title: The Prince and the Pauper

text: "The Parent Trap" is a loose adaptation of The Prince and the Pauper. It has a plot about twins swapping places - a Walt Disney adaptation of a 1949 children's book "Lottie and Lisa" () by Erich Kästner, in which identical twins separated in early life swap places to reunite their parents. The film starred Hayley Mills as twins Susan and Sharon. The film was then remade in 1998 and starred Lindsay Lohan in her feature film debut as twins Hallie and Annie.


title: The Prince and the Pauper

text: A 1977 film version of the story, starring Oliver Reed as Miles Hendon, starring Rex Harrison (like the Duke of Norfolk), Mark Lester and Raquel Welch and directed by Richard Fleischer, was released in the UK as "The Prince and the Pauper" and in the US as "Crossed Swords."


title: The Prince and the Pauper

text: In 1990 Walt Disney Feature Animation released an animated featurette inspired by the novel and starring Mickey Mouse. In this version, Mickey "plays" both of the title roles, with a cast of other Disney characters.


title: The Prince and the Pauper

text: "It Takes Two", starring twins Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen, is another loose adaptation of this story, in which two look-alike girls, one the wealthy daughter of a wireless service tycoon and the other an orphan, switch places in order to experience each other's lives.


title: The Prince and the Pauper

text: The 1996 Bollywood film "Tere Mere Sapne" is loosely based upon this story, in which two boys born on exactly the same date switch places to experience the other's life, whilst learning valuable lessons along the way.


title: The Prince and the Pauper

text: A 2000 film directed by Giles Foster starred Aidan Quinn (as Miles Hendon), Alan Bates, Jonathan Hyde, and identical twins Jonathan and Robert Timmins.


title: The Prince and the Pauper

text: In 2004, "The Prince and the Pauper" was adapted into an 85-minute CGI-animated musical, "Barbie as the Princess and the Pauper", with Barbie playing the blonde Princess Anneliese and the brunette pauper Erika. In 2012, a second CGI musical adaptation was released, entitled "". In it, Barbie plays a blonde princess named Victoria (Tori) and a brunette pop star named Keira. Both crave the life of another, one day they meet and magically change places.


title: The Prince and the Pauper

text: In 2006, Garfield's second live-action film, entitled "", was another adaptation of the classic story.


title: The Prince and the Pauper

text: "Monte Carlo" was another loose adaptation released in 2011 by 20th Century Fox and starred Selena Gomez.


title: The Prince and the Pauper

text: "Raju Peda", produced for Indian television in 1954, is a Telugu-version adaptation of the novel starring N. T. Rama Rao and directed by B. A. Subba Rao.


title: The Prince and the Pauper

text: A 1962 three-part "Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color" television adaptation featured Guy Williams as Miles Hendon. Both Prince Edward and Tom Canty were played by Sean Scully, using the split-screen technique which the Disney studios had used in "The Parent Trap" (1961) with Hayley Mills.


title: The Prince and the Pauper

text: The 21st episode of "The Monkees", aired on February 6, 1967, was entitled "The Prince and the Paupers".


title: The Prince and the Pauper

text: In a 1976 ABC Afterschool Special, Lance Kerwin played the dual role in a modern American-based adaptation of the story entitled "P.J. and the President's Son." The BBC produced a television adaptation by writer Richard Harris, consisting of six thirty-minute episodes, in 1976. Nicholas Lyndhurst played both Prince Edward and Tom Canty.


title: The Prince and the Pauper

text: "Ringo", a 1978 TV special starring Ringo Starr, involves the former Beatles drummer trading places with a talentless look-alike.


title: The Prince and the Pauper

text: The BBC TV comedy series "Blackadder the Third" has an episode, "Duel and Duality," where the Prince Regent believes that the Duke of Wellington is after him. The prince swaps clothes with his butler Blackadder and says, "This reminds of that story 'The Prince and the Porpoise'." Blackadder corrects him: "and the "Pauper"," to which the prince replies "ah yes, the Prince and the Porpoise and the Pauper." Since "Blackadder the Third" is set during the early 1800s, this is an anachronism.


title: The Prince and the Pauper

text: In 1996, PBS aired a "Wishbone" adaptation titled "The Prince and the Pooch" with Wishbone playing both Tom Canty and Edward VI.


title: The Prince and the Pauper

text: The BBC produced a six-part dramatization of the story in 1996, adapted by Julian Fellowes, starring James Purefoy, with Keith Michell reprising his role of Henry VIII.


title: The Prince and the Pauper

text: A 2011 episode of "Phineas and Ferb" ("Make Play", season 2, episode 64) follows a similar storyline, with Candace switching places with Princess Baldegunde of Drusselstein and discovering that royal life is dull.


title: The Prince and the Pauper

text: Starting with the episode "The Shepherd" (premiered on December 4, 2011), the TV series "Once Upon a Time" introduced a version of the story where a shepherd named David is the Pauper and Prince James is the Prince.


title: The Prince and the Pauper

text: The 2017 Japanese anime series "Princess Principal" uses a similar story as the background for the characters Ange and Princess Charlotte; their history is revealed by Ange under the guise of a fairy tale named "The Princess and the Pickpocket". Ten years prior to the start of the series, Ange, who was actually the real Princess Charlotte, met Princess, who was actually a common pickpocket named Ange and looked identical to her. They befriended one another and eventually decided to trade places for a day. Soon after the switch, however, a Revolution broke out and divided their country, separating the girls and leaving them trapped in each other's roles.


title: The Prince and the Pauper

text: In "The Princess Switch" (a Netflix romantic Christmas film released in November 2018 starring Vanessa Hudgens) Margaret, the Duchess of Montenaro, changes place with baker Stacy who she accidentally meets. That plot results in 2 new love stories.


title: The Prince and the Pauper

text: In 1996, C&E, a Taiwanese software company, released an RPG video game for Sega Genesis entitled 新乞丐王子/"Xīn qǐgài wángzǐ" ("New Beggar Prince"). Its story was inspired by the book, with the addition of fantastic elements such as magic, monsters, and other RPG themes. The game was ported to PC in 1998. It was eventually licensed in an English translation and released in 2006 as "Beggar Prince" by independent game publisher Super Fighter Team. This was one of the first new games for the discontinued Sega platform since 1998 and is perhaps the first video game adaptation of the book.


title: Candlemass (band)

text: Candlemass is a Swedish epic doom metal band established in Stockholm in 1984 by bassist, songwriter and bandleader Leif Edling and drummer Matz Ekström. The band had a defining influence on doom metal, and the genre itself is named after their debut album "Epicus Doomicus Metallicus". Along with Pentagram, Saint Vitus and Trouble, Candlemass has been referred to as one of the "big four of doom metal".


title: Candlemass (band)

text: After releasing five full-length albums and touring extensively throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, Candlemass disbanded in 1994, but reunited three years later. After breaking up again in 2002, Candlemass reformed in 2004 and have continued to record and perform since then.


title: Candlemass (band)

text: After the breakup of his first band Nemesis, bassist Leif Edling started his own band under the name Candlemass with (session) vocalist Johan Längqvist, drummer Matz Ekström, guitarist Mats "Mappe" Bjorkman and Klas Bergwall. Their first release, "Epicus Doomicus Metallicus" (1986), immediately secured their standing, positioning the band within metal circles, setting a milestone in the doom metal scene. Following the band's debut album Längqvist was replaced by Messiah Marcolin. By the time the band entered the studio to record their second effort, "Nightfall", in 1987, Bergwall and Ekström had left the band. Jan Lindh joined the band on drums, and Lars Johansson joined the band on guitars following the completion of the album.


title: Candlemass (band)

text: Candlemass's next two albums were "Ancient Dreams" (1988) and "Tales of Creation" (1989). In 1990, the band released a live album "Live". Shortly afterward, a dispute between the band members resulted in Messiah Marcolin's departure in 1991.


title: Candlemass (band)

text: After Marcolin left, Candlemass recruited vocalist Thomas Vikström and recorded "Chapter VI" (1992). The band then toured in support of that album. By 1994, Candlemass had called it quits, partly because "Chapter VI" was unsuccessful, and partially because Edling had formed another project under the name of Abstrakt Algebra. With Abstrakt Algebra not doing well, Leif suddenly recruited a new line-up under the name of Candlemass and recorded the album "Dactylis Glomerata", which was a combination of songs for a new Abstrakt Algebra CD and some new material. A year later the album "From the 13th Sun" was released. Both albums featured singer Bjorn Flodqvist.


title: Candlemass (band)

text: In 2002, the members of a past Candlemass line-up reunited. They performed some well-received live shows and released another live album. Other albums released by the reformed band were remastered versions of "Epicus Doomicus Metallicus, Nightfall, Ancient Dreams", and "Tales of Creation". A DVD called "Documents of Doom" was released as well. The band was working on a new album and recorded some new songs while searching for a record label when differences arose again, resulting in Candlemass disbanding a second time. In the meantime, Leif Edling started a new project, Krux, with former Abstrakt Algebra singer Mats Levén and two members of Entombed.


title: Candlemass (band)

text: In November 2004, the band announced that they had re-united for the second time. They had recorded a new album, named simply "Candlemass", with the same line-up. It was released in May 2005. They won a Swedish Grammy for it in 2005.


title: Candlemass (band)

text: In 2006 the band announced that a new album was in preparation, to be released sometime in 2007. In October 2006, after much uncertainty regarding Messiah Marcolin's participation, it was settled that Messiah was out for good.


title: Candlemass (band)

text: Candlemass found a new vocalist, Robert Lowe (Solitude Aeturnus), who recorded with the band's ninth album "King of the Grey Islands", which was released on 22 June 2007.


title: Candlemass (band)

text: On 31 March 2007, Candlemass celebrated a slightly delayed twentieth anniversary. To commemorate the celebration, original singer Johan Längqvist appeared live with the band for the first time. The event was recorded and later released as a DVD.


title: Candlemass (band)

text: Mats "Mappe" Bjorkman was sentenced to serve two years behind bars for grand theft in March 2008. He has been convicted of stealing over 35,000 CDs and DVDs priced at around 3 million Sek (Around $500,000).


title: Candlemass (band)

text: Candlemass worked on a tenth studio album in 2008. It was intended to be titled "Hammer of Doom", but they renamed it to "Death Magic Doom" because the name coincided with a German festival. The album was scheduled to be released on 27 March 2009, but it was delayed until 3 April 2009.


