title: Sovereign (British coin)

text: By the time Edward VIII came to the throne in 1936, there was no question of issuing sovereigns for circulation, but pieces were prepared as part of the traditional proof set of coins issued in the coronation year. With a bust of King Edward by Humphrey Paget and the date 1937, these sovereigns were not authorised by royal proclamation prior to Edward VIII's abdication in December 1936, and are considered pattern coins. Extremely rare, one sold in 2020 for £1,000,000, setting what was then a record (since broken) for a British coin. Sovereigns in proof condition dated 1937 were struck for Edward's brother and successor, George VI, also designed by Paget, the only sovereigns to bear George's effigy. The 1925-dated GeorgeV sovereign was restruck in 1949, 1951 and 1952, lowering the value of the original, of which only a few had hitherto been known. These were struck to meet the need for sovereigns, and to maintain the skills of the Royal Mint in striking them.


title: Sovereign (British coin)

text: The sovereign remained popular as a trade coin in the Middle East and elsewhere following the Second World War. The small strikings of 1925-dated sovereigns in the postwar period were not enough to meet the demand, which was met in part by counterfeiters in Europe and the Middle East, who often put full value of gold in the pieces. A counterfeiting prosecution was brought, to which the defence was made that the sovereign was no longer a current coin. The judge directed an acquittal although the sovereign remained legal tender under the Coinage Act 1870.


title: Sovereign (British coin)

text: Sovereigns were struck in 1953, the coronation year of Elizabeth II, bearing the portrait of her by Mary Gillick, though the gold pieces were placed only in the major museums. A 1953 sovereign sold at auction in 2014 for £384,000. In 1957, the Treasury decided to defend the status of the sovereign, both by continuing prosecutions and by issuing new pieces with the current date. ElizabethII sovereigns bearing Gillick's portrait were struck as bullion pieces between 1957 and 1959, and from 1962 to 1968. The counterfeiting problem was minimised by the striking of about 45,000,000 sovereigns by 1968, and efforts by Treasury solicitors which resulted in the sovereign's acceptance as legal tender by the highest courts of several European nations. In 1966, the Wilson government placed restrictions on the holding of gold coins to prevent hoarding against inflation, with collectors required to obtain a licence from the Bank of England. This proved ineffective, as it drove gold dealing underground, and was abandoned in 1970.


title: Sovereign (British coin)

text: The sovereign's role in popular culture continued: in the 1957 novel "From Russia, with Love", Q issues James Bond with a briefcase, the handle of which contains 50 sovereigns. When held at gunpoint on the Orient Express by Red Grant, Bond uses the gold to distract Grant, leading to the villain's undoing. The sovereign survived both decimalisation and the Royal Mint's move from London to Llantrisant, Wales. The last of the Gillick sovereigns had been struck in 1968; when production resumed in 1974, it was with a portrait by Arnold Machin. The last coin minted at Tower Hill, in 1975, was a sovereign.


title: Sovereign (British coin)

text: From 1979, the sovereign was issued as a coin for the bullion market, but was also struck by the Royal Mint in proof condition for collectors, and this issuance of proof coins has continued annually. In 1985, the Machin portrait of Elizabeth was replaced by one by Raphael Maklouf. Striking of bullion sovereigns had been suspended after 1982, and so the Maklouf portrait, struck every year but 1989 until the end of 1997, is seen on the sovereign only in proof condition. In 1989, a commemorative sovereign, the first, was issued for the 500th anniversary of HenryVII's sovereign. The coin, designed by Bernard Sindall, evokes the designs of that earlier piece, showing Elizabeth enthroned and facing front, as Henry appeared on the old English sovereign. The reverse of the 1489 piece depicts a double Tudor rose fronted by the royal arms; a similar design with updated arms graces the reverse of the 1989 sovereign.


title: Sovereign (British coin)

text: Ian Rank-Broadley designed the fourth bust of Elizabeth to be used on the sovereign, and this went into use in 1998 and was used until 2015. Bullion sovereigns began to be issued again in 2000, and this has continued. A special reverse design was used in 2002 for the Golden Jubilee, with an adaptation of the royal arms on a shield by Timothy Noad recalling the 19th-century "shield back" sovereigns. The years 2005 and 2012 (the latter, Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee) saw interpretations of the George and Dragon design, the first by Noad, the later by Paul Day. In 2009, the reverse was re-engraved using tools from the reign of GeorgeIII in the hope of better capturing Pistrucci's design. A new portrait of the Queen by Jody Clark was introduced during 2015, and some sovereigns were issued with the new bust. The most recent special designs, in 2016 and 2017, were only for collectors. The 2016 collector's piece, for Elizabeth's 90th birthday, has a one-year-only portrait of her on the obverse designed by James Butler. The 2017 collector's piece returned to Pistrucci's original design of 1817 for the modern sovereign's 200th birthday, with the Garter belt and motto. A piedfort was also minted, and the bullion sovereign struck at Llantrisant, though retaining the customary design, was given a privy mark with the number 200. For 2022, a reverse design by Noad in honour of the Queen's Platinum Jubilee, depicting his interpretation of the Royal Coat of Arms was used.


title: Sovereign (British coin)

text: Following the death of Elizabeth II in September 2022, the Royal Mint announced the issue of sovereigns showing the new king, Charles III on the obverse, and with a depiction of the Royal Arms by Clark, chosen in memory of Elizabeth and her long reign. When they began accepting orders on 15 November, there was such demand that visitors to the Mint's website were placed in virtual queues.


title: Sovereign (British coin)

text: Many of the variant designs of the sovereign since 1989 have been intended to appeal to coin collectors, as have the other gold coins based on the sovereign, from the quarter sovereign to the five-sovereign piece. To expedite matters, the Royal Mint is authorised to sell gold sovereigns directly to the public, rather than having its output channelled through the Bank of England as was once the case. As a legal tender coin, the sovereign is exempt from capital gains tax for UK residents.


title: Sovereign (British coin)

text: As well as being used as a circulating coin, the sovereign has entered fashion: some men in the 19th century placed one on their pocket watch chains (seen as a sign of integrity), and others carried them in a small purse linked to the chain. These customs vanished with the popularisation of the wrist watch. Women also have worn sovereigns, as bangles or ear rings. In the 21st century, the wearing of a sovereign ring has been seen as a sign of chav culture.


title: Sovereign (British coin)

text: The staff carried by the Gentleman or Lady Usher of the Black Rod (known as Black Rod) as a symbol of office, and used to strike the door of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom during the State Opening of Parliament, has a sovereign inset into one of its ends.


title: Sovereign (British coin)

text: Coin auction houses deal in rare sovereigns of earlier date, as do specialist dealers. As well as the 1937 EdwardVIII and 1953 ElizabethII sovereigns, rare dates in the series include the 1819, and the 1863 piece with the number "827" on the obverse in place of William Wyon's initials. The 827 likely is an ingot number, used for some sort of experiment, though research has not conclusively established this. Few 1879 sovereigns were struck at London, and those that remain are often well-worn. Only 24,768 of the Adelaide Pound were struck; surviving specimens are rare and highly prized. The sovereign itself has been the subject of commemoration; in 2005, the Perth Mint issued a gold coin with face value A$25, reproducing the reverse design of the pre-1871 Sydney Mint sovereigns.


title: Samsung Galaxy A13

text: The Samsung Galaxy A13 is an Android smartphone manufactured by Samsung Electronics. The 4G LTE model was announced on 4 March 2022 and the 5G model was announced on 2 December 2021. The phone has a quad-camera setup with a 50 MP main camera, a 6.6 in (175mm) HD+ Infinity-V display, and a 5000 mAh Li-Po battery. It ships with Android 12.


title: Samsung Galaxy A13

text: The screen of the Galaxy A13 is made of Corning Gorilla Glass 5, and in the 5G model, it is made of glass of unknown manufacture. The body of the 4G model is made of glossy plastic, and the 5G model is made of matte plastic.


title: Samsung Galaxy A13

text: At the bottom are the USB-C connector, speaker, microphone and 3.5 mm audio jack. The Galaxy A13 5G has a second microphone on top. On the left side, depending on the Galaxy A13 version, there is a slot for 1 SIM card and a microSD memory card up to 1 TB or for 2 SIM cards and a microSD memory card up to 1 TB or only for 1 SIM card and microSD memory card up to 1 TB in Galaxy A13 5G. On the right side are the volume buttons and the lock button, which has a built-in fingerprint scanner.


title: Samsung Galaxy A13

text: The Samsung Galaxy A13 5G is sold in black and green colors, including blue and orange for the global models.


title: Samsung Galaxy A13

text: The 5G model received a MediaTek MT6833 Dimensity 700 processor with 5G support and a Mali-G57 MC2 graphics processor.


title: Samsung Galaxy A13

text: The Galaxy A13 received a main quad camera of 50 MP, f/1.8 (wide-angle) with phase autofocus + 5 MP, f/2.2 (ultra-wide-angle) with a viewing angle of 123° + 2 MP, f/2.4 (macro) + 2 MP, f/2.4 (depth sensor). The front camera has a resolution of 8 MP and an aperture of f/2.2 (wide). The main and front cameras are capable of recording videos in 1080p@30fps resolution.


title: Samsung Galaxy A13

text: The Galaxy A13 5G received a primary triple camera of 50 MP, f/1.8 (wide-angle) with phase detection autofocus + 2 MP, f/2.4 (macro) + 2 MP, f/2.4 (depth sensor). The front camera has a resolution of 5 MP and an aperture of f/2.0 (wide-angle). The main and front cameras are capable of recording videos in 1080p@30fps resolution.


title: Samsung Galaxy A13

text: The screen in the Galaxy A13 is PLS TFT LCD, 6.6", FullHD+ (2408 × 1080) with a pixel density of 400 ppi, an aspect ratio of 20:9 and an Infinity-V (drop-shaped) cutout for the front camera.


title: Samsung Galaxy A13

text: The screen in the Galaxy A13 5G is PLS TFT LCD, 6.5", HD+ (1600 × 720) with a pixel density of 270 ppi, an aspect ratio of 20:9, a display refresh rate of 90 Hz and an Infinity-V (drop-shaped) cutout for the front camera.


title: Samsung Galaxy A13

text: The operating system is Android 12 with One UI 4.1. Note this is the 32-bit version, which has some issues with app compatibility.


title: Samsung Galaxy A13

text: The Verge noted that the device was a good budget option and stated that it had good battery life and performance but a weaker screen and camera.


