title: Dromaeosauridae

text: The first known dromaeosaurid with definitive evidence of feathers was "Sinornithosaurus", reported from China by Xu "et al." in 1999. Many other dromaeosaurid fossils have been found with feathers covering their bodies, some with fully developed feathered wings. "Microraptor" even shows evidence of a second pair of wings on the hind legs. While direct feather impressions are only possible in fine-grained sediments, some fossils found in coarser rocks show evidence of feathers by the presence of quill knobs, the attachment points for wing feathers possessed by some birds. The dromaeosaurids "Rahonavis" and "Velociraptor" have both been found with quill knobs, showing that these forms had feathers despite no impressions having been found. In light of this, it is most likely that even the larger ground-dwelling dromaeosaurids bore feathers, since even flightless birds today retain most of their plumage, and relatively large dromaeosaurids, like "Velociraptor", are known to have retained pennaceous feathers. Though some scientists had suggested that the larger dromaeosaurids lost some or all of their insulatory covering, the discovery of feathers in "Velociraptor" specimens has been cited as evidence that all members of the family retained feathers.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: More recently, the discovery of "Zhenyuanlong" established the presence of a full feathered coat in relatively large dromaeosaurids. Additionally, the animal displays proportionally large, aerodynamic wing feathers, as well as a tail-spanning fan, both of which are unexpected traits that may offer an understanding of the integument of large dromaeosaurids. "Dakotaraptor" is an even larger dromaeosaurid species with evidence of feathers, albeit indirect in the form of quill knobs.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: Dromaeosaurids share many features with early birds (clade Avialae or Aves). The precise nature of their relationship to birds has undergone a great deal of study, and hypotheses about that relationship have changed as large amounts of new evidence became available. As late as 2001, Mark Norell and colleagues analyzed a large survey of coelurosaur fossils and produced the tentative result that dromaeosaurids were most closely related to birds, with troodontids as a more distant outgroup. They even suggested that Dromaeosauridae could be paraphyletic relative to Avialae. In 2002, Hwang and colleagues utilized the work of Norell "et al.", including new characters and better fossil evidence, to determine that birds (avialans) were better thought of as cousins to the dromaeosaurids and troodontids. The consensus of paleontologists is that there is not yet enough evidence to determine whether any dromaeosaurids could fly or glide, or whether they evolved from ancestors that could.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: Dromaeosaurids are so bird-like that they have led some researchers to argue that they would be better classified as birds. First, since they had feathers, dromaeosaurids (along with many other coelurosaurian theropod dinosaurs) are "birds" under traditional definitions of the word "bird", or "Aves", that are based on the possession of feathers. However, other scientists, such as Lawrence Witmer, have argued that calling a theropod like "Caudipteryx" a bird because it has feathers may stretch the word past any useful meaning.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: At least two schools of researchers have proposed that dromaeosaurids may actually be descended from flying ancestors. Hypotheses involving a flying ancestor for dromaeosaurids are sometimes called "Birds Came First" (BCF). George Olshevsky is usually credited as the first author of BCF. In his own work, Gregory S. Paul pointed out numerous features of the dromaeosaurid skeleton that he interpreted as evidence that the entire group had evolved from flying, dinosaurian ancestors, perhaps an animal like "Archaeopteryx". In that case, the larger dromaeosaurids were secondarily flightless, like the modern ostrich. In 1988, Paul suggested that dromaeosaurids may actually be more closely related to modern birds than to "Archaeopteryx". By 2002, however, Paul placed dromaeosaurids and "Archaeopteryx" as the closest relatives to one another.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: In 2002, Hwang "et al." found that "Microraptor" was the most primitive dromaeosaurid. Xu and colleagues in 2003 cited the basal position of "Microraptor", along with feather and wing features, as evidence that the ancestral dromaeosaurid could glide. In that case the larger dromaeosaurids would be secondarily terrestrial—having lost the ability to glide later in their evolutionary history.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: Also in 2002, Steven Czerkas described "Cryptovolans", though it is a probable junior synonym of "Microraptor". He reconstructed the fossil inaccurately with only two wings and thus argued that dromaeosaurids were powered fliers, rather than passive gliders. He later issued a revised reconstruction in agreement with that of "Microraptor"


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: Other researchers, like Larry Martin, have proposed that dromaeosaurids, along with all maniraptorans, were not dinosaurs at all. Martin asserted for decades that birds were unrelated to maniraptorans, but in 2004 he changed his position, agreeing that the two were close relatives. However, Martin believed that maniraptorans were secondarily flightless birds, and that birds did not evolve from dinosaurs, but rather from non-dinosaurian archosaurs.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: In 2005, Mayr and Peters described the anatomy of a very well preserved specimen of "Archaeopteryx", and determined that its anatomy was more like non-avian theropods than previously understood. Specifically, they found that "Archaeopteryx" had a primitive palatine, unreversed hallux, and hyper-extendable second toe. Their phylogenetic analysis produced the controversial result that "Confuciusornis" was closer to "Microraptor" than to "Archaeopteryx", making the Avialae a paraphyletic taxon. They also suggested that the ancestral paravian was able to fly or glide, and that the dromaeosaurids and troodontids were secondarily flightless (or had lost the ability to glide). Corfe and Butler criticized this work on methodological grounds.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: A challenge to all of these alternative scenarios came when Turner and colleagues in 2007 described a new dromaeosaurid, "Mahakala", which they found to be the most basal and most primitive member of the Dromaeosauridae, more primitive than "Microraptor". "Mahakala" had short arms and no ability to glide. Turner "et al." also inferred that flight evolved only in the Avialae, and these two points suggested that the ancestral dromaeosaurid could not glide or fly. Based on this cladistic analysis, "Mahakala" suggests that the ancestral condition for dromaeosaurids is non-volant. However, in 2012, an expanded and revised study incorporating the most recent dromaeosaurid finds recovered the "Archaeopteryx"-like "Xiaotingia" as the most primitive member of the clade Dromaeosauridae, which appears to suggest the earliest members of the clade may have been capable of flight.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: The authorship of the family Dromaeosauridae is credited to William Diller Matthew and Barnum Brown, who erected it as a subfamily (Dromaeosaurinae) of the family Deinodontidae in 1922, containing only the new genus "Dromaeosaurus".


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: The subfamilies of Dromaeosauridae frequently shift in content based on new analysis, but typically consist of the following groups. A number of dromaeosaurids have not been assigned to any particular subfamily, often because they are too poorly preserved to be placed confidently in phylogenetic analysis (see section "Phylogeny" below) or are indeterminate, being assigned to different groups depending on the methodology employed in different papers. The most basal known subfamily of dromaeosaurids is Halszkaraptorinae, a group of bizarre creatures with long fingers and necks, a large number of small teeth, and possible semiaquatic habits. Another enigmatic group, Unenlagiinae, is the most poorly supported subfamily of dromaeosaurids and it is possible that some or all of its members belong outside of Dromaeosauridae. The larger, ground-dwelling members like "Buitreraptor" and "Unenlagia" show strong flight adaptations, although they were probably too large to 'take off'. One possible member of this group, "Rahonavis", is very small, with well-developed wings that show evidence of quill knobs (the attachment points for flight feathers) and it is very likely that it could fly. The next most primitive clade of dromaeosaurids is the Microraptoria. This group includes many of the smallest dromaeosaurids, which show adaptations for living in trees. All known dromaeosaurid skin impressions hail from this group and all show an extensive covering of feathers and well-developed wings. Like the unenlagiines, some species may have been capable of active flight. The most advanced subgroup of dromaeosaurids, Eudromaeosauria, includes stocky and short-legged genera which were likely ambush hunters. This group includes Velociraptorinae, Dromaeosaurinae, and in some studies a third group: Saurornitholestinae. The subfamily Velociraptorinae has traditionally included "Velociraptor", "Deinonychus", and "Saurornitholestes", and while the discovery of "Tsaagan" lent support to this grouping, the inclusion of "Deinonychus", "Saurornitholestes," and a few other genera is still uncertain. The Dromaeosaurinae is usually found to consist of medium to giant-sized species, with generally box-shaped skulls (the other subfamilies generally have narrower snouts).


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: The following classification of the various genera of dromaeosaurids follows the table provided in Holtz, 2011 unless otherwise noted.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: Dromaeosauridae was first defined as a clade by Paul Sereno in 1998, as the most inclusive natural group containing "Dromaeosaurus" but not "Troodon", "Ornithomimus" or "Passer". The various "subfamilies" have also been re-defined as clades, usually defined as all species closer to the groups namesake than to "Dromaeosaurus" or any namesakes of other sub-clades (for example, Makovicky defined the clade Unenlagiinae as all dromaeosaurids closer to "Unenlagia" than to "Velociraptor"). The Microraptoria is the only dromaeosaurid sub-clade not converted from a subfamily. Senter and colleagues expressly coined the name without the subfamily suffix "-inae" to avoid perceived issues with erecting a traditional family-group taxon, should the group be found to lie outside dromaeosauridae proper. Sereno offered a revised definition of the sub-group containing "Microraptor" to ensure that it would fall within Dromaeosauridae, and erected the subfamily Microraptorinae, attributing it to Senter "et al.", though this usage has only appeared on his online TaxonSearch database and has not been formally published. The extensive cladistic analysis conducted by Turner "et al." (2012) further supported the monophyly of Dromaeosauridae.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: The cladogram below follows a 2015 analysis by DePalma et al. using updated data from the Theropod Working Group.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: Another cladogram constructed below follows the phylogenetic analysis conducted in 2017 by Cau "et al." using the updated data from the Theropod Working Group in their description of "Halszkaraptor".


