title: Carlsbad Caverns National Park

text: Carlsbad Caverns National Park is situated in a bed of limestone above groundwater level. During cavern development, it was within the groundwater zone. Deep below the limestones are petroleum reserves (part of the Mid-Continent Oil Field). At a time near the end of the Cenozoic, hydrogen sulfide (HS) began to seep upwards from the petroleum into the groundwater. The combination of hydrogen sulfide and oxygen from the water formed sulfuric acid: HS + 2O → HSO.


title: Carlsbad Caverns National Park

text: The sulfuric acid then continued upward, aggressively dissolving the limestone deposits to form caverns. The presence of gypsum within the cave is a confirmation of the occurrence of this process, as it is a byproduct of the reaction between sulfuric acid and limestone.


title: Carlsbad Caverns National Park

text: Once the acidic groundwater drained from the caverns, speleothems began to be deposited within the cavern. Erosion above ground created the natural entrance to the Carlsbad Caverns within the last million years. Exposure to the surface has allowed for the influx of air into the cavern. Rainwater and snowmelt percolating downward into the ground pick up carbon dioxide; once this water reaches a cavern ceiling, it precipitates and evaporates, leaving behind a small calcium carbonate deposit. Growths from the roof downward formed through this process are known as stalactites. Additionally, water on the floor of the caverns can contain carbonic acid and generate mineral deposits by evaporation. Growths from the floor upward through this process are known as stalagmites. Different formations of speleothems include columns, soda straws, draperies, helictites, and popcorn. Changes in the ambient air temperature and rainfall affect the rate of growth of speleothems, as higher temperatures increase carbon dioxide production rates within the overlying soil. The color of the speleothems is determined by the trace constituents in the minerals of the formation.


title: Carlsbad Caverns National Park

text: According to the Köppen climate classification system, the Carlsbad Caverns Visitor Center has a cool semi-arid climate ("BS").


title: Carlsbad Caverns National Park

text: In 1898, a teenager named Jim White explored the cavern with a homemade wire ladder. He named many of the rooms, including the Big Room, New Mexico Room, Kings Palace, Queens Chamber, Papoose Room, and Green Lake Room. He also named many of the cave's more prominent formations, such as the Totem Pole, Witch's Finger, Giant Dome, Bottomless Pit, Fairyland, Iceberg Rock, Temple of the Sun, and Rock of Ages.


title: Carlsbad Caverns National Park

text: Max Frisch incorporates the story about White's discovery of the caves in his novel "I'm Not Stiller".


title: Carlsbad Caverns National Park

text: The town of Carlsbad, which lends its name to the cavern and national park, is in turn named after the Czech town formerly known by the German name "Karlsbad" (English spelling "Carlsbad") and now known by the Czech name Karlovy Vary, both of which mean "Charles' Bath[s]."


title: Carlsbad Caverns National Park

text: Until 1932, visitors to the cavern had to walk down a switchback ramp that took them below the surface. The walk back up was tiring for some. In 1932 the national park opened up a large visitor center building that contained two elevators that would take visitors in and out of the caverns below. The new center included a cafeteria, waiting room, museum and first aid area.


title: Carlsbad Caverns National Park

text: Carlsbad Caverns had an average annual visitation of about 410,000 in the period from 2007 to 2016. Peak visitation usually occurs on the weekends following Memorial Day and the Fourth of July. Free admittance for self-guided tours is often granted on holidays such as Martin Luther King, Jr. weekend, National Park Week, and Veterans Day weekend. Camping is permitted in the back country of the park, but a permit is required from the visitor center.


title: Carlsbad Caverns National Park

text: One of the extra events hosted by the park is the bat flight viewing. A program is given in the early evening at the amphitheater near the main entrance prior to the start of the flight, which varies with the sunset time. Flight programs are scheduled from Memorial Day weekend through the middle of October. Optimal viewing normally occurs in July and August when the current year bat pups first join the flight of adult bats. Morning programs are also hosted pre-dawn to witness the return of bats into the cave. Once a year, a bat flight breakfast is held where visitors can eat breakfast at the park prior to the morning return of bats.


title: Carlsbad Caverns National Park

text: Throughout the year, star parties are hosted by the park at night. Rangers host informational programs on the celestial night sky and telescopes are also made available. These parties are often held in conjunction with special astronomical events, such as a transit of Venus.


title: Carlsbad Caverns National Park

text: In 1985 a distinctive method of exploration was invented. In a dome area above the Big Room floor not far from the Bottomless Pit, a stalagmite leaned out. Using a balsa wood loop with helium-filled balloons attached, the explorers, (after several tries over several years), floated a lightweight cord up, over the target stalagmite, and back down to the ground. Then they pulled a climbing rope into position, and the explorers ascended into what they named The Spirit World. A similar, smaller room was found in the main entrance corridor, and was named Balloon Ballroom in honor of this technique.


title: Carlsbad Caverns National Park

text: In 1993, a series of small passages totaling nearly a mile in combined length was found in the ceiling of the New Mexico Room. Named "Chocolate High", it was the largest discovery in the cave since the Guadalupe Room was found in 1966.


title: Carlsbad Caverns National Park

text: The Bottomless Pit was originally said to have no bottom. Stones were tossed into it, but no sound of the stones striking the bottom was heard. Later exploration revealed the bottom was about deep and covered with soft dirt. The stones made no sound when they struck the bottom because they were lodged in the soft soil.


title: Carlsbad Caverns National Park

text: On October 31, 2013, a cave technician exploring the Spirit World area discovered a new chamber hundreds of feet up from the main area. Dubbed "Halloween Hall" for the date of its discovery, the fresh find marks the biggest discovery for the caverns in more than 25 years. The room's diameter is about , and more than 1,000 bat bones were discovered inside the room.


title: Carlsbad Caverns National Park

text: In 2018, a team of female explorers squeezed through a tiny passageway in the fourth-largest room (the Mystery Room) to discover never-before-surveyed areas of the cavern. Calling themselves the Twisted Sisters, they added names to the map of the Carlsbad Cavern, such as the Tomb of the Sky Bears, Ladies’ Lament, and Wriggler’s Relief. They also mapped the second-deepest part of Carlsbad Cavern, Lake of Muddy Misery, which is only 13 feet (4 m) higher than Lake of the Clouds. Continued exploration by volunteers has pushed the total length of Carlsbad Cavern to almost 40 miles of surveyed length.


title: Carlsbad Caverns National Park

text: The park contains over 119 caves. Three caves are open to public tours. Carlsbad Caverns is the most famous and is fully developed with electric lights, paved trails, and elevators. Slaughter Canyon Cave and Spider Cave are undeveloped, except for designated paths for the guided "adventure" caving tours.


title: Carlsbad Caverns National Park

text: Lechuguilla Cave is well known for its delicate speleothems and pristine underground environment. Guano mining occurred in the pit below the entrance in the 1910s. After gaining permission from the national park managers to dig into a rubble pile where wind whistled between the rocks when the weather changed, cavers broke through into a room in 1986. Over of cave passage has been explored and mapped. It has been mapped to a depth of , making it the second deepest limestone cave in the U.S. To protect the fragile environment, access is limited to permitted scientific expeditions only.


title: Carlsbad Caverns National Park

text: Seventeen species of bats live in the park, including many Brazilian free-tailed bats. It has been estimated that the population of Brazilian free-tailed bats once numbered in the millions but has declined drastically in modern times. The cause of this decline is unknown, but use of organochlorine pesticides (specifically DDT and dieldrin) is likely a contributor. A study published in 2009 by a team from Boston University questions whether millions of bats ever existed in the caverns.


title: Carlsbad Caverns National Park

text: Many techniques have been used to estimate the bat population in the cave. The most recent and most successful of these attempts involved the use of thermal imaging cameras to track and count the bats. A count from 2005 estimated a peak of 793,000.


title: Carlsbad Caverns National Park

text: The Mexican free-tailed bats are present from April or May to late October or early November. They emerge in a dense group, corkscrewing upwards and counterclockwise, usually starting around sunset and lasting about three hours. (Jim White decided to investigate the caverns when he saw the bats from a distance and at first thought they were a volcano or a whirlwind.) Every early evening from Memorial Day weekend to mid October (with possible exceptions for bad weather), a ranger gives a talk on the bats while visitors sitting in the amphitheater wait to watch the bats emerge.


title: Carlsbad Caverns National Park

text: Ten hiking trails and an unpaved drive provide access to the desert scenery and ecosystem. The developed portion around the cave entrance has been designated as The Caverns Historic District.


title: Carlsbad Caverns National Park

text: A detached part of the park, Rattlesnake Springs Picnic Area, is a natural oasis with landscaping, picnic tables, and wildlife habitats. As a wooded riparian area in the desert, it is home to remarkable variety of birds; over 300 species have been recorded. About 500 species have been recorded in the whole state of New Mexico. Rattlesnake Springs is designated a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places. The National Audubon Society has designated Rattlesnake Springs an Important Bird Area (IBA). The natural entrance to the caverns is also an IBA because of its colony of cave swallows, possibly the world's largest.


title: Carlsbad Caverns National Park

text: Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have been discovered in the isolated and little-visited Lechuguilla Cave within the park. These provide evidence that antibiotic resistance is ancient and widespread in bacteria.


title: Invisible hand

text: The invisible hand is a metaphor used by the British moral philosopher Adam Smith for his theorized social mechanism according to which within the free markets the domestic bourgeoisie invest in their home country, even if it is not the most profitable, guided by the "invisible hand" that drives the public interest. In "The Wealth of Nations" Smith talks about the invisible hand in connection with import restrictions.


title: Invisible hand

text: Smith was worried that if the movement of capital and the movement of goods (imports) were both free, the British bourgeoisie would invest abroad, to the detriment of Britain. To this, Smith came up with an argument according to which the British bourgeois would be biased according to their place of residence and would therefore make investments in the home country guided by an "invisible hand". Smith originally mentioned the term in his work "Theory of Moral Sentiments" in 1759, but it has actually become known from his main work "The Wealth of Nations", where the word itself is mentioned only once.


title: Invisible hand

text: Later, the concept has been captured to mean that the pursuit of individual interest leads to the general good. Before the enlightenment era, pursuing one's own interest was considered against the common good. According to Adam Smith, "it is the pursuit of individual self-interest that enables society based on the division of labor to function". In addition, Smith presented that people's efforts to promote their own economic interests in the best possible way have positive consequences for society as a whole. Similar ideas had already been presented before Smith by other Enlightenment thinkers, such as Anders Chydenius in his work "The National Gain" (1765) and Bernard Mandeville. Liberal thinkers wanted to show that society functions without collapsing even without the old hierarchical order of the feudal era.