title: Far Eastern Republic

text: The Far Eastern Republic (), sometimes called the Chita Republic, was a nominally independent state that existed from April 1920 to November 1922 in the easternmost part of the Russian Far East. Although theoretically independent, it largely came under the control of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), which envisaged it as a buffer state between the RSFSR and the territories occupied by Japan during the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922. Its first president was Alexander Krasnoshchyokov.


title: Far Eastern Republic

text: The Far Eastern Republic occupied the territory of modern Zabaykalsky Krai, Amur Oblast, the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Khabarovsk Krai, and Primorsky Krai of Russia (the former Transbaikal and Amur oblasts and Primorsky krai). Its capital was established at Verkhneudinsk (now Ulan-Ude), but in October 1920 it moved to Chita.


title: Far Eastern Republic

text: The Red Army occupied Vladivostok on 25 October 1922. Three weeks later, on 15 November 1922, the Far Eastern Republic merged with the RSFSR.


title: Far Eastern Republic

text: The Far Eastern Republic was established in the aftermath of the Russian Civil War. During the Civil War local authorities generally controlled the towns and cities of the Russian Far East, cooperating to a greater or lesser extent with the White Siberian government of Alexander Kolchak and with the succeeding invading forces of the Japanese Army. When the Japanese evacuated the Trans-Baikal and Amur oblasts in the spring of 1920, a political vacuum resulted.


title: Far Eastern Republic

text: A new central authority was established at Chita to govern the Far Eastern Republic remaining in the Japanese wake. The Far Eastern Republic was established comprising only the area around Verkhneudinsk, but during the summer of 1920, the Soviet government of the Amur territory agreed to join.


title: Far Eastern Republic

text: The Far Eastern Republic was formed two months after Kolchak's death with the tacit support of the government of Soviet Russia, which saw it as a temporary buffer state between the RSFSR and the territories occupied by Japan. Many members of the Russian Communist Party had disagreed with the decision to allow a new government in the region, believing that their approximately 4,000 members were capable of seizing power in their own right. However, Vladimir Lenin and other party leaders in Moscow felt that the approximately 70,000 Japanese and 12,000 American troops might regard such an action as a provocation, which might spur a further attack that the Soviet Republic could ill afford.


title: Far Eastern Republic

text: On 1 April 1920, the American Expeditionary Force, Siberia headed by General William S. Graves departed Siberia, leaving the Japanese the sole occupying power in the region with whom the Bolsheviks were forced to deal. This detail did not change the basic equation for the Bolshevik government in Moscow, however, which continued to see the establishment of a Far Eastern Republic as a sort of Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in the east, providing the regime with a necessary breathing space that would allow it to recover economically and militarily.


title: Far Eastern Republic

text: On 6 April 1920, a hastily convened Constituent Assembly gathered at Verkhneudinsk and proclaimed the establishment of the Far Eastern Republic. Promises were made that the republic's new constitution would guarantee free elections under the principles of universal, direct, and equal suffrage and that foreign investment in the country would be encouraged.


title: Far Eastern Republic

text: The Far Eastern Republic, controlled by moderate socialists, was only grudgingly recognized by the various cities of the region towards the end of 1920. Violence, atrocities, and reprisals continued to erupt periodically for the next 18 months.


title: Far Eastern Republic

text: Japan agreed to recognize the new buffer state in a truce with the Red Army signed 15 July 1920, effectively abandoning Ataman Grigory Semenov and his Russia Eastern Outskirts. By October Semenov had been expelled from his base of operations in Chita. With Semenov out of the picture, the capital of the Far Eastern Republic moved to that city.


title: Far Eastern Republic

text: On 11 November 1920 a provisional national assembly for the Far East met in Vladivostok. The gathering recognized the government at Chita and set 9 January 1921 as the date for new elections for the Constituent Assembly of the Far Eastern Republic. A new constitution closely resembling the United States Constitution was written and approved on 27 April 1921.


title: Far Eastern Republic

text: However, right-wing elements rejected the idea of a fledgling democratic republic in the Russian Far East. On 26 May 1921 a White coup took place in Vladivostok, backed by Japanese occupying forces. A "cordon sanitaire" of Japanese troops protected the insurgents, who established a new régime, the Provisional Government of the Priamur,


title: Far Eastern Republic

text: in the Primorskaya Oblast. Shortly after the coup, Kolchak's designated successor, Ataman Semenov, arrived in Vladivostok and attempted to proclaim himself commander-in-chief—an effort which failed when his Japanese benefactors forsook him.


title: Far Eastern Republic

text: The new Provisional Government of the Priamur attempted—with little success—to rally the various anti-Bolshevik forces to its banner. Its leaders, two Vladivostok businessmen -the brothers and , found themselves left isolated when the Japanese Army announced on 24 June 1922 that it would remove all of its troops from Siberia by the end of October. A July 1922 "Zemsky sobor" deposed the Merkulov brothers and named a Russian general who had served with the Czechoslovak Legion, M.K. Dieterichs, as military dictator.


title: Far Eastern Republic

text: With the Japanese exiting the country throughout the summer of 1922, panic swept through the White Russian insurgents. As the Red Army, thinly disguised as the (the People's Revolutionary Army), moved eastwards, thousands of Russians, including Dieterichs and his remaining troops, fled abroad to escape the new régime. The army of the Far Eastern Republic retook Vladivostok on 25 October 1922, effectively bringing the Russian Civil War to a close.


title: Far Eastern Republic

text: With the Civil War finally over, Soviet Russia absorbed the Far Eastern Republic on 15 November 1922. The government of the Far Eastern Republic dissolved itself and transferred all its authority and territory to the Bolshevik government in Moscow.


title: Far Eastern Republic

text: Japan retained the northern half of Sakhalin Island until 1925, ostensibly as compensation for Nikolayevsk incident - the massacre of about 700 Japanese civilians and soldiers at Nikolaevsk-na-Amure in May-June 1920. This "compensatory" motive for holding the territory belied the fact that Japanese retaliation for the actions of Russian partisans had taken between two and three times as many Russian lives.


title: Far Eastern Republic

text: The Far Eastern Republic consisted of four provinces of the former Russian empire—Trans-Baikal, Amur, the Maritime Province, and the northern half of Sakhalin island. Primarily, it represented the boundaries of the regions of Transbaikal and Outer Manchuria. The frontiers of the short-lived nation followed the western coastline of Lake Baikal along the northern borders of Mongolia and Manchuria to the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk.


title: Far Eastern Republic

text: The total area of the Far Eastern Republic was reckoned at approximately and its population at about 3.5 million people. Of these an estimated 1.62 million were ethnic Russians and just over 1 million were of Asian extraction, with family lineages originating in China, Japan, Mongolia, and Korea.


title: Far Eastern Republic

text: The Far Eastern Republic was an area of substantial mineral wealth, including territory which produced about one-third of the entire Russian output of gold as well as that country's only source of domestically produced tin. Other mineral reserves of the Far Eastern Republic included zinc, iron, and coal.


title: Far Eastern Republic

text: The fishing industry of the former Maritime Province was substantial, with a total catch exceeding that of Iceland and featuring ample stocks of herring, salmon, and sturgeon. The Republic also boasted extensive forestry resources, including over of harvestable pine, fir, cedar, poplar, and birch.


title: Magnum P.I. (2018 TV series, season 4)

text: The fourth season of the American crime and action drama "Magnum P.I." premiered on October 1, 2021 on CBS, for the 2021–22 television season. It concluded on May 6, 2022. The series is a remake of the 1980 series of the same name and centers on Thomas Magnum, a former Navy SEAL who works as a private investigator and solves mysteries with his business partner Juliet Higgins and other friends. It stars Jay Hernandez, Perdita Weeks, Zachary Knighton, Stephen Hill, Amy Hill, and Tim Kang. The season was ordered on April 15, 2021 and consisted of twenty episodes. On May 12, 2022, it was announced that CBS had canceled the series after four seasons, however, on June 30, 2022, the series was picked up by NBC with a two-season, twenty-episode order. Dennis Chun appeared in the sixteenth episode of the season as his "Hawaii Five-0" character in a minor crossover event. The season premiere, "Island Vibes", was watched by 5.23 million viewers.


title: Magnum P.I. (2018 TV series, season 4)

text: The number in the "No. overall" column refers to the episode's number within the overall series, whereas the number in the "No. in season" column refers to the episode's number within this particular season. Numerous episodes are named after similarly named episodes from the original series. "Production code" refers to the order in which the episodes were produced while "U.S. viewers (millions)" refers to the number of viewers in the U.S. in millions who watched the episode as it was aired.


title: Magnum P.I. (2018 TV series, season 4)

text: Despite "Hawaii Five-0" ending in 2020, Dennis Chun still made a guest appearance in the sixteenth episode of the season as his "Hawaii Five-0" character, Honolulu Police Department Sergeant Duke Lukela, after making a guest appearance in all three previous seasons of "Magnum P.I."


title: Magnum P.I. (2018 TV series, season 4)

text: On April 15, 2021, it was announced that CBS had renewed "Magnum P.I." for a fourth season. This came following the announcement that "MacGyver" had been canceled after five seasons, leaving "Magnum P.I." as the last remaining series in the "Lenkov-verse". The series' writers have confirmed that it will be a full season consisting of eighteen to twenty-two episodes, later stating it will be twenty. Christopher Duddy joined the series as the director of photography after previously doing the same job on "MacGyver". Multiple crew members left the series prior to the season to work on "". On May 12, 2022, CBS canceled the series after four seasons, however, on June 30, 2022, the series was picked up by NBC with a two-season, twenty-episode order.


title: Magnum P.I. (2018 TV series, season 4)

text: On August 27, 2021, it was announced that Chantal Thuy had been cast in an undisclosed capacity as Lia Kaleo, an HPD detective who is Katsumoto's partner and Magnum's secret girlfriend. On September 28, 2021, Martin Martinez was cast in a recurring role as Cade Jensen, a troubled teenager looking for a job at La Mariana who ends up bonding with T.C. On December 30, 2021, it was reported that Levy Tran had been cast in a guest-starring role as Tia Min, a bodyguard for a powerful crime lord. Tran previously portrayed a different character as a series regular on "MacGyver". Christopher Thornton, Bobby Lee, and Jay Ali returned as Kenny "Shammy" Shamberg, Jin Jeong, and Ethan Shah, respectively, after being introduced in previous seasons.


title: Magnum P.I. (2018 TV series, season 4)

text: Filming for the season began July 20, 2021, with a traditional Hawaiian blessing. Filming concluded on March 9, 2022.


title: Magnum P.I. (2018 TV series, season 4)

text: In May 2021, it was confirmed that "Magnum P.I." would keep the timeslot it held for previous two seasons of Fridays at 9:00 PM ET. On July 12, 2021, the season was revealed to be premiering on October 1, 2021. The series continues to lead into "Blue Bloods" and follows "S.W.A.T." and "Undercover Boss".