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: Comparisons between the scleral rings of several dromaeosaurids ("Microraptor", "Sinornithosaurus", and "Velociraptor") and modern birds and reptiles indicate that some dromaeosaurids (including "Microraptor" and "Velociraptor") may have been nocturnal predators, while "Sinornithosaurus" is inferred to be cathemeral (active throughout the day at short intervals). However, the discovery of iridescent plumage in "Microraptor" has cast doubt on the inference of nocturnality in this genus, as no modern birds that have iridescent plumage are known to be nocturnal.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: Studies of the olfactory bulbs of dromaeosaurids reveal that they had similar olfactory ratios for their size to other non-avian theropods and modern birds with an acute sense of smell, such as tyrannosaurids and the turkey vulture, probably reflecting the importance of the olfactory sense in the daily activities of dromaeosaurids such as finding food.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: Dromaeosaurid feeding was discovered to be typical of coelurosaurian theropods, with a characteristic "puncture and pull" feeding method. Studies of wear patterns on the teeth of dromaeosaurids by Angelica Torices "et al." indicate that dromaeosaurid teeth share similar wear patterns to those seen in the Tyrannosauridae and Troodontidae. However, microwear on the teeth indicated that dromaeosaurids likely preferred larger prey items than the troodontids they often shared their environment with. Such dietary differentiations likely allowed them to inhabit the same environment. The same study also indicated that dromaeosaurids such as "Dromaeosaurus" and "Saurornitholestes" (two dromaeosaurids analyzed in the study) likely included bone in their diet and were better adapted to handle struggling prey while troodontids, equipped with weaker jaws, preyed on softer animals and prey items such as invertebrates and carrion.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: There is currently disagreement about the function of the enlarged "sickle claw" on the second toe. When John Ostrom described it for "Deinonychus" in 1969, he interpreted the claw as a blade-like slashing weapon, much like the canines of some saber-toothed cats, used with powerful kicks to cut into prey. Adams (1987) suggested that the talon was used to disembowel large ceratopsian dinosaurs. The interpretation of the sickle claw as a killing weapon applied to all dromaeosaurids. However, Manning "et al." argued that the claw instead served as a hook, reconstructing the keratinous sheath with an elliptical cross section, instead of the previously inferred inverted teardrop shape. In Manning's interpretation, the second toe claw would be used as a climbing aid when subduing bigger prey and also as a stabbing weapon.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: Ostrom compared "Deinonychus" to the ostrich and cassowary. He noted that the bird species can inflict serious injury with the large claw on the second toe. The cassowary has claws up to long. Ostrom cited Gilliard (1958) in saying that they can sever an arm or disembowel a man. Kofron (1999 and 2003) studied 241 documented cassowary attacks and found that one human and two dogs had been killed, but no evidence that cassowaries can disembowel or dismember other animals. Cassowaries use their claws to defend themselves, to attack threatening animals, and in agonistic displays such as the Bowed Threat Display. The seriema also has an enlarged second toe claw, and uses it to tear apart small prey items for swallowing.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: Phillip Manning and colleagues (2009) attempted to test the function of the sickle claw and similarly shaped claws on the forelimbs. They analyzed the bio-mechanics of how stresses and strains would be distributed along the claws and into the limbs, using X-ray imaging to create a three-dimensional contour map of a forelimb claw from "Velociraptor". For comparison, they analyzed the construction of a claw from a modern predatory bird, the eagle owl. They found that, based on the way that stress was conducted along the claw, they were ideal for climbing. The scientists found that the sharpened tip of the claw was a puncturing and gripping instrument, while the curved and expanded claw base helped transfer stress loads evenly. The Manning team also compared the curvature of the dromaeosaurid "sickle claw" on the foot with curvature in modern birds and mammals. Previous studies had shown that the amount of curvature in a claw corresponded to what lifestyle the animal has: animals with strongly curved claws of a certain shape tend to be climbers, while straighter claws indicate ground-dwelling lifestyles. The sickle claws of the dromaeosaurid "Deinonychus" have a curvature of 160 degrees, well within the range of climbing animals. The forelimb claws they studied also fell within the climbing range of curvature.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: Paleontologist Peter Mackovicky commented on the Manning team's study, stating that small, primitive dromaeosaurids (such as "Microraptor") were likely to have been tree-climbers, but that climbing did not explain why later, gigantic dromaeosaurids such as "Achillobator" retained highly curved claws when they were too large to have climbed trees. Mackovicky speculated that giant dromaeosaurids may have adapted the claw to be used exclusively for latching on to prey.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: In 2009 Phil Senter published a study on dromaeosaurid toes and showed that their range of motion was compatible with the excavation of tough insect nests. Senter suggested that small dromaeosaurids such as "Rahonavis" and "Buitreraptor" were small enough to be partial insectivores, while larger genera such as "Deinonychus" and "Neuquenraptor" could have used this ability to catch vertebrate prey residing in insect nests. However, Senter did not test whether the strong curvature of dromaeosaurid claws was also conducive to such activities.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: In 2011, Denver Fowler and colleagues suggested a new method by which dromaeosaurids may have taken smaller prey. This model, known as the "raptor prey restraint" (RPR) model of predation, proposes that dromaeosaurids killed their prey in a manner very similar to extant accipitrid birds of prey: by leaping onto their quarry, pinning it under their body weight, and gripping it tightly with the large, sickle-shaped claws. Like accipitrids, the dromaeosaurid would then begin to feed on the animal while still alive, until it eventually died from blood loss and organ failure. This proposal is based primarily on comparisons between the morphology and proportions of the feet and legs of dromaeosaurids to several groups of extant birds of prey with known predatory behaviors. Fowler found that the feet and legs of dromaeosaurids most closely resemble those of eagles and hawks, especially in terms of having an enlarged second claw and a similar range of grasping motion. The short metatarsus and foot strength, however, would have been more similar to that of owls. The RPR method of predation would be consistent with other aspects of dromaeosaurid anatomy, such as their unusual dentition and arm morphology. The arms, which could exert a lot of force but were likely covered in long feathers, may have been used as flapping stabilizers for balance while atop a struggling prey animal, along with the stiff counterbalancing tail. Dromaeosaurid jaws, thought by Fowler and colleagues to be comparatively weak, would have been useful for eating prey alive but not as useful for quick, forceful dispatch of the prey. These predatory adaptations working together may also have implications for the origin of flapping in paravians.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: In 2019, Peter Bishop reconstructed the leg skeleton and musculature of "Deinonychus" by using three-dimensional models of muscles, tendons, and bones. With the addition of mathematical models and equations, Bishop simulated the conditions that would provide maximum force at the tip of the sickle claw and therefore the most likely function. Among the proposed modes of the sickle claw use are: kicking to cut, slash or disembowel prey; for gripping onto the flanks of prey; piercing aided by body weight; to attack vital areas of the prey; to restrain prey; intra- or interspecific competition; and digging out prey from hideouts. The results obtained by Bishop showed that a crouching posture increased the claw forces, however, these forces remained relatively weak indicating that the claws were not strong enough to be used in slashing strikes. Rather than being used for slashing, the sickle claws were more likely to be useful in flexed leg angles such as restraining prey and stabbing prey at close quarters. These results are consistent with the Fighting Dinosaurs specimen, which preserves a "Velociraptor" and "Protoceratops" locked in combat, with the former gripping onto the other with its claws in a non-extended leg posture. Despite the obtained results, Bishop considered that the capabilities of the sickle claw could have varied within taxa given that among dromaeosaurids, "Adasaurus" had an unusually smaller sickle claw that retained the characteristic ginglymoid—a structure divided in two parts—and hyperextensible articular surface of the penultimate phalange. He could neither confirm nor disregard that the pedal digit II could have loss or retain its functionally.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: A 2020 study by Gianechini "et al"., also indicates that velociraptorines, dromaeosaurines and other eudromaeosaurs in Laurasia differed greatly in their locomotive and killing techniques from the unenlagiine dromaeosaurids of Gondwana. The shorter second phalanx in the second digit of the foot allowed for increased force to be generated by that digit, which, combined with a shorter and wider metatarsus, and a noticeable marked hinge‐like morphology of the articular surfaces of metatarsals and phalanges, possibly allowed eudromaeosaurs to exert a greater gripping strength than unenlagiines, allowing for more efficient subduing and killing of large prey. In comparison, the unenlagiine dromaeosaurids had a longer and slender subarctometatarsus, and less well‐marked hinge joints, a trait that possibly gave them greater cursorial capacities and allowed for greater speed. Additionally, the longer second phalanx of the second digit allowed unenlagiines fast movements of their feet's second digits to hunt smaller and more elusive types of prey. These differences in locomotor and predatory specializations may have been a key feature that influenced the evolutionary pathways that shaped both groups of dromaeosaurs in the northern and southern hemispheres.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: "Deinonychus" fossils have been uncovered in small groups near the remains of the herbivore "Tenontosaurus", a larger ornithischian dinosaur. This had been interpreted as evidence that these dromaeosaurids hunted in coordinated packs like some modern mammals. However, not all paleontologists found the evidence conclusive, and a subsequent study published in 2007 by Roach and Brinkman suggests that the "Deinonychus" may have actually displayed a disorganized mobbing behavior. Modern diapsids, including birds and crocodiles (the closest relatives of dromaeosaurids), display minimal long-term cooperative hunting (except the aplomado falcon and Harris's hawk); instead, they are usually solitary hunters, either joining forces time to time to increase hunting success (as crocodilians sometimes do), or are drawn to previously killed carcasses, where conflict often occurs between individuals of the same species. For example, in situations where groups of Komodo dragons are eating together, the largest individuals eat first and might attack smaller Komodo dragons that attempt to feed; if the smaller animal dies, it is usually cannibalized. When this information is applied to the sites containing putative pack-hunting behavior in dromaeosaurids, it appears somewhat consistent with a Komodo dragon-like feeding strategy. "Deinonychus" skeletal remains found at these sites are from subadults, with missing parts that may have been eaten by other "Deinonychus", which a study by Roach "et al." presented as evidence against the idea that the animals cooperated in the hunt. Different dietary preferences between juvenile and adult "Deinonychus" published in 2020 indicate that the animal did not exhibit complex, cooperative behavior seen in pack-hunting animals. Whether this extended to other dromaeosaurs is currently unknown. A third possible option is that dromaeosaurids did not exhibit long-term cooperative behaviour, but did show short-term cooperative behaviour as seen in crocodilians, which display both true cooperation and competition for prey.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: In 2001, multiple Utahraptor specimens ranging in age from fully grown adult to tiny three-foot-long baby were found at a site considered by some to be a quicksand predator trap. Some consider this as evidence of family hunting behaviour; however, the full sandstone block is yet to be opened and researchers are unsure as to whether or not the animals died at the same time.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: In 2007, scientists described the first known extensive dromaeosaurid trackway, in Shandong, China. In addition to confirming the hypothesis that the sickle claw was held retracted off the ground, the trackway (made by a large, "Achillobator"-sized species) showed evidence of six individuals of about equal size moving together along a shoreline. The individuals were spaced about one meter apart, traveling in the same direction and walking at a fairly slow pace. The authors of the paper describing these footprints interpreted the trackways as evidence that some species of dromaeosaurids lived in groups. While the trackways clearly do not represent hunting behavior, the idea that groups of dromaeosaurids may have hunted together, according to the authors, could not be ruled out.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: The forearms of dromaeosaurids appear well adapted to resisting the torsional and bending stresses associated with flapping and gliding, and the ability to fly or glide has been suggested for at least five dromaeosaurid species. The first, "Rahonavis ostromi" (originally classified as avian bird, but found to be a dromaeosaurid in later studies) may have been capable of powered flight, as indicated by its long forelimbs with evidence of quill knob attachments for long sturdy flight feathers. The forelimbs of "Rahonavis" were more powerfully built than "Archaeopteryx", and show evidence that they bore strong ligament attachments necessary for flapping flight. Luis Chiappe concluded that, given these adaptations, "Rahonavis" could probably fly but would have been more clumsy in the air than modern birds.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: Another species of dromaeosaurid, "Microraptor gui", may have been capable of gliding using its well-developed wings on both the fore and hind limbs. A 2005 study by Sankar Chatterjee suggested that the wings of "Microraptor" functioned like a split-level "biplane", and that it likely employed a "phugoid" style of gliding, in which it would launch from a perch and swoop downward in a U-shaped curve, then lift again to land on another tree, with the tail and hind wings helping to control its position and speed. Chatterjee also found that "Microraptor" had the basic requirements to sustain level powered flight in addition to gliding.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: "Changyuraptor yangi" is a close relative of "Microraptor gui", also thought to be a glider or flyer based on the presence of four wings and similar limb proportions. However, it is a considerably larger animal, around the size of a wild turkey, being among the largest known flying Mesozoic paravians.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: Another dromaeosaurid species, "Deinonychus antirrhopus", may display partial flight capacities. The young of this species bore longer arms and more robust pectoral girdles than adults, and which were similar to those seen in other flapping theropods, implying that they may have been capable of flight when young and then lost the ability as they grew.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: The possibility that "Sinornithosaurus millenii" was capable of gliding or even powered flight has also been brought up several times, though no further studies have occurred.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: "Zhenyuanlong" preserves wing feathers that are aerodynamically shaped, with particularly bird-like coverts as opposed to the longer, wider-spanning coverts of forms like "Archaeopteryx" and "Anchiornis", as well as fused sternal plates. Due to its size and short arms it is unlikely that "Zhenyuanlong" was capable of powered flight (though the importance of biomechanical modelling in this regard is stressed), but it may suggest a relatively close descendance from flying ancestors, or even some capacity for gliding or wing-assisted incline running.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: In 2001, Bruce Rothschild and others published a study examining evidence for stress fractures and tendon avulsions in theropod dinosaurs and the implications for their behavior. Since stress fractures are caused by repeated trauma rather than singular events they are more likely to be caused by regular behavior than other types of injuries. The researchers found lesions like those caused by stress fractures on a dromaeosaurid hand claw, one of only two such claw lesions discovered in the course of the study. Stress fractures in the hands have special behavioral significance compared to those found in the feet, since stress fractures in the feet can be obtained while running or during migration. Hand injuries, by contrast, are more likely to be obtained while in contact with struggling prey.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: At least one dromaeosaurid group, Halszkaraptorinae, whose members are halszkaraptorines, are most likely to have been specialised for aquatic or semiaquatic habits, having developed limb proportions, tooth morphology, and rib cage akin to those of diving birds.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: Fishing habits have been proposed for unenlagiines, including comparisons to the unambiguously aquatic spinosaurs, but any aquatic propulsion mechanisms have not been discussed so far.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: In 2006, Grellet-Tinner and Makovicky reported an egg associated with a specimen of "Deinonychus". The egg shares similarities with oviraptorid eggs, and the authors interpreted the association as potentially indicative of brooding. A study published in November 2018 by Norell, Yang and Wiemann et al., indicates that "Deinonychus" laid blue eggs, likely to camouflage them as well as creating open nests. Other dromaeosaurids may have done the same, and it is theorized that they and other maniraptoran dinosaurs may have been an origin point for laying colored eggs and creating open nests as many birds do today.