title: Candlemass (band)

text: In 2009, bassist Leif Edling told Soundshock that work on the next Candlemass album would likely begin before 2011. However, this plan fell through, and Leif had stated that the album's release date was pushed back to 2012, in order for the band to concentrate on the 25th anniversary of their 1986 debut "Epicus Doomicus Metallicus".


title: Candlemass (band)

text: On 14 October 2011, it was announced that Candlemass were signed to the Austrian label Napalm Records, who released their eleventh studio album "Psalms for the Dead" in June 2012. Despite this, bassist Leif Edling stated that the band would not split up, but wanted to stop before they "get too old and start putting out half-lame albums."


title: Candlemass (band)

text: On 2 June 2012, Candlemass announced via their website that Robert Lowe had left the band as vocalist, mainly due to the quality of the live performances and explained to be "a very difficult decision for the band", and was replaced for the band's upcoming shows by longtime friend and collaborator of Candlemass, Mats Levén (of Yngwie Malmsteen, Therion, Treat, and At Vance fame, among others). Levén had earlier worked with Leif Edling in Abstrakt Algebra and Krux and sang on demos from the "Candlemass" and "King of the Grey Islands" sessions, found on the box set "Doomology". In addition, keyboardist Per Wiberg (ex-Opeth, Spiritual Beggars) also joined the band on stage for these live shows.


title: Candlemass (band)

text: In January 2013, Candlemass was voted the greatest Swedish hard rock/metal band of all time by the writers of Sweden Rock Magazine, Scandinavia's biggest hard rock magazine as well as Sweden's biggest music magazine by circulation. They were featured in a list of the 100 greatest Swedish hard rock/metal bands of all time in a special jubilee edition, to celebrate the magazine's 100th issue. In connection with this, it was also revealed that Candlemass, along with death metal band Entombed (No. 2 on the list), were to perform jointly at a special jubilee concert in Stockholm arranged by the magazine. In July 2014, Candlemass headlined the Väsby Rock Festival in their hometown Upplands Väsby.


title: Candlemass (band)

text: Despite earlier claims that "Psalms for the Dead" would be their final album, bassist Leif Edling had stated that he was open to recording new music with Candlemass again. To coincide with the 30th anniversary of "Epicus Doomicus Metallicus", Candlemass released the EP "Death Thy Lover" on 3 June 2016. Additionally, on 29 April 2016, the band released a career-spanning coffee-table book. The book also featured two CDs containing the top picks by Leif Edling and Messiah Marcolin respectively, a CD with rare tracks from their early career (including the "Witchcraft" demo), and two DVDs with three live performances.


title: Candlemass (band)

text: On 3 September 2018, Candlemass announced the return of Johan Langquist to the band after a 32-year hiatus. The band stated, "We wanted to find our way back to the roots of Candlemass, back to the soul and essence of the band. Johan Langquist is back and we hope this will give us some new energy and kickstart the heart of doom again. We don't know if it will last 10 more years or even 5, but if it will give us just another year of having fun and playing the music that we love so much, it will be a blast! The circle is closed, Johan is back!" The band also announced that they were recording a new album for a 2019 release, making it not only the first Candlemass studio album since 2012's "Psalms for the Dead", but their first with Langquist since 1986's "Epicus Doomicus Metallicus".


title: Candlemass (band)

text: On 6 December 2018, Candlemass announced that their twelfth album was titled "The Door to Doom" and would be released on 22 February 2019. It was also revealed that the album would include a guest appearance by Black Sabbath's Tony Iommi, who contributes to a guitar solo to one of the album's tracks "Astorolus – The Great Octopus". The band released an EP "The Pendulum" on 27 March 2020. According to bassist Leif Edling, Candlemass will likely not release their new studio album until 2022 or 2023.


title: Candlemass (band)

text: On 18 August 2022, the band announced their thirteenth studio album, "Sweet Evil Sun", would be released on 18 November.


title: Candlemass (band)

text: Candlemass' musical style is markedly influenced by early Black Sabbath. Edling, the band's main songwriter and sole constant member, has been influenced by Black Sabbath, as well as bands like Blue Öyster Cult, Mercyful Fate/King Diamond, Bachman–Turner Overdrive, Rush, Nazareth, the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Judas Priest, Motörhead and Venom.


title: Russian battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy

text: Pyotr Velikiy () is the fourth of the Russian Navy. It was initially named Yuri Andropov () after the former General Secretary of the Communist Party, but the ship's name was changed after the fall of the Soviet Union. The Russian designation for the type is "heavy nuclear missile cruiser", but Western defense commentators have resurrected the term "battlecruiser" to describe them, as they are the largest surface "line of battle" warships in the world. "Pyotr Velikiy" is the flagship of the Northern Fleet.


title: Russian battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy

text: Construction of the ship was delayed by lack of funding due to the national economic problems before and after the fall of the Soviet Union. It was not completed and commissioned until 1998, twelve years after work had started. By then it had been renamed "Pyotr Velikiy", Russian for Peter the Great. "Pyotr Velikiy" has been known to carry two pennant numbers during its service: "183" and currently "099".


title: Russian battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy

text: After completing its acceptance trials in November 1996, the vessel was transferred to the Northern Fleet at Severomorsk and was designated as the flagship of the Northern Fleet.


title: Russian battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy

text: In August 2000, "Pyotr Velikiy" was in the Barents Sea to oversee the largest naval training exercise in a decade, since the fall of the Soviet Union. The ship was to be the designated target of the Oscar-II class submarine K-141 "Kursk", and was conducting evasive maneuvers when communication with "Kursk" was lost. The submarine was later found to have suffered catastrophic torpedo detonations, resulting in the loss of all 118 crew members. "Pyotr Velikiy" guarded the area where the submarine sank during the subsequent salvage operation in 2001.


title: Russian battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy

text: In March 2004, Russian Navy Chief Admiral Vladimir Kuroyedov declared "Pyotr Velikiy" unfit for service due to problems with the ship's engineering maintenance. On 19 April 2004, the cruiser was docked in the floating drydock PD-50 for painting of the underside of the hull, repairs, and examination of the steering system. The repairs were completed later that year, and it was carrying out missions again by August.


title: Russian battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy

text: From September 21 to October 22, 2004 she sailed on her first long voyage. Accompanying the aircraft carrier , the destroyers "Admiral Chabanenko" and "Admiral Ushakov", as well as several auxiliary ships, she went into the north-western Atlantic in what was the largest Russian naval exercise after the end of the Cold War.


title: Russian battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy

text: On 8 September 2008, it was announced that "Pyotr Velikiy" would sail to the Caribbean Sea to participate in naval exercises with the Venezuelan Navy, along with the destroyer and other support ships. This action would represent the first major Russian show of force in the Caribbean since the end of the Cold War. On 22 September "Pyotr Velikiy" and "Admiral Chabanenko" left their homeport of Severomorsk.


title: Russian battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy

text: On 22 October 2008 "Pyotr Velikiy" made a port visit to Aksaz Karagac, Turkey and on 6–9 November the cruiser and "Admiral Chabanenko" made a port visit to Toulon, France, before departing the Mediterranean on 10 November, passing through the Strait of Gibraltar.


title: Russian battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy

text: "Pyotr Velikiy" arrived in La Guaira, Venezuela on 25 November 2008 coinciding with a visit by Russian President Dmitry Medvedev. A combined exercise, VENRUS-200, with the Venezuelan Navy took place on 1–2 December 2008.


title: Russian battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy

text: After finishing the exercises, "Admiral Chabanenko" made a short visit to Panama 5–10 December, then to Bluefields, Nicaragua from 13 to 15 December and sailed into Havana, Cuba on 19 December.


title: Russian battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy

text: "Pyotr Velikiy" continued alone to Cape Town, South Africa. On 11 January 2009, the chief of the Russian General Staff announced that "Pyotr Velikiy" and six other Russian warships would participate in a joint naval exercise with the Indian Navy later the same month. The "Kirov"-class cruiser paused for three days to visit Cape Town before continuing on to India.


title: Russian battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy

text: On 31 January "Pyotr Velikiy" left the port of Mormugao in the Indian state of Goa. After a two-day visit that included a naval exercise with the Indian guided-missile destroyer the cruiser left for African waters where the vessel joined other warships from the Russian navy and conduct the INDRA-2009 exercise.


title: Russian battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy

text: On 30 March 2010 "Pyotr Velikiy" left the Northern Fleet for a new six-month deployment. During its six-month tour of duty, the warship passed through the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea before entering the Indian Ocean via the Suez Canal. In the Indian Ocean the cruiser conducted maneuvers with other Russian warships from the Black Sea Fleet.


title: Russian battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy

text: On 14 April the missile cruiser visited the Mediterranean port of Tartus in Syria. In September 2008, Russia was reported to be in talks with Syria about turning Tartus into a permanent base for Russian warships in the Middle East.


title: Russian battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy

text: In early May 2010 "Pyotr Velikiy" met up with the cruiser in the South China Sea. There they conducted joint exercises and held a traditional farewell ceremony on 5 May. The two vessels were due to arrive in Russia's Far Eastern port of Vladivostok to take part in the Vostok-2010 large-scale strategic exercise.


title: Russian battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy

text: On 29 September "Pyotr Velikiy" returned to its home base in the Northern Fleet after six months at sea. The flagship of the Northern Fleet had covered about since the beginning of the mission on 30 March.


title: Russian battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy

text: During early September 2013 "Pyotr Velikiy" led a flotilla of Russian Navy ships through the Russian portion of the Northern Sea Route in preparation for establishment of regular patrols.


title: Russian battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy

text: "Pyotr Velikiy" along with the aircraft carrier and the tankers "Sergey Osipov", "Kama" and "Dubna"; the tugboat "Altay", and the Ropucha-class landing ship "Minsk" (122) entered the English Channel to sail north. The British destroyer monitored the Russian task group as it neared the United Kingdom. Once the ships spotted each other they sailed briefly close by as a standard 'meet and greet'.


title: Russian battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy

text: In May 2016 "Pyotr Velikiy" put to sea for the first time in two years for drills off the coast of Northern Russia.


title: Russian battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy

text: On 15 October "Pyotr Velikiy" left Severomorsk to escort "Admiral Kuznetsov" to the Mediterranean along with supply ships and two "Udaloy" class destroyers, "Severomorsk" and "Vice-Admiral Kulakov". They were heading to the Eastern Mediterranean to support Syrian government forces battling rebel troops in Aleppo. "Pyotr Velikiy" passed through the English Channel, along with the rest of the Russian Northern Fleet on 21 October, shadowed by the British destroyer HMS "Dragon".


