title: Jinny (wrestler)

text: On 24 September 2020, Jinny made her return to NXT UK television, staring at Kay Lee Ray after her successful title defense against Niven. The following week, Jinny made her return to the ring by defeating Xia Brookside and claiming she would be even more ruthless than ever before. On 5 November 2020, Jinny defeated newcomer Aleah James in a fairly fast squash match. After the match, Jinny called out Niven, claiming that she lacked killer instinct and the determination to be champion. During a Falls Count Anywhere championship match between Ray and Niven on 19 November 2020, she first attacked Niven at ringside, costing her the match and allowing Ray to retain. On 26 November 2020, Jinny defeated Isla Dawn, and after the match, mocked Niven, saying that she hoped she was watching from the hospital. Tensions continued to boil between Jinny and Niven, and eventually a match between the pair was announced for the first episode of NXT UK in 2021, where the winner would be the next to challenge Kay Lee Ray for the championship. On 7 January 2021, Jinny successfully defeated Niven after interference from Joseph Conners, whom Jinny seemed to have aligned herself with. Two weeks later, on the 21 January episode of NXT UK, Jinny was defeated by Ray, who retained her championship despite interference from Conners. Following this, Jinny and Conners would continue to feud with Piper Niven, who gained an unlikely ally in Jack Starz. On the 11 March 2021 episode of NXT UK, Jinny and Conners were defeated by Niven and Starz in a mixed tag team match. Conners eventually defeated Starz in a singles match, thus ending the feud between the two teams.


title: Jinny (wrestler)

text: Jinny would then begin to feud with Aoife Valkyrie, saying that Valkyrie avoided her since her arrival in NXT UK. On 22 July 2021 episode of NXT UK, Jinny would appear on Supernova Sessions, where she vowed to end Valkyrie, and later that evening Valkyrie handed Jinny a feather to signal that she accepted Jinny's challenge. On July 29 2021 episode of NXT UK, Jinny defeated Valkyrie following a distraction from Joseph Conners. It was then announced that Jinny would face Valkyrie again, but this time it would be in a no disqualification match where Conners was locked in a cage; Jinny failed to win that match. The following week, Jinny claimed that although she lost the match, she won the war.


title: Jinny (wrestler)

text: On 16 September episode of NXT UK, Jinny found that Isla Dawn had invaded her dressing room. The following week, Jinny defeated Dawn. In recent months, Jinny developed an issue with Amale, and on the 27 January 2022 episode of NXT UK, Jinny defeated her by pinfall.


title: Jinny (wrestler)

text: Sandhu is of Indian descent. She first started watching wrestling when she was nine and was influenced by Jushin Liger, Lita, and Trish Stratus.


title: Arunoday Singh

text: Arunoday Singh is an Indian actor and poet. He made his debut with "Sikandar" (2009). He has appeared in films like "Aisha" (2010), "Yeh Saali Zindagi" (2011), "Jism 2" (2012), "Main Tera Hero" (2014), "Mohenjo Daro" (2016) and "Blackmail" (2018). He also appeared in television series "Apaharan" (2018-2022).


title: Arunoday Singh

text: Singh is the grandson of Arjun Singh, an Indian politician who was the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, and son of Ajay Singh (Rahul bhaiya) leader of opposition in Madhya Pradesh State assembly.


title: Arunoday Singh

text: He is an alumnus of Brandeis University, having previously been educated at a boarding school in Kodaikanal, where he performed in school plays. According to him, it was after watching actor Marlon Brando in "On the Waterfront" (1954) that he decided to become an actor. After his graduation, he did a few courses in the New York Film Academy, and thereafter enrolled in the Acting Studio in New York, during the period he also performed in plays.


title: Arunoday Singh

text: After finishing his studies he started giving auditions, and finally made his debut with "Sikandar" (2009), directed by Piyush Jha, playing a Kashmiri terrorist. His second film was the ensemble romantic comedy-drama "Aisha" (2010), an adaptation of the novel "Emma" by Jane Austen directed by Rajshree Ojha, co-starring Sonam Kapoor, Abhay Deol, Ira Dubey, Cyrus Sahukar, Amrita Puri, Anand Tiwari and Lisa Haydon; he portrayed Dhruv Singh, a flirtatious playboy. Also in the same year, he appeared in Vinay Shukla's take on gender and sexuality in "Mirch", through a collage of five stories, with Konkana Sen Sharma Raima Sen, where he played the central character of a struggling film director.


title: Arunoday Singh

text: In 2011, he acted alongside Irrfan Khan and Aditi Rao Hydari, another newcomer in Sudhir Mishra's "Yeh Saali Zindagi" (2011). His performance earned him a nomination for Best Actor in a Supporting Role at the 18th Screen Awards. He next appeared in Jism 2 opposite Sunny Leone and Randeep Hooda. In 2014 he appeared in David Dhawan's comedy film "Main Tera Hero" opposite Varun Dhawan, Ileana D'Cruz and Nargis Fakhri; and the supernatural thriller film "Pizza". His next release was "Mr. X" as Dr. Steve Rhodes opposite Emraan Hashmi and Amyra Dastur. In 2016, Singh appeared in Ashutosh Gowariker's epic-adventure romance film "Mohenjo Daro", alongside Hrithik Roshan and Pooja Hegde.


title: Arunoday Singh

text: On December 13, 2016, he tied the knot with LeeAnn Elton, who he met three years previously in Goa. Lee owns a cafe in Goa. They divorced in 2019.


title: 1979 oil crisis

text: The 1979 oil crisis, also known as the 1979 Oil Shock or Second Oil Crisis, was an energy crisis caused by a drop in oil production in the wake of the Iranian Revolution. Although the global oil supply only decreased by approximately four percent, the oil markets' reaction raised the price of crude oil drastically over the next 12 months, more than doubling it to . The sudden increase in price was connected with fuel shortages and long lines at gas stations similar to the 1973 oil crisis.


title: 1979 oil crisis

text: In 1980, following the onset of the Iran–Iraq War, oil production in Iran fell drastically. Iraq's oil production also dropped significantly, triggering economic recessions worldwide. Oil prices did not return to pre-crisis levels until the mid-1980s.


title: 1979 oil crisis

text: Oil prices after 1980 began a steady decline over the next 20 years, except for a brief uptick during the Gulf War, which then reached a 60% fall-off in the 1990s. Mexico, Nigeria, and Venezuela's major oil exporters expanded their production during this time. The Soviet Union became the largest oil producer in the world, and oil from the North Sea and Alaska flooded the market.


title: 1979 oil crisis

text: In November 1978, a strike consisting of 37,000 workers at Iran's nationalized oil refineries reduced production from per day to about . Foreign workers left the country. However, by bringing navy personnel into crude oil production operations, the government fixed short-term disruptions and by end of November the output came back to almost normal level.


title: 1979 oil crisis

text: On January 16, 1979, the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and his wife, Farah Pahlavi, left Iran at the behest of Prime Minister Shapour Bakhtiar, who sought to calm the situation. After the departure of the Shah, Ayatollah Khomeini became the new leader of Iran.


title: 1979 oil crisis

text: The rise in oil prices benefited a few members of the Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries (OPEC), which made record profits. Under the new Iranian government, oil exports later resumed but production was inconsistent and at a lower volume, further raising prices. Saudi Arabia and other OPEC nations, under the presidency of Mana Al Otaiba, increased production to offset most of the decline, and by early 1979 the overall loss in worldwide production was roughly four percent.


title: 1979 oil crisis

text: The war between Iran and Iraq in 1980 caused a further 7 percent drop in worldwide production and OPEC production was surpassed by other exporters such as the United States as its member nations were divided amongst themselves. Saudi Arabia, a "swing producer", tried to gain back the market share after 1985, increasing production and causing downward pressure on prices, making high-cost oil production facilities less profitable.


title: 1979 oil crisis

text: The oil crisis had a mixed impact on the United States. Some regions of the country are oil-producing regions, and other regions are oil-consuming. Richard Nixon imposed price controls on domestic oil. Gasoline controls were repealed, but controls on domestic US oil remained.


title: 1979 oil crisis

text: The Jimmy Carter administration began a phased deregulation of oil prices on April 5, 1979, when the average price of crude oil was US. Starting with the Iranian revolution, the price of crude oil rose to over the next 12 months (its all-time highest real price until March 3, 2008). Deregulating domestic oil price controls allowed U.S. oil output to rise sharply from the large Prudhoe Bay fields, while oil imports fell sharply.


title: 1979 oil crisis

text: Although not directly related, the near-disaster at Three Mile Island on March 28, 1979, also increased anxiety about energy policy and availability. Due to memories of the oil shortage in 1973, motorists soon began panic buying, and long lines appeared at gas stations, as they had six years earlier. The average vehicle of the time consumed between two and three liters (about 0.5–0.8 gallons) of gasoline an hour while idling, and it was estimated that Americans wasted up to of oil per day idling their engines in the lines at gas stations.


title: 1979 oil crisis

text: The amount of oil sold in the United States in 1979 was only 3.5 percent less than the record set for oil sold the previous year. A telephone poll of 1,600 American adults conducted by the Associated Press and NBC News and released in early May 1979 found that only 37 percent of Americans thought the energy shortages were real, nine percent were not sure, and 54 percent thought the energy shortages were a hoax.


title: 1979 oil crisis

text: Many politicians proposed gas rationing. One such proponent was Harry Hughes, Governor of Maryland, who proposed odd-even rationing (only people with an odd-numbered license plate could purchase gas on an odd-numbered day), as was used during the 1973 Oil Crisis. Several states implemented odd-even gas rationing, including California, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Oregon, and Texas. Coupons for gasoline rationing were printed but were never actually used during the 1979 crisis.


title: 1979 oil crisis

text: On July 15, 1979, President Carter outlined his plans to reduce oil imports and improve energy efficiency in his "Crisis of Confidence" speech (sometimes known as the "malaise" speech). In the speech, Carter encouraged citizens to do what they could to reduce their use of energy. He had already installed water tank heating solar panels on the roof of the White House and a wood-burning stove in the living quarters. However, the panels were removed in 1986, reportedly for roof maintenance, during the administration of his successor, Ronald Reagan.


title: 1979 oil crisis

text: Carter's speech argued the oil crisis was "the moral equivalent of war". In November 1979, Iranian revolutionaries seized the American Embassy, and Carter imposed an embargo on Iranian oil. In January 1980, he issued the Carter Doctrine, declaring: "An attempt by any outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf region will be regarded as an assault on the vital interests of the United States." Additionally, as part of his administration's efforts at deregulation, Carter proposed removing price controls that had been imposed by the Richard Nixon administration before the 1973 crisis. Carter agreed to remove price controls in phases. They were finally dismantled in 1981 under Reagan. Carter also said he would impose a windfall profit tax on oil companies. While the regulated price of domestic oil was kept to $6 a barrel, the world market price was $30.


