title: Tiefling

text: In the "Pathfinder Roleplaying Game", tieflings are commonly known by the colloquial term Hellspawn. Due to limitations in the Open Game License, they are referred to exclusively by this term in the "Pathfinder Tales" novels. In the empire of Cheliax, tieflings are subjugated and often enslaved, despite the royal house's affiliation with Hell. Some tieflings have a stronger connection to one of the fiendish races, such as the grimspawn, who are descended from daemons, and the pitborn, who are descended from demons. There are also Kyton and other Fiend ancestries, with Devil ancestry Tieflings being called Hellspawn or Hellborn.


title: Tiefling

text: Tieflings are a playable race in "Urban Arcana", which is based on the premise that races from "Dungeons and Dragons" exist on earth. Most tieflings in Urban Arcana are humans with horns, although more obvious appearances exist. To regular humans who cannot perceive shadow, they appear to be cynical humans—the horns are not visible to those unable to perceive shadow.


title: Tiefling

text: In the PC game "" the player character is joined by Annah, a tiefling fighter/thief with a rat-like tail. In "" the tiefling bard NPC Haer'Daelis can join the party. In "", Valen Shadowbreath, a tiefling weapons master, is a recruitable henchman and potential romance option. Arden Swift is a tiefling NPC who plays a minor role in the last act of the campaign. In "Neverwinter Nights II", tiefling is a playable race and Neeshka, a female tiefling rogue, can join the party. Tieflings are also a playable race in the online MMORPG "Neverwinter", developed by Cryptic Studios. Two variants of Tieflings are among the playable races in "Dungeons & Dragons Online".


title: Tiefling

text: The "Brimstone Angels" novels by Erin M. Evans, set in the Forgotten Realms, feature the tiefling warlock Farideh as the main character. One of the main characters in the "Dungeons & Dragons" comic by John Rogers, Tisha Swornheart, is a tiefling warlock. The "Pathfinder Tales" novels by Dave Gross feature the tiefling Rogue Radovan Virholt as one of the two primary protagonists.


title: Tiefling

text: Sophia Lillis will portray Doric, a tiefling druid, in the upcoming 2023 film "". Doric will also be the main character in two upcoming prequel novels – "The Druid’s Call" (2023) by E.K. Johnston and "The Road to Neverwinter" (2023) by Jaleigh Johnson.


title: Tiefling

text: Johnny L. Wilson called tieflings "the paranoid, loner obverse" of halflings, who "believe that life is out to get them". Looking at the 2nd edition of the game, Wilson found them "suited to be great thieves" and "great point persons" due to favorable saving throw bonuses.


title: Tiefling

text: Philip J. Clements assumed tieflings are popular as player characters because they allow for "identity tourism" of a racial outsider: Tieflings in the game world "are often treated as dangerous outsiders. Yet D&D's default assumption is that the players will portray heroes. The idea of playing the racial outsider who nonetheless protects the people who wrongly revile them is a well-known trope built into D&D". Clements found this stereotype associated with the tiefling problematic, as the "solution is usually to focus on individual good, rather than confronting deeper, systemic problems of racial politics".


title: Markus Rühl

text: Markus Rühl (born 22 February 1972, in Darmstadt, Germany) is a retired IFBB professional bodybuilder. Rühl began training at the age of 19 following a doctor's recommendation after sustaining a knee injury while playing football. At , Rühl began training hard six days a week until deciding to compete on a professional level five years later. During this period he worked as a used-car salesman. Rühl signed a sponsorship deal with Ultimate Nutrition in late 2008. In 2018 he started his own supplement company, Rühl's Bestes.


title: Markus Rühl

text: Although Rühl only won two shows in his career, he is considered to be one of the biggest "mass monster" bodybuilders who ever lived.


title: Thanksgiving (Canada)

text: Thanksgiving () or Thanksgiving Day (), is an annual Canadian holiday and harvest festival, held on the second Monday in October, which celebrates the harvest and other blessings of the past year. Outside of the country, it may be referred to as Canadian Thanksgiving to distinguish it from the American holiday of the same name and related celebrations in other regions.


title: Thanksgiving (Canada)

text: Thanksgiving has been officially celebrated as an annual holiday in Canada since November 6, 1879. While the date varied by year and was not fixed, it was commonly the second Monday in October.


title: Thanksgiving (Canada)

text: On January 31, 1957, the Governor General of Canada Vincent Massey issued a proclamation stating: "A Day of General Thanksgiving to Almighty God for the bountiful harvest with which Canada has been blessed – to be observed on the second Monday in October."


title: Thanksgiving (Canada)

text: Thanksgiving is a statutory holiday in most of Canada, and an optional holiday in the Atlantic provinces of Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Companies that are regulated by the federal government, such as those in the telecommunications and banking sectors, recognize the holiday everywhere.


title: Thanksgiving (Canada)

text: As a liturgical festival, Thanksgiving corresponds to the British and continental European harvest festival, with churches decorated with cornucopias, pumpkins, corn, wheat sheaves, and other harvest bounty.


title: Thanksgiving (Canada)

text: While the actual Thanksgiving holiday is on a Monday, Canadians may gather for their Thanksgiving feast on any day during the long weekend; however, Sunday is considered the most common. Foods traditionally served at Thanksgiving include roasted turkey, roast beef, ham, stuffing, mashed potatoes with gravy, sweet potatoes, cranberry sauce, sweet corn, various autumn vegetables (including various kinds of squashes, but also Brussels sprouts), pumpkin pie, apple pie, and glazed yams. Various regional dishes and desserts may also be served, including salmon, wild game, Jiggs dinner with split-pea pudding, butter tarts, and Nanaimo bars.


title: Thanksgiving (Canada)

text: In Canadian football, the Canadian Football League has usually held a nationally televised doubleheader, the Thanksgiving Day Classic. It is one of two weeks in which the league plays on Monday afternoons, the other being the Labour Day Classic.


title: Thanksgiving (Canada)

text: Many communities in Canada hold events in the week prior to, and/or on the day of the holiday. For example, the Markham Fair is an annual agricultural and harvest festival held during the weekend before Thanksgiving,


title: Thanksgiving (Canada)

text: Kitchener-Waterloo Oktoberfest holds an annual parade consisting of floats, civic figures in the region, local performance troupes and marching bands, and Fort Langley holds a widely-attended neighbourhood festival celebrating the cranberry harvest, in which local crafts, produce, and artisan goods are sold.


title: Thanksgiving (Canada)

text: According to some historians, the first celebration of Thanksgiving in North America occurred during the 1579 voyage of Martin Frobisher from England, in search of the Northwest Passage. His third voyage, to the Frobisher Bay area of Baffin Island in the present Canadian Territory of Nunavut, set out with the intention of starting a small settlement. His fleet of fifteen ships was outfitted with men, materials, and provisions. However, the loss of one of his ships through contact with ice, along with many of the building materials, was to prevent him from doing so. The expedition was plagued by ice and freak storms, which at times scattered the fleet; on meeting again at their anchorage in Frobisher Bay, "... Mayster Wolfall, a learned man, appointed by Her Majesty's Counsel to be their minister and preacher, made unto them a godly sermon, exhorting them especially to be thankful to God for their strange and miraculous deliverance in those so dangerous places ...". They celebrated Holy Communion and, "The celebration of divine mystery was the first sign, scale, and confirmation of Christ's name, death and passion ever known in all these quarters." (The notion of Frobisher's service being first on the continent has come into dispute, as Spaniards conducted similar services in Spanish North America during the mid-16th century, decades before Frobisher's arrival.)


title: Thanksgiving (Canada)

text: Years later, French settlers, having crossed the ocean and arrived in Canada with explorer Samuel de Champlain, from 1604, also held feasts of thanks. They formed the Order of Good Cheer and held feasts with their First Nations neighbours, at which food was shared.


title: Thanksgiving (Canada)

text: After the Seven Years' War ended in 1763, with New France handed over to the British, the citizens of Halifax held a special day of Thanksgiving. Thanksgiving days were observed beginning in 1799 but did not occur every year.


title: Thanksgiving (Canada)

text: During and after the American Revolution, American refugees who remained loyal to Great Britain moved from the newly independent United States to Canada. They brought the customs and practices of the American Thanksgiving to Canada, such as the turkey, pumpkin, and squash.


title: Thanksgiving (Canada)

text: Lower Canada and Upper Canada observed Thanksgiving on different dates; for example, in 1816 both celebrated Thanksgiving for the termination of the War of 1812 between France, the U.S. and Great Britain, with Lower Canada marking the day on May 21 and Upper Canada on June 18 (Waterloo Day). In 1838, Lower Canada used Thanksgiving to celebrate the end of the Lower Canada Rebellion. Following the rebellions, the two Canadas were merged into a united Province of Canada, which observed Thanksgiving six times from 1850 to 1865. During this period, Thanksgiving was a solemn, mid-week celebration.


title: Thanksgiving (Canada)

text: The first Thanksgiving Day after Confederation was observed as a civic holiday on April 5, 1872, to celebrate the recovery of the Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII) from a serious illness.


title: Thanksgiving (Canada)

text: For many years before it was declared a national holiday in 1879, Thanksgiving was celebrated in either late October or early November. From 1879 onward, Thanksgiving Day has been observed every year, the date initially being a Thursday in November. After World War I, an amendment to the Armistice Day Act established that Armistice Day and Thanksgiving would, starting in 1921, both be celebrated on the Monday of the week in which November 11 occurred. Ten years later, in 1931, the two days became separate holidays, and Armistice Day was renamed Remembrance Day. From 1931 to 1957, the date was set by proclamation, generally falling on the second Monday in October, except for 1935, when it was moved due to a general election. In 1957, Parliament fixed Thanksgiving as the second Monday in October. The theme of the Thanksgiving holiday also changed each year to reflect an important event to be thankful for. In its early years it was for an abundant harvest and occasionally for a special anniversary.


title: Type 96 tank

text: The Type 96 () or ZTZ96 is a Chinese second generation main battle tank (MBT). The final evolution of the Type 88 design, the Type 96 entered service with the People's Liberation Army (PLA) in 1997. The later variants of the Type 96 are currently in PLA service together with China's third generation MBT, the Type 99.


title: Type 96 tank

text: China's tank development can be divided into three generations. The first generation was the Type 59, a locally manufactured copy of the Soviet T-54 and its derivative tanks. The second generation of MBTs started with the Type 80 and reached its end state as the Type 96. The third generation began with the Type 99 tank.