title: Russian battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy

text: On 6 April 2019, the ship entered Barents Sea with cruiser "Marshal Ustinov" and several nuclear submarines.


title: Russian battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy

text: On 10 October 2019, she went into Barents Sea with some 15 other warships, submarines, and auxiliary ships to conduct large-scale drills.


title: Russian battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy

text: On 11 July, "Pyotr Veliky" along with cruiser "Marshal Ustinov" held an exercise in the Barents Sea, both shooting Granit and Vulkan missiles, respectively.


title: Russian battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy

text: On 24 May 2021 "Pyotr Veliky" went to sea along with some 10 other warships, including "Marshal Ustinov". On 7 June, "Pyotr Veliky" was still reported at sea, taking part in a 20-ship strong exercise.


title: Russian battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy

text: On 15 September, the cruiser conducted an exercise in the Barents Sea along with the cruiser "Marshal Ustinov", both shooting Granit and Bulkan missiles, respectively.


title: Russian battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy

text: On 15 February, "Pyotr Veliky", frigate "Admiral Gorshkov", diesel and nuclear submarines started an exercise in the Barents Sea.


title: Russian battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy

text: Between 15 and 17 March 2022, she and destroyer "Severomorsk" held an exercise between Norway and Iceland, during the large-scale NATO naval exercise.


title: Russian battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy

text: On 18 April 2022, "Pyotr Veliky" was at sea again, conducting an artillery exercise in the Barents Sea.


title: Russian battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy

text: Between 17 and 26 August 2022, "Pyotr Veliky" was at sea during a large-scale exercise and shot a Granit missile on 24 August. She was accompanied by destroyer "Admiral Ushakov" and an unknown number of submarines. At the same time, in the eastern part of the Barents Sea, destroyer "Admiral Levchenko", LST "Aleksandr Otrakovsky" and tanker "Sergey Osipov" were active and embarked on a voyage eastwards along the Northern Sea Route. During the exercise, destroyer "Severomorsk" and LST "Ivan Gren" also passed through the Barents Sea on a way from the main naval parade in St. Petersburg to Severomorsk.


title: Russian battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy

text: On 27 October 2022, she was underway in the Barents Sea. The cruiser went to sea again on 1 November.


title: Russian battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy

text: A Swedish Air Force pilot flying in a Saab 37 Viggen fighter-reconnaissance plane was scouting the "Pyotr Velikiy" in the Baltic Sea on 16 October 1996, when he suddenly flew into the water and died while trying to avoid a nearby Russian aircraft during the fly-by reconnaissance of the Russian ship.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: Anthony D. "Tony" DiNozzo, Jr. is a fictional character from the CBS TV series "NCIS" portrayed by American actor Michael Weatherly. An original cast character created by producer Donald P. Bellisario, he is credited in episode 306, but actually appearing in 305 of the series. He has also made guest appearances on the spin-offs "" and "".


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: Tony DiNozzo, born in 1972 (as guessed correctly by Caitlin Todd in the season 1 episode Split Decision), is the senior field agent of the fictional Major Case Response Team (MCRT) led by Leroy Jethro Gibbs (Mark Harmon), a former Marine Gunnery sergeant. The team investigates major crimes involving military personnel, often dealing with local law enforcement officers (LEOs). A former police detective, he is characterized as an outgoing, joking, charismatic former jock and frequent lothario. His charisma helps him do undercover work and to deal with intra-agency conflicts. He often leads the team's crime scene investigations, where medical examiner Dr. Mallard (David McCallum) would put him through physical exertion for evidence retrieval. Over the course of the series, he carries a few storylines, including an undercover assignment that goes through seasons four and five to catch an international arms dealer. DiNozzo provided some comic relief for an otherwise serious drama, regularly spouting movie trivia, especially in the early seasons, and as a Casanova, his dating provided many roguish experiences. The death of agent Caitlin Todd and DiNozzo's relationship with agent Ziva David become fundamental to his subtle shift in attitude and character development.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: The character drew mixed reactions from the audience. According to Bellisario, Tony was often criticized by the female audience at the beginning of the show's run for his male chauvinism. This softened after Weatherly decided to tone down that aspect of his portrayal, and afterwards the character was better received. Critics continued to be both amused and annoyed by his "charming goofball" persona. By 2011, Weatherly was listed among the top-10 most-popular actors on primetime television, according to Q Score.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: In January 2016, Weatherly and CBS confirmed that season thirteen would be DiNozzo's last as a series regular. In the show, DiNozzo leaves after learning that he has a daughter with his former partner Special Agent Ziva David, who apparently died in a mortar attack on her home in Israel. DiNozzo leaves NCIS to "look for some answers" and to care for their daughter.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: Michael Weatherly was cast for the role of Tony DiNozzo Jr. in 2003. Series creator Don Bellisario related the events that led to Weatherly being selected:


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: On another occasion, Bellisario stated, "I can't say enough about Michael Weatherly...He started out on "NCIS" [playing] a character who was just very unlikable to some women because he was just such a chauvinist, and he has gradually over the [seasons] changed—taken his character and softened it."


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: Weatherly said that he had initially been reluctant to join a JAG spin-off and explained, "But I went and had this dinner with Don Bellisario in Australia and his personality, his storytelling and his presence and everything kind of won me over." He later commented, "I got very lucky with Don Bellisario. He directed two of the first three episodes, and he really pushed me to try things and experiment and some of the wacky comedy came out of that. And it was kind of unexpected and I didn't really know what I was going to find."


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: At another point, Weatherly said, "It's kind of fun to play a total dinosaur in terms of sexual politics...The shallow end of the philosophical pool is obviously where Tony paddles around." In the same interview, actress Cote de Pablo (who portrays character Ziva David) added, "There's something deeper about that character. We always talk about the superficial element and the things that make us laugh. But he wouldn't be doing what he does if he wasn't really good at it. It's a complex character, and that's why people love it."


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: Tony was born in a wealthy Italian-American family from Long Island, New York. His great-grandparents immigrated from Italy through Ellis Island. His great-grandfather worked as a truck-driver before eventually starting his own transportation company. Though an only child, he has been cut off from his maternal family's fortune. According to Tony, his mother died in the hospital while they were watching a movie when he was eight years old. One of Tony's fondest childhood memories during the holidays is watching the movie "It's a Wonderful Life", and he later tells Ziva that his mother had taken him to the movies frequently before her death, resulting in his love of film.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: Tony's father, Anthony DiNozzo Sr., played by Robert Wagner, is an American Civil War reenactor and as a child, Tony would carry the "poop bucket" during reenactments, resulting in Tony's dislike of anything relating to the Civil War. DiNozzo Sr. skirts very close to the line between a businessman and a con man, and at one point Tony was left in a hotel room for two days when his father left for a supposed business meeting. In the episode "Flesh and Blood", the two display similar personality traits—they both flirt with women and quote movies. It is stated in this episode that his father is pretending to be rich when he is actually bankrupt. It is also revealed that after his mother's death, Tony spent much of his childhood in a number of boarding schools and summer camps, so he and his father spent very little time together and rarely kept in touch. Consequently, father and son had a frosty relationship. It has also been suggested that his father was emotionally neglectful.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: Aside from the odd comment or casual reference, Tony rarely mentioned his parents until season 7, when Anthony DiNozzo Senior makes his first appearance. In "Sins of the Father", he admits to Gibbs that, although his dad still "makes [him] crazy", he still loves him but has been unable to tell his dad so. In "Broken Arrow", DiNozzo Sr. helps Gibbs with a case by using his contacts and going undercover with Ziva at a party in the home of a well-known arms dealer. Tony and his father also reconcile their differences.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: Other family members mentioned in NCIS episodes include a button-collecting grandfather who bequeathed Tony one thousand shares in a dot-com, and a number of uncles. His uncle Vincenzo is a butcher on Long Island. A second uncle was a successful businessman, but was found at a golf course looking for mole people. A third uncle named Clive Paddington, wealthy and deceased, left his entire estate to his paternal nephew Crispian Paddington.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: After being expelled from six boarding schools in four years, Tony graduated from the Remington Military Academy in Tiverton, Rhode Island. He later completed a Bachelor of Arts in physical education at Ohio State University, where he was on the varsity basketball team and competed in the Final Four. DiNozzo discusses a football game in the episode "SWAK", in which his doctor broke his leg. In the same discussion, Tony claims he and the doctor "kissed each others’ sisters," a football term meaning the game ended in a tie. In the episodes "Bikini Wax" and "Trojan Horse", he mentions he is in the Ohio State Alpha Chi Delta fraternity, class of 1989. At the end of the episode "Red Cell", he begins to tell a story about his fraternity days before Gibbs interrupts him. In the episode "Child's Play", he mentions receiving a combined score of 950 on his SATs.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: He has worked in three different police departments—Peoria, Philadelphia, and Baltimore—staying in each location for an average of two years. At the end of his stint with Baltimore's homicide division, he was hired by NCIS in 2001 as stated in season 1, episode 4. This event occurred prior to the "NCIS" pilot, and the circumstances of his hiring are unexplained, but Tony once jokingly claimed that it was because he "smiled". It is later revealed in the season eight episode "Baltimore" that Tony left Baltimore PD after discovering that his partner, Danny Price, was a dirty cop.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: During his tenure as a NCIS special agent, Tony has operated as a supervisory special agent and undertaken a long-term undercover operation throughout season four. In season two, he nearly dies from a bout with the pneumonic plague after a woman sends a letter filled with genetically altered "Yersinia pestis" to NCIS for revenge for what she believed to be neglect of a cold case. Tony ably leads the team in Gibbs's absence when the latter retires to Mexico after recovering from a coma. When Gibbs returns to lead the team, Tony declines an offer to lead his own team and resumes his former position to support Gibbs, who is suffering from the aftereffects of the coma, and continue working with the team he considers family. At the end of season five, Tony is assigned as Special Agent Afloat to the USS "Ronald Reagan" and later to the USS "Seahawk". However, at the beginning of season six, he is reassigned to his original team at NCIS headquarters in Washington, D.C. During season eight he meets E.J. Barrett, who took the post as team leader in Spain that he had previously rejected.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: In the season 8 finale, Clayton Jarvis, the new Secretary of the Navy, tells Director Vance that he wants to include DiNozzo in NCIS's black operations program after the death of Lt. Jonas Cobb and the resignation of Jarvis's predecessor, Philip Davenport. Although Vance seems reluctant, Jarvis overrules him and gives DiNozzo his first assignment: stop an NCIS agent who is leaking information. As season nine opens with the episode "Nature of the Beast", it is revealed that NCIS Special Agent Simon Cade is the apparent mole. At the end of the episode, DiNozzo is shot by an impostor FBI agent who had killed Cade and attempted to frame DiNozzo for the murder.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: DiNozzo frequently refers to himself as ""Very" Special Agent Anthony DiNozzo". He also refers to Ziva David as ""Very" Special Probationary Agent" at least once. Tony also referred to Timothy McGee as ""Very" Special Agent Timothy McGee" after resigning from his position as Senior Field Agent, along with referring himself and McGee as ""Very" Special Agents" in the Leap of Faith episode.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: Tony is written as a streetwise promiscuous former homicide detective. His behavior toward women is occasionally noted by other characters to be chauvinistic, and throughout the series Tony is shown flirting with most women he encounters. He does not respect personal boundaries, going so far as to rifle through his colleagues' possessions, both at work and in their homes, and to listen to private phone calls. In the episode "SWAK", Caitlin Todd described him as an "X-rated Peter Pan" who is "annoying" but whose absence is nevertheless keenly felt. The targets of this behavior are either victims of Tony's quests for new sources of amusement, or those for whom he believes he has reason to be concerned. Michael Weatherly commented on Tony's characterization: "Part of the dynamic of the show is that Tony irritates people, but when he's not around, they kind of miss him."


