (and not necessarily identically distributed) random variables, and


text: The independence of "X" and "Y" is required to establish the equality of the third and fourth expressions.


text: Another special case of interest for identically distributed random variables is when and then "S" is the sample mean. In this case, writing for the mean,


text: Characteristic functions can also be used to find moments of a random variable. Provided that the "n" moment exists, the characteristic function can be differentiated "n" times and


text: For example, suppose "X" has a standard Cauchy distribution. Then . This is not differentiable at "t" = 0, showing that the Cauchy distribution has no expectation. Also, the characteristic function of the sample mean of "n" independent observations has characteristic function , using the result from the previous section. This is the characteristic function of the standard Cauchy distribution: thus, the sample mean has the same distribution as the population itself.


text: As a further example, suppose "X" follows a Gaussian distribution i.e. formula_79. Then formula_80 and


text: A similar calculation shows formula_82 and is easier to carry out than applying the definition of expectation and using integration by parts to evaluate formula_83.


text: The logarithm of a characteristic function is a cumulant generating function, which is useful for finding cumulants; some instead define the cumulant generating function as the logarithm of the moment-generating function, and call the logarithm of the characteristic function the "second" cumulant generating function.


text: Characteristic functions can be used as part of procedures for fitting probability distributions to samples of data. Cases where this provides a practicable option compared to other possibilities include fitting the stable distribution since closed form expressions for the density are not available which makes implementation of maximum likelihood estimation difficult. Estimation procedures are available which match the theoretical characteristic function to the empirical characteristic function, calculated from the data. Paulson et al. (1975) and Heathcote (1977) provide some theoretical background for such an estimation procedure. In addition, Yu (2004) describes applications of empirical characteristic functions to fit time series models where likelihood procedures are impractical. Empirical characteristic functions have also been used by Ansari et al. (2020) and Li et al. (2020) for training generative adversarial networks.


text: The gamma distribution with scale parameter θ and a shape parameter "k" has the characteristic function


text: with "X" and "Y" independent from each other, and we wish to know what the distribution of "X" + "Y" is. The characteristic functions are


text: This is the characteristic function of the gamma distribution scale parameter "θ" and shape parameter "k" + "k", and we therefore conclude


text: The result can be expanded to "n" independent gamma distributed random variables with the same scale parameter and we get


text: As defined above, the argument of the characteristic function is treated as a real number: however, certain aspects of the theory of characteristic functions are advanced by extending the definition into the complex plane by analytical continuation, in cases where this is possible.


text: Related concepts include the moment-generating function and the probability-generating function. The characteristic function exists for all probability distributions. This is not the case for the moment-generating function.


text: The characteristic function is closely related to the Fourier transform: the characteristic function of a probability density function "p"("x") is the complex conjugate of the continuous Fourier transform of "p"("x") (according to the usual convention; see continuous Fourier transform – other conventions).


text: where "P"("t") denotes the continuous Fourier transform of the probability density function "p"("x"). Likewise, "p"("x") may be recovered from "φ"("t") through the inverse Fourier transform:


text: Indeed, even when the random variable does not have a density, the characteristic function may be seen as the Fourier transform of the measure corresponding to the random variable.


text: Another related concept is the representation of probability distributions as elements of a reproducing kernel Hilbert space via the kernel embedding of distributions. This framework may be viewed as a generalization of the characteristic function under specific choices of the kernel function.


title: Sega CD

text: The Sega CD, released as the in most regions outside North America and Brazil, is a CD-ROM accessory for the Sega Genesis produced by Sega as part of the fourth generation of video game consoles. It was released on December 12, 1991, in Japan, October 15, 1992, in North America, and April 2, 1993, in Europe. The Sega CD plays CD games and adds hardware functionality such as a faster CPU and graphic enhancements such as sprite scaling and rotation. It can also play audio CDs and CD+G discs.


title: Sega CD

text: Sega sought to match the capabilities of the competing PC Engine CD-ROM² System, and added an additional CPU and custom graphics chip. They partnered with JVC to design the Sega CD. Fearful of leaks, Sega refused to consult with Sega of America until the project was complete; Sega of America assembled parts from dummy units to obtain a functioning unit. The Sega CD was redesigned several times by Sega and licensed third-party developers.


title: Sega CD

text: The main benefit of CD technology at the time was greater storage; CDs offered more than 320 times more space than Genesis cartridges. This benefit manifested as full-motion video (FMV) games such as the controversial "Night Trap", which became a focus of the 1993 congressional hearings on issues of video game violence and ratings.


title: Sega CD

text: The Sega CD game library featured acclaimed games such as "Sonic CD", "", "", "Popful Mail", and "Snatcher", but also many Genesis ports and poorly received FMV games. The high price of the Sega CD was also a contributing factor in its lack of success. Only 2.24 million Sega CD units were sold, after which Sega discontinued it to focus on the Sega Saturn. Retrospective reception has been mixed, with praise for some games and functions, but criticism for its dearth of deep games, high price, and lack of support from Sega. Sega's poor support for the Sega CD has been criticized as the beginning of the devaluation of its brand.


title: Sega CD

text: Released in 1988, the Genesis (known as the Mega Drive in most territories outside of North America) was Sega's entry into the fourth generation of video game consoles. In the early 1990s, Sega of America CEO Tom Kalinske helped make the Genesis a success by cutting the price, developing games for the American market with a new American team, continuing aggressive advertising campaigns, and selling "Sonic the Hedgehog" with the Genesis as a pack-in game.


title: Sega CD

text: By the early 1990s, compact discs (CDs) were making headway as a storage medium for music and video games. NEC had been the first to use CD technology in a video game console with their PC Engine CD-ROM² System add-on in October 1988 in Japan (launched in North America as the TurboGrafx-CD the following year), which sold 80,000 units in six months. That year, Nintendo announced a partnership with Sony to develop a CD-ROM peripheral for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES). Commodore International released their CD-based CDTV multimedia system in early 1991, while the CD-i from Philips arrived later that year. According to Nick Thorpe of "Retro Gamer", Sega would have received criticism from investors and observers had it not developed a CD-ROM game system.


title: Sega CD

text: Shortly after the release of the Genesis, Sega's Consumer Products Research and Development Labs, led by manager Tomio Takami, were tasked with creating a CD-ROM add-on. It was originally intended to equal the capabilities of the TurboGrafx-CD, but with twice as much random-access memory (RAM). In addition to relatively short loading times, Takami's team planned to implement hardware scaling and rotation similar to that of Sega's arcade games, which required a dedicated digital signal processor. A custom graphics chip would implement these features, alongside an additional sound chip manufactured by Ricoh. According to Kalinske, Sega was ambitious about what CD-ROM technology would do for video games, with its potential for "movie graphics", "rock and roll concert sound" and 3D animation.