title: Dromaeosauridae

text: "Velociraptor", a dromaeosaurid, gained much attention after it was featured prominently in the 1993 Steven Spielberg film "Jurassic Park". However, the dimensions of the "Velociraptor" in the film are much larger than the largest members of that genus. Robert Bakker recalled that Spielberg had been disappointed with the dimensions of "Velociraptor" and so upsized it. Gregory S. Paul, in his 1988 book "Predatory Dinosaurs of the World", also considered "Deinonychus antirrhopus" a species of "Velociraptor", and so rechristened the species "Velociraptor antirrhopus". This taxonomic opinion has not been widely followed.


title: Texas City disaster

text: The 1947 Texas City disaster was an industrial accident that occurred on April 16, 1947, in the port of Texas City, Texas, United States, located in Galveston Bay. It was the deadliest industrial accident in U.S. history and one of history's largest non-nuclear explosions.


title: Texas City disaster

text: The explosion was triggered by a mid-morning fire on board the French-registered vessel SS "Grandcamp" (docked at port), which detonated her cargo of about 2,300 tons (about 2,100 metric tons) of ammonium nitrate. This started a chain reaction of fires and explosions aboard other ships and in nearby oil-storage facilities, ultimately killing at least 581 people, including all but one member of Texas City's volunteer fire department.


title: Texas City disaster

text: The disaster drew the first class action lawsuit against the United States government, on behalf of 8,485 plaintiffs, under the 1946 Federal Tort Claims Act.


title: Texas City disaster

text: SS "Grandcamp" was a recently re-activated 437-foot-long (133 m) Liberty ship. Originally named SS "Benjamin R. Curtis" in Los Angeles in 1942, the ship served in the Pacific theatre and was mothballed in Philadelphia after World War II. In a Cold War gesture, the ship was assigned by the U.S. to the French Line to assist in the rebuilding of France, along with other efforts in Europe. Along with the ammonium nitrate—a very common cargo on the high seas—it was carrying small arms ammunition, machinery, and bales of sisal twine on the deck. Another ship in the harbor, SS "High Flyer", was docked about 600 feet (200 m) away from "Grandcamp". The ammonium nitrate aboard the two ships, and fertilizer in an adjacent warehouse, were intended for export to farmers in Europe. "Grandcamp" had arrived from Houston, where the port authority did not permit the loading of ammonium nitrate.


title: Texas City disaster

text: "Grandcamp" had a mixed cargo, containing chiefly ammonium nitrate, but also twine, peanuts, tobacco, some small arms ammunition, engineering equipment, and cotton. The ammonium nitrate, needed either as fertilizer or an explosive, was manufactured in Nebraska and Iowa and shipped to Texas City by rail before being loaded onto "Grandcamp". It was manufactured in a patented process, mixed with clay, petrolatum, rosin and paraffin wax to avoid moisture caking. It was packaged in paper sacks, then transported and stored at higher temperatures that increased its chemical activity. Longshoremen reported the bags were warm to the touch before loading. "High Flyer" held an additional of ammonium nitrate and of sulfur.


title: Texas City disaster

text: On April 16, 1947, around 8 a.m., smoke was spotted in the cargo hold of "Grandcamp" while she was still moored. Longshoremen used a gallon jug of water and two fire extinguishers, but they had no effect and the cargo hold filled with smoke. The longshoremen were then ordered to leave. At this point, the captain of "Grandcamp" ordered that no water be used, lest the cargo be ruined. Instead, he ordered all hatches sealed and the hold to be filled with steam in an attempt to smother the fire. This was unlikely to be effective, as ammonium nitrate is an oxidizer, thus neutralizing the extinguishing properties of steam. The steam may have contributed to the fire by converting the ammonium nitrate to nitrous oxide, while augmenting the already intense heat in the ship's hold.


title: Texas City disaster

text: Around 8:30, the steam pressure became so great that it blew off the hatches. A column of yellow-orange smoke billowed out, the typical color for nitrogen dioxide fumes. The fire and its unusual-looking smoke attracted spectators along the shoreline, who believed they were at a safe distance. Responding fire departments included the Texas City volunteer fire department and the Republic Oil Refining Company firefighting team.


title: Texas City disaster

text: At 9:12 a.m., the ammonium nitrate reached an explosive threshold from the combination of heat and pressure. "Grandcamp" detonated, causing utter destruction within 2,000 feet and extreme damage throughout the port. The tremendous blast produced a shockwave, levelling nearly 1,000 buildings on land. Among the buildings destroyed was a Monsanto Chemical Company plant, killing 145 of its 450 workers.


title: Texas City disaster

text: Flying shrapnel resulted in ignition of refineries and chemical tanks along the waterfront. Falling bales of burning twine from "Grandcamp"s cargo added to the damage, and her anchor was hurled across the city. Two sightseeing airplanes flying nearby were blown out of the sky, while away, half of the windows in Galveston were shattered. The explosion blew the almost of the ship's steel into the air, some at supersonic speed.


title: Texas City disaster

text: Official casualty estimates came to a total of 567, including all the crewmen who remained aboard "Grandcamp". All but one member of the 28-man Texas City volunteer fire department were killed in the initial explosion on the docks while fighting the shipboard fire. With fires raging throughout Texas City, first responders from other areas were initially unable to reach the site of the disaster.


title: Texas City disaster

text: The first explosion had set "High Flyer" free from its moorings, and it had drifted across the harbor, coming to rest against SS "Wilson B. Keene". Her crew stayed aboard for an hour before the smoke of the burning oil in the harbor forced them to leave. In the afternoon, two men boarded "High Flyer" searching for injured crewmembers. They noted that her cargo was ablaze and reported it to someone on the harborfront. This message seems to have gone unheeded for several hours until it was realized that this indicated a serious problem. Only around 11 p.m. did tugboats attempt to pull "High Flyer" away from the docks. Despite having cut her anchor, they were unable to move her. They fled the area around 1 a.m. the next day (April 17).


title: Texas City disaster

text: Twelve hours later, "High Flyer" exploded, killing two more people. According to witnesses, the explosion was more powerful than that of "Grandcamp". Casualties were light since the docks had already been evacuated, but the second explosion exacerbated the damage to nearby ships and buildings. The blast destroyed the nearby "Wilson B. Keene". The steel frame of "High Flyer" had been heated until glowing, and these chunks rained down upon Texas City setting mass fires. One of the propellers were blown off and subsequently found nearly a mile inland. It is now in a memorial park near the anchor of "Grandcamp".