title: Type 96 tank

text: China's first generation tank development program failed to meet the PLA's performance requirements. These technical shortcomings coincided with the appearance of the T-72 and T-80 tanks in Russia, which influenced Chinese defense officials and contributed to their decision to begin development of a new generation indigenous MBT in the early 1980s. This new program was to lead to the development of the Type 80/85 family by 1988.


title: Type 96 tank

text: The Type 80 prototypes were accepted into PLA service as the Type 88A/B. Most distinctively, the Type 88 family had six road wheels instead of the five that the previous Chinese MBTs possessed. However, after the 1991 Gulf War the PLA soon realized that the Type 88 design was insufficient, due to Iraqi Type 59/69 tanks' poor performace against contemporary NATO tanks (as the Type 88 itself is a further development of the Type 59). A better domestic MBT was required. However, continued delays in China's third gen MBT development meant the PLA had no choice but to continue development of the Type 85 family. In 1995, Norinco produced the Type 85-III prototype with an upgraded engine and explosive reactive armor.


title: Type 96 tank

text: In 1997, the upgraded Type 85-IIM prototypes were accepted into PLA service as the Type 88C/Type 96. The most visible difference between the Type 96 and earlier Type 88 series tanks was the additional spaced armor on the turret front. This spaced armor gave the Type 96 a rectangular front profile, visually distinguishing it from the round turret of the Type 88. Other visible differences included their armament: The Type 96 possessed a locally designed 125mm smoothbore gun while the earlier Type 88 variants used a 105mm rifled gun instead. This made the Type 96 the first PLA tank in service armed with a 125mm caliber gun.


title: Type 96 tank

text: By mid-2016, the Chinese military had over 7,000 tanks in active service of which, there were about 2,077 Type 96/Type 96As and about 814 Type 99/Type 99As. Compared to the Type 99 with its high capability and similarly high cost, the cheaper Type 96B is seen by domestic experts as the main tank in the modernization of the PLA.


title: Type 96 tank

text: In the early 2000s, the Type 96 was the PLA's main armored firepower for maneuver warfare units. 31 tanks are deployed in an armored battalion and 10 tanks are deployed in a company.


title: Type 96 tank

text: After the PLA's reforms in 2017, the Type 96 is deployed in the combined arms battalion of the new heavy combined arms brigade. Each battalion features two tank companies and two mechanized infantry companies, with each company having 14 vehicles.


title: Type 96 tank

text: In 2014, China participated with the Type 96A in the Russian-hosted tank biathlon where it competed against the Russian T-72B3, clinching third place. China participated again in 2015, coming in second place. In 2016, it won one gold medal (out of a total of 23 awarded gold medals). China once again reached the finals of the Tank Biathlon in 2021.


title: Type 96 tank

text: The main armament is a 2-plane stabilized ZPT-98 125 mm smoothbore gun with a carousel-style autoloader. The main gun features a fume extractor at its midway point. Secondary armaments include QJC-88 12.7 mm heavy machine gun, and 7.62 mm coaxial machine gun. The Type 96 is fitted with ISFCS-212 computerized fire control system with ballistic computer, laser range finder, and automatic target tracking capability. The fire control system is capable of hitting enemy moving target while the Type 96 is on the move. When Type 96 was incorporated into service, its fire control system was reportedly superior than that of the T-72 tanks fielded by other nations . Type 96 is capable of day/night all-weather operation as driver, gunner and commander has access to night vision device and image intensifier.


title: Type 96 tank

text: Type 96A is fitted with ISFCS-212B fire control system, which replaced the gunner night vision sight with thermal imaging system sporting 3x and 8x optical magnifications. The new GUMS-2 digital ballistic computer provides more detailed calibration in sophisticated environments. The gunner thermal sight is connected to the commander terminal, which allows the commander to take over in an emergency. Type 96B's fire control system is further upgraded from Type 96A, which includes new computer, communication, command and control systems. Despite the lack of commander independent thermal sight, fire control computer of Type 96A and Type 96B allows the commander to acquire and engage enemy target through the optical periscope mounted on the commander’s hatch.


title: Type 96 tank

text: The vehicle features six double-tired road wheels with tracks. The upper portions of the tracks are protected by armor skirts in saw-toothed shape. The glacis plate is sloped to the point of being near-horizontal for better protection. The turret has a low-profile design, which makes the vehicle less likely to get visually acquired on the battlefield. Six smoke grenade dischargers are fitted to the side of the turret, providing total of 12 smokes. Due to the usage of autoloader, the tank only has a crew of three, which consists of the driver, tank commander and the gunner. The tank series is also fitted with NBC protection and automatic fire suppression system. Type 96 features steel and composite armor on the front hull and turret. On Type 96A, the tank turret is fully welded with improved steel armor layer and composite mix. The arrow-shaped FY-4 explosive reactive armor (ERA) blocks are mounted on the turret, hull, and storage bucket for increased protection. Type 96A's protection performance is claimed to be equivalent to more than 1000 mm of rolled homogeneous armor (RHA) against chemical energy projectile and 700–750 mm of RHA against kinetic energy projectile. Type 96B's armor layout is similar to that of Type 96A.


title: Type 96 tank

text: An electro-optical active defense system, TCS-2 developed by 303 Institute of Norinco, is installed on the Type 96A prototype. TCS-2 was not installed on the mass-produced version due to limited protection against modern ATGMs.


title: Type 96 tank

text: The tank driver sits at the front-left of the hull. The tank commander and gunner sit in the turret. The engine compartment is located in the rear. The Type 96 tank was powered by a 730 hp (582 kW) engine which was subsequently upgraded to a 800hp engine on the Type 96A. On Type 96B, the engine is upgraded again to 1200hp (895kW). The Type 96B also features new hydropneumatic suspension system and automatic transmission system, providing greater mobility and responsiveness. The increase in horsepower will also allow the Type 96B to have a very high power-to-weight ratio, improving its acceleration and hill climbing abilities.


title: Type 96 tank

text: Domestic version of Type 85-IIM. Sometimes mistakenly referred to as the Type 88C. Renamed Type 96 when put into PLA service.


title: Type 96 tank

text: In comparison to the Type 85 and Type 88, the Type 96 features a more powerful engine, improved electronics and a welded turret.


title: Type 96 tank

text: Additional "arrow shaped" modular armor similar to the Type 99 is installed on the turret front. The back of the hull is now completely flat compared to the baseline Type 96. The Type 96A was first revealed in 2006, but in-service tanks were first seen in a military parade in 2009.


title: Type 96 tank

text: The Type 96A is a third-generation upgrade of the Type 96. Its internal electronics may have been upgraded to Type 99 standards. The visual profile of the Type 96A is similar to the Type 99. However, the Type 96A can be distinguished from the Type 99 by the driver's position of the left side of the hull. FY-4 ERA was added on front upper glacis. The vehicle is equipped with a thermal imager. Features an upgraded engine.


title: Type 96 tank

text: TCS-2 electro-optical active defense system, similar to the Shtora, has been installed. Electro-optical jammers which are able to jam enemy guided missiles, rangefinders, and designators are found on the tank.


title: Type 96 tank

text: Variant first seen in July 2016 loaded on a Russia-bound train to participate in the 2016 Tank biathlon. It is equipped with an improved engine, improved high-performance gun with an upgraded fire-control system, new transmission, chassis, ventilation, communications and computer systems, exhaust and suspension. However it still doesn't feature a commander independent sight. Compared to the previous variants, the two exhausts that were originally located on the right side of the hull is now located on the rear hull with air vents. The Type 96B has a stated maximum speed of 74 km/h.


title: Type 96 tank

text: Export variant of Type-96A. Debuted at the 2012 Defence Services Asia Exhibition. Can be equipped with Remote Weapons Station and has a maximum speed of 70 km/h (on road). Capable of turning on its own axis. On December 9, 2021, the Tanzania People's Defence Force displayed a single unit of the VT-2 main battle tank during a parade in Dar es Salaam to mark the 60th anniversary of Tanzanian independence.


title: Sex.com

text: Sex.com videos is an Internet domain name and web portal currently owned by Clover Holdings LTD. The domain name was the focus of one of the most publicized legal actions about ownership of domain names. Kieren McCarthy, a journalist who followed the case, wrote the book "Sex.com", which was published in 2007.


title: Sex.com

text: On May 9, 1994, entrepreneur Gary Kremen (who also founded Match.com and Clean Power Finance) registered sex.com with Network Solutions, but did not develop the site as he focused on growing Match.com.


title: Sex.com

text: On October 18, 1995, Network Solutions transferred, without permission, the domain to Stephen M. Cohen, who had been trying to gain control of the domain for some time by misrepresentation, using phone calls, e-mails and forged letters. He eventually persuaded an employee of Network Solutions to change the ownership details by submitting a fake fax. After gaining control of the domain, Cohen produced an advertising-heavy site that received up to 25 million hits a day. From payments for click-throughs and other advertising, Cohen was reportedly making $50,000 to $500,000 per month. Kremen undertook steps to recover the domain, while Cohen claimed he obtained the domain legally from Online Classifieds (OCI). A five-year legal battle ensued, led by cyberlawyer Charles Carreon.


title: Sex.com

text: Kremen was victorious in November 2000, when Network Solutions was ordered to return the domain to the plaintiff. According to the record of "Kremen v. Cohen", Cohen was ordered to pay $25 million into court; in April 2001, the California District Court awarded Kremen an additional $40 million for lost earnings, for a total judgment of $65 million. Cohen appealed the judgment and refused to allow assessment of his business: he provided false information and declared most of his companies bankrupt while illegally moving assets out of US jurisdiction. When an arrest warrant was issued, Cohen fled to Mexico. Kremen offered a $50,000 reward for information, but Cohen remained at large while continuing to file appeals that were rejected. In October 2005, Cohen was arrested in Tijuana, Mexico for immigration violations, and was handed over to US authorities.


title: Sex.com

text: Kremen settled his lawsuit against Network Solutions for an undisclosed amount. Cohen has continued to avoid paying the $67 million judgment, and claims poverty. Courts have found in Kremen's favor several times since 2006, with evidence that seven individuals and twelve companies were used to help Cohen hide the money, including his brother, his daughter, his ex-wife and also his former lawyer. A court case against his brother is ongoing.


title: Sex.com

text: Sex.com was reportedly sold to Escom LLC in January 2006. At a reported $14 million price, the domain name had widely been cited as the highest priced domain sale.


title: Sex.com

text: On February 18, 2010, the domain name was ordered to be sold at a foreclosure auction. On March 18, 2010, a day before the auction, creditors of Escom, LLC filed an involuntary Chapter 11 bankruptcy petition to prevent a possible loss of value by selling the name at foreclosure. At Mike Mann's request the domain was brought to Sedo to be auctioned.