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: Although Tony is canonically in his thirties, he is typically written as possessing a juvenile sense of humor that manifests itself in name-calling, teasing, and pranks directed at his colleagues. Tony delights in quoting movies in everyday life, often mimicking the original actor when quoting them; Sean Connery's James Bond and Tommy Lee Jones come up frequently. Tony also finds parallels between the cinema and his everyday life. This occasionally proves to be more useful than aggravating, as when his application of a solution from the movie "Speed" (1994) ends in the successful resolution of a case. In a nod to "NCIS" creator Donald P. Bellisario, Tony has also been established as a fan of Bellisario television series "Magnum, P.I." and "Airwolf". In the episode "Dead Man Talking", Tony introduces himself to a suspect as "Airwolf" character "Stringfellow". Tony's coworkers often display visible frustration with his behavior, but throughout the series Tony has been shown to be very loyal to his coworkers at NCIS, particularly his supervisor, Leroy Jethro Gibbs.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: Although his immature behavior often gets Tony into trouble, he also demonstrates that he is an insightful agent when the need arises. On more than one occasion he surprises his colleagues when an outwardly immature action on his part causes new evidence to be uncovered. Gibbs once said of him, "You may not admire his methods but you gotta love the results", referring to when Tony goes to a gynecologist to track a missing sailor's girlfriend down after the rest of the team hit a dead end, much to Kate's disgust. McGee has described Tony's interrogation style as "Dirty Harry meets Keystone Cop". He is generally written as a highly capable agent, and in season four is offered a prized position as a supervisory/senior special agent in charge in Rota, Spain, which he nonetheless turns down. As of season ten, he is the only one out of Gibbs's field team who has been allowed to head an investigation, as seen in "Bounce" when Gibbs swaps places with him as the victim was connected with one of Tony's old cases and even calls him "boss". Tony is known to be fluent in Spanish, as is established from his earliest appearance in the "JAG"-"NCIS" crossover episodes. As Gibbs's senior field agent, he often pulls rank by ordering the more junior agents around and playing pranks on them. He most notably calls McGee "Probie", at least until Ziva is made a full-fledged agent. With the addition Ellie Bishop, Tony and McGee begin calling her "Probie" and similarly order her around, claiming that "it's part of the job".


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: Tony claims to have 20/10 vision in the episode "Left for Dead"; however, in the episodes "The Curse", "Ice Queen", and "Meltdown" he can be seen wearing glasses and in the "Nature of the Beast" episode he claims his vision is 20/20. He owned a 1990 Corvette ZR1, which was stolen and subsequently destroyed during a high-speed chase as he watched on live television. Later, he drove a 1966 Ford Mustang. The car was destroyed by a bomb planted on it in an attempt to kill DiNozzo's significant other, Dr. Jeanne Benoit.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: The character is initially portrayed as a "technophobe" who, like his superior, has limited patience with the scientific method and technical terms. However, he can be seen to develop an aptitude for technology in later episodes, and has been depicted hacking into computer systems.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: Tony is also very skilled in going undercover, which is shown in several episodes. In "Split Decision" he poses as a rogue weapons-dealer, and in "Chained" he befriends an escaped convict while disguised as a prisoner. In "Dead Man Talking", he is able to improvise a cover identity to get close to a suspect when he feels the investigation is going nowhere.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: During the run of "NCIS", Tony consistently speaks at great length about women. He pursues women on a regular basis, typically indiscriminately. Most of these relationships fail to progress past a certain point and have occasionally ended with humorously disastrous results. He has admitted to having commitment issues.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: One of the women he was attracted to turned out to be a terrorist working with Ari Haswari; another to whom he was attracted, and kissed, turned out to be a pre-operative transsexual who had murdered one of Tony's co-workers. His co-worker Caitlin Todd gave him endless grief for that lapse of judgement in the episode "Dead Man Talking". He once dated a social worker named Michelle, who, after he ended their relationship, broke into his apartment and filled his closet with dog feces. He had a short relationship with NCIS Special Agent Paula Cassidy. He also broke up with a Navy lieutenant who had left her then-fiancé for him, and shortly after Tony broke up with her, she posted his personal information on a herpes-alert website.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: The show's writers make reference to one of Weatherly's real-life relationships in the episode "Hiatus (Part 1)" when he states, "I've got a better chance of hooking up with Jessica Alba...". Weatherly's real-life relationship with Alba occurred while both were performing on the television series "Dark Angel". In a flashback in the episode "Baltimore" Tony mentions proposing to his high-school music teacher and long-term girlfriend Wendy. Wendy is introduced in the season nine episode "Secrets".