title: 1979 oil crisis

text: In 1980, the U.S. government established the Synthetic Fuels Corporation to produce an alternative to imported fossil fuels.


title: 1979 oil crisis

text: When the price of West Texas Intermediate crude oil increased 250 percent between 1978 and 1980, the oil-producing areas of Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Colorado, Wyoming, and Alaska began experiencing an economic boom and population inflows.


title: 1979 oil crisis

text: According to one study, individuals who were between the ages of 15 and 18 during the 1979 oil crisis were substantially less likely to use cars once they were in their mid-30s.


title: 1979 oil crisis

text: In response to the high oil prices of the 1970s, industrial nations took steps to reduce their dependence on the Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries (OPEC) oil. Electric utilities worldwide switched from oil to coal, natural gas, or nuclear power. National governments initiated multibillion-dollar research programs to develop alternatives to oil and commercial exploration developed major non-OPEC oilfields in Siberia, Alaska, North Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico. By 1986, daily worldwide demand for oil dropped by 5 million barrels but, non-OPEC production rose by an even-larger amount. Consequently, OPEC's market share reduced from 50 percent in 1979 to 29 percent in 1985.


title: 1979 oil crisis

text: At the time, Detroit's "Big Three" automakers (Ford, Chrysler, GM) were marketing downsized full-sized automobiles like the Chevrolet Caprice, the Ford LTD Crown Victoria and the Dodge St. Regis which met the CAFE fuel economy mandates passed in 1978. Detroit's response to the growing popularity of imported compacts like the Toyota Corolla and the Volkswagen Rabbit was the Chevrolet Citation and the Ford Fairmont. Ford replaced the Ford Pinto with the Ford Escort and Chrysler, on the verge of bankruptcy, introduced the Dodge Aries K. GM was having unfavorable market reactions to the Citation and introduced the Chevrolet Corsica and Chevrolet Beretta in 1987 which sold better. GM also replaced the Chevrolet Monza, introducing the 1982 Chevrolet Cavalier which was better received. Ford experienced a similar market rejection of the Fairmont and introduced the front-wheel-drive Ford Tempo in 1984.


title: 1979 oil crisis

text: Detroit was not well prepared for the sudden rise in fuel prices, and imported brands (primarily the Asian models, which were mass-marketed and had a lower manufacturing cost as opposed to British and West German brands). Moreover, the rising value of the Deutsche mark and British pound resulted in the transition to the rise of Japanese manufacturers as they were able to export their product from Japan at a lower cost, resulting in profitable gains (despite accusations of price dumping), and were now more widely available in North America and developing a loyal customer base.


title: 1979 oil crisis

text: A year after the 1979 Iranian Revolution, Japanese manufacturers surpassed Detroit's production totals, becoming first in the world. Indeed, the share of Japanese cars in U.S. auto purchases rose from 9 percent in 1976 to 21 percent in 1980. Japanese exports would later displace the automotive market once dominated by lower-tier European manufacturers (Renault, Fiat, Opel, Peugeot, MG, Triumph, Citroen). Some would declare bankruptcy (e.g. Triumph, Simca) or withdraw from the U.S. market, especially in the wake of grey market automobiles or the inability of the vehicle to meet DOT requirements (from emission requirements to automotive lighting). Many imported brands utilized fuel-saving technologies such as fuel injection and multi-valve engines over the common use of carburetors. The overall fuel economy of cars in the United States increased from about 15 miles per gallon (mpg) in 1979 to 18 mpg by 1985 and 20 mpg by 1990. This was one factor leading to the subsequent 1980s oil glut.


title: Assassins (musical)

text: Assassins is a musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and a book by John Weidman, based on an original concept by Charles Gilbert Jr.


title: Assassins (musical)

text: Using the framing device of an all-American, yet sinister, carnival game, the semi-revue portrays a group of historical figures who attempted (successfully or not) to assassinate Presidents of the United States, and explores what their presence in American history says about the ideals of their country. The score is written to reflect both popular music of the various depicted eras and a broader tradition of "patriotic" American music.


title: Assassins (musical)

text: The musical opened Off-Broadway in 1990 to many mixed and negative reviews, and ran for 73 performances; in 2004, the show was produced on Broadway to highly favorable notices and won five Tony Awards, including Best Revival of a Musical.


title: Assassins (musical)

text: In 1979, as a panelist at producer Stuart Ostrow's Musical Theater Lab, Sondheim read a script by playwright Charles Gilbert, Jr. entitled "Assassins" about a Vietnam veteran who becomes a Presidential assassin. The play eventually had little in common with Sondheim's musical, but Sondheim was inspired by its title, its use of quotes from various historical figures who had attempted to assassinate American Presidents, and its opening scene of a shooting gallery with the lighted sign "SHOOT THE PREZ AND WIN A PRIZE" (which was eventually incorporated into the musical).


title: Assassins (musical)

text: Sondheim asked Gilbert for permission to use his idea. Gilbert consented and offered to write the book, but Sondheim declined, having already had collaborator John Weidman in mind. Weidman had written the book for "Pacific Overtures" and would work with Sondheim again on "Road Show".


title: Assassins (musical)

text: "Assassins" opened Off-Broadway at Playwrights Horizons on December 18, 1990, and closed on February 16, 1991, after 73 performances. Directed by Jerry Zaks the cast included Victor Garber, Terrence Mann, Patrick Cassidy, Debra Monk, Greg Germann, and Annie Golden. According to the "Los Angeles Times", "The show has been sold out since previews began, reflecting the strong appeal of Sondheim's work among the theater crowd." Frank Rich in his review for "The New York Times" wrote that ""Assassins" will have to fire with sharper aim and fewer blanks if it is to shoot to kill."


title: Assassins (musical)

text: On October 29, 1992, "Assassins" opened in London at the Donmar Warehouse with direction by Sam Mendes and a cast that included Henry Goodman as Charles Guiteau and Louise Gold as Sara Jane Moore. The show ran for 76 performances, closing on January 9, 1993.


title: Assassins (musical)

text: The first US regional production was mounted by Signature Theatre in Arlington, Virginia in August 1992. The San Jose Civic Light Opera in San Jose, California, presented a production in 1993, which featured the world premiere of the 13-piece orchestration by Michael Starobin.


title: Assassins (musical)

text: The first Australian production opened in February 1995, presented by the Melbourne Theatre Company at the Fairfax Studio. Directed by Roger Hodgman, the cast featured John O'May, John McTernan and Bruce Myles.


title: Assassins (musical)

text: Roundabout Theater Company's Broadway production was originally scheduled for 2001 but was postponed to April 22, 2004, because the content was sensitive in light of the events of September 11, 2001. After 101 performances at Studio 54, "Assassins" closed on July 18, 2004. Directed by Joe Mantello, with musical staging by Jonathan Butterell, Neil Patrick Harris starred in the roles of The Balladeer and Lee Harvey Oswald, with Marc Kudisch in an extended role as The Proprietor. Michael Cerveris played John Wilkes Booth, for which he received a Tony Award. The 2004 production was noted for a "coup de théâtre": the Zapruder film of the death of John F. Kennedy projected onto Lee Harvey Oswald's T-shirt by projection designer Elaine J. McCarthy. On December 3, 2012, the Broadway cast reunited for a special benefit. Annaleigh Ashford stood in for Mary Catherine Garrison.


title: Assassins (musical)

text: Other professional productions have included a 2006 production at Crucible Theatre, Sheffield, a 2008 production which ran from January 23 to February 2, 2008, at the Landor Theatre, London, The South African premiere opened in December 2008 as the inaugural production of the NewSpace Theatre in Cape Town. This production was directed by Fred Abrahamse with a South African cast including Marcel Meyer as John Wilkes Booth, Riaan Norval as Lee Harvey Oswald, David Dennis as Charles J. Guiteau and Anthea Thompson as Sara Jane Moore. The Los Angeles premiere opened in 1994 at the Los Angeles Theatre Center and included Patrick Cassidy (the original Balladeer) playing Booth, and Alan Safier as Guiteau. A 2010 production in Toronto by BirdLand Theatre and Talk is Free Theatre won the Dora Mavor Moore Award for Outstanding Production in the Musical Theatre Division.


title: Assassins (musical)

text: The Union Theatre, London produced "Assassins" in July 2010, which went on the win Best (overall) Production at The Off West End Awards. It was staged and directed by Michael Strassen. It attained Show of the Week and Critics choice in Time Out.


title: Assassins (musical)

text: A new production of "Assassins" starring Catherine Tate as Sarah Jane Moore, Aaron Tveit as John Wilkes Booth, Mike McShane as Samuel Byck, Andy Nyman as Charles Guiteau, and Jamie Parker as the Balladeer opened on November 21, 2014, at the Menier Chocolate Factory in London and ran until March 7, 2015.


title: Assassins (musical)

text: "Assassins" was produced in the 2017 season of "Encores! Off Center" at the New York City Center from July 12–15 of that year, with a cast including Steven Pasquale as John Wilkes Booth, Victoria Clark as Sara Jane Moore, and Shuler Hensley as Leon Czolgosz.


title: Assassins (musical)

text: In October/November 2019 The Watermill Theatre Newbury and Nottingham Playhouse co-produced a new version in the UK, using a full cast of actor/musicians for the first time. The role of the Balladeer was switched to a female part for this production. A poignant moment was added at the end of the final scene, where a young child walks onto the stage from the audience, retrieves a gun from the vending machine (from which the main characters received their weapons at the start of the show) and fires the final gunshot out into the crowd.


title: Assassins (musical)

text: John Doyle was to direct an Off-Broadway production at Classic Stage Company scheduled for 2020. On September 24, 2019, it was announced that the cast would include Judy Kuhn as Sara Jane Moore, Will Swenson as Charles Guiteau, Brandon Uranowitz as Leon Czolgosz, Wesley Taylor as Giuseppe Zangara, and Pasquale reprising his role as John Wilkes Booth. Other additions to the cast include Ethan Slater as Lee Harvey Oswald/The Balladeer and Tavi Gevinson as Lynette “Squeaky” Fromme. The show was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On September 9, 2021 it was announced that the production would begin performances on November 2, 2021 - January 8, 2022 with an official opening on November 14, 2021. And on November 9, 2021, it was announced that the production would extend through to January 29, 2022. The production ended up officially closing January 24, 2022 due to positive COVID-19 cases in the company. On March 18, 2022, a cast recording album of this production received a wide digital release, which featured all songs as well as an abridged version of the climactic scene between Booth and Oswald.