title: Invisible hand

text: Smith may have come up with the two meanings of the phrase from Richard Cantillon who developed both economic applications in his model of the isolated estate.


title: Invisible hand

text: The idea of trade and market exchange automatically channeling self-interest toward socially desirable ends is a central justification for the "laissez-faire" economic philosophy, which lies behind neoclassical economics. In this sense, the central disagreement between economic ideologies can be viewed as a disagreement about how powerful the "invisible hand" is. In alternative models, forces that were nascent during Smith's lifetime, such as large-scale industry, finance, and advertising, reduce its effectiveness.


title: Invisible hand

text: Interpretations of the term have been generalized beyond the usage by Smith and some academic sources claim that the modern understanding of the concept was invented much more recently by Paul Samuelson to back up spontaneous order.


title: Invisible hand

text: Some see an early reference to the concept of the invisible hand in 7th century Arabia where the Islamic prophet Muhammad, when asked by a merchant to fix prices of goods whose prices have shot up, Muhammad responds "It is but Allah [God] Who makes the prices low and high.", in other Hadith it is worded "Allah [God] is the one Who fixes prices". This has been interpreted and applied as the first application of a laissez faire free market where not even Muhammad can interfere in the free market.


title: Invisible hand

text: The Swedish-Finnish scientist, philosopher and politician Anders Chydenius published his work The National Gain in 1765. In it he lays down the principles of liberalism and the free markets – for example, free trade and industry, and he also describes what Adam Smith later dubs the Invisible hand. For instance, Chydenius attacks the export subsidy as an example of the harmful effects of government intervention on the domestic economy.


title: Invisible hand

text: The first appearance in the Western world of the invisible hand in Smith occurs in "The Theory of Moral Sentiments" (1759) in Part IV, Chapter 1, where he describes a selfish landlord as being led by an invisible hand to distribute his harvest to those who work for him:


title: Invisible hand

text: Far from extolling the virtues of the "invisible hand" the overall tone of this passage is one that questions the distribution of wealth and laments the fact that the poor receive the "necessities of life" after the rich have gratified "their own vain and insatiable desires". Although elsewhere in "The Theory of Moral Sentiments", Smith has described the desire of men to be respected by the members of the community in which they live, and the desire of men to feel that they are honorable beings.


title: Invisible hand

text: There is only one instance where the invisible hand is explicitely mentioned in "The Wealth of Nations", that is in Book IV, Chapter II titled "'Of Restraints Upon the Importation from Foreign Countries of Such Goods as Can Be Produced at Home"'.


title: Invisible hand

text: Adam Smith starts by presenting the principle of self-interest and advances the conclusion he’s going to reach towards the end of the chapter, namely that self-interest results in public welfare:


title: Invisible hand

text: He then explains that, "assuming equal or similar profits", there is a preference for employing capital in home-trade over foreign trade and the latter over carrying trade:


title: Invisible hand

text: This, he argues, is because the further the capital goes, the greater risk and transaction costs are. However, he doesn’t exclude the possibility of special situations where capital is sent towards 'more distant employments’.


title: Invisible hand

text: So far Smith has argued that individuals act in their self-interest and that there is a preference for home-trade over foreign or carrying trade. Now, he adds that the capital employed in the home-trade necessarily boost the national industry, and increases employment and revenues "for the inhabitants of the country" to a larger degree than if it were employed outside. So not only is in the best interest of the individual to employ their capital in home-trade over the alternatives, but it is also the option most beneficial "for the individual’s society". It is in this way that the interest of the individual and "his" society align:


title: Invisible hand

text: It is important to note that the preference for the domestic economy has nothing to do with nationalist ideas or biases, but rather just the home-trade preference presented previously.


title: Invisible hand

text: Adam Smith goes on pointing out that the self-interest of individuals selects for those industries that create the greatest value. Thus, entrepreneurs will try to invest their capital in those industries where the production is expected to be of the greatest value, since they are also subject to self-interest (i.e. profit seeking):


title: Invisible hand

text: Finally, in paragraph IX, Smith concludes the argumentation and "directly" uses the concept of "invisible hand"; since individuals look for the best use of their capital they will invest it in home-trade (i.e. domestic industry) -which is the one that generates greatest societal benefits- and they also direct the industries towards those activities that provide the greatest value, every individual is employing his capital in the most optimal way as to increase society’s wealth, regardless of his particular care for the public good:


title: Invisible hand

text: Essentially, the invisible hand refers to the unintended positive consecuences self-interest has on the promotion of public welfare.


title: Invisible hand

text: It is also relevant to mention that, altough the term “invisible hand” only appears explicitely here, this fundamental idea is present throughout "The Wealth of Nations" and the case treated in this chapter seems to be a particular example of this principle, rather than the principle itself.


title: Invisible hand

text: Only in "The History of Astronomy" (written before 1758) Smith speaks of "the invisible hand", to which ignorants refer to explain natural phenomena otherwise unexplainable:


title: Invisible hand

text: In "The Theory of Moral Sentiments" (1759) and in "The Wealth of Nations" (1776) Adam Smith speaks of "an" invisible hand, never of "the" invisible hand. In "The Theory of Moral Sentiments" Smith uses the concept to sustain a "trickling down" theory, a concept also used in neoclassical development theory: The gluttony of the rich serves to feed the poor.


title: Invisible hand

text: Smith's visit to France and his acquaintance to the French Économistes (known as Physiocrats) changed his views from micro-economic optimisation to macro-economic growth as the end of Political Economy. So the landlord's gluttony in "The Theory of Moral Sentiments" is denounced in the "Wealth of Nations" as "unproductive labour". Walker, the first president (1885 to 92) of the American Economic Association, concurred:


title: Invisible hand

text: Smith's theoretical U-turn from a micro-economical to a macro-economical view is not reflected in "The Wealth of Nations". Large parts of this book are retaken from Smith's lectures before his visit to France. So one must distinguish in "The Wealth of Nations" a micro-economical and a macro-economical Adam Smith. Whether Smith's quotation of "an invisible hand" in the middle of his work is a micro-economical statement or a macro-economical statement condemning monopolies and government interferences as in the case of tariffs and patents is debatable.


title: Invisible hand

text: The concept of the "invisible hand" is nearly always generalized beyond Smith's original uses. The phrase was not popular among economists before the twentieth century; Alfred Marshall never used it in his "Principles of Economics" textbook and neither does William Stanley Jevons in his "Theory of Political Economy". Paul Samuelson cites it in his "Economics" textbook in 1948:


title: Invisible hand

text: In this interpretation, the theory is that the Invisible Hand states that if each consumer is allowed to choose freely what to buy and each producer is allowed to choose freely what to sell and how to produce it, the market will settle on a product distribution and prices that are beneficial to all the individual members of a community, and hence to the community as a whole. The reason for this is that self-interest drives actors to beneficial behavior in a case of serendipity. Efficient methods of production are adopted to maximize profits. Low prices are charged to maximize revenue through gain in market share by undercutting competitors. Investors invest in those industries most urgently needed to maximize returns, and withdraw capital from those less efficient in creating value. All these effects take place dynamically and automatically.


title: Invisible hand

text: Since Smith's time, this concept has been further incorporated into economic theory. Léon Walras developed a four-equation general equilibrium model that concludes that individual self-interest operating in a competitive market place produces the unique conditions under which a society's total utility is maximized. Vilfredo Pareto used an Edgeworth box contact line to illustrate a similar social optimality. Ludwig von Mises, in "Human Action" uses the expression "the invisible hand of Providence", referring to Marx's period, to mean evolutionary meliorism. He did not mean this as a criticism, since he held that secular reasoning leads to similar conclusions. Milton Friedman, a Nobel Memorial Prize winner in economics, called Smith's Invisible Hand "the possibility of cooperation without coercion." Kaushik Basu has called the First Welfare Theorem the Invisible Hand Theorem.


title: Invisible hand

text: Some economists question the integrity of how the term "invisible hand" is currently used. Gavin Kennedy, Professor Emeritus at Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh, Scotland, argues that its current use in modern economic thinking as a symbol of free market capitalism is not reconcilable with the rather modest and indeterminate manner in which it was employed by Smith. In response to Kennedy, Daniel Klein argues that reconciliation is legitimate. Moreover, even if Smith did not intend the term "invisible hand" to be used in the current manner, its serviceability as such should not be rendered ineffective. In conclusion of their exchange, Kennedy insists that Smith's intentions are of utmost importance to the current debate, which is one of Smith's association with the term "invisible hand". If the term is to be used as a symbol of liberty and economic coordination as it has been in the modern era, Kennedy argues that it should exist as a construct completely separate from Adam Smith since there is little evidence that Smith imputed any significance onto the term, much less the meanings given it at present.


title: Invisible hand

text: Harvard economist Stephen Marglin argues that while the "invisible hand" is the "most enduring phrase in Smith's entire work", it is "also the most misunderstood."


title: Invisible hand

text: According to Emma Rothschild, Smith was actually being ironic in his use of the term. Warren Samuels described it as "a means of relating modern high theory to Adam Smith and, as such, an interesting example in the development of language."


title: Invisible hand

text: Smith uses the metaphor in the context of an argument against protectionism and government regulation of markets, but it is based on very broad principles developed by Bernard Mandeville, Bishop Butler, Lord Shaftesbury, and Francis Hutcheson. In general, the term "invisible hand" can apply to any individual action that has unplanned, unintended consequences, particularly those that arise from actions not orchestrated by a central command, and that have an observable, patterned effect on the community.


title: Invisible hand

text: Bernard Mandeville argued that private vices are actually public benefits. In "The Fable of the Bees" (1714), he laments that the "bees of social virtue are buzzing in Man's bonnet": that civilized man has stigmatized his private appetites and the result is the retardation of the common good.


title: Invisible hand

text: Bishop Butler argued that pursuing the public good was the best way of advancing one's own good since the two were necessarily identical.


title: Invisible hand

text: Lord Shaftesbury turned the convergence of public and private good around, claiming that acting in accordance with one's self-interest produces socially beneficial results. An underlying unifying force that Shaftesbury called the "Will of Nature" maintains equilibrium, congruency, and harmony. This force, to operate freely, requires the individual pursuit of rational self-interest, and the preservation and advancement of the self.