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: Tony has a friendly platonic relationship with Abby Sciuto. Abby describes this as progressive: "You're like a piercing, Tony. Takes a while for the throbbing to stop and the skin to grow back". The strength of their friendship was demonstrated when she helped clear his name after her assistant framed him for murder, or when he is seemingly killed in an explosion, or when he returns from his time as an agent afloat. Abby once states, "I love you, and would hate to see you hurt". She sometimes becomes upset with him, but these feelings are often resolved quickly. Abby shares Tony's love of movies which solidifies their friendship. When Gibbs is injured in the season three finale and retired during the first few episodes of season four, Tony is usually the one to bring her Caf-Pow (a highly caffeined energy drink). He is also protective of her, especially after Ari Haswari made an attempt on her life in "Kill Ari". While Abby was in a coma, Tony was very worried about her, to the point he did not make a joke about McGee's last name.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: In season four, Tony's new girlfriend, Dr. Jeanne Benoit, is introduced and appears as a recurring figure and subplot throughout the season. Tony initially wants to "take it slow" out of fear of their relationship becoming like his earlier ones. They subsequently consummate their relationship in the episode "Smoked" and Tony takes inspiration from movies to make their relationship special. Despite good intentions, Tony is unable to tell Jeanne that he loves her, until the death of a fellow agent convinces him to do so.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: In the episode "Angel of Death", it is revealed that Jeanne's father is a wanted arms dealer. In the episode "Bury Your Dead", it is revealed that Tony is using Jeanne to infiltrate an arms smuggling network. Jeanne leaves Tony a greeting card in her apartment, as she leaves the Washington, D.C. area.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: In the episode "Family", Tony is shown struggling with how his relationship with Jeanne ended, with flashbacks of their relationship. Ziva tries to console Tony, but he rejects her attempts, insisting that he is fine. Contemplating whether he should leave NCIS to be with Jeanne, he rejoins the team.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: Jeanne reappears in the episode "Internal Affairs", when she accuses Tony of murdering her father. At the end of the episode, Tony apologizes for letting her get involved in something that was not her fault. Asked if their relationship was real, Tony answers "No". Jeanne then tells him she wishes she had never met him.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: In a conversation with Tara Kole, Tony admits that, since his relationship with Jeanne ended, he has not been enjoying his normal level of success with women, despite his continued bravado to his co-workers.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: In the episode "Saviors", Jeanne and Tony are shown to be on amicable terms. Later, in "Loose Cannons" Tony encounters Jeanne and her husband while investigating a case, where she worries about it being connected with her father. This proves to be correct, and they both struggle emotionally with the conflict that ended their relationship.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: Tony's ex-fiancée is mentioned briefly in the episode "Baltimore" as Wendy Miller, portrayed by Perrey Reeves. In "Secrets", it is revealed that she left him the night before their wedding.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: Tony's former Philadelphia PD partner, portrayed by Marisol Nichols. Keats appears in the season twelve episode "Parental Guidance Suggested", later in episodes "The Enemy Within & No Good Deed". Keats is an ATF Special Agent and becomes Tony's girlfriend.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: Tony's relationship with Kate could be depicted as either like sibling rivals, but also could be romantic too. Series creator Don Bellisario said that if Kate hadn't died, she and Tony would have embarked on a relationship at one point during the series. They constantly compete, and Kate is often critical of Tony's attitude towards women and his disrespect for personal boundaries. In one episode, Tony sneaks into the bathroom while Kate was having a shower, to brush his teeth, which infuriates her. In "Bikini Wax", he threatens to expose a picture of Kate during a wet t-shirt contest. In the episode "Pop Life" they seek counseling for their bickering.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: Tony buys flowers as a peace offering after annoying her in the episode "Vanished" and shows concern for her in "Left For Dead" and "Bête Noire", when she is held hostage by Ari. In the episode "The Bone Yard", Tony pretends to be Kate's lover. He appears close to jealousy when Kate accepts a date with the victim's brother in "Black Water". In "My Other Left Foot", Tony is obsessed by the idea of Kate having a tattoo and tries to ascertain its location. In extras seen on the season two DVD box set, the producers state that it was intended for there to be a relationship between these two characters. In the episode "SWAK", after Kate is found uninfected, she continues to stay with Tony, lying about her condition to him even though she knows that the risk of infection is still imminent. She is devastated as he seemed about to die, and relieved as he survives.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: Kate's death would have a serious impact on Tony, which along with other events make Tony "grow up" during the following seasons. As shown in the episodes "Kill Ari 1 & 2", the team struggles to deal with the shooting, culminating in a scene in which Tony and McGee mourn over the dead body of their deceased colleague in Ducky's autopsy room.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: After Kate's death, like the other characters, DiNozzo also has a vision of her postmortem. Typical to Tony's chauvinistic personality, Kate appears in the Catholic schoolgirl uniform that he had been asking about in the episode "Bikini Wax". After telling him that she always knew what he was thinking, she realizes that she is wearing the uniform and quickly berates him. This "sexual fantasy" is portrayed after Tony offers to go back out in the pouring rain to find the bullet that killed Kate.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: In the season ten episode, "You Better Watch Out", Tony is shown to have a goldfish named Kate, whom he teases like his former partner (telling the fish she's "getting fat"), despite clearly doting on it.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: Throughout seasons four to ten, Ziva and Tony exhibit a high level of chemistry. Although their relationship was not explicit until the beginning of season 11 (when David's actress left the show), the close bond between the two ultimately resulted in their daughter, Tali.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: E.J. is introduced in the season eight episode "One Last Score". She took the lead investigator position in Rota, Spain, which Tony declined. Tony and E.J. begin a sexual relationship shortly after her arrival, much to the disapproval of Gibbs.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: In a flashback in the season nine premiere Nature of the Beast, Tony confronted E.J. about her removal of a microchip from the body of a victim of the Port-to-Port killer. Subsequently, Tony suffers memory loss and E.J. disappears while another agent is killed. E.J. emerges from hiding in the episode "Housekeeping" and discusses events with Tony at a safe house while he is furious with her for her abrupt disappearance, but they go their separate ways after the killer is apprehended, with E.J. urging Tony to try to pursue a relationship with Ziva.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: In the fourth season, Tony's relationship with Jenny Shepard is shown to have warmed considerably in comparison to the end of the third season, with Tony occasionally being caught referring to her by her first name with even Gibbs joking about how close they were. This was due to Tony's involvement in an ongoing operation of personal importance to Shepard, in which they develop a strong level of trust. Their interactions become more frequent when Tony assumes Gibbs's responsibilities, and they become increasingly familiar as seen in the episode "Shalom". Tony was particularly upset at Shepard's death in "Judgment Day (Part 1)", and blames himself for following Shepard's instruction to abandon her protection detail. In the episode "Agent Afloat", Ziva reveals that, in the aftermath of Shepard's death, Tony has been drinking out of guilt.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: Through flashbacks in the episode "Baltimore", it is shown that Tony first met Gibbs in 2001 when, as a Baltimore PD officer, Tony arrested an undercover Gibbs while they were investigating the same suspect in different cases. When Tony realized that his partner was corrupt, Gibbs took the opportunity to recruit Tony to NCIS and became a mentor to him.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: Tony greatly respects Gibbs and claims to have a mentor/protégé or father/son relationship with him, a feeling supported by the "tough love" Gibbs often demonstrates. Tony is easily riled when it seems that Gibbs has a new favorite and tries desperately to win back favor. Gibbs has the tendency to smack Tony on the back of the head whenever he says or does something inappropriate, starting with the last flashback sequence of "Baltimore". Tony tolerates being smacked only by Gibbs, reacting angrily when this is done by Todd and Ziva. When Gibbs starts "being nice" in the episode "Kill Ari (Part 1)", Tony irritates Gibbs until he elicits a slap to the back of the head.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: Tony prides himself on knowing many of the confusing military terms, acronyms, and slang that Gibbs regularly spouts and mimics them. Tony explains this jargon to others (serving as exposition), as well as Gibbs's unorthodox interrogation techniques, often accurately predicting Gibbs's next moves. After Gibbs personally appoints Tony as his replacement at the end of season three, Tony tries to emulate Gibbs's leadership style, though he adds "campfire discussions" (an impromptu sharing of current information among his fellow agents). Throughout the first several seasons, Tony's coworkers remark that he is becoming more and more like Gibbs, much to Tony's annoyance.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: Emotionally scarred when his relationship with Jeanne Benoit ends, Tony begins confiding in Gibbs on personal issues, especially after DiNozzo Sr. is introduced in season seven and the frosty love-hate relationship between father and son is revealed. Gibbs confronts DiNozzo Sr. about his lifelong neglect of his son and calls Tony the best young agent with whom he has ever worked. Although he thinks very little of DiNozzo Sr., Gibbs does encourage the two to repair their relationship. As of season ten, Gibbs and DiNozzo Sr. appear to be on friendly terms.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: Tony's relationship with Timothy McGee was initially problematic. Tony largely ignored or degraded McGee's work and later began actively hazing McGee, as the least-experienced member of the team, from name-calling to making McGee carry all the gear and equipment to a crime scene. He would largely take advantage of McGee's naiveté and unfamiliarity with the team's "customs".


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: Contrary to appearances, Tony values his relationship with McGee, as seen in the episode "Probie"; Tony goes out of his way to support McGee and makes an effort to cheer him up. Tony is the first to try to allay McGee's guilt when McGee accidentally shoots an undercover police officer. While Tony is field leader, McGee becomes the senior field agent and Tony shows him much more respect and confidence in his abilities.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: In the seventh season, the relationship between the two agents is on a much more equal footing and Tony more frequently calls McGee by his first name, Tim.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: By the eleventh season, Tony is a lot closer to McGee and they confide in one another. McGee is the one Tony tells that he has been attending a support group to get over the events of Ziva's departure. McGee also goes to Tony for advice when he is considering asking his girlfriend to move in with him.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: DiNozzo was included in "TV Guide"s list of "TV's Sexiest Crime Fighters". In November 2011, DiNozzo won TVLine's "Ultimate Male Law-Enforcement Crushes Bracket Tournament", and Ziva David won the "Ultimate Female Law-Enforcement Crushes Bracket Tournament" a month later.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: His flirtation with Ziva received significant media coverage over the years, with the characters being referred to as a "power couple" by "Entertainment Weekly". In 2009, "TV Guide" dubbed their interactions "TV's hottest love-hate relationship" and in 2012, they were listed in "Entertainment Weekly" "30 Best 'Will They/Won't They?' TV Couples". EW.com also included them in its list of 10 "TV pairs who have us hooked as they dance around their attraction".


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: During the first season of NCIS in 2004, Ross Warneke of "The Age" described the character as "fearless but a bit wet behind the ears". A year later, Bill Keveny from "USA Today" commented that DiNozzo was "competent but immature". At the beginning of the third season, Noel Holston from "Sun Sentinel" described him as "a self-styled ladies' man, handsome yet hapless".


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: In 2011, one critic from "Slate" called him a "womanizing doofus given to spouting movie trivia" but added that all the characters on the MCRT team (Tony, Gibbs, Ziva, and McGee) "are men and women of honor, heroes who have all made significant sacrifices for their country". In 2012, Sandra Gonzalez from "Entertainment Weekly" wrote, "I have a deep appreciation for everything about Tony DiNozzo. I love his goofball ways, his pop culture references, and his endless supply of ways to get under McGee's skin. But like any perpetually lovable character on a TV drama, he also has a host of dark secrets, and when said secrets have a chance to come to the surface as part of a meaty and revealing storyline, it's a treat for us all." He was referred to as a "charming goofball/special agent" by AOL TV's Michael Maloney in 2010.


title: Anthony DiNozzo

text: Catherine Lawson from "The Huffington Post" reported in August 2011 that Michael Weatherly was voted as number seven in the list of the top 10 most popular primetime TV stars. Pauley Perrette (Abby Sciuto) and Cote de Pablo (Ziva David) placed first and second, respectively. Additionally, Mark Harmon (Jethro Gibbs) and David McCallum (Ducky Mallard) were voted as numbers five and six.


title: Marie Tussaud

text: Anna Maria "Marie" Tussaud (; née Grosholtz; 1 December 1761 – 16 April 1850) was a French artist known for her wax sculptures and Madame Tussauds, the wax museum she founded in London.


title: Marie Tussaud

text: Marie Tussaud was born 1 December 1761 in Strasbourg, France. Her father, Joseph Grosholtz, was killed in the Seven Years' War just two months before Marie was born. When she was six years old, her mother, Anne-Marie Walder, took her to Bern, in Switzerland. There the family moved into the home of local doctor Philippe Curtius (1741–1794), for whom Anne-Marie acted as housekeeper.


title: Marie Tussaud

text: Curtius, whom Marie would call her uncle, was skilled in wax modeling. He initially used this talent to illustrate anatomy, but he later used it for portraits. He moved to Paris in 1765 to establish a "Cabinet de Portraits En Cire" (Wax portraiture firm). In that year, he made a waxwork of Louis XV's last mistress, Madame du Barry, a casting that is the oldest waxwork currently on display. A year later, Tussaud and her mother joined Curtius in Paris. The first exhibition of Curtius' waxworks was shown in 1770 and attracted a large crowd. In 1776, the exhibition was moved to the Palais Royal and, in 1782, Curtius opened a second exhibit, the Caverne des Grands Voleurs (Cavern of the Grand Thieves), a precursor to Tussaud's Chamber of Horrors, on Boulevard du Temple.


title: Marie Tussaud

text: Curtius taught Tussaud the art of wax modelling. She showed talent for the technique and began working for him as an artist. In 1777, she created her first wax figure, that of Voltaire. From 1780 until the Revolution in 1789, Tussaud created many of her most famous portraits of celebrities such as those of philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Benjamin Franklin and Voltaire. During this period her memoirs claim she became employed to teach votive making to Élisabeth, the sister of Louis XVI. In her memoirs, she admitted to be privy to private conversations between the princess and her brother and members of his court. She also claimed that members of the royal family were so pleased with her work that she was invited to live at Versailles for a period of nine years, although no contemporary evidence exists to confirm her accounts.


title: Marie Tussaud

text: On 12 July 1789, wax heads of Jacques Necker and the duc d'Orléans made by Curtius were carried in a protest march two days before the attack on the Bastille.


title: Marie Tussaud

text: Tussaud was perceived as a royal sympathiser; in the Reign of Terror she was arrested, along with Joséphine de Beauharnais, and her head was shaved in preparation for her execution by guillotine. She said she was released thanks to Collot d'Herbois' support for Curtius and his household. Tussaud said she was then employed to make death masks and whole body casts of the revolution's famous victims, including Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, Princesse de Lamballe, Marat, and Robespierre.