title: Assassins (musical)

text: This synopsis reflects the current licensed version of the show. The published script of the 1992 Off-Broadway production is slightly different.


title: Assassins (musical)

text: The show opens in a fairground shooting gallery where, amid flashing lights, human figures trundle past on a conveyor belt. One by one, a collection of misfits enters the stage, where the Proprietor of the game entices them to play, promising that their problems will be solved by killing a President ("Everybody’s Got the Right"). Leon Czolgosz, John Hinckley, Charles Guiteau, Giuseppe Zangara, Samuel Byck, Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme, and Sara Jane Moore are given their guns one by one. John Wilkes Booth enters last and the Proprietor introduces him to the others as their pioneer before he begins distributing ammunition. The assassins take aim as "Hail to the Chief" heralds Abraham Lincoln's offstage arrival. Booth excuses himself, a shot rings out and Booth shouts, ""Sic semper tyrannis!""


title: Assassins (musical)

text: The Balladeer, a personification of the American Dream, appears and begins to tell John Wilkes Booth's story ("The Ballad of Booth"). The scene changes to Richard H. Garrett's barn in 1865. Booth, mudstained and with a broken leg, is attempting to write his reasons for killing Lincoln in his diary but cannot hold the pen. He forces his associate David Herold to write for him at gunpoint. As Booth dictates, blaming Lincoln for the Civil War and for destroying the South, the Balladeer interjects that Booth's motives really had more to do with his personal problems. When a Union soldier calls for Booth's surrender, Herold abandons him and surrenders. In desperation, Booth throws the Balladeer his diary so that he can tell his story to the world. The Balladeer reads out Booth's justifications, and Booth laments that the act for which he has given up his life will not be enough to heal the country. As the Union soldiers set fire to the barn, Booth commits suicide, and the Balladeer concludes that Booth was a madman whose treacherous legacy only served as inspiration for other madmen like him to damage the country. The Balladeer rips Booth's rationale from his diary and burns the pages.


title: Assassins (musical)

text: The Assassins gather in a bar. Guiteau toasts to the Presidency of the United States, speaking of his ambition to become Ambassador to France. Hinckley accidentally breaks a bottle, and Czolgosz flies into a rage, describing the horrors he sees in the bottle factory he works in and how many men die or are injured just to make a bottle like the one Hinckley has just broken. Guiteau jokingly tells Czolgosz to find another job, and the two begin to argue about the American Dream, with Guiteau defending America and Czolgosz dismissing the "land of opportunity" as a lie. Czolgosz becomes enraged and grabs a bottle, barely stopping himself from throwing it across the room. Booth urges Czolgosz to take control of his fate by breaking a bottle himself, but Czolgosz cannot. Zangara complains about his stomach pains, and Booth suggests fixing them by shooting Franklin D. Roosevelt.


title: Assassins (musical)

text: A radio broadcast, narrated by the Proprietor, describes Zangara's failed attempt to assassinate Roosevelt. He misses Roosevelt and accidentally kills Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak instead. Five Bystanders are interviewed in turn, telling the audience their personal versions of the event; each is convinced that he or she personally saved the President ("How I Saved Roosevelt"). From an electric chair, Zangara sings his refusal to be afraid and that he hadn't cared whom he killed as long as it was one of the men who control the money. Peeved that as an "American Nothing" he has no photographers at his execution, Zangara is electrocuted as the Bystanders preen for the cameras.


title: Assassins (musical)

text: American anarchist leader Emma Goldman gives a lecture from offstage as Leon Czolgosz listens, enraptured. He introduces himself to her and declares his love, but she tells him to redirect his passion to the fight for social justice. She gives him a leaflet that she tells him contains an idea that is "not mine alone, but mine". As she prepares to leave, Czolgosz offers to carry her bag, to which Goldman protests by saying, "They make us servants, Leon. We do not make servants of each other." Czolgosz, in his first display of assertiveness, still insists.


title: Assassins (musical)

text: Fromme and Moore meet on a park bench and share a joint. Fromme speaks of the apocalyptic preachings of mass murderer Charles Manson, remembering how they met and declaring herself his lover and slave. Juggling her purse, a can of Tab and a bucket of Kentucky Fried Chicken, Moore claims she is an informant for the FBI (or used to be), has been a CPA and had five husbands and three children. They connect over their shared hatred of their fathers, and using Colonel Sanders as a graven image, they give the bucket of chicken the evil eye and then shoot it to pieces while laughing hysterically. Moore realizes that she had known Manson in high school, and the scene ends as the women scream in delight over their memories of the charismatic killer.


title: Assassins (musical)

text: Czolgosz reflects on how many men die in the mines, the steel mills and the factories just to make a gun. Booth, Guiteau and Moore enter one by one and join him in a barbershop quartet in which they honor a single gun's power to change the world ("The Gun Song"). Czolgosz decides his gun will claim one more victim: the President.


title: Assassins (musical)

text: Czolgosz arrives at the 1901 Pan-American Exposition and sees that William McKinley is shaking visitors' hands in the Temple of Music Pavilion. The Balladeer sings "The Ballad of Czolgosz" as Czolgosz joins the receiving line, and upon reaching McKinley, he shoots him.


title: Assassins (musical)

text: Samuel Byck sits on a park bench in a dirty Santa suit with a picket sign and a shopping bag. He talks into a tape recorder, preparing a message to Leonard Bernstein telling Bernstein he can save the world by writing more love songs, and explaining that he is going to change things by crashing a 747 into the White House and killing Richard Nixon. Then he accuses Bernstein of ignoring him, just like the other celebrities he has recorded tapes for, such as Hank Aaron and Jonas Salk. After flying into an expletive-laden rage, Byck stands up on the bench and angrily sings the chorus to "West Side Story"s song "America" before storming offstage.


title: Assassins (musical)

text: John Hinckley sits in his rumpus room, aimlessly playing a guitar. Lynette Fromme enters and tries to convince him to play her a song (asking for "Helter Skelter"), but he refuses. Fromme notices a picture of Jodie Foster, who Hinckley claims is his girlfriend. When Fromme realizes the picture is a publicity photo from a film, she pulls out a picture of Charles Manson and mocks Hinckley for being in love with a woman he's never met, which makes him throw her out in a fit of rage. Alone, he swears that he will win Foster's love "with one brave, historic act" and sings a love song to her while Fromme individually does the same to Manson ("Unworthy of Your Love"). An image of Ronald Reagan appears on a wall in the back of the stage, and an enraged Hinckley shoots it over and over again, but the picture keeps reappearing. The Proprietor mocks Hinckley by quoting Reagan's famous quips about the assassination as Hinckley fires and fires, missing each time.


title: Assassins (musical)

text: Back at the Proprietor's shooting range, Charles Guiteau flirts with Sara Jane Moore while giving her marksmanship tips before trying to kiss her. When she rebuffs him, he becomes suddenly enraged and attempts to attack her. Her gun goes off in his ear, and he backs off, angrily proclaiming that he is extraordinary and will be the next Ambassador to France. The scene changes to a train station, where Guiteau goes to meet James Garfield. He asks to be made Ambassador to France, but Garfield mockingly refuses, prompting Guiteau to shoot him.


title: Assassins (musical)

text: Guiteau is arrested and sent to the gallows, where he recites a poem he wrote that morning titled "I am Going to the Lordy". When Guiteau finishes, the Balladeer enters and sings about Guiteau's trial and sentencing while Guiteau merrily cakewalks up to the noose, getting more and more desperately optimistic with each verse. Guiteau sings along with the Balladeer about Guiteau's optimism before he is finally hanged ("The Ballad of Guiteau").


title: Assassins (musical)

text: Squeaky Fromme and Sara Jane Moore prepare to assassinate Gerald Ford. Moore has brought along her nine-year-old son and her dog (which she accidentally shoots), which causes an argument between the two women, who briefly turn on each other. Moore accidentally spills her gun's bullets just as President Ford enters the stage. Not recognizing him at first, the two women allow him to help them, but upon discovering who he is, Fromme tries to shoot him, but her gun jams. Having no other resource left, Moore tries to throw her bullets at Ford, shouting "bang" as she does so.


title: Assassins (musical)

text: Samuel Byck is driving to the airport to hijack a plane, which he plans to crash into the White House. Growing completely unhinged, he records a message addressed to Richard Nixon, complaining about contemporary American life, how the American public is constantly lied to, and announces that killing him is the only solution.


title: Assassins (musical)

text: The assassins congregate in the Proprietor's shooting range once again and enumerate their reasons for taking action. Led by Byck, they lament that they haven't gotten the rewards they were "promised". The Balladeer tells them that their actions didn't solve their problems or the country's and that if they want their prizes they must follow the American Dream. The assassins realize that they will never get their prizes, that no one will ever care if they live or die, and briefly sink into absolute desperation until Byck and the Proprietor lead them in "Another National Anthem," a song for all Americans dispossessed by the dream. The Balladeer attempts to convince them to be optimistic and seek other ways to be happy, but the Anthem grows louder and louder until the assassins force the Balladeer offstage (in the 2004 revival and many productions that followed, the Assassins all surround the Balladeer, transforming him into Lee Harvey Oswald).


title: Assassins (musical)

text: The scene changes to the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository. The ghosts of John Wilkes Booth, Leon Czolgosz, Charles Guiteau, and the other "would be" assassins including John Hinckley, Giuseppe Zangara, Samuel Byck, Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme, and Sara Jane Moore, appear before a suicidally depressed Lee Harvey Oswald, and convince him that the only way for him to truly connect with his country is to share his pain and disillusionment with it. They slowly and carefully attempt to convince him not to become his own victim and to instead assassinate John F. Kennedy. Booth tells Oswald that by joining them he will finally make a difference, but Oswald refuses. Booth tells him that in the future, when Hinckley's room is searched, Oswald's biographies will be found. Booth tells Oswald that the key to the future is in his hands. Oswald tries to leave, but Zangara addresses him passionately in Italian, his words translated by the other assassins, imploring him to act so their own acts can come alive again. They tell him that he has the power to cause worldwide grief and inspire global passion about himself, a man the world has never cared or heard about. Calling themselves his family, the assassins sing, imploring Oswald to act. He crouches at the window and shoots ("November 22, 1963").