title: Texas City disaster

text: The Texas City disaster is generally considered the worst industrial accident in U.S. history. Witnesses compared the scene to the fairly recent images of the 1943 air raid on Bari and the much larger devastation after an atomic bomb was dropped at Nagasaki.


title: Texas City disaster

text: Of the dead, 405 were identified and 63 have never been identified. The latter remains were placed in a memorial cemetery in the north part of Texas City near Moses Lake. An additional 113 people were classified as missing, for no identifiable parts were ever found. This figure includes firefighters who were aboard "Grandcamp" when she exploded. There is some speculation that there were hundreds more killed but uncounted, including visiting seamen, undocumented laborers and their families, and an untold number of travelers. More than 800 people were left orphaned or widowed. However, there were also some survivors among people as close as 70 feet (21 m) from the dock. The victims' bodies quickly filled the local morgue. Several bodies were laid out in the local high school's gymnasium for identification by family or friends.


title: Texas City disaster

text: More than 5,000 people were injured, with 1,784 admitted to 21 area hospitals. More than 500 homes were destroyed and hundreds damaged, leaving 2,000 homeless. The seaport was destroyed, and many businesses were flattened or burned. Over 1,100 vehicles were damaged and 362 freight cars were obliterated; the property damage was estimated at $100 million (). This number may not encompass the full scope of damage: a further $500 million of oil products burned ().


title: Texas City disaster

text: A anchor of "Grandcamp" was hurled 1.62 miles (2.61 km) and found in a 10-foot (3 m) crater. It was installed at a memorial park. The other main anchor was hurled to the entrance of the Texas City Dike. It rests on a "Texas-shaped" memorial at the entrance. Burning wreckage ignited everything within miles, including dozens of oil and chemical tanks. The nearby city of Galveston was covered with an oily fog that left deposits over every exposed outdoor surface.


title: Texas City disaster

text: Some of the deaths and damage in Texas City were due to the destruction and subsequent burning of several chemical plants (including Monsanto and Union Carbide), oil storage, and other facilities near the explosions. Twenty-seven of the twenty-eight members of Texas City's volunteer fire department and three of four members of the Texas City Heights Volunteer Fire Department who were on the docks near the burning ship were killed. One firefighter, Fred Dowdy, who had not responded to the initial call, coordinated other firefighters arriving from communities up to 60 miles (100 km) away. Alvin Fussell, sole survivor of the Heights Volunteer firefighters, was driving to work in Alvin when he heard of the fire on the radio. Eventually 200 firefighters arrived from as far away as Los Angeles. Fires resulting from the cataclysmic events were still burning a week after the disaster, and the process of body recovery took nearly a month. All four fire engines of Texas City were twisted and burned husks.


title: Texas City disaster

text: The cause of the initial fire on board "Grandcamp" was never determined. It may have been started by a cigarette discarded the previous day, meaning the ship's cargo had been smouldering throughout the night when the fire was discovered on the morning of the explosion. Historian Hugh Stephens later identified human error as the cause, and cites numerous reasons as to why a minor fire became such a severe incident.


title: Texas City disaster

text: The disaster received national media attention, with offers of assistance coming from around the country. Several funds were established to handle donations, particularly the Texas City Relief Fund, created by the city's mayor Curtis Trahan. One of the largest fundraising efforts for the city and the victims of the disaster was organized by Sam Maceo, one of the two brothers who ran organized crime in Galveston at the time. Maceo organized a large-scale benefit on the island, featuring entertainers including Phil Harris, Frank Sinatra, and Ann Sheridan. In the end, the Texas City Relief Fund raised more than $1 million ($ in today's terms). Payouts for fire insurance claims reached nearly $4 million ($ in today's terms).


title: Texas City disaster

text: Within days of the disaster, major companies that had lost facilities in the explosions announced plans to rebuild in Texas City and in some cases to expand their operations. Some companies implemented policies of retaining all of the hourly workers who had previously worked at destroyed facilities with plans to use them in the rebuilding. Cost estimates of the industrial reconstruction were estimated at approximately $100 million ($ adjusted for inflation).


title: Texas City disaster

text: "Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of the explosion (...), just as the Phoenix bird symbolizes resurrection from the ashes of despair, the 'Phoenix Fountain' epitomizes courage and the triumph of the human spirit. (...) Chewatah, Washington Artist David Govedare was commissioned by Mayor Charles T. Doyle (...) [to] produce this twelve foot sculpture from half inch cor-ten steel. Architect Joseph Allen Hoover and City Engineer James McWhorter designed the fountain built by Texas City's Public Works Department."


title: Texas City disaster

text: Many of the legal cases seeking compensation were combined into "Elizabeth Dalehite, et al. v. United States", under the recently enacted Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA). On April 13, 1950, the district court found the United States government responsible for a litany of negligent acts of omission and commission by 168 named agencies and their representatives, in the manufacture, packaging, and labeling of ammonium nitrate. This was further compounded by errors in transport, storage, loading, fire prevention, and fire suppression, all of which led to the explosions and the subsequent carnage.


title: Texas City disaster

text: On June 10, 1952, the U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals overturned this decision, finding that the United States maintained the right to exercise its own "discretion" in vital national matters. The U.S. Supreme Court affirmed that decision (346 U.S. 15, June 8, 1953), in a 4-to-3 opinion, noting that the district court had no jurisdiction under the federal statute to find the government liable for "negligent planning decisions" which were properly delegated to various departments and agencies. In short, the FTCA clearly exempts "failure to exercise or perform a discretionary function or duty", and the court found that all of the alleged acts in this case were discretionary in nature.


title: Texas City disaster

text: In its dissent, the three justices argued that, under the FTCA, "Congress has defined the tort liability of the government as analogous to that of a private person", i.e., when carrying out duties unrelated to governing. In this case, "a policy adopted in the exercise of an immune discretion was carried out carelessly by those in charge of detail", and that a private person would certainly be held liable for such acts. A private person is held to a higher standard of care when carrying out "inherently dangerous" acts such as transportation and storage of explosives.


title: Texas City disaster

text: According to Melvin Belli in his book "Ready for the Plaintiff!" (1965), Congress acted to provide some compensation after the courts refused to do so. The Dalehite decision was eventually "appealed" to Congress, where relief was granted by means of legislation (Public Law 378, 69 Stat. 707 (1955)). When the last claim had been processed in 1957, 1,394 awards totaling nearly $17 million had been made.


title: Electronic rock

text: Electronic rock is a music genre that involves a combination of rock music and electronic music, featuring instruments typically found within both genres. It originates from the late 1960s, when rock bands began incorporating electronic instrumentation into their music. Electronic rock acts usually fuse elements from other music styles, including punk rock, industrial rock, hip hop, techno, and synth-pop, which has helped spur subgenres such as indietronica, dance-punk, and electroclash.


title: Electronic rock

text: Being a fusion of rock and electronic, electronic rock features instruments found in both genres, such as synthesizers, mellotrons, tape music techniques, electric guitars, and drums. Some electronic rock artists, however, often eschew guitar in favor of using technology to emulate a rock sound. Vocals are typically mellow or upbeat, but instrumentals are also common in the genre.


title: Electronic rock

text: A trend of rock bands that incorporated electronic sounds began during the late 1960s. According to critic Simon Reynolds, examples included the United States of America, White Noise, and Gong. Trevor Pinch and Frank Trocco, authors of the 2004 book "Analog Days", credit the Beach Boys' 1966 hit "Good Vibrations" with having "popularly connected far-out, electronic sounds with rock 'n' roll."


title: Electronic rock

text: Other early acts to blend synthesizers and musique concrète's tape music techniques with rock instrumentation included Silver Apples, Fifty Foot Hose, Syrinx, Lothar and the Hand People, Beaver & Krause and Tonto's Expanding Head Band. Many such 1960s acts blended psychedelic rock with avant-garde academic or underground influences.


title: Electronic rock

text: In the 1970s, German "krautrock" bands such as Neu!, Kraftwerk, Can, and Amon Düül challenged rock boundaries by incorporating electronic instrumentation. Since the late 2000s, electronic rock has become increasingly popular.


title: Electronic rock

text: The term "progressive rock" (or "prog rock") was originally coined in the 1960s for music that would otherwise be described as "electronic rock," but the definition of "prog" later narrowed into a specific set of musical conventions – as opposed to a sensibility involving forward-thinking or experimental approaches.


title: Electronic rock

text: Electronic rock is also associated with industrial rock, synth-pop, dance-punk, indietronica, and new wave, with electroclash, new rave, post-punk revival, post-rock, considered as subgenres. Sometimes, certain other electronic subgenres are fused with rock, like trance and techno, leading to the use of the terms trance rock and techno rock, respectively.


title: Electronic rock

text: Punk rock has been mixed with electronic music as well, creating subgenres like synth-punk (also known as electropunk) and dance-punk.


title: Electronic rock

text: Suicide, formed in 1970, would come to be an important synth-punk band. Their sound over their five studio albums mixed punk rock with various electronic-based genres such as electronic rock, synth-pop, and disco. Their first album is widely regarded for setting the stage for subsequent post-punk, synth-pop, and industrial rock acts.


title: Electronic rock

text: Devo, whilst better known for their 1980 synth-pop song Whip It, also had an electronic sound rooted in punk rock.


title: Electronic rock

text: In the early-1980s, synth-punk would fuse itself with various electronic genres to create electronic body music, which would influence a number of subsequent industrial dance, industrial rock, and industrial metal acts. It also influenced the hardcore punk inspired digital hardcore as well, which combines hardcore punk with electronic music, noise, and heavy metal. It typically features fast tempos and aggressive sound samples.


title: Electronic rock

text: Synth-metal is the fusion of heavy metal and electronic music. It was pioneered in the 1980s with Iron Maiden's album Somewhere in Time and Judas Priest's album Turbo, both of which notably incorporate guitar synthesizers.


title: Electronic rock

text: Besides synth-metal, electronicore, electrogrind, coldwave, and dungeon synth, heavy metal is also sometimes mixed with other electronic genres and their subgenres, inspiring terms such as electronic metal, electronic dance metal, trance metal, and techno metal.