title: Marie Tussaud

text: When Curtius died in 1794, he left his collection of wax works to Tussaud. In 1795, she married François Tussaud, a civil engineer. The couple had three children: a daughter who died after birth and two sons, Joseph and François.


title: Marie Tussaud

text: In 1802, after the Treaty of Amiens, Tussaud went to London with her son Joseph, then four years old, to present her collection of portraits. She had accepted an invitation from Paul Philidor, a magic lantern and phantasmagoria pioneer, to exhibit her work alongside his show at the Lyceum Theatre. She did not fare particularly well financially, and left for Edinburgh in 1803.


title: Marie Tussaud

text: As a result of the Napoleonic Wars, Tussaud was unable to return to France so she travelled with her collection throughout the British Isles. In 1822, she reunited with her other son, François, who joined her in the family business. Her husband remained in France and the two never saw each other again. In November, 1825 her touring exhibition was in the Wisbech Georgian theatre (now the Angles Theatre), having already been at Yarmouth, Norwich, King's Lynn and Bury St Edmunds. Entrance was 1s. In 1835, after 33 years touring Britain, she established her first permanent exhibition in Baker Street, on the upper floor of the "Baker Street Bazaar". In 1838, she wrote her memoirs. In 1842, she made a self-portrait which is now on display at the entrance of her museum. Some of the sculptures done by Tussaud herself still exist.


title: Marie Tussaud

text: She died in her sleep in London on 16 April 1850 at the age of 88. There is a memorial tablet to Madame Marie Tussaud on the right side of the nave of St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church, Cadogan Street, London.


title: Marie Tussaud

text: Upon Marie Tussaud's retirement, her son François (or Francis) became chief artist for the Exhibition. He was succeeded in turn by his son Joseph, who was succeeded by his son John Theodore Tussaud.


title: Marie Tussaud

text: Madame Tussaud's wax museum has now grown to become one of the major tourist attractions in London, and has expanded with branches in Amsterdam, Istanbul, Beijing, Bangkok, Berlin, Blackpool, Sydney, Hong Kong, Wuhan, Las Vegas, San Francisco, Chongqing, Shanghai, Washington, D.C., New York City, Orlando, Nashville, Hollywood, Singapore, Tokyo, Budapest, Vienna, New Delhi and Dubai. As of 2019, the newest museum is in Prague. The current owner is Merlin Entertainments, a company owned by Blackstone Group.


title: Marie Tussaud

text: Marie Tussaud was featured as a minor character and quest giver in the video game "Assassin's Creed Unity", which takes place during the French Revolution.


title: Marie Tussaud

text: She is one of the main characters in the book "Faces of the Dead" by Suzanne Weyn. Edward Carey's 2018 novel "Little" is a novelization of her work and life.


title: Eames Lounge Chair

text: The Eames Lounge Chair and ottoman are furnishings made of molded plywood and leather, designed by Charles and Ray Eames for the Herman Miller furniture company. They are officially titled Eames Lounge (670) and Ottoman (671) and were released in 1956 after years of development by designers. It was the first chair that the Eameses designed for a high-end market. Examples of these furnishings are part of the permanent collection of New York's Museum of Modern Art.


title: Eames Lounge Chair

text: Charles and Ray Eames sought to develop furniture that could be mass-produced and affordable, with the exception of the Eames Lounge Chair. This luxury item was inspired by the traditional English club chair. The Eames Lounge Chair is an icon of Modern style design, although when it was first made, Ray Eames remarked in a letter to Charles that the chair looked "comfortable and un-designy". Charles's vision was for a chair with "the warm, receptive look of a well-used first baseman's mitt." The chair is composed of three curved plywood shells covered with veneer: the headrest, the backrest and the seat. The layers are glued together and shaped under heat and pressure. The shells and the seat cushions are essentially of the same shape, and composed of two curved forms interlocking to form a solid mass. The chair back and headrest are identical in proportion, as are the seat and the ottoman.


title: Eames Lounge Chair

text: The products have changed in various ways over time. Beginning in 1956 and running through the very early 1990s, the shells were made up of five thin layers of plywood which were covered by a veneer of Brazilian rosewood. The use of Brazilian rosewood was discontinued in the early 1990s, and current production since then consists of seven layers of plywood covered by finishing veneers of cherry, walnut, palisander rosewood (a sustainably grown wood with similar grain patterns to the original Brazilian versions), and other finishes. Small changes include the sets of spacers between the aluminum spines and the wood panels, originally of rubber, later hard plastic washers, and the number of screws securing the armrests, originally three, changed to two in second-series models, while the "domes of silence" (glides/feet) on the chair base originally had thinner screws attaching them to the aluminum base than those on later chairs, and the zipper around the cushions, either brown or black on early models, was later black only. Further, early ottomans had removable rubber slide-on feet with metal glides. Labels to denote authenticity have changed over the decades with the very first in 1956 a silver/white circular medallion containing the phrases 'designed by Charles Eames' and 'Herman Miller Zeeland Mich', changing to black oblong ('70s and '80s), silver oblong ('90s and 2000s), and curved embossed (2000s–present).


title: Eames Lounge Chair

text: The Eames Lounge Chair first appeared on the Arlene Francis "Home" show broadcast on the NBC television network in the US in 1956. Immediately following the debut, Herman Miller launched an advertising campaign that highlighted the versatility of the chair. Print ads depicted the 670 in a Victorian parlor, occupied by a grandmother shelling peas on the front porch of an American Gothic style house, and in the middle of a sunny field of hay.


title: Eames Lounge Chair

text: Since its introduction, the chair has been in continuous production by MillerKnoll in the USA. Later, Vitra (in cooperation with the German furniture company Fritz Becker KG) began producing the chair for the European market. It was licensed in the UK for 10 years to Hille International LTD from 1957. Immediately following its release, other furniture companies began to copy the chair's design. Some made direct copies, others were merely influenced by the design. The former Plycraft Company issued dozens of chairs that were direct copies of or in-the-style-of the Eames 670. Later Chinese and European companies began making direct copies. However, Herman Miller and Vitra remain the only two companies to produce these chairs with the Eames name attached.


title: Eames Lounge Chair

text: In 2006, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the chair, Miller released models using a sustainable palisander rosewood veneer. In 2008 both Herman Miller & Vitra developed a tall (known as XL in Europe) version offering a higher and wider sizing.


title: Human spaceflight

text: Human spaceflight (also referred to as manned spaceflight or crewed spaceflight) is spaceflight with a crew or passengers aboard a spacecraft, often with the spacecraft being operated directly by the onboard human crew. Spacecraft can also be remotely operated from ground stations on Earth, or autonomously, without any direct human involvement. People trained for spaceflight are called astronauts (American or other), "cosmonauts" (Russian), or "taikonauts" (Chinese); and non-professionals are referred to as spaceflight participants or "spacefarers".


title: Human spaceflight

text: The first human in space was Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, who launched as part of the Soviet Union's Vostok program on 12 April 1961 at the beginning of the Space Race. On 5 May 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American in space, as part of Project Mercury. Humans traveled to the Moon nine times between 1968 and 1972 as part of the United States' Apollo program, and have had a continuous presence in space for on the International Space Station (ISS). On 15 October 2003, the first Chinese taikonaut, Yang Liwei, went to space as part of Shenzhou 5, the first Chinese human spaceflight. As of December 2022, humans have not traveled beyond low Earth orbit since the Apollo 17 lunar mission in December 1972.


title: Human spaceflight

text: Currently, the United States, Russia, and China are the only countries with public or commercial human spaceflight-capable programs. Non-governmental spaceflight companies have been working to develop human space programs of their own, e.g. for space tourism or commercial in-space research. The first private human spaceflight launch was a suborbital flight on SpaceShipOne on June 21, 2004. The first commercial orbital crew launch was by SpaceX in May 2020, transporting NASA astronauts to the ISS under United States government contract.


title: Human spaceflight

text: Human spaceflight capability was first developed during the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR). These nations developed intercontinental ballistic missiles for the delivery of nuclear weapons, producing rockets large enough to be adapted to carry the first artificial satellites into low Earth orbit.


title: Human spaceflight

text: After the first satellites were launched in 1957 and 1958 by the Soviet Union, the US began work on Project Mercury, with the aim of launching men into orbit. The USSR was secretly pursuing the Vostok program to accomplish the same thing, and launched the first human into space, the cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. On 12 April 1961, Gagarin was launched aboard Vostok 1 on a Vostok 3KA rocket and completed a single orbit. On 5 May 1961, the US launched its first astronaut, Alan Shepard, on a suborbital flight aboard "Freedom 7" on a Mercury-Redstone rocket. Unlike Gagarin, Shepard manually controlled his spacecraft's attitude. On 20 February 1962, John Glenn became the first American in orbit, aboard "Friendship 7" on a Mercury-Atlas rocket. The USSR launched five more cosmonauts in Vostok capsules, including the first woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova, aboard Vostok 6 on 16 June 1963. Through 1963, the US launched a total of two astronauts in suborbital flights and four into orbit. The US also made two North American X-15 flights (90 and 91, piloted by Joseph A. Walker), that exceeded the Kármán line, the altitude used by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) to denote the edge of space.


title: Human spaceflight

text: In 1961, US President John F. Kennedy raised the stakes of the Space Race by setting the goal of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to Earth by the end of the 1960s. That same year, the US began the Apollo program of launching three-man capsules atop the Saturn family of launch vehicles. In 1962, the US began Project Gemini, which flew 10 missions with two-man crews launched by Titan II rockets in 1965 and 1966. Gemini's objective was to support Apollo by developing American orbital spaceflight experience and techniques to be used during the Moon mission.


title: Human spaceflight

text: Meanwhile, the USSR remained silent about their intentions to send humans to the Moon and proceeded to stretch the limits of their single-pilot Vostok capsule by adapting it to a two or three-person Voskhod capsule to compete with Gemini. They were able to launch two orbital flights in 1964 and 1965 and achieved the first spacewalk, performed by Alexei Leonov on Voskhod 2, on 8 March 1965. However, the Voskhod did not have Gemini's capability to maneuver in orbit, and the program was terminated. The US Gemini flights did not achieve the first spacewalk, but overcame the early Soviet lead by performing several spacewalks, solving the problem of astronaut fatigue caused by compensating for the lack of gravity, demonstrating the ability of humans to endure two weeks in space, and performing the first space rendezvous and docking of spacecraft.