title: Sophie's Choice (novel)

text: Sophie's Choice is a 1979 novel by American author William Styron. The author's last novel, it concerns the relationships among three people sharing a boarding house in Brooklyn: Stingo, a young aspiring writer from the South, Jewish scientist Nathan Landau, and his lover Sophie, a Polish-Catholic survivor of the German Nazi concentration camps, whom Stingo befriends.


title: Sophie's Choice (novel)

text: "Sophie's Choice" won the US National Book Award for Fiction in 1980. The novel was the basis of a 1982 film of the same name. It was controversial for the way in which it framed Styron's personal views regarding the Holocaust.


title: Sophie's Choice (novel)

text: Stingo, a novelist who is recalling the summer when he began his first novel, has been fired from his low-level reader's job at the publisher McGraw-Hill and has moved into a cheap boarding house in Brooklyn, where he hopes to devote some months to his writing. While he is working on his novel, he is drawn into the lives of the lovers Nathan Landau and Sophie Zawistowska, fellow boarders at the house, who are involved in an intense and difficult relationship. The beautiful Sophie is Polish and Catholic, and a survivor of the Holocaust and Nazi concentration camps, while Nathan is a Jewish-American, and, purportedly, a genius. Although Nathan claims to be a Harvard graduate and a cellular biologist with a pharmaceutical company, it is later revealed that this is a fabrication. Almost no one—including Sophie and Stingo—knows that Nathan has paranoid schizophrenia, and is abusing stimulants. He sometimes behaves quite normally and generously, but there are times when he becomes frighteningly jealous, violent, abusive, and delusional.


title: Sophie's Choice (novel)

text: As the story progresses, Sophie tells Stingo of her past. She describes her violently anti-Semitic father, a law professor in Kraków; her unwillingness to help him spread his ideas; her arrest by the Nazis; and particularly, her brief stint as a stenographer-typist in the home of Rudolf Höss, the commander of Auschwitz, where she was interned. She specifically relates her attempts to seduce Höss in an effort to persuade him that her blond, blue-eyed, German-speaking son should be allowed to leave the camp and enter the Lebensborn program, in which he would be raised as a German child. She failed in this attempt and, ultimately, never learned of her son's fate. Only at the end of the book does the reader also learn what became of Sophie's daughter, Eva.


title: Sophie's Choice (novel)

text: Eventually, Nathan's delusions lead him to believe that Stingo is having an affair with Sophie, and he threatens to kill them both.


title: Sophie's Choice (novel)

text: As Sophie and Stingo attempt to flee New York, Sophie reveals her deepest, darkest secret: on the night that she arrived at Auschwitz, a camp doctor made her choose which of her two children would die immediately by gassing and which would continue to live, albeit in the camp. Of her two children, Sophie chose to sacrifice her eight-year-old daughter, Eva, in a decision that has left her in mourning and filled with a guilt that Sophie cannot overcome. By now alcoholic and deeply depressed, Sophie is willing to self-destruct with Nathan, who has already tried to persuade her to commit suicide with him. Despite Stingo proposing marriage and a shared night that relieves Stingo of his virginity and fulfills many of his sexual fantasies, Sophie disappears, leaving only a note in which she says that she must return to Nathan.


title: Sophie's Choice (novel)

text: Upon arriving back in Brooklyn, Stingo is devastated to discover that Sophie and Nathan have committed suicide by ingesting sodium cyanide.


title: Sophie's Choice (novel)

text: Sylvie Mathé notes that Styron's "position" in the writing of this novel was made clear in his contemporary interviews and essays, in the latter case, in particular "Auschwitz", "Hell Reconsidered", and "A Wheel of Evil Come Full Circle", and quotes Alvin Rosenfeld's summary of Styron's position, where Rosenfeld states that:


title: Sophie's Choice (novel)

text: Rosenfeld, summarizing, states, "The drift of these revisionist views, all of which culminate in Sophie's Choice, is to take the Holocaust out of Jewish and Christian history and place it within a generalized history of evil." Mathé reinforces Rosenfeld's conclusion with a quote from Styron himself, who stated in his "Hell Reconsidered" essay that "the titanic and sinister forces at work in history and in modern life… threaten all men, not only Jews." She goes on to note that Styron's choices to represent these ideas, and to incorporate them so clearly into the narrative of his novel, resulted in polemic and controversy that continued, at least into the early years of the new millennium.


title: Sophie's Choice (novel)

text: "Sophie's Choice" is partly based on the author's time in Brooklyn, where he met a refugee from Poland. He visited Auschwitz while researching the novel.


title: Sophie's Choice (novel)

text: A central element of the novel's plot, the personally catastrophic choice referred to in the title, is said to have been inspired by a story of a Romani woman who was ordered by the Nazis to select which of her children was to be murdered, which Styron attributes to Hannah Arendt's "Eichmann in Jerusalem". However, Ira Nadel claims that the story is found in Arendt's "The Origins of Totalitarianism." In that book, Arendt argues that those who ran the camps perpetrated an "attack on the moral person":


title: Sophie's Choice (novel)

text: Arendt herself cites Albert Camus' "Twice a Year" (1947) for the story (without providing a pinpoint reference). "Twice a Year" was a literary book which contained in its 1946/1947 publication the text of Camus' "The Crisis of Man", wherein four moral contradictions and dilemma are exampled, the Greek mother's exposure being one. Camus read this, his essay complete, at Columbia University March 28, 1946.


title: Sophie's Choice (novel)

text: In his review of the novel in the "New York Times," John Gardner takes it as an example of Southern Gothic and writes that it "is a splendidly written, thrilling book, a philosophical novel on the most important subject of the 20th century. If it is not, for me, a hands-down literary masterpiece, the reason is that, in transferring the form of the Southern Gothic to this vastly larger subject, Styron has been unable to get rid of or even noticeably tone down those qualities — some superficial, some deep — in the Southern Gothic that have always made Yankees squirm."


title: Sophie's Choice (novel)

text: "Sophie's Choice" won the US National Book Award for Fiction in 1980, against competition from "Just Above My Head" by James Baldwin, "The Executioner's Song" by Norman Mailer, "The Ghost Writer" by Philip Roth, and "Endless Love" by Scott Spencer (where the Pulitzer for fiction and the Nobel for literature for that year went, respectively, to Norman Mailer for "The Executioner's Song" and to Czeslaw Milosz for his body of poetry and other work).


title: Sophie's Choice (novel)

text: "Sophie's Choice" was banned by the South African government in November 1979 for being a sexually explicit work.


title: Sophie's Choice (novel)

text: "Sophie's Choice" generated significant controversy at time of its publication. It was banned in South Africa, censored in the Soviet Union, and banned in Communist Poland for "its unflinching portrait of Polish anti-Semitism".


title: Sophie's Choice (novel)

text: Sylvie Mathé notes that "Sophie's Choice", which she refers to as a "highly controversial novel", appeared in press in the year following the broadcast of the NBC miniseries "Holocaust" (1978), engendering a period in American culture where "a newly-raised consciousness of the Holocaust was becoming a forefront public issue." Mathé says:


title: Sophie's Choice (novel)

text: Here, the reference to a "limit event" (synonymous with "limit case" and "limit situation") is to a concept deriving at least from the early 1990s—Saul Friedländer, in introducing his "Probing the Limits of Representation," quotes David Carroll, who refers to the Holocaust as "this limit case of knowledge and feeling"—a concept that can be understood to mean an event or related circumstance or practice that is "of such magnitude and profound violence" that it "rupture[s]... otherwise normative foundations of legitimacy and... civilising tendencies that underlie... political and moral community" (the oft-cited formulation of Simone Gigliotti).


title: Sophie's Choice (novel)

text: The controversy to which Mathé is specifically referring arises from a thematic analysis which—in apparent strong consensus (e.g., see Rosenfeld's 1979 work, "The Holocaust According to William Styron")—has Styron, through the novel, his interviews, and essays:


title: Sophie's Choice (novel)

text: that is, it has him insisting on seeing Auschwitz in particular in more universal terms as "a murderous thrust against 'the entire human family.'" Styron further extends his argument, again with controversy:


title: Sophie's Choice (novel)

text: Speaking of Styron's views as set forth in the novel and his nonfiction work, Rosenfeld refers to them as "revisionist views" that "culminate in "Sophie's Choice"" with an aim to "take the Holocaust out of Jewish and Christian history and place it within a generalized history of evil", and it is this specific revisionist thrust that is the substance of the novel's initial and persisting ability to engender controversy.


title: Sophie's Choice (novel)

text: "Sophie's Choice" has been banned in some high schools in the United States. For instance, the book was pulled from the La Mirada High School Library in California by the Norwalk-La Mirada High School District in 2002 because of a parent's complaint about its sexual content. However, a year after students protested and the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) sent a letter to the school district requesting that the district reverse its actions, students were again given access to the book in the school library.


title: Sophie's Choice (novel)

text: The novel was made into a film of the same name in the United States, in 1982. Written and directed by Alan J. Pakula, the film was nominated for Academy Awards for its screenplay, musical score, cinematography, and costume design, and Meryl Streep received the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance of the title role.


title: Sophie's Choice (novel)

text: The British composer Nicholas Maw wrote an opera based on the novel, which was premiered at the Royal Opera House in London in 2002, and has also been performed in Washington, Berlin and Vienna.


title: Sophie's Choice (novel)

text: The following of Styron's works have been collected, per Sylvie Mathé, as relevant to the author's philosophical framework with regard to his constructing the history and characters within his novel.


title: Sophie's Choice (novel)

text: The following appear in ascending order, by original publication date, and within the same year, alphabetical by author:


title: 2023 NFL Draft

text: The 2023 NFL Draft will be the 88th annual meeting of National Football League (NFL) franchises to select newly eligible players. The draft is scheduled to be held in the plaza outside of Union Station in Kansas City, Missouri, on April 27–29, 2023.


title: 2023 NFL Draft

text: The selection order for the first round is based on each team's win–loss record in the previous season and whether the team reached the playoffs. Teams that did not reach the playoffs the previous season are ranked in reverse order of their records (thus the team with the fewest wins is awarded the first selection). Teams that reached the playoffs the previous season are then slotted in the order in which they were eliminated, with the Super Bowl champion being last.


title: 2023 NFL Draft

text: Within each tier listed in the table above, ties between teams with identical records are determined by the following tiebreakers (in order):


title: 2023 NFL Draft

text: The selection order for subsequent rounds will follow the order of the first round, except that teams with the same record and same playoff result will rotate among their respective groups. Also, 32 additional supplemental picks will be allocated between the ends of round 3 through 7 for a total of 254 picks.