title: Sex.com

text: On October 20, 2010, Sedo reportedly completed the auction, filing in a California court that it had approved the sale for $13 million to a Clover Holdings LTD. A bankruptcy hearing was held on October 27, 2010 to determine if the sale was finalized and approved by all creditors. On November 18, 2010, Sedo confirmed the new sale price in a press release, and marked the previous sale at $11.5 million, negating the claimed $14 million buying price published in 2006.


title: Club Kids

text: The Club Kids were a group of young New York City dance club personalities popularized by Michael Alig, James St. James, Julie Jewels, Astro Erle, Michael Tronn, DJ Keoki, and Ernie Glam in the late 1980s, and throughout the 1990s would grow to include Amanda Lepore, Waltpaper (Walt Cassidy), Christopher Comp, It Twins, Jennytalia (Jenny Dembrow), Desi Monster (Desi Santiago), Keda, Kabuki Starshine, and Richie Rich. The group was notable for its members' flamboyant behavior and outrageous costumes. In 1988, writer Michael Musto wrote about the Club Kids' "cult of crazy fashion and petulance": "They ... are terminally superficial, have dubious aesthetic values, and are master manipulators, exploiters, and, thank God, partiers."


title: Club Kids

text: The group was also recognized as an artistic and fashion-conscious youth culture. They were a definitive force in New York City's underground club culture at the time. Several Club Kids have made long-lasting contributions to mainstream art and fashion. According to former Club Kid Waltpaper, "The nightclub for me was like a laboratory, a place where you were encouraged and rewarded for experimentation." However, Alig was plagued by heavy drug use. He began adding drug dealers to the Club Kids roster and Peter Gatien's payroll, and increasing numbers of Club Kids became addicted to drugs.


title: Club Kids

text: The movement began to decline when Rudy Giuliani took office as mayor of New York in 1994, targeting the city's nightlife industry with his Quality of Life campaign. It eventually collapsed after Alig was arrested for the killing and dismemberment of his roommate and fellow club kid Andre "Angel" Melendez, and Peter Gatien was charged with tax evasion and deported to Canada.


title: Club Kids

text: The group, which Alig estimates included up to "750 in the early 90s at different levels", consisted of Michael Alig; Julie Jewels and Michael Tronn (among others), who helped organize the early Outlaw Parties; and Alig's mentor/friend/rival James St. James (born James Clark). Others were the following:


title: Club Kids

text: Alig moved to New York City from his hometown—South Bend, Indiana—in 1984 and began hosting small events. In 1987, he supplanted Andy Warhol as a leading New York partier; in an article in "Interview", Alig said: "We were all going to become Warhol Superstars and move into The Factory. The funny thing was that everybody had the same idea: not to dress up but to make fun of people who dressed up. We changed our names like they did, and we dressed up in outrageously crazy outfits in order to be a satire of them—only we ended up becoming what we were satirizing."


title: Club Kids

text: The Club Kids' aesthetic emphasized outrageousness, "fabulousness", and sex. Gender was fluid, and everything was DIY. In Musto's words: "It was a statement of individuality and sexuality which ran the gamut, and it was a form of tapping into an inner fabulousness within themselves and bringing it out."


title: Club Kids

text: As the group's influence grew, they spread from the back rooms of lesser-known clubs to venues such as Area, Rudolf Piper's Danceteria, and the Palladium. From there, Alig and his gang went on to run Peter Gatien's club network, including Club USA, Palladium, Tunnel, and The Limelight. To draw crowds into these venues, Alig and the Club Kids began holding guerilla-style "outlaw parties", where, fully costumed and ready to party, they would hijack locations like Burger King, Dunkin' Donuts, McDonald's, ATM vestibules, the old High Line tracks before their conversion to a park, and the New York City Subway blasting music from a boombox and dancing until the police cleared them out. Alig even "threw a party in a cardboard shantytown rented from its homeless inhabitants", whom he paid with cash and crack cocaine.


title: Club Kids

text: He ensured that such events always happened in the vicinity of an actual club to which the group could decamp. At the height of their cultural popularity, the Club Kids toured the United States (throwing parties, "certifying" those clubs for inclusion in the Club Kids network, and recruiting new members), and appeared on several talk shows, including "Geraldo", "The Joan Rivers Show", and the "Phil Donahue Show".


title: Club Kids

text: As the 1990s began, the front line of the Club Kids became occupied by a younger group of dynamic personalities that were discovered and mentored by Alig, such as Waltpaper, Jennytalia (Jenny Dembrow), Desi Monster (Desi Santiago), Astro Erle, Christopher Comp, Pebbles, Keda, Kabuki Starshine, Sacred Boy, Sushi, Lil Keni, DJ Whillyem, Aphrodita, Lila Wolfe and Richie Rich. Many of these primary Club Kids lived together communally in large triplex apartments, and at the Chelsea Hotel and Hotel 17.


title: Club Kids

text: Prominent music personalities, such as Bjork, then singer of the band Sugarcubes, were seen hanging with the Club Kids. With Techno and the incoming rave scene, fashion began to soften into an ambiguous gender-fluid style, which melded references to the Club Kids with skate, indie, hip-hop, and grunge. Brands began casting street models and club personalities in shows, campaigns and music videos. Actress Chloë Sevigny emerged from the group at this time, and frequently modeled with Waltpaper, Jennytalia, DJ Whillyem, and Karliin Mann for brands like JYSP Johnson, Calvin Klein, and Jean-Paul Gaultier and in various editorials that showcased Rave vs. Club Kid style for magazines, including "Paper", "Max", "Project X", "Interview", "Details" and "High Times".


title: Club Kids

text: The movement's decline was marked by an event on Sunday, March 17, 1996, when Alig and his roommate Robert "Freeze" Riggs killed former Limelight employee and reputed drug dealer Andre "Angel" Melendez. After nine months, Alig and Riggs were arrested. The group dissipated in the mid-1990s after Mayor Rudy Giuliani's "Quality of Life" crackdown on Manhattan's nightclubs.


title: Club Kids

text: Many of the members of the Club Kids distanced themselves from Alig as details of the murder were released and branded by the press and through documentaries such as "Party Monster". Waltpaper stated in "Interview": "I would say a lot of the community felt our experience of the time was hijacked by that "Party Monster" narrative...That's not the New York I knew. That narrative doesn't include the creativity, vibrancy, and cultural impact that I experienced." For his 2019 book, "New York: Club Kids", Cassidy weaves an optimistic narrative where a bunch of misfits made a wonderland by being themselves.


title: Club Kids

text: Ernie Glam and Jason Jay wrote "Party Clothes". It was released on the one year anniversary of Michael Alig's death.


title: Club Kids

text: Greg Tanoose wrote and produced the song "What's In" with Michael Alig and DJ Keoki. It has Michael Alig on vocals.


title: Lawrence Bender

text: Lawrence Bender (born October 17, 1957) is an American film producer. Throughout his career, Bender-produced films have received 36 Academy Award nominations, resulting in eight wins.


title: Lawrence Bender

text: Bender rose to fame by producing "Reservoir Dogs" in 1992 and has since produced several of Quentin Tarantino's films including "Pulp Fiction", " " and "Inglourious Basterds". Bender has also produced three documentary films, most notably "An Inconvenient Truth" (2006) which won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. He has received three Best Picture nominations for producing "Pulp Fiction", "Good Will Hunting" and "Inglourious Basterds".


title: Lawrence Bender

text: Bender was born to a Jewish family in The Bronx, New York, and grew up in New Jersey, where his father was a college history professor and his mother was a kindergarten teacher. He described his hometown of Cherry Hill as "all-white and anti-Semitic". In high school, he decided to pursue a career as a civil engineer. His grandfather had been a civil engineer and he heard there were good jobs available in the field. He is a graduate of The University of Maine, Class of 1979, majoring in Civil Engineering.


title: Lawrence Bender

text: While attending U-Maine, Bender acquired a passion for dance. After graduating, Bender pursued dancing and was awarded a scholarship to the Louis Falco dance troupe. He worked as a dancer for some time before a series of injuries ended his dance career.


title: Lawrence Bender

text: In the 1980s, he worked as a grip on the syndicated anthology series "Tales from the Darkside". In 1989 he produced, along with Sam Raimi, the film "Intruder", for which he also co-wrote the story. After meeting Tarantino in 1990 and being given the script for "Reservoir Dogs", he agreed to produce the film, which went on to achieve commercial success. Throughout the 1990s, Bender also produced "Pulp Fiction" (1994), "Killing Zoe" (1994), "Fresh", "White Man's Burden" (1995), "From Dusk Till Dawn" (1996), "Jackie Brown" (1997), "Good Will Hunting" (1997), "A Price Above Rubies" (1998), and "Anna and the King" (1999). He had deals with Miramax and Fox 2000 Pictures.


title: Lawrence Bender

text: In the early 2000s, Bender produced the films, "The Mexican" (2001), "Knockaround Guys" (2001), "" (2003), "" (2004), "Innocent Voices" (2004), and "". Since May 2005, Bender has been a contributing blogger at "HuffPost".


title: Lawrence Bender

text: On February 8, 2018, multiple news outlets broke the story that Bender was responsible for covering up a car crash on the set of the film "Kill Bill" that Uma Thurman claims “nearly killed” her.


title: Lawrence Bender

text: In 2009, Lawrence produced the Tarantino film "Inglourious Basterds" which was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture. It would be the last time Bender and Tarantino would ever work together. He also produced the 2012 film "Safe", which starred Jason Statham. In 2016, he was executive producer for "The Forest", Martin Scorsese's "Silence" and Mel Gibson's "Hacksaw Ridge". In 2017, it was announced that Bender would serve as a producer for the film "The Widow".


title: Lawrence Bender

text: Bender makes a cameo appearance in many of the films he produces: he was a police officer chasing Mr. Pink in "Reservoir Dogs", a restaurant patron billed as a "Long Hair Yuppie-Scum" in "Fresh", "Pulp Fiction" and "Four Rooms", a hotel clerk in "Kill Bill: Volume 2", and as a bartender in "Safe".


title: Lawrence Bender

text: He produced the 2006 documentary "An Inconvenient Truth", which raised unprecedented awareness about climate change, won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.