title: Invisible hand

text: Francis Hutcheson also accepted this convergence between public and private interest, but he attributed the mechanism, not to rational self-interest, but to personal intuition, which he called a "moral sense". Smith developed his own version of this general principle in which six psychological motives combine in each individual to produce the common good. In "The Theory of Moral Sentiments", vol. II, page 316, he says, ""By acting according to the dictates of our moral faculties, we necessarily pursue the most effective means for promoting the happiness of mankind.""


title: Invisible hand

text: Contrary to common misconceptions, Smith did not assert that all self-interested labour necessarily benefits society, or that all public goods are produced through self-interested labour. His proposal is merely that in a free market, people "usually" tend to produce goods desired by their neighbours. The tragedy of the commons is an example where self-interest tends to bring an unwanted result.


title: Invisible hand

text: The invisible hand is traditionally understood as a concept in economics, but Robert Nozick argues in "Anarchy, State and Utopia" that substantively the same concept exists in a number of other areas of academic discourse under different names, notably Darwinian natural selection. In turn, Daniel Dennett argues in "Darwin's Dangerous Idea" that this represents a "universal acid" that may be applied to a number of seemingly disparate areas of philosophical inquiry (consciousness and free will in particular), a hypothesis known as Universal Darwinism. However, positing an economy guided by this principle as ideal may amount to Social Darwinism, which is also associated with champions of "laissez-faire" capitalism.


title: Invisible hand

text: The Nobel Prize-winning economist Joseph E. Stiglitz, says: "the reason that the invisible hand often seems invisible is that it is often not there." Stiglitz explains his position:


title: Invisible hand

text: The preceding claim is based on Stiglitz's 1986 paper, "Externalities in Economies with Imperfect Information and Incomplete Markets", which describes a general methodology to deal with externalities and for calculating optimal corrective taxes in a general equilibrium context. In it he considers a model with households, firms and a government.


title: Invisible hand

text: Households maximize a utility function formula_1, where formula_2 is the consumption vector and formula_3 are other variables affecting the utility of the household (e.g. pollution). The budget constraint is given by formula_4, where q is a vector of prices, a the fractional holding of household h in firm f, π the profit of firm f, I a lump sum government transfer to the household. The consumption vector can be split as formula_5.


title: Invisible hand

text: Firms maximize a profit formula_6, where y is a production vector and p is vector of producer prices, subject to formula_7, G a production function and z are other variables affecting the firm. The production vector can be split as formula_8.


title: Invisible hand

text: The government receives a net income formula_9, where formula_10 is a tax on the goods sold to households.


title: Invisible hand

text: Noam Chomsky suggests that Smith (and more specifically David Ricardo) sometimes used the phrase to refer to a "home bias" for investing domestically in opposition to offshore outsourcing production and neoliberalism.


title: Invisible hand

text: Stephen LeRoy, professor emeritus at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and a visiting scholar at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, offered a critique of the Invisible Hand, writing that "The single most important proposition in economic theory, first stated by Adam Smith, is that competitive markets do a good job allocating resources. (...) The financial crisis has spurred a debate about the proper balance between markets and government and prompted some scholars to question whether the conditions assumed by Smith...are accurate for modern economies.


title: Invisible hand

text: John D. Bishop, a professor who worked at Trent University, Peterborough, indicates that the invisible hand might be applied differently to merchants and manufacturers from how it is applied with society. He wrote an article in 1995 titled "Adam Smith's Invisible Hand Argument", in which he suggests that Smith might be contradicting himself with the "Invisible Hand". He offers various critiques of the "Invisible Hand", and he writes that "the interest of business people are in fundamental conflict with the interest of society as a whole, and that business people pursue their personal goal at the expense of the public good". Thus, Bishop indicates that the "business people" are in conflict with society over the same interests and that Adam Smith might be contradicting himself. According to Bishop, he also gives the impression that in Smith's book 'The Wealth of Nations,' there's a close saying that "the interest of merchants and manufacturers were fundamentally opposed of society in general, and they had an inherent tendency to deceive and oppress society while pursuing their own interests." Bishop also states that the "invisible hand argument applies only to investing capital in one's own country for a maximum profit." In other words, he suggests that the invisible hand applies to only the merchants and manufacturers and that they're not the invisible force that moves the economy. However, Bishop mentions that the argument "does not apply to the pursuit of self-interest (...) in any area outside of economic activities."


title: Wish (The Cure album)

text: Wish is the ninth studio album by English rock band the Cure, released on 21 April 1992 by Fiction Records in the United Kingdom and Elektra Records in the United States. "Wish" was the Cure's most commercially successful in the band's career, debuting at number one in the UK and number two in the US, where it sold more than 1.2 million copies.


title: Wish (The Cure album)

text: On 25 November 2022, a remastered 30th-anniversary deluxe edition of "Wish" was released, containing four previously unreleased demos with vocals, instrumental demos, the "Lost Wishes" instrumental Cassette and remix versions.


title: Wish (The Cure album)

text: The record is the final studio album featuring drummer Boris Williams and the first featuring Perry Bamonte, who was initially working as a roadie for the band, as well as being the last album featuring guitarist Porl Thompson for sixteen years.


title: Wish (The Cure album)

text: Whilst retaining their trademark gothic rock sound and mood on some tracks, "Wish" often found the band emphasizing the lighter, broader guitar-driven alternative rock direction that was hinted on their previous three records. According to Thompson, "Wish" was recorded on 48 tracks and "almost everything was used". Robert Smith also revealed the hit song "Friday I'm in Love" was purposely sped up a quarter-tone sharp on the recording tape, halfway between D and E-flat. Smith commented on the speeding up of the tape of the song in a 1993 interview: "[…] that was an accident. I was playing with the vari-speed and forgot to turn it off. But the whole feel changed, and the fact that it's the only song on Wish that's not in concert pitch really lifts it out and makes it sound different. After working on the record for months, hearing something a quarter-tone off makes your brain take a step backwards." Smith also revealed that the "detuning" of the guitars played a role in the unique "sound" of the album, as did the subliminal overdubs and the extensive use of feedback. "A lot of things on our record that sound like heavy chorusing are actually just detuned instruments. The only drawback to that is onstage it's very confusing sometimes, especially with lots of phasing effects going on. It turns into this overwhelming pulsing sound, and you can't hear anything."


title: Wish (The Cure album)

text: Smith also revealed that the songs "Mesmerise" by Chapterhouse, and "Human" by The Human League were an influence on the album, he commented on both songs in 1993: "For every album we do, I assemble a bunch of songs that have something that I'm trying to capture. For "Wish", I would listen to 'Mesmerise' by Chapterhouse for its feeling of abandon and 'Human' by The Human League. You couldn't spot anything sonically or structurally that would influence anything we did, but there's an indefinable something that I'm trying to capture. One night I must have played 'Mesmerise' 20 times, drinking and turning it louder and louder, putting myself into a trance."


title: Wish (The Cure album)

text: The album's lead single was "High", released on 16 March 1992. The single peaked at number eight on the UK Singles Chart, number 42 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, and number one on the "Billboard" Modern Rock Tracks chart. The album's second single, "Friday I'm in Love", was released on 15 May 1992, a Friday, later reaching number six on the UK Singles Chart, number 18 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and number one on the Modern Rock Tracks chart. The final single was "A Letter to Elise", issued on 5 October 1992. This song reached number twenty-eight in the UK and number two on the Modern Rock Tracks chart.


title: Wish (The Cure album)

text: "Wish" was released on 21 April. It received positive reviews upon release, including a four-star review in "Rolling Stone" that stated: "For its cult of millions, the Cure offers the only kind of optimism that makes sense." "Wish" was also the band's overall highest-charting album, and most commercially successful in the band's career. Upon release, "Wish" would soon debut at number one on the UK Albums Chart, and number two on the US "Billboard" 200, where it sold more than 1.2 million copies. It also reached number one on "Cash Box" Top 200 Pop Albums chart in the US on 16 May 1992. "Wish" was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album in 1993.


title: Wish (The Cure album)

text: On 16 November 1993, a limited-edition EP titled "Lost Wishes" was released on cassette with four new tracks on it.


title: Wish (The Cure album)

text: In 1995, "Q" included "Wish" in its publication "In Our Lifetime: "Q"s 100 Best Albums 1986–94", a list compiled to celebrate its 100th issue.


title: Wish (The Cure album)

text: On 13 April 2018, in an interview with BBC Radio 6 Music, Robert Smith confirmed that the deluxe edition of "Wish" is finished. On 28 July 2022, the band announced a remastered and expanded 30th-anniversary deluxe edition of "Wish", containing 24 previously unreleased demos, out-takes, the Lost Wishes EP and as well a collection of 12-inch remixes of all three singles from the "Wish" period. The recordings were remastered by Smith and Miles Showell at Abbey Road Studios.


title: Wish (The Cure album)

text: This special edition was released on November 25 and features the remastered album, four demos with vocals, instrumental demos, the "Lost Wishes" instrumental EP and remix versions.


title: Wish (The Cure album)

text: All songs composed by the Cure (Perry Bamonte, Simon Gallup, Robert Smith, Porl Thompson, Boris Williams).


title: Keith Coogan

text: Keith Coogan (born January 13, 1970) is an American actor. He is the grandson of actor Jackie Coogan.


title: Keith Coogan

text: Keith Eric Mitchell was born on January 13, 1970, in Palm Springs, California, the son of Leslie Diane Coogan Mitchell, a realtor. He changed his name to "Keith Coogan" in 1986, two years after the death of his grandfather, Jackie Coogan. He married Kristen "Pinky" Shean on October 26, 2013, which would have been his grandfather's 99th birthday.


title: Keith Coogan

text: Coogan began acting in commercials at the age of five but appeared on TV as early as two years old. As a child, he appeared on episodes of "Little House on the Prairie", "The Waltons", "The Love Boat", "Fantasy Island", "Laverne & Shirley", "Mork & Mindy", "Eight Is Enough", "Knight Rider", "Growing Pains", "Silver Spoons", "Fame", and "CHiPs".


title: Keith Coogan

text: In 1982, Coogan also appeared as 'William' in the adaptation of Ray Bradbury's "All Summer in a Day" that aired on the PBS series WonderWorks.