title: 2023 NFL Draft

text: In the explanations below (PD) indicates trades completed prior to the start of the draft (i.e. Pre–Draft), while (D) denotes trades that took place during the 2023 draft.


title: 2023 NFL Draft

text: Since the 2021 draft, the league, per 2020 Resolution JC-2A, rewards teams for developing minority candidates for head coach and/or general manager positions. The resolution rewards teams whose minority candidates are hired away for one of those positions by awarding draft picks, which are at the end of the third round, after standard compensatory picks; if multiple teams qualify, they are awarded by draft order in the first round. These picks are in addition to, and have no impact on, the standard 32 compensatory picks.


title: Anne Curtis

text: Anne Curtis-Smith(; born 17 February 1985) is a Filipino-Australian actress, model, television host, entrepreneur and recording artist. She is dubbed as the ""Multimedia Superstar"" for her talent and influence.


title: Anne Curtis

text: Curtis has received numerous accolades throughout her career, including two FAMAS Awards, a Luna Award, two Metro Manila Film Festival Awards, and five PMPC Star Awards for Television. Additionally, she has also been nominated for two Gawad Urian Awards, and eight PMPC Star Awards for Movies. Regarded as one of the most influential celebrities in the Philippines, "Forbes Asia" named her as one of the top 100 digital stars in the Asia-Pacific region. As of 2021, she remains as the Philippines' top Instagram personality with over 17 million followers, and is also the 4th most followed Filipino celebrity on Facebook with over 18 million followers. She was also the first Filipino to reach 14 million followers on Twitter, and is currently the second most followed Filipino celebrity on the platform. Elsewhere, Curtis was also the number one Instagram influencer in United Arab Emirates (UAE).


title: Anne Curtis

text: Curtis has also starred in several films, including the box-office hits "Baler" (2008), "No Other Woman" (2011), "A Secret Affair" (2012), "The Gifted" (2014), "" (2018), and "The Mall, The Merrier" (2019). She is the third highest grossing Filipino actress (9th overall) of the 2010s decade with her films grossing over Php 1.5 billion in box-office receipts. Furthermore, she has since starred in several hit television series, including "Hiram" (2004–2005), "Kampanerang Kuba" (2005), "Maging Sino Ka Man" (2006–2007), "Dyosa" (2008), "Green Rose" (2011) and "Kailangan Ko'y Ikaw" (2013). In 2014, she portrayed the iconic Komiks character Dyesebel in "Mars Ravelo's Dyesebel". She is also one of the main host of the noontime variety show "It's Showtime" (2009–2020, 2022–present).


title: Anne Curtis

text: Anne Ojales Curtis-Smith was born in Yarrawonga, Victoria, Australia, the daughter of Carmencita Ojales, a Filipino from Bolinao, Pangasinan and James Ernest Curtis-Smith, an Australian lawyer. Her father married Ojales in 1982. Her younger sister, Jasmine, is also an actress. On their father's side, they had a half-sister named Clare who died in 2007 due to a cardiovascular disease at four months old.


title: Anne Curtis

text: Curtis, being half-Filipino, would visit her mother's relatives in the Philippines with her family. In 1997, 12-year-old Curtis was approached by a talent scout to ask if she would like to enter a children's beauty pageant. Her father feared that it was a scam, while her mother wanted her to try it. Without her father's knowledge, Curtis then started to go to different talent agencies. By then, she and her family decided to stay permanently in the Philippines. Curtis could not speak or understand the Filipino language at the time, and so had to take classes.


title: Anne Curtis

text: In 1997, Curtis had her film debut in "Magic Kingdom: Ang Alamat ng Damortis." Afterwards, she signed with Viva Films and GMA Network. Her first television appearance was in the drama series, "Ikaw Na Sana." She was also part of the teen-oriented show, "T.G.I.S.".


title: Anne Curtis

text: From 1998 to 2003, Curtis had a string of minor and supporting roles in films such as "Honey, My Love... So Sweet", "Ika-13 Kapitulo", "" and in television shows "May Bukas Pa", "Beh Bote Nga", "Anna Karenina," and "Idol Ko si Kap".


title: Anne Curtis

text: In 2004, Curtis moved from GMA Network to ABS-CBN, stating the move "majorly life changing." Her first project with the network was the drama, "Hiram," starring Dina Bonnevie and Kris Aquino. Aside from "Hiram", Curtis also joined "ASAP" as a host and as a performer.


title: Anne Curtis

text: Curtis' big break came in 2005, when she played the title role in the fantasy television series "Kampanerang Kuba". This marked her first collaboration with director Wenn V. Deramas. Curtis then hosted the reality show "Qpids" with Luis Manzano, and a segment in the talk show, "The Buzz" called "Wanna Buzz".


title: Anne Curtis

text: In 2006, Curtis joined Luis Manzano as hosts of the second kids season of the reality talent competition, "Star Circle Quest." That same year, she starred in the romantic drama "All About Love", where she co-starred with John Lloyd Cruz, Bea Alonzo, Luis Manzano, Angelica Panganiban and Jason Abalos, as well as the supernatural horror film, "Wag Kang Lilingon" with Kristine Hermosa. She portrayed Celine Magsaysay in the drama series "Maging Sino Ka Man." She received acclaim for her performance in the series, and received her first acting nomination at the PMPC Star Awards for TV for Best Drama Actress.


title: Anne Curtis

text: In 2007, Curtis reunited with Wenn V. Deramas for the comedy film, "Ang Cute Ng Ina Mo". She also co-starred with Oyo Boy Sotto in "Sineserye Presents": "May Minamahal", and reprised her role of in the second installment of "Maging Sino Ka Man", entitled "". Earlier in the year, Curtis also became a video jockey for MTV Philippines.


title: Anne Curtis

text: In 2008, Curtis starred in two romantic dramas; "When Love Begins", alongside Aga Muhlach, and the 34th Metro Manila Film Festival official entry, "Baler", with Jericho Rosales. For her performance in the latter, she won the Metro Manila Film Festival Award for Best Actress. This marked Curtis' first acting award. She also received Best Actress nominations at the 57th FAMAS Awards, 25th PMPC Star Awards for Movies, 11th Gawad PASADO Awards, and a 27th Luna Awards. Also in 2008, Curtis top-billed the fantasy television series "Dyosa," where she played four different characters. Because of the role, she was dubbed as the "Dyosa" of Philippine Show business.


title: Anne Curtis

text: In 2009, Curtis became one of the main hosts of the morning competition program, "Showtime!" alongside Vhong Navarro, Kim Atienza, and Vice Ganda, and starred in the romantic comedy television series, "The Wedding", with Zanjoe Marudo and Derek Ramsay. For her work in "Showtime!", she and her co-hosts received a nomination for Best Talent Search Program Host at the 24th PMPC Star Awards for TV.


title: Anne Curtis

text: In 2010, Curtis starred in the romantic comedy film "Babe, I Love You". The movie marked her first big-screen team-up with Sam Milby. She also starred in the romantic drama film "In Your Eyes," alongside Claudine Barretto and Richard Gutierrez. Her role in the film earned her an award for Best Supporting Actress at the 29th Luna Awards, and a Movie Actress of the Year nomination at the 27th PMPC Star Awards for Movies.


title: Anne Curtis

text: In 2011, Curtis starred in the Philippine adaptation of the Korean drama, "Green Rose," with Jericho Rosales. She also top-billed the comedy film "Who's That Girl?", which served as her reunion movie with Luis Manzano, and starred in the romantic drama film "No Other Woman", with Derek Ramsay and Cristine Reyes. "No Other Woman" was a box-office success, grossing Php 100 million in five days. It briefly became the highest-grossing Filipino film, before it was eclipsed by "The Unkabogable Praybeyt Benjamin," later in the year. For the film's box-office performance, she and her co-star Cristine Reyes were recognized as the Box-Office Queens at the 43rd Box Office Entertainment Awards. Curtis also won the Best Actress awards at the 14th Gawad Pasado Awards, and 60th FAMAS Awards. Furthermore, she received her third Movie Actress of the Year nomination at the 28th PMPC Star Awards for Movies.


title: Anne Curtis

text: In the same year, Curtis also had her first foray into the Philippine music scene. Although a confessed non-singer, Curtis launched her debut studio album, "Annebisyosa", under Viva Records, on 25 September 2011. She described the album as "super fun" and "not serious", and jokingly stated that people should listen at their own risk. The album was an instant hit, reaching PARI gold status in less than a month, and platinum status in December of that year.


title: Anne Curtis

text: In 2012, Curtis staged her first solo concert tour, "Annebisyosa: No Other Concert World Tour" at the Smart Araneta Coliseum, in support of her debut album. The concert was also in celebration of her 15th year in show business. She performed in several local provinces as well as internationally in cities such as Hong Kong and California. For the concert tour, she won the award for Female Concert Performer of the Year at the 44th Box Office Entertainment Awards. Also in 2012, Curtis' morning competition program, "Showtime," was reformatted into a noontime variety show, "It's Showtime," and replaced "Happy Yipee Yehey!" in its regular noontime slot. For her work in "It's Showtime", she received an award for Best Female TV Host at the 27th PMPC Star Awards for Television. She then starred in the romantic drama "A Secret Affair", which earned her a third FAMAS Award for Best Actress nomination.


title: Anne Curtis

text: In 2013, Curtis, along with Kris Aquino and Robin Padilla, led the drama series, "Kailangan Ko'y Ikaw".


title: Anne Curtis

text: In 2014, Curtis played the title role in ABS-CBN's adaptation of Mars Ravelo's "Dyesebel." She also starred in two films that year; the comedy film "The Gifted", with Sam Milby and Cristine Reyes, and the romance thriller, "Blood Ransom". The former earned her a fourth nomination for Movie actress of the year at the 31st PMPC Star Awards for Movies. She also released her second studio album, "The Forbidden", and had her second solo concert tour, "The Forbidden Concert: Annekapal" at the Smart Araneta Coliseum.


title: Anne Curtis

text: In 2015, Curtis focused on "It's Showtime", and received her second win for Best Female TV Host at the 29th PMPC Star Awards for Television.


title: Anne Curtis

text: In 2016, Curtis became the main host of the reality music competition, "I Love OPM", and its spinoff, "We Love OPM": "The Celebrity Sing-Offs". She also launched her third studio album, "Forever Young", during the year.