title: Adil Hussain

text: Adil Hussain () is an Indian actor who has worked in Indian cinema, including art house cinema and mainstream Bollywood, as well as international cinema, in films such as "The Reluctant Fundamentalist" and "Life of Pi" (both 2012).


title: Adil Hussain

text: He received National Film Awards (Special Jury) at the 2017 National Film Awards for "Hotel Salvation" and "Maj Rati Keteki".


title: Adil Hussain

text: He has starred in English, Hindi, Assamese, Bengali, Tamil, Marathi, Malayalam, Norwegian and French films.


title: Adil Hussain

text: Born in Goalpara, Assam in 1963, where his father was the headmaster of a high secondary school, Hussain was the youngest of seven children.


title: Adil Hussain

text: In an interview he described his multiethnic background, as his maternal grandfather was Iraqi while his maternal grandmother had Assamese, English and Italian roots.


title: Adil Hussain

text: He left home at age 18 to study philosophy at B. Borooah College, Guwahati, he started acting in college plays and performing as a stand-up comedian.


title: Adil Hussain

text: He also mimicked popular Bollywood actors in between the performances of a local stand-up comedian group, the "Bhaya Mama Group". He worked as a stand-up comedian for six years, joined a mobile theatre and also did some local cinema, before moving to Delhi, where he studied at National School of Drama (1990–1993).


title: Adil Hussain

text: After his return to India in 1994, Hussain joined with the mobile 'Hengul Theater' in Assam, here he worked for three years, before moving to Delhi. He started his stage career in Delhi, though he continued training under Khalid Tyabji. After Tyabji he trained with Swapan Bose at Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Puducherry, before starting training with Dilip Shankar in Delhi.


title: Adil Hussain

text: As an actor, he first received acclaim in "Othello: A Play in Black and White" (1999), which was awarded the Edinburgh Fringe First, and later "Goodbye Desdemona" also directed by Roysten Abel. He remained the artistic director and Trainer of the Society for Artists and Performers in Hampi from 2004 to 2007, and a visiting faculty at Royal Conservatory of Performing Arts, The Hague. He is also a visiting faculty at his alma mater, the National School of Drama.


title: Adil Hussain

text: In 2004, he made his Bengali film debut along with Soha Ali Khan in the period drama "Iti Srikanta", where he played the lead role.


title: Adil Hussain

text: On television, he appeared in the lead role, in the detective series "Jasoos Vijay" (2002–2003), produced by BBC World Service Trust.


title: Adil Hussain

text: Though he had appeared in a few Assamese films, did a small roles in Vishal Bhardwaj's "Kaminey" and Sona Jain's "For Real", it was his role in Abhishek Chaubey's "Ishqiya" (2010) that got him attention in Bollywood, though his first major role was in Saif Ali Khan-Kareena Kapoor Khan starrer "Agent Vinod" released in early 2012. In the same year, he appeared in Italian director Italo Spinelli's "Gangor", Mira Nair's "The Reluctant Fundamentalist", and Ang Lee's "Life of Pi".


title: Adil Hussain

text: He next appeared alongside Sridevi in the comedy drama "English Vinglish" (2012), and also received critical acclaim for his role in "Lessons in Forgetting" at the New Jersey Independent South Asian Cine Fest. After these he acted in Aditya Bhattacharya's "Bombay Most Wanted" and Partho Sen-Gupta's "Sunrise".


title: Adil Hussain

text: His next role as Inspector K. N. Singh was in the Ranveer Singh-Sonakshi Sinha "Lootera" under Vikramaditya Motwane's direction. This followed with Amit Vats' comedy "Boyss Toh Boyss Hain", the story of four young men with similar problems in life, who eventually find their way to true love.


title: Adil Hussain

text: Hussain opened 2014 with the Assamese film "" playing Iqbal, which marked his first Assamese film in a lead role. "Sringkhal" and "Rodor Sithi" were his other Assamese releases in the year. He was also seen in Hindi films like "" as a CBI officer, "The Xposé" as Rajan starring Himesh Reshammiya in the lead, and "Tigers" as Bilal starring Emraan Hashmi. "Tigers", based on a real-life story about a salesman, was screened at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival. His first lead role in a Hindi film came with the drama "Zed Plus" as Aslam Puncturewala.


title: Adil Hussain

text: Hussain had his maximum number of film appearances in 2015 as he had releases in English, Hindi, Bengali and his first Tamil and Marathi movies. His Hindi movies include "Main Aur Charles" as Amod Kant, "Jai Ho Democracy" as Major Baruah, and "Angry Indian Goddesses" as a police superintendent. He debuted in Tamil cinema with "Yatchan" portraying a significant role of Selvam/Vetri, He also worked in his first Marathi movie "Sunrise" as Joshi. His Bengali film of the year was Arindam Sil's mystery thriller "Har Har Byomkesh" as Zamindar Deepnarayan Singh.


title: Adil Hussain

text: His 2016 projects include the drama film "Parched" directed by Leena Yadav, which premiered at the Special Presentations section of the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival. It is about four women who lead a tightly controlled-by-traditions life in a village of Rajasthan. His other project in the year is the action thriller "Force 2" directed by Abhinay Deo featuring John Abraham and Sonakshi Sinha in the lead. His Assamese film in 2016 is "Kothanodi". Adil Hussain's 2017 releases include "", "Love Sonia", "Mantra", "Mukti Bhawan", "", "Kabuliwala", and "Naval Enna Jewel".


title: Adil Hussain

text: In 2018, he acted in S. Shankar's "2.0" as well as in "Aiyaary" and "Bioscopewala". In 2022, Hussain became the first-ever personality to hoist the Indian National Flag in the Metaverse at the 'Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav' Metaverse event organised by Piro Space.


title: Adil Hussain

text: In 2013, after having conducted a film workshop at University Film Club, Aligarh Muslim University, Hussain was granted a lifetime membership in the university's film club.


title: Adil Hussain

text: Hussain has been honoured by Sandeep Marwah with the life membership of International Film And Television Club of Asian Academy of Film & Television at Noida Film City.


title: Adil Hussain

text: During the 1999 Edinburgh Film Festival, Hussain, cast as Othello, fell in love with Kristen Jain, who was playing Desdemona. He ended up tightly hugging her, much to her and the audience's shock, instead of "killing" her as per the script, thus forcing the curtains to be brought down immediately. They eventually got married eight years later, in 2007.


title: Carrier Global

text: Carrier Global Corporation is an American multinational heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), refrigeration, and fire and security equipment corporation based in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida. Carrier was founded in 1915 as an independent company manufacturing and distributing HVAC systems, and has since expanded to include manufacturing commercial refrigeration and food service equipment, and fire and security technologies.


title: Carrier Global

text: As of 2020, it was an $18.6 billion company with over 53,000 employees serving customers in 160 countries on six continents.


title: Carrier Global

text: Carrier was acquired by United Technologies in 1979, but it was spun off as an independent company 41 years later in 2020, as was the Otis Elevator Company.


title: Carrier Global

text: In 1908, the Carrier Air Conditioner Company of America was created as a subsidiary of the Buffalo Forge Company, with Willis Carrier as its vice president.


title: Carrier Global

text: With the onset of World War I in late 1914, the Buffalo Forge Company, where Carrier had been employed for 12 years, decided to confine its activities entirely to manufacturing. The result was that in 1915, Carrier and six other engineers pooled $32,600 to form the Carrier Engineering Corporation. They purchased their first factory in 1920, in Newark, New Jersey.


title: Carrier Global

text: The corporation bearing his name marketed its air conditioner to the residential market in the 1950s, which led to formerly sparsely populated areas such as the American Southwest becoming home to sprawling suburbs.


title: Carrier Global

text: In 1955, Carrier merged with Affiliated Gas Equipment, Inc., which owned the Bryant Heater Co., Day & Night Water Heater Co., and Payne Furnace & Supply Co.


title: Carrier Global

text: Carrier Corporation was acquired by United Technologies Corporation (UTC) in July 1979. Prior to the acquisition by UTC, Carrier Corporation was known as the Carrier Air Conditioning Company.


title: Carrier Global

text: International Comfort Products (ICP), headquartered in Lewisburg, Tennessee, was acquired by Carrier in 1999. In the 1990s Carrier stopped using the "Day & Night" brand (which was the "D" in the BDP division, or Bryant-Day & Night-Payne) but it was revived in 2006 by ICP.


title: Carrier Global

text: In 2001 Carrier was the "world's largest manufacturer of air-conditioning, heating, and refrigerator equipment" with a "total employment of 42,600" and a revenue of $8.9 billion. Carrier announced that it would be closing its DeWitt, New York plant. This led to the layoff of 1000 employees.


title: Carrier Global

text: In 2006, Carrier acquired Sensitech, Inc., a provider of logistics and tracking technologies based in Beverly, Massachusetts.


title: Carrier Global

text: In early 2008, Carrier acquired Environmental Market Solutions, Inc. (EMSI), an environmental and green building consulting company based in the United States. The company has received Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification from the US Green Building Council for its factories in Charlotte, NC, and Huntington, IN (2009), Shanghai, China (2010), and Monterrey, Mexico (2011).


title: Carrier Global

text: In September 2013, Carrier, Otis, and United Technologies Fire and Security were combined into one subsidiary, UTC Building & Industrial Systems. In 2016, Otis was split off, with the remainder becoming UTC Climate, Controls & Security.


title: Carrier Global

text: In January 2016, Carrier announced it would lay off an unspecified number of employees at its research and development division in the town of DeWitt, New York.


title: Carrier Global

text: In February 2016, Carrier announced it would close its Indianapolis factory and move production to Monterrey, Mexico. HVAC Systems and Services North America president Chris Nelson cited "ongoing cost and pricing pressures" and Carrier's "existing infrastructure and a strong supplier base" in Mexico, saying that the move would allow the company "to operate more cost-effectively." The Carrier spokesperson told the crowd that there would be no immediate impact on jobs, that the move would take place over three years, and no jobs would be affected until mid-2017, with the move to be completed by the end of 2019.


title: Carrier Global

text: Over the November 2016 Thanksgiving holiday weekend, President-Elect Donald Trump tweeted that he was in talks with Carrier Management to keep the factory in Indiana and not move to Mexico.