title: Keith Coogan

text: He has also starred in films including "Adventures in Babysitting", "Cousins", "Hiding Out", "Cheetah", "Toy Soldiers", "Book of Love", and "Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead", and straight-to-video releases such as "Python", "Soulkeeper", and "Downhill Willie". He guest-starred on "Joan of Arcadia" and "Married to the Kellys".


title: Keith Coogan

text: His theater credits include John Olive's "The Voice of the Prairie", James McLure's "Pvt. Wars", and an unfinished Louisville work by Marsha Norman, "The Holdup". All were performed at Timothy and Buck Busfield's "B" St. Theater in Sacramento, California, during the 1992 and 1993 seasons.


title: Keith Coogan

text: In 2008, he worked in Dallas, Texas, on a short film, "The Keith Coogan Experience". On January 1, 2010, Coogan started the "Monologue a Day Project", where he learns a monologue or other short piece every day, "as inspired by Julie & Julia", and posts the resulting video performance on blogspot.com.


title: Keith Coogan

text: Coogan was featured in the minidocumentary, "Simply Coogan – An Interview with Keith Coogan", released by Coogan on December 13, 2010, which coincided with his birthday celebrations.


title: Keith Coogan

text: Coogan hosted "The Call Sheet" on the SkidRowStudios.com radio podcast network, an entertainment industry-based show that also covered tech news and politics.


title: Patty Loveless

text: Patty Loveless (born Patricia Lee Ramey, January 4, 1957) is an American country music singer. She began performing in her teenaged years before signing her first recording contract with MCA Records' Nashville division in 1985. While her first few releases were unsuccessful, she broke through by decade's end with a cover of George Jones' "If My Heart Had Windows". Loveless issued five albums on MCA before moving to Epic Records in 1993, where she released nine more albums. Four of her albums "Honky Tonk Angel", "Only What I Feel", "When Fallen Angels Fly", and "The Trouble with the Truth" are certified platinum in the United States. Loveless has charted 44 singles on the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs charts, including five which reached number one: "Timber, I'm Falling in Love", "Chains", "Blame It on Your Heart", "You Can Feel Bad", and "Lonely Too Long".


title: Patty Loveless

text: Loveless' music is defined by a mix of sounds, including neotraditional country, country pop, and bluegrass music, with her singing voice garnering favorable comparisons to Loretta Lynn and Emmylou Harris. Recurring songwriters whose work she has recorded include Matraca Berg, Kostas, Jim Lauderdale, and Steve Earle. She has collaborated with Vince Gill, George Jones, and Dwight Yoakam, among others. Nearly all of her albums were produced by her husband, Emory Gordy Jr. Although she largely retired from performing in 2009, Loveless has sporadically contributed to other artists' works in subsequent years. She has won five awards from the Country Music Association, two from the Academy of Country Music, and two Grammy Awards.


title: Patty Loveless

text: Patricia Lee Ramey was born January 4, 1957, in Pikeville, Kentucky. She is the oldest of seven children to Naomie and John Ramey. She was raised in nearby Elkhorn City, Kentucky, where her father worked in a coal mine. He contracted black lung disease as a result of the job, forcing the family to move to Louisville, Kentucky to facilitate his medical treatments. John Ramey died of the disease in 1979.


title: Patty Loveless

text: By the time she was 11, she began playing guitar and writing songs with her brother Roger, which led to the two of them performing together at local events. The two were discovered at one such show by the Wilburn Brothers. The duo did not consider her mature enough for a musical career at the time and encouraged her to keep performing. After she graduated high school, she began touring with the Wilburn Brothers as a vocalist in their touring band. In 1973, she quit the Wilburn Brothers band due to her dissatisfaction with not having a recording contract at the time. She married the band's drummer, Terry Lovelace, in 1973. She then moved with him to Charlotte, North Carolina. At this point, she altered the spelling of her name to Patty Loveless, a variant of her married name.


title: Patty Loveless

text: Loveless spent much of the late 1970s playing rock cover songs at various venues in the Midwestern United States. By the mid-1980s, she moved back to Nashville, Tennessee to pursue a career as a country artist. At the time, Loveless said she was inspired by the rise of neotraditional country in the mid-1980s through such acts as Dwight Yoakam, The Judds, and Randy Travis. In Nashville, she sang demonstration songs for other artists and signed a songwriting contract with Acuff-Rose Music in 1985. Loveless recorded five of her own songs on a demo tape, which her brother Roger sent to MCA Records' Nashville division. Tony Brown (a record producer who was also serving as that label's president of artists and repertoire) helped sign Loveless to the label in July 1985.


title: Patty Loveless

text: Loveless began recording music for MCA with production assistance from both Brown and Emory Gordy Jr., a producer whom Roger had befriended. Prior to working with Loveless, Gordy was a member of Emmylou Harris's backing band, the Hot Band. MCA Nashville released Loveless' debut single in late 1985 titled "Lonely Days, Lonely Nights". This was followed by three more singles that reached charting positions outside the top 40 on the American "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart. Because of their poor performance, MCA executives initially did not want to release an album. However, Loveless noted that "I Did" was highly popular among fans and concertgoers despite its low chart showing. She successfully convinced label executives to allow the release of a full album.


title: Patty Loveless

text: That album, the self-titled "Patty Loveless", was released in 1986. Gordy and Brown produced the project and were among the contributing musicians, as were guitarists Reggie Young and Richard Bennett. Contributing songwriters included Guy Clark, Jo-El Sonnier, and Karen Staley. Loveless had written "I Did" at age 17 after undergoing a breakup, and it is the only single in her career that she wrote. She had originally recorded "After All" as a demo for songwriters Jimbeau Hinson and Harry Stinson, who had intended for the song to be recorded by Reba McEntire. When McEntire chose not to record the song, the two songwriters allowed Loveless to keep it. Loveless supported her debut album by touring with George Jones, which led to the two singing "Roll in My Sweet Baby's Arms" together in concerts. An uncredited review in "Cashbox" of "Lonely Days, Lonely Nights" called it "a boot-tapper that shows off her strong voice and rhythmic phrasing." The same publication published a favorable review of "I Did", which stated that the song "really does seem to come from the heart" and had a "classic sound". During the same period, she also divorced first husband, Terry Lovelace.


title: Patty Loveless

text: Loveless's second MCA album was 1988's "If My Heart Had Windows". The lead single was the Curtis Wright composition "You Saved Me" (which fell outside the country top 40). It was followed by her first top-10 hit, a cover of George Jones' 1967 single, "If My Heart Had Windows". The third and final single was a cover of Steve Earle's "A Little Bit in Love". By mid-1988, Loveless' rendition had peaked at number two on the "Billboard" country charts. A review written by Thom Jurek of AllMusic praised these two covers in particular, also stating that her "integrity, down-home sincerity, and utterly stunning voice have helped to create a streak of fine recordings and chart success". Jack Hurst of the "Chicago Tribune" was mixed toward the album, praising Loveless' voice, but criticizing the production as being more country pop in nature. Coinciding with the album's release, Loveless was inducted into the Grand Ole Opry in 1988. Throughout 1988, Loveless also gained exposure in the United Kingdom by performing at an annual country music festival held at Wembley Arena.


title: Patty Loveless

text: In late 1988, Loveless's third album was released called "Honky Tonk Angel". Shortly after the album's release, she and Gordy married. The lead single was "Blue Side of Town", which was co-written by Hank DeVito (another member of Emmylou Harris' Hot Band). This song achieved a top-five peak, as did a cover of Lone Justice's "Don't Toss Us Away". After these came her first number-one single, "Timber, I'm Falling in Love". Brown discovered the song when seeking material for the album. It was written by Greek-American songwriter Kostas, who at the time was not considering a career in country. Due to the success of "Timber, I'm Falling in Love", Kostas went on to write more songs for Loveless and for other country artists. "The Lonely Side of Love" (another song written by Kostas) peaked in the country top ten by late 1989. In early 1990, the album's final single "Chains" became her second to top the country chart. MCA promoted the album through CMT, which included a prize drawing where fans could win a trip to see Loveless perform at Billy Bob's Texas, a nightclub in Fort Worth, Texas. In addition, the label gave away autographed posters and signed Loveless to an endorsement deal with Justin Boots. "Honky Tonk Angel" was later certified certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of one million copies. Brian Mansfield described the album as "the album that established Loveless as a major presence". Wendy Dudley of the "Calgary Herald" praised Loveless' "robust vocals", comparing them favorably to those of Patsy Cline.


title: Patty Loveless

text: In 1990 Loveless released her fourth studio album, "On Down the Line". She charted within the top five with the album's title track, another composition by Kostas. Next came a cover of Lucinda Williams' "The Night's Too Long", which reached number 20. The disc also spawned "I'm That Kind of Girl" and "Blue Memories", respectively co-written by Matraca Berg and Karen Brooks. Both made their chart appearances in early 1991. "On Down the Line" achieved a gold certification honoring shipments of 500,000 copies. Alex Henderson wrote of the album on AllMusic, "Unpredictable and consistently inspired, "On Down the Line" remains one of Loveless' finest albums." Hurst wrote that "Loveless' world-class vocal power has seemed for three albums to be searching for material that could engage her soul, and she appears to have found it in this collection".


title: Patty Loveless

text: Loveless ended her tenure on MCA with "Up Against My Heart" in 1991. Its lead single was the top-five song, "Hurt Me Bad (In a Real Good Way)", co-written by (and featuring backing vocals from) Deborah Allen. Dolly Parton, Mac McAnally, and Vince Gill also sang on several album tracks. The closing track was a cover of Lyle Lovett's "God Will". Follow-up singles, "Jealous Bone" and "Can't Stop Myself from Loving You", were less successful on "Billboard". Alanna Nash of "Entertainment Weekly" rated the album "A+", comparing the music favorably to Loretta Lynn and Emmylou Harris. The editors of "Country Music: The Encyclopedia" attributed the commercial failure of "Up Against My Heart" to the increased success of other women on the MCA label such as Wynonna Judd and Trisha Yearwood. In 1992, Loveless ended her contract with MCA and fired her brother Roger from his position as her manager. Her last MCA release was a "Greatest Hits" package in 1993. After its release, this compilation was certified gold.