title: Anne Curtis

text: In 2018, she starred in the romantic drama "," alongside Dingdong Dantes"," and the action thriller "Buy Bust." In preparation for her role in the latter, Curtis became a practitioner of Pekiti-Tirsia Kali, a style of Filipino Martial Arts."" She received critical acclaim for both films, receiving a rare double nomination for Best Actress at the 42nd Gawad Urian Awards. Also for her work in both films, American publication "Variety" selected Curtis as one of five Asian talents to be honored with the Asian Star: Up Next award at the Macau Film Festival. Furthermore, her performance in "Sid & Aya: Not a Love Story" earned her Best Actress nominations at the 37th Luna Awards and the 67th FAMAS Awards, where she was also honored with the FPJ Memorial Award. Later in the year, she also starred in the 44th Metro Manila Film Festival official entry, the horror-thriller film "Aurora". For her performance in the film, she received her second nomination for Best Actress at the festival's award ceremony.


title: Anne Curtis

text: In 2019, she starred alongside Marco Gumabao in the erotic romantic drama film "Just a Stranger," which became a box-office success. At the 36th PMPC Star Awards for Movies, the pair received a nomination for Movie Love Team of the Year, making it her eighth PMPC Star Awards for Movies nod. Later that year, she starred alongside her "It's Showtime" co-host, Vice Ganda, in the musical comedy film "The Mall, The Merrier," which served as their official entry to the 45th Metro Manila Film Festival. Despite mixed-to-average reviews from critics, the film was a huge box-office success. It grossed Php 323 million, making it one of the highest-grossing Filipino films, and Curtis' highest-grossing film to date. During the year, Curtis also received her fourth win for Best Female TV Host at the 33rd PMPC Star Awards for Television for her work on "It's Showtime".


title: Anne Curtis

text: In March 2015, Curtis became a celebrity advocate for UNICEF Philippines, having been a supporter of the organization since 2009. As an advocate, she visited parts of Leyte that were devastated by Typhoon Yolanda in 2013 to meet with children and families affected by the typhoon and observe recovery operations.


title: Anne Curtis

text: In October 2015, Curtis launched a marathon called the "Heroes for Children Run" to benefit UNICEF's "1,000 Days of Life" campaign.


title: Anne Curtis

text: In February 2016, Curtis launched her first written work, a children's book entitled "Anita, The Duckling Diva" in collaboration with UNICEF Philippines.


title: Anne Curtis

text: In December 2016, Curtis became engaged to her longtime boyfriend, restaurateur and food blogger Erwan Heussaff; they were married on 12 November 2017 in Queenstown, New Zealand. Curtis gave birth to the couple's child, Dahlia Amélie on 2 March 2020. The name "Dahlia" is said to be taken from the name of Curtis' character in her 1997 debut film, "Magic Kingdom: Ang Alamat ng Damortis".


title: Carla Gallo

text: Carla Paolina Gallo (born 1975) is an American actress. Gallo has had recurring roles in the television series "Undeclared", "Carnivàle", "Bones", "Californication", and a number of film roles. Since her role on "Undeclared", she has made frequent appearances in other Judd Apatow productions.


title: Carla Gallo

text: She graduated from Cornell University with a degree in Theater. Her best friend since childhood is Sarah Paulson.


title: Carla Gallo

text: Gallo announced she was six months pregnant with her first child, in April 2014, at the L.A premiere of "Neighbors". She gave birth to a daughter in the summer of 2014. She gave birth to her second daughter in May 2017. Her husband is screenwriter Mark Satterthwaite.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: Hyperbaric medicine is medical treatment in which an ambient pressure greater than sea level atmospheric pressure is a necessary component. The treatment comprises hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), the medical use of oxygen at an ambient pressure higher than atmospheric pressure, and therapeutic recompression for decompression illness, intended to reduce the injurious effects of systemic gas bubbles by physically reducing their size and providing improved conditions for elimination of bubbles and excess dissolved gas.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: The equipment required for hyperbaric oxygen treatment consists of a pressure chamber, which may be of rigid or flexible construction, and a means of delivering 100% oxygen. Operation is performed to a predetermined schedule by trained personnel who monitor the patient and may adjust the schedule as required. HBOT found early use in the treatment of decompression sickness, and has also shown great effectiveness in treating conditions such as gas gangrene and carbon monoxide poisoning. More recent research has examined the possibility that it may also have value for other conditions such as cerebral palsy and multiple sclerosis, but no significant evidence has been found.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: Therapeutic recompression is usually also provided in a hyperbaric chamber. It is the definitive treatment for decompression sickness and may also be used to treat arterial gas embolism caused by pulmonary barotrauma of ascent. In emergencies divers may sometimes be treated by in-water recompression (when a chamber is not available) if suitable diving equipment (to reasonably secure the airway) is available.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: A number of hyperbaric treatment schedules have been published over the years for both therapeutic recompression and hyperbaric oxygen therapy for other conditions.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: Hyperbaric medicine includes hyperbaric oxygen treatment, which is the medical use of oxygen at greater than atmospheric pressure to increase the availability of oxygen in the body; and therapeutic recompression, which involves increasing the ambient pressure on a person, usually a diver, to treat decompression sickness or an air embolism by eliminating bubbles that have formed within the body.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: In the United States the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, known as UHMS, lists approvals for reimbursement for certain diagnoses in hospitals and clinics. The following indications are approved (for reimbursement) uses of hyperbaric oxygen therapy as defined by the UHMS Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Committee:


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: There is no reliable evidence to support its use in autism, cancer, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, Alzheimer's disease, asthma, Bell's palsy, cerebral palsy, depression, heart disease, migraines, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injury, sports injuries, or stroke. Furthermore, there is evidence that potential side effects of hyperbaric medicine pose an unjustified risk in such cases. A Cochrane review published in 2016 has raised questions about the ethical basis for future clinical trials of hyperbaric oxygen therapy, in view of the increased risk of damage to the eardrum in children with autism spectrum disorders. Despite the lack of evidence, in 2015, the number of people utilizing this therapy has continued to rise.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: There is limited evidence that hyperbaric oxygen therapy improves hearing in patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss who present within two weeks of hearing loss. There is some indication that HBOT might improve tinnitus presenting in the same time frame.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: HBOT in diabetic foot ulcers increased the rate of early ulcer healing but does not appear to provide any benefit in wound healing at long-term follow-up. In particular, there was no difference in major amputation rate. For venous, arterial and pressure ulcers, no evidence was apparent that HBOT provides a long-term improvement over standard treatment.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: There is some evidence that HBOT is effective for late radiation tissue injury of bone and soft tissues of the head and neck. Some people with radiation injuries of the head, neck or bowel show an improvement in quality of life. Importantly, no such effect has been found in neurological tissues. The use of HBOT may be justified to selected patients and tissues, but further research is required to establish the best people to treat and timing of any HBO therapy.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: As of 2012, there was no sufficient evidence to support using hyperbaric oxygen therapy to treat people who have traumatic brain injuries. In acute stroke, HBOT does not show benefit. Small clinical trials, however, have shown benefits from HBOT for stroke patients between 6 months to 3 years after the acute phase.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: A 2007 review of HBOT in cerebral palsy found no difference compared to the control group. Neuropsychological tests also showed no difference between HBOT and room air and based on caregiver report, those who received room air had significantly better mobility and social functioning. Children receiving HBOT were reported to experience seizures and the need for tympanostomy tubes to equalize ear pressure, though the incidence was not clear.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: In alternative medicine, hyperbaric medicine has been promoted as a treatment for cancer. However, a 2011 study by the American Cancer Society reported no evidence it is effective for this purpose. A 2012 review article in the journal, "Targeted Oncology," reports that "there is no evidence indicating that HBO neither acts as a stimulator of tumor growth nor as an enhancer of recurrence. On the other hand, there is evidence that implies that HBO might have tumor-inhibitory effects in certain cancer subtypes, and we thus strongly believe that we need to expand our knowledge on the effect and the mechanisms behind tumor oxygenation."


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: Low-quality evidence suggests that hyperbaric oxygen therapy may reduce the pain associated with an acute migraine headache in some cases. It is not known which people would benefit from this treatment, and there is no evidence that hyperbaric medicine can prevent future migraines. More research is necessary to confirm the effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for treating migraines.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: Patients who are having extreme difficulty breathing – acute respiratory distress syndrome – are commonly given oxygen and there have been limited trials of hyperbaric equipment in such cases. Examples include treatment of the Spanish flu and COVID-19.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: The toxicology of the treatment has been reviewed by Ustundag "et al." and its risk management is discussed by Christian R. Mortensen, in light of the fact that most hyperbaric facilities are managed by departments of anaesthesiology and some of their patients are critically ill.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: An absolute contraindication to hyperbaric oxygen therapy is untreated pneumothorax. The reason is concern that it can progress to tension pneumothorax, especially during the decompression phase of therapy, although treatment on oxygen-based tables may avoid that progression. The COPD patient with a large bleb represents a relative contraindication for similar reasons. Also, the treatment may raise the issue of Occupational health and safety (OHS), which has been encountered by the therapist.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: The following are relative contraindications"meaning that special consideration must be made by specialist physicians before HBO treatments begin:"