title: Lawrence Bender

text: In 2008, Bender was a founding member of the World Security Institute campaign, Global Zero. His 2010 documentary, "Countdown to Zero", features Tony Blair, Presidents, Musharef, Gorbachev, De Klerk and Carter among others, details the urgent risk posed by proliferation, terrorism, and accidental use of nuclear weapons. Bender was an executive producer for the 2017 sequel to "An Inconvenient Truth", "".


title: Lawrence Bender

text: In the early 2000s, Bender formed a partnership with Kevin Kelly Brown and created the production company Bender Brown Productions. The company produced the CBS Drama "Dr. Vegas" and the Syfy channel mini-series "Earthsea".


title: Lawrence Bender

text: In 2008, it was reported that Bender was working with Nine Inch Nails' Trent Reznor to create a television series based on the 2007 album "Year Zero".


title: Lawrence Bender

text: Bender produced the 2015 Starz miniseries "Flesh and Bone". In 2017, it was announced that Bender and Brown would executive produce a reboot pilot of the television series "Roswell" for The CW. The CW ordered "Roswell, New Mexico" to series in May 2018. Bender also executive produced the 2018 Netflix series "Seven Seconds".


title: Lawrence Bender

text: Bender is also a passionate social and political activist and supports many causes. Bender serves on the board of The Creative Coalition. He is a member of Council on Foreign Relations the Pacific Council. Bender is also on the Advisory Board for the UCLA Institute of the Environment and Sustainability and a member of the Global Zero campaign.


title: Lawrence Bender

text: In 2004, Bender was a top fundraiser for John Kerry's presidential campaign. He was also an early supporter of Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign. Being of Jewish descent, in August 2015 he signed – as one of 98 members of the Los Angeles' Jewish community – an open letter supporting the proposed nuclear agreement between Iran and six world powers led by the United States "as being in the best interest of the United States and Israel."


title: Lawrence Bender

text: On May 11, 2013, he returned to The University of Maine to receive an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree and share remarks during the 2013 Commencement ceremonies.


title: Lawrence Bender

text: In 1994, "Pulp Fiction" won the Palme d'Or award at the Cannes Film Festival. Bender received a producer of the year award at the Cannes Film Festival in 2001, becoming the third person ever to win the award and the first American to do so. In 2005, Bender was presented with the Torch of Liberty award from the ACLU. He was named a Wildlife Hero by the National Wildlife Federation in 2011. Throughout his career, films Bender has produced or executive produced have won a total of eight Academy Awards.


title: Secret Service code name

text: The United States Secret Service uses code names for U.S. presidents, first ladies, and other prominent persons and locations. The use of such names was originally for security purposes and dates to a time when sensitive electronic communications were not routinely encrypted; today, the names simply serve for purposes of brevity, clarity, and tradition. The Secret Service does not choose these names, however. The White House Communications Agency maintains a list that candidates choose from, often choosing ones that resonate with them personally.


title: Secret Service code name

text: According to an established protocol, good codewords are unambiguous words that can be easily pronounced and readily understood by those who transmit and receive voice messages by radio or telephone regardless of their native language. Traditionally, all family members' code names start with the same letter.


title: Secret Service code name

text: The codenames change over time for security purposes, but are often publicly known. For security, codenames are generally picked from a list of such 'good' words, but avoiding the use of common words which could likely be intended to mean their normal definitions.


title: Secret Service code name

text: U.S. Secret Service codenames are often given to high-profile political candidates (such as presidential and vice presidential candidates), and their respective families and spouses who are assigned U.S. Secret Service protection. These codenames often differ from those held if they are elected or those from prior periods if they held positions needing codenames.


title: Secret Service code name

text: U.S. Secret Service codenames are not only given to people; they are often given to places, locations and even objects, such as aircraft like Air Force One, and vehicles such as the Presidential State Car.


title: Secret Service code name

text: In popular culture, the practice of assigning codenames is often used to provide additional verisimilitude in fictional works about the executive branch, or high-ranking governmental figures.


title: Carré Otis

text: Carré Otis was born in San Francisco, and raised in Marin County, California, along with her older sister Chrisse and her younger brother Jordan. She attended Marin Academy in San Rafael, California, and the John Woolman School in Nevada City, California.


title: Carré Otis

text: Otis ran away from home at 16. A year later, while living with an abusive boyfriend in San Francisco, Otis was scouted, by Look Model Agency and was initially signed to Elite Model Management in New York by John Casablancas. She first achieved fame after being sent to Elite in Paris, when she appeared on the cover of French "Elle" in April 1986. Over the next several years, she appeared on covers in the American and foreign editions of "Vogue", "Harper's Bazaar", "Cosmopolitan", "Allure", "Mirabella", and " Marie Claire". In 1991, Bruce Weber photographed Carré Otis, in San Francisco, California.


title: Carré Otis

text: Otis appeared in ads for Guess jeans (1988), Calvin Klein jeans (1991), the 1996 Pirelli calendar, and also posed for the "Sports Illustrated" swimsuit edition (2000). Otis is the model on the poster above the character Rusty Griswald's bed in the 1989 film "National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation". Otis was also featured in 1990 and 2000 issues of "Playboy" magazine. Otis has walked the runway for Max Mara, Dolce & Gabbana, Gucci, Ermanno Scervino, Todd Oldham and Donna Karan.


title: Carré Otis

text: In 1989, Otis made her acting debut in the film "Wild Orchid" opposite future husband Mickey Rourke. Stills from the film's climactic sex scene were sold to "Playboy", and were the subject of a lawsuit filed by Otis. Otis would later appear in another Rourke film, "Exit in Red".


title: Carré Otis

text: After the end of her marriage to Rourke, Otis gradually resumed modeling. In 2000, she became one of the oldest models to appear in the "Sports Illustrated" swimsuit issue, although Christie Brinkley at 34 and Cheryl Tiegs at 42 were featured prominently in the 25th Anniversary edition of "Sports Illustrated", released in 1989. Shortly thereafter, Otis began recovering from anorexia nervosa. As part of her recovery, she experienced a weight gain that offered her the opportunity to work as a plus-size model, most notably as the face for Marina Rinaldi and editorials for "Mode" Magazine; in 2003, Otis became a spokesperson for National Eating Disorders Awareness Week. She also appeared periodically as a correspondent on Channel 4 News in San Francisco.


title: Carré Otis

text: She is on the advisory board of the Model Alliance and an ambassador for the National Eating Disorders Association.


title: Carré Otis

text: Otis tells the story of her life and modelling career. She details abuses she suffered, including being raped "countless" times as a young girl by Gérald Marie,<ref name="ageist/profile/carre-otis"></ref> the head of Elite Model Managements Paris office. During her marriage to actor Mickey Rourke, she claims he was abusive, and even threatened to kill himself if she didn't marry him.


title: Carré Otis

text: From June 1992 to December 1998, Otis was married to "Wild Orchid" co-star Mickey Rourke. In 1994, Rourke was arrested for spousal abuse. The charges were later dropped.


title: Emancipation (2022 film)

text: Emancipation is a 2022 American historical action film directed by Antoine Fuqua and starring Will Smith as an enslaved man in Louisiana in the 1860s who escapes his plantation. The film, written by William N. Collage, is loosely based on the real-life story of Gordon (named "Peter" in the film), a former slave, and the photographs of his bare back, heavily scourged from an overseer's whippings, that were published worldwide in 1863, giving the abolitionist movement proof of the cruelty of slavery. The film also stars Ben Foster and Charmaine Bingwa.


title: Emancipation (2022 film)

text: Producer Joey McFarland began researching the story of Gordon in 2018, and hired Collage to write the script. The film was officially announced in June 2020, with Fuqua to direct and Smith to star. Filming took place in Louisiana between July and August 2021, with Apple paying $130 million to acquire the rights to the film, outbidding several other studios.


title: Emancipation (2022 film)

text: "Emancipation" had its first screening in Washington, D.C. on October 1, 2022, and was released in select cinemas on December 2, 2022, before a streaming release on December 9, by Apple TV+. The film received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics, who liked the cinematography and action scenes, but criticized the screenplay, plot, and its handling of real-life events.


title: Emancipation (2022 film)

text: On June 15, 2020, it was reported that Antoine Fuqua would direct Will Smith in "Emancipation," based on a spec script written by William N. Collage. Producer Joey McFarland, who had started researching and developing the film in 2018, recruited Collage to write the script. On making the film, Fuqua said:


title: Emancipation (2022 film)

text: Warner Bros, MGM, Lionsgate, and Universal Pictures bid on the film before Apple ultimately won distribution rights for over $130 million. In August 2021, Ben Foster, Charmaine Bingwa, Gilbert Owuor, and Mustafa Shakir joined the cast. Smith earned $35 million for his part in the film.


title: Emancipation (2022 film)

text: Principal photography was expected to begin on May 3, 2021, in Los Angeles. It was later set to begin on June 21, 2021, in Georgia, but on April 12, it was announced that the film would be shot elsewhere due to the recently-enacted Election Integrity Act of 2021. Smith and Fuqua said in a joint statement: "We cannot in good conscience provide economic support to a government that enacts regressive voting laws that are designed to restrict voter access." The location move was reported to have cost approximately $15 million. Filming was announced to take place in New Orleans from July 12 to August 21, 2021. On August 2, filming paused for five days as a result of several positive COVID-19 tests. Additional casting for the film was announced in November and December.


title: Emancipation (2022 film)

text: A screening of "Emancipation" was held at the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation's 51st Annual Legislative Conference in Washington, D.C., on October 1, 2022, with Smith and Fuqua in attendance to give a subsequent Q&A discussion. It also screened in Los Angeles, on October 24, 2022. The film premiered in theaters on December 2, 2022, followed by a December 9 release on Apple TV+.


title: Emancipation (2022 film)

text: In May 2022, the film's release was reportedly delayed to a 2023 date, with the given reasons being numerous production delays, the controversy over Smith slapping Chris Rock at the 94th Academy Awards, and an overcrowded film release schedule from Apple. It was subsequently moved to its December 2022 date.


title: Sociolinguistics

text: Sociolinguistics is the descriptive study of the effect of any or all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used, and society's effect on language. It can overlap with the sociology of language, which focuses on the effect of language on society. Sociolinguistics overlaps considerably with pragmatics and is closely related to linguistic anthropology.


title: Sociolinguistics

text: Sociolinguistics' historical interrelation with anthropology can be observed in studies of how language varieties differ between groups separated by social variables (e.g., ethnicity, religion, status, gender, level of education, age, etc.) and/or geographical barriers (a mountain range, a desert, a river, etc.). Such studies also examine how such differences in usage and differences in beliefs about usage produce and reflect social or socioeconomic classes. As the usage of a language varies from place to place, language usage also varies among social classes, and it is these "sociolects" that sociolinguistics studies.