title: Assassins (musical)

text: After the assassinations, a group of citizens from different time periods recount what they were doing when they heard that the President had been killed and lament that even though only a single man died, the nation has changed forever ("Something Just Broke").


title: Assassins (musical)

text: The assassins regroup once more at the shooting range, now with Oswald among their ranks, and they proudly restate their motto, "Everybody's got the right to be happy," before loading their guns and opening fire on the audience ("Everybody's Got the Right (Reprise)").


title: Assassins (musical)

text: According to Schrader, out of the nine assassins in the musical, six of them (John Wilkes Booth, Giuseppe Zangara, Leon Czolgosz, Charles Guiteau, Lynette ‘Squeaky’ Fromme, and Samuel Byck) possess the motives to assassinate their targets due to "political injustice and sacrifice for the greater good," and among the six assassins, Booth and Czolgosz have been portrayed to have such motive as their primary reason for their assassination.


title: Assassins (musical)

text: Many assassins in this musical have their lines reflecting their need for attention, and according to Wang, "what unites each of the assassins is the desire for attention." In "How I Saved Roosevelt", Zangara was extremely angry about not having a photographer even at his execution: "and why there no photographers? For Zangara no photographers! Only capitalists get photographers!" Another assassin, Moore, "proclaims that one of her motives was ‘so that her friends would know where [she] was coming from.’"


title: Assassins (musical)

text: This theme is mainly represented by Guiteau. His idealism and optimism might make audience members "feel more sympathy for Guiteau than for some of the other assassins."


title: Assassins (musical)

text: Pain and desperation are keywords in Zangara's character and lyrics: he is portrayed to be a poor immigrant who suffers a very strong stomachache. In "How I Saved Roosevelt", Zangara's pain in the stomach and his desperation of not being able to cure his stomachache turn into his anger and hatred towards the upper class. According to Schrader, the real-life Moore attempted her assassination due to political reasons, yet in the musical, she did so due to an entirely different one: she was so frustrated and desperate about "how to understand and express herself" that she took the "drastic action." On the other hand, Byck's attempt of assassination on President Richard Nixon, is also to "satisfy his personal frustrations." His solo scene, being the only recording that is not a song in the musical, presents his pain and disillusionment through his words and emotion expressions in "Have It Your Way".


title: Assassins (musical)

text: As Schrader states, "Mark Fulk and Angela Howard suggest that ‘family’ is Assassins’ central metaphor, particularly noting that family is ‘the central concept that binds the group of American assassins and would-be assassins.’"


title: Assassins (musical)

text: The three versions (original, London and Broadway) were not identical, as roles were combined, and the song "Something Just Broke" was new to the London production. In 1991, Theatre Communications Group published the libretto, which did not feature "Something Just Broke".


title: Assassins (musical)

text: The current licensed version of the musical reflects the 2004 Broadway revival. Although the script does not combine The Balladeer and Oswald into a single role, many productions have followed the revival in doing so.


title: Assassins (musical)

text: + In the original production, the lead part among the Assassins for "Another National Anthem" is sung by Byck. However, in the revised 2004 score, the lead is sung by the Proprietor.


title: Assassins (musical)

text: Sondheim said that he expected backlash from the public due to the content. "There are always people who think that certain subjects are not right for musicals...[w]e're not going to apologize for dealing with such a volatile subject. Nowadays, virtually everything goes," he told "The New York Times".


title: Assassins (musical)

text: Historian, commentator, and actress Sarah Vowell introduced her 2005 analysis of the Lincoln, McKinley, and Garfield murders, "Assassination Vacation", with a journey from New York City into New England to attend a performance of "Assassins".


title: Assassins (musical)

text: "Assassins" was featured in episode 6 of Netflix's "The Politician". In the show, they are performing in a school production of the musical, which parallels events occurring in their own lives. The episode included a cover of "Unworthy of Your Love", sung by Ben Platt and Zoey Deutch.


title: Assassins (musical)

text: Although "Assassins" had not run on Broadway prior to 2004, the 1992 London production and 1991 Off-Broadway production led to a ruling by the Tony Awards Administration Committee that the musical is a revival instead of an original musical.


title: Assassins (musical)

text: Recordings of both the Off-Broadway production and the 2004 revival were released. The original Off-Broadway version lacks the song 'Something Just Broke', which was added to the show for the subsequent London production. The 1990 recording does however include the full 11-minute spoken-word climactic scene 'November 22, 1963'. The 2004 Broadway recording adds 'Something Just Broke' and several dialogues sections but only includes the second half of the 'November 1963' scene.


title: Assassins (musical)

text: While the original Off-Broadway production used just three musicians, the 1990 cast album was fully orchestrated by Michael Starobin, with 33 musicians directed by Paul Gemignani.


title: Assassins (musical)

text: The 2021 Off-Broadway revival received its own cast recording on March 18, 2022, making it the third English language recording of the show. It includes the full score, and features the actor-musician cast members playing their respective instruments.


title: Jenever

text: Jenever (, ), also known as Hollands, genever, genièvre, peket, or sometimes as Dutch gin (archaic: Holland gin or Geneva gin), is the juniper-flavored traditional liquor in the Netherlands, Belgium and adjoining areas in northern France and northwestern Germany. As an EU and UK Protected Designation of Origin the use of the term "jenever" and its soundalikes can only be used if the product is made according to the specifications in Belgium, the Netherlands, two northern French departments and two German federal states. Gin was developed in Britain after introduction of jenever to the island.


title: Jenever

text: Jenever was originally produced by distilling malt wine ("moutwijn" in Dutch) to 50% alcohol by volume. Because the resulting spirit was not palatable due to the lack of refined distilling techniques (with only the pot still being available), herbs were added to mask the flavour. The juniper berry (which comes from the Latin "juniperus"), hence the name "jenever" (and the English name gin), was used for its alleged medicinal benefits.


title: Jenever

text: The first written references to genever (or jenever) are found in scientific papers written by several Flemish authors. Jacob van Maerlant (Bruges, 1235 – 1300) described how to add parts of the juniper tree to a spirit made of distilling wine in his book "Der Naturen Bloeme", published in 1266. It was the first writing of distilling in Dutch and had to do with the juniper tree. Later on, in 1522, the Antwerp based doctor Phillipus Hermanni wrote a first recipe of genever. He described how to mist crushed juniper berries with wine and to distill it afterwards. The very first versions of genever were being made for medical purposes and came from distilled wine. Later on, when cold periods drove out the vineyards in Flanders, it was replaced by distilling beer calling it malt wine.


title: Jenever

text: There is tradition that attributes the invention of jenever to the Dutch chemist and alchemist Franciscus Sylvius de Bouve (1614–1672). However, the evidence suggests that jenever was already known and used as a medicine in the 1500s. Already by 1606 (several years before Sylvius's birth), the Dutch had levied taxes on jenever and similar liquors as alcoholic drinks, suggesting that jenever had by then stopped being considered a medicinal remedy. Furthermore, prior to Sylvius's tenth birthday, jenever appeared in Philip Massinger's 1623 play, "The Duke of Milan", which referred to the drink as "geneva". "Geneva" was the Anglicized name for jenever (even though the drink has no relation to the Swiss city of Geneva), a name that English soldiers had brought back with them when returning from battle in the Low Countries, first in 1587 (well before Sylvius's birth) and again during the early 1600s.


title: Jenever

text: Since the 1950s, Dutch flag carrier airline KLM has issued a series of Delft Blue houses modelled on buildings in the Netherlands filled with jenever, which are presented to passengers.


title: Jenever

text: There are two types of jenever: "oude" (old) and "jonge" (young). This is not a matter of aging, but of distilling techniques. Around 1900, it became possible to distill a high-grade type of alcohol almost neutral in taste, independent of the origin of the spirit. A worldwide tendency for a lighter and less dominant taste, as well as lower prices, led to the development of blended whisky in Scotland, and in the Netherlands to "Jonge Jenever". During World War I, the lack of imported cereals – and hence malt – forced the promotion of this blend. Alcohol derived from molasses from the sugar beet industry was used as an alternative to grain spirit. People started using the term "oude" for the old-style jenever, and "jonge" for the new style, which contains more grain instead of malt and can even contain plain sugar-based alcohol.


title: Jenever

text: In modern times, jenever distilled from grain and malt only is labelled "Graanjenever". "Jonge jenever" can contain no more than 15% malt wine and 10 grams of sugar per litre. "Oude jenever" must contain at least 15% malt wine, but no more than 20 g of sugar per litre. "Korenwijn" (grain wine) is a drink very similar to the 18th-century-style jenever, and is often matured for a few years in an oak cask; it contains from 51% to 70% malt wine and up to 20 g/L of sugar. Although the name "oude jenever" does not necessarily mean that the jenever is in fact old, there are some distilleries that age their jenever in oak barrels.


title: Jenever

text: About 90% of all "Jonge Jenever" sold on the market is a blend from malt wine produced by Filliers in Belgium, sugar beet or grain based ethyl alcohol from factories in Germany, France and (mostly) Russia, and water. Most of the bigger brands contain no malt wine, so resemble in essence vodka. Distilleries in Belgium and the Netherlands actually distilling jenever mostly produce limited volumes of specialty drinks.


title: Jenever

text: "Jonge jenever" has a neutral taste, like vodka, with a slight aroma of juniper and malt wine. "Oude jenever" has a smoother, very aromatic taste with malty flavours. "Oude jenever" is sometimes aged in wood; its malty, woody and smoky flavours resemble whisky.


title: Jenever

text: Different grains used in the production process – such as barley, wheat, spelt and rye – produce different flavoured jenevers. The taste is sometimes enhanced by adopting barrels previously used for American whiskey.


title: Jenever

text: Hasselt, Deinze, Aalst and Liège in Belgium, and Schiedam, Groningen, Amsterdam and Delft in the Netherlands, are well known for their jenevers and often referred to as "jenever cities" ("jeneversteden"). In Amsterdam, jenever is made by "The Stillery", "Van Wees "and "Wynand Fockink". Well-known Schiedam jenever distilleries include "Nolet", "Onder De Boompjes", "Pit" and "De Kuyper". (Jenever can appear under the English-language name "schiedam".) Near the Dutch-Belgian border, in Baarle-Nassau, "Zuidam" produces traditional jenevers and Dutch liquors. Other jenever-cities in the Netherlands are Groningen ("Hooghoudt") and Dordrecht ("Rutte Distillery"). In Belgium, Deinze is very well known as for the "Filliers" distillery and Aalst is well known for "Stokerij De Moor" and "Stokerij Van Der Schueren", both still active today. Hasselt styles itself Belgium's jenever capital, and has a museum dedicated to the drink. Also with the Biercée Distillery in Wallonia, one of only two Belgian distilleries to export their genever to the USA.