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: Pregnancy is not a relative contraindication to hyperbaric oxygen treatments, although it may be for underwater diving. In cases where a pregnant woman has carbon monoxide poisoning there is evidence that lower pressure (2.0 ATA) HBOT treatments are not harmful to the fetus, and that the risk involved is outweighed by the greater risk of the untreated effects of CO on the fetus (neurologic abnormalities or death.) In pregnant patients, HBO therapy has been shown to be safe for the fetus when given at appropriate levels and “doses” (durations). In fact, pregnancy lowers the threshold for HBO treatment of carbon monoxide-exposed patients. This is due to the high affinity of fetal hemoglobin for CO.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: The increased overall pressure is of therapeutic value in the treatment of decompression sickness and air embolism as it provides a physical means of reducing the volume of inert gas bubbles within the body; Exposure to this increased pressure is maintained for a period long enough to ensure that most of the bubble gas is dissolved back into the tissues, removed by perfusion and eliminated in the lungs.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: The improved concentration gradient for inert gas elimination (oxygen window) by using a high partial pressure of oxygen increases the rate of inert gas elimination in the treatment of decompression sickness.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: For many other conditions, the therapeutic principle of HBOT lies in its ability to drastically increase partial pressure of oxygen in the tissues of the body. The oxygen partial pressures achievable using HBOT are much higher than those achievable while breathing pure oxygen under normobaric conditions (i.e. at normal atmospheric pressure). This effect is achieved by an increase in the oxygen transport capacity of the blood. At normal atmospheric pressure, oxygen transport is limited by the oxygen binding capacity of hemoglobin in red blood cells and very little oxygen is transported by blood plasma. Because the hemoglobin of the red blood cells is almost saturated with oxygen at atmospheric pressure, this route of transport cannot be exploited any further. Oxygen transport by plasma, however, is significantly increased using HBOT because of the higher solubility of oxygen as pressure increases.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: A study suggests that exposure to hyperbaric oxygen (HBOT) might also mobilize stem/progenitor cells from the bone marrow by a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: A more recent study suggests that stem cell mobilization, similar to that seen in the Thom study, is also invoked at relative normo-baric pressure with a significantly smaller increase in oxygen concentration. This study also found a significant decrease in the expression of the systemic inflammatory cytokine TNF-α in venous blood. These results suggest that hyperbaria may not be required to invoke the transcriptional responses seen at higher partial pressures of oxygen and that the effect is due solely to oxygen.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: The traditional type of hyperbaric chamber used for therapeutic recompression and HBOT is a rigid shelled pressure vessel. Such chambers can be run at absolute pressures typically about , or more in special cases. Navies, professional diving organizations, hospitals, and dedicated recompression facilities typically operate these. They range in size from semi-portable, one-patient units to room-sized units that can treat eight or more patients. The larger units may be rated for lower pressures if they are not primarily intended for treatment of diving injuries.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: Flexible monoplace chambers are available ranging from collapsible flexible aramid fiber-reinforced chambers which can be disassembled for transport via truck or SUV, with a maximum working pressure of 2 bar above ambient complete with BIBS allowing full oxygen treatment schedules. to portable, air inflated "soft" chambers that can operate at between above atmospheric pressure with no supplemental oxygen, and longitudinal zipper closure.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: In the larger multiplace chambers, patients inside the chamber breathe from either "oxygen hoods" – flexible, transparent soft plastic hoods with a seal around the neck similar to a space suit helmet – or tightly fitting oxygen masks, which supply pure oxygen and may be designed to directly exhaust the exhaled gas from the chamber. During treatment patients breathe 100% oxygen most of the time to maximise the effectiveness of their treatment, but have periodic "air breaks" during which they breathe chamber air (21% oxygen) to reduce the risk of oxygen toxicity. The exhaled treatment gas must be removed from the chamber to prevent the buildup of oxygen, which could present a fire risk. Attendants may also breathe oxygen some of the time to reduce their risk of decompression sickness when they leave the chamber. The pressure inside the chamber is increased by opening valves allowing high-pressure air to enter from storage cylinders, which are filled by an air compressor. Chamber air oxygen content is kept between 19% and 23% to control fire risk (US Navy maximum 25%). If the chamber does not have a scrubber system to remove carbon dioxide from the chamber gas, the chamber must be isobarically ventilated to keep the CO within acceptable limits.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: Smaller "monoplace" chambers can only accommodate the patient, and no medical staff can enter. The chamber may be pressurised with pure oxygen or compressed air. If pure oxygen is used, no oxygen breathing mask or helmet is needed, but the cost of using pure oxygen is much higher than that of using compressed air. If compressed air is used, then an oxygen mask or hood is needed as in a multiplace chamber. Most monoplace chambers can be fitted with a demand breathing system for air breaks. In low pressure soft chambers, treatment schedules may not require air breaks, because the risk of oxygen toxicity is low due to the lower oxygen partial pressures used (usually 1.3 ATA), and short duration of treatment.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: For alert, cooperative patients, air breaks provided by mask are more effective than changing the chamber gas because they provide a quicker gas change and a more reliable gas composition both during the break and treatment periods.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: Initially, HBOT was developed as a treatment for diving disorders involving bubbles of gas in the tissues, such as decompression sickness and gas embolism, It is still considered the definitive treatment for these conditions. The chamber treats decompression sickness and gas embolism by increasing pressure, reducing the size of the gas bubbles and improving the transport of blood to downstream tissues. After elimination of bubbles, the pressure is gradually reduced back to atmospheric levels. Hyperbaric chambers are also used for animals, especially race horses where a recovery is worth a great deal to their owners. It is also used to treat dogs and cats in pre- and post-surgery treatment to strengthen their systems prior to surgery and then accelerate healing post surgery.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: Emergency HBOT for decompression illness follows treatment schedules laid out in treatment tables. Most cases employ a recompression to absolute, the equivalent of of water, for 4.5 to 5.5 hours with the casualty breathing pure oxygen, but taking air breaks every 20 minutes to reduce oxygen toxicity. For extremely serious cases resulting from very deep dives, the treatment may require a chamber capable of a maximum pressure of , the equivalent of of water, and the ability to supply heliox as a breathing gas.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: U.S. Navy treatment charts are used in Canada and the United States to determine the duration, pressure, and breathing gas of the therapy. The most frequently used tables are Table 5 and Table 6. In the UK the Royal Navy 62 and 67 tables are used.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: The Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS) publishes a report that compiles the latest research findings and contains information regarding the recommended duration and pressure of the longer-term conditions.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: There are several sizes of portable chambers, which are used for home treatment. These are usually referred to as "mild personal hyperbaric chambers", which is a reference to the lower pressure (compared to hard chambers) of soft-sided chambers.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: In the US, these "mild personal hyperbaric chambers" are categorized by the FDA as CLASS II medical devices and requires a prescription in order to purchase one or take treatments. The most common option (but not approved by FDA) some patients choose is to acquire an oxygen concentrator which typically delivers 85–96% oxygen as the breathing gas.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: Oxygen is never fed directly into soft chambers but is rather introduced via a line and mask directly to the patient. FDA approved oxygen concentrators for human consumption in confined areas used for HBOT are regularly monitored for purity (+/- 1%) and flow (10 to 15 liters per minute outflow pressure). An audible alarm will sound if the purity ever drops below 80%. Personal hyperbaric chambers use 120 volt or 220 volt outlets.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: There are risks associated with HBOT, similar to some diving disorders. Pressure changes can cause a "squeeze" or barotrauma in the tissues surrounding trapped air inside the body, such as the lungs, behind the eardrum, inside paranasal sinuses, or trapped underneath dental fillings. Breathing high-pressure oxygen may cause oxygen toxicity. Temporarily blurred vision can be caused by swelling of the lens, which usually resolves in two to four weeks.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: There are reports that cataracts may progress following HBOT' and rarely, may develop "de novo", but this may be unrecognised and under reported. The cause is not fully explained, but evidence suggests that lifetime exposure of the lens to high partial pressure oxygen may be a major factor. Oxidative damage to lens proteins is thought to be responsible. This may be an end-stage of the relatively well documented myopic shift detected in most hyperbaric patients after a course of multiple treatments.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: Patients inside the chamber may notice discomfort inside their ears as a pressure difference develops between their middle ear and the chamber atmosphere. This can be relieved by ear clearing using the Valsalva maneuver or other techniques. Continued increase of pressure without equalising may cause ear drums to rupture, resulting in severe pain. As the pressure in the chamber increases further, the air may become warm.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: To reduce the pressure, a valve is opened to allow air out of the chamber. As the pressure falls, the patient's ears may "squeak" as the pressure inside the ear equalizes with the chamber. The temperature in the chamber will fall. The speed of pressurization and de-pressurization can be adjusted to each patient's needs.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: Oxygen toxicity is a limitation on both maximum partial pressure of oxygen, and on length of each treatment.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: HBOT can accelerate the development of cataracts over multiple repetitive treatments, and can cause temporary relative myopia over the shorter term.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: HBOT is recognized by Medicare in the United States as a reimbursable treatment for 14 UHMS "approved" conditions. A 1-hour HBOT session may cost between $300 and higher in private clinics, and over $2,000 in hospitals. U.S. physicians (M.D. or D.O.) may lawfully prescribe HBOT for "off-label" conditions such as stroke, and migraine. Such patients are treated in outpatient clinics. In the United Kingdom most chambers are financed by the National Health Service, although some, such as those run by Multiple Sclerosis Therapy Centres, are non-profit. In Australia, HBOT is not covered by Medicare as a treatment for multiple sclerosis. China and Russia treat more than 80 maladies, conditions and trauma with HBOT.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: Aspects under research include radiation-induced hemorrhagic cystitis; and inflammatory bowel disease, rejuvenation.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: Some research found evidence that HBOT improves local tumour control, mortality, and local tumour recurrence for cancers of the head and neck.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: Some research also found evidence of an increase in stem progenitor cells and a decrease in inflammation.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: Tentative evidence shows a possible benefit in cerebrovascular diseases. Rats subjected to HBOT after some time following the acute phase of experimentally-induced stroke showed reduced inflammation, increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and evidence of neurogenesis. Another rat study showed improved neurofunctional recovery as well as neurogenesis following the late-chronic phase of experimentally-induced stroke.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: The clinical experience and results so far published has promoted the use of HBOT therapy in patients with cerebrovascular injury and focal cerebrovascular injuries. However, the power of clinical research is limited because of the shortage of randomized controlled trials.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: A 2010 review of studies of HBOT applied to wounds from radiation therapy reported that, while most studies suggest a beneficial effect, more experimental and clinical research is needed to validate its clinical use.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: Junod built a chamber in France in 1834 to treat pulmonary conditions at pressures between 2 and 4 atmospheres absolute.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: During the following century “pneumatic centres” were established in Europe and the USA which used hyperbaric air to treat a variety of conditions.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: Orval J Cunningham, a professor of anaesthesia at the University of Kansas in the early 1900s observed that people with circulatory disorders did better at sea level than at altitude and this formed the basis for his use of hyperbaric air. In 1918, he successfully treated patients with the Spanish flu with hyperbaric air. In 1930 the American Medical Association forced him to stop hyperbaric treatment, since he did not provide acceptable evidence that the treatments were effective.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: The English scientist Joseph Priestley discovered oxygen in 1775. Shortly after its discovery, there were reports of toxic effects of hyperbaric oxygen on the central nervous system and lungs, which delayed therapeutic applications until 1937, when Behnke and Shaw first used it in the treatment of decompression sickness.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: In 1955 and 1956 Churchill-Davidson, in the UK, used hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the radiosensitivity of tumours, while , at the University of Amsterdam, successfully used it in cardiac surgery.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: In 1961 et al. published on the use of hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of clostridial gas gangrene.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: In 1962 Smith and Sharp reported successful treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning with hyperbaric oxygen.


title: Hyperbaric medicine

text: The Undersea Medical Society (now Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society) formed a Committee on Hyperbaric Oxygenation which has become recognized as the authority on indications for hyperbaric oxygen treatment.