title: Sociolinguistics

text: Sociolinguistics can be studied in various ways such as interviews with speakers of a language, matched-guise tests, and other observations or studies related to dialects and speaking.


title: Sociolinguistics

text: The social aspects of language were in the modern sense first studied by Indian and Japanese linguists in the 1930s, and also by Louis Gauchat in Switzerland in the early 1900s, but none received much attention in the West until much later. The study of the social motivation of language change, on the other hand, has its foundation in the wave model of the late 19th century. The first attested use of the term "sociolinguistics" was by Thomas Callan Hodson in the title of his 1939 article "Sociolinguistics in India" published in "Man in India".


title: Sociolinguistics

text: The study of sociolinguistics in the West was pioneered by linguists such as William Labov in the US and Basil Bernstein in the UK. In the 1960s, William Stewart and Heinz Kloss introduced the basic concepts for the sociolinguistic theory of pluricentric languages, which describes how standard language varieties differ between nations (e.g. American/British/Canadian/Australian "English"; Austrian/German/Swiss "German"; Bosnian/Croatian/Montenegrin/Serbian "Serbo-Croatian"). Dell Hymes is another sociolinguist (and one of the founders of linguistic anthropology) credited with developing an ethnography-based sociolinguistics and is the founder of the journal "Language in Society." His focus on ethnography and communicative competence contributed to his development of the SPEAKING method: an acronym for setting, participants, ends, act sequence, keys, instrumentalities, norms, and genres that is widely recognized as a tool to analyze speech events in their cultural context.


title: Sociolinguistics

text: A sociolinguist might study how social attitudes determine what is considered appropriate language use or inappropriate language use in a particular setting. Sociolinguists might also study the grammar, phonetics, vocabulary, and other aspects of various sociolects. Sociolinguists also study language on a national level among large populations to find out how language is used as a social institution. William Labov, a Harvard and Columbia University graduate, is often regarded as one of the founders of the study of sociolinguistics. He focuses on the quantitative analysis of variation and change within languages, making sociolinguistics a scientific discipline.


title: Sociolinguistics

text: Studies in the field of sociolinguistics typically take a sample population and interview them, assessing the realization of certain sociolinguistic variables.


title: Sociolinguistics

text: A commonly studied source of variation is regional dialects. Dialectology studies variations in language based primarily on geographic distribution and their associated features. Sociolinguists concerned with grammatical and phonological features that correspond to regional areas are often called dialectologists.


title: Sociolinguistics

text: Another Method is the Matched-guise test. This technique has the listener listen to a pair of words and evaluate them based on personality and dialect, as some groups have shared views on language attitude.


title: Sociolinguistics

text: The sociolinguistic interview is the foundational method of collecting data for sociolinguistic studies, allowing the researcher to collect large amounts of speech from speakers of the language or dialect being studied. The interview takes the form of a long, loosely-structured conversation between the researcher and the interview subject; the researcher's primary goal is to elicit the vernacular style of speech—i.e., the register associated with everyday, casual conversation. This goal is complicated by the Observer's Paradox: the researcher is trying to elicit the style of speech that would be used if the interviewer were not present. To this end, a variety of techniques may be used to reduce the subject's attention to the formality and artificiality of the interview setting. For example, the researcher may attempt to elicit narratives of memorable events from the subject's life, such as fights or near-death experiences; the subject's emotional involvement in telling the story is thought to distract their attention from the formality of the context. Some researchers interview multiple subjects together, in order to allow them to converse more casually with each other than they would with the interviewer alone. The researcher may then study the effects of style-shifting on language by comparing a subject's speech style in more vernacular contexts, such as narratives of personal experience or conversation between subjects, with the more careful style produced when the subject is more attentive to the formal interview setting. The correlations of demographic features such as age, gender, and ethnicity with speech behavior may be studied by comparing the speech of different interview subjects. Interviews with native language speakers can be used in an attempt to study dying languages as well. This is depicted in the documentary "The Linguists".


title: Sociolinguistics

text: While the study of sociolinguistics is very broad, there are a few fundamental concepts on which many sociolinguistic inquiries depend.


title: Sociolinguistics

text: Speech community is a concept in sociolinguistics that describes a distinct group of people who use language in a unique and mutually accepted way among themselves. This is sometimes referred to as a Sprechbund.


title: Sociolinguistics

text: To be considered part of a speech community, one must have a communicative competence. That is, the speaker has the ability to use language in a way that is appropriate in the given situation. It is possible for a speaker to be communicatively competent in more than one language.


title: Sociolinguistics

text: Demographic characteristics such as areas or locations have helped to create speech community boundaries in speech community concept. Those characteristics can assist exact descriptions of specific groups' communication patterns.


title: Sociolinguistics

text: Speech communities can be members of a profession with a specialized jargon, distinct social groups like high school students or hip hop fans, or even tight-knit groups like families and friends. Members of speech communities will often develop slang or specialized jargon to serve the group's special purposes and priorities. This is evident in the use of lingo within sports teams.


title: Sociolinguistics

text: Community of Practice allows for sociolinguistics to examine the relationship between socialization, competence, and identity. Since identity is a very complex structure, studying language socialization is a means to examine the micro-interactional level of practical activity (everyday activities). The learning of a language is greatly influenced by family, but it is supported by the larger local surroundings, such as school, sports teams, or religion. Speech communities may exist within a larger community of practice.


title: Sociolinguistics

text: Crucial to sociolinguistic analysis is the concept of prestige; certain speech habits are assigned a positive or a negative value, which is then applied to the speaker. This can operate on many levels. It can be realized on the level of the individual sound/phoneme, as Labov discovered in investigating pronunciation of the post-vocalic /r/ in the North-Eastern USA, or on the macro scale of language choice, as realized in the various diglossia that exist throughout the world, where Swiss-German/High German is perhaps most well known. An important implication of the sociolinguistic theory is that speakers 'choose' a variety when making a speech act, whether consciously or subconsciously.


title: Sociolinguistics

text: The terms acrolectal (high) and basilectal (low) are also used to distinguish between a more standard dialect and a dialect of less prestige.


title: Sociolinguistics

text: It is generally assumed that non-standard language is low-prestige language. However, in certain groups, such as traditional working-class neighborhoods, standard language may be considered undesirable in many contexts. This is because the working class dialect is generally considered a powerful in-group marker. Historically, humans tend to favor those who look and sound like them, and the use of non-standard varieties (even exaggeratedly so) expresses neighborhood pride and group and class solidarity. There will thus be a considerable difference in use of non-standard varieties when going to the pub or having a neighborhood barbecue compared to going to the bank. One is a relaxed setting, likely with familiar people, and the other has a business aspect to it in which one feels the need to be more professional.


title: Sociolinguistics

text: In a book by Barbara Johnstone, she refers to a study by Christina Gagnon in which she analyzed perceptions of the Pittsburghese dialect from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania compared to standard English. Pittsburghers were asked to read short passages in their own dialect and in standard English without the Pittsburgh accent, then participants listening to the voice recordings were asked to rate the speakers on level of success, education, if they were neighborly, etc. all based on their voice and way of speaking. The results showed that the participants, who were Pittsburghers, preferred the standard English in terms of social status. The stereotype that Pittsburghers are poor, uneducated, and less motivated showed through in the participants' answers. However, when asked to rate the readers in terms of friendliness, trustworthiness, and community involvement, participants rated the Pittsburghese dialect higher, likely because people generally find more trust among those who sound more like them, as did those involved in the study.


title: Sociolinguistics

text: Understanding language in society means that one also has to understand the social networks in which language is embedded. A social network is another way of describing a particular speech community in terms of relations between individual members in a community. A network could be "loose" or "tight" depending on how members interact with each other. For instance, an office or factory may be considered a tight community because all members interact with each other. A large course with 100+ students would be a looser community because students may only interact with the instructor and maybe 1–2 other students. A "multiplex" community is one in which members have multiple relationships with each other. For instance, in some neighborhoods, members may live on the same street, work for the same employer and even intermarry.


title: Sociolinguistics

text: The looseness or tightness of a social network may affect speech patterns adopted by a speaker. For instance, Sylvie Dubois and Barbara Horvath found that speakers in one Cajun Louisiana community were more likely to pronounce English "th" [θ] as [t] (or [ð] as [d]) if they participated in a relatively dense social network (i.e. had strong local ties and interacted with many other speakers in the community), and less likely if their networks were looser (i.e. fewer local ties).


title: Sociolinguistics

text: A social network may apply to the macro level of a country or a city, but also to the interpersonal level of neighborhoods or a single family. Recently, social networks have been formed by the Internet through online chat rooms, Facebook groups, organizations, and online dating services.


title: Sociolinguistics

text: Sociolinguistics as a field distinct from dialectology was pioneered through the study of language variation in urban areas. Whereas dialectology studies the geographic distribution of language variation, sociolinguistics focuses on other sources of variation, among them class. Class and occupation are among the most important linguistic markers found in society. One of the fundamental findings of sociolinguistics, which has been hard to disprove, is that class and language variety are related. Members of the working class tend to speak less of what is deemed standard language, while the lower, middle, and upper middle class will, in turn, speak closer to the standard. However, the upper class, even members of the upper middle class, may often speak 'less' standard than the middle class. This is because not only class but class aspirations, are important. One may speak differently or cover up an undesirable accent to appear to have a different social status and fit in better with either those around them, or how they wish to be perceived.


title: Sociolinguistics

text: Studies, such as those by William Labov in the 1960s, have shown that social aspirations influence speech patterns. This is also true of class aspirations. In the process of wishing to be associated with a certain class (usually the upper class and upper middle class) people who are moving in that direction socio-economically may adjust their speech patterns to sound like them. However, not being native upper-class speakers, they often hypercorrect, which involves overcorrecting their speech to the point of introducing new errors. The same is true for individuals moving down in socio-economic status.


title: Sociolinguistics

text: In any contact situation, there is a power dynamic, be it a teacher-student or employee-customer situation. This power dynamic results in a hierarchical differentiation between languages.


title: Sociolinguistics

text: Basil Bernstein, a well-known British socio-linguist, devised in his book, 'Elaborated and restricted codes: their social origins and some consequences,' a method for categorizing language codes according to variable emphases on verbal and extraverbal communication. He claimed that factors like family orientation, social control, verbal feedback, and possibly social class contributed to the development of the two codes: elaborated and restricted.