title: Patty Loveless

text: Loveless signed with Epic Records in late 1992 following her departure from MCA. While between labels she was featured on Dwight Yoakam's 1992 single "Send a Message to My Heart" (from his 1990 album "If There Was a Way"). Before she could begin recording, she was diagnosed with an aneurysm on one of her vocal cords. This had developed from a vocal strain endured from multiple years of touring. Although the aneurysm was surgically removed in October 1992, she required a month of vocal rest and therapy before singing again. After recovery, she rebounded with what was considered a milestone record with her, Epic Records debut, "Only What I Feel" (1993). The album was again produced by Gordy who also played bass guitar. Vince Gill and Joe Diffie provided backing vocals, while musical contributions included keyboardist Barry Beckett, steel guitarist Paul Franklin, and strings by members of the Nashville String Machine. Her first single for Epic was "Blame It on Your Heart", co-written by Kostas and Harlan Howard. In mid-1993, this song became Loveless' third number-one single on "Billboard". Also in 1993, she was one of many featured vocalists on George Jones's "I Don't Need Your Rockin' Chair", a multiple-artist collaboration, which won the Country Music Association's Vocal Event of the Year for everyone involved.


title: Patty Loveless

text: "Only What I Feel" accounted for three more singles between then and 1994: "Nothin' but the Wheel", "You Will", and "How Can I Help You Say Goodbye". The latter songs both reached the "Billboard" country top ten. "You Will" was co-written by Pam Rose and Mary Ann Kennedy (then of the country duo Kennedy Rose), and was originally recorded by Anne Murray in 1991. Actor Burton Collins came up with the concept of "How Can I Help You Say Goodbye" after his grandmother's death in 1988, but did not finish the song until much later when he met co-writer Karen Taylor-Good. Alanna Nash of "Entertainment Weekly" thought that Loveless' vocals had become stronger after the surgery and that the songs had themes of "understanding between the sexes". Michael McCall of AllMusic also found Loveless' voice stronger than on her MCA work, highlighting her delivery on "Nothin' but the Wheel" in particular. At the 37th Grammy Awards in 1995, "How Can I Help You Say Goodbye" was nominated for Best Female Country Vocal Performance, her first nomination from that organization.


title: Patty Loveless

text: Her second Epic album was 1994's "When Fallen Angels Fly". The lead single, "I Try to Think About Elvis", peaked at number three on the country charts the same year. Also spawned as singles were the top ten songs "Here I Am", "You Don't Even Know Who I Am", and "Halfway Down". "When Fallen Angels Fly" later won Album of the Year from the Country Music Association. The album had not originally been considered for nomination in this category, but the Country Music Association added it after disqualifying Alison Krauss' "". She won Top Female Vocalist from the Academy of Country Music in both 1995 and 1996. "You Don't Even Know Who I Am" was nominated as Song of the Year by the Academy of Country Music and the Grammy Award for Best Female Country Vocal Performance. "When Fallen Angels Fly" was certified platinum in 1996. Bob Cannon of "Entertainment Weekly" thought that Loveless displayed a wider emotional range on the album than other contemporary female country artists, contrasting her vocal delivery on "Halfway Down" and "You Don't Even Know Who I Am". Richard McVey wrote of "Here I Am" in "Cashbox" magazine that "She pours out emotions through her vocals like few can".


title: Patty Loveless

text: In 1996, Epic released her eighth studio album called "The Trouble with the Truth". The album's lead single was the Matraca Berg co-write "You Can Feel Bad". It became Loveless' fourth number-one single on "Billboard"'s country chart. While the follow-up single, "A Thousand Times a Day", stopped at number 13 on the charts, it was succeeded by her fifth number-one single, "Lonely Too Long". After these came the top-10 hit "She Drew a Broken Heart" and then the top 20 title track. Loveless described the project as having a theme of "see[ing] things as they are, not how you wish they'd be." "The Trouble with the Truth" received Album of the Year nominations from both the Academy of Country Music and Country Music Association. The project accounted for two Grammy nominations - the album itself for Best Country Album in 1997, and the title track for Best Female Country Vocal Performance a year later. By 1998, the album was certified platinum. The project also contained a cover of Richard Thompson's "Tear Stained Letter". A review in "Billboard" criticized this cover for not fitting thematically with the album, but stated of the other tracks that she "manages to sound simultaneously contemporary and traditional". The same magazine published a review of "Lonely Too Long", stating that her voice "exudes a variety of emotion on this well-written tune". Writing for Country Standard Time, Jeffrey B. Remz praised "Loveless' overwhelming ability to tackle the emotional core of each and every song."


title: Patty Loveless

text: In late 1997, Loveless reached the top 20 of the country charts with the George Jones duet "You Don't Seem to Miss Me". This was the lead single to her ninth album, "Long Stretch of Lonesome". "To Have You Back Again" and "High on Love" (another song co-written by Kostas) also charted in the top 20 from this album. "You Don't Seem to Miss Me" won Vocal Event of the Year from the Country Music Association in 1998, and was nominated for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals at the 40th Annual Grammy Awards. Co-writers on the album included Kostas, Kim Richey, Jim Lauderdale, and Nitty Gritty Dirt Band member Jeff Hanna. Carole L. Phillips of "The Cincinnati Post" rated the album "A", noting influences of both bluegrass and rock music on "High on Love", while comparing her delivery to Loretta Lynn and Roy Orbison on other tracks. Remz praised her vocal delivery on "To Have You Back Again", "You Don't Seem to Miss Me", and the title track in particular. "Long Stretch of Lonesome" was certified gold in 1998. Also in 1998, she joined another multiple-artist collaboration. This was "Same Old Train", included on the 1998 tribute album "A Tribute to Tradition". This song charted on Hot Country Songs that year and won Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals, thus giving Loveless her first Grammy.


title: Patty Loveless

text: Her next Epic release was a compilation titled "Classics", issued in 1999. The album included nine singles from her previous Epic albums along with three new tracks. Two of these"Can't Get Enough" and the Vince Gill duet "My Kind of Woman/My Kind of Man" were issued as singles. Loveless and Gill had worked together on a number of occasions prior to this song; notably, she sang backing vocals on his singles "When I Call Your Name", "Pocket Full of Gold", and "Go Rest High on That Mountain". "My Kind of Woman/My Kind of Man" won both artists the Country Music Association award for Vocal Event of the Year. Remz praised the consistency of the previously released singles, but considered "Can't Get Enough" inferior by comparison. "Classics" was certified gold in 2002. Loveless took a brief recording hiatus at the end of the decade due to her contracting pneumonia and Gordy requiring emergency surgery for pancreatitis. One exception to this hiatus came in late 1999, when she provided backing vocals on Tim McGraw's number-one single "Please Remember Me".


title: Patty Loveless

text: Loveless returned in 2000 with the studio project "Strong Heart". On recording the album, she said she wanted to find songs that appealed to young adults. Steve Earle contributed a harmonica part on the track "You're So Cool". It spawned two top-20 country singles with "That's the Kind of Mood I'm In" and "The Last Thing on My Mind". Despite these chart entries, the album was commercially unsuccessful, with Steve Huey of AllMusic attributing its failure to a more country pop sound than the preceding albums. Alanna Nash shared a similar opinion in a review for "Entertainment Weekly", although she praised the track "My Heart Will Never Pass This Way Again" for the inclusion of fiddle music. Country Standard Time reviewer Eli Messinger was more mixed toward the project, considering it inferior to "Long Stretch of Lonesome" while noting the inclusion of Jimmy Hall and Travis Tritt on various tracks.


title: Patty Loveless

text: She released a pair of bluegrass albums between 2001 and 2002. The first of these was "Mountain Soul", which consisted of original content and cover songs. Loveless said she had wanted to do an acoustic bluegrass album since 1992 when she met Ralph Stanley. Epic Records executives agreed to let her release the project after noticing positive fan reactions whenever she sang bluegrass songs in concert. Another factor in this decision was the contemporary success of bluegrass-influenced albums such as the soundtrack of "O Brother, Where Art Thou?" and the works of Nickel Creek. The album included guest vocals from Earl Scruggs and Ricky Skaggs, along with covers of songs originally recorded by Porter Wagoner, Dolly Parton, and Darrell Scott. She also covered Gordy's composition "Cheap Whiskey", previously a single for Martina McBride in 1992. "Out of Control Raging Fire" (a duet with Travis Tritt) was released as a single and music video late in 2001. Messinger gave a positive review of the album for Country Standard Time, calling it "the most emotion-drenched and uncompromisingly powerful album of her career." "Mountain Soul" received a Grammy nomination in the category of Best Bluegrass Album after release. The tracks "The Boys Are Back in Town" and "You'll Never Leave Harlan Alive" both received Song of the Year nominations at the 2002 International Bluegrass Music Awards. This project was followed in 2002 by the Christmas bluegrass album "". It consisted mostly of traditional Christmas covers such as "Silent Night" and "Away in a Manger". Jon Randall contributed to a rendition of "Joy to the World", and Carolyn Dawn Johnson on "The Little Drummer Boy". In addition to these songs, Gordy wrote the title track and two other original compositions.


title: Patty Loveless

text: Loveless's next album was 2003's "On Your Way Home". Loveless later said that she and Emory Gordy wanted to mix the "traditional" bluegrass feel of "Mountain Soul" with more contemporary instruments such as drums and electric guitar. She selected the first single to be a cover of Rodney Crowell's "Lovin' All Night". It became Loveless' last top-20 hit, while the title track and "I Wanna Believe" were her last chart entries altogether. Co-writers on the album included Marty Stuart, Buddy Miller, and Matraca Berg. Steven Wine of the Associated Press praised Loveless' "earthy twang", while considering the closing track "The Grandpa That I Know" the strongest lyrically. AllMusic writer Thom Jurek also praised "The Grandpa That I Know" and Loveless' overall vocal tone, as well as the inclusion of Dobro and fiddle in the production. The album led to Loveless receiving Female Vocalist of the Year nominations from both the Academy of Country Music and Country Music Association, while the title track was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Female Country Vocal Performance. In 2004, Loveless contributed backing vocals to Alan Jackson's single "Monday Morning Church". The two also performed the song together at that year's Country Music Association awards ceremony.