title: Jenever

text: Dutch-based Lucas Bols produces and sells "oude genever", known as "ginebra" in Spanish, in South America. Ketel One is now more known for producing vodka, but started out as, and still is, a jenever distillery.


title: Jenever

text: Traditionally the drink is served in a tulip-shaped glass filled to the brim, with the surface tension enabling the jenever to rise higher than the glass's edge. "Jonge jenever", colloquially a "jonkie" ("young'un"), is usually served at room temperature, sometimes (though this is now quite old fashioned) with some sugar and a tiny spoon to stir. The drink is sometimes served cold from a bottle kept in a freezer or on the rocks ("jonge met ijs"). The higher-quality "oude jenever" (and "korenwijn") is usually served at room temperature. When jenever is drunk alongside beer (normally lager) as a chaser, it is referred to as a "kopstoot" (headbutt), when the glass of jenever is dipped into the beer glass it is called a "duikboot" (submarine) in Flanders and the South of Holland. Traditionally, jenever is served in full shot glasses taken directly from the freezer. As the glass is very full it is advisable to take the first sips without holding the glass, leaving it on the table and bending one's back to apply one's mouth to the glass.


title: Jenever

text: Recognized for its historic and cultural contribution, and subject to production specifications, the European Union protected genever with 11 specific types of jenever as a geographical indication:


title: Jenever

text: The names Genièvre and Genièvre de Jura are also protected geographical indications of Switzerland (recognised in the EU).


title: Jenever

text: Protection as a geographical indication of Jenever also applies in Armenia, China, Georgia, Iceland, Kosovo, Liechtenstein, Mexico, Moldova, Norway, Switzerland, Ukraine, the United Kingdom and Japan.


title: Catatumbo lightning

text: Catatumbo lightning () is an atmospheric phenomenon that occurs over the mouth of the Catatumbo River where it empties into Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela. Catatumbo means "House of Thunder" in the language of the Bari people. It originates from a mass of storm clouds at an altitude of more than , and occurs for 140 to 160 nights a year, nine hours per day, and with lightning flashes from 16 to 40 times per minute. It occurs over and around Lake Maracaibo, typically over a bog area formed where the Catatumbo River flows into the lake. The phenomenon sees the highest density of lightning in the world, at 250 per km.


title: Catatumbo lightning

text: The lightning changes its flash frequency throughout the year, and it is different from year to year. For example, it ceased from January to March 2010, apparently due to drought, leading to speculation that it might have been extinguished permanently.


title: Catatumbo lightning

text: Catatumbo lightning usually develops between and , toward the west of Lake Maracaibo. The storms are thought to be the result of winds blowing across the lake and the surrounding swampy plains. These air masses meet the high mountain ridges of the Andes, the Perijá Mountains (), and Mérida's Cordillera, enclosing the plain from three sides. The heat and moisture collected across the plains create electrical charges and, as the air masses are destabilized by the mountain ridges, result in thunderstorm activity. The phenomenon is characterized by almost continuous lightning, mostly within the clouds. The lightning produces a great quantity of ozone though whether or not it contributes to the Ozonosphere is a topic of disagreement, given the instability of the storm.


title: Catatumbo lightning

text: Russian researcher Andrei Zavrotsky investigated the area several times. He concluded that the lightning has several epicenters in the marshes of Juan Manuel de Aguas National Park, Claras Aguas Negras, and western Lake Maracaibo. In 1991 he suggested that the phenomenon occurred due to cold and warm air currents meeting around the area. The study also speculated that an isolated cause for the lightning might be the presence of uranium in the bedrock.


title: Catatumbo lightning

text: Between 1997 and 2000, a series of four studies proposed that the methane produced by the swamps and the massive oil deposits in the area were a major cause of the phenomenon. The methane model is based on the symmetry properties of methane. Other studies have indicated that this model is contradicted by the observed behavior of the lightning, as it would predict that there would be more lightning in the dry season (January–February), and less in the wet season (April–May and September–October).


title: Catatumbo lightning

text: A team from the Universidad del Zulia has investigated the impact of different atmospheric variables on Catatumbo lightning's daily, seasonal and year-to-year variability, finding relationships with the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Caribbean Low-Level Jet, and the local winds and convective available potential energy (CAPE). Using satellite data, NASA counts that there are around 250 instances of lightning per km.


title: Catatumbo lightning

text: A 2016 study showed that it is possible to forecast lightning in the Lake Maracaibo basin up to a few months in advance, based in the variability of the Lake Maracaibo Low-Level Jet and its interactions with predictable climate modes like the ENSO and the Caribbean Low-Level Jet. The study also showed that the forecast accuracy is significantly higher when an index based on a combination of winds and convective available potential energy (CAPE) is used. The index seems to capture well the compound effect of multiple climate drivers.


title: Catatumbo lightning

text: There are several references by colonial Portuguese and Spanish sources, that name this phenomenon as "Lanterns of Saint Anthony" or the "Lighthouse of Maracaibo", as also noted by Alexander Walker in 1822. Based on M. Palacios book "Viage de Varinas", Prussian naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt described the lightning in 1826.


title: Catatumbo lightning

text: Italian geographer Agustin Codazzi described it in 1841 as "like a continuous lightning, and its position such that, located almost on the meridian of the mouth of the lake, it directs the navigators as a lighthouse."


title: Catatumbo lightning

text: The phenomenon is depicted on the flag and coat of arms of the state of Zulia, which also contains Lake Maracaibo, and is mentioned in the state's anthem. The phenomenon has been known for centuries as the "Lighthouse of Maracaibo", since it is visible for miles around Lake Maracaibo.


title: Catatumbo lightning

text: Some authors have misinterpreted a reference to a glow in the night sky in Lope de Vega's description in his epic, ""La Dragontea"" of the attack against San Juan de Puerto Rico by Sir Francis Drake as an early literary allusion to the lightning (since in another verse the poet does mention Maracaibo), but it was actually a reference to the glow produced by burning ships during the battle.


title: Marshall University

text: Marshall University is a public research university in Huntington, West Virginia. It was founded in 1837 and is named after John Marshall, the fourth Chief Justice of the United States.


title: Marshall University

text: The university is currently composed of nine colleges: Lewis College of Business (LCOB), College of Education and Professional Development (COE), College of Arts and Media (COAM), College of Health Professions (COHP), Honors College, College of Engineering and Computer Sciences (CECS), College of Liberal Arts (COLA), College of Science (COS), and University College; and two schools – School of Pharmacy, and the Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine; and a regional center for cancer research. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".


title: Marshall University

text: Marshall University was founded in 1837 as a private subscription school by residents of Guyandotte and the surrounding area. The landmark Old Main, which now serves as the primary administrative building for the university, was built on land known as Maple Grove, at the time the home of the Mount Hebron Church in what was then the state of Virginia. John Laidley, a local attorney, hosted the meeting which led to the founding of Marshall Academy, which was named after Laidley's friend, the eminent John Marshall who had served as the fourth Chief Justice of the United States from January 1801 to July 1835.


title: Marshall University

text: On March 30, 1838, the institution was formally dedicated by the Virginia General Assembly as Marshall Academy; however this institution was not a college level institution as that was understood at that time. In 1858, the Virginia General Assembly changed the name to Marshall College, but this change still did not reflect its status as a true college. The Civil War closed the often financially challenged school for much of the 1860s.


title: Marshall University

text: On June 20, 1863, Cabell County, Virginia, was one of the 50 counties separated from Virginia at the height of the American Civil War to form the State of West Virginia, and the college fell within the new state. In 1867, the West Virginia Legislature resurrected the institution as a teacher training facility and renamed it State Normal School of Marshall College. This began the history of the college as a state-supported post-secondary institution.


title: Marshall University

text: With the exception of the Old Main building, expansion of the facilities and the college itself did not begin until 1907, when the West Virginia Board of Regents changed the title of the presiding officer from "principal" to "president" and allowed the creation of new college-level departments. At that time, enrollment surpassed 1,000 students. The school began offering four-year degrees for the first time in 1920.


title: Marshall University

text: In 1937, the college suffered through a devastating flooding by the Ohio River. Numerous structures, such as Northcott Hall and the James E. Morrow Library were extensively flooded. Much of Huntington was also heavily damaged, and as a result, a floodwall was constructed around much of the town to prevent future occurrences.


title: Marshall University

text: The West Virginia Board of Education authorized Marshall College in 1938 to offer the master's degree in six programs: chemistry, education, history, political science, psychology, and sociology, as the institution underwent another expansion. In that year the school was accredited as a "university level institution"; however, elevation to university status would remain a contentious political issue for decades to come. Further expansion accelerated after World War II.


title: Marshall University

text: On March 2, 1961, West Virginia Legislature elevated the college to university status, thus becoming Marshall University; the legislation was signed by Governor W. W. Barron. The student newspaper, The Parthenon, prepared two front pages for the day, depending on the outcome of the legislature's vote. Also in 1961, WMUL-FM began operations as the first public radio station in West Virginia. The station, which began in the Science Building at 10 watts of power, now broadcasts from the Communications Building with 1,400 watts.


title: Marshall University

text: In 1969, the university's athletic program, facing a number of scandals, fired both its football and basketball coaches and was suspended from the Mid-American Conference and from the National Collegiate Athletic Association. The university rebuilt its athletic program back to respectability, and in 1977, the university joined the Southern Conference.


title: Marshall University

text: On the evening of November 14, 1970, the Thundering Herd football team, along with coaches and fans, were returning home to Huntington from Kinston, North Carolina. The team had just lost a game 17–14 against the East Carolina University Pirates at Ficklen Stadium in Greenville, North Carolina. The chartered Southern Airways Flight 932 crashed on approach to the Tri-State Airport after clipping trees just west of the runway and impacting, nose-first, into a hollow. All 75 people on board were killed, including 37 players and five coaches. Thirteen members of the team, as well as the members of the freshman football team, who were not eligible to play varsity under NCAA rules at that time, were not passengers.


title: Marshall University

text: The following season a new head coach, Jack Lengyel, was hired. The leaders of the "Young Thundering Herd" (to which the team officially changed its name for the 1971 season) were the few players who did not make the trip due to injury or disciplinary action. Fifteen sophomores from the previous year's freshman team were included, as well as a group of freshmen who were allowed to play at the varsity level after the NCAA granted a waiver to its rule barring them from doing so. Three years later, the NCAA would waive the rule for all schools. Completing the squad were players from other Marshall sports programs. They won only two of their 10 games in 1971: a 15–13 victory against the Xavier Musketeers in the season's first home game, and a 12-10 homecoming game victory against the Bowling Green Falcons.