title: Sociolinguistics

text: According to Basil Bernstein, the restricted code exemplified the predominance of extraverbal communication, with an emphasis on interpersonal connection over individual expression. His theory places this code within environments that operate according to established social structures that predetermine the roles of their members, in which the commonality of interests and intents due to a shared local identity creates a predictability of discrete intent and therefore a simplification of verbal utterances. Such environments may include military, religious, and legal atmospheres, criminal and prison subcultures, long-term married relationships and friendships between children. Due to the strong bonds between speakers, explicit verbal communication is often rendered unnecessary and individual expression irrelevant. However, simplification is not a sign of a lack of intelligence or complexity within the code; rather, communication is performed more through extraverbal means (facial expression, touch, etc.) in order to affirm the speakers' bond. Bernstein notes the example of a young man asking a stranger to dance: there is an established manner of asking, and yet communication is performed through physical graces and the exchange of glances. As such, implied meaning plays a greater role in this code than in the elaborated code. Restricted code also operates to unify speakers and foster solidarity.


title: Sociolinguistics

text: Basil Bernstein defined 'elaborated code' according to its emphasis on verbal communication over extraverbal. This code is typical in environments where a variety of social roles are available to the individual, to be chosen based upon disposition and temperament. Most of the time, speakers of elaborated code utilize a broader lexicon and demonstrate less syntactic predictability than speakers of restricted code. The lack of predetermined structure and solidarity requires explicit verbal communication of discrete intent by the individual in order to achieve educational and career success. Bernstein notes, with caution, the association of this code with upper classes (while restricted code is associated with lower classes), where the abundance of available resources allows persons to choose their social roles, warning, however, that studies associating the codes with separate social classes used small samples and were subject to significant variation. He also asserts that elaborated code originates due to differences in social context rather than intellectual advantages; as such, elaborated code differs from restricted code according to the context-based emphasis on individual advancement over assertion of social/community ties.


title: Sociolinguistics

text: Bernstein explains language development according to the two codes in light of their fundamentally different values. For instance, a child exposed solely to restricted code learns extraverbal communication over verbal, and therefore may have a less extensive vocabulary than a child raised with exposure to both codes. While there is no inherent lack of value to restricted code, a child without exposure to elaborated code may encounter difficulties upon entering formal education, in which standard, clear verbal communication and comprehension is necessary for learning and effective interaction both with instructors and other students from differing backgrounds. As such, it may be beneficial for children who have been exposed solely to restricted code to enter pre-school training in elaborated code in order to acquire a manner of speaking that is considered appropriate and widely comprehensible within the education environment.


title: Sociolinguistics

text: Additionally, Bernstein notes several studies in language development according to social class. In 1963, the Committee for Higher Education conducted a study on verbal IQ that showed a deterioration in individuals from lower working classes ages 8–11 and 11–15 years in comparison to those from middle classes (having been exposed to both restricted and elaborated codes). Additionally, studies by Bernstein, Venables, and Ravenette, as well as a 1958 Education Council report, show a relative lack of success on verbal tasks in comparison to extraverbal in children from lower working classes (having been exposed solely to restricted code).


title: Sociolinguistics

text: The idea of these social language codes from Bernstein contrast with famous linguist Noam Chomsky's ideas. Chomsky, deemed the "father of modern linguistics," argues that there is a universal grammar, meaning that humans are born with an innate capacity for linguistic skills like sentence-building. This theory has been criticized by several scholars of linguistic backgrounds because of the lack of proven evolutionary feasibility and the fact that different languages do not have universal characteristics.


title: Sociolinguistics

text: The study of language variation is concerned with social constraints determining language in its contextual environment. The variations will determine some of the aspects of language like the sound, grammar, and tone in which people speak, and even non-verbal cues. Code-switching is the term given to the use of different varieties of language depending on the social situation. This is commonly used among the African-American population in the United States. There are several different types of age-based variation one may see within a population as well such as age range, age-graded variation, and indications of linguistic change in progress. The use of slang can be a variation based on age. Younger people are more likely to recognize and use today's slang while older generations may not recognize new slang, but might use slang from when they were younger.


title: Sociolinguistics

text: Variation may also be associated with gender. Men and women, on average, tend to use slightly different language styles. These differences tend to be quantitative rather than qualitative. That is, to say that women use a particular speaking style more than men do is akin to saying that men are taller than women (i.e., men are on average taller than women, but some women are taller than some men). Other variations in speech patterns of men and women include differences in pitch, tone, speech fillers, interruptions, use of euphemisms, etc.


title: Ahmed Musa

text: Ahmed Musa (born 14 October 1992) is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays as a forward and left winger for Turkish Süper Lig club Sivasspor and the Nigeria national team.


title: Ahmed Musa

text: Musa became the first Nigerian to score more than once in a FIFA World Cup match, after scoring twice against Argentina in the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Musa is also the first Nigerian to score in two FIFA World Cup competitions, after scoring twice against Iceland in the group stage of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Musa was a member of the Al Nassr squad that won the Saudi Premier League and Saudi Super Cup, both in 2019.


title: Ahmed Musa

text: In 2008, Musa was loaned to JUTH F.C. where he played 18 games, scoring four goals in his first two professional seasons for the Healers. He was subsequently loaned to Kano Pillars F.C., in the 2009–10 season where he set the league record scoring multiple crucial goals as Pillars finished second.


title: Ahmed Musa

text: Musa held the record for the highest goals ever scored in one season in the history of the Nigeria Premier League until November 2011, when Jude Aneke of Kaduna United F.C. set a new record of 20 goals.


title: Ahmed Musa

text: Musa was transferred to Dutch club VVV-Venlo in summer 2010, but the move was held up because he was only 17 years of age and therefore not eligible for an ITC in accordance with the current FIFA rules. He was officially eligible to play for VVV-Venlo on 14 October 2010 when he eventually turned 18 years of age.


title: Ahmed Musa

text: Less than a week after arriving at the club, Musa made his debut for VVV-Venlo against FC Groningen on 30 October. He started the game for VVV-Venlo, was fouled in the 50th minute and received a penalty kick.


title: Ahmed Musa

text: Lolade Adewuyi of Goal.com put him on the list of Top Ten Nigerian International Players of 2010 and was also included in IFFHS list of the best 140 players in the world.


title: Ahmed Musa

text: On 8 March 2011, Ahmed Musa won the AIT footballer of the year award (national). The ceremony was held at the Presidential Hotel, Port Harcourt, Rivers State. The event had in attendance, BBC African Footballer of the Year winner, Ghanaian Asamoah Gyan and the top officials from the Nigerian football federation including the president Aminu Maigari.


title: Ahmed Musa

text: In April, Venlo's football director Mario Captien said that representatives of Tottenham Hotspur had visited the club regarding the player, also Ajax scout Tijani Babangida said that Ajax were interested in Musa but that the outcome would be decided at the end of the season.


title: Ahmed Musa

text: On 1 May 2011, Musa hit a brace to sink Feyenoord 3–2 and end any lingering fears of automatic relegation from the Eredivisie.


title: Ahmed Musa

text: In August 2011, after returning from the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Colombia, Musa made his first appearance of the 2011–12 season at home against AFC Ajax and scored two goals.


title: Ahmed Musa

text: In September VVV-Venlo chairman Hai Berden disclosed on Eredivisie Live that VVV-Venlo had turned down a last minute bid of €10 million for Musa from the Bundesliga. The name of the Bundesliga club was not disclosed.


title: Ahmed Musa

text: On 17 September 2014 he scored an 82nd minute consolation goal in a 5–1 UEFA Champions League away rout to A.S. Roma. On 1 June 2015, Musa signed a new four-year contract with CSKA until the end of the 2018–19 season. He finished the 2015–16 Russian Premier League season as the 5th highest scorer, becoming one of only seven players aged 23 or younger to reach double figures for goals in each of the past two seasons in Europe's top seven leagues.


title: Ahmed Musa

text: On 8 July 2016, Musa moved to Leicester City for a club record £16.6 million. He scored his first goals with the club in a friendly against Barcelona in the 2016 International Champions Cup which ended in a 4–2 loss. He made his Premier League debut on 13 August 2016 in the club's opening day 2–1 defeat to Hull City. He scored his first Premier League goal with the opener in a 3–1 victory over Crystal Palace on 22 October 2016.


title: Ahmed Musa

text: By January 2017, Musa was yet to register an assist for the club, contributing an average of 0.5 key passes, 0.3 crosses and 1.2 successful dribbles per game.


title: Ahmed Musa

text: On 4 August 2018, Musa moved to Saudi Arabian side Al Nassr on a permanent deal. In October 2020, Al Nassr announced that Musa was leaving. It was reported that Premier League club West Bromwich Albion was expected to complete a move for Ahmed Musa in the January transfer window for the 2020–21 season.


title: Ahmed Musa

text: In April 2010 under Coach Lars Lagerbäck, he was called up to join the Nigeria national football team camp prior to the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa after helping the Nigerian team win in the 2010 WAFU Nations Cup where he scored a goal against Benin. In the same tournament against Burkina Faso, Musa's goal deep into extra-time shot Nigeria into the finals of the tournament in Abeokuta. He was however forced out of the Super Eagles' 30-man World Cup roster due to an ankle injury.


title: Ahmed Musa

text: On 5 August 2010, at the age of 17, Musa made his debut for the Nigeria senior team in a qualification match for the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations against Madagascar, where he came on as a substitute for Mikel John Obi in a 2–0 win. Musa scored his first goal for the Super Eagles in a March 2011 friendly against Kenya.


title: Ahmed Musa

text: In April 2011, Ahmed Musa was included in the Nigeria national under-20 football team squad to represent the nation in the 2011 African Youth Championship qualifiers, even though VVV Venlo had declared him unavailable for the tournament due to club commitments. After some intense negotiations with the Nigerian Federation, VVV Venlo and Musa's representatives it was agreed that Musa will shuttle between the Netherlands and South Africa to participate in the tournament with the national team.


title: Ahmed Musa

text: After the opening game against defending champions Ghana, Musa won the most valuable player award and boarded the next flight back to the Netherlands.


title: Ahmed Musa

text: In August 2011, Musa represented Nigeria U20 in the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup held in Colombia, where he scored three goals in five matches. Musa was included by FIFA in shortlist of 10 candidates for the Adidas Golden Ball, which was awarded to the most outstanding player of the FIFA U-20 World Cup.


title: Ahmed Musa

text: On 7 December 2011, Ahmed Musa was one of the four nominees named for the Confederation of African Football Most Promising Talent Award, however the award went to Ivory Coast's Souleymane Coulibaly.