title: Howdy Doody

text: Howdy Doody is an American children's television program (with circus and Western frontier themes) that was created and produced by Victor F Campbell and E. Roger Muir. It was broadcast on the NBC television network in the United States from December 27, 1947, until September 24, 1960. It was a pioneer of children's programming and set the pattern for many similar shows. One of the first television series produced at NBC in Rockefeller Center, in Studio 3A, it pioneered color production in 1956 and NBC (then owned by RCA Television) used the show to promote color television sets in the late 1950s.


title: Howdy Doody

text: Buffalo Bob Smith created Howdy Doody during his days as a radio announcer on WNBC. At that time, Howdy Doody was only a voice Smith performed on the radio. When Smith made an appearance on NBC's television program "Puppet Playhouse" on December 27, 1947, the reception for the character was great enough to begin a demand for a visual character for television. Frank Paris, a puppeteer whose puppets appeared on the program, was asked to create a Howdy Doody puppet.


title: Howdy Doody

text: Bob Smith, the show's host, was dubbed "Buffalo Bob" early in the show's run (a reference both to the historical American frontier character Buffalo Bill and Smith's hometown of Buffalo, N.Y.). At first the set was supposed to be a circus tent, but soon was changed to a western town. Smith wore cowboy garb, as did the puppet. The name of the puppet "star" was derived from the American expression "howdy doody"/"howdy do," a commonplace corruption of the phrase "How do you do?" used in the western United States. (The straightforward use of that expression was also in the theme song's lyrics.) Smith, who had gotten his start as a singing radio personality in Buffalo, frequently used music in the program. Cast members Lew Anderson and Robert "Nick" Nicholson both were experienced jazz musicians.


title: Howdy Doody

text: As both the character and television program grew in popularity, demand for Howdy Doody-related merchandise began to surface. By 1948, toymakers and department stores had been approached with requests for Howdy Doody dolls and similar items. Macy's department store contacted Frank Paris, the creator of the puppet, to ask about rights for a Howdy Doody doll. However, while Paris had created the puppet, Bob Smith owned the rights to the character. An argument ensued between the two men, Paris claiming he felt he was being cheated out of any financial benefits. After one such disagreement, Paris took the puppet and angrily left the NBC studios about four hours before the show was to air live. It was not the first time this happened, leaving the live program with no "star".


title: Howdy Doody

text: With Paris's past disappearances, impromptu excuses regarding the whereabouts of Howdy Doody had been hastily concocted. This time, an elaborate explanation was offered—that Howdy was busy with the elections on the campaign trail. NBC hurriedly constructed a map of the United States, which allowed viewers, with the help of Smith, to learn where Howdy was on the road. The explanation continued that while on the campaign trail, Howdy decided to improve his appearance with some plastic surgery. This made it possible for the network to hire Disney animator Mel Shaw and his business partner Bob Allen to design (refer to U.S. Patent D156687 for a "new, original, and ornamental design" for the puppet) and Velma Wayne Dawson to build and operate a more handsome and appealing visual character than Paris's original, which had been called "the ugliest puppet imaginable" by Bob Smith. Since Paris did not provide the voice of the character, Howdy's voice would stay the same after his appearance changed. The puppet that is remembered as the "original" Howdy Doody replaced Paris's original.


title: Howdy Doody

text: Howdy Doody himself was a freckle-faced boy marionette with 48 freckles, one for each state of the union at the time of his creation (up until January 3, 1959, when Alaska became the 49th state), and originally was voiced by Smith. The "Howdy Doody" show's various marionettes were created and built by puppeteers Dawson, Scott Brinker (the show's prop man), and Rufus Rose throughout the show's run. The redheaded Howdy marionette on the original show was operated with 11 strings: two heads, one mouth, one eye, two shoulders, one back, two hands and two knees. Three strings were added when the show returned—two elbows and one nose. The original marionette now resides at the Detroit Institute of Arts. There were duplicate Howdy Doody puppets, designed to be used expressly for off-the-air purposes (lighting rehearsals, personal appearances, etc.), although surviving kinescope recordings clearly show that these duplicate puppets were indeed used on the air occasionally. "Double Doody", the Howdy stand-in puppet, now is in the entertainment collection at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History.


title: Howdy Doody

text: Photo Doody is the near-stringless marionette that was used in personal appearances, photos, parades, and the famed NBC test pattern. He was sold by Leland's Sports Auction House in 1997 for more than $113,000 to a private art collector, TJ Fisher.


title: Howdy Doody

text: The characters inhabited the fictional town of Doodyville. Several characters (including Ugly Sam, the world's worst wrestler, and Pierre the Chef) were played by comedian Dayton Allen, who later went on to become a cast regular on NBC's prime time "The Steve Allen Show".


title: Howdy Doody

text: The "Howdy" show's non-televised rehearsals were renowned for including considerable double-entendre dialogue between the cast members (particularly the witty Dayton Allen) and the puppet characters. Corny Cobb was played by Bobby "Nick" Nicholson in 1952, by puppeteer Rufus Rose in 1953 and 1954 while Nicholson assumed the role of Clarabell, and again by Nicholson from early 1955 until the end of the show.


title: Howdy Doody

text: Clarabell was first played by Bob Keeshan (who also played The Featherman). Keeshan continued in that role until December 1952, when he, Dayton Allen, puppeteer Rhoda Mann, and Bill LeCornec left the show over a salary dispute. The role of Clarabell was then taken by Nicholson, who played it for about 22 months. In January 1955, the role was turned over to Anderson, who kept it until the series ended and for all subsequent revivals and specials, while Nicholson took on the role of J. Cornelius "Corny" Cobb. At the end of the final episode, telecast on September 24, 1960, Clarabell broke his series-long silence to say the final words of the final broadcast: "Goodbye, kids." Each of the cast members also played other roles as required.


title: Howdy Doody

text: Howdy Doody dolls were also sold commercially, as well as marionettes of Howdy Doody and Flub-a-dub. There were also two other marionettes, Don José and Hector Hamhock Bluster, brothers of Phineas T.


title: Howdy Doody

text: In addition to the original vintage puppets, puppetmaker Alan Semok (at the request of Bob Smith in the early 1990s) created several precise replicas of Howdy, including—thanks to improved materials and new molding techniques—a more exact marionette replica than had ever been produced, as well as a new Photo Doody which Smith used in personal appearances until his death from cancer on July 30, 1998, at the age of 80. One of Semok's marionette duplicates appears on a 2005 cover of "TV Guide" magazine as part of a series recreating classic covers from the magazine's history. The cover featured Howdy with TV host Conan O'Brien dressed as Buffalo Bob Smith. Another of the Semok duplicates resides in the International Museum and Library of the Conjuring Arts, the private museum owned by illusionist David Copperfield.


title: Howdy Doody

text: After the death of Bob Smith, a fierce legal and custody battle for the original Howdy Doody puppet erupted among his heirs, the Rufus Rose estate, and a museum to which the marionette had been bequeathed. Howdy once again was in the news, with his face and story making headline broadcast, wire, talk show and print news around the world. For a while during the tug-of-war fight, the puppet was held in a bank safe deposit box while the saga played out in the federal courts.


title: Howdy Doody

text: During one day of deposition, puppetmaker Semok (who had performed various maintenance and repainting of the original Howdy marionette beginning in 1989) was called upon to unseal a trap door on the back of the puppet's head; Velma Dawson, the puppet's original builder, who was 88 at the time of the deposition, was present and given the opportunity to examine the inside of the head in an effort to verify that the puppet in question was the original she created. Despite 50 years of numerous repairs, repaints, and replaced body parts, Dawson eventually declared the head of the puppet to be the one she originally made in 1948. The Detroit Institute of Arts ultimately prevailed and has custody of the original Howdy.


title: Howdy Doody

text: Originally an hour on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays (at 5 p.m. Eastern), the show moved to Monday through Friday, 5:30 to 6 p.m. EST in August 1948. During part of its run, it was preceded by the 15-minute program "The Gabby Hayes Show", hosted by the veteran cowboy sidekick actor George "Gabby" Hayes. In June 1956, it began to be shown on Saturdays only, in a morning time slot (10-10:30 Eastern time), continuing until its final broadcast on September 24, 1960, with the final years pre-recorded on color videotape.


title: Howdy Doody

text: A distinctive feature was the Peanut Gallery, onstage bleachers seating about 40 children. Each show began with Buffalo Bob asking, "Say kids, what time is it?" and the kids yelling in unison, "It's Howdy Doody Time!" Then the kids sang the show's theme song (set to the tune of "Ta-ra-ra Boom-de-ay"):


title: Howdy Doody

text: In many of the 1949–54 episodes released on DVD by Mill Creek Entertainment in 2008, the children also can be heard singing jingles for commercial breaks, with Buffalo Bob or Howdy leading them and the lyrics appearing on screen. Colgate toothpaste, Halo Shampoo, 3 Musketeers candy bars, Tootsie Rolls and Poll Parrot Shoes are among the products advertised this way, as well as series-long sponsor Wonder Bread.


title: Howdy Doody

text: The popularity of Howdy Doody and its Peanut Gallery led executives at United Features Syndicate to use the name "Peanuts" for syndication of Charles M. Schulz's "Li'l Folks" comic strip, reportedly to the lifelong chagrin of Schulz.


title: Howdy Doody

text: In September 1954, Bob Smith suffered a heart attack and was ordered to recuperate at home. NBC managed to keep the show going with guest hosts, including Gabby Hayes and New York disc jockey Ted Brown as Bison Bill, explaining to kids that Smith was vacationing at Pioneer Village. While kids generally were satisfied with the explanation, show sponsors insisted they wanted Smith himself to hawk their products. In response, NBC set up a special studio at Smith's home so he could appear live "from Pioneer Village" to do commercials. During Smith's absence from the show, Howdy was voiced by Allen Swift. Swift continued to voice the character for the remainder of the show's run, even after Smith's return in September 1955.


title: Howdy Doody

text: The final episode, "Clarabell's Big Surprise", was broadcast on September 24, 1960. The hour-long episode was mostly a fond look back at all the highlights of the show's past. Meanwhile, in the midst of it all, Clarabell has what he calls a "big surprise." The rest of the cast attempts to find out the surprise throughout the entire show, with only Mayor Phineas T. Bluster succeeding and promising to keep it a secret. ("But", he says upon leaving, "it's not gonna be easy to keep a secret like "this"!")


title: Howdy Doody

text: Finally, in the closing moments, the surprise was disclosed through pantomime to Buffalo Bob and Howdy Doody; as it turned out, Clarabell the mute clown actually could talk. Amazed, Bob frantically told Clarabell to prove it, as this was his last chance. An ominous drum roll began as Clarabell faced the camera as it came in for an extreme closeup. His lips quivered as the drumroll continued. When it stopped, Clarabell simply said softly, "Goodbye, kids." A tear could be seen in his right eye as the picture faded to black, and some children in the Peanut Gallery could faintly be heard sobbing immediately before the credits music played.