title: Marshall University

text: A fountain and plaza at the center of the school campus is dedicated to the victims of the crash. The water does not flow from November 14 until the first day of spring football practice the following year. The tragedy and its aftermath were the subject of several documentaries, including the award-winning "". The tragedy and the rebuilding efforts were dramatized in the 2006 Warner Brothers feature "We Are Marshall", which opened in Huntington a week before its national release date. Many scenes in the movie were filmed on the campus and throughout Huntington.


title: Marshall University

text: In 1971 the Williamson and Logan campuses of Marshall University were combined by the West Virginia Legislature to form Southern West Virginia Community College (now Southern West Virginia Community and Technical College).


title: Marshall University

text: In 1977 the university founded its School of Medicine, the first professional school and the first doctoral program. Over the next 20 years the school would add doctoral programs in many fields. Twenty years later, in 1997, the West Virginia Graduate College became the graduate college of Marshall University. Its campus is in South Charleston, West Virginia. In 1998, the John Deaver Drinko Library opened on campus. The center includes a 24-hour study center and a coffee shop, and has wired and wireless networking throughout the building. John Deaver Drinko graduated from the university in 1942. In 1997, Marshall merged with the West Virginia University College of Graduate Studies (COGS), with the latter being renamed "Marshall University Graduate College". In 2010 the university was authorized to begin offering undergraduate classes in South Charleston and renamed the facility Marshall University - South Charleston Campus.


title: Marshall University

text: Marshall's enrollment was 16,500 in 2004. In addition to the main campus in Huntington and the branch campus in South Charleston, West Virginia, the school maintains undergraduate centers in Gilbert, Point Pleasant, and Hurricane, West Virginia. In 1989, Marshall was governed by the West Virginia University Board of Trustees, but this ended in 2000.


title: Marshall University

text: Several new facilities have been recently completed on Huntington campus. These buildings include two new first-year student residence halls, a health and recreation center, an engineering lab facility, softball field, and an artificial turf practice field that is open to the public. The Marshall University Foundation Hall, home of the Erickson Alumni Center, finished construction in 2010. In 2013 Marshall began construction on a new indoor practice facility, a new soccer field and the Applied Engineering complex.


title: Marshall University

text: In July 2005, Dr Stephen J. Kopp took over as Marshall University's president and Dr Gayle Ormiston served as the Provost and Senior Vice President for Academic Affairs.


title: Marshall University

text: On December 17, 2014, the presidency of Marshall University was vacated after the sudden death of Dr Kopp. The Marshall University Board of Governors met on campus in emergency session on December 18, 2014, to begin the succession process, and announced on December 29, 2014, that Gary G. White, a member of the West Virginia Higher Education Policy Commission and former chairman of the Marshall University Board of Governors, would serve as interim president of the university, effective Thursday, January 1, 2015. White resigned from the West Virginia Higher Education Policy Commission to take on the role of interim president and was not a candidate for the permanent position. The Marshall University Board of Governors named Mississippi State University Provost Jerome A. "Jerry" Gilbert the 37th president of Marshall University on October 20, 2015.


title: Marshall University

text: Marshall University has continued to expand its academic profile in recent years. The addition of a new school of pharmacy building located on Charleston Ave, adjacent to Hal Greer Boulevard, in Huntington, WV has helped Marshall grow its Health Science Campus. Named after former Marshall president, the Stephen J. Kopp Hall broke ground on June 18, 2018. The new school of pharmacy was completed in August 2019. Along with this, a new student housing complex was built alongside the new pharmacy school and opened in August 2019. Named The Landing, the housing complex offers luxury units for pharmacy, medical, and graduate Marshall students on the Health Science Campus.


title: Marshall University

text: In August 2021 Marshall opened the Bill Noe Flight School at Yeager Airport in Charleston, WV. The Bill Noe Flight School features a 12,000 sq ft. academic building, a hangar, and an aircraft parking apron. The school of aviation offers two undergraduate programs: commercial pilot: fixed wing and aviation maintenance. These programs began accepting students starting in Fall 2021, with additional programs being added in the future.


title: Marshall University

text: Other new programs offered by the university include a physician assistant program offered through the Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, which accepted students in its inaugural class in January 2021.


title: Marshall University

text: On October 28, 2021, the Marshall Board of Governors appointed Brad D. Smith as the university's 38th president, succeeding the retiring President Jerome Gilbert. Smith, retired CEO of financial software company Intuit, was already a major benefactor of the university.


title: Marshall University

text: At the time of Smith's selection as president, Marshall was already preparing for the November 2021 groundbreaking for its new 77,000 sq ft. Brad D. Smith Center for Business and Innovation. The building was planned to house the Lewis College of Business as well as the Brad D. Smith School of Business. Along with classroom space, the Smith Center will feature a forum and auditorium, computer and finance labs, office space, meeting rooms, and study spaces for students. The center will be located at the 1400 block of 4th Ave in Huntington, WV and is expected to open for students by the Spring 2024 semester.


title: Marshall University

text: Marshall's faculty members include Dr Jean Edward Smith, known for his works "Grant" and "John Marshall: Definer of a Nation," which was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in biography. The Higher Education for Learning Problems (H.E.L.P.) program founded by Dr Barbara Guyer assists students with learning disabilities and related disorders complete their college education.


title: Marshall University

text: Marshall offers scholarship programs under John Marshall Scholars and the Society of Yeager Scholars.


title: Marshall University

text: The university is involved in the arts of the surrounding Appalachian region. The Joan C. Edwards Performing Arts center is a state-of-the-art, 530-seat facility for studies in the fields of music, art, and theatre. The Jomie Jazz Center is a $2.6 million facility that houses the university's study program in jazz.


title: Marshall University

text: In 2016, Marshall's Forensic Science Graduate Program ranked #1 in the United States based upon scores on the Forensic Science Assessment Test (FSAT), which is a qualifying test offered by the American Board of Criminalistics. It was the 7th time in 10 years that the program was ranked number #1 overall.


title: Marshall University

text: In 2011, Marshall's Digital Forensics Graduate Program was the first program in the United States to obtain full accreditation in digital forensics from the Forensic Science Education Programs Accreditation Commission (FEPAC).


title: Marshall University

text: The school's general engineering program was closed in 1970, but was re-established with a graduate program in 1993, and a general engineering undergraduate program in 2006.


title: Marshall University

text: Marshall has granted the master's degree since 1938. Building on the School of Medicine, the university began granting other doctoral degrees in 1994. Marshall now offers a PhD in Biomedical Sciences, the EdD in Educational Leadership or Curriculum and Instruction, and professional doctorates in Nurse Anesthesia, Pharmacy, Psychology, and Physical Therapy.


title: Marshall University

text: Marshall's athletic teams are known as the "Thundering Herd". The school colors are kelly green and white. Marshall participates in NCAA Division I (FBS for football) as a member of the Sun Belt Conference. The name Thundering Herd came from a Zane Grey novel released in 1925, and a silent movie of the same name two years later. It was originally used by "The Herald-Dispatch" sports editor Carl "Duke" Ridgley, but many other nicknames were suggested over the next thirty years including Boogercats, Big Green, Green Gobblers, Rams, and Judges. In 1965, students, alums and faculty settled on Thundering Herd in a vote, and Big Green was given to the athletic department's fund-raising wing.


title: Marshall University

text: Marshall is home to 15 NCAA Division I teams that compete within the Sun Belt. Sports at the school include women's softball, swimming and diving, tennis, volleyball, and track and field; men's football, baseball; and teams for both genders in basketball, cross country, golf, and soccer.


title: Marshall University

text: Marshall began playing football in 1895 and has a long tradition as a football school. The plane crash on November 14, 1970, that killed 75 people from the 1970 Thundering Herd football team continues to have a lasting impact on the university and Huntington community. November 14, 2020 marked 50 years since the tragedy.


title: Marshall University

text: In 2020, the men's soccer team won the National Championship after defeating Indiana, 1–0, in the 2020 NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship Game.


title: Marshall University

text: The student-run Campus Activities Board organizes free campus-wide events. There are more than 200 student organizations at Marshall. Fraternities and sororities have also been an active part of student life here for more than 100 years. Also available to students is the Marshall Artists Series, which brings Broadway, dance, music, comedy, and opera to the university, and two international film festivals. Students can obtain free tickets to athletics, Marshall Artists Series productions and to theater productions at the Joan C. Edwards Performing Arts Center.


title: Marshall University

text: Each Fall semester, before the first week of classes in August, Marshall celebrates the Week of Welcome (WOW) for all incoming freshmen students. The week includes several fun activities including: freshman orientation, Build-A-Bison (a build-a-bear style event but students make a mini version of the school's mascot, Marco), RecFest at the Marshall Recreation Center, and a showing of the movie "We Are Marshall" inside the football stadium. The week is capped off with a class picture and the President's Freshman Convocation; an event where all incoming freshman walk down 4th Ave in Huntington, WV, led by the university president and drumline, to the historic Keith Albee theater in downtown Huntington.


title: Marshall University

text: Marshall is home to over 200+ student organizations and clubs. Students can find and join these student organizations via HerdLink - the school's online portal for student groups.


title: Marshall University

text: Formerly the Marshall Maniacs, The Stampede is the university's official student club for Marshall Athletics. By signing up, students receive various perks including: exclusive t-shirt, custom key chain, laptop sticker, a free student guest ticket to home football game of choice, and a HerdPerks discount card. By joining The Stampede, students will become official members of the Big Green Scholarship Foundation and receive all of the perks.


title: Marshall University

text: There are 15 chapters on campus that are members of one of three communities: the Interfraternity Council (IFC), the National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC), and the Panhellenic Council (PHC). Fraternities and sororities have been established on campus for 96 years. Sigma Sigma Sigma, established at Marshall in 1922, was the first of the national organization.


title: Marshall University

text: Marshall has an on-campus recreation center that is open for student use. Nicknamed The Rec, the recreation center began construction in July 2007 and was completed and opened to the public on February 5, 2009. The facility features an aquatic center with a spa, 3 lap lanes, vortex whirlpool, and leisure area. Other amenities include a three-story climbing wall, a 1/7 mile track, courts for racquetball, volleyball, and basketball, 4 specialized fitness studios, and an 2-floor fitness area with free weights, Nautilus, and cardiovascular machines. The Rec also offers several programs to Marshall students and Huntington community including: swim lessons, outdoor trips, Intramural sports, youth camps, premium fitness classes, safety certifications, and university 1-credit hour PEL courses. The mission of The Rec is to promote health and well-being by providing a clean and safe environment, innovative programs and opportunities for student development within the Marshall community. The vision is to have a lifelong impact on the Marshall community by serving as a destination for healthy lifestyles.