title: Ahmed Musa

text: Musa was called up to Nigeria's 23-man squad for the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations. He scored in a 4–1 semi-final defeat of Mali and appeared as a substitute against Burkina Faso in the final, as the Super Eagles won their third continental title. Overall, he appeared in five of the team's six matches. At the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, he started in all three of the team's matches as they were eliminated in the group stage.


title: Ahmed Musa

text: After appearing in all of Nigeria's qualifying matches, Musa was named in Stephen Keshi's squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. He scored two goals in the team's final Group F match, a 3–2 defeat to Argentina.


title: Ahmed Musa

text: In October 2015, following the retirement of Vincent Enyeama from international football, Nigerian coach, Sunday Oliseh named Musa as the captain of the team. This decision was however reversed in 2016 as Mikel John Obi was named captain of the Nigerian squad and Musa was moved to Vice Captain.


title: Ahmed Musa

text: In May 2018 he was named in Nigeria's preliminary 30-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. Though his performance against Iceland was superb, it was not even enough to keep the West Africans in the tournament as they were eliminated by Argentina On 22 June 2018, Musa scored twice in a 2–0 victory over Iceland in their second group match of the World Cup. In June 2019 he became the third most capped player for Nigeria's national team, surpassing Nwankwo Kanu, after appearing in a friendly against Zimbabwe. He was named in the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations team by head coach Gernot Rohr. He was also part of the Nigerian squad at the 2021 edition of the African Cup of Nations (AFCON) held in Cameroun.


title: Ahmed Musa

text: He was born from a multi-religious family, with his mother Sarah Musa (née Moses) being a Christian from Edo state in the Southern part of Nigeria.


title: Ahmed Musa

text: In April 2017, Musa was involved in a dispute with his estranged wife Jamila, resulting in the police being called to his home. Shortly afterwards, the couple were divorced following "irreconcilable differences". On 23 May, Musa married Juliet Ejue at Abuja.


title: Ahmed Musa

text: On 24 January 2019, Musa confirmed the news of the death of his mother Sarah Musa on his Twitter page. She had previously been ill.


title: Whitney Peak (actress)

text: Whitney Peak (born 28 January 2003) is a Ugandan-Canadian actress. She stars in the 2021 HBO Max revival of "Gossip Girl". Her other work includes the Apple TV+ series "Home Before Dark", the Netflix series "Chilling Adventures of Sabrina" and the Disney+ film "Hocus Pocus 2".


title: Whitney Peak (actress)

text: Born in Kampala, Uganda, Peak is the youngest daughter of a Ugandan hairdresser and a Canadian pilot and engineer. She attended boarding school, was a competitive swimmer, and travelled with her father as a child. Her family relocated to Canada in 2012, settling in Port Coquitlam, British Columbia where Peak switched to a public school, including Terry Fox Secondary.


title: Time Is Up (film)

text: Time Is Up is a 2021 Italian romantic drama film directed by Elisa Amoruso from a screenplay she co-wrote with Lorenzo Ura and Patrizia Fiorellini. The film stars Bella Thorne, Benjamin Mascolo, Nikolay Moss, Roberto Davide and Sebastiano Pigazzi.


title: Time Is Up (film)

text: The film was released in the United States on 9 September 2021 by Voltage Pictures and in Italy on 25 October 2021 by 01 Distribution. It was panned by critics and audience for the acting and screenplay but was praised for its music.


title: Time Is Up (film)

text: Vivien is a high school student who loves math and physics. Steve is the clean-cut star of the high school swim team, and Vivien's boyfriend. Roy on the other hand is poor, has many tattoos, and is underperforming on the swim team. If he doesn't improve his times, he'll miss out on a college scholarship and be forced to work at his dad's garage.


title: Time Is Up (film)

text: Vivien's suspicion that her mother is having an affair is confirmed when she trails her mother and sees her indiscreetly making out with another man at a local restaurant.


title: Time Is Up (film)

text: Steve is an inattentive boyfriend. He has been disappearing without calling or texting to let Vivien know where he is. Vivien is unhappy because of Steve, and not confident of her knowledge, she puts off taking her physics test.


title: Time Is Up (film)

text: Steve has been remote with Vivien because he is in a relationship with Dylan, the swim coach. Roy has seen Steve and Dylan kissing, but he hasn't said anything. Nevertheless, Steve has threatened Roy about keeping the secret. Steve and Roy go to Rome for a swim meet.


title: Time Is Up (film)

text: Vivien confronts her mother and learns that her parents separated a year ago. Distraught, she goes to Rome to be with Steve, but ends up spending the day walking around the city with Roy. At the end of the day, they kiss. Embarrassed, Vivien goes back to her room, only to find Steve and his coach in bed together. Shocked and heartbroken, Vivien runs out of the hotel with Roy chasing after her. She goes into a dark street and is hit by a car.


title: Time Is Up (film)

text: After initial treatment by the doctors in Rome, Vivien is transported to a hospital back home. When she wakes up, she doesn't remember anything that happened in Rome. Steve lies to her that she spent the day with him, while Roy leaves her alone. Eventually, Vivien remembers what actually happened and goes to meet Roy. Newly confident in herself, she takes her physics test.


title: Time Is Up (film)

text: Principal photography started on 9 November 2020 and concluded on 21 December 2020 in Rome, Italy. Scenes shot in the United States were also included.


title: Time Is Up (film)

text: "Decider" suggested that the only performer worth watching was the city of Rome itself, dubbing the rest of the film "a forgettable mess". The review from Common Sense Media suggested that the only good thing in the film was its music, with everything else an example of "what might result when a group of people with short attention spans collaborate." The review from Culture Mix suggested that the "atrocious screenplay" was further hindered by a cast that knew "how to look sullen and bored more than they know how to act."


title: Art Malik

text: Athar ul-Haque Malik (born 13 November 1952), known professionally as Art Malik, is a Pakistani-born British actor who achieved international fame in the 1980s through his starring and subsidiary roles in assorted British and Merchant Ivory television serials and films. He is especially remembered for his portrayal of the out-of-place Hari Kumar in "The Jewel in the Crown" at the outset of his career.


title: Art Malik

text: Malik was born Athar ul-Haque Malik in Bahawalpur, Pakistan, the son of Zaibunisa and Mazhar ul-Haque Malik, a doctor who worked as an ophthalmic surgeon in Britain. When his father got a job as a surgeon in Moorfields Eye Hospital, Malik was brought to London in 1956, aged three. From the age of eleven, he attended Bec Grammar School in Tooting.


title: Art Malik

text: After an unsatisfactory stint of business studies and a term studying acting at the Questors Theatre, he won a scholarship to Guildhall School of Music and Drama. Before long, he was working with the Old Vic and Royal Shakespeare companies.


title: Art Malik

text: In 1982, five years after leaving Guildhall, Malik was cast as Hari Kumar in the Granada Television production of "The Jewel in the Crown", based on Paul Scott's "Raj Quartet".


title: Art Malik

text: In 1987, he played Kamran Shah, an Afghan Mujahideen leader who allies with James Bond and leads a raid against Soviet invaders in the 007 film "The Living Daylights".


title: Art Malik

text: Malik played the role of the son of an Indian mobster in the 1992 film "City of Joy" and, in 1993, narrated Salman Rushdie's "Haroun and the Sea of Stories" on BBC television's "Jackanory".


title: Art Malik

text: In 1994, Malik played his first big screen villain, Salim Abu Aziz, a stereotypical Islamist, opposite Arnold Schwarzenegger in "True Lies". Malik accepted the role, which he described as "a hoot", at a time when he had been 14 months without work and was being pursued by the Inland Revenue for £32,000. Following his appearance in "True Lies", Malik was offered several roles in other action films, but turned them down, later explaining, "I didn't want to do action movies that weren't as good." He instead accepted a role in the film "Clockwork Mice". Malik took the lead role in the West End production of Tom Stoppard's 1995 play "Indian Ink".


title: Art Malik

text: In 1999, Malik played the supporting role of Olympos, the court doctor to Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, in "Cleopatra".


title: Art Malik

text: In 2001, he narrated the television documentary "Hajj: The Journey of a Lifetime" for broadcast on BBC Two and in 2002 he narrated the three part television mini-series "The British Empire in Colour" for TWI/Carlton Television.


title: Art Malik

text: He also played Milkha Singh's father in the 2013 Hindi language film "Bhaag Milkha Bhaag", his first appearance in a film produced in India.


title: Art Malik

text: Malik had a starring role in Tom Fontana's historical television series "Borgia", which ran from 2011 to 2014.


title: Art Malik

text: In 2014, Malik played Bunran "Bunny" Latif, a retired Pakistani general in season four of "Homeland", returning in the same role in season eight in 2020.


title: Art Malik

text: Malik appeared in the second episodes of both series 8 of the show "Doc Martin" in 2017 and series 11 of "Doctor Who", "The Ghost Monument" in 2018.


title: Art Malik

text: By Malik's own account, the sudden success he enjoyed in 1984 resulted in his excessive drinking. "I was surrounded by people who admired me and I took all of that home with me," he said when interviewed in 2003. "I paid lots of attention to my ego, and not enough to my spirit. It was totally unhealthy, like an illness." The result was a strain on his marriage, leading to his wife leaving him. He also ran up high bills on his credit card, and by 1993 he owed £55,000 to the bank and £32,000 to the Inland Revenue, and was on the verge of being declared bankrupt when he got the lucrative part of Salim Abu Aziz, a terrorist, in James Cameron's "True Lies". He and his wife reunited.


title: Art Malik

text: Malik took a major role in fundraising for relief work for victims of the Gujarat earthquake in 2001, and also appeared on the DEC Pakistan Floods Appeal advertisement in 2010.


title: Art Malik

text: He lives with his wife Gina Rowe, a fellow student at the Guildhall, whom he married in 1980. They have two daughters, Jessica and Keira. Although from a Muslim background, and having insisted that his character on "Holby City" should be a Muslim, Malik describes himself as "not a practising Muslim. I'm probably an apostate, and liable for any right-minded Muslim fundamentalist to put me on a list of people to stamp out."


title: House (season 5)

text: The fifth season of "House", also known as House, M.D., premiered September 16, 2008 and ended May 11, 2009. It began to air in a new time slot from September to December: Tuesday 8:00 pm. Starting January 19, 2009, "House" moved to Mondays at 8:00 pm.