title: Human spaceflight

text: The US succeeded in developing the Saturn V rocket necessary to send the Apollo spacecraft to the Moon, and sent Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders into 10 orbits around the Moon in Apollo 8 in December 1968. In 1969, Apollo 11 accomplished Kennedy's goal by landing Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the Moon on 21 July and returning them safely on 24 July, along with Command Module pilot Michael Collins. Through 1972, a total of six Apollo missions landed 12 men to walk on the Moon, half of which drove electric powered vehicles on the surface. The crew of Apollo 13—Jim Lovell, Jack Swigert, and Fred Haise—survived an in-flight spacecraft failure, they flew by the Moon without landing, and returned safely to Earth.


title: Human spaceflight

text: During this time, the USSR secretly pursued crewed lunar orbiting and landing programs. They successfully developed the three-person Soyuz spacecraft for use in the lunar programs, but failed to develop the N1 rocket necessary for a human landing, and discontinued their lunar programs in 1974. Upon losing the Moon race they concentrated on the development of space stations, using the Soyuz as a ferry to take cosmonauts to and from the stations. They started with a series of Salyut sortie stations from 1971 to 1986.


title: Human spaceflight

text: In 1969, Nixon appointed his vice president, Spiro Agnew, to head a Space Task Group to recommend follow-on human spaceflight programs after Apollo. The group proposed an ambitious Space Transportation System based on a reusable Space Shuttle, which consisted of a winged, internally fueled orbiter stage burning liquid hydrogen, launched with a similar, but larger kerosene-fueled booster stage, each equipped with airbreathing jet engines for powered return to a runway at the Kennedy Space Center launch site. Other components of the system included a permanent, modular space station; reusable space tug; and nuclear interplanetary ferry, leading to a human expedition to Mars as early as 1986 or as late as 2000, depending on the level of funding allocated. However, Nixon knew the American political climate would not support congressional funding for such an ambition, and killed proposals for all but the Shuttle, possibly to be followed by the space station. Plans for the Shuttle were scaled back to reduce development risk, cost, and time, replacing the piloted fly-back booster with two reusable solid rocket boosters, and the smaller orbiter would use an expendable external propellant tank to feed its hydrogen-fueled main engines. The orbiter would have to make unpowered landings.


title: Human spaceflight

text: In 1973, the US launched the Skylab sortie space station and inhabited it for 171 days with three crews ferried aboard an Apollo spacecraft. During that time, President Richard Nixon and Soviet general secretary Leonid Brezhnev were negotiating an easing of Cold War tensions known as détente. During the détente, they negotiated the Apollo–Soyuz program, in which an Apollo spacecraft carrying a special docking adapter module would rendezvous and dock with Soyuz 19 in 1975. The American and Russian crews shook hands in space, but the purpose of the flight was purely symbolic.


title: Human spaceflight

text: The two nations continued to compete rather than cooperate in space, as the US turned to developing the Space Shuttle and planning the space station, which was dubbed "Freedom". The USSR launched three Almaz military sortie stations from 1973 to 1977, disguised as Salyuts. They followed Salyut with the development of "Mir", the first modular, semi-permanent space station, the construction of which took place from 1986 to 1996. "Mir" orbited at an altitude of , at an orbital inclination of 51.6°. It was occupied for 4,592 days and made a controlled reentry in 2001.


title: Human spaceflight

text: The Space Shuttle started flying in 1981, but the US Congress failed to approve sufficient funds to make "Space Station Freedom" a reality. A fleet of four shuttles was built: "Columbia", "Challenger", "Discovery", and "Atlantis". A fifth shuttle, "Endeavour", was built to replace "Challenger", which was destroyed in an accident during launch that killed 7 astronauts on 28 January 1986. From 1983 to 1998, twenty-two Shuttle flights carried components for a European Space Agency sortie space station called Spacelab in the Shuttle payload bay.


title: Human spaceflight

text: The USSR copied the US's reusable Space Shuttle orbiter, which they called "Buran"-class orbiter or simply "Buran", which was designed to be launched into orbit by the expendable Energia rocket, and was capable of robotic orbital flight and landing. Unlike the Space Shuttle, "Buran" had no main rocket engines, but like the Space Shuttle orbiter, it used smaller rocket engines to perform its final orbital insertion. A single uncrewed orbital test flight took place in November 1988. A second test flight was planned by 1993, but the program was canceled due to lack of funding and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Two more orbiters were never completed, and the one that performed the uncrewed flight was destroyed in a hangar roof collapse in May 2002.


title: Human spaceflight

text: The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 brought an end to the Cold War and opened the door to true cooperation between the US and Russia. The Soviet Soyuz and Mir programs were taken over by the Russian Federal Space Agency, which became known as the Roscosmos State Corporation. The Shuttle-Mir Program included American Space Shuttles visiting the "Mir" space station, Russian cosmonauts flying on the Shuttle, and an American astronaut flying aboard a Soyuz spacecraft for long-duration expeditions aboard "Mir".


title: Human spaceflight

text: In 1993, President Bill Clinton secured Russia's cooperation in converting the planned Space Station "Freedom" into the International Space Station (ISS). Construction of the station began in 1998. The station orbits at an altitude of and an orbital inclination of 51.65°. Several of the Space Shuttle's 135 orbital flights were to help assemble, supply, and crew the ISS. Russia has built half of the International Space Station and has continued its cooperation with the US.


title: Human spaceflight

text: China was the third nation in the world, after the USSR and USA, to send humans into space. During the Space Race between the two superpowers, which culminated with Apollo 11 landing humans on the Moon, Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai decided on 14 July 1967 that China should not be left behind, and initiated their own crewed space program: the top-secret Project 714, which aimed to put two people into space by 1973 with the Shuguang spacecraft. Nineteen PLAAF pilots were selected for this goal in March 1971. The Shuguang-1 spacecraft, to be launched with the CZ-2A rocket, was designed to carry a crew of two. The program was officially canceled on 13 May 1972 for economic reasons.


title: Human spaceflight

text: In 1992, under China Manned Space Program (CMS), also known as "Project 921", authorization and funding was given for the first phase of a third, successful attempt at crewed spaceflight. To achieve independent human spaceflight capability, China developed the Shenzhou spacecraft and Long March 2F rocket dedicated for human spaceflight in the next few years, along with critical infrastructures like a new launch site and flight control center being built. The first uncrewed spacecraft, "Shenzhou 1", was launched on 20 November 1999 and recovered the next day, marking the first step of the realization of China's human spaceflight capability. Three more uncrewed missions were conducted in the next few years in order to verify the key technologies. On 15 October 2003 "Shenzhou 5", China's first crewed spaceflight mission, put "Yang Liwei" in orbit for 21 hours and returned safely back to Inner Mongolia, making China the third nation to launch a human into orbit independently.


title: Human spaceflight

text: The goal of the second phase of CMS was to make technology breakthroughs in extravehicular activities (EVA, or spacewalk),space rendezvous, and docking to support short-term human activities in space. On 25 September 2008 during the flight of "Shenzhou 7", "Zhai Zhigang" and "Liu Boming" completed China's first EVA. In 2011, China launched the Tiangong 1 target spacecraft and "Shenzhou 8" uncrewed spacecraft. The two spacecraft completed China's first automatic rendezvous and docking on 3 November 2011. About 9 months later, "Tiangong 1" completed the first manual rendezvous and docking with "Shenzhou 9", which carried China's first female astronaut "Liu Yang".


title: Human spaceflight

text: In September 2016, "Tiangong 2" was launched into orbit. It was a space laboratory with more advanced functions and equipment than "Tiangong 1". A month later, "Shenzhou 11" was launched and docked with "Tiangong 2". Two astronauts entered "Tiangong 2" and were stationed for about 30 days, verifying the viability of astronauts' medium-term stay in space. In April 2017, China's first cargo spacecraft, "Tianzhou 1" docked with "Tiangong 2" and completed multiple in-orbit propellant refueling tests, which marked the successful completion of the second phase of CMS.


title: Human spaceflight

text: The third phase of CMS began in 2020. The goal of this phase is to build China's own space station, "Tiangong". The first module of "Tiangong", the Tianhe core module, was launched into orbit by China's most powerful rocket Long March 5B on 29 April 2021. It was later visited by multiple cargo and crewed spacecraft and demonstrated China's capability of sustaining Chinese astronauts' long-term stay in space.


title: Human spaceflight

text: According to CMS announcement, all missions of Tiangong Space Station are scheduled to be carried out by the end of 2022. Once the construction is completed, "Tiangong" will enter the application and development phase, which is poised to last for no less than 10 years.


title: Human spaceflight

text: The European Space Agency began development of the Hermes shuttle spaceplane in 1987, to be launched on the Ariane 5 expendable launch vehicle. It was intended to dock with the European Columbus space station. The projects were canceled in 1992 when it became clear that neither cost nor performance goals could be achieved. No Hermes shuttles were ever built. The Columbus space station was reconfigured as the European module of the same name on the International Space Station.


title: Human spaceflight

text: Japan (NASDA) began the development of the HOPE-X experimental shuttle spaceplane in the 1980s, to be launched on its H-IIA expendable launch vehicle. A string of failures in 1998 led to funding reductions, and the project's cancellation in 2003 in favor of participation in the International Space Station program through the "Kibō" Japanese Experiment Module and H-II Transfer Vehicle cargo spacecraft. As an alternative to HOPE-X, NASDA in 2001 proposed the Fuji crew capsule for independent or ISS flights, but the project did not proceed to the contracting stage.


title: Human spaceflight

text: From 1993 to 1997, the , Kawasaki Heavy Industries, and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries worked on the proposed Kankoh-maru vertical-takeoff-and-landing single-stage-to-orbit reusable launch system. In 2005, this system was proposed for space tourism.


title: Human spaceflight

text: According to a press release from the Iraqi News Agency dated 5 December 1989, there was only one test of the Al-Abid space launcher, which Iraq intended to use to develop its own crewed space facilities by the end of the century. These plans were put to an end by the Gulf War of 1991 and the economic hardships that followed.