title: Carrier Global

text: On November 30, 2016, Carrier announced that it had negotiated an agreement with President-elect Trump and Vice President-elect Mike Pence to continue manufacturing gas furnaces in Indianapolis, in addition to retaining engineering and headquarters staff, preserving more than 1,000 jobs in Indianapolis. The agreement included a state incentive package of about $7 million over 10 years. The number of jobs saved was later revised down to 800.


title: Carrier Global

text: In May 2017, as part of their previously announced plan, Carrier told the state of Indiana that it will cut 632 jobs from its Indianapolis factory. Layoffs began at the end of July, 2017 with each worker receiving one week's salary for each year of employment, education and job training, plus 6 months of health insurance as part of the severance package.


title: Carrier Global

text: "The New York Times" reported on August 10, 2018, that Carrier's Indianapolis furnace plant was plagued by low morale and absenteeism because "employees share a looming sense that a factory shutdown is inevitable — that Carrier has merely postponed the closing until a more politically opportune moment."


title: Carrier Global

text: On November 26, 2018, United Technologies announced that it would spin off UTC Climate, Controls & Security as an independent company known as Carrier Global Corporation.


title: Carrier Global

text: In March 2020, United Technologies announced that the separation and spin-off of Carrier had been completed.


title: Carrier Global

text: Willis Carrier moved his facilities from New Jersey to Syracuse, New York, in the 1930s. During the late 20th century, when it was acquired by UTC, it was Central New York State's largest manufacturer. Due to increasing labor and union costs in the Central New York area, Carrier has substantially downsized its presence in Syracuse, with manufacturing work being moved to a variety of domestic and international locations. Meanwhile, managerial employees were moved closer to UTC's Connecticut corporate headquarters which represented a challenge to the local economy. Over the course of 2011, the majority of the manufacturing buildings of the Syracuse campus were demolished at a cost of nearly $14 million. Despite the loss of manufacturing jobs, the suburban Syracuse Campus, in DeWitt, New York, remained the primary engineering and design center for Carrier products, with over 1,000 employees and contractors on site. This site also houses the Customer Care Call Center for Carrier branded products.


title: Carrier Global

text: In 1980, Carrier was allowed to name the Carrier Dome, the football and basketball arena at Syracuse University, after Mel Holm, the company's then-CEO chair of the university's Board of Trustees, gave the university $2.75 million toward the facility's construction. Despite being named for an air conditioner manufacturer, the Carrier Dome was not air-conditioned for the first four decades of its lifespan, only having it installed during renovations that were completed in 2022. Despite finally installing air conditioning, Syracuse announced an end to the perpetual naming rights deal of the dome with Carrier Corp. and that nearby wireless company JMA Wireless would hold naming rights to the stadium moving forward.


title: Emilie Ullerup

text: Emilie Ullerup (born 27 October 1984) is a Danish actress. She is best known for playing Ashley Magnus on the television series "Sanctuary" and Bree O'Brien on the Hallmark Channel drama series "Chesapeake Shores".


title: Emilie Ullerup

text: Ullerup was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, as a child of a diplomatic family, daughter of (né Ullerup-Petersen). After graduating from high school in Copenhagen in 2003, she moved to Vancouver, Lower Mainland, British Columbia, Canada, and attended the Vancouver Film School, graduating in 2005.


title: Emilie Ullerup

text: Ullerup's first role was that of Julia Brynn on the remake television series of "Battlestar Galactica" in 2006, which aired on the Sci Fi Channel. She played Ashley Magnus in the first and second seasons of the television show "Sanctuary" until her character was written out. Her departure remained a topic of heated debate among fans, with many of them wanting her brought back in future episodes, until the show was cancelled in 2012.


title: Emilie Ullerup

text: In 2016, Ullerup was cast as Bree O'Brien in "Chesapeake Shores". Ullerup played Maggie Thomas, the estranged wife of Michael Thomas, in the disaster movie "Asteroid: Final Impact" (2015). Since 2016 Ullerup has had a recurring role as Dale Travers in Hallmark's "Signed, Sealed, Delivered" movies series.


title: Emilie Ullerup

text: Ullerup speaks Danish, English and Vietnamese. Her father held the title of Lord Chamberlain for the Danish Royal Family.


title: Emilie Ullerup

text: In 2008, she was found to have a benign but aggressive tumor wrapped around her spinal nerves. She underwent surgery to remove the tumor in 2009, at which time her coccyx and half of the sacrum of her pelvis were removed. After about five months, she recovered enough to return to work.


title: Richard Hatch (Survivor contestant)

text: Richard Holman Hatch Jr. (born April 8, 1961) is an American former reality television contestant. In 2000, he became the first "Survivor" winner in its , originally broadcast on CBS. He subsequently competed in "" season of "Survivor", the fourth celebrity edition of "Celebrity Apprentice", and season 17 of "The Biggest Loser". He was convicted with three counts related to attempted tax evasion and fraudulent tax return in January 2006. He served his fifty-one months and then, after failing to amend his 2000 and 2001 tax returns, additional nine months in prison.


title: Richard Hatch (Survivor contestant)

text: Hatch's parents divorced when he was eleven years old. Also, at the time of "Borneo", his mother was a registered nurse, and his father was a retired lab technician. Hatch is the oldest to his three siblings.


title: Richard Hatch (Survivor contestant)

text: Hatch graduated from Middletown High School (Rhode Island) in 1979. He studied oceanography and marine biology at the Florida Institute of Technology. He joined the United States Army in 1980 and became a West Point cadet within the next five years in the Army. He earned his bachelor's degree in Management and Applied Behavioral Sciences from the National Louis University. He pursued a master's degree by studying education and counseling at Rhode Island's Providence College.


title: Richard Hatch (Survivor contestant)

text: After the Army, in 1985, Hatch moved to Manhattan and married an unidentified Australian woman. They had been estranged throughout most of their marriage that lasted for at least ten years.


title: Richard Hatch (Survivor contestant)

text: Hatch's hometown is Newport, Rhode Island, where he resided at the time. He adopted a seven-year-old boy Christopher in 1998.


title: Richard Hatch (Survivor contestant)

text: "TV Guide" placed him thirty-first in its 2013 list of "The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time" for his "Survivor" gameplay.


title: Richard Hatch (Survivor contestant)

text: Hatch was a corporate trainer and consultant for his own business, Tri-Whale Training, when he first competed on "Survivor". In "" (2000), he came out as gay onscreen, notoriously went nude on numerous occasions, and used resources to catch edible sea creatures underwater. Moreover, he defended, formed, and led an alliance with his remaining Tagi tribe members who seemed unable to win individually. Strategically, after the two tribes were merged into one, to ensure the all-Tagi competition, the Tagi alliance voted out every remaining member of the original Pagong tribe.


title: Richard Hatch (Survivor contestant)

text: As four players remained, Hatch, Rudy Boesch, and Sue Hawk plotted to vote Wiglesworth out, but the idea was abandoned when Wiglesworth won an Individual Immunity challenge called "Fallen Comrades", a trivia quiz mini-game about eliminated contestants. At a Tribal Council, Hatch and Hawk received two votes each. In a tiebreaker, Hatch and Hawk were disallowed to vote; Boesch and Wiglesworth voted Hawk out and kept Hatch for the time being.


title: Richard Hatch (Survivor contestant)

text: As one of three remaining players, Hatch strategically dropped out of the season's final Immunity challenge, leaving Boesch and Wiglesworth to compete each other. Wiglesworth beat Boesch in the challenge, (as the only player eligible to vote) voted Boesch out, and kept Hatch, hoping to beat him in the finals. Fourth-placed Sue Hawk infamously called Kelly a "rat" and Richard a "snake" in the final Council. Hawk further said that, in Mother Nature, snake would eat a rat.


title: Richard Hatch (Survivor contestant)

text: Against the runner-up Wiglesworth, Hatch earned the "Sole Survivor" title and won $1 million and a Pontiac Aztek SUV by the 4–3 jury vote of the final Tribal Council. Three jury members of the Tagi tribe origins voted for Hatch. The other three jury members of the Pagong tribe origins voted for Kelly. Hatch earned a Pagong member Greg Buis's vote, totaling to four votes, because Hatch's number was closer to Buis's than Wiglesworth's was. Television critic Joel Reese of the "Daily Herald" credited Buis's "pick-a-number" strategy for Hatch's win more than Hatch's gameplay itself.


title: Richard Hatch (Survivor contestant)

text: Hatch re-competed in "" (2004) as part of the Mogo Mogo tribe. As before, he caught edible sea creatures with available resources. Mogo Mogo became weary about his antics, attitude, and constant nudity. Thus, he became the fourth person of the season and the first member of the tribe voted out, placing fourteenth.


title: Richard Hatch (Survivor contestant)

text: Before his elimination, Hatch was involved in an incident with another former "Borneo" player Sue Hawk, who reappeared in the same season as part of the Chapera tribe. Hawk later claimed that, during one of tribal immunity challenges, which was a balance beam mini-game, Hatch's genitals touched her as he passed her by on the course. The next day, Hawk resigned from the game voluntarily as she was too upset to continue. Hatch and Hawk discussed the incident in the February 27, 2004, episode of "The Early Show", the following day after the "Survivor" episode aired the incident.


title: Richard Hatch (Survivor contestant)

text: In post-"Borneo" era, Hatch made guest appearances as himself on "One Wong Move" (2000) from "Becker" and, alongside Sue Hawk, "Penetration Island" (2002) from "Son of the Beach". In "Becker", Hatch visits the titular character's office for his severe stomachache and makes references to his "Survivor" gameplay, like eating bizarre things.


title: Richard Hatch (Survivor contestant)

text: Hatch also wrote his 2000 book "101 Survival Secrets: How to Make $1 Million, Lose 100 pounds and Live Happily Ever After". According to a November 2000 interview, he lost more than 100 pounds within the past two years up to "Borneo" and then, after the filming was completed, having his excess inelastic tissue removed from his abdomen via resection surgery on May 9, 2000.


title: Richard Hatch (Survivor contestant)

text: Hatch appeared alongside three other "Survivor" players—Hawk, Jenna Lewis and Gervase Peterson—in "Hollywood Squares" on the week of September 25, 2000.


title: Richard Hatch (Survivor contestant)

text: In the Australian version of "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?" in October 2000, Hatch incorrectly answered the fourth question "What is 11 × 12?", resulting in his elimination without winning money. He also competed against other five "Borneo" players in the May 10, 2001, episode of "Weakest Link". Despite correctly answering most questions, he was unanimously voted out as the "weakest link" in the first round.