title: Marshall University

text: There are ten residence halls located on the main campus, with additional housing on the Health Science campus.


title: Marshall University

text: Freshmen students live in one of several residence halls dedicated to first-year students. Living Learning Communities provide student accommodation for those with similar interests. Marshall also provides for student living for upperclassmen. Among them is Marshall Commons, with four residence halls: Gibson, Wellman, Haymaker, and Willis. Each is a four-story co-residence hall, made up of four-person single suites, four-person double suites, and eight-person double suites.


title: Marshall University

text: Marshall University broke ground on a new graduate student housing complex on the Health Science Campus of the Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine in June 2018. The graduate housing project, adjacent to the Erma Ora Byrd Clinical Center, will feature 200 units for apartment-style living and will accommodate pharmacy and medical students, and resident physicians. The Landing opened in August 2019.


title: Marshall University

text: Each September, the Marshall community commemorates the adoption of the U.S. Constitution and the contributions to our nation’s legal system by university namesake John Marshall, fourth chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. Constitution Week is sponsored by the John Deaver Drinko Academy and includes an essay competition, quoits tournament, lecture forum and celebration of John Marshall’s birthday.


title: Marshall University

text: Held on Buskirk Field this fun game is similar to horseshoes, and was one of John Marshall's favorite pastimes. Quoits are rings of iron that, like horseshoes, are pitched at stakes. The quoits pits on Buskirk Field are particularly busy during Constitution Week activities. Both students and faculty are welcome to play.


title: Marshall University

text: Each year in October, Homecoming Week is celebrated at Marshall University with a week of fun activities to celebrate current students and welcome back alumni. Every year, a homecoming "theme" is selected by a committee of students, staff and alumni, which drives the entire week of activities throughout both the campus and Huntington. The annual homecoming parade is one of the longest-lasting traditions during the week of homecoming events. Other popular events include a bonfire following the parade, Picnic on the Plaza, Stampede 5K and annual Marshall Family Tailgate. The week is capped off with the Marshall homecoming football game and naming of Mr. and Mrs. Marshall during the football game halftime show.


title: Marshall University

text: The university's annual exposition has been held for more than 50 years and features international foods, world music and dance, and displays representing many different countries and cultures. The November festival is free and open to the public.


title: Marshall University

text: The Student Government Association holds a memorial service each year on the anniversary of the Nov. 14, 1970, plane crash that took the lives of 75 people, including the Marshall University football team, coaches, staff, community members and crew. The ceremony is held in front of the Memorial Fountain on the Memorial Student Center plaza. As is traditional, the water in the fountain is stopped during the service, to remain silent until spring. November 14, 2020 marked the 50th anniversary of the plane crash.


title: Marshall University

text: Actors Billy Crystal and Brad Dourif attended the school but did not graduate, as did musician Michael W. Smith.


title: Elbow (band)

text: Greater Manchester, in 1997. The band consists of Guy Garvey (lead vocals, guitar), Craig Potter (keyboard, piano, backing vocals), Mark Potter (guitar, backing vocals) and Pete Turner (bass guitar, backing vocals). They have played together since 1990, adopting the name Elbow in 1997. Drummer Alex Reeves replaced Richard Jupp in 2016.


title: Elbow (band)

text: The band have released nine studio albums: "Asleep in the Back" (2001), "Cast of Thousands" (2003), "Leaders of the Free World" (2005), "The Seldom Seen Kid" (2008), "Build a Rocket Boys!" (2011), "The Take Off and Landing of Everything" (2014), "Little Fictions" (2017), "Giants of All Sizes" (2019) and "Flying Dream 1" (2021). Their studio albums, as well as their B-sides compilation "Dead in the Boot" (2012), all reached the top 15 of the British album chart. Seven of their singles placed in the top 40 of the British singles chart. Their most recent album, "Flying Dream 1", was released on 19 November 2021.


title: Elbow (band)

text: In 2008, Elbow won the Mercury Music Prize for their album "The Seldom Seen Kid", and in 2009 they won the Brit Award for Best British Group. In 2012, they released "First Steps", the BBC theme for the 2012 London Olympics.


title: Elbow (band)

text: Garvey, then aged 16, met guitarist Mark Potter in 1990, while both were attending Bury College in Bury, Greater Manchester. Potter asked Garvey to sing in a band he was in with drummer Richard Jupp and bassist Pete Turner. Together, the four formed the band 'Mr Soft' (the name was later shortened to 'Soft'). Potter's brother Craig then joined the band on keyboards. That year the band played their first gig together at the Corner Pin pub in Ramsbottom.


title: Elbow (band)

text: They changed their name a second time to 'Elbow' in 1997, inspired by a line in the BBC TV drama "The Singing Detective" in which the character Philip Marlow describes the word "elbow" as the loveliest word in the English language. After winning a local Battle of the Bands, the band signed with Island Records and recorded their first album with producer Steve Osborne at Real World Studios. However, Island sold out to major label Universal. The band was dropped in a mass cull and the album was not released.


title: Elbow (band)

text: Elbow continued to record with independent label Ugly Man Records and released "The Noisebox EP", "The Newborn EP", and "The Any Day Now EP". These releases garnered extensive airplay on BBC Radio 1.


title: Elbow (band)

text: Elbow's debut album "Asleep in the Back" was released in May 2001 on V2 Records. The album was written over the course of six years, and contains six rerecorded tracks from the Real World Studios sessions. "Asleep in the Back" was shortlisted for the Mercury Music Prize and earned the band a BRIT Award nomination for Best New British Band.


title: Elbow (band)

text: The band's second album "Cast of Thousands" was released in August 2003. The title of the album is a reference to their performance at the 2002 Glastonbury Festival, where they recorded the audience singing, "We still believe in love, so fuck you". The recording is featured on the song "Grace Under Pressure".


title: Elbow (band)

text: In 2004 Elbow toured Cuba, playing songs from "Asleep in the Back" and "Cast of Thousands" at venues in and around Havana. British documentary maker Irshad Ashraf filmed a large portion of the tour. The resulting short film was shown at film festivals in 2004, but remains commercially unavailable.


title: Elbow (band)

text: Their third album, "Leaders of the Free World", was released in 2005. It was self-produced at Blueprint Studios in Salford, a studio the band hired for the sessions. They teamed up with video artists The Soup Collective to produce an integrated music and video DVD.


title: Elbow (band)

text: In 2006, the band moved to Fiction Records and completed their fourth studio album "The Seldom Seen Kid" in late 2007, which was produced and mixed by Craig Potter. The album was released in March 2008 and sold over 1 million copies.


title: Elbow (band)

text: On 9 September 2008, they were awarded the Mercury Music Prize for "The Seldom Seen Kid", and in May 2009 the band won two Ivor Novello Awards: "One Day Like This" won the main award for Best Song, and "Grounds for Divorce" was voted Best Contemporary Song. Elbow were also awarded Best International Band at the Meteor Awards in Dublin on 17 March 2009.


title: Elbow (band)

text: Elbow and Bournemouth-based band Air Traffic embarked on an extensive North American tour in May 2008, which was very well received by the media including Blender and Spin magazine. Elbow performed at Delamere Forest in Cheshire on 14 June 2008 as part of the Forestry Commission's 2008 music tours, supported by I Am Kloot. The band commented before the show, "We always love playing gigs in unusual places. We've never done a gig in a forest before so we're really looking forward to it." Elbow appeared on the Other Stage at the Glastonbury Festival on 28 June 2008, joined on stage by violinists and cellists. They performed in the Obelisk Arena at the Latitude Festival on 19 July 2008, and in August played at the Electric Picnic festival. On 9 September, they performed at the National Movie Awards broadcast on ITV, and appeared on BBC2's "Later Live" show hosted by Jools Holland on 23 September.


title: Elbow (band)

text: On 17 January 2009, Elbow gave an exclusive performance of their album "The Seldom Seen Kid" for BBC Radio 2 and BBC 6 Music together with the BBC Concert Orchestra and London-based chamber choir Chantage at Abbey Road Studios (first broadcast on 31 January 2009). On 14 March 2009, they played Wembley Arena. On 3 July 2009, Elbow played to an audience of 80,000 at Rock Werchter. The next day, Elbow played for approximately 15,000 at Roskilde Festival, Denmark; on stage, Garvey remarked that "last time we played in Denmark, 7 people came." They performed with The Hallé Orchestra and Youth Choir at the Bridgewater Hall as part of the Manchester International Festival on 8 and 9 July 2009. These concerts featured specially-commissioned orchestral and choral arrangements of material spanning all 4 albums. The Hallé musicians and Garvey singers were positioned just to the right of conductor and arranger Joe Duddell. On 11 July 2009 they played the Main Stage at Oxegen 2009 at Punchestown Racecourse, County Kildare. The band performed on the Main Stage at T in the Park in Balado, Kinross, Scotland, on 12 July 2009. And on 18 July, they played the "Escenario Verde" at FIB 2009 in Benicassim, Spain. They opened for Coldplay at several stops on the Viva la Vida Tour's 2009 North American leg. They performed at All Points West Music & Arts Festival in Jersey City and the Osheaga Festival in Montreal. On 4 August 2009, Elbow headlined their second show at the in Washington, DC and on 8 August 2009, they performed at the Center Stage Theatre in Atlanta. They opened for U2 during their August 2009 UK shows at Wembley Stadium in London and the Sheffield Don Valley Stadium.


title: Elbow (band)

text: In November 2009, Britain's long-running arts series "The South Bank Show" aired a 60-minute documentary about Elbow on ITV. Combining live footage of Elbow's September 2009 live performance at Manchester Evening News Arena with an interview between Guy Garvey and presenter Melvyn Bragg, the first half of the documentary focused on Elbow's early career and attempts to get a record deal. The second half discussed songs from "Asleep in the Back", "Leaders of the Free World" and "The Seldom Seen Kid". The documentary also contained sequences of Craig Potter demonstrating Elbow's unusual recording techniques at Blueprint Studios, Mark Potter driving around Elbow's old neighbourhood in Bury, Greater Manchester, Pete Turner showing cameras around Manchester's Northern Quarter where the band played their first gigs as Elbow and sequences of Guy Garvey reading through old and new lyric books. Some of the lines Garvey recited became the lyrics to "Jesus Was a Rochdale Girl" and "High Ideals".