title: House (season 5)

text: Becky Baeling, Ed Brigadier, Darcy Rose Byrnes, Colleen Camp, Julia Campbell, Michael Leydon Campbell, B. K. Cannon, Clare Carey, Marcus Chait, Faune A. Chambers, Jake Cherry, Tim Colon, Jack Conley, Felicia Day, Mos Def, Mary Jo Deschanel, Marika Dominczyk, Taylor Dooley, Treshelle Edmond, Susan Egan, Sherilyn Fenn, Erika Flores, John Forest, Nathan Gamble, Angela Gots, Judy Greer, Brad Grunberg, Wood Harris, Christine Healy, Martin Henderson, Ashton Holmes, Željko Ivanek, Evan Jones, Elaine Kagan, Eric Kaldor, John Kapelos, Jay Karnes, Dominic Scott Kay, Sarah Knowlton, Alix Korey, Joanna Koulis, Ryan Lane, Meat Loaf, Todd Louiso, Alexandra Lydon, Phyllis Lyons, Meaghan Martin, Lindsey McKeon, Breckin Meyer, Devon Michaels, Christopher Moynihan, Becky O'Donohue, Scott Paulin, Evan Peters, Drew Powell, Nick Puga, David Purdham, Samantha Quan, Ben Reed, Carl Reiner, Emily Rios, Tim Rock, Jamie Rose, Alex Schemmer, Judith Scott, Samantha Shelton, Kyle Silverstein, Jimmi Simpson, Alex Sol, Maria Thayer, Jake Thomas, Sarah Thompson, Lucas Till, Jamie Tisdale, Bitsie Tulloch, Natasha Gregson Wagner, Christine Woods, Salvator Xuereb, Liza Colon-Zayas and Vanessa Zima.


title: House (season 5)

text: Reception for season 5 met with generally positive reviews, and holds a Metacritic score of 77 out of 100, based on ten reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". It also holds a 100% approval rating on aggregate review website Rotten Tomatoes, with an average score of 8.1 based on nine collected reviews. Criticism on Season 5 includes A.A. Gill of the Sunday Times felt that the show had "lost its sense of humour". Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune wrote, "House used to be one of the best shows on TV, but it's gone seriously off the rails".


title: The Keep (film)

text: The Keep is a 1983 dark fantasy horror film written and directed by Michael Mann and starring Scott Glenn, Gabriel Byrne, Jürgen Prochnow, Alberta Watson and Ian McKellen. It is an adaptation of the 1981 novel of the same title by F. Paul Wilson. The musical score was composed by Tangerine Dream.


title: The Keep (film)

text: Filmed in Wales and at Shepperton Studios during the autumn of 1982, "The Keep" had a troubled production and suffered numerous cuts that reduced the original runtime by over 100 minutes. It was released by Paramount Pictures on December 16, 1983 to mixed reviews, but has developed a cult following.


title: The Keep (film)

text: In 1941 Romania, following the commencement of Operation Barbarossa, a motorized "Gebirgsjäger" unit of the Wehrmacht, under the command of Captain Klaus Woermann, arrives to an uninhabited citadel – simply known as 'the Keep' – with the aim of taking control of the Dinu Pass in the Carpathian Mountains. Two soldiers, privates Lutz and Anton, attempt to loot a metallic icon within the keep but accidentally unleash a spectral entity which kills them. The being, known as Radu Molasar, proceeds to kill five more soldiers in the following days and begins to take corporeal form. A detachment of SS "Einsatzkommandos", under the command of sadistic SD "Sturmbannführer" Erich Kaempffer, arrives to deal with what is thought to be partisan activity in a nearby village. He executes three civilians as collective punishment and taking another five as hostages, despite Woermann's protests.


title: The Keep (film)

text: At the instigation of the local village priest, Father Mihail Fonescu, the Germans retrieve an ailing Jewish historian, Theodore Cuza, from a concentration camp. Cuza deciphers a mysterious message written in Old Slavonic using the Glagolitic alphabet emblazoned on a wall of the citadel. Molasar saves the professor's daughter, Eva, from sexual assault by two "Einsatzkommandos" and cures Cuza of his debilitating scleroderma by touch. Cuza becomes indebted to the entity, who demands that Cuza remove a talisman from the keep so that Molasar can escape its confines.


title: The Keep (film)

text: Having remotely sensed Molasar's presence, a mysterious stranger named Glaeken Trismegestus arrives from Greece, seducing Eva and incurring Cuza's ire. The malign power of Molasar begins to affect the villagers, seemingly driving them mad. A group of soldiers fire on Glaeken and force him into a ravine, but he is shown to still be alive. Kaempffer and Woermann clash over the former's sadistic crimes; Woermann furiously denounces the Nazis, claiming that the monster hunting them is a reflection of their evil. When their conversation is suddenly interrupted by the sound of horrible screams and machine gun fire coming from the keep's inner courtyard, Woermman is shot and killed by Kaempffer. Afterwards, Kaempffer goes to the now-silent courtyard, only to find that the entire garrison of the citadel has been slaughtered by Molasar, and that all the military vehicles parked inside had been disabled.


title: The Keep (film)

text: Stumbling across the carnage of the courtyard, a terrified Kaempffer is killed when he is confronted by Molasar as Cuza goes to remove the talisman from the keep. When Eva attempts to prevent him from doing so, Cuza refuses Molasar's command to kill her. In response, Molasar returns Cuza to his diseased state. Glaeken arrives, retrieves the talisman and confronts Molasar. After their battle, the latter is weakened and banished back into the innermost recesses of the keep. Glaeken is transformed in a storm of light and seals the aperture that freed Molasar, containing the entity within once more. The villagers, freed from Molasar's influence, escort Eva and Cuza away.


title: The Keep (film)

text: "The Keep" had a troubled production. Shooting started in September 1982 and lasted for 13 weeks. Filming was grueling, and once principal photography was finished, additional re-shoots were done which extended the filming for a total of 22 weeks. The look of the main villain of the movie, Molasar, was changed many times during filming because Michael Mann wasn't sure how he wanted him to look. There was even a mechanical figure built which was to be used in the scene where Molasar talks with Dr Cuza for the second time, but that design was changed to a man in a suit once Mann decided to film the scene differently. Two weeks into post-production, visual effects supervisor Wally Veevers died, which caused enormous problems because nobody knew how he planned to finish the visual effects scenes in the movie, especially the ones that were planned for the original ending. According to Mann, he had to finish 260 shots of special effects himself after Veever's death.


title: The Keep (film)

text: Because of this, several new endings had to be filmed long after the crew and original cinematographer had left the production. Originally Mann had two ideas for the film's climax: one with a battle between Glaeken and Molasar on top of the keep, and one taking place inside the keep.


title: The Keep (film)

text: The original climax that Mann chose involved Glaeken and Molasar in an epic effects-laden battle on top of the keep tower, ending with Glaeken opening an energy portal that blasts forth from the ground of the keep. It was to be some type of dimensional portal, which probably would have had effects similar to the star gate in Kubrick's "" (a film Veevers also worked on). The two were to fall from the keep wall and get sucked into the portal and tumble through a void. After that, Glaeken would materialize in the cavern below the keep by a pool and be reawakened as a mortal man.


title: The Keep (film)

text: With the constant production extensions and the film already well over budget, Paramount refused to pay for the filming of the additional footage needed for this finale, so the simplified ending Mann put together for the released film was a weak, somewhat unsatisfactory compromise.


title: The Keep (film)

text: English historian and film costume designer Andrew Mollo, brother of John Mollo of Star Wars fame, worked as an historical consultant for the German military costumes. In spite of the fact that war time SS members typically wore grey or field green uniforms, according to Mollo, dir. Michael Mann was insistent that they wear their black uniforms, as to let the audience know that Byrne and his men were Nazis/SS, too.


title: The Keep (film)

text: The sets for the Romanian village were built at the disused Glyn Rhonwy quarry, a former slate quarry near Llanberis in North Wales. Some interiors of the keep utilised the stonework within the Llechwedd Slate Caverns, near Blaenau Ffestiniog. Due to heavy rain, the film suffered significant delays in its shooting schedule. Shepperton Studios near London was used for interior Keep scenes featuring the demon Molasar. A secondary crew also went to Spain for footage depicting Greece.


title: The Keep (film)

text: The special effects for the creature were made by Nick Maley, helped by Nick Allder, who had previously worked on "Alien" and "The Empire Strikes Back". Molasar was conceived by Enki Bilal.


title: The Keep (film)

text: Michael Mann's original cut of the movie was 210 minutes long. He was only allowed to have a two-hour-long movie. Test screenings of the two-hour cut were not positive so Paramount cut the movie down to 96 minutes, against Mann's wishes. These last-minute cuts resulted in many plot holes, continuity mistakes, very obvious "jumps" in soundtrack and scenes, and bad editing issues. Even the sound mixing of the movie could not be finished properly because of Paramount's interference which is why every version of the movie suffers from bad sound design. The original June 3, 1983 release date was pushed back to December 16 due to the many problems in post-production.


title: The Keep (film)

text: The original happier ending, which had Eva finding Glaeken inside the keep after he defeated Molasar and Eva and her father leaving Romania by boat with Glaeken, was completely cut out by Paramount in order for the movie to have a shorter running time. Removal of these scenes caused confusion because numerous stills of this ending were shown in many movie magazines when a movie was to be released and even cast and crew members, including Mann, said in interviews that the movie had a happy ending. Part of the "happy" ending, in which Eva goes into the keep and finds Glaeken, was used in 1980s TV versions of the film. Other deleted scenes include more backstory between Glaeken and Molasar, actual explanation for why Eva and Glaeken fall in love, Glaeken killing the captain of the boat (the one who brings him into Romania) who tries to steal his "weapon" which he uses in the end to kill Molasar, more scenes between villagers and with Father Mihail and Alexandru, and Alexandru being killed by his sons when the keep starts to corrupt the village.


title: The Keep (film)

text: Theatrical and TV trailers for the movie were edited by using the footage from one of the earlier, pre-release cuts of the film which is why there are some alternate and deleted scenes included in them: a longer conversation between Woermann and Alexandru in which Woermann says that the keep looks like it was built to keep something in; a longer version of the scene where Molasar is talking with professor Cuza for the first time (also in this scene Cuza asks Molasar "What are you?" one more time); Glaeken talking with Eva asking her if she found what she was looking for and if she expected to find him; Glaeken touching Eva's face while she asks "What's happening to me?"; Glaeken walking inside the keep with his eyes turning white; longer version of the ending where Glaeken is standing at the entrance of the keep looking over Molasar's fog/white smoke; different version of the scene (different visual effects) where Glaeken is walking towards the room where Molasar is waiting for him (in this alternate scene Glaeken's sword is covered with some glowing grey light).