title: Human spaceflight

text: Under the George W. Bush administration, the Constellation program included plans for retiring the Space Shuttle program and replacing it with the capability for spaceflight beyond low Earth orbit. In the 2011 United States federal budget, the Obama administration canceled Constellation for being over budget and behind schedule, while not innovating and investing in critical new technologies. As part of the Artemis program, NASA is developing the Orion spacecraft to be launched by the Space Launch System. Under the Commercial Crew Development plan, NASA relies on transportation services provided by the private sector to reach low Earth orbit, such as SpaceX Dragon 2, the Boeing Starliner or Sierra Nevada Corporation's Dream Chaser. The period between the retirement of the Space Shuttle in 2011 and the first launch into space of SpaceShipTwo Flight VP-03 on 13 December 2018 is similar to the gap between the end of Apollo in 1975 and the first Space Shuttle flight in 1981, and is referred to by a presidential Blue Ribbon Committee as the U.S. human spaceflight gap.


title: Human spaceflight

text: Since the early 2000s, a variety of private spaceflight ventures have been undertaken. As of May 2021, SpaceX has launched humans to orbit, while Virgin Galactic has launched crew to a height above on a suborbital trajectory. Several other companies—including Blue Origin and Sierra Nevada—develop crewed spacecraft. All four companies plan to fly commercial passengers in the emerging space tourism market.


title: Human spaceflight

text: SpaceX has developed Crew Dragon flying on Falcon 9. It first launched astronauts to orbit and to the ISS in May 2020 as part of the Demo-2 mission. Developed as part of NASA's Commercial Crew Development program, the capsule is also available for flights with other customers. A first tourist mission, Inspiration4, launched in September 2021.


title: Human spaceflight

text: Boeing is developing the Starliner capsule as part of NASA's Commercial Crew Development program, which is launched on a United Launch Alliance Atlas V launch vehicle. Starliner made an uncrewed flight in December 2019. A second uncrewed flight attempt was scrubbed in August 2021, with a NASA official saying it would likely not launch until 2022. A crewed flight is not expected before the second half of 2022. Similar to SpaceX, development funding has been provided by a mix of government and private funds.


title: Human spaceflight

text: Virgin Galactic is developing SpaceshipTwo, a commercial suborbital spacecraft aimed at the space tourism market. It reached space in December 2018.


title: Human spaceflight

text: Blue Origin is in a multi-year test program of their New Shepard vehicle and has carried out 16 uncrewed test flights as of September 2021, and one crewed flight carrying founder Jeff Bezos, his brother Mark Bezos, aviator Wally Funk, and 18-year old Oliver Daemen on July 20, 2021.


title: Human spaceflight

text: Over the decades, a number of spacecraft have been proposed for spaceliner passenger travel. Somewhat analogous to travel by airliner after the middle of the 20th century, these vehicles are proposed to transport large numbers of passengers to destinations in space, or on Earth via suborbital spaceflights. To date, none of these concepts have been built, although a few vehicles that carry fewer than 10 persons are currently in the test flight phase of their development process.


title: Human spaceflight

text: One large spaceliner concept currently in early development is the SpaceX Starship, which, in addition to replacing the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launch vehicles in the legacy Earth-orbit market after 2020, has been proposed by SpaceX for long-distance commercial travel on Earth, flying 100+ people suborbitally between two points in under one hour, also known as "Earth-to-Earth".


title: Human spaceflight

text: Small spaceplane or small capsule suborbital spacecraft have been under development for the past decade or so; , at least one of each type is under development. Both Virgin Galactic and Blue Origin have craft in active development: the SpaceShipTwo spaceplane and the New Shepard capsule, respectively. Both would carry approximately a half-dozen passengers up to space for a brief time of zero gravity before returning to the launch location. XCOR Aerospace had been developing the Lynx single-passenger spaceplane since the 2000s, but development was halted in 2017.


title: Human spaceflight

text: Participation and representation of humanity in space has been an issue ever since the first phase of space exploration. Some rights of non-spacefaring countries have been secured through international space law, declaring space the "province of all mankind", though the sharing of space by all humanity is sometimes criticized as imperialist and lacking. In addition to the lack of international inclusion, the inclusion of women and people of color has also been lacking. To make spaceflight more inclusive, organizations such as the "Justspace Alliance" and IAU-featured "Inclusive Astronomy" have been formed in recent years.


title: Human spaceflight

text: The first woman to ever enter space was Valentina Tereshkova. She flew in 1963, but it was not until the 1980s that another woman entered space. At the time, all astronauts were required to be military test pilots; women were not able to enter this career, which is one reason for the delay in allowing women to join space crews. After the rules were changed, Svetlana Savitskaya became the second woman to enter space; she was also from the Soviet Union. Sally Ride became the next woman to enter space and the first woman to enter space through the United States program.


title: Human spaceflight

text: Since then, eleven other countries have allowed women astronauts. The first all-female space walk occurred in 2018, by Christina Koch and Jessica Meir. These two women had both participated in separate space walks with NASA. The first mission to the Moon with a woman aboard is planned for 2024.


title: Human spaceflight

text: Despite these developments women are still underrepresented among astronauts and especially cosmonauts. More than 600 people have flown in space but only 75 have been women. Issues that block potential applicants from the programs, and limit the space missions they are able to go on, are, for example:


title: Human spaceflight

text: Sally Ride became the first American woman in space, in 1983. Eileen Collins was the first female Shuttle pilot, and with Shuttle mission STS-93 in 1999 she became the first woman to command a U.S. spacecraft.


title: Human spaceflight

text: For many years, only the USSR (later Russia) and the United States were the only countries whose astronauts flew in space. That ended with the 1978 flight of Vladimir Remek. , citizens from 38 nations (including space tourists) have flown in space aboard Soviet, American, Russian, and Chinese spacecraft.


title: Human spaceflight

text: Human spaceflight programs have been conducted by the Soviet Union–Russian Federation, the United States, Mainland China, and by American private spaceflight companies.


title: Human spaceflight

text: Most of the time, the only humans in space are those aboard the ISS, which generally has a crew of 7 except during crew transitions, and those aboard Tiangong, which has a crew complement of 3 but is not always occupied.


title: Human spaceflight

text: NASA and ESA use the term "human spaceflight" to refer to their programs of launching people into space. These endeavors have also been referred to as "manned space missions", though because of gender specificity this is no longer official parlance according to NASA style guides.


title: Human spaceflight

text: Under the Indian Human Spaceflight Program, India was planning to send humans into space on its orbital vehicle Gaganyaan before August 2022, but it has been delayed to 2023, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) began work on this project in 2006. The initial objective is to carry a crew of two or three to low Earth orbit (LEO) for a 3-to-7-day flight in a spacecraft on a GSLV Mk III rocket and return them safely for a water landing at a predefined landing zone. On 15 August 2018, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, declared India will independently send humans into space before the 75th anniversary of independence in 2022. In 2019, ISRO revealed plans for a space station by 2030, followed by a crewed lunar mission. The program envisages the development of a fully-autonomous orbital vehicle capable of carrying 2 or 3 crew members to an about low Earth orbit and bringing them safely back home.


title: Human spaceflight

text: Since 2008, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency has developed the H-II Transfer Vehicle cargo-spacecraft-based crewed spacecraft and "Kibō" Japanese Experiment Module–based small space laboratory.


title: Human spaceflight

text: NASA is developing a plan to land humans on Mars by the 2030s. The first step will begin with Artemis 1 in 2022, sending an uncrewed Orion spacecraft to a distant retrograde orbit around the Moon and returning it to Earth after a 25-day mission.


title: Human spaceflight

text: SpaceX is developing Starship, a fully reusable two stage system, with near-Earth and cislunar applications and an ultimate goal of landing on Mars. The upper stage of the Starship system, also called Starship, has had 9 atmospheric test flights as of September 2021. A modified version of Starship is being developed for the Artemis program.


title: Human spaceflight

text: Several other countries and space agencies have announced and begun human spaceflight programs using natively developed equipment and technology, including Japan (JAXA), Iran (ISA), and North Korea (NADA). The plans for the Iranian crewed spacecraft are for a small spacecraft and space laboratory. North Korea's space program has plans for crewed spacecraft and small shuttle systems.


title: Human spaceflight

text: There are two main sources of hazard in space flight: those due to the hostile space environment, and those due to possible equipment malfunctions. Addressing these issues is of great importance for NASA and other space agencies before conducting the first extended crewed missions to destinations such as Mars.


title: Human spaceflight

text: The basic needs for breathable air and drinkable water are addressed by the life support system of the spacecraft.


title: Human spaceflight

text: Astronauts may not be able to quickly return to Earth or receive medical supplies, equipment, or personnel if a medical emergency occurs. The astronauts may have to rely for long periods on limited resources and medical advice from the ground.


title: Human spaceflight

text: On 31 December 2012, a NASA-supported study reported that spaceflight may harm the brains of astronauts and accelerate the onset of Alzheimer's disease.


title: Human spaceflight

text: In October 2015, the NASA Office of Inspector General issued a health hazards report related to space exploration, which included the potential hazards of a human mission to Mars.


title: Human spaceflight

text: On 2 November 2017, scientists reported, based on MRI studies, that significant changes in the position and structure of the brain have been found in astronauts who have taken trips in space. Astronauts on longer space trips were affected by greater brain changes.


title: Human spaceflight

text: Researchers in 2018 reported, after detecting the presence on the International Space Station (ISS) of five "Enterobacter bugandensis" bacterial strains, none pathogenic to humans, that microorganisms on ISS should be carefully monitored to assure a healthy environment for astronauts.


title: Human spaceflight

text: In March 2019, NASA reported that latent viruses in humans may be activated during space missions, possibly adding more risk to astronauts in future deep-space missions.


title: Human spaceflight

text: On 25 September 2021, CNN reported that an alarm had sounded during the Inspiration4 Earth-orbital journey on the SpaceX Dragon 2. The alarm signal was found to be associated with an apparent toilet malfunction.


title: Human spaceflight

text: Medical data from astronauts in low Earth orbits for long periods, dating back to the 1970s, show several adverse effects of a microgravity environment: loss of bone density, decreased muscle strength and endurance, postural instability, and reductions in aerobic capacity. Over time these deconditioning effects can impair astronauts' performance or increase their risk of injury.


title: Human spaceflight

text: In a weightless environment, astronauts put almost no weight on the back muscles or leg muscles used for standing up, which causes the muscles to weaken and get smaller. Astronauts can lose up to twenty per cent of their muscle mass on spaceflights lasting five to eleven days. The consequent loss of strength could be a serious problem in case of a landing emergency. Upon returning to Earth from long-duration flights, astronauts are considerably weakened and are not allowed to drive a car for twenty-one days.