title: Howdy Doody

text: The show quietly ended with a roll of credits over an empty, darkened set as "Auld Lang Syne" was played on a celeste, followed by an announcement that "The Shari Lewis Show" would be seen in its place at that time next week followed by a spot for the TV series "National Velvet".


title: Howdy Doody

text: A 1955 merchandise catalog had 24 pages showcasing the range of products licensed by the show. The extensive merchandising included the aforementioned puppet, toys and clothing, plus tie-ins with cereals and other food products. Dell published a comic book from 1950 to 1956 along with Little Golden Books and Tell-a-Tale books, many written by Doody head writer Edward Kean. In addition Dell scribe John Stanley contributed scripts for the comic book. Kean also did some scripting (along with Stan Lee) of a Sunday-only Doody comic strip through United Feature Syndicate which ran from October 15, 1950, to June 21, 1953. Milt Neil and Chad Grothkopf were the initial art team through December 3, 1950, after which Grothkopf handled the art solo.


title: Howdy Doody

text: UPA was hired to do an animated cartoon ("Howdy Doody and his Magic Hat"), which was the first directorial effort of Gene Deitch and long thought lost until a print turned up at the Library of Congress in 2010. On April 15 of that year, the film was posted online.


title: Howdy Doody

text: On February 20, 2001, NBC Home Video licensed Image Entertainment to release four individual discs, each containing four episodes. These shows came from the latter part of the series run, from 1957 to 1960. One show from April 1, 1953, was also included.


title: Howdy Doody

text: On November 4, 2008, Mill Creek Entertainment (under license from NBCUniversal) released "Howdy Doody Show: 40 Episodes 1949–1954" on DVD in Region 1. The five-disc set features 40 of the best episodes from the series as selected by fans as well as the final color episode (also on the Image discs) and bonus features.


title: Howdy Doody

text: Early episodes of Howdy Doody are available in the public domain and are online for audiences to view.


title: Howdy Doody

text: The 1970s brought a wave of nostalgia interest in an idealized representation of the 1950s, and with it films such as "American Graffiti" and the TV show "Happy Days". An episode of "Happy Days" was entitled "The Howdy Doody Show" (number 33 of the series; original airdate February 18, 1975) during the series' second season, having a Howdy Doody storyline featuring Smith as Buffalo Bob with actor Bob Brunner as Clarabell.


title: Howdy Doody

text: Shortly thereafter, Nicholson-Muir Productions (owned by Nick Nicholson and E. Roger Muir) acquired from NBC the rights to produce the New Howdy Doody Show, an attempt by Buffalo Bob and most of the old cast to recreate their past fame. For this incarnation, which aired in first-run syndication, the Howdy Doody marionette had actual hair in a contemporary 1970s style and was operated by puppeteer Pady Blackwood.


title: Howdy Doody

text: It was staged before a larger Peanut Gallery of children and their parents originating from and taped in Florida. The revived series was not as successful as its predecessor, lasting only 130 episodes; the show debuted at the start of August 1976 and was canceled six months later at the end of January 1977.


title: Howdy Doody

text: Reruns of the show later aired on Sundays on Cozi TV. Recently, Amazon Prime began offering 20 episodes online.


title: Howdy Doody

text: A decade later, the show celebrated its 40th anniversary with a two-hour syndicated TV special, "It's Howdy Doody Time: A 40-Year Celebration", featuring Smith, Anderson, Nicholson and LeCornec, who reprised his former role of Chief Thunderthud.


title: Howdy Doody

text: Late in life, Bob Smith befriended New York-based fan Jack Roth, who already was quite familiar with Smith's gallery of puppet characters. Since Smith's death in 1998, Roth usually has provided the voice for Howdy in TV appearances and live venues. Actor-puppeteer Alan Semok, who was approached by Smith to re-create the Howdy marionette, also has voiced Howdy.


title: Howdy Doody

text: Like the later "Sesame Street", Canadian, Cuban, and Mexican spin-off shows were licensed using local casts and duplicate puppets.


title: Howdy Doody

text: In March 1953, the Kagran Corporation, the organization which produced the original "Howdy Doody" for NBC, started production on "La Hora de Jaudi Dudi," a daily Spanish-language version of the programme filmed in Mexico City. The program aired over Canal de las Estrellas in Mexico and, beginning on April 27, CMQ-TV in Havana, Cuba. According to "Billboard", the series featured a freckleless Howdy puppet and a new puppet named Don Burro. While the aim was to produce a series to distribute to the entirety of Latin America, the company halted production after six months due to unforeseen production difficulties (at the time, Mexican television programming was scarce and often improvised, unlike the American-influenced Cuban market, apart from the fact that Mexican broadcasters weren't interested in foreign production) and market considerations (until 1960, most South American countries did not have television services or supermarkets; by 1953, the only ones in the region were located in Havana and Lima, Peru). 96 half-hour episodes were filmed.


title: Howdy Doody

text: Cuban television later launched its own local version, named "Club Chirikin", which lasted through 1959 or early 1960 over CMQ. It was a Monday-Saturday show produced by Stone Associates, a company formed by former Kagran president Martin Stone.


title: Howdy Doody

text: The Canadian "Howdy Doody Show" was produced by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, and first aired on November 15, 1954. The CBC built its own Doodyville in a Toronto studio, and the show was set in Canada’s north. It was more low-budget than its American counterpart, with less raucous plots and fewer villainous villains, as well as a more educational orientation.


title: Howdy Doody

text: Most of the puppet characters, including Phineas T. Bluster, the cranky mayor and chief killjoy of Doodyville, Dilly Dally, a foolish carpenter who was usually the butt of Bluster's plots, Flub-a-dub, a beast with a duck's head, cat's whiskers, and the parts of several other animals, Heidi Doody, Howdy's sister, and Howdy himself, of course, were retained from the U.S. production.


title: Howdy Doody

text: But It had some major differences from its American cousin. Other puppets included Percival, a parrot, and Mr. X, who zipped through time and space in his "whatsis box." The show had Howdy and Clarabell, but most of the human performers differed in the CBC version. There was no Buffalo Bob, for instance. The show's host was Timber Tom, a forest ranger, played by Peter Mews.


title: Howdy Doody

text: Mews later appeared in the films "The Unforeseen", "Folio" and "First Performance". He also appeared on television in the 1954 production of "Delilah", and the 1974 mini-series "The National Dream". One of his most notable works was as Matthew Cuthbert in the Charlottetown Festival’s production of "Anne of Green Gables", which he played for over twenty years. Peter Mews died on November 24, 1984, at the age of 63.


title: Howdy Doody

text: Clarabell was played by Alfie Scopp. Like the American Clarabell, he communicated in mime, by honking horns on his belt, and by squirting seltzer.


title: Howdy Doody

text: Scopp was born in London England in 1919, and came to Canada with his family when they immigrated to Montreal. Scopp has had a long and glorious career in both television and film. One of his most notable roles was the bookseller Avram in the 1971 film "Fiddler on the Roof". He is also known for being the voice of “Charlie-in-the-Box” on the 1964 television Christmas special, "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer".


title: Howdy Doody

text: Toby Tarnow played Princess Pan of the Forest, generally referred to as Pan. Tarnow was born in Gravelbourg Saskatchewan in 1937. She started studying acting at the Lorne Green Academy of Radio Arts at the age of eight, and by the age of ten she was already performing professionally on CBC radio. In 1954, she became the first actress to play Anne in the live televised production of the musical adaptation of "".


title: Howdy Doody

text: Following her role as Princess Pan on "Howdy Doody", she had a recurring role on the CBC children’s program "Mr. Dressup" (the spinoff from Fred Rogers’ "Misterrogers", after he took his neighborhood to Pittsburgh).  Tarnow’s wide career encompassed radio, television, film, theater, and writing.


title: Howdy Doody

text: After moving to the United States she founded the Riverbend School of Theater Arts for the Boys and Girls Club in New Hampshire. In 2010 she was awarded the Children and Youth Theater Award by the New Hampshire Theater Awards.


title: Howdy Doody

text: Barbara Hamilton was Willow the Witch, an absent-minded white witch with a good heart. Known for her work on Canadian stage and television, she was once labelled the funniest woman in Canada.


title: Howdy Doody

text: Born in Kingston Ontario, Hamilton attended the University of Toronto before embarking on a career in theatre arts. Her first big break came with a role in "Arsenic and Old Lace" at Toronto's historic Royal Alexandra Theatre. From there, she went on to perform in theatres across the country, in works that ranged from classical tragedies to modern comedies.


title: Howdy Doody

text: She originated the role of Marilla Cuthbert in both the Canadian and London West End productions of "Anne of Green Gables", and was later a regular on the CBC’s "Road to Avonlea", and appeared in many other roles in film and television.


title: Howdy Doody

text: Larry Mann played good-natured pirate Cap'n Scuttlebutt. In Canada, the Cap’n was a live character, unlike the American Cap’n, which was a puppet. Mann was also the voice of Flub-a-Dub on the show.


title: Howdy Doody

text: Larry Mann was one of those character actors whose face and acting you’d always recognize. Born in Toronto on December 18, 1922, Mann was a disc jockey on radio station 1050 CHUM before he began his acting career. In his four decades of performing, Mann’s many credits included "Get Smart", "Gunsmoke", "The Man from Uncle", "Hill Street Blues", and "The Dukes of Hazzard," to mention just a few of his TV appearances. Two of his most prominent movie roles were "In the Heat of the Night" (1967) and "The Sting" (1973). Larry Mann died in Los Angeles California on January 6, 2014, at the age of 91.


title: Howdy Doody

text: Another famous person that appeared on the Canadian "Howdy" was the famous singer and later Broadway star Robert Goulet. He played the character Trapper Pierre.


title: Howdy Doody

text: The Canadian show had one other Princess, named Haida, who had the powers of a Medicine Man. The character was played by actress Caryl McBain. Other characters on the show included Jean Cavall as Papa La Touke and Drew Thompson as Mendel Mason.


title: Howdy Doody

text: Some sources credit James Doohan (Scotty on the original "Star Trek") as being the first host of the show, playing Ranger Bill for a short time at the beginning of the series. As the story goes, after the chief forest ranger called him away to fight a forest fire in November 1954, Timber Tom, played by Peter Mews, took his place. However, in his autobiography Doohan never credits himself in the role. And the show’s first public episode was November 15, so his time on the show was probably very short-lived.