title: Sega CD

text: Because the Genesis' Motorola 68000 CPU was too slow to handle the Sega CD's new graphical capabilities, an additional 68000 CPU was incorporated. This second CPU has a clock speed of 12.5 MHz, faster than the 7.67 MHz CPU in the Genesis. Responding to rumors that NEC planned a memory upgrade to bring the TurboGrafx-CD RAM from 0.5 Mbit to between 2 and 4 Mbit, Sega increased the Sega CD's available RAM from 1 Mbit to 6 Mbit. This proved to be a technical challenge, since the Sega CD's RAM access speed was initially too slow to run programs effectively, and the developers had to focus on increasing the speed. The estimated cost of the device rose to US$370, but market research convinced Sega executives that consumers would be willing to pay more for a state-of-the-art machine. Sega partnered with JVC, which had been working with Warner New Media to develop a CD player under the CD+G standard.


title: Sega CD

text: Sega of America was not informed of the project details until mid-1991. Despite being provided with preliminary technical documents earlier in the year, the American division was not given a functioning unit to test. According to former executive producer Michael Latham, "When you work at a multinational company, there are things that go well and there are things that don't. They didn't want to send us working Sega CD units. They wanted to send us dummies and not send us the working CD units until the last minute because they were concerned about what we would do with it and if it would leak out. It was very frustrating."


title: Sega CD

text: Latham and Sega of America vice president of licensing Shinobu Toyoda assembled a functioning Sega CD by acquiring a ROM for the system and installing it in a dummy unit. The American staff were frustrated by the Sega CD's construction. Former senior producer Scot Bayless said: "[It] was designed with a cheap, consumer-grade audio CD drive, not a CD-ROM. Quite late in the run-up to launch, the quality assurance teams started running into severe problems with many of the units—and when I say severe, I mean units literally bursting into flames. We worked around the clock, trying to catch the failure in-progress, and after about a week we finally realized what was happening." He said the problems were caused by the need for games to use more time-seeking data than the CD drive was designed to provide.


title: Sega CD

text: As early as 1990, magazines were covering a CD-ROM expansion for the Genesis. Sega announced the release of the Mega-CD in Japan for late 1991, and North America (as the Sega CD) in 1992. It was unveiled to the public at the 1991 Tokyo Toy Show, to positive reception from critics, and at the Consumer Electronic Show in Chicago in mid-1991. It was released in Japan on December 12, 1991, initially retailing at JP¥49,800. Though the Mega-CD sold quickly, the small install base of the Mega Drive in Japan meant that sales declined rapidly. Within its first three months, the Mega-CD sold 200,000 units, but only sold an additional 200,000 over the next three years. Third-party game development suffered because Sega took a long time to release software development kits. Other factors affecting sales included the high launch price of the Mega-CD in Japan and only two games available at launch, with only five published by Sega within the first year.


title: Sega CD

text: On October 15, 1992, the Mega-CD was released in North America as the Sega CD, with a retail price of US$299. Advertising included one of Sega's slogans, "Welcome to the Next Level". Though only 50,000 units were available at launch due to production problems, the Sega CD sold over 200,000 units by the end of 1992 and 300,000 by July 1993. As part of Sega's sales, Blockbuster LLC purchased Sega CD units for rental in their stores. Sega of America emphasized that the Sega CD's additional storage space allowed for full-motion video (FMV) games, with Digital Pictures becoming an important partner. After the initial competition between Sega and Nintendo to develop a CD-based add-on, Nintendo canceled development of a CD add-on for the SNES after having partnered with Sony and then Philips to develop one.


title: Sega CD

text: The Mega-CD was launched in Europe in April 1993, starting with the United Kingdom on April 2, 1993, at a price of GB£269.99. The European version was packaged with "Sol-Feace" and "Cobra Command" in a two-disc set, along with a compilation CD of five Mega Drive games. Only 70,000 units were initially available in the UK, but 60,000 units were sold by August 1993. The Mega-CD was released in Australia in March 1993. Brazilian toy company Tectoy released the Sega CD in Brazil in October 1993, retaining the North American name despite the use of the name Mega Drive for the base console there.


title: Sega CD

text: Sega released a second model, the Sega CD 2 (Mega-CD 2), on April 23, 1993, in Japan. It was released in North America several months later, bundled with one of the bestselling Sega CD games, "Sewer Shark". Designed to bring down the manufacturing costs of the Sega CD, the newer model is smaller and does not use a motorized disc tray. A limited number of games were developed that used the Sega CD and another Genesis add-on, the 32X, released in November 1994.


title: Sega CD

text: On December 9, 1993, the United States Congress began hearings on video game violence and the marketing of violent video games to children. The Sega CD game "Night Trap", an FMV adventure game by Digital Pictures, was at the center of debate. "Night Trap" had been brought to the attention of United States Senator Joe Lieberman, who said: "It ends with this attack scene on this woman in lingerie, in her bathroom. I know that the creator of the game said it was all meant to be a satire of "Dracula"; but nonetheless, I thought it sent out the wrong message." Lieberman's research concluded that the average video game player was between seven and twelve years old and that video game publishers were marketing violence to children.


title: Sega CD

text: In the United Kingdom, "Night Trap" was discussed in parliament. Former Sega Europe development director Mike Brogan noted that "Night Trap" brought Sega publicity, and helped reinforce Sega's image as an "edgy company with attitude". Despite the increased sales, Sega recalled "Night Trap" and rereleased it with revisions in 1994. Following the congressional hearings, video game manufacturers came together in 1994 to establish a unified rating system, the Entertainment Software Rating Board.


title: Sega CD

text: By the end of 1993, sales of the Sega CD had stalled in Japan and were slowing in North America. In Europe, sales of Mega-CD games were outpaced by games for the Amiga CD32. Newer CD-based consoles such as the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer rendered the Sega CD technically obsolete, reducing public interest. In late 1993, less than a year after the Sega CD had launched in North America and Europe, the media reported that Sega was no longer accepting in-house development proposals for the Mega-CD in Japan. By 1994, units had been sold in the United States and 415,000 in Western Europe. Kalinske blamed the Sega CD's high price for limiting its potential market; Sega attempted to add value in the US and the UK by bundling more games, with some packages including up to five games.


title: Sega CD

text: In early 1995, Sega shifted its focus to the Sega Saturn and discontinued advertising for Genesis hardware, including the Sega CD. Sega discontinued the Sega CD in the first quarter of 1996, saying that it needed to concentrate on fewer platforms and that the Sega CD could not compete due to its high price and outdated single-speed drive. According to Thorpe, the Sega CD only reached a more popular price point in 1995, by which time customers were willing to wait for newer consoles. The last scheduled Sega CD games, ports of "Myst" and "Brain Dead 13", were cancelled. 2.24 million Sega CD units were sold worldwide.


title: Sega CD

text: The Sega CD can only be used in conjunction with a Genesis system, attaching through an expansion slot on the side of the main console. It requires its own power supply. A core feature of the Sega CD is the increase in data storage by its games being CD-ROMs; whereas ROM cartridges of the day typically contained 8 to 16 megabits of data, a CD-ROM disc can hold more than 640 megabytes of data, more than 320 times the storage of a Genesis cartridge. This increase in storage allows the Sega CD to play FMV games. In addition to playing its own library of games in CD-ROM format, the Sega CD can also play compact discs and karaoke CD+G discs, and can be used in conjunction with the 32X to play 32-bit games that use both add-ons. The second model, also known as the Sega CD 2, includes a steel joining plate to be screwed into the bottom of the Genesis and an extension spacer to work with the original Genesis model.