title: Patty Loveless

text: The 2005 release "Dreamin' My Dreams" was Loveless' last release for Epic before the label closed its Nashville branch. The project was co-produced by Gordy and Justin Niebank. Contributing musicians included Lee Roy Parnell, Jon Randall, and Emmylou Harris. The album included four cover songs: Waylon Jennings' "Dreaming My Dreams with You", Richard Thompson's "Keep Your Distance", Steve Earle's "My Old Friend the Blues", and a duet with Dwight Yoakam on a cover of Delaney Bramlett's "Never Ending Song of Love". The cover of "Keep Your Distance" was the only single from the album. Brian Wahlert of "Country Standard Time" said of this album that Loveless and Gordy "have a knack for finding songs that express the joy and pain of everyday life in a way that anyone can relate to." He praised Loveless' vocal delivery on the song "On the Verge of Tears" in particular. Jack Bernhardt of "The News and Observer" considered the album her strongest release, noting the "storytelling intrigue" of the songs, while comparing Loveless' vocals favorably to those of Patsy Cline. The same year as this album, Vince Gill featured her as a duet partner on the track "Out of My Mind" from his compilation "These Days".


title: Patty Loveless

text: In 2006, Loveless appeared on rock singer Bob Seger's "Face the Promise" as a duet partner on the track "The Answer's in the Question". David N. Cole, Seger's audio engineer, had recommended Loveless as a duet partner because he thought the song should be recorded as a duet. Seger was initially unsure if Loveless would approve, but the two agreed after realizing they were fans of each other's music. She then took a hiatus from recording, due in part to Epic closing its Nashville branch. In addition, her mother and mother-in-law had both died and her brother Roger had suffered a stroke. Her next album release was "Sleepless Nights" on Saguaro Road Records in 2008. According to an interview with CMT, Loveless chose to do a covers album dedicated to both Roger and to her sister Dottie (who died in 1996). Gordy produced and played bass on the album, with other contributors including pianist Hargus "Pig" Robbins, guitarist Al Perkins, and drummer Harry Stinson. The album featured covers of songs first cut by George Jones, Porter Wagoner, and Webb Pierce. The lead single was a cover of Jones' "Why Baby Why". Jonathan Keefe of "Slant Magazine" called Loveless' vocals "interpretive" while also noting the "deliberate thematic heft" of the songs chosen. Jurek wrote of this album, "Loveless treats these songs without even a trace of nostalgia, but as the living embodiment of stories that not only transfer emotion, but reveal the hidden truths of love, life, sadness, grief, and wisdom gained by experience." In addition to this album, she sang duet vocals on the track "House of Cash" from George Strait's 2008 album "Troubadour". At the 51st Annual Grammy Awards, "Sleepless Nights" was nominated for Best Country Album, while "House of Cash" was nominated for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals.


title: Patty Loveless

text: A year later, Loveless released her last studio album to date called "Mountain Soul II". This was a follow-up to the original "Mountain Soul" project. Like its predecessor, it featured influences of acoustic and bluegrass music. Vince Gill, Del McCoury, and Emmylou Harris were among the contributing vocalists, the latter doing so on a cover of her own "Diamond in My Crown". Loveless also included a number of traditional Christian songs such as "Children of Abraham", which she sang "a cappella". Loveless chose to include Christian material on the project as she had previously sung "Amazing Grace" with Ralph Stanley and Emmylou Harris while on tour with them. The album's lead single was a cover of Harlan Howard's "Busted". Keefe praised individual tracks such as this and the rendition of "I'm Working on a Building", but otherwise thought the album lacked the "focus" of its predecessor.


title: Patty Loveless

text: Although she largely retired from performing in 2009, Loveless has sporadically contributed to other artists' albums. She provided vocals to the track "Dear Diamond" on Miranda Lambert's 2010 album "Four the Record". The same year, she joined with Danica Patrick, Caitlyn Jenner, and Michael Strahan in a program started by NASCAR titled Drive, which was done to raise awareness of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Loveless chose to join the program as her sister Dottie had died of the disease. She also appeared on albums by Angaleena Presley, Elizabeth Cook, Trisha Yearwood, and Carly Pearce.


title: Patty Loveless

text: In October 2022, Loveless was one of several performers at Kentucky Rising, a benefit concert held at Rupp Arena to raise funds for victims of flooding in Kentucky. Other performers at the venue included Chris Stapleton, Dwight Yoakam, Ricky Skaggs, and Tyler Childers. A month later, Loveless and Stapleton performed "You'll Never Leave Harlan Alive" together at the 56th Annual Country Music Association Awards.


title: Patty Loveless

text: The editors of "Country Music: The Encyclopedia" describe Loveless as having a "straight-from-the-heart, strong yet vulnerable vocal style", which they compared favorably to Loretta Lynn and Kitty Wells. The same entry noted that Loveless had commercial success with both upbeat songs and ballads, and stated that she "may not be one of the more flashy personalities around; nevertheless, the songs she chooses to sing and the way she chooses to sing them are some of the best of what modern 'traditional' country music is all about." Steve Huey of Allmusic wrote that she "rose to stardom thanks to her blend of honky-tonk and country rock, not to mention a plaintive, emotional ballad style...but most critics agreed that she truly came into her own as an artist when she moved to Epic in the early '90s." According to "The Virgin Encyclopedia of Country Music", she attributed her vocal tone to her upbringing in areas of Kentucky known for bluegrass music.


title: Patty Loveless

text: In a review of "Up Against My Heart", Alanna Nash described Loveless as having a "wild-and-wounded voice". She also wrote that "[l]ike neo-traditionalist Emmylou Harris, she isn’t afraid of a sassy country rock beat or progressive lyrics that paint her as a woman who knows what she wants from love". Nash also noted that Loveless had yet to win any industry awards at the time of the album's release, stating that "her lack of both flamboyance and any desire to play Nashville politics" may have been a factor. Carole L. Phillips of "The Cincinnati Post" stated that Loveless "fus[es] the driving emotional intensity of rock with a throaty tenor". Geoffrey Himes of "The Washington Post" noted a recurring theme of "loss" and "heartache" in the lyrics of Loveless' songs. An uncredited article in "The Courier-News" of Bridgewater, New Jersey, stated that Loveless was "[b]lessed with a natural honky-tonk moan and heart-on-sleeve vocal honesty". The same article also described "The Lonely Side of Love", "Hurt Me Bad (In a Real Good Way)", and "Can't Stop Myself from Loving You" as more traditional in style than "rock-oriented" material like "Jealous Bone" or "Chains".


title: Patty Loveless

text: Nash described Gordy's production style as "lean but muscular". Loveless told "CMA Close Up" in 1996 that production sessions usually began with Gordy recording just her vocals and an acoustic guitar track to determine her vocal tone for each track before adding in other instruments. Remz stated in a review of "Long Stretch of Lonesome" that Gordy "knows just what to do with his wife's voicelet it rip, but he doesn't overmilk it either." Loveless told "The Los Angeles Times" in 1995 that she looks for songs with "realism" in the lyrics. She also stated that she did not like recording songs about relationships if they cast men in a negative light; she said she initially rejected "You Don't Even Know Who I Am" for this reason until she realized the song's second verse showed the failing relationship from the male's perspective, as well. As Loveless almost never wrote songs, she often enlisted Gordy's help in song selection and arrangement.


title: Patty Loveless

text: Because of her prolificacy in the 1990s, Loveless has been cited by several publications as having an influence on the subsequent generations of country music. In 2017, Taste of Country ranked her the 29th "most powerful woman" in country music, noting the critical success of the "Mountain Soul" albums. In the same article, Lauren Lucas stated that "The Trouble with the Truth" was a "huge influence" on her. Carly Pearce has also cited Loveless as a career influence. The two collaborated on the song "Dear Miss Loretta" from Pearce's 2021 album "".


title: Patty Loveless

text: Sara Evans, when discussing her plans to record a follow-up to her 2020 album "Copy That", stated that she wanted said follow-up to have a more traditional country sound. In doing so, she also cited Loveless as one of her favorite artists, and said she wanted her upcoming album to sound like Loveless. Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe had previously compared Evans' voice to that of Loveless in a review of Evans' 1998 single "No Place That Far".


title: Patty Loveless

text: Loveless' first marriage was to Terry Lovelace, drummer for the Wilburn Brothers, in 1973. After marrying him, she altered her surname to Loveless. According to the "Virgin Encyclopedia of Country Music", this change came about because she thought it would help to keep her from being mistaken for pornographic actress Linda Lovelace. Loveless corroborated this in a 1990 interview with the "Richmond Times-Dispatch". She divorced Terry Lovelace in 1986. Her second marriage was to Emory Gordy Jr. in February 1989. Gordy has served as bassist and producer on nearly all of Loveless' albums. Gordy had previously played bass in Emmylou Harris' touring band the Hot Band, and has also produced albums by The Bellamy Brothers, Earl Thomas Conley, and Alabama, among others. Loveless told "The Los Angeles Times" in 1995 that their relationship inspired the title track of "When Fallen Angels Fly", as both of them had been in prior relationships and were uncertain if they would successfully develop another until they met each other. Loveless' brother Roger, who played several key roles in her early career, died at age 72 in June 2022.


title: Patty Loveless

text: Patty Loveless has won five Country Music Association awards, two Academy of Country Music awards, and two Grammy Awards.


title: Balts

text: The Balts or Baltic peoples (, ) are an ethno-linguistic group of peoples who speak the Baltic languages of the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European languages.


title: Balts

text: One of the features of Baltic languages is the number of conservative or archaic features retained. Among the Baltic peoples are modern-day Lithuanians and Latvians (including Latgalians) — all Eastern Balts — as well as the Old Prussians, Yotvingians and Galindians — the Western Balts — whose languages and cultures are now extinct.


title: Balts

text: Medieval German chronicler Adam of Bremen in the latter part of the 11th century AD was the first writer to use the term "Baltic" in reference to the sea of that name. Before him various ancient places names, such as Balcia, were used in reference to a supposed island in the Baltic Sea.


title: Balts

text: In Germanic languages there was some form of the toponym East Sea until after about the year 1600, when maps in English began to label it as the Baltic Sea. By 1840, German nobles of the Governorate of Livonia adopted the term "Balts" to distinguish themselves from Germans of Germany. They spoke an exclusive dialect, Baltic German, which was regarded by many as the language of the Balts until 1919.


title: Balts

text: In 1845, Georg Heinrich Ferdinand Nesselmann proposed a distinct language group for Latvian, Lithuanian, and Old Prussian, which he termed Baltic. The term became prevalent after Latvia and Lithuania gained independence in 1918. Up until the early 20th century, either "Latvian" or "Lithuanian" could be used to mean the entire language family.


title: Balts

text: The Balts or Baltic peoples, defined as speakers of one of the Baltic languages, a branch of the Indo-European language family, are descended from a group of Indo-European tribes who settled the area between the lower Vistula and southeast shore of the Baltic Sea and upper Daugava and Dnieper rivers. Because the thousands of lakes and swamps in this area contributed to the Balts' geographical isolation, the Baltic languages retain a number of conservative or archaic features.