title: Elbow (band)

text: Elbow's fifth studio album, "Build a Rocket Boys!", was released on 7 March 2011. Upon its release the album hit Number 2 in the UK album charts, the highest of any Elbow album to date. "Build a Rocket Boys!" also earned the band their third nomination for the Mercury Prize.


title: Elbow (band)

text: The album had the working title 'Lippy Kids'. Guy Garvey told BBC 6 Music's Shaun Keaveney "It's quite a nostalgic thing. I've got a thing about growing up. Not needing to, but a certain period of your life when – well kids are called 'hoodies' these days aren't they when they reach their teens. I remember it being an amazing important time, so I've written a lot about that."


title: Elbow (band)

text: The album was supported by the Build a Rocket Boys! Tour. On Saturday 11 June 2011, Elbow played at Pinkpop in the Netherlands. On Saturday 25 June 2011 Elbow played the Pyramid stage at Glastonbury 2011, in a performance which music journalist Stuart Maconie described as "career-defining". Between 26 and 28 August 2011 Elbow performed at both Reading and Leeds Festivals, after a long tour of British festivals including Glastonbury 2011.


title: Elbow (band)

text: In November 2011, it was announced that Elbow were to compose the theme for the BBC's 2012 Olympic coverage. The six-minute anthem entitled "First Steps" was recorded with the BBC Philharmonic Orchestra and the NovaVox gospel choir. Elbow were also one of the few artists chosen to perform at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, where they performed "Open Arms" and "One Day Like This" as the athletes began their entrance into the stadium. This resulted in a sales increase of over 1000%, among the highest of any performers.


title: Elbow (band)

text: Elbow headlined the 2012 Latitude Festival on 14 July. Elbow told Festival Republic that they would only headline the Saturday of Latitude 2012 so they could celebrate the French Revolution by closing their set with a large fireworks display in honour of Bastille Day.


title: Elbow (band)

text: A compilation album called "Dead in the Boot" was released on 27 August 2012. Described by Garvey as "a real late night vibe", it features B-sides and "hard to find non-album tracks". The title is a reference to Elbow's debut album "Asleep in the Back".


title: Elbow (band)

text: In June 2011, Garvey confirmed to the "Daily Mirror" that the band had started working on new material for the follow-up to "Build a Rocket Boys!", saying, "Rich [drummer Richard Jupp] went into the studio and recorded several different drum patterns for me. I'll go away next week and try and write lyrics for them. We've never worked this way before, but we'll see what happens." The band started recording the album in November 2012, with Turner telling "Q" magazine that the new album would be "experimental": "We've been going very left-field with things. We are trying out new things". On 30 September 2013, the band simultaneously announced a live album, "Live at Jodrell Bank", and the release date of their next studio album as 10 March 2014. Garvey said in an interview with "Q" that the Manchester band's sixth LP would be called "Carry Her Carry Me", after previously having the working title of "All at Once".


title: Elbow (band)

text: The group spent two weeks working on the early stages of the album at Peter Gabriel's Real World Studios near Bath. Garvey told "NME", "It's the least aptly-named studio in the world. Real World? Is it fuck. But when you're there, you get six months work done in two weeks. To go and live and breathe your record without the distractions of the rest of life, you make creative decisions you would not have made at home."


title: Elbow (band)

text: In January 2014, the band announced that the album's title had changed to "The Take Off and Landing of Everything". The album was released on 10 March 2014 and debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart, becoming the group's first chart-topper.


title: Elbow (band)

text: In July 2015, Elbow released the "Lost Worker Bee" EP. Announced in June to the NME, Garvey stated "Elbow are involved in various solo projects and collaborative endeavours for the next few months and we just felt we really wanted to get 'something' away to tide fans over until the next album."


title: Elbow (band)

text: In October 2015, Guy Garvey released his first solo album "Courting the Squall", preceded by a short UK tour.


title: Elbow (band)

text: On 13 January 2016, Elbow released a 45-second long video filmed by Mark Potter with the tagline "Elbow 7. vibes.", showing the band working on guitar, keyboard and rhythm parts, as a possible indication that the band were in early stages of writing for their seventh album.


title: Elbow (band)

text: It was announced on 6 March 2016, that drummer Richard Jupp would be leaving the group and their forthcoming album would go ahead without him. They have since worked with session drummer Alex Reeves, taking an official photo with him in 2019.


title: Elbow (band)

text: On 27 July 2016, Elbow announced that their new album would be released on 3 February 2017, and would coincide with a British tour that would take place late February through March of the same year. They later released dates and a pre-order link through their website, with the initial cover art being a white background with black text reading "Elbow".


title: Elbow (band)

text: On 6 December 2016, Elbow released further details of the new record. It was revealed the title was "Little Fictions", and that it would be released on CD, on vinyl, for digital download, and as a limited edition boxset, all available through their webstore. The lead single, "Magnificent (She Says)", debuted on Jo Whiley's BBC Radio 2 show and was later added to the Elbow YouTube page. On 10 February 2017, "Little Fictions" reached number 1 on the UK Albums Chart, making the record their second to top the chart.


title: Elbow (band)

text: The band kicked off their US Tour in support of the album on 1 November with a sold-out show at The Paradise Rock Club in Boston, MA.


title: Elbow (band)

text: The band performed "Magnificent (She Says)" on "The Tonight Show starring Jimmy Fallon" on 2 November 2017. Also recorded, but not aired was a shorter version of "One Day Like This" which was released to the Tonight Show's YouTube channel.


title: Elbow (band)

text: On 10 November 2017, Elbow released a cover of "Golden Slumbers" by The Beatles. It was used in the 2017 John Lewis Christmas advert, titled "Moz the Monster".


title: Elbow (band)

text: On 7 August 2019, Elbow announced their eighth studio album "Giants of All Sizes" for release on 11 October 2019.


title: Elbow (band)

text: On 4 October 2019, Elbow released the track 'White Noise White Heat' on their official YouTube channel.


title: Elbow (band)

text: On 1 September 2021, Elbow announced their ninth studio album "Flying Dream 1" for release on 19 November 2021.


title: Elbow (band)

text: Elbow recorded an acoustic cover of Destiny's Child's "Independent Women" for a BBC Radio 1 session which was turned into a popular web animation by Joel Veitch, featuring a band of flat-capped northern kittens "performing" the song.


title: Elbow (band)

text: In January 2001, Elbow donated their unreleased original version of "Scattered Black and Whites" to Manchester Aid to Kosovo's compilation "Cohesion".


title: Elbow (band)

text: The band released several songs for War Child compilations. In 2002 Elbow recorded a cover of "Something in the Air" for the compilation "1 Love". Elbow contributed the song "Snowball" to another compilation, "", in September 2005. The song was originally recorded for the "Cast of Thousands" record but omitted from the final album as the band felt it did not fit; the political lyrics suited the Warchild compilation. In 2009 Elbow contributed their cover of U2's "Running to Stand Still" to "War Child Presents Heroes". Garvey explained: "When the band first met each other aged 17, Mark and Craig's father Gareth would lend us his Volvo to get our gear around. It seemed that for a year and a half all that we listened to in that car was "Rattle and Hum". I remember the excitement every time a U2 album was released, we just loved them. The first song we ever covered together before we had enough of our own songs to do a performance was 'Running to Stand Still'. For 'Heroes' we've changed the order of things but kept every musical theme in the song. We wrote it with the members of U2 in mind. War Child do exactly what it says on the tin. These kids shouldn't be in such circumstances in the first place, but they are, so thank god someone's doing something about it".


title: Elbow (band)

text: A cover of "Working Class Hero" was recorded by the band as part of a John Lennon tribute album, "Lennon: Covered Vol. 1", given away with Q Magazine in 2005. A The The cover of "August and September" was recorded as part of a tribute album "Q Covered: Best of 86/06" in 2006.


title: Elbow (band)

text: In 2010, Peter Gabriel released a version of Elbow's song "Mirrorball" on his album "Scratch My Back". In return, Elbow recorded a version of Gabriel's song "Mercy Street" from his 1986 album "So", which appeared on the album of Gabriel cover versions "And I'll Scratch Yours", released in 2013.


title: Elbow (band)

text: The song "Fallen Angel" appeared in the 2004 film "9 Songs", and the song "The Night Will Always Win" was used in the opening credits and title sequence of 2012's "".


title: Elbow (band)

text: Elbow created the song "What Time Do You Call This?" for the film Man Up, where it was featured in the end credits.


title: Elbow (band)

text: Elbow covered the song "Golden Slumbers" by The Beatles for the 2017 John Lewis Christmas commercial.


title: Elbow (band)

text: Elbow's musical style has been described as alternative rock, indie rock, indie pop, Britpop, art rock, progressive rock, dream pop, post-rock, and post-Britpop. Elbow have cited a number of influences on their music, including Genesis (in particular the progressive rock years featuring Peter Gabriel and Steve Hackett), Talk Talk and Radiohead. Guy Garvey has said: "I grew up listening to every Genesis record. I learned to write harmonies by listening to Peter Gabriel." The song "Newborn" from Elbow's debut album was directly influenced by "Entangled" from the Genesis album "A Trick of the Tail". Garvey has also said "there'd be no Elbow without Radiohead". He credits the band's sense of dynamics to the influence of Talk Talk and has said: "Volume dynamics are an essential part of classical music, but a lost art with guitar music. I think it's incredibly boring and shortsighted if a band sticks with just one sound song for song. An album should take people on a journey."


title: Byron Howard

text: Byron P. Howard (born December 26, 1968) is an American animator, character designer, story artist, film director, film producer, and screenwriter. He is best known as the director of the Walt Disney Animation Studios films "Bolt" (2008), "Tangled" (2010), "Zootopia" (2016), and "Encanto" (2021). He is the first LGBT director to win Best Animated Feature twice for his work of "Zootopia" and "Encanto".


title: Byron Howard

text: Howard was born in Misawa, Japan, and raised in both the outskirts of Philadelphia and Issaquah, Washington, United States, in a middle-class family. He attended Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington.


title: Byron Howard

text: Howard began his career at Disney as a tour guide at Disney MGM Studios. Howard had dreamed of working for Disney, and had written to Master Animator Frank Thomas, one of Disney's Nine Old Men, as he was growing up. He soon began the Disney Studio Internship and was hired in 1994, working as an animator on films including "Pocahontas", "Mulan", "Lilo & Stitch" and "Brother Bear". He was nominated for a 2003 Annie Award for Character Animation for "Brother Bear".