title: Richard Hatch (Survivor contestant)

text: Hatch also competed in the July 15, 2002, episode (all-reality edition) of a game show "Dog Eat Dog". He became part of a "dog pound" team after losing a challenge. The team lost the $25,000 prize to "Borneo" player Sue Hawk.


title: Richard Hatch (Survivor contestant)

text: In post-"All-Stars" era, Hatch also competed in the "Survivor" edition of "Family Feud", aired on the week of February 14, 2005, alongside other "Survivor" players, including Rudy Boesch and Sue Hawk, who were divided into male and female teams. He also competed on "Battle of the Network Reality Stars" in 2005 as part of the "dark blue" team, which lost the $10,000 prize () to the "light blue" team in the finals. He also was "fired" in the April 3, 2011, episode of "The Celebrity Apprentice 4". He also was eliminated in the January 18, 2016, episode of the seventeenth season of "The Biggest Loser" for not losing enough weight.


title: Richard Hatch (Survivor contestant)

text: Hatch was convicted in a county district court in September 2001 with domestic assault charge one month after his former partner Glenn Boyanowski accused him of assault. Hatch said that the assault started when Boyanowski trespassed his Middletown house. Hatch was sentenced to one-year probation on September 24, 2001, and was ordered not to contact Boyanowski. He appealed his conviction and sentence, both of which were overturned in a county superior court on February 5, 2002, after two days of court hearings.


title: Richard Hatch (Survivor contestant)

text: Hatch was convicted also on January 25, 2006, by jury with two counts of attempted tax evasion and one count of signing a fraudulent tax return for not paying taxes amounting to about $1.4 million, which were based on his past "Survivor" winnings, his $321,000 earnings as a co-host of a Boston radio show, and $28,000 rental property. According to investigation, he hired two different accountants in 2001 and 2002 to prepare his tax returns that would have reflected his "Survivor" winnings. Rather than file either return, he filed a return that did not reflect the winnings. He plead guilty to two of those counts before the conviction. He served his 51-month sentence in federal prison, particularly Federal Correctional Institution, Morgantown, and his release was under three-year supervision.


title: Richard Hatch (Survivor contestant)

text: In 2010, one year after Hatch's release in 2009, "Survivor" host/producer Jeff Probst and producer Mark Burnett revealed that Hatch was a strong candidate to reappear for the twentieth season, "", as a villain. However, Hatch was still under house arrest at the time and unable to re-participate because prosecutors denied him permission to do so. Hatch served an additional nine months in prison from March to December 2011 for not amending his 2000 and 2001 tax returns. The additional sentence prevented him from appearing in the live finale of "The Celebrity Apprentice 4". Since then, his release had been under supervision again, making him unable to leave the country, for twenty-six remaining months.


title: Richard Hatch (Survivor contestant)

text: Also in January 2006, Hatch was acquitted from seven fraud charges related to Horizon Bound, a charity to provide outdoor activity for troubled youth. However, the charity donations were also part of an investigation related to tax evasion charges.


title: Richard Hatch (Survivor contestant)

text: After the "All-Stars" filming, Hatch dated an Argentine tourist director Emiliano Cabral, whose age was twenty-eight in early 2004. They legally married in Nova Scotia in 2005. They divorced in a Rhode Island family court after at least fourteen years of their relationship.


title: Richard Hatch (Survivor contestant)

text: According to "Inside Edition", while he attended George Mason University (Virginia), Hatch donated his sperm to a sperm bank in Fairfax, Virginia, hundreds of times total for two years, twice or thrice per week average, to earn $30 per donation. Accordingly, two different women who were donated Hatch's sperm eventually gave birth to, respectively, one daughter and one son. He met his two biological children, both age twenty-two at the time, for the first time in 2011.


title: Richard Hatch (Survivor contestant)

text: A property purchased by Hatch in Sydney, Nova Scotia, following his "Survivor" win was included in a tax sale during a public auction in 2013. As the Cape Breton Regional Municipality tax office indicated, Hatch had not paid property taxes on the property for a period of more than six years.


title: Oxnard, California

text: Oxnard () is a city in Ventura County, California, United States. On California's South Coast, it is the most populous city in Ventura County and the 22nd-most-populous city in California. Incorporated in 1903, Oxnard lies approximately west of downtown Los Angeles and is part of the larger Greater Los Angeles area.


title: Oxnard, California

text: It is at the western edge of the fertile Oxnard Plain, adjacent to agricultural fields with strawberries, lima beans and other vegetable crops. Oxnard is also a major transportation hub in Southern California, with Amtrak, Union Pacific, Metrolink, Greyhound, and Intercalifornias stopping there. It also has a small regional airport, Oxnard Airport (OXR). The town also has significant connections to the nearby oil fields Oxnard Oil Field and the West Montalvo Oil Field. The high density of oil, industry and agricultural activities around the city, have led to several environmental issues.


title: Oxnard, California

text: Oxnard's population was 202,063 in 2020, and is largely Latino. It is the most populous city in the Oxnard–Thousand Oaks–Ventura, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area.


title: Oxnard, California

text: Before the arrival of Europeans, the area was inhabited by Chumash Native Americans. The first European to encounter the area was explorer João Rodrigues Cabrilho, who claimed it for Spain in 1542. During the mission period, Mission San Buenaventura, established in 1782, used the area for raising cattle.


title: Oxnard, California

text: Ranching began to take hold among Californio settlers, who lost their regional influence when California became a US state in 1850. At about the same time, the area was settled by American farmers, who cultivated barley and lima beans.


title: Oxnard, California

text: Henry T. Oxnard, founder of Moorhead, Minnesota-based American Crystal Sugar Company who operated a successful sugar beet factory with his three brothers (Benjamin, James, and Robert) in Chino, California, was enticed to build a $2 million factory on the plain inland from Port Hueneme. Shortly after the 1897 beet campaign, a new town emerged, now commemorated on the National Register of Historic Places as the Henry T. Oxnard Historic District. Oxnard intended to name the settlement after the Greek word for "sugar", "zachari", but frustrated by bureaucracy, named it after himself. Given the potential growth of the town of Oxnard, in the spring of 1898, a railroad station was built to service the plant, which attracted a population of Chinese, Japanese, and Mexican laborers and enough commerce to merit the designation of a town. The Oxnard brothers, who never lived in their namesake city, sold both the Chino and the giant red-brick Oxnard factory in 1899 for nearly $4 million. The Oxnard factory with its landmark twin smokestacks operated from August 19, 1899, until October 26, 1959. Factory operations were interrupted in the Oxnard Strike of 1903.


title: Oxnard, California

text: Oxnard was incorporated as a California city on June 30, 1903, and the public library was opened in 1907. Prior to and during World War II, the naval bases of Point Mugu and Port Hueneme were established in the area to take advantage of the only major navigable port on California's coast between the Port of Los Angeles and San Francisco Bay, and the bases in turn encouraged the development of the defense-based aerospace and communications industries.


title: Oxnard, California

text: In the mid-20th century Oxnard grew and developed the areas outside the downtown with homes, industry, retail, and a new harbor named Channel Islands Harbor. Martin V. ("Bud") Smith (1916–2001) became an influential developer. Smith's first enterprise in 1941 was the Colonial House Restaurant (demolished 1988) and then the Wagon Wheel Junction in 1947, (demolished 2011). He was also involved in the development of the high-rise towers at the Topa Financial Plaza, the Channel Islands Harbor, Casa Sirena Resort, the Esplanade Shopping Mall, Fisherman's Wharf, the Carriage Square Shopping Center, the Maritime Museum, and many other hotel, restaurant and retail projects.


title: Oxnard, California

text: In June 2004, the Oxnard Police Department and the Ventura County Sheriff imposed a gang injunction over a area of the central district of the city, in order to restrict gang activity. The injunction was upheld in the Ventura County Superior Court and made a permanent law in 2005. A similar injunction was imposed in September 2006 over a area of the south side of the city. Prohibited activities include associating with other known gang members, witness intimidation, possessing firearms or using gang gestures. Since then, court decisions have made adding people to the civil orders more stringent, stemming from lawsuits in Los Angeles and Orange counties. Judges determined that it was unconstitutional for people to be added to a gang injunction without a due-process hearing. As a result of budget cuts due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Oxnard police stopped maintaining and enforcing the injunction in 2020.


title: Oxnard, California

text: Oxnard is located on the Oxnard Plain, an area with fertile soil. With its beaches, dunes, wetlands, creeks and the Santa Clara River, the area contains a number of important biological communities. Native plant communities include: coastal sage scrub, California Annual Grassland, and Coastal Dune Scrub species; however, most native plants have been eliminated from within the city limits to make way for agriculture and urban and industrial development. Also native to the region is the endangered Ventura Marsh Milkvetch, and the last self-sustaining population is in Oxnard in the center of an approved housing development.


title: Oxnard, California

text: The Santa Clara River separates Oxnard and Ventura. Tributaries to this river include Sespe Creek, Piru Creek, and Castaic Creek.


title: Oxnard, California

text: Oxnard is on a tectonically active plate, since most of Coastal California is near the boundaries between the Pacific and North American Plates. The San Andreas Fault, which demarcates this boundary, is about 40 miles away.


title: Oxnard, California

text: One active fault that transverses Oxnard is the Oak Ridge Fault, which straddles the Santa Clara River Valley westward from the Santa Susana Mountains, crosses the Oxnard Plain through Oxnard, and extends into the Santa Barbara Channel. The coastline is subject to inundation by a tsunami up to 23 feet in height.


title: Oxnard, California

text: The fault has proven to be a significant contributor to seismic activity in the Oxnard region and beyond. The 6.7 Northridge earthquake that occurred on January 17, 1994, is believed to have occurred in the Santa Clarita extension of the Oak Ridge Fault. Landslides and ridge-top shattering resulting from the Northridge earthquake were observed above Moorpark, a city east of Oxnard.


title: Oxnard, California

text: Oxnard is the location of the National Weather Service forecast office that serves the Los Angeles area. The city is situated in a Mediterranean (dry subtropical) climate zone, experiencing mild and relatively wet winters, and warm, dry summers, in a climate called the warm-summer Mediterranean climate. Onshore breezes keep the communities of Oxnard cooler in summer and warmer in winter than those further inland. The average mean temperature is 61 °F (16 °C). The average minimum temperature is 52 °F (11 °C) and the average maximum temperature is 69 °F (21 °C). Generally the weather is mild and dry, with around 300 days of sunshine annually. The average annual precipitation is .