title: Balts

text: Some of the major authorities on Balts, such as Kazimieras Būga, Max Vasmer, Vladimir Toporov and Oleg Trubachyov, in conducting etymological studies of eastern European river names, were able to identify in certain regions names of specifically Baltic provenance, which most likely indicate where the Balts lived in prehistoric times. This information is summarized and synthesized by Marija Gimbutas in "The Balts" (1963) to obtain a likely proto-Baltic homeland. Its borders are approximately: from a line on the Pomeranian coast eastward to include or nearly include the present-day sites of Berlin, Warsaw, Kyiv, and Kursk, northward through Moscow to the River Berzha, westward in an irregular line to the coast of the Gulf of Riga, north of Riga. However, other scholars such as Endre Bojt (1999) reject the presumption that there ever was such a thing as a clear, single "Baltic "Urheimat"": 'The references to the Balts at various "Urheimat" locations across the centuries are often of doubtful authenticity, those concerning the Balts furthest to the West are the more trustworthy among them. (...) It is wise to group the particulars of Baltic history according to the interests that moved the pens of the authors of our sources.'


title: Balts

text: The area of Baltic habitation shrank due to assimilation by other groups, and invasions. According to one of the theories which has gained considerable traction over the years, one of the western Baltic tribes, the Galindians, Galindae, or Goliad, migrated to the area around modern-day Moscow, Russia around the fourth century AD.


title: Balts

text: Over time the Balts became differentiated into Western and Eastern Balts. In the fifth century AD parts of the eastern Baltic coast began to be settled by the ancestors of the Western Balts: Brus/Prūsa ("Old Prussians"), Sudovians/Jotvingians, Scalvians, Nadruvians, and Curonians. The Eastern Balts, including the hypothesised Dniepr Balts, were living in modern-day Belarus, Ukraine and Russia.


title: Balts

text: Germanic peoples lived to the west of the Baltic homelands; by the first century AD, the Goths had stabilized their kingdom from the mouth of the Vistula, south to Dacia. As Roman domination collapsed in the first half of the first millennium CE in Northern and Eastern Europe, large migrations of the Balts occurred — first, the Galindae or Galindians towards the east, and later, Eastern Balts towards the west. In the eighth century, Slavic tribes from the Volga regions appeared. By the 13th and 14th centuries, they reached the general area that the present-day Balts and Belarusians inhabit. Many other Eastern and Southern Balts either assimilated with other Balts, or Slavs in the fourth–seventh centuries and were gradually slavicized.


title: Balts

text: In the 12th and 13th centuries, internal struggles and invasions by Ruthenians and Poles, and later the expansion of the Teutonic Order, resulted in an almost complete annihilation of the Galindians, Curonians, and Yotvingians. Gradually, Old Prussians became Germanized or Lithuanized between the 15th and 17th centuries, especially after the Reformation in Prussia. The cultures of the Lithuanians and Latgalians/Latvians survived and became the ancestors of the populations of the modern-day countries of Latvia and Lithuania.


title: Balts

text: Old Prussian was closely related to the other extinct Western Baltic languages, Curonian, Galindian and Sudovian. It is more distantly related to the surviving Eastern Baltic languages, Lithuanian and Latvian. Compare the Prussian word "seme" ("zemē"), Latvian "zeme", the Lithuanian "žemė" ("land" in English).


title: Balts

text: The Balts originally practiced Baltic religion. They were gradually Christianized as a result of the Northern Crusades of the Middle Ages. Baltic peoples such as the Latvians, Lithuanians and Old Prussians had their distinct mythologies. The Lithuanians have close historic ties to Poland, and many of them are Roman Catholic. The Latvians have close historic ties to Northern Germany and Scandinavia, and many of them are irreligious. In recent times, the Baltic religion has been revived in Baltic neopaganism.


title: Balts

text: The Balts are included in the "North European" gene cluster together with the Germanic peoples, some Slavic groups (the Poles and Northern Russians) and Baltic Finnic peoples.


title: Balts

text: Recent genetic research show that the eastern Baltic in the Mesolithic was inhabited primarily by Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHGs). Their paternal haplogroups were mostly types of I2a and R1b, while their maternal haplogroups were mostly types of U5, U4 and U2. These people carried a high frequency of the derived HERC2 allele which codes for light eye color.


title: Balts

text: Baltic hunter-gatherers still displayed a slightly larger amount of WHG ancestry than Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers (SHGs). WHG ancestry in the Baltic was particularly high among hunter-gatherers in Latvia and Lithuania. Unlike other parts of Europe, the hunter-gatherers of the eastern Baltic do not appear to have mixed much with Early European Farmers (EEFs) arriving from Anatolia.


title: Balts

text: During the Neolithic, increasing admixture from Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHGs) is detected. The paternal haplogroups of EHGs was mostly types of R1b and R1a, while their maternal haplogroups appears to have been almost exclusively types of U5, U4, and U2.


title: Balts

text: The rise of the Corded Ware culture in the eastern Baltic in the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age is accompanied by a significant infusion of steppe ancestry and EEF ancestry into the eastern Baltic gene pool. In the aftermath of the Corded Ware expansion, local hunter-gatherer ancestry experienced a resurgence.


title: Balts

text: Haplogroup N did not appear in the eastern Baltic until the late Bronze Age, perhaps as part of a westward migration of speakers of Uralic languages.


title: Balts

text: Modern-day Balts have a lower amount of EEF ancestry, and a higher amount of WHG ancestry, than any other population in Europe.


title: Balts

text: In accordance with the 2008 research results of Russian and Estonian geneticists, the Northern Russians (a subethnic group) genetically are very similar to the Balts.


title: Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Peter Jason Quill, also known by his alias Star-Lord, is a fictional character portrayed primarily by Chris Pratt in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Quill is initially depicted as a member of the space mercenary group called the Ravagers who was abducted from Earth as a child by Yondu Udonta. He becomes the leader of the Guardians of the Galaxy after they assemble out of necessity to stop Ronan the Accuser from destroying Xandar. He discovers that he is a Celestial hybrid and that his father Ego created him (and numerous half-siblings) as a means to terraform planets. With the help his half-sister Mantis, Quill and the Guardians defeat Ego, and he develops a romantic relationship with Gamora. When Thanos begins his hunt for the Infinity Stones, Quill participates in the battle against him and learns Thanos killed Gamora. Quill is a victim of the Blip, but is resurrected by the Avengers and joins in on the final battle against Thanos where he meets an alternate 2014-Gamora who does not know him. After Thanos is defeated, Quill and the Guardians depart for space with Thor Odinson.


title: Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: , Quill has appeared in five films and the television special "The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special" (2022), and will return in the upcoming film "Guardians of the Galaxy Volume 3" (2023). The character and Pratt's portrayal have been met with positive reception.


title: Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Alternate versions of Quill from within the MCU multiverse appear in "" (2019), portrayed by Pratt, and in the animated series "What If...?" (2021), voiced by Brian T. Delaney.


title: Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: The comic book character first appeared in the black-and-white magazine publication "Marvel Preview" #4 (Jan 1976). Creator Steve Englehart established the character as "an unpleasant, introverted jerk" who was intended to evolve into "the most cosmic being in the universe", but this development went unrealized after Englehart left Marvel. Star-Lord continued to appear in "Marvel Preview", with writer Chris Claremont revamping the character and using science fiction adventure stories like the Heinlein juveniles for inspiration. Star-Lord made sporadic appearances over the next few years in various titles, with the character playing a central role in the "" crossover storyline, and the second volume of the 2008 run of "Guardians of the Galaxy", featuring a team led by Star-Lord for the duration of the title's 25-issue run.


title: Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige first mentioned "Guardians of the Galaxy" as a potential film at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con International, stating, "There are some obscure titles, too, like "Guardians of the Galaxy". I think they've been revamped recently in a fun way in the [comic] book." Feige reiterated that sentiment in a September 2011 issue of "Entertainment Weekly", saying, "There's an opportunity to do a big space epic, which "Thor" sort of hints at, in the cosmic side" of the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Feige added, should the film be made, it would feature an ensemble of characters, similar to "X-Men" and "The Avengers". Feige announced that the film was in active development at the 2012 San Diego Comic-Con International during the Marvel Studios panel, with an intended release date of August 1, 2014. He said the film's titular team would consist of the characters Star-Lord, Drax the Destroyer, Gamora, Groot, and Rocket.


title: Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Peter Quill was born in 1980. His father was the Celestial Ego (a fact of which Quill does not become aware until later in life), while his mother, Meredith, was a human from Missouri. As a child in 1988, Quill watches as his mother is dying from cancer. Unable to deal with it, he runs away and is abducted by the extraterrestrial spaceship of a mercenary gang called the Ravagers, led by Yondu Udonta. Although Yondu has been hired to deliver Quill to Ego, being aware of Ego's monstrous intentions, he instead keeps the boy and raises him as a surrogate son. Due to his own harsh upbringing, Yondu is stern with Quill, but also affectionate. At one point, he scoffs at a young Quill's attempt to celebrate Christmas, destroying his Christmas tree and throwing away his gifts, but later relents and opens the gift Quill gave him, gifting Quill a set of blasters in return.


title: Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: 26 years later, an adult Quill is a member of the Ravagers, and has had many adventures around the galaxy. While on a scavenging job, Quill finds himself embroiled in a significant power struggle and revenge war between two advanced galactic powers, the Kree warlord Ronan the Accuser and Xandar's Nova Corps, while also being hunted by Yondu after failing to bring him a stolen relic he found on Morag (later revealed to be an Infinity Stone).


title: Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: After he successfully retrieves the Power Stone, he returns to Xandar, where he is confronted by Gamora, who attempts to steal the Stone for herself, and Rocket and Groot, who attempt to capture Quill to collect a bounty on him. After a fight breaks out, the four are sent to a Nova Corps prison called the Kyln. They break out with another cellmate named Drax the Destroyer and escape on Quill's spaceship, where they become the Guardians of the Galaxy. Gamora takes them to Knowhere, where the Collector explains the significance of the Infinity Stones. However, they are attacked by Ronan's forces and forced to flee, losing the Power Stone in the process. Learning that Ronan plans to use the Power Stone to completely destroy Xandar, they travel there to stop him, with the help of Yondu and the Ravagers. After a battle between Ronan's army and the Nova Corps, the Guardians manage to destroy Ronan's warship. Quill initiates a dance-off to distract Ronan while the others blast Ronan's axe to free the Power Stone, which they are able to use to disintegrate Ronan. In the end, Quill and the Guardians are hailed as heroes as he vows to keep an eye on the team in case they break any laws again. Throughout the film, Quill is shown listening to a mixtape of various hit songs from 1962 – 1986 in a Walkman that was given to him by his mother, which serves as his only connection with Earth.