title: Sega CD

text: The main CPU of the Sega CD is a 12.5MHz 16-bit Motorola 68000 processor, which runs 5 MHz faster than the Genesis processor. It contains 1 Mbit of boot ROM, allocated for the CD game BIOS, CD player software, and compatibility with CD+G discs. 6 Mbit of RAM are allocated to data for programs, pictures, and sounds; 128 Kbit to CD-ROM data cache memory; and an additional 64 Kbit are allocated as the backup memory. Additional backup memory in the form of a 1 Mbit Backup RAM Cartridge was also available as a separate purchase, released near the end of the system's life. The graphics chip is a custom ASIC, and can perform similarly to the SNES's Mode 7, but with the ability to handle more objects at the same time. Audio is supplied through the Ricoh RF5C164, and two RCA pin jacks allow the Sega CD to output stereophonic sound separate from the Genesis. Combining stereo sound from a Genesis to either version of the Sega CD requires a cable between the Genesis's headphone jack and an input jack on the back of the CD unit. This is not required for the second model of the Genesis. Sega released an additional accessory to be used with the Sega CD for karaoke, including a microphone input and various sound controls.


title: Sega CD

text: Several models of the Sega CD were released. The original model used a front-loading motorized disc tray and sat underneath the Genesis. The second model was redesigned to sit next to the Genesis and featured a top-loading disc tray. Sega also released the Genesis CDX (Multi-Mega in Europe), a combined Genesis and Sega CD, with additional functionality as a portable CD player.


title: Sega CD

text: Three additional system models were created by other electronics companies. Working with Sega, JVC released the Wondermega, a combination of the Genesis and Sega CD with high-quality audio, on April 1, 1992, in Japan. The Wondermega was redesigned by JVC and released as the X'Eye in North America in September 1994. Its high price kept it out of the hands of average consumers. Another console, the LaserActive by Pioneer Corporation, can play Genesis and Sega CD games if equipped with the Mega-LD attachment developed by Sega. The LaserActive was positioned to compete with the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer, but the combined system and Mega-LD pack retailed at too expensive a price for most consumers. Aiwa released the CSD-GM1, a combination Mega Drive and Mega CD unit built into a boombox. The CSD-GM1 was released in Japan in 1994.


title: Sega CD

text: The Sega CD supports a library of more than 200 games created by Sega and third-party publishers. Six Sega CD games were also released in versions that used both the Sega CD and 32X add-ons.


title: Sega CD

text: Well regarded Sega CD games include "Sonic CD", "", "", "Popful Mail", and "Snatcher", as well as the controversial "Night Trap". Although Sega created "Streets of Rage" for the Genesis to compete against the SNES port of the arcade hit "Final Fight", the Sega CD received an enhanced version of "Final Fight" that has been praised for its greater faithfulness to the arcade original. "" was noted for its impressive use of the Sega CD hardware as well as its violent content. In particular, "Sonic CD" garnered acclaim for its graphics and time travel gameplay, which improved upon the traditional "Sonic" formula. The Sega CD also received enhanced ports of Genesis games including "Batman Returns" and "Ecco the Dolphin".


title: Sega CD

text: The Sega CD library includes several FMV games. FMV quality was substandard on the Sega CD due to poor video compression software and limited color palette, and the concept never caught on with the public. According to Digital Pictures founder Tom Zito, the Sega CD's limited color palette created "a horrible grainy look". Likewise, most Genesis ports for the Sega CD featured additional FMV sequences, extra levels, and enhanced audio, but were otherwise identical to their Genesis release. The video quality in these sequences has been criticized as comparable to an old VHS tape.


title: Sega CD

text: Given a large number of FMV games and Genesis ports, the Sega CD's game library has been criticized for its lack of depth. Kalinske felt this was a valid criticism, and that while it was useful for releasing collections of games, "just doing cartridge games on a CD-ROM was not a step forward". According to Thorpe, the Sega CD's games did not display enough advancement to justify the console price for most consumers. He felt that FMV games, targeted toward more casual players, were not enough to satisfy hardcore players.


title: Sega CD

text: Near the time of its release, the Sega CD was awarded Best New Peripheral of 1992 by "Electronic Gaming Monthly". Four separate reviews scored the add-on 8, 9, 8, and 8 out of 10; reviewers cited its upgrades to the Genesis as well as its high-quality and expanding library of games. In 1995, four "Electronic Gaming Monthly" reviewers scored it 5 out of 10, citing its limited game library and substandard video quality. "GamePro" cited the same problems, noting that many games were simple ports of cartridge games with minimal enhancements; "GamePro" concluded that the Sega CD was merely "a big memory device with CD sound" rather than a meaningful upgrade. They gave it a "thumbs sideways" and recommended that Genesis fans buy an SNES before considering a Sega CD. In a special Game Machine Cross Review in May 1995, "Famicom Tsūshin" scored the Japanese Mega-CD 2 17 out of 40.


title: Sega CD

text: Retrospective reception of the Sega CD has been mixed, praising certain games but criticizing its value for money and limited upgrades over Genesis. According to "GamePro," the Sega CD is the seventh-lowest-selling console; reviewer Blake Snow wrote: "The problem was threefold: the device was expensive at $299, it arrived late in the 16-bit life cycle, and it didn't do much (if anything) to enhance the gameplay experience." However, Snow felt that the Sega CD had the greatest "Sonic" game in "Sonic CD". "IGN"'s Levi Buchanan criticized Sega's implementation of CD technology, arguing that it offered no new gameplay concepts. Jeremy Parish of "USgamer" wrote that Sega was not the only company of the period to "muddy its waters" with a CD add-on, and highlighted some "gems" for the system, but that "the benefits offered by the Sega CD had to be balanced against the fact that the add-on more than doubled the price (and complexity) of the [Genesis]." In a separate article for "1Up.com", Parish praised the Sega CD's expansion of value to the Genesis. Writing for "Retro Gamer", Damien McFerran cited various reasons for the Sega CD's limited sales, including its price, lack of significant enhancement to the Genesis, and that fact that it was not a standalone console. "Retro Gamer" writer Aaron Birch, defended the Sega CD as "ahead of its time" and said that game developers had failed to meet the potential of CD technology.


title: Sega CD

text: Sega's poor support for the Sega CD has been criticized as the first step in the devaluation of the Sega brand. Writing for "IGN", Buchanan said the Sega CD, released without a strong library of games, "looked like a strange, desperate move—something designed to nab some ink but without any real, thought-out strategy. Genesis owners that invested in the add-on were sorely disappointed, which undoubtedly helped sour the non-diehards on the brand." In "GamePro", Snow wrote that the Sega CD was the first of several poorly supported Sega systems which damaged the value of the brand and ultimately led to Sega's exit from the hardware market. Thorpe wrote that, while it was possible for Sega to have brushed off the Sega CD's failure, the failure of the Sega CD and the 32X together damaged faith in Sega's support for its platforms.


title: Sega CD

text: Former Sega of America senior producer Scot Bayless attributes the unsuccessful market to a lack of direction from Sega with the add-on. According to Bayless, "It was a fundamental paradigm shift with almost no thought given to consequences. I honestly don't think anyone at Sega asked the most important question: 'Why?' There's a rule I developed during my time as an engineer in the military aviation business: never fall in love with your tech. I think that's where the Mega-CD went off the rails. The whole company fell in love with the idea without ever really asking how it would affect the games you made." Sega of America producer Michael Latham said he "loved" the Sega CD, and that it had been damaged by an abundance of "Hollywood interactive film games" instead of using it to make "just plain great video games". Former Sega Europe president Nick Alexander said: "The Mega CD was interesting but probably misconceived and was seen very much as the interim product it was." Kalinske said that the Sega CD had been an important learning experience for Sega for programming for discs, and that it was not a mistake but not "as dramatically different as it needed to be".


title: Agnyaathavaasi

text: Agnyaathavaasi () is a 2018 Indian Telugu-language action drama film written and directed by Trivikram Srinivas. The film stars Pawan Kalyan, Keerthy Suresh, Anu Emmanuel, and Aadhi Pinisetty. The film began its principal photography in April 2017 which ended in November 2017. Anirudh Ravichander composed the film's score and soundtrack.


title: Agnyaathavaasi

text: Released on 10 January 2018 during the Sankranthi festival weekend, it received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics. The performances of the cast, production values, cinematography, and action sequences received praise. However, the direction, story, writing, screenplay, pace, and background score were highly criticized. The film was a box-office bomb, recovering less than half of its investment.


title: Agnyaathavaasi

text: Govinda "Vindha" Bhargav, a powerful businessman receives the news of his son Mohan Bhargav's death in a car accident while he is in Italy. Later, The assassins enter his hotel room and one of whom holds up a phone, and on the other end are Vindha's friends Sharma and Varma, who tell him that this was their plan all along and now with his son dead as well (implying that they planned it), his "empire" has no heir. Vindha secretly records this conversation before being gunned to death by the gunmen.


title: Agnyaathavaasi

text: The news of Vindha's death along with his belongings reaches his wife, Indrani Bhargav, who hears the audio file of Vindha's alleged killers. She calls her brother Appaji to call for an unknown person. Appaji informs the unknown person, who is none other than Abhishikth Bhargav, Vindha's "secret" son. After performing his father's last rites in Varanasi, Abhi makes his way to Hyderabad from Assam, where his father's possible killers live. He scores a job in his office under the pseudonym Balasubramanyam, and makes friendships with Sukumari, Varma's daughter, and Suryakantham, Sharma's secretary who has a daughterly bond with Sharma. However, Abhi learns that the phone conversation must have been fake, since none of them have international calls registered on their phones, and now some unknown people are trying to kill him. Later that night, armed men break into his house and are killed by Abhi one after the other. The last one alive is killed in front of Indrani, only after revealing to them the true killer, Seetharam, Aditya Bandaru's son.


title: Agnyaathavaasi

text: The police investigation behind Vindha's death led by ACP Sampath comes to a conclusion when he contemplates about Vindha's past. Govindha Bharav, a middle-class man, had set up a successful pharmaceutical company that wished to set up a factory in a remote village. However, that plan failed as Vindha refuses to bribe a local politician, who responds by provoking the villagers to attack Vindha's factory with the help of Vindha's friend Aditya Bandaru. While escaping in a charter plane with his friends except for Aditya, they discover that the briefcase containing the vile for the medicine has been shot, destroying it.


title: Agnyaathavaasi

text: However, Vindha hides the second one in a secret compartment in the same briefcase. After viewing their celebrations, he begins doubting them as well. When he goes to Bali on a holiday with his pregnant wife, Krishnaveni Bhargav, there is an attempt on her life. She is presumed dead, although she is alive. Vindha senses danger to her life, thus sending her away to her brother Appaji's house. She dies shortly after giving birth to Abhi, who is raised as a person agnostic to the concept of wealth acquisition, which Vindha deems as the primary quality for someone to lead his empire after him. With Abhi's consent, he marries Indrani, who is now a mother to Mohan Bhargav. Abhi takes over the company, proclaiming he is Vindha's son. He tortures Sharma, Varma, and Koteswara Rao, who had a habit of harassing women in the workplace. When this news reaches Seetharam, he comes back to India and asks for evidence to prove that Abhi is Vindha's son. Abhi goes to Bulgaria with Sukumari and Suryakantham to recover Vindha's will, which stated that his wealth must go to Abhi.


title: Agnyaathavaasi

text: However, that will is stolen by Seetharam with Appaji's help, and by threatening Sukumari and Suryakantham that he would kill Varma and Sharma. Seetharam destroys the will by burning, thus eradicating the evidence that Abhi is Vindha's son. However, when electing the future CEO for the company, Abhi fights Seetharam's goons on the roof of the building, after revealing that the will given to Seetharam was a fake one and that Appaji was part of Abhi's plan. After killing most of Seetharam's goons, one of the board members of the company reveals to Abhi that he is Aditya's brother, and that he was part of Vindha's murder since he wanted to avenge his brother's death. After confronting Abhi, the board member is attacked by Seetharam's henchman Parag, and they both slip off the rooftop. While Parag falls, Aditya's brother hangs by the logo of the company. After fighting Seetharam and telling him why he does not deserve the position of CEO, Abhi tells Aditya's brother that this company was a tribute to his friend, and the name of the company "AB group" was not named after him, but after Aditya Bandaru. After that, the board member falls to his death.


title: Agnyaathavaasi

text: Abhi goes back into the company, takes the position of CEO, and promises Indrani that he will fulfill his father's duties. At last, He speaks with Seetharam and tells that he has to stay in an isolated island where there is no accessibility.


title: Agnyaathavaasi

text: Principal photography began on 3 April 2017 with a small coffee shop scene, shot at Ciclo Cafe, then moved to a special set erected in Ramoji Film City for an action sequence. Some parts of the film were shot in Annapurna Studios and a major sequence and a song were shot in Bangkok. The unit moved to Bulgaria on 26 October 2017 for 15 days to shoot two songs. After the foreign schedule, shooting continued in Hyderabad and was completed by the end of November 2017, including a brief period of shooting at Varanasi.


title: Agnyaathavaasi

text: The soundtrack was composed by Anirudh Ravichander, making his Tollywood debut. The first song, "Baitikochi Chusthe", was unveiled on 6 November 2017, the birthday of director Trivikram Srinivas.


title: Agnyaathavaasi

text: The film was released on 10 January 2018. The film was then later released on Sun NXT for digital streaming, and the satellite rights are owned by Gemini TV. The film was later dubbed and released in Hindi as "Yevadu 3" on YouTube by Goldmines Telefilms on 20 October 2018.


title: Agnyaathavaasi

text: Times of India critic Neeshita Nayapati gave the film 2.5/5 stars, noting, "Despite all the pomp and show, "Agnyaathavaasi", has been an amazing ride had it either been taken seriously or been made with the same old Trivikram-Pawan Kalyan touch. However, the film lacks soul ... Pawan Kalyan aces through his role as usual, even if his body language and expressions ooze disinterest. In his review for "The Indian Express", Manoj Kumar R rated the film 2/5 and stated, "Agnyaathavaasi is not the film we expected to see this holiday. It is strictly for fans of Power Star as Trivikram has spent the entire runtime gushing over Pawan Kalyan."


title: Agnyaathavaasi

text: Writing for "Variety", Joe Layden described the film as "a ferociously eager-to-please musical melodrama about ruthless ambition, violent revenge, and exuberantly schmaltzy music-video-style production numbers."


title: Agnyaathavaasi

text: The film grossed 105 crore against a budget of 70 crore. The film was a commercial failure, recovering less than half of its investment.


title: Agnyaathavaasi

text: French director Jérôme Salle alleged that the film was plagiarised from his 2008 film "Largo Winch". Following this, T-Series, which owns the remake rights of "Largo Winch", sent a legal notice to the makers of the film, asking for the censored copy of the film. It was later reported that T-Series was demanding from the makers of "Agnyaathavaasi" for allegedly violating copyright. The agreement between "Agnyaathavaasi" makers and T-Series management was amicably closed after the makers agreed to compensate them after taking into consideration that though the director had not taken the entire plotline of "Largo Winch", he had written a few key scenes of "Agnyaathavaasi" based on scenes from the French film.


title: Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport

text: Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport is the major airport of Guangzhou, Guangdong province, in Southern China. Both airport codes were inherited from the former Baiyun Airport, and the IATA code is derived from Guangzhou's historical romanization "Canton". Baiyun Airport serves as a hub for China Southern Airlines, FedEx Express, 9 Air, Hainan Airlines and Shenzhen Airlines. In 2020, due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation, it was the world's busiest airport by passenger traffic, handling 43.8 million passengers.


title: Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport

text: In 2021, Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport was the world's eighth-busiest airport by passenger traffic, with 40.2 million passengers handled, making it also the busiest airport outside the United States, and the busiest in China. As for cargo traffic, the airport was China's second-busiest, as well as the second-busiest airport worldwide in terms of aircraft movements.


title: Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport

text: The old Baiyun Airport opened in 1932. Due to the expansion of Guangzhou, the airport could not expand to meet passengers needs as buildings surrounded the airport. On 5 August 2004, the new Baiyun Airport opened and the old airport was closed.


title: Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport

text: The new airport is located in Guangzhou's Baiyun District and Huadu District and opened on 5 August 2004 as a replacement for the 72-year-old, identically named former airport, which is now closed. Built at a cost of 19.8 billion yuan, the new airport is north of downtown Guangzhou and nearly five times larger than its predecessor. "Baiyun" () means "white cloud" in Chinese and refers to the Baiyun Mountain ("Baiyunshan"), near the former airport even though the mountain is much closer to downtown Guangzhou than it is to the new airport. It is also referred to as "New Baiyun" to distinguish it from the previous airport, but this is not a part of the official name.


title: Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport

text: Former curfews and restrictions did not apply to the new airport so it could operate 24 hours a day, allowing China Southern Airlines to maximise intercontinental route utilisation with overnight flights. Other airlines also benefit from the removal of previous restrictions.


title: Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport

text: Terminal 1 has three components, Main Terminal, Area A and Area B. All check-in counters and most retail stores are placed at the Main Terminal. The two concourses controlled by individual security checkpoints, named Area A and Area B, are the boarding gates, security checkpoints, border control, customs and quarantine, baggage reclaim and relative facilities.


title: Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport

text: Since 24 January 2016, East Piers 1 and 2 are dedicated to serve international flights; domestic flights occupy the rest.


title: Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport

text: Terminal 2 opened on April 26, 2018, with an area measuring over 808,700 square metres, making it one of the world's largest airport terminal facilities. When Terminal 2 officially operates, it will be typically home to China Southern Airlines. Most SkyTeam member airlines will also typically operate in Terminal 2. However, on 31 December 2019, China Southern withdrew from the SkyTeam airline alliance.


title: Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport

text: The new transport centre (GTC) is under construction on the south side of terminal 2; passengers will be able to go to Guangzhou downtown by taking metro, rail, bus or taxi there.


title: Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport

text: On July 13, 2005, FedEx Express signed a contract with the airport authority to relocate its Asia-Pacific hub from Subic Bay International Airport in the Philippines to Baiyun Airport. The new Asia-Pacific hub covers an area of approximate , with a total floor space of . At the beginning of operation, the hub employed more than 800 people and operated 136 flights a week, providing delivery services among 20 major cities in Asia and linking these cities to more than 220 countries and territories in the world. The Guangzhou hub was, at the time of the opening, the largest FedEx hub outside the United States, but it was later surpassed by the expanded hub at Paris' Charles de Gaulle Airport.


title: Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport

text: The hub has its own ramp control tower, a first for an international air express cargo company facility in China, which enables FedEx to control aircraft movements on the ground, aircraft parking plans as well as loading and unloading priorities. Included at the hub are a unique package and sorting system with 16 high-speed sorting lines, seven round-out conveyor belts and 90 primary and secondary document-sorting splits. With the new advanced system, up to 24,000 packages can be sorted an hour at the start of operations.


title: Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport

text: Construction began in 2006 and the hub was originally scheduled to open on December 26, 2008. On November 17, 2008, after several months of testing, FedEx announced that the opening date was delayed to the first half of 2009 when the hub was expected to be fully operational. FedEx claimed that the revised operation date "provided FedEx with the necessary time to fully test all systems and processes, as well as work closely with the Guangzhou authorities to ensure all necessary approvals are in place".


title: Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport

text: On December 17, 2008, the hub completed its first flight operations test. A FedEx MD-11 aircraft took off from Subic Bay International Airport in the Philippines and landed at Baiyun Airport at 5:50 am. The flight was handled by the new FedEx hub team, using the FedEx ramp control tower and the new 24,000 package per hour sort system. Following a successful operations' process, the flight departed on time for its final destination at Charles de Gaulle Airport in Paris, France. This Asia-Europe flight route operated four times per week during test run. FedEx also announced that the hub would start operation on February 6, 2009.


title: Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport

text: FedEx closed its 13-year-old Asia-Pacific hub at Subic Bay of northern Philippines on February 6, 2009, with the last flight leaving for Taiwan just before dawn, while hub operations have moved to Baiyun Airport. The first flight that arrived at the new FedEx Asia-Pacific hub originated from Indianapolis International Airport. The MD-11 aircraft landed at 11:07 pm at Baiyun International Airport from Charles de Gaulle International Airport in Paris, marking the opening and full operations of the new Asia-Pacific hub.


title: Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport

text: Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport now has three runways. The third runway opened on February 5, 2015, which temporarily tackled the long‐standing capacity obstacle. The operation of the third runway expanded Baiyun Airport's capacity, pushing business up. Unfortunately, the third runway can only be used for landing, as its airspace conflicts with Foshan Airport. The airport is planning to build two additional runways.


title: Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport

text: In August 2008, the airport's expansion plan was approved by the National Development and Reform Commission.


title: Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport

text: It included a third runway, in length and in width, located to the east of the existing east runway. The centrepiece of the project is a Terminal 2. Other facilities comprise new indoor and outdoor car parks and a transportation centre with metro and inter-city train services. The total cost of the entire project was estimated to be around ¥18.854 billion. Construction of the third runway began in 2012 and the runway commenced operation in early 2015. The whole project including the new terminal was scheduled to be finished in February 2018, at which time the airport will be able to handle 80 million passengers and 2.5 million tonnes of cargo a year.


title: Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport

text: The third phase expansion plan has been approved by the National Development and Reform Commission of China. After the expansion, Baiyun Airport will have three terminals, a satellite concourse, five runways and a high-speed railway station. The airport will be able to handle 120 million passengers, 3.8 million tons freight and 775,000 aircraft movements a year. The whole expansion project is estimated to be finished in 2025.


title: Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport

text: Guangzhou–Foshan circular intercity railway, which is under construction, will serve Baiyun Airport North railway station (for Terminal 2), Baiyun Airport South railway station (for Terminal 1) and Baiyun Airport East railway station (for Terminal 3) in the airport. The rail will connect the airport to the Panyu railway station and the Huadu railway station.


title: Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport

text: Baiyun International Airport is served by the Airport South Station (serving Terminal 1) and the Airport North Station (serving Terminal 2) on Line 3 of Guangzhou Metro.


title: Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport

text: There are 5 Airport Express lines and 6 Airport Non-stop lines between airport and downtown. Buses take passengers to city's major hotels, grand plaza and transportation center, such as Garden Hotel, Guangdong Hotel, CITIC Plaza, Haizhu Square, Tianhe Coach Station, Guangzhou North Station among other destinations.


title: Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport

text: To service passengers out of Guangzhou city, the airport also provides intercity bus service. The buses will take passengers from/to Dongguan, Foshan, Zhongshan, Huizhou, Jiangmen among other destinations.


title: Sargassum

text: Sargassum is a genus of brown (class Phaeophyceae) macroalgae (seaweed) in the order Fucales. Numerous species are distributed throughout the temperate and tropical oceans of the world, where they generally inhabit shallow water and coral reefs, and the genus is widely known for its planktonic (free-floating) species. Most species within the class Phaeophyceae are predominantly cold-water organisms that benefit from nutrients upwelling, but the genus "Sargassum" appears to be an exception. Any number of the normally benthic species may take on a planktonic, often pelagic existence after being removed from reefs during rough weather; however, two species ("S. natans" and "S. fluitans") have become holopelagic—reproducing vegetatively and never attaching to the seafloor during their lifecycles. The Atlantic Ocean's Sargasso Sea was named after the algae, as it hosts a large amount of "Sargassum".


title: Sargassum

text: "Sargassum" was named by the Portuguese sailors who found it in the Sargasso Sea. They called it after the wooly rock rose ("Halimium lasianthum") that grew in their water wells at home, and that was called "sargaço" in Portuguese () - from the Latin "salicastrum".


title: Sargassum

text: The Florida Keys and mainland South Florida are well known for the high levels of "Sargassum" covering their shores. Sargassum or gulfweed was observed by Columbus. Although the seaweed acquired a legendary reputation for covering the entirety of the Sargasso Sea, making navigation impossible,


title: Sargassum

text: "Sargassum" species are cultivated and cleaned for use as an herbal remedy. Many Chinese herbalists prescribe powdered "Sargassum"—either the species "S. pallidum", or more rarely, hijiki, "S. fusiforme"—in doses of 0.5 gram dissolved in warm water and drunk as a tea. It is called in traditional Chinese medicine, where it is used to resolve "heat phlegm".


title: Sargassum

text: Species of this genus of algae may grow to a length of several metres. They are generally brown or dark green in color and consist of a holdfast, a stipe, and a frond. Oogonia and antheridia occur in conceptacles embedded in receptacles on special branches. Some species have berrylike gas-filled bladders that help the fronds float to promote photosynthesis. Many have a rough, sticky texture that, along with a robust but flexible body, help them withstand strong water currents.


title: Sargassum

text: Large, pelagic mats of "Sargassum" in the Sargasso Sea act as one of the only habitats available for ecosystem development; this is because the Sargasso Sea lacks any land boundaries. The Sargassum patches act as a refuge for many species in different parts of their development, but also as a permanent residence for endemic species that can only be found living on and within the "Sargassum". These endemic organisms have specialized patterns and colorations that mimic the "Sargassum" and allow them to be impressively camouflaged in their environment. In total, these "Sargassum" mats are home to more than 11 phyla and over 100 different species. There is also a total of 81 fish species (36 families represented) that reside in the "Sargassum" or utilize it for parts of their life cycles. Other marine organisms, such as young sea turtles, will use the "Sargassum" as shelter and a resource for food until they reach a size at which they can survive elsewhere. This community is being affected by humans due to overfishing, trash and other types of pollution, and boat traffic, which could eventually lead to the demise of this diverse and unique habitat. Below is a list of organisms that are associated with the Sargassum in the Sargasso Sea.


title: Sargassum

text: The Sargasso Sea plays a major role in the migration of catadromous eel species such as the European eel, the American eel, and the American conger eel. The larvae of these species hatch within the sea and as they grow they travel to Europe or the East Coast of North America. Later in life, the matured eel migrates back to the Sargasso Sea to spawn and lay eggs. It is also believed that after hatching, young loggerhead sea turtles use currents, such as the Gulf Stream, to travel to the Sargasso Sea, where they use the sargassum as cover from predators until they are mature.


title: Sargassum

text: "Sargassum" is commonly found in the beach drift near "Sargassum" beds, where they are also known as gulfweed, a term that also can mean all seaweed species washed up on shore.


title: Sargassum

text: "Sargassum" species are found throughout tropical areas of the world and are often the most obvious macrophyte in near-shore areas where "Sargassum" beds often occur near coral reefs. The plants grow subtidally and attach to coral, rocks, or shells in moderately exposed or sheltered rocky or pebble areas. These tropical populations often undergo seasonal cycles of growth and decay in concert with seasonal changes in sea temperature.


title: Sargassum

text: In tropical "Sargassum" species that are often preferentially consumed by herbivorous fishes and echinoids, a relatively low level of phenolics and tannins occurs.


title: Sargassum

text: In limited amounts, washed-ashore "Sargassum" plays an important role in maintaining Atlantic and Caribbean coastal ecosystems. Once ashore, sargassum provides vital nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus to coastal ecosystems which border the nutrient-poor waters of the western North Atlantic tropics and subtropics. Additionally, it decreases coastal erosion.


title: Sargassum

text: However, beginning in 2011, unprecedented quantities of "Sargassum" began inundating coastal areas in record amounts. Coastlines in Brazil, the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and the east coast of Florida saw quantities of sargassum wash ashore up to three feet deep. The first major "Sargassum" inundation event occurred in 2011 and had a biomass increase of 200 fold compared to the previous eight years average bloom size. Since 2011 increasingly stronger inundation events have occurred every 2–3 years. During a "Sargassum" inundation event in 2018, one "Sargassum" bloom measured over 1600 square kilometers, more than three times the average size. Recent inundation events have caused millions of dollars of lost revenue in the tourism industry, especially hurting small Caribbean countries whose economies are highly dependent on seasonal tourism.


title: Sargassum

text: While the Sargasso Sea is a known source of sargassum blooms, variations in the sargassum types composing these inundation events have led researchers to believe that the Sargasso Sea is not the point of origin of inundating "Sargassum". "Sargassum natans I" and "Sargassum fluitans III" are the dominant sargassum species found in the Sargasso Sea. Recent net sampling studies have found "Sargassum natans VIII", a previously rare type, is constituting a dominating percentage of "Sargassum" biodiversity in the Western Atlantic and Sargasso Sea.


title: Sargassum

text: Unprecedented "Sargassum" inundation events cause a range of biological and ecological impacts in affected regions. The decomposition of large quantities of "Sargassum" along coastlines consumes oxygen, creating large oxygen-depleted zones resulting in fish kills. Decomposing sargassum additionally creates hydrogen sulfide gas, which causes a range of health impacts in humans. During the sargassum inundation event in 2018, 11,000 Acute Sargassum Toxicity cases were reported in an 8-month span on just the Caribbean islands of Guadalupe and Martinique. Massive amounts of floating "sargassum" present a physical barrier preventing corals and seagrasses from receiving sufficient light, fouling boat propellers, and entangling marine turtles and mammals. With every "Sargassum" inundation event, large amounts of nutrients are transported from the open ocean to coastal environments. This greatly increases nutrient transport, and its effect on marine and coastal ecosystems are still unknown. Understanding the causes and drivers of "Sargassum" inundations is critical as they become more commonplace.


title: Sargassum

text: The Sargasso Sea, a known source area for "Sargassum" blooms, is classified as an oligotrophic region. With warm, oxygen-poor waters and low nutrient contents, biomass production is limited by what little nutrients are present. Historically, low nutrient levels in the Sargasso Sea have limited "sargassum" production; however, new influxes of nitrogen and phosphorus are driving factors in increased biomass production.


title: Sargassum

text: Recent studies have found three likely drivers of nutrient influx linked to increasing "Sargassum" biomass: an increase in nutrient output from the Amazon River, increased nutrients in the Gulf of Mexico, and coastal upwelling off the West African Coast which transfers deep nutrient-rich waters to the upper water column where sargassum resides. Nutrient output from the Amazon River has been shown to have a direct, yet delayed, effect on large Sargassum inundation events, with events occurring one to two years following years of high nutrient output. Phosphates and iron transported via the trade winds from North Africa have been reported to have a fertilizing effect on sargassum growth; however, further data is required to understand its role in causing inundating "Sargassum" blooms.


title: Sargassum

text: Researchers globally agree that continued research is required to quantify the effect of marine chemical changes and other environmental factors in the recent increase in Sargassum biomass and inundation events.


title: Sargassum

text: The physical drivers behind "Sargassum" inundation events are prevailing winds and ocean surface currents. The Caribbean is located in a region heavily affected by trade winds. Trade winds are strong, consistent northeasterly winds which blow dust-filled dry air from the Sahara across the Atlantic. Trade winds additionally play a critical role in the annual hurricane season in the Western Atlantic. The Caribbean Current and Antilles branch of the Atlantic North Equatorial Current are the major current transporters of "Sargassum" in the region.


title: Sargassum

text: Researchers have recently begun using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite imagery and ocean current data to track and forecast inundation events with a high level of accuracy.


title: Sargassum

text: The effects of deforestation, waste-water runoff, and commercial agriculture fertilizer on facilitating the excess accumulation of nutrients in aquatic and marine environments have been well studied and shown to be driving factors in eutrophication. Since detrimental "Sargassum" inundation events did not begin until 2011, it is likely that an unknown nutrient threshold was reached and surpassed. Given current agricultural policies and practices, it is unlikely these inundation events will disappear on their own without human intervention.


title: Sargassum

text: Sargassum (F. Sargassaceae) is an important seaweed excessively distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Different species of Sargassum have folk applications in human nutrition and are considered a rich source of vitamins, carotenoids, proteins, and minerals. Many bioactive compounds chemically classified as terpenoids, sterols, sulfated polysaccharides, polyphenols, sargaquinoic acids, sargachromenol, and pheophytin were isolated from different Sargassum species. These isolated compounds and/or extracts exhibit diverse biological activities, including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-microbial, anti-tumor, fibrinolytic, immune-modulatory, anticoagulant, hepatoprotective, and anti-viral activities.


title: Sargassum

text: Variations in sea level, salinity, water temperature, chemical composition, rainfall patterns and water acidity all play roles in regulating algae blooms. As anthropogenic forces increase the variability of these factors, the frequency, duration, severity and geographic range of harmful algae blooms have increased, causing millions of dollars of lost revenue as well as damaging fragile coastal and coral ecosystems.


title: Chardon High School shooting

text: On February 27, 2012, six students were shot at Chardon High School in Chardon, Ohio, resulting in the deaths of three of them. Witnesses said that the shooter had a personal rivalry with one of his victims. Two other wounded students were also hospitalized, one of whom sustained several serious injuries that have resulted in permanent paralysis. The fifth student suffered a minor injury, and the sixth a superficial wound.


title: Chardon High School shooting

text: By the evening of February 27, authorities confirmed that the suspect was Thomas M. "T. J." Lane III, a 17-year-old male juvenile and former student of Chardon, who was a sophomore at Lake Academy Alternative School and used a bus in common with several victims. Lane used a .22 caliber handgun. Lane was soon arrested by police near his car parked outside the school. Lane was ultimately indicted on three counts of aggravated murder, two counts of aggravated attempted murder, and one count of felonious assault. Because of his age, he was detained as a juvenile pending a decision by the prosecution and court as to whether he would be tried as an adult.


title: Chardon High School shooting

text: Following a competency hearing, in May 2012, a judge determined that Lane was competent to stand trial. Later that month the decision was made to charge Lane as an adult. He pleaded guilty and received three consecutive life sentences without parole on March 19, 2013.


title: Chardon High School shooting

text: In February 2014 the families of the three deceased students and Nick Walczak filed a wrongful death suit in Lake County against the Chardon School District and Lake Academy Alternative School. The Lake County judge dismissed the District and Lake Academy as parties, retaining only five former and current employees of the Chardon School District and high school as defendants. The families appealed to the Ohio Supreme Court, which declined to hear the case in July 2016. It was returned to the Lake County Common Pleas court.


title: Chardon High School shooting

text: In addition, attorneys representing the estates of the three deceased students filed federal and state wrongful death suits against the family of T.J. Lane, which was settled in May 2014, including settlement of suits against his father, maternal grandfather, and paternal uncle (and their associated insurance companies). The Lane family agreed to pay nearly 2.7 million dollars.


title: Chardon High School shooting

text: On September 11, 2014, Lane, along with two older inmates, escaped from Allen Correctional Institution in Lima, Ohio. He was captured the following day, and the three men were transferred to a maximum security prison.


title: Chardon High School shooting

text: Chardon High School was open in the morning before classes, and many students typically gathered in the cafeteria, some to get breakfast. Others waited there for a bus to classes at the related Auburn Career Center, a vocational school offering computer and other classes, and Lake Academy, a regional school for at-risk students referred for help with academic or behavioral issues.


title: Chardon High School shooting

text: According to reports, a boy stood up in the cafeteria and began shooting at approximately 7:30 a.m. (EST), causing chaos.


title: Chardon High School shooting

text: The surveillance video showed a shooter, later identified as Thomas "T. J." Lane, shooting four male students at one table with a handgun; he wounded another. Fleeing the school, Lane shot a female student; he was chased out of the school by teacher Joseph Ricci and football coach Frank Hall. Lane was soon arrested by police outside the school near his car parked on Woodin Road.


title: Chardon High School shooting

text: Five students were hospitalized; three died of their injuries within two days. The severely injured Daniel Parmertor, Russell King, and Demetrius Hewlin were flown by helicopter to MetroHealth Medical Center in Cleveland, Ohio, approximately 31 miles by road. Joy Rickers and Nick Walczak were taken to local Hillcrest Hospital. A sixth student, Nate Mueller, was superficially injured by a bullet grazing his right ear and did not need hospital treatment.


title: Chardon High School shooting

text: At noon on February 27, 2012, Chardon Police Chief Tim McKenna announced in a news conference that one of the victims had died. A spokeswoman for Cleveland's MetroHealth Medical Center identified him as 16-year-old Daniel Parmertor, a high school junior. His family issued a statement requesting that their privacy be respected. Parmertor had been in the cafeteria to wait for a bus to the Auburn Career Center vocational school in nearby Concord Township, where he studied computer science. He intended to work with computers.


title: Chardon High School shooting

text: At 12:42 a.m. the next day, Russell King, Jr., 17, was pronounced brain dead at MetroHealth Medical Center. King, a junior, studied alternative energy technologies. He was enrolled at both Chardon High School and at the Auburn Career Center, and was also waiting for the bus. King's family released a statement thanking the public for support and offering sympathy to the families of other victims. They said that King's organs would be donated, as he had wished.


title: Chardon High School shooting

text: On February 28, 2012, Demetrius Hewlin, 16, the third student transferred to MetroHealth, was reported to have died. His family expressed their sorrow in a statement to the press. Friends of Hewlin said that he liked to work out and wanted to be on the football team. Hewlin's mother, Phyllis Ferguson, in an interview with ABC News, said of her son, "He wasn't a morning person and he was late for school. But that one day he wasn't late. We were running a little late, but we weren't late enough. But it's okay. It's in God's hands. Let His will be done." When questioned about what she would say to the assailant, she said that she would forgive him, because most school shooters did not know what they were doing. She said that her son's organs would be donated, and that she had learned one recipient was a child who was within days of death without a transplant.


title: Chardon High School shooting

text: Seventeen-year-old Nick Walczak was shot several times, in the arm, neck, cheek, and back. He was taken to Hillcrest Hospital. Joy Rickers, 18, was released from Hillcrest Hospital on February 28. Nate Mueller, who was not hospitalized, was nicked in his right ear by a bullet. Mueller and Walczak, students at Auburn Career Center, were waiting in the cafeteria with King and Parmertor for the bus to their school.


title: Chardon High School shooting

text: After the shooting, students praised two teachers, Frank Hall and Joseph Ricci, as heroes. Students expressed thanks to them for their "courageous actions" on Twitter. Hall was said to have charged at the shooter, who was aiming his gun at him. A student said that Hall frequently spoke of his caring for the students, which was shown by his actions.


title: Chardon High School shooting

text: Teacher Joe Ricci had just started his math class when he heard shots and ordered his students to "lock down". Hearing moaning outside the classroom, Ricci put on a bulletproof vest, opened the door, and dragged wounded student Nick Walczak into the classroom, where he administered first aid. Walczak's family credits Ricci with saving their son's life. A student described these teachers as "two of the greatest leaders in our school."


title: Chardon High School shooting

text: Thomas Michael "T. J." Lane III (born September 19, 1994) was identified as the suspect late on February 27 by authorities. They were reluctant to release his name, since he was a juvenile. But "CBS News" reported in the afternoon that law enforcement officials had surrounded a house belonging to Thomas M. Lane, Jr., the suspect's father.


title: Chardon High School shooting

text: In their investigation, police also searched the home of Lane's maternal grandparents, Jack Nolan and his wife, in Chardon Township. Lane did not live there but frequently visited on weekends. The residence, along with other properties owned by the Lane family, was searched extensively on the day of the shooting. A nearby forest, which neighbors said the Lane children used for target practice, was also combed.


title: Chardon High School shooting

text: At the time of the shooting, Lane was taking classes as a sophomore at Lake Academy, an alternative school in nearby Willoughby. The school, which is also known as the Lake County Educational Service Center, served 55 students in February 2012. They were referred there from public schools in the region because of academic or behavioral needs. Students who complete their educations at Lake Academy graduate with their classmates at the sending schools.


title: Chardon High School shooting

text: According to student witnesses, Lane had a personal rivalry with King, one of his victims. Witness Nate Mueller said that King had recently started dating Lane's former girlfriend. Other student witnesses said that Lane appeared to aim specifically at King that morning, indicating that he was the first to be shot of the students at his table. The students said that King had previously threatened to beat Lane up, and that Lane had taken up weightlifting in the previous year to prepare to fight King.


title: Chardon High School shooting

text: Four of the five victims at King's table were students at the Auburn Career Center, a vocational school. Lane and the Auburn students regularly took the same bus from Chardon to their other schools; Lake Academy was the furthest from the home school of Chardon. Lane had known some of the victims from middle school.


title: Chardon High School shooting

text: There were rumors that a warning about the shooting had been posted on Twitter but this was not verified. News agencies published excerpts from the Facebook profile of a boy named "T. J. Lane". The profile did not give a location, but several of the user's friends were listed as being from Chardon. One entry in particular, dated December 30, 2011, caught attention: the last line read: "Die, all of you." According to a comment posted by Lane on January 20, 2012, he wrote that text as a class assignment.


title: Chardon High School shooting

text: A friend of Lane described him as "just a very normal teenage boy". She told CNN that she was in "complete shock" from the incident. She said that Lane often seemed sad, but appeared to be completely normal. Another friend said that Lane was regularly teased at school, which made Lane "put a wall around himself" and refuse to divulge personal information. A third student told reporters that Lane had come from "a really broken-down home". He was said to be a quiet person who could be nice to others if he felt comfortable with them.


title: Chardon High School shooting

text: Students at Lake Academy denied that he had been bullied. They described him as friendly and nice, but not very talkative.


title: Chardon High School shooting

text: After Lane's arrest, law enforcement determined that the gun used in the shooting had been purchased legally by his uncle. Lane stole the .22-caliber handgun from him. The press reported that it was a Ruger MK III Target .22 caliber semi-automatic handgun. Reports were that the shooter dropped the gun as he fled from the scene, but it was found on the ground along with a knife near the shooter on Woodin Road when he was arrested. (Reference is photo evidence and statements on ID Impact of Murder)


title: Chardon High School shooting

text: On February 29, 2012, Timothy J. Grendell, the juvenile court judge presiding over Lane's case, allowed the release of the suspect's juvenile records to the press. These are generally kept sealed. According to these, Lane was arrested twice in December 2009. The first time, Lane restrained his uncle while his cousin hit him. In the second case, Lane hit another boy in the face. To the second charge, Lane pleaded guilty to a count of disorderly conduct.