title: Oxnard, California

text: The area contains a number of important biological communities. Native plant communities include coastal sage scrub, California Annual Grassland, and Coastal Dune Scrub species; however, most native plants have been eliminated from within the city limits to make way for development. Also native to the region is the endangered Ventura Marsh Milkvetch, with the last self-sustaining population in Oxnard being at the center of a housing development.


title: Oxnard, California

text: The balance of wildlife in Oxnard is similar to that of most places in southern California, with small mammals being common in urbanized areas, like squirrels, raccoons, and skunks. Coyotes prey on these smaller mammals. Small birds and mammals can be food for stray, feral, and pet dogs and cats.


title: Oxnard, California

text: Oxnard has more coastal power plants than any other city in California, with three fossil-fuel power plants providing energy for cities in both Ventura and Santa Barbara Counties. The California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA) has identified Oxnard as a city excessively burdened by multiple sources of pollution. Two of the power plants use ocean water cooling. The Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment has categorized much of Oxnard in the top 10 percent of ZIP codes most negatively impacted by pollution in the state.


title: Oxnard, California

text: Pesticides are used in the agricultural fields surrounding Oxnard, as the area is one of the nation's leading strawberry producers, with agriculture being one of the top contributors to Oxnard's economy. Strawberries depend on large applications of fumigants containing pesticides. The Center for Health Journalism reported four ZIP codes with the highest pesticide use in the state clustered around Oxnard.


title: Oxnard, California

text: Rio Mesa High School, surrounded by agricultural fields of the Oxnard Plain, has been at the center of a Title VI Civil Rights Act complaint since 1999, covering three generations. Title VI prohibits recipients of federal funding from discriminating on the basis of race, color or national origin. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) routinely awards California pesticide regulators millions of dollars in grants. The EPA is required to ensure the recipients of its funding to be in compliance with Title VI. The plaintiffs argue that California pesticide regulators violated Title VI, by approving permits for toxins that disproportionately impacted Latino schoolchildren, who attended schools adjacent to fields with the highest methyl bromide levels in the state.


title: Oxnard, California

text: The historical architectural styles of Oxnard ranch family homes are Victorian era, Italian style, and Carpenter Gothic. In the Henry T. Oxnard Historic District, there are five Prairie School and eight Tudor Revival homes. The district includes Mission/Spanish Revival, Bungalow/craftsman, Colonial Revival, and other architecture.


title: Oxnard, California

text: Oxnard is a combination of neighborhoods, and urban development focused on the downtown, coastline, and harbor areas. The city's main land uses are industrial, residential, commercial, and open space. The city is characterized by one and two-story buildings, the only exception being several high rises in the northern part of the city. The city is surrounded by agricultural land and the Pacific Ocean, as well as the Santa Clara River. The city's primary development lies along Highway 101 and the other main roads.


title: Oxnard, California

text: The Henry T. Oxnard Historic District is a historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Oxnard. Covering approximately F and G Sts., between Palm and 5th Sts., in the city, the district includes 139 contributing buildings and includes homes mostly built before 1925. It contains Craftsman and Revival architecture in abundance.


title: Oxnard, California

text: Ormond Beach is a beach along the Oxnard coast. The beach, which stretches for two miles, adjoins the Ormond Wetlands, some farmland, and power plant remains. It covers the area in between Points Hueneme and Mugu, and is a well-known birding area. The beach historically contained marshes, salt flat, sloughs, and lagoons, but surrounding agriculture and industry have drained, filled, and degraded the beach and wetlands. However, there is still a dune-transition zone-marsh system along much of the beach.


title: Oxnard, California

text: The 2010 United States Census reported that Oxnard had a population of 197,899. The population density was . The racial makeup of Oxnard included 95,346 (48.2%) White, 5,771 (2.9%) African American, 2,953 (1.5%) Native American, 14,550 (7.4%) Asian, 658 (0.3%) Pacific Islander, 69,527 (35.1%) from other races, and 9,094 (4.6%) from two or more races. In addition, 145,551 people (73.5%) were Hispanic or Latino, of any race. Non-Hispanic Whites were 14.9% of the population in 2010, compared to 42.6% in 1980.


title: Oxnard, California

text: The Census reported that 196,465 people (99.3% of the population) lived in households, 932 (0.5%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 502 (0.3%) were institutionalized.


title: Oxnard, California

text: There were 49,797 households, out of which 25,794 (51.8%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 28,319 (56.9%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 7,634 (15.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 4,043 (8.1%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 3,316 (6.7%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 395 (0.8%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 7,090 households (14.2%) were made up of individuals, and 2,665 (5.4%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.95. There were 39,996 families (80.3% of all households); the average family size was 4.20.


title: Oxnard, California

text: The population was spread out, with 59,018 people (29.8%) under the age of 18, 23,913 people (12.1%) aged 18 to 24, 57,966 people (29.3%) aged 25 to 44, 40,584 people (20.5%) aged 45 to 64, and 16,418 people (8.3%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.4 males.


title: Oxnard, California

text: There were 52,772 housing units at an average density of , of which 27,760 (55.7%) were owner-occupied, and 22,037 (44.3%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.8%; the rental vacancy rate was 3.7%. 107,482 people (54.3% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 88,983 people (45.0%) lived in rental housing units.


title: Oxnard, California

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 170,358 people, 43,576 households, and 34,947 families residing in the city. The population density was 6,729.7 inhabitants per square mile (2,598.8/km). There were 45,166 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 42.1% White, 3.8% African American, 1.3% Native American, 7.4% Asian, 0.4% Pacific Islander, 40.4% from other races, and 4.7% from two or more races. Two-thirds of the population (66.2%) was Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Oxnard, California

text: There were 43,576 households, out of which 46.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.4% were married couples living together, 14.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.8% were non-families. 14.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.85 and the average family size was 4.16


title: Oxnard, California

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 31.8% under the age of 18, 11.8% from 18 to 24, 31.0% from 25 to 44, 17.3% from 45 to 64, and 8.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.0 males.


title: Oxnard, California

text: The median income for a household in the city was $48,603, and the median income for a family was $49,150. Males had a median income of $30,643 versus $25,381 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,288. About 11.4% of families and 15.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.4% of those under age 18 and 8.8% of those age 65 or over.


title: Oxnard, California

text: The economy of Oxnard includes defense, international trade, agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism. Oxnard is a manufacturing center in the Greater Los Angeles Area. The Port of Hueneme is the only deep-harbor commercial port between Los Angeles and San Francisco and moves trade within the Pacific Rim economies. Companies utilizing the Port include Del Monte Foods, Chiquita, BMW, Land Rover, and Jaguar. Other industries include finance, transportation, the high tech industry, and energy, particularly petroleum. Two large active oil fields underlie the city and adjacent areas: the Oxnard Oil Field, east of the city along 5th Street, and the West Montalvo Oil Field along the coast to the west of town. Tenby Inc.'s Oxnard Refinery, on 5th Street east of Del Norte Avenue, processes oil from both fields.


title: Oxnard, California

text: According to the city's 2021 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:


title: Oxnard, California

text: Other major employers include Naval Base Ventura County, Boskovich Farms, PTI Technologies, Seminis and Gills Onions.


title: Oxnard, California

text: Some of the major companies headquartered in Oxnard are Haas Automation, Seminis, Raypak, Drum Workshop, Borla Performance, Boss Audio, Seed Beauty, and Robbins Auto Tops Procter & Gamble and Sysco maintain their West Coast operations in Oxnard.


title: Oxnard, California

text: In October 2020, city officials announced that once a large swath of agricultural land is fully developed into a business park by late 2021, it estimates that up to 8,700 jobs will be created in the area. An Amazon fulfillment center opened in 2022 that serves Ventura, Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo counties.


title: Oxnard, California

text: According to the Camarillo General Plan: "The areas studied showed a high percentage of Group I soils, primarily located on the relatively flat Oxnard Plain. The Oxnard Plain, because of these high-quality agricultural soils, coupled with a favorable climate, is considered one of the most fertile areas in the world."


title: Oxnard, California

text: In 1995, SOAR (Save Open Space and Agricultural Resources) was initiated by farmers, ranchers and citizens of Ventura County to keep land in the Oxnard Plain from development.


title: Oxnard, California

text: The Oxnard Plain is well known for its strawberries. According to the USDA, Oxnard is California's largest strawberry producer, supplying about one-third of the State's annual strawberry volume. From the end of September through the end of October, strawberries are planted and harvesting occurs from mid-December through mid-July in Oxnard. The peak harvesting season in California runs from April through June, when up to 10 million pint baskets of strawberries are shipped daily. The state of California supplies over 85 percent of U.S. strawberries, with the U.S. supplying a quarter of total world production of strawberries.


title: Oxnard, California

text: Each year Oxnard hosts the California Strawberry Festival during the summer at College Park next to Oxnard College, featuring vendors as well as food items based on the fruit such as strawberry nachos, strawberry pizza, strawberry funnel cake, strawberry sundaes, and strawberry champagne.


title: Oxnard, California

text: Pests that attack this crop are very economically impactful in this town. Much of the research and effort is expended here and in Watsonville and Salinas. Economically significant insects include the Greenhouse Whitefly ("Trialeurodes vaporariorum").


title: Oxnard, California

text: In 2018, 80% of the voters approved a cannabis tax. The city council adopted a "go slow" approach upon the legalization of recreational cannabis in California. Companies must be licensed by the local agency and the state to grow, test, or sell cannabis and the city may authorize none or only some of these activities. Local governments may not prohibit adults, who are in compliance with state laws, from growing, using, or transporting marijuana for personal use. After an initial ban, businesses that focus on manufacturing, testing and distributing cannabis were allowed to apply for a permit to operate in July 2019. An initial process in May 2020 to select retail proposals was challenged by unsuccessful applicants. After revising the city ordinance, the council decided in September 2020 to allow 10 retail licences to be issued. A social equity component to maximize the ability for communities of color to benefit from the new industry as owners and investors and managers and employees as allowed by state law was not included. The city requires dispensaries to be a minimum of from schools or daycare centers. A special-use permit was approved for the first retail store in an Oxnard Shores neighborhood shopping center in February 2022.