title: Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: A few months later, Quill and the Guardians are hired by the Sovereign to fight off an alien attacking their valuable batteries, in exchange for Nebula. After learning that Rocket stole some of the Sovereign's batteries, which causes their war fleet to attack, they crash land on a planet, where Quill meets his father, Ego, a primordial Celestial who manifests a human avatar that allows him to interact with other races. Quill, Gamora, and Drax go with Ego to his planet where they meet his ward Mantis. Ego informs Quill that he too possesses his Celestial abilities. Quill is initially happy to have found his father and to have family again, however, it is eventually revealed that Ego intends to terraform all other planets into extensions of himself, killing all other life, and had conceived Quill with the intention that his son would provide the extra power necessary to do so. After Ego reveals that he killed his mother, Quill turns against him. Quill keeps Ego occupied in combat with his newfound Celestial powers until Baby Groot places a bomb on Ego's brain. After Ego dies and Quill loses his Celestial powers, he is rescued from the planet's destruction by Yondu, who reveals himself as an adopted father to Quill. In space, Yondu gives Quill the last space suit, sacrificing his life to save him. The Guardians hold a memorial and give Yondu an honorable funeral, as the Ravagers arrive to pay homage. Quill also replaces his Walkman, which Ego had destroyed, with a Zune.


title: Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Four years later, Quill and the Guardians respond to a distress signal and end up rescuing Thor, who is floating in space amidst the wreckage of the "Statesman". Thor informs them that Thanos has begun his quest for the six Infinity Stones. with the Power Stone and Space Stone already in his possession. Quill takes Gamora, with whom he is now in a romantic relationship, to Knowhere, accompanied by Drax and Mantis. On the way, Gamora makes him promise to kill her if Thanos ever captures her, to prevent him from learning the Soul Stone's location which she knows. On Knowhere, however, Gamora is captured by Thanos, but Quill fails to kill her as he had promised, because of Thanos’ use of the Reality Stone as he leaves with Gamora. Quill, Drax, and Mantis travel to Titan and meet Tony Stark, Stephen Strange, and Peter Parker, in a brief confrontation in which they realize they are on the same side. They fight Thanos when he arrives and gain the upper hand, with Mantis subduing him with her powers, until Quill learns of Gamora's death from Nebula and grievously attacks Thanos, breaking Mantis' hold. Thanos is then able to obtain the Time Stone from Strange and depart Titan to finish assembling the Infinity Gauntlet. When Thanos snaps his fingers, Quill, along with Drax, Mantis, Parker, and Strange, fall victim to the Blip.


title: Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Five years later, Quill is restored to life and is brought through a portal to upstate New York, where he participates in the final battle against an alternate 2014 version of Thanos. There, Quill meets an alternate 2014 Gamora, who (due to not having the memories of her deceased counterpart) rejects his affection. After Tony Stark sacrifices his life to defeat Thanos and his army, Quill is one of the attendees of Stark's funeral. He is then shown to be searching for the alternate 2014 Gamora. Quill leaves Earth with Thor and the restored Guardians, who suggest that he should fight Thor for the honor of leadership, a suggestion that both he and Thor jokingly dismiss. Alongside Thor and Kraglin, the Guardians went on to answer various distress calls across the galaxy.


title: Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In 2024, the Guardians respond to a signal from a tribe of Indigarrians, which had been attacked by Habooksa the Horrible and a Booskan army. Severely outmatched, the Guardians enlist the help of Thor, who had been busy meditating. Quill cheers on Thor as the latter joins the fight, easily besting the Booskan army but destroying the Indigarrians’s sacred temple in the process. The Guardians later set off to answer more distress calls as a result of Gorr's rampage across the galaxy, though Thor decided against joining them in order to assist his friend Sif, with Quill giving Thor words of advice before they part ways.


title: Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: By 2025, the Guardians have bought Knowhere from the Collector, but Quill remains depressed about losing Gamora. At Christmastime, Mantis and Drax try to cheer him by kidnapping the actor, Kevin Bacon, and giving him to Quill as a gift. Quill makes them free Bacon, who then decides to stay and help the Guardians celebrate Christmas. Afterwards, Mantis reveals that she is Quill's half-sister, which brings Quill joy.


title: Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: An alternate variant of Quill from the events of "Guardians of the Galaxy" appears in "Avengers: Endgame".


title: Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In an alternate 2014, Quill arrives on Morag to take the Power Stone but is knocked out by Nebula and James Rhodes, who came from the prime timeline.


title: Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Several alternate versions of Quill appear in the animated series "What If...?", in which he is voiced by Brian T. Delaney.


title: Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In an alternate 1988, the Ravagers members Kraglin and Taserface mistakenly abduct T'Challa instead of Quill much to the dismay of Yondu. As a result, Quill spends the next twenty years living a normal life on Earth in Missouri. In 2008 while working as a Dairy Queen janitor, he is found by Ego who introduces himself as his father as the episode ends.


title: Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Ego begins to drain Quill's Celestial powers and terraform the universe. He is then saved by T'Challa, who destroys Ego's physical body before he is recruited by the Watcher to the Guardians of the Multiverse. Following the defeat of Ultron, T'Challa teaches Quill how to fire a blaster.


title: Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In an alternate 2015, Quill, along with the other Guardians of the Galaxy, are killed by Ultron when defending the Sovereign.


title: Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Quill is introduced in "Guardians of the Galaxy" as the half-human, half-alien leader of the Guardians who was abducted from Missouri as a child in 1988 and raised by a group of alien thieves and smugglers called the Ravagers. Pratt was cast in the role in February 2013, as part of a multi-film deal that he signed with Marvel. About the character, Pratt said, "He had a hard time as a kid, and now he goes around space, making out with hot alien girls and just being a rogue and a bit of a jerk, and through teaming up with these guys, finds a higher purpose for himself." He also added that the character is a mix of Han Solo and Marty McFly. Pratt, who was mostly known for playing supporting characters, including Andy Dwyer on the television series "Parks and Recreation", initially turned down the role. Pratt had lost weight to portray fit characters in films such as "Moneyball" and "Zero Dark Thirty", and had given up ambitions to play the lead role in action films after humbling auditions for "Star Trek" and "Avatar". Casting director Sarah Finn suggested Pratt to Gunn, who dismissed the idea despite struggling to cast that role. Despite this, Finn arranged for a meeting between the two, at which point Gunn was immediately convinced that Pratt was perfect for the role. Pratt also won over Feige, despite having gained weight again for "Delivery Man". Prior to filming, Pratt underwent a strict diet and training regimen to lose in six months. Pratt signed a multi-film contract with Marvel, and was granted a temporary leave from his work on "Parks and Recreation" to accommodate his participation in the film. Wyatt Oleff portrayed a young Quill in this film, and again in "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2".


title: Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2", Pratt said that Quill is now famous throughout "the galaxy for having saved so many people... He feels like he's part of this group, a leader of this group. He's a little more responsible and trying to stay out of trouble, but not necessarily doing the best job." Pratt stated that working on the film forced him to come to terms with the death of his own father. Pratt described his role in his next appearance, in "Avengers: Infinity War", as a "guest star" appearance and said "you get to be a little more vibrant; a little more irreverent; a little bit more colorful if you want it to be".


title: Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Pratt said that "" would continue the rivalry between Quill and Thor that was established in "Infinity War" and "Endgame".


title: Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In a 2014 review for the first "Guardians of the Galaxy", Scott Foundas of "Variety" said, "James Gunn's presumptive franchise-starter is overlong, overstuffed, and sometimes too eager to please, but the cheeky comic tone keeps things buoyant—as does Chris Pratt's winning performance".


title: The Boys (season 1)

text: The first season of the American superhero television series "The Boys", the first series in the franchise based on the comic book series of the same name written by Garth Ennis and Darick Robertson, was developed for television by American writer and television producer Eric Kripke. The season was produced by Sony Pictures Television in association with Point Grey Pictures, Original Film, Kripke Enterprises, Kickstart Entertainment and KFL Nightsky Productions.


title: The Boys (season 1)

text: The first season of the series stars Karl Urban, Jack Quaid, Antony Starr, Erin Moriarty, Dominique McElligott, Jessie T. Usher, Laz Alonso, Chace Crawford, Tomer Kapon, Karen Fukuhara, Nathan Mitchell, and Elisabeth Shue. The story takes place in a universe where most of the superpowered individuals are recognized as superheroes, but in reality abuse their powers for personal gain, information the public is kept unaware of. The series follows the eponymous Boys (led by Billy Butcher), a group of vigilantes looking to bring down Vought International and expose its corrupt superheroes. When his girlfriend is accidentally killed by A-Train, Hughie Campbell joins the Boys to get revenge against the Seven. Meanwhile, Annie January is forced to face the truth about those she admires, after she joins the Seven, led by Homelander. The Boys attempt to stop Vought from receiving government support for superheroes by uncovering the company's secrets. When Hughie and Annie begin a romantic relationship, the conflict is muddled despite the two of them initially being unaware of each other's affiliations.


title: The Boys (season 1)

text: All eight episodes of the season were released on the streaming service Amazon Prime Video on July 26, 2019, attracting a high viewership, making the show one of the most successful originals ever released by Prime Video at the moment. It received largely positive reviews from critics and audiences, with high praise for its social commentary, story, black humor, faithfulness to the comics, screenplay and the performances of Urban and Starr. On July 19, 2019, the series was renewed for a second season.


title: The Boys (season 1)

text: Billy Zane, Jimmy Fallon, Mike Massaro, Seth Rogen, and Tara Reid made cameo appearances as themselves, with Zane appearing in a Popclaw fictional film within the series and at a comic convention in the episodes "Goof for the Soul" and "The Innocents" respectively, Fallon interviewing Translucent during "his talk show" in the episode "Cherry", and Massaro portraying an ESPN interviewer for the episodes Cherry and "Get Some", while Rogen and Reid appeared as themselves in interviews for the episode "